SFG4087 Department of Fisheries Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Bangladesh Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project (BSCMFP) Pest Management Plan February 2018 Pest Management Plan DoF ii Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project Pest Management Plan Table of Contents Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................... vii Chapter 1: Introduction................................................................................................................................. 13 1.1 Background .................................................................................................................................. 13 1.2 The Context of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in Fisheries and Aquaculture Sector ............... 13 1.3 Rationale for PMP ......................................................................................................................... 14 1.4 Objectives of the Pest Management Plan ...................................................................................... 15 1.5 Nature of the PMP ........................................................................................................................ 16 1.6 Promotion of Safer Pesticides Management .................................................................................. 17 1.7 PMP Preparation Approach .......................................................................................................... 17 1.8 Most Relevant Project Components Those Requires PMP ............................................................. 17 1.9 Composition of Study Team .......................................................................................................... 19 Chapter 2: Regulatory Framework for Pest Management ............................................................................. 21 2.1 International Legislation and Policies ............................................................................................ 21 2.1.1 World Bank Operational Policy on Pest Management, OP 4.09 (1998) ........................................... 21 2.1.2 International Plant Protection Convention of FAO (1952) .............................................................. 22 2.1.3 World Food Security and the Plan of Action of November 1996 .................................................... 22 2.1.4 OIE World Animal Health Organization.......................................................................................... 22 2.1.5 WHO Classification of Pesticide by Hazard and the Guidelines to Classification, 2009 .................... 22 2.1.6 FAO Definition of Pesticide ........................................................................................................... 23 2.2 International Treaties Signed by the GoB ...................................................................................... 23 2.3 National Legislation and Policies ................................................................................................... 26 Chapter 3: Current Pest Management Practices in Bangladesh ..................................................................... 31 3.1 Existing Pest Management Practices in Aquaculture/Fisheries Sector ............................................ 31 3.1.1 Necessity of Pest Management ..................................................................................................... 31 3.1.2 Use of Drugs and Chemicals in Aquaculture .................................................................................. 31 3.1.3 Impact of Using Chemicals and Aqua-drugs in Aquaculture ........................................................... 37 3.2 Farmers Preference of aqua-drugs and chemicals in Bangladesh ................................................... 37 3.3 Commons Diseases of Fish and Shrimp in Bangladesh ................................................................... 37 3.4 Integrated Pest Management and Its Advantages ......................................................................... 37 3.5 Currently Available Pest Management Technologies in Agricultural Sector .................................... 42 3.6 Non-chemical Methods of IMP in aquaculture sector of Bangladesh ............................................. 43 3.7 Chemical Pesticide Use Challenges in Bangladesh ......................................................................... 44 3.7.1 Use of Unregulated Pesticides ...................................................................................................... 44 3.7.2 Use of expired pesticides .............................................................................................................. 44 3.7.3 Lack of appropriate skills .............................................................................................................. 44 3.7.4 Inadequate protective gear ........................................................................................................... 44 3.7.5 Inadequate policy, acts and rules .................................................................................................. 44 3.7.6 Fish farmer’s attitude ................................................................................................................... 44 3.8 Banned Drugs/Chemicals in Fish and Animal Health Sector in Bangladesh ..................................... 45 Chapter 4: Framework of PMP and Its Implementation Strategies ................................................................ 51 4.1 Fundamentals of PMP Planning .................................................................................................... 51 4.1.1 Steps to planning PMP .................................................................................................................. 51 4.1.2 Principles of Pest Management ..................................................................................................... 51 4.2 Steps in Setting up IPM in BSCMFP................................................................................................ 52 4.2.1 Identify the implementation team ................................................................................................ 52 4.2.2 Decide on the scale of implementation ......................................................................................... 52 4.2.3 Review and set measures objectives for the PMP .......................................................................... 52 4.2.4 Analysis current housekeeping, maintenance and pest control practices ....................................... 53 4.2.5 Establish a system of regular IMP inspection ................................................................................. 53 4.2.6 Define the treatment policy selection ........................................................................................... 53 4.2.7 Establish communication protocols ............................................................................................... 54 4.2.8 Develop fish farmer training plans and policies ............................................................................. 54 4.2.9 Track progress and reward success ............................................................................................... 54 4.3 Principles Governing Selection of Pesticides .................................................................................. 55 4.4 Pesticides to be Acceptable to BSCMFP ......................................................................................... 55 4.5 Pest Management Plan (PMP)....................................................................................................... 56 Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project iii DoF Pest Management Plan 4.6 Pest Monitoring Plan .................................................................................................................... 57 4.7 Estimated Costs for Pest Management and Monitoring ................................................................. 60 4.8 Training and Capacity Building to Implement PMP Effectively ....................................................... 60 4.8.1 Fish farmers’ training .................................................................................................................... 60 4.8.2 Pesticide Dealer’s Training ............................................................................................................ 61 4.8.3 Training of aquaculture extension personnel including BSCMFP staff ............................................ 61 4.8.4 Training of local service providers ................................................................................................. 61 4.9 Awareness building....................................................................................................................... 62 4.9.1 Discussion meetings ..................................................................................................................... 62 4.9.2 Demonstrations ............................................................................................................................ 62 4.9.3 Dissemination information about pest arrival ............................................................................... 62 Annex A: Pest Management .......................................................................................................................... 63 DoF iv Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project Pest Management Plan List of Tables Table 2.1: GHS Classification .................................................................................................................23 Table 2.2: Treaty or Convention and Responsible Agency ....................................................................23 Table 3.1: Common Aqua drugs and their producing companies in Bangladesh (Hasen, 2014) ..........32 Table 3.2: Purpose of aqua-drugs and chemicals and those effectiveness (Hasen, 2014) ...................33 Table 3.3: Impact of aqua-drugs on shrimp health and disease (Hasen, 2014) ....................................34 Table 3.4: Impact of aqua-drugs on fish health and disease (Hasen, 2014) .........................................35 Table 3.5: Common disease of fishes in Bangladesh.............................................................................39 Table 3.6: List of Banned Pesticides and Chemicals in Bangladesh ......................................................45 Table 4.1: Integrated Pest Management and Monitoring Plan ............................................................58 Table 4.2: Example Format of Management and Monitoring Costs of PMP ........................................60 List of Figures Figure 3.1: Aqua-drugs and chemicals used by regions in Bangladesh (Hasen, 2014).................... 32 Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project v DoF Pest Management Plan List of Acronyms AGP Antibiotic Growth Promoter BLRI Bangladesh Livestock Research institute BSCMFP Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project CEAL Community Extension Agent for Livestock CIG Common Interest Group DAE Department of Agriculture Extension DLS Department of Livestock Services DoE Department of Environment DoF Department of Fisheries ECA Environmental Conservation Act ECR Environment Conservation Rules EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIL Economic Injury Level EMF Environmental management Framework EMP Environmental Management Plan ESA Environmental and Social Assessment ESMF Environment and Social Management Framework ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FMD Foot and Mouth Disease GoB Government of Bangladesh IPM Integrated Pest Management MDG Millennium Development Goal MFA Marine Fisheries Academy MoA Ministry of Agriculture MoFL Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock NAP National Agriculture Policy NATP National Agriculture Technology Project NEAP National Agriculture Extension Policy NGO Non- Government Organization NIPMP National Integrated Pest Management Policy NLDP National Livestock Development Policy PMP Pest Management Policy SOWT Strength, Opportunity, Weakness and Threat TOT Training of Trainers UAO Upazila Agriculture Office UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development UNCLOS United Nations Conference on Law of the Sea UPCC Upazila Project Coordination Committee WB World Bank WBG World Bank Group WHO World Health Organization DoF vi Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project Pest Management Plan Executive Summary The ‘Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project (BSCMFP)’ is a two-phased proposed investment by the Government of Bangladesh (GoB) and the International Development Association (IDA) of the World Bank Group. The project will be implemented in the coastal and marine areas of Bangladesh by the Department of Fisheries (DoF), as the lead executing agency, under the guidance of the Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock (MoFL). The project aims to sustainably increase coastal and marine fisheries' contribution to the economy, poverty reduction through improving management of coastal and marine fisheries and aquaculture and fishing communities' access to alternative livelihoods activities in an environment friendly manner. The phase I BSCMFP will be implemented in 5 (five) years with a preliminary budget envelope of around USD 256 million and cover 75 upazilas of 16 coastal districts. Phase II of the project will be considered and its budget envelopes defined based on successful implementation of the reform project put in place under Phase I. BSCMFP project supported by the World Bank involves improvement of aquaculture extensive production system, expansion of those in new areas and change of aquaculture practices, water management development for fish production, re-organization of aquaculture research and extension services, support for fish farmers organizations and similar programs. Adequate measures are therefore required at project/ program development to promote appropriate management of pests and pesticides. This is to ensure that increased and sustainable fisheries and aquaculture production and fish farm incomes are achieved; that vector-borne diseases are managed in a sustainable manner, and that the risks to human health and the environment associated with pesticide use are kept to an acceptable minimum. The World Bank’s Pest Management Safeguard Policy (OP 4.09 and BP 4.01 Annex C) was established to address these concerns and to assist borrowers to manage pests in an appropriate manner. A major provision of the Safeguard Policy is the preparation of a comprehensive Pest Management Plan, or PMP, that will outline the various elements of and actions needed to be taken to adequately address these concerns during project implementation. As the project formulation is underway, it is not conceivable to have all detail activities under different components at this stage. Hence, Pest Management Plan (PMP) is necessary to identify preliminary pesticides and pest management issues need to be considered at the later stages of the project. As the exact location and activities will be known only in the implementation stage, when detailed design will be available, this PMP has been prepared – as a constituent part of the overall environmental safeguards of the BSCMFP – to guide identification and management of pest and pesticides management issues, if in any way it comes, at the implementation level. The project will take up and promote certain rural aquaculture development activities including SPF hatchery establishment, PCR laboratory and mariculture, as well as certain livelihoods interventions in the target fishers’communities. There is lesspossibility that these interventions may require use of approved chemicals as per recommended dose. The PMP takes into account of the relevant legislation, policies, and strategies on marine and coastal fisheries. The suggested guidelines and procedures of the PMP would adhere to the due diligence principles, especially it will ensure compliance with the World Bank’s environmental and social safeguard policies and the relevant provisions under the related policies of GoB, and associated rules, regulations and procedures. This PMP will also serve as the guideline for the staff designated by the implementing agencies - the DoF to oversee and monitor the PMP compliance of the project components coming under their implementation responsibility. Therefore, this PMP would be used as the template and guideline to ensure diligent pest and pesticides compliance of the planning and implementation of the activities envisaged under the BSCMF project. However, all processes described in the PMP can be adjusted based on implementation experience. The PMP will be a living document and will be reviewed and updated periodically as needed. Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project vii DoF Pest Management Plan The present PMP has been prepared following the standard methodology consisting of the steps listed below: o Review of the program details and meeting/discussions with the DoF team; o Reviewed and evaluated the pest problems, disease and pest attack in major coastal aquaculture, and reviewed various methods and techniques currently in use for pest control in Bangladesh; o Review of the policy and regulatory requirements related to aquaculture production or use of pesticides in Bangladesh, rules/guidelines of WHO, World Bank and other organizations on pest management; o Reconnaissance field visits by DoF team and initial scoping and screening to determine level of use and extent of the project activities involving use of chemicals in aquaculture practices, and describing what the nature of the usage would be (high, low, moderate) as caused by the project and the kinds of chemical that would be used; o Reviewed the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) measures and determined (a) the extent to which current practices are consistent with IPM, including the policy framework and incentive structure; (b) problems and opportunities for improvement; o Consultations with the stakeholders including beneficiary/ affected communities and developing the consultation process; o Developed a strategy for implementation of IPM for various project sites. BSCMFP has four components (see ESMF), out of which Component 2: Improving Infrastructure and Production Practices includes two relevant sub-components 2.2 Value chain and food safety, and 2.3 Boosting Coastal Aquaculture Productivity, those may have requirement of PMP implementation. Other components especially relevant to infrastructure development might also need to follow the PMP framework during construction phase. The proposed project has triggered OP 4.09, considering that the proposed program targets to increase extension services in aquaculture and mariculture production, and also operation of small- to medium-scale construction sites, laboratories which may involve usage of chemicals and fertilizers. Specifically, processing facilities as well as feed storage areas may need to control pests as well utilizing pesticides or rodenticides. Aquaculture is a rapid growing sector in Bangladesh. Over the last decade the rapid expansion of shrimp culture in coastal areas has drawn an outstanding development in the country’s fisheries sector. In recent years most of the farmers in coastal areas culture both shrimp and prawn in the same gher or pond. On the other hand, inland fisheries also expands rapidly having new aquaculture techniques with improved extensive and semi-intensive culture systems. For successful aquaculture, technology is most needed as well as the application of different aqua-drugs and chemicals which enhance production, preventing from disease or create immune system or antibody against diseases. A variety of aqua-drugs and chemicals are used in both inland and coastal aquaculture, that can be classified according to use, types of organisms under culture, life cycle stage for which they are used, culture system and intensity of culture and the type of farmers who use them. There are about 33 pharmaceutical companies producing 18 branded antibiotics and 23 pharmaceutical companies are active for producing and marketing aqua-drugs in greater Khulna region. The common commercial chemicals used by the rural fish/ shrimp farmers are Geotox, Geolite, Benzo, Ammonil, Megageo, EDTA, Timsen, BKC, Microdine iodine, Oxyflow, Oxymax, Oxy-plus, Oxy- gold, Eco-solution, Melathion, Sumithion, Dipterex, Virex, Malachite green, Spa, Oxytetracycline, Renamycine, Renamox, Bactitab, Bactrol, Vitamin, Cevit vet, Growmax, Panvit aqua, Aquamin, Aqua boost and Acimix supper-fish (Table 3.1). In coastal regions of Bangladesh, the recorded diseases of shrimp are WSD, YHD, External Fouling, MBVD, Black gill disease and Bacterial diseases. Common fish diseases in Bangladesh are: EUS, Ulcers, DoF viii Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project Pest Management Plan Bacterial infections and Fungal infections, Cloudy eye, Fin-rot, Dropsy, White Spots, Pop eye, Lymphocystis and Edwardsiellosis. The symptoms, reason for infection, action to be taken and treatment including using aqua-drugs and chemicals are furnished in Table 3.5. Banned steroid hormones Decason, Oradexon, Prednisolon, Betnenal, Cortan, Steron and Adam-33 are often found in the local market in the name of remedial medicines for fish/ and or shrimp diseases. These are banned in the country according to the Fish and Animal Feed Act, 2010. Besides those, Nitrofurans (Furazolidone, Furaltadone, Nitrofurantoin, Nitrofurazone) Chloramphenicol, injectable Dichlofenac sodium are also banned in the country. List of banned pesticides and chemicals in Bangladesh is shown in Table 3.6. Framework of PMP and Its Implementation Strategies is described in Chapter 4. Steps to planning PMP The following 6 steps will assist in effective pest management planning: 1. Understand the pest issues 2. Develop a draft pest management plan 3. Consultations 4. Finalize and implement the plan 5. Monitoring 6. Evaluate and review the overall results Principles of Pest Management Eight principles of pest management are suggested to follow as common basis for the management of pest throughout project area of BSCMFP. The consideration of all these principles is critical to the success of any pest management activity, regardless of scope and scale. These are: 1. Integration: Pest management in aquaculture is an integral part of managing natural resources and agricultural systems. 2. Public awareness: Public awareness and knowledge of pest must be raised to increase the capacity and willingness of individuals to participate in control. 3. Commitment: Effective pest management requires shared responsibility, capability, capacity and a long-term commitment by fish farmers/ hatchery operators/ processors/ land owners/ managers, the community, industry groups and government. Those that create the risks associated with pest introduction or spread and those that benefit from the pest management should help to minimize the impacts of pest and contribute to the costs of management. 4. Consultation and partnership: Consultation and partnership arrangements among the users, local communities, industry groups, government agencies and local governments must be established to achieve a collaborative and coordinated approach to management. 5. Planning: Planning for pest management should be based on risk management to ensure that resources target the priorities identified at local, regional, and national levels. 6. Prevention and early intervention: Preventive pest management is generally more cost- effective than other strategies and is achieved by: preventing the spread of pest species, and viable parts of these pests, especially by human activity early detection and intervention. 7. Best practice: Pest management must be based on ecologically and socially responsible practices that protect the environment and the productive capacity of natural resources while minimizing impacts on the community. It should balance feasibility, cost-effectiveness, sustainability, humaneness, community perceptions, emergency needs and public safety. Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project ix DoF Pest Management Plan 8. Improvement (research, monitoring and evaluation): Research about pest and regular monitoring and evaluation of control activities is needed to make evidence-based decisions and improve pest management practices. Transition to a PMP program requires a diverse, action-oriented PMP Committee. This PMP Committee will be an environmentally conscious committee lead by the Project Director at PMU, DoF. A representative of the District Fisheries Office and Fish Farming Group will be the members of this committee. The leader of this team should be familiar with pests, pesticides and pesticide regulations. This arrangement is appropriate, because implementation of an IPM program can be tracked as a performance indicator. PMP leadership is guided by pest management principles and environmental issues. Leadership with such academic background and experience qualifies to serve as an authority to supervise PMP implementation. Other team members will include Environmental, Agriculture Extension, agronomists, crop protection experts (entomologists, pathologists), aquaculture experts, health officer and livestock officer. Selection of pesticides, under the BSCMFP project will be guided by the consideration of several pest management approaches for cultural, physical and biological measures before resorting to application of chemical pesticides. The use of pesticides must be guided by the principles of cost efficiency, safety to humans, the bio- physical environment and effectiveness in controlling the pests. Pesticides selection will be made in accordance with the World Bank guidelines for the selection of pesticides (World Bank Operational Manual, Good Practice (GP) 4.03) as follows: i. Pesticides requiring special precautions should not be used if the requirements are not likely to be met; ii. Pesticides to be selected from approved list, taking into consideration of: toxicity, persistence, user experience, local regulatory capabilities, type of formulation, proposed use, and available alternatives; iii. Type and degree of hazard and availability of alternatives; and the following criteria will be used to restrict or disallow types of pesticides under Bank loans: a. Toxicity: acute mammalian toxicity, chronic health effects, environmental persistence and toxicity to non-target organisms; b. Registration status in the country and capability to evaluate long-term health and environmental impacts of pesticides. The guidelines in Annex A provide internationally accepted standards on pesticides to minimize the hazards associated with pesticide use. The Integrated Pest Management and Monitoring Plan (IPMP) is to be developed from the impacts and mitigation measures identified at the implementation stage based on the principles mentioned in this chapter and also the available techniques for aquaculture farms are described in Chapter 3. The IPMP should include impacts from application of chemical as well as non-chemical pesticides. The reason why chemical pesticides are included is that in the initial stages of implementation of the IPM, chemical pesticides will still be used but will be gradually phased out as the IPM gets established. Table 4.1 is a typical environmental management and monitoring plan, which should be updated during implementation of the BSCMFP. Estimated costs for managing and monitoring some of the recommended enhancement and mitigation measures are provided in Table 4.1 need to be developed in the implementation period. A sample of cost estimation format is provided in Table 4.2. Training programs on various aspects of the pest and disease management and judicious use of chemical pesticides have to be organized by the BSCMFP for the members of the fish farmer groups, pesticides dealers and retailers. It would be the responsibility of the EMC to train the relevant staff in the BSCMFP. DoF x Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project Pest Management Plan Training modules for pest management in ponds, hatcheries and nurseries should be developed. Following training programs will be provided under BSCMFP: Fish farmers’ training, Pesticides dealers’ training, Aquaculture extension personnel including BSCMFP staff training, and Local service providers training. To initiate the promotion of IPM and sound pesticide use will be effective by organizing awareness program involving Fish Farmer’s Groups and different stakeholders. Awareness will be raised through demonstrations, discussion meetings, dissemination of information about pest arrival, distribution of leaflet, booklet, etc. Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project xi DoF Pest Management Plan DoF xii Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project Pest Management Plan Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Background The ‘Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project (BSCMFP)’ is a two -phased proposed investment by the Government of Bangladesh (GoB) and the International Development Association (IDA) of the World Bank Group. The project will be implemented in the coastal and marine areas of Bangladesh by the Department of Fisheries (DoF), as the lead executing agency, under the guidance of the Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock (MoFL) The project aims to increase coastal and marine fisheries' contribution to the economy, poverty reduction, and environmental stability through improving management of coastal and marine fisheries and aquaculture and fishing communities' access to alternative livelihoods activities in an environment friendly manner. The phase I BSCMFP will be implemented in 5 (five) years with a preliminary budget envelope of around USD 256 million and cover 75 upazilas of 16 coastal districts. Phase II of the project will be considered and its budget envelopes defined based on successful implementation of the reform project put in place under Phase I. BSCMFP project supported by the World Bank may involve improvement of extensive aquaculture production systems, expansion into new areas and change of aquaculture practices, water management development for fish production, re-organization of aquaculture research and extension services, support for fish farmers organizations and similar programs. Adequate measures are therefore required at project/program development to promote appropriate management of pests and pesticides. This is to ensure that increased and sustainable fisheries and aquaculture production and fish farm incomes are achieved; that vector-borne diseases are managed in a sustainable manner, and that the risks to human health and the environment associated with pesticide use are kept to an acceptable minimum. The World Bank’s Pest Management Safeguard Policy (OP 4.09 and BP 4.01 Annex C) was established to address these concerns and to assist borrowers to manage pests in an appropriate manner. A major provision of the Safeguard Policy is the preparation of a comprehensive Pest Management Plan (PMP), that will outline the various elements of and actions needed to be taken to adequately address these concerns during project implementation. As the project formulation is underway, it is not conceivable to have all detail activities under different components at this stage. Hence, Pest Management Plan (PMP) is necessary to identify preliminary pesticides and pest management issues need to be considered at the later stages of the project. As the exact location and activities will be known only in the implementation stage, when detailed design will be available, this PMP has been prepared – as a constituent part of the overall environmental safeguards of the BSCMFP to guide identification of pests and pesticides management issues, if in any way it comes, at the implementation level. 1.2 The Context of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in Fisheries and Aquaculture Sector Integrated Pest Management (IPM) means the careful consideration of all available pest control techniques and subsequent integration of appropriate measures that discourage the development of pest populations and keep pesticides and other interventions to levels that are economically justified and reduce or minimize risks to human health and the environment. IPM emphasizes the growth of a healthy crop/ fish with the least possible disruption to agro-aqua-ecosystems and encourages natural pest control mechanisms. The development of high aquaculture production has been associated with increased pest infestation requiring increased use of pesticides with all kinds of adverse impacts. Environmental pollution is increasing, soil productivity is declining, beneficial insects are getting wiped out, and water bodies are getting polluted endangering aquatic flora and fauna, the most important of which is the open water Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project 13 DoF Pest Management Plan fisheries. Among many factors, pollution of water bodies by pesticide wash outs is believed to be a major reason for the decline in fish production in Bangladesh. Many pesticides used in Bangladesh are banned or restricted under international agreements. In addition, several studies have shown that inadequate product labeling and farmers' lack of information have led to widespread overuse of dangerous pesticides. In fact, pesticide brands having adverse impacts have been banned in Bangladesh and these are shown in Table 3.6. In addition, farmers’ lack of knowledge about precautions pertaining to handling of pesticides often creates health problems. Pesticides use has been increasing fast in Bangladesh. In 1997, pesticide use in the country was 8,000 tons. It doubled to 16,000 tons in 2000. The figure again increased to 20,000 tons in 2005-2006. The import cost for pesticides is estimated to be about USD 712 million in a year. The National Agriculture Policy (NAP) 1999 proposed discouraging the use of pesticides and banning of chemical pesticides directly or indirectly harmful to human, animal and aquatic health. In its place, the policy document emphasized Integrated Pest Management (IPM), mechanical and biological control of pests. The Draft NAP 2010 is silent on pest management. In view of the prevailing pollution problems in the country, the NAP 1999 strategies for pest management need to be reinforced. Aquaculture is an important component of agricultural economy of Bangladesh performing multifarious roles. Pest’s infestation and outbreak of infectious diseases are the most significant constraint to fisheries/ aquaculture development in Bangladesh. The impacts of diseases and pests are multifaceted: loss to the farmers due to mortality and morbidity, loss of productivity, cost for disease management including treatment and sanitation, low quality of aquaculture products, reduced production and public health hazard, affecting livelihood of the fishermen/ fish farmers, etc. Climatic condition of Bangladesh is highly conducive to fish pests and diseases. Indiscriminate pests control procedure using aqa-drugs and chemicals in fish ponds is also related with the ecosystem and food safety issues. Some insects and diseases are increasing due to change in climatic conditions. Many less abundant pests are becoming highly abundant and attaining predominant positions and rising to destructive levels. All these changes are destroying ecological balance as well as increasing producing costs of fish products. Therefore, it is utmost necessary to identify and control the pests using environmentally acceptable methods through making aware the fish farmers on the economic loss as well as public health hazard from the pests. 1.3 Rationale for PMP The project will take up and promote certain rural aquaculture development activities including SPF- hatchery establishment, PCR laboratory and mariculture, as well as certain livelihoods interventions in the target fishers’communities. There is less possibility that these interventions may require use of approved chemicals as per recommended dose. However, the number, type and locations of sub- component interventions will be decided over the project implementation stage. Beneficiary groups and sites for any small infrastructures will be known in the implementation level and therefore, chemical/ pesticide issues and impacts could not be identified and specified for mitigation at the preparation stage. DoF will screen sites for project interventions and identify the target group beneficiaries at the implementation level for preparation and implementation of any pest management action plans. Hence, there is a need for procedural guidance for preparation and management of pest and pesticides. DoF has therefore prepared Pest Management Plan (PMP) as a constituent part for guidance in the implementation stage. Although the fisheries and aquaculture development activities of BSCMFP is designed to assist fishermen and fish farmers to boost fish production and increase aquaculture farms incomes, they can have major implications for the use of inputs such as chemicals/ pesticides and fertilizers. However, sometimes the use of pesticides to reduce vector populations is also included in such project. The use of chemicals may contribute to disease control and improved fish/ shrimp health conditions yieldingincreased aquaculture production. However, inappropriate or excessive use of pesticides DoF 14 Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project Pest Management Plan often results in a reduction of aquaculture production or its sustainability, increases in disease vectors, adverse environmental and health effects, and negative effects on other economic activities (e.g. fisheries). This, in turn, leads to increased economic costs, both at the farmer/ fishermen level and for the country as a whole. Aquaculture and fisheries sector is taking an increasingly important role in ways, accounting for approximately 20% the agricultural GDP and emerging as a major driver in the last two decades showing an incremental GDP growth rate. The fisheries sector also plays a vital role in the food supply, food security and livelihood security of the country’s millions of small holder fish farmers and other stakeholders. Fish provides 60% of all animal protein consumed in Bangladesh. It also acts as a major driver in employment. A number of challenges are facing to reach the goal in aquaculture production along with other agricultural sectors. Among the challenges fish pest and its management is an important issue. Fish pests have potential negative influence on production, quality assurance, and environmental health. There is no effective protocol for pest management in fish/aquaculture sector at present though various methods are being practiced for IPM in Bangladesh which are creating predicament to some extent to fisheries, human and environment. Considering these facts, it is indispensable to think of making a plan of fish disease/ pest management before commencing of development of a program on sustainable coastal fisheries and aquaculture. The main yield contributing factors for increasing production of aquaculture species include inputs and good pond management practices. Good pond management practices, among others, include control of pests and diseases. A wide range of diseases attack the growing fishes and various kinds of chemicals are available in the markets which are used almost indiscriminately. Indiscriminate use of inappropriate chemicals in over or lower doses often results into loss of crop/ livestock/ fish production causing huge financial losses to the farmers. In addition, improper utilization/ application methods/ procedures occasionally cause environmental pollution in the surrounding areas resulting in various kinds of problems through: 1) Extermination of useful flora and fauna, contamination of common waterways containing indigenous fishes and common grass lands grazed by cows and goats. 2) Contamination of food crops, vegetables, meat, milk and eggs through systemic pesticides as well as through residual effects have been causing myriads of problems and unknown damages to human health. Agro-chemical dealers, especially retailers, are observed to handle agro-chemicals with their bare hands ignoring the danger of contamination. Also, the farmers are seen to applying and spraying chemicals/ pesticides without taking the necessary precautions. Direct contact with chemicals/ pesticides during weighing by the dealers/ retailers and applications by the farmers lead to skin diseases while inhaling chemicals/ pesticides during spraying may lead not only to respiratory problems, but also to all types of infections as well. Indiscriminate use of all types of chemicals/ pesticides is contaminating the bio-physical environment in addition to killing beneficial insects. Wash out of chemicals/ pesticides is finding their way into the wetlands and water bodies, thus adversely impacting the aquatic flora and fauna. From an environmental perspective, chemically-polluted run-off from fields has contaminated surface and ground waters, damaged fisheries, destroyed freshwater ecosystems and created growing "dead zones" in ocean areas proximate to the mouths of rivers that drain agricultural regions. 1.4 Objectives of the Pest Management Plan The PMP takes into account the relevant legislation, policies, and strategies on marine and coastal fisheries. The suggested guidelines and procedures of the PMP would adhere to the due diligence principles, especially it will ensure compliance with the World Bank’s environmental and social safeguard policies and the relevant provisions under the related policies of GoB, and associated rules, regulations and procedures. Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project 15 DoF Pest Management Plan This PMP will also serve as the guideline for the staff designated by the implementing agencies - the DoF to oversee and monitor the PMP compliance of the project components coming under their implementation responsibility. Therefore, this PMP would be used as the template and guideline to ensure diligent pest and pesticides compliance of the planning and implementation of the activities envisaged under the BSCMF project. However, all processes described in the PMP can be adjusted based on implementation experience. The PMP will be a living document and will be reviewed and updated periodically as needed. According to Annex C of BP 4.01, a PMP is a comprehensive plan, developed when there are significant pest management issues such as: (a) new land-use development or changed cultivation practices in an area, (b) significant expansion into new areas, (c) diversification into new crops in agriculture/aquaculture e.g. cage culture, (d) intensification of existing low-technology systems, (e) proposed procurement of relatively hazardous pest control products or methods, or (f) specific environmental or health concerns (e.g., proximity of protected areas or important aquatic resources; worker safety). A pest management plan is also developed when proposed financing of pest control products represents a large component of the project. With respect to its objectives and execution, BP 4.01 - Annex C stipulates that: "A pest management plan reflects the policies set out in OP 4.09, Pest Management. The plan is designed to minimize potential adverse impacts on human health and the environment and to advance ecologically based Integrated Pest Management (IPM). The plan is based on on-site evaluations of local conditions conducted by appropriate technical specialists with experience in participatory IPM�. The sub-activities to be implemented under the DoF are expected to involve use of agrochemicals and fish/shrimp farmers may expand the use of pesticides more than the recommended dosage in anticipation of higher yields. Therefore, as a matter of precaution to address any potential and unforeseen issues of pest and pesticide management, a Pest Management Plan (PMP) is being prepared. The goal of preparing the PMP is to promote the use of IPM measures which is expected to reduce reliance on chemical pesticides. 1.5 Nature of the PMP The PMP for the BSCMFP is prepared with the aim of standardizing a comprehensive plan for the management of pests without causing any harmful effect to the existing environmental conditions prevailing in the Project Area. Special efforts will be made to improve the current pest management practices in vogue to decrease harmful effects of aquaculture chemicals causing negative impacts due to sub-activities implementation. IPM system will be encouraged in the pest and disease prevention measures of aquaculture commodities to decrease economic loss and to ensure environmental and health safety for the surrounding populations. The nature of actions will be: 1. Prevention and control of pests and diseases below the level of economic loss instead of removing them totally, 2. Dependence on non-chemical measures to maintain the amount of harm caused by pests and diseases at a low level, 3. If pesticide use is imperative, special care will be suggested to select appropriate pesticides having the least harmful effects as well as the appropriate application methodologies with relatively small negative impact on the biological environment, flora and fauna as well as the health of the person employing the pesticide in the field and in the store room, and finally, DoF 16 Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project Pest Management Plan 4. The fish farmers involved in the sub-activities will be taught that pesticide application should be employed as a last resort following the four “R�s: (a) right pesticide, (b) right dose, (c) right time, and (d) right method of application. 1.6 Promotion of Safer Pesticides Management For promoting safer chemicals/ pesticide and fertilizer management it is proposed to: (i) Create awareness among the farmers about the dangers related to pesticides and the necessity to learn about their potential harm. (ii) Impart training on appropriate methods of storage, handling and application procedures, (iii) To teach preventive measures as well as actions that might be necessary in case of accident, (iv) Impart training on application of balanced fertilizers for various crops and fish, and (v) Provide easy-to-follow handbooks for following the above principles 1.7 PMP Preparation Approach The present PMP has been prepared following the standard methodology consisting of the steps listed below: o Review of the program details and meeting/discussions with the DoF team; o Reviewed and evaluated the pest problems, disease and pest attack in major coastal aquaculture, and reviewed various methods and techniques currently in use for pest control in Bangladesh; o Review of the policy and regulatory requirements related to aquaculture production or use of pesticides in Bangladesh, rules/ guidelines of WHO, World Bank and other organizations on pest management; o Reconnaissance field visits by DoF team and initial scoping and screening to determine level of use and extent of the project activities involving use of chemicals in aquaculture practices, and describing what the nature of the usage would be (high, low, moderate) as caused by the project and the kinds of chemical that would be used; o Reviewed the IPM measures and determined (a) the extent to which current practices are consistent with IPM, including the policy framework and incentive structure; (b) problems and opportunities for improvement; o Consultations with the stakeholders including beneficiary/ affected communities and developing the consultation process; 1.8 Most Relevant Project Components Those Requires PMP BSCMFP has four components (see ESMF), out of which Component 2: Improving Infrastructure and Production Practices. It again includes two relevant sub-components 2.2 Value chain and food safety, and 2.3 Boosting Coastal Aquaculture Productivity, those may have requirement of PMP implementation. Other components especially relevant to infrastructure development might also need to follow the PMP framework during construction phase. Brief descriptions of the above-mentioned sub- components are given below: o Sub-component 2.2: Value chain and food safety will focus on capacity measures for increasing post-harvest value of catch and compliance with food safety standards, including adoption of good aquaculture practices (GAP) that are critical to sustaining the value of capital infrastructure improvements. Project support will be provided for (i) seafood safety and competitiveness; (ii) research and innovation, and (iii) boosting coastal aquaculture productivity. Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project 17 DoF Pest Management Plan o Under item (i) technical assistance and services will be provided to bridge the regulatory capacity and skill gaps. Project funds will be provided for seafood safety needs assessment, for example, through a hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) for fish/ shrimp processing plants; training in food safety (for factory workers and industrial trawlers and large mechanized boats); a sensitization and promotion campaign for seafood safety consumers’ awareness; GoB staff’s international and domestic food safety inspection training; support for seafood safety policy implementation including a food safety pilot for Domestic Markets (Sampling and Analysis). In parallel, the sub-component will finance the introduction of a robust e-traceability system in line with current US and EU import requirements, including system design and equipment. o Learning opportunities will be provided through a ‘training of trainers’ (ToT) model on best- practices for the enforcement of handling and safety regulations. The model will help train fishers as well as port and landing site and market operators in best practices for fish handling and food safety. Concurrently, a longer-term capacity solution will be sought in partnership with the MFA and major Bangladesh universities. Training support will be extended to cover a wide range of practices and topics critical to maintain post-harvest quality and food safety. o Activities under item (ii) will provide support for expanding Bangladesh’s marine science and technology capacity by strengthening the government-academia-industry interface. The project will support the preparation of comprehensive marine spatial plan to allow for scaling- up of mariculture in Bangladesh and help initiate targeted mariculture research in partnership with Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute (BFRI). The sub-component will facilitate partnerships on R&D through the National Skills Development Council (NSDC) and other capacity development institutions and universities for delivery of vocational training programs on topics such as aquaculture, fishing, post-harvest practices (including food safety and quality), marketing, environmental safeguards, and social and business skills of direct relevance to the long-term development of the fisheries and aquaculture sectors. o Sub-component 2.3: Boosting Coastal Aquaculture Productivity will (i) leverage private sector initiative to pilot and commercialize mariculture in Bangladesh and for boosting export earnings from aquaculture, and (ii) support strengthening DoF capacity to monitor and sanction bio-security compliance. o Specifically, the sub-component will establish a DoF-managed challenge grant facility with two dedicated windows for mariculture (including cage culture) piloting and commercialization, and one dedicated grant window for mobilizing private sector solutions to address the poor growth performance and disease burden attributable to wild brood stocks sold currently and used by a large portion of the aquaculture farmers. The grant facility will leverage private sector finance targeting the implementation of a discrete set of climate-smart aquaculture investments to improve bio-security and increase productivity, while also reducing juvenile fish mortality in the coastal zone. The mariculture windows will support applied mariculture research, technology innovation, market studies, and production piloting, while aquaculture one will focus on piloting domestic mud crab and fin-fish hatcheries and on the commercialization of Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) Black Tiger shrimp (BTS) hatcheries/ multiplication facilities enhancement, targeting the introduction of up to 10 new SPF hatcheries in the country. This pilot work in mariculture, hatchery technology, and disease control will reveal adaptation to the on-going sea-level rise and salinity regimes change, for subsequent scaling-up in Phase II. o The sub-compact will also support the construction and equipment of dedicated SPF brood stock facility as well as quarantine and food security laboratories for shrimp and fish products. In conjunction with safety and value chain enhancement measures under sub-component 2.2 above, this will strengthen the GoBs regulatory and oversight capacity in the monitoring and DoF 18 Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project Pest Management Plan control of infectious crustacean diseases. Investments will target: a) up-grading of lab facilities for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and other relevant testing; b) training of laboratory and field staffs in sampling protocols and handling; c) establishing a routine inspection and monitoring system; d) establishing an early warning system (EWS) for disease outbreaks; and e) establishing and introducing a functioning private hatchery certification program. 1.9 Composition of Study Team The ESMF and PMP study team was led by Mr. Mohammad Shahad Mahabub Chowdhury, Team Leader, and a DoF team of 5 members namely Dr. Zillur Rahman, District Fisheries Officer, Rangpur; Mr. Md. Kamruzzaman Hossain, Chief Fisheries Extension Officer, Iftekharul Alam, Senior Upazila Fisheries Officer, Fakirhat, Ayesha Siddiqa, Assistant Director, and Shafaet Alam, Deputy Assistant Director, DoF. The DoF team collected baseline information and collated the findings of the stakeholder consultations assisted by DoF field officials. Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project 19 DoF Pest Management Plan DoF 20 Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project Pest Management Plan Chapter 2: Regulatory Framework for Pest Management 2.1 International Legislation and Policies 2.1.1 World Bank Operational Policy on Pest Management, OP 4.09 (1998) The Bank uses various means to assess pest management in a country and support IPM and the safe use of agricultural/aquaculture chemicals/ pesticides. It also supports economic and sector work, sectoral or project-specific environmental assessments, participatory IPM assessments, and adjustment or investment projects and components aimed specifically for supporting the adoption and use of IPM. In Bank-financed agriculture operations, the Bank advocates pest populations reduction through IPM approaches such as biological control, cultural practices, and the development and use of fish varieties that are resistant or tolerant to the pests. According to the Bank, rural development and health sector projects have to avoid using harmful pesticides. A preferred solution is to use IPM techniques and encourage their use in the sectors concerned. If pesticides have to be used for fish protection or in the fight against vector-borne diseases, the Bank- funded projects should include a Pest Management Plan (PMP), prepared by the borrower, either as a stand-alone document or as part of an Environmental Assessment. The procurement of any pesticides in a Bank-financed project is contingent on an assessment of the nature and degree of associated risks, taking into account the proposed use and the intended users. With respect to the classification of pesticides and their specific formulations, the Bank refers to the World Health Organization’s (WHOs) Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification (WHO 2009). The following criteria apply to the selection and use of pesticides in Bank-financed projects: a) They must have negligible adverse human health effects; b) They must be shown to be effective against the target species; c) They must have minimal effect on non-target species and the natural environment; d) The methods, timing, and frequency of pesticide application must aim to minimize damage to natural enemies; and e) Their use must take into account the need to prevent the development of resistance in pests. At a minimum, pesticide production, use and management should comply with FAO’s Guidelines for: i. Packaging and storage; ii. Good labeling practice; and iii. Disposal of waste pesticide containers on the farm. The Bank does not finance formulated products that fall in WHO classes Ia (extremely hazardous) and Ib (highly hazardous); or formulations of products in Class II (Moderately hazardous), if (a) the country lacks restrictions on their distribution and use; or (b) they are likely to be used by or are accessible to lay personnel, farmers, or others without training, equipment, and facilities to handle, store, and apply these products properly. The proposed project will trigger OP 4.09, considering that the proposed program targets to increase extension services in aquaculture and mariculture production, and also operation of small- to medium- scale construction sites, laboratories which may involve usage of chemicals and fertilizers. Specifically, Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project 21 DoF Pest Management Plan processing facilities as well as feed storage areas may need to control pests as well utilizing pesticides or rodenticides. A separate PMP prescribed to prepare during EISA following this PMP framework by DoF and once the project activities are delineated with quantification of use of chemicals and or pesticides. 2.1.2 International Plant Protection Convention of FAO (1952) The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) is an international treaty to secure action to prevent the spread and introduction of pests of plants and plant products, and to promote appropriate measures for their control. It is governed by the Commission on Phytosanitary Measures (CPM) which adopts International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs). 2.1.3 World Food Security and the Plan of Action of November 1996 This declaration seeks to secure effective prevention and progressive control of plant and animal pests and diseases, especially those which are of trans-boundary nature, such as rinderpest, cattle tick, foot- and-mouth disease and desert locust, where outbreaks can cause major food shortages, destabilize markets and trigger trade measures. It promotes regional collaboration in plant pests and animal disease control; and widespread development and use of integrated pest management practices. 2.1.4 OIE World Animal Health Organization OIE World Animal Health Organization is an equivalent of WHO in the human field which sets international standards for animal health and welfare, monitor world animal disease notification and strengthens veterinary services when engaging in international trade which includes residue monitoring of which some of the residues emanate from animal pesticides. When it comes to Standard setting, the OIE Specialist Commissions and Regional Representatives regularly commit time to and participate in sessions to raise Delegate’s (OIE delegates are in most country directors of veterinary services who are veterinarians) awareness of when and how to participate effectively in the standard setting process. They also encourage dialogue between delegates and promote closer regional collaboration among them by sharing their individual national positions on standards being developed or reviewed. In terms of Animal Disease Notification, the OIE has made extensive improvements to the World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS). It also continues to assist member in meeting their obligation to notify animal disease occurrences. OIE staffs conduct regular training sessions, at regional level for designated national focal points for disease information. This has certainly significantly improved the quality of and responsiveness to notifications of disease outbreaks. An effective and credible Veterinary Service is one of the most critical elements for fair and safe international trades in animals and animal products. Without a strong Veterinary Service and a robust international certification programme, member states will continue to experience trade restrictions. The OIE therefore places great emphasis on building the capacity and quality of Veterinary Services. 2.1.5 WHO Classification of Pesticide by Hazard and the Guidelines to Classification, 2009 The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard was approved by the 28th World Health Assembly in 1975 and has since gained wide acceptance. When it was published in the WHO Chronicle, 29, 397-401 (1975), an annex, which was not part of the Classification, illustrated its use by listing examples of classification of some pesticides active ingredients and their formulations. Later suggestions were made by Member States and pesticide registration authorities that further guidance should be given on the classification of individual pesticides. Guidelines were first issued in 1978, and have since been revised and reissued every few years. Revised criteria for classification (introduced for 2009 update): The Table 2.1showsthe Recommended Criteria for Classification. WHO now uses the Acute Toxicity Hazard Categories from DoF 22 Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project Pest Management Plan the GHS1 as the starting point for classification. This change is consistent with the 1975 World Health Assembly Resolution which envisaged that the WHO Classification would be further developed with time in consultation with countries, international agencies and regional bodies. The GHS meets this requirement as a classification system with global acceptance following extensive international consultation. Table 2.1: GHS Classification. WHO Class LD50 for the rat (mg/kg body weight) Oral Dermal Ia Extremely hazardous <5 <50 Ib Highly hazardous 5-50 50-200 II Moderately hazardous 50–2000 200–2000 III Slightly hazardous Over 2000 Over 2000 U Unlikely to present acute hazard 5000 or higher 2.1.6 FAO Definition of Pesticide The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the UN has defined pesticide as: Any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, or controlling any pest, including vectors of human or animal disease, unwanted species of plants or animals, causing harm during or otherwise interfering with the production, processing, storage, transport, or marketing of food, agricultural commodities, wood and wood products or animal feedstuffs, or substances that may be administered to animals for the control of insects, arachnids, or other pests in or on their bodies. The term includes substances intended for use as a plant growth regulator, defoliant, desiccant, or agent for thinning fruit or preventing the premature fall of fruit. Also used as substances applied to crops either before or after harvest to protect the commodity from deterioration during storage and transport. 2.2 International Treaties Signed by the GoB Bangladesh has signed most international treaties, conventions and protocols on environment, pollution control, hazardous chemical transportation and use, bio-diversity conservation and climate change, including the Ramsar Convention, the Bonn Convention on migratory birds, the Rio de Janeiro Convention on biodiversity conservation, and the Kyoto protocol on climate change. An overview of the relevant international treaties signed by GoB is shown in Table 2.2. Table 2.2: Treaty or Convention and Responsible Agency. Treaty Year Brief Description/ Relevance to the Relevant BSCMFP Department Protection of birds (Paris) 1950 Protection of birds in wild state Broadly DoE/ DoF applicable for birds in and around the project influence area; Ramsar Convention 1971 Protection of wetlands. Broadly applicable DoE/ DoF for wetlands in and around the project influence area; Protocol on Waterfowl Habitat 1982 Amendment of Ramsar Convention to DoE/ DoF protect specific habitats for waterfowl. Broadly applicable for wetlands in and around the project influence area; 1 http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/ghs/ghs_rev03/03files_e.html Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project 23 DoF Pest Management Plan Treaty Year Brief Description/ Relevance to the Relevant BSCMFP Department World Cultural and Natural 1972 Protection of major cultural and natural DoArch Heritage (Paris) monuments. Not applicable since no major cultural or natural monuments are known to exist in the project influence area. CITES convention 1973 Ban and restrictions on international trade DoE/ DoF in endangered species of wild fauna and flora. Not directly relevant to the BSCMFP since the project does not involve in any international trade of endangered species of wild fauna and flora. General restrictions have however been included in the Environmental Code of Practice. Bonn Convention 1979 Conservation of migratory species of wild DoE/DoF animals. Broadly applicable to the migratory birds in and around the project influence area. Project activities are not likely to have any significant impacts on these species; Prevention and Control of 1974 Protect workers against occupational MoH Occupational hazards exposure to carcinogenic substances and agents. Broadly applicable to the construction and O&M activities under the project. Occupational hazards due to air 1977 Protect workers against occupational MoH pollution, noise & vibration hazards in the working environment. (Geneva) Broadly applicable to the construction and O&M activities under the project. Occupational safety and health 1981 Prevent accidents and injury to health by MoH in working environment minimizing hazards in the working (Geneva) environment. Broadly applicable to the construction and O&M activities under the project. Occupational Health Services 1985 To promote a safe and healthy working MoH environment. Broadly applicable to the construction and O&M activities under the project. Convention on oil pollution 1969 Civil liability on oil pollution damage from DoE/MoS damage (Brussels) ships. Not applicable since no oil carrying cargos are involved in the proposed project. Civil liability on transport of 1989 Safe methods for transport of dangerous MoC dangerous goods (Geneva) goods by road, railway and inland vessels. Broadly applicable to transportation of substances such as fuels during the project construction phase. Safety in use of chemicals during 1990 Occupational safety of use of chemicals in DoE work the work place. DoF 24 Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project Pest Management Plan Treaty Year Brief Description/ Relevance to the Relevant BSCMFP Department Broadly applicable to the construction and O&M activities under the project. Convention on oil pollution 1990 Legal framework and preparedness for DoE/ MoS control of oil pollution. Broadly applicable to the construction and O&M activities under the project. UN framework convention on 1992 Regulation of greenhouse gases (GHGs) DoE climate change (Rio de Janeiro) emissions. Broadly applicable to the construction and O&M activities under the project. Convention on Biological 1992 Conservation of bio-diversity, sustainable DoE Diversity (Rio de Janeiro) use of its components and access to genetic resources. Broadly applicable to the construction and O&M activities under the project. International Convention on 1997 International treaty on climate change and DoE Climate Changes (Kyoto emission of greenhouse gases. Protocol) Broadly applicable to the construction and O&M activities under the project. International Tribunal for Laws 1982 The United Nation Convention on the Law MoFA of the Sea formation of of the Sea (UNCLOS) of 1982 is a the document, which has taken almost a Convention, decade for its completion. Unlike the past 2011 (ratified four UN Conventions on the Law of the by GoB) Sea, this Convention is much broader in scope and governs use of the world's oceans, especially establishing ground rules for everything from navigation to deep-sea mining. The Law of the Sea Convention protects its members' navigation rights to the oceans. It establishes limits for marine boundaries and rules for extracting resources among states and preserving the health of the seas. And it sets up a way to resolve disputes about these issues. Bangladesh ratified the UNCLOS in 2001. Strategic Action Plan for Bay of 2012 This Strategic Action Programme (SAP) is MoFL/ MoEF Bengal endorsement based on the Transboundary Diagnostic ; 2016 signed Analysis (TDA) which was endorsed in by MoFL/ March 2012 by the eight countries of the MoEF of GoB BOBLME. The TDA draws on over ten years of studies, reviews and analyses. It identifies the main transboundary issues and their causes, and it reviews the driving forces at work in the BOBLME, such as the socio-economic, institutional, legal and administrative circumstances and the projected impact of climate change on the Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project 25 DoF Pest Management Plan Treaty Year Brief Description/ Relevance to the Relevant BSCMFP Department region. These forces all pose a range of constraints and challenges and have the potential to influence the success of actions implemented to address the main areas of concern. The SAP is a negotiated policy document that sets out a programme of actions which address the causes of the major fisheries, environmental and social and economic issues. The development of the SAP has been guided by the BOBLME Project Steering Committee which comprised senior-level government officers from the fisheries and environmental agencies in each country. This SAP is the 2015 versions, expanded with the signatures of 16 government partner institutions, endorsing it for the implementation of the 2nd phase. 2.3 National Legislation and Policies Laws/ Regulations relevant to environmental issues with respect to Pesticide Management in Bangladesh include:  National Agriculture Extension Policy (NAEP) 1996, 2006 and 2012  National Agriculture Policy, 1999  National Integrated Pest Management Policy, 2002 All these documents contain recommendations for using safer methodologies for utilizing pesticides, including use of IPM methods in one way or the other. The components of the IPM policy include:  Maintenance of ecological balance,  Executing appropriate actions on pesticides,  Operating an effective system for implementing IPM program.  Developing human resources as the core of IPM  Conducting research on IPM TheNationalAgriculturalPolicy(NAP),1999stipulatedthatIPMwillbethemainpolicy for controlling pest and diseases. The NAP has given importance to the following activities for the pest control. a) Farmers will be motivated to use more pest resistant varieties of crop; b) Modern cultivation practices will be followed to reduce incidence of pest infestation; c) Use of mechanical control measures such as light trap, hand net, etc. will be increased and popularized. Biological control measures (e.g. pheromone traps) will be used to destroy harmful insects and preserve the useful ones; DoF 26 Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project Pest Management Plan d) Regular training and discussion programs on IPM will be conducted among the farmers under the supervision of Union Agricultural Development Committee for successful introduction and popularization of the method at the farmers’ level; and e) Pest surveillance and monitoring system will be strengthened. The IPM Policy advocated among others: a) Growing a healthy crop through proper management of soil, water, fertilizers, pests, etc.; b) Conservation of biological control agents by avoiding or reducing the use of toxic pesticides; c) Augmentation of biological control agents; d) Use of pest tolerant crop varieties; e) Use of cultivation practices that can minimize pest populations; f) Mechanical control of pests; g) Monitoring of field by the farmer on a regular basis; h) Build up farmers as experts in their own fields in taking Pest Management decisions; and i) Income generated activities such as growing of ‘ail’ (border) crops, fish culture in the rice field, etc. Use of pesticides that are not harmful to the environment as a last resort The National Integrated Pest Management Policy (NIPMP) includes the following number of specific actions regarding the use of pesticides in addition to some others: a) New proposal for registration of any pesticide will be declined if it falls under WHO class 1A and 1B pesticide compounds; b) Experimental toxicity data on beneficially insects, fish and other aquatic animals in Bangladesh must be taken into consideration before registering any pesticide; c) GoB will provide support and incentives to the private sectors for producing bio-control agents (parasitoids, predators and insect pathogens such as fungi, bacteria and viruses) and botanical pesticides locally; d) GoB will monitor any misleading advertisement toward using pesticides and will initiate appropriate legal actions against such malpractices; There is no specific rule or regulation on pest management in the fisheries sector in Bangladesh but different fisheries and environmental policies/ rules/ Acts are relevant to pests, drugs, food safety of fishes are existing. Relevant policies/ rules/ Acts are follows: Bangladesh Environmental Conservation Act (ECA), (Amendments) 2010 The ECA, 1995 was amended in 2010, which provided clarification of defining wetlands as well as Ecologically Critical Areas (ECAs) and included many important environmental concerns such as conservation of wetlands, hill cutting, ship breaking, and hazardous waste disposal. This amendment empowered the Government to enforce more penalties than before. Moreover, affected persons were given provision for putting objections or taking legal actions against the polluters or any entity creating nuisance to affected person. Bangladesh Environmental Conservation Rules (ECR), 1997 The Environment Conservation Rules, 1997 were issued by the GoB in exercise of the power conferred under the Environment Conservation Act (Section 20), 1995. Under these Rules, the following aspects, among others, are covered:  Declaration of ecologically critical areas (ECAs)  Classification of industries and projects into four categories Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project 27 DoF Pest Management Plan  Procedures for issuing the Environmental Clearance Certificate  Determination of environmental standards The Rule 3 defines the factors to be considered in declaring an area 'ecologically critical area' (ECA) as per Section 5 of ECA’95. It empowers the Government to declare an area 'ECA', if it is satisfied that the ecosystem of the area has reached or is threatened to reach a critical state or condition due to environmental degradation. The Government is also empowered to specify which of the operations or processes shall not be carried out or shall not be initiated in the ECAs National Environmental Policy, 1992 The National Environment Policy (NEP) is one of the key policy documents of the Government. The policy addresses 15 sectors in all, in addition to providing directives on the legal framework and institutional arrangements. Marine environment is one of the key sectors covered in this policy. Regarding fisheries resource sector, the policy seeks to:  ensure conservation of fisheries and livestock, mangrove forest and other ecosystems and prevention of activities that diminish the wetlands and natural habitats for fishes are the basic objectives in this sector;  ensure that Coastal and marine eco-systems are identified as potential areas for intervention, where all internal and external polluting activities should be stopped. Fishing in coastal and marine environment within regeneration limits is recommended;  keep the rivers, canals, ponds, lakes, haors, baors and all other water bodies and water resources free from pollution;  ensure sustainable, long-term, environmentally sound and scientific exploitation and management of the fisheries resources;  ensure environmentally-sound utilization of all fisheries resources;  ensure that water development activities and canal networks for aquaculture do not create adverse environmental impact;  ensure that all steps are taken for construction of embankments, dredging of rivers, digging of canals, etc., be environmentally sound at local, zonal and national levels;  ensure mitigation measures of adverse environmental impact of completed water resources development projects; and  conduct environmental impact assessment before undertaking projects for fisheries resources development and management, as appropriate level. National Environmental Management Action Plan, 1995 The National Environment Management Action Plan (NEMAP, 1995) identifies the main national environmental issues, including those related to the fisheries sector. The main fisheries related national concerns include environmental degradation of water bodies, increased water pollution, shortage of aquaculture water and drainage congestion; various specific regional concerns are also identified. National Fisheries Policy, 1998 The National Fisheries Policy (NFP), 1998 recognizes that fish production has declined due to environmental imbalances, adverse environmental impact and improper implementation of fish culture and management programs. The policy particularly focuses on aquaculture and marine fisheries development. The policy suggests following actions:  Enhancement of the fisheries production DoF 28 Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project Pest Management Plan  Poverty alleviation through creating self-employment and improvement of socio-economic conditions of the fishers  Fulfill the demand for animal protein  Achieve economic growth through earning foreign currency by exporting fish and fisheries products  Chemicals harmful to the environment will not be used in fish shrimp farms  Environment friendly fish shrimp culture technology will be used  Expand fisheries areas and integrate rice, fish and shrimp cultivation  Control measures will be taken against activities that have a negative impact on fisheries resources and vice-versa  Laws will be formulated to ban the disposal of any untreated industrial effluents into the water bodies. The Protection and Conservation of Fish Act (1950) This Act provides power to the government to: make and apply rules to protect fisheries; prohibit or regulate erection and use of fixed engines; and construction of temporary or permanent weirs, dams, bunds, embankments and other structures. The Act prohibits: destruction of fish by explosives, guns, and bows in inland or coastal areas; destruction of fish by poisoning, pollution, or effluents. The Act prescribes the seasons during which fishing is allowed, prohibits fishing during spawning periods, and specifies officials having authority to detect breaches of this Act. East Bengal Protection and Fish Conservation Act (1950) and Amendments The East-Bengal Protection and Fish Conservation Act (1950), as amended by the Protection and Conservation of Fish (Amendment) Ordinance (1982) and the Protection and Conservation of Fish (Amendment) Act (1995), provides for the protection and conservation of fish in inland waters of Bangladesh. These instruments define a relatively non-specific framework that simply provides a means for Government to introduce rules to protect inland waters not in private ownership. Among other things, this Act allows rule making regarding destruction of, or any attempt to destroy, fish by poisoning of water or depletion of fisheries by pollution, industrial effluent, or otherwise. Protection and Conservation of Fish Rules (1985) These Rules are in line with the overall objectives of the Fisheries Act and its amendments. Section 5 of the Rules states that, “No person shall destroy or make any attempt to destroy any fish by explosives, gun, bow and arrow in inland waters or within coastal waters�. Section 6 states, “No person shall destroy or make any attempt to destroy any fish by poisoning of water or the depletion of fisheries by pollution, by trade effluents or otherwise in inland waters’’. Fish Feed and Animal Feed Act 2010 This Act has been promulgated to ensure quality of feed using in fisheries and livestock sub-sectors and came into effect in 2010. This Act also incorporated ban of adding antibiotic growth promoter (AGP) in the feeds to highlight the food safety issues. Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project 29 DoF Pest Management Plan DoF 30 Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project Pest Management Plan Chapter 3: Current Pest Management Practices in Bangladesh 3.1 Existing Pest Management Practices in Aquaculture/ Fisheries Sector 3.1.1 Necessity of Pest Management Aquaculture is a rapid growing sector in Bangladesh. Over the last decade the rapid expansion of shrimp culture in coastal areas has drawn an outstanding development in the country’s fisheries sector. In recent years most of the farmers in coastal areas culture both shrimp and prawn in the same gher or pond. On the other hand, inland fisheries is also expanding rapidly having new aquaculture techniques with improved extensive and semi-intensive culture systems. For successful aquaculture, technology is most needed as well as the application of different aqua-drugs and chemicals which enhance the production, preventing from disease or create immune system or antibody against diseases (Subasinghe et al., 1996 and Akhter et al., 2010). There is a long history behind the using of drugs and chemicals in aquaculture. A variety of aqua-drugs and chemicals use in both inland and coastal aquaculture, that can be classified according to the purpose of use, types of organisms under culture, life cycle stage for which they are used, culture system and intensity of culture and the type of farmers who use them (Subasinghe et al., 1996). The purposes of using chemicals and antibiotics are to:  improve health condition of aquatic animal,  aquatic productivity,  feed formulation,  growth promotion,  manipulation of production,  transportation of live fish,  pond construction, and  overall the management of natural pond environment and water quality. 3.1.2 Use of Drugs and Chemicals in Aquaculture In the past, farmers used only some traditional chemicals like Lime, Salt, Potassium permanganate, Copper sulphate, Formalin and Bleaching powder(Hasan and Ahmed, 2002 and Plumb, 1992) but in recent years several pharmaceutical companies are playing a vital role in producing various types of commercial aqua-drugs (Faruk et al., 2008). There are about 33 pharmaceutical companies within 18 branded antibiotics and 23 pharmaceutical companies are active for producing and marketing aqua- drugs in greater Khulna region(Akhter et al., 2010). The common commercial chemicals used by the rural farmers are Geotox, Geolite, Benzo, Ammonil, Megageo, EDTA, Timsen, BKC, Microdine iodine, Oxyflow, Oxymax, Oxy-plus, Oxy-gold, Eco-solution, Melathion, Sumithion, Dipterex, Virex, Malachite green, Spa, Oxytetracycline, Renamycine, Renamox, Bactitab, Bactrol, Vitamin, Cevit vet, Growmax, Panvit aqua, Aquamin, Aqua boost and Acimix supper-fish (Faruk et al., 2008) (Table 3.1). According to the purposes, of aqua-drugs and chemicals can be categorized into pond preparation drugs, gas removal drugs, oxygen supplier drugs, disinfectants, growth promoter drugs, probiotics, antibiotics and disease treatment drugs. For health management of fish and shrimp several types of antibiotics and probiotics are used by farmers. The antibiotics are being used in aquaculture for over fifty years for treating bacterial infection in fish and shrimp. The common antibiotics are Oxytetracycline, Chlorotetracycline, Amoxicilin, Co-trimoxazoie, Sulphadiazine and Sulpha Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project 31 DoF Pest Management Plan methoxozole (Plumb, 1992). Some common chemicals2 used for health management3 include Sodium chloride, Formalin, Malachite green, Methyl blue, Potassium permanganate and Hydrogen per-oxide (Plumb, 1992).Table 3.1: Common Aqua drugs and their producing companies in Bangladesh (Hasen, 2014). Potassium permanganate is the most widely used chemical for treating external protozoa and external bacterial infection. For treating fungal infection, external parasites on fish and fish eggs as flush, prolonged or indefinite treatment or fungal control sodium chloride and formalin is an old treatment used by the farmers (Plumb, 1992). Recently some farmers use probiotics4 such as Aqua gold, Aqua photo, Bio-zyme, Mutagen, pH fixer, Supper PS and Zymtine for fish growth and health management (Shamsuzzaman and Biswas, 2012). Figure 3.1 highlights a scenario of chemical use (%) in different regions of Bangladesh. Figure 3.1: Aqua-drugs and chemicals used by regionsin Bangladesh (Hasen, 2014). 2 Leading Aquaculture experts (personal communication with Dr. S. A. Shameem Ahmad, Solidaridad International, Khulna) advice farmers not to use any kind of insecticides (such as Melathion, Sumithion), fungicide (Malachite Green, Renamycine) and antibiotics (Oxytetracycline, Chlortetracycline, Amoxicilin etc.). Some of the disinfectants and antibiotics are though allowable but as farmers cannot maintain the right dosage, therefore highly discouraged to use those in the farm. 3 Farmers are advised to use Lime, Geolite, Tea Seed Cake or Rotenone (if Tea Seed Cake is unavailable), good quality Probiotics, compost made of molasses, rice Bran and yeast etc. 4 Pond Cure (SKF), Bio-Prob (UniBiocare), Shrimp Shield (ACI), Bio-guard (RIMS) etc. are some of the quality probiotics as per fish farmers’ practical experience. DoF 32 Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project Pest Management Plan Table 3.1: Common Aqua drugs and their producing companies in Bangladesh Table 3.2: Purpose of aqua-drugs and chemicals and theireffectiveness (Hasen, 2014). Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project 33 DoF Pest Management Plan Table 3.3: Impact of aqua-drugs on shrimp health and disease (Hasen, 2014). DoF 34 Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project Pest Management Plan Table 3.4: Impact of aqua-drugs on fish health and disease (Hasen, 2014). Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project 35 DoF Pest Management Plan DoF 36 Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project Pest Management Plan 3.1.3 Impact of Using Chemicals and Aqua-drugs in Aquaculture The impact of using chemicals and drugs, improve the growth and disease resistance capacity of fish and shrimp (Ahmed et al., 2014). The production of Thai pangus in chemically treated pond is 8,100 kg/acre and the non-treated pond is 4,800 kg/acre (Ahmed et al., 2012). Histology of fish skin-muscle, gill, liver and kidney and shrimp muscles differentiates the chemically treated and non-treated through the remarkable pathological changes like necrosis, vacuums, pyknotic cell (Ahmed et al., 2014).In most of the cases the farmers do not maintain the appropriate dose of drugs for pond and disease treatment. As a result, the chemicals have some negative impact on fish production and also human health through consumption. The rough handling of chemicals often leads to problems like drug resistance, tissue residue, and adverse effect on species biodiversity (Spanggaard et al., 1993 and Herwing and Gray, 1997). Sometimes the chemicals can be found in the sediment at least six months such as the antimicrobials, notably Oxytetracycline, Oxolinic acid and Flumequine (Weston, 1996). There is a lack of information and proper knowledge about the impact of using aqua-drugs and chemicals in Bangladesh. So, the following tables highlight some investigated impacts of aqua-drugs and chemicals on fish and shrimp health and production through clinical, histological and overall field observation of both inland and coastal aquaculture. (Table 3.2, Table 3.3 and Table 3.4). 3.2 Farmers Preference of aqua-drugs and chemicals in Bangladesh Shrimp and fish farmers of different regions use different categories of aqua-drugs and chemicals to serve various purposes. It can be mentioned that farmers of different regions use drugs and chemicals in different categories and percentages. The farmers of greater Khulna region use 80% and 60% chemicals during pond preparation and growth promotion of shrimp. Farmers of Bagerhat region use 70%, 40% and 40% chemicals during pond and water quality management, antibiotic and disease treatments respectively. Whereas in Cox’s Bazar region farmers use 75%, 30% and 35% chemicals during pond and water quality management, as oxygen suppliers and disinfectants respectively. Recently Narail district have gathered attention on the production of prawn and 50% and 33% farmers use chemicals as growth promoter and oxygen supplier. In case of inland aquaculture, such as in Mymensingh region 85%, 70% and 62% farmers use chemicals during pond preparation, growth promotion and disease treatment respectively. 3.3 Commons Diseases of Fish and Shrimp in Bangladesh In coastal regions of Bangladesh, the recorded diseases of shrimp are WSD, YHD, External Fouling, MBVD, Black gill disease and Bacterial diseases. And common fish diseases are EUS, Fin rot, Dropsy, White Spots, Pop eye and Edwardsiellosis. However, a list of common diseases in Bangladesh and those cause symptoms, reason for infection, action to be taken and treatment including using aqua- drugs and chemicals are furnished in Table 3.5. 3.4 Integrated Pest Management and Its Advantages IPM fundamentally differs from the traditional pest control programs in that IPM emphasizes the growth of a healthy crop and livestock with the least possible disruption to agro-ecosystems and encourages natural pest control mechanisms (FAO, 2014) while conventional pest management basically relies on chemical pesticides only. The advantages of IPM are:  Environmentally friendly  Reduces human health risks (exposure to chemical pesticides)  Relatively cheaper  IPM is more effective in controlling pests over long periods. IPM requires wider knowledge unlike traditional programs. Managing pests with less pesticide requires a strong working knowledge of pest biology and behavior, current pest control technologies and practices, climate and its effects on pest proliferation, greenhouse and storage structural Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project 37 DoF Pest Management Plan characteristics and staff behavior. Without this knowledge, it will be difficult, if not impossible, to prevent infestations. Investing in IPM programs may initially cost more than traditional methods but for the long-term; IPM is analogous to preventive health maintenance. IPM is more cost-effective in terms of time, personnel and materials to prevent pest problems than the practice of remediating the same problem again and again. DoF 38 Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project Pest Management Plan Table 3.5: Common disease of fishes in Bangladesh and remedial measures. Disease and Causes Symptoms Reason for Infection Action Treatment Ulcers Pinky-white open Very poor water quality or an Test the water for signs of Fish lose salts quickly through wounds, often with a excessively high pH level. Minor ammonia and nitrite. Conduct a open wounds, so add aquarium Caused by species of Pseudomonas white edge and scratches can become infected large water change to reduce salt at a dose of 1-3 g/liter. Use and Aeromonas bacteria sometimes secondarily if conditions are poor. Also, pollution levels. an anti-ulcer treatment. If infected by fungi and commonly affects newly treatment fails, a vet can other bacteria. imported Koi and goldfish. prescribe stronger antibiotics. Cloudy eye Entire surface or lens of Most commonly caused by Improve water conditions. Use Improving water conditions eye takes on a cloudy, poor water conditions. A lack of a good quality food containing usually cures cloudy eyes. Eye Caused by poor water quality, poor opaque appearance. vitamins in the diet may also added vitamins. flukes are uncommon and can diet, eye flukes, corneal damage, There may be a build-up cause clouding. On rare be difficult to accurately bacterial infection. of mucus on the outer occasions digenetic flukes, such diagnose and treat. surface. as Diplostomum, can cause problems. Dropsy Swelling of the body Usually triggered by poor water Test water and improve water Can be difficult to treat. A cavity due to a buildup quality, especially the presence conditions immediately. broad spectrum antibacterial Usually caused by bacterial infection. of fluid. Scales become of ammonia and nitrite. Often Aquarium salt at a dose of 1- 3 treatment is the best option in Viral infection, nutritional, metabolic raised giving a pine confined to individual fish. g/liter can help to prevent salt most cases. and osmo-regulatory problems can cone-like appearance. loss. also be responsible. One or both of the eyes maybe protruded. White spot Small white spots, about Stress related. Usually a Ensure the water is free of Treat promptly with an anti- the size of a salt grain, consequence of poor or pollution and isolate cause of parasite medication. It may be Caused by Ichthyophthirius multifiliis on the skin, fins and gills. incorrect water conditions, stress. necessary to raise the water parasite fluctuating temperature and temperature to improve the general poor husbandry. effectiveness of the treatment. Sensitive species may develop Wounds left by parasites may white spot as a result of being become secondarily infected. introduced to a new aquarium. Bacterial infections Reddening of the skin or Poor water conditions, Improve water conditions, and Use a proprietary treatment as fins; ragged fins with especially the presence of treat promptly. soon as possible. Aquarium salt signs of infection, open ammonia and nitrite. Wounds at a dose of 1-3 g/liter can help Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project 39 DoF Pest Management Plan Disease and Causes Symptoms Reason for Infection Action Treatment Caused by species of Aeromonas and sores. Common on many resulting from poor handling, prevent salt loss. Severe Pseudomonas bacteria newly imported fishes. transport or fighting may infections may require Often accompanied by become secondarily infected by prescription medications from a other diseases, including these bacteria if conditions are vet. fungi. poor. Fungal infections Fluffy growths affecting Usually a secondary infection Improve water condition and Standard antifungal wounds on the skin and that Invades wounds left by treat promptly. medications, such as methylene Caused by species of Saprolegnia and fins of freshwater fishes. ulcers and parasites, including blue, are usually very effective, Achlya white spot. Rarely a problem in but may affect filtration and tanks with good water quality. water quality. When the disease occurs on open wounds, aquarium salt at a dose of 1-3 g/liter can help reduce salt loss. Cotton-wool disease (Flexibacter) looks similar but is caused by bacteria and may require a different treatment. Fin-rot Frayed fins, often with a The bacteria are present on Improve water conditions. Treat promptly with a fin-rot or pale pinky white edge most fish. Stress from poor Isolate nippy fishes. anti-bacteria treatment to Caused by species of Aeromonas, and some blood in the water conditions usually prevent the further spread of Pseudomonas or Flexibacter bacteria fin tissues. triggers an infection. Nipped the disease. Consider adding fins may become secondarily salt (1-3 g/liter) to reduce the infected if water is polluted. loss of salt by the fish. Ensure Some wounds may also be that water stays free of attacked by fungus. pollution during treatment. Swim bladder disorder Fish have difficulty Sometimes caused by poor Improve water conditions. Feed Change diet and improve water swimming to the water quality. Genetic less dried foods, or pre-soak conditions. Treat with a Caused by bacterial infection, surface, or to the lower problems in selectively bred pellets and flakes so they don't specialist antibacterial incorrect diet, trapped gas, physical levels of the tank. goldfish. swell the gut. Feed Daphnia, treatment. Fancy goldfish deformities. Commonly affects eggs which acts as a laxative. suffering from physical of fancy goldfish. deformities will not recover. DoF 40 Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project Pest Management Plan Disease and Causes Symptoms Reason for Infection Action Treatment Lymphocystis The virus causes crusty The disease is viral, but maybe The disease rarely kills, There is no known treatment. grey-white lumps to triggered by stress, poor although lesions may become Some vets recommend the Caused by an Iridovirus develop on the skin and handling or poor water. Some secondarily infected. Ideally, surgical removal of the lesions. fins. These may affect fish may carry the virus without infected fish should be isolated. freshwater or marine showing symptoms. fishes, and sometimes take on the colour of the underlying skin. These lumps are clusters of enlarged cells. Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project 41 DoF Pest Management Plan 3.5 Currently Available Pest Management Technologies in Agricultural Sector Insect Control The Current IPM Technologies for controlling insects of rice, vegetables and fruits differ according to the commodities and the types of insects and diseases. These are:  Perching for attracting insect-eating birds.  Use of sex Pheromone trap.  Use of light traps.  Use of tolerant/ resistant varieties.  Picking/ catching by hand net or mosquito net and destruction of eggs, nymphs& adults.  Burning or mixing the debris and left-over rice straw under soil.  Delaying pesticide spray to help parasitic (friendly) insects in eating eggs of destructive insect pests.  Removing water from the field and drying the soil temporarily.  Increasing planting space of seedlings to allow increased light penetration through the canopy.  Using balanced fertilizer.  Pulling out of affected plants & burying under the soil.  Collection and destruction of infested leaf (with egg mass and grub).  Application of ash on the plants.  Practicing clean cultivation.  Using yellow sticky trap.  Cultivating trap crops like okra or mustard between rows and around the field.  Spraying bio-pesticides.  Destruction of infested flower pods and fruits regularly.  Treating seeds with insecticides before planting in seedbed.  Covering seedbeds with fine nylon net.  Irrigation of field during infestation with very low quantity of kerosene oil.  Use of poison bait (broken rice husk + gur +Carbarin insecticide).  Using approved insecticide as a last resort Disease Control A number of IPM measures are used in disease control:  Using tolerant varieties  Using Light trap and hand net  Using balanced fertilizer, urea application in three installments  Withholding irrigation for 7-8 days & applying 5 kg potash fertilizer per bigha (0.33 acres) of land  Collecting floating debris along the field borders and burying under soil  Using crop rotation  Using seed collected from healthy plants  Using seed treatment measures  Using organic manure  Keeping standing water in the field (depending on the disease)  Keeping the land dry for some time in case of leaf scald attack  Burning out the affected straw DoF 42 Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project Pest Management Plan  Keeping grass-type weeds under control  Not to use same land for seedbed continuously  Using purified seed by soaking in fungicide-mixed water  Using soft seed bed and keeping it moist all the time (depending on the disease)  Drying land immediately after disease appearance (depending on the disease)  Throwing disease affected seedlings  Burning out the disease affected plants  Growing different varieties of rice at interval  Using balanced fertilizer  Mixing rice bran with seed bed soil (depending on the disease)  Covering seedbed with polythene sheets during cold spells  Prompt destruction of infested plant material to reduce initial inoculums  Weed control (solanaceous weeds) such as nightshades  Removal and destruction of the affected plant parts  Application of neem cake at 250 kg/ha  Using yellow sticky traps  Field sanitation by burning of crop debris  Avoiding crowded planting of seedlings  Maintaining field sanitation  Using virus tolerant varieties  Using of disease free seeds  Use of high land and well-drained soil (for vegetables & fruits)  Use of fungicide as a last resort 3.6 Non-chemical Methods of IMP in aquaculture sector of Bangladesh Some of the main features of IPM involve the use of non-chemical methods of pest control which include the following: Biological Control Agents Biological control means use of living organisms to suppress pest populations and damage. These living organisms can be parasitoids, predators and use of sterile males during breeding or pathogens. Environmentally friendly chemical interventions such as the use of semio-chemicals (e.g. pheromones and Para-pheromones), bio-pesticides and relatively less toxic insecticides can be used together with biological control agents. Cultural Control Practices Cultural control means use of usual fish species production practices to suppress pest population and damage in the pond. These practices include ploughing/ digging/ leaching to expose and kill soil pests, using pest and disease-free fingerlings, stocking in time, inter-cropping, natural feeding, timely harvesting in time to minimize exposure of the pests, practicing rotational crops, selection of brood stock, and practicing all in all out modern and hygienic fish production systems. Mechanical control methods Mechanical control means using manual devices to suppress pest population and damage. This involves hand picking, netting and encircling of ponds and use of traps. Physical control methods Physical control means killing pests or suppressing their population by modifying physical factors of their environment to their detriment. This involves techniques such as irradiation, heat treatment, cold treatment, ultrasonic vibrations and drying. Legislative measures Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project 43 DoF Pest Management Plan This involves setting up and effecting acts and regulations which help in pest management. Examples are quarantine services, seed (fry) certification, produce inspection, etc. Genetic control measures They involve production and use of fish species or brood stocks which are resistant to pests and/or diseases. These include insect and disease resistant varieties/ brood stock and fry’s. 3.7 Chemical Pesticide Use Challenges in Bangladesh During consultations by DoF at field level, it was revealed that there are some challenges as perceived by fish farmers. Some of the general challenges are that some of the pesticides are not manufactured in Bangladesh and in addition, Bangladesh does not have ultimate pesticides disposal facilities (such as pesticide incinerators). Other observed challenges are summarized as follows: 3.7.1 Use of Unregulated Pesticides Bangladesh shares borders with India and Myanmar and this geographical proximity to these countries facilitates both trade and accessibility to unregulated and illegal chemical pesticides (not approved by the GoB) especially for the districts close to these bordering countries. Negative effects of the prevalent supply of un-screened chemicals include: - A threat of the introduction of highly toxic substances into the environment, putting human beings, plant and animals at risk. - Development of pest resistance and economic loss on the part of the farmers for using sub-standard chemicals. - Incessant expansion of Bangladesh government’s regulatory duties and responsibilities; stretching its finances and resources too thin and seriously diluting its role and capacity of chemical pesticide regulation; and rendering it ineffective. 3.7.2 Use of expired pesticides Indiscriminate use of expired chemical pesticides by farmers is a problem emanating from shared negligence between the farmers and chemical pesticide marketers. Both parties contribute to the situation partly due to ignorance. Unlicensed chemical pesticide marketers also contribute to the proliferation of expired chemicals. 3.7.3 Lack of appropriate skills Implementation of an effective pest management plan requires an interdisciplinary approach, due to the breadth and depth of the subject. DoF’s field extension officer and other staff usually lack appropriate training in pesticides management. 3.7.4 Inadequate protective gear A combination of ignorance of the potential risks associated with chemical pesticides, with the lack of sufficient funding, imposes formidable strains on the safety methods of chemical pesticide application. 3.7.5 Inadequate policy, acts and rules Most of the fisheries and aquaculture policy, acts and regulations do not have sufficient coverage on the use of pesticides, drugs and chemicals in fish ponds. However, some rules include restriction of using chemical fertilizers. But there is no such PMP plan from GoB for fisheries sector. 3.7.6 Fish farmer’s attitude A mis-informed approach amongst farmers is their chemical remedies for pests are sought in the first instance. It has happened due to improper advocacy on IPM. DoF 44 Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project Pest Management Plan 3.8 Banned Drugs/Chemicals in Fish and Animal Health Sector in Bangladesh Food safety is a term broadly applied to food quality that may adversely affect human health. There are major areas of concern over the presence of residues of antibiotics in animal-derived foodstuffs with regard to human health. The term "antibiotic growth promoter" (AGP) is used to describe any medicine that destroys or inhibits bacteria and is administered at a low, sub-therapeutic dose. The use of antibiotics for growth promotion has arisen with the intensification of fish farming. APG’s are restricted to avoid residual effect of antibiotics in fishes subsequently in human. Locally and globally banned steroid hormones Decason, Oradexon, Prednisolon, Betnenal, Cortan, Steron and Adam-33 are often found in the local market in the name of remedial medicines for fish/ and or shrimp diseases. These are bannedin the country according to the Fish and Animal Feed Act, 2010. Besides those, Nitrofurans (Furazolidone, Furaltadone, Nitrofurantoin, Nitrofurazone) Chloramphenicol, injectable Dichlofenac sodium are also banned in the country (Table 3.6). Table 3.6: List of Banned Pesticides and Chemicals in Bangladesh. SL Trade name of Products Registration Name of Company Number 1 Diazinon 14G AP-08 Shetu Coporation Limited 2 Bizguard 2P AP-09 Ciba-Geigy (Bangladesh) Limited 3 Roxion 40EC AP-11 International Services (BD) Limited 4 Dankavapon 100EC AP-13 Shetu Corporation Limited 5 Damfin 2P AP-19 Ciba-Geigy (Bangladesh) Limited 6 Diazinon 90L AP-20 Ciba-Geigy (Bangladesh) Limited 7 Danmfin 950EC AP-25 Ciba-Geigy (Bangladesh) Limited 8 Dichlorvos AP-27 Bayer (Bangladesh) Limited 9 Curaterr 3G AP-30 Bayer (Bangladesh) Limited 10 2,4-D NaSalt AP-34 Bayer (Bangladesh) Limited 11 Folithion ULVC 98 AP-36 Bayer (Bangladesh) Limited 12 Methybron AP-38 Excell Trading Company 13 Heptachlor 40WP AP-39 Krishi Banijya Protisthan 14 Chlordane 40WP AP-40 Krishi Banijya Protisthan 15 Aerovap 100EC AP-41 Liza Enterprise Limited 16 Aerodriel 20EC AP-42 Liza Enterprise Limited 17 Aeromal 57EC AP-44 Liza Enterprise Limited 18 Padan 10G AP-52 Data Enterprises Limited 19 Fenitrothion 98 AP-53 Farm Chemical Corporation Limited 20 Carbin 85WP AP-54 Farm Chemical Corporation Limited 21 Diamal 57EC AP-55 Farm Chemical Corporation Limited 22 DetiaGas EXT AP-56 Farm Chemical Corporation Limited 23 Dichlorvos 100EC AP-57 Farm Chemical Corporation Limited 24 Methyl Bromide 98 AP-57 Farm Chemical Corporation Limited 25 Malathion 57EC AP-68 BPI Limited 26 Curaterr 3G AP-69 Bayer (Bangladesh) Limited 27 Dieldrin 20EC AP-73 Shell Company of Bangladesh Limited 28 Bidrin 24WSC AP-74 Shell Company of Bangladesh Limited 29 Malathion 57EC AP-78 Burmah Eastern Limited 30 Vapona AP-79 Shell Company of Bangladesh Limited 31 Bidrin 85WSC AP-80 Shell Company of Bangladesh Limited 32 Dieldrin 50WP AP-82 Shell Company of Bangladesh Limited 33 Dieldrin 40WP AP-83 Shell Company of Bangladesh Limited 34 Furadan 3G AP-85 FMC International S.A. 35 Actellic 2% Dust AP-99 Bangladesh Manufacturers Limited 36 Quickphos AP-102 Agrani Traders Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project 45 DoF Pest Management Plan SL Trade name of Products Registration Name of Company Number 37 Torque 550g/I AP-115 International Services (BD) Limited 38 Ridan 3G AP-131 Rupali Sangstha Limited 39 Bkzne 14G AP-135 B. K. Traders 40 Aerocypermethrin 10EC AP-137 Liza Enterprise Limited 41 Karmex AP-145 Beximco Agrochemicals Limited 42 Carbaryl 85WP AP-147 Shetu Corporation Limited 43 Agridan 3G AP-154 Shetu Pesticides Limited 44 Tecto 2% Dust AP-157 Alco Pharma Limited 45 Manex-II AP-163 Shetu Corporation Limited 46 Phytox MZ80 AP-164 Liza Enterprise Limited 47 Uniflow TMS ulphur AP-167 Shetu Corporation Limited 48 Fenkil 20EC AP-169 Agrani Traders 49 Sunfuran 3G AP-171 Shetu Corporation Limited 50 Hekthion 57EC AP-178 Farm Chemical Corporation Limited 51 Poligor 40EC AP-180 Farm Chemical Corporation Limited 52 Melbromid 98 AP-185 Horizon Trade Limited 53 Mebrom AP-186 Bengal Wings Trade Limited 54 Agrine 85WP AP-187 Edgro (Private) Limited 55 Drawizon 60EC AP-190 Keeco Pesticides Limited 56 Gastoxin AP-195 Bright Corporation 57 Cekomethrin 10EC AP-219 Premier Traders 58 Cythrin AP-220 Bari & Company Limited 59 Cekuthoate 40EC AP-225 Premier Traders 60 Arifos 20EC AP-229 Bari & Company Limited 61 Malathion 57EC AP-230 Sabrina Trading Corporation 62 Cardan 5G AP-234 Bari & Company Limited 63 Diazinon 14G AP-236 Liza Enterprise Limited 64 Rizinon 60EC AP-239 Bari & Company Limited 65 Zincphosphide AP-258 Liza Enterprise Limited 66 Davison Glyphosate AP-266 Shetu Pesticides Limited 67 Morestan 25WP AP-269 Beximco Agrochemicals Limited 68 Manzate 200 AP-301 Auto Equipment Limited 69 Dimecron 100SL AP-22&276 Novartis (Bangladesh) Limited 70 Pillarcron 100SL AP-148 Shetu Pesticides Limited 71 Benicron 100WSC AP-06 Sabrina Trading Corporation 72 DDVP 100W/V AP-03 ACI Formulations Limited 73 Chemo DDVP 100EC AP-245 Chemsfil Bangladesh Limited 74 DDVP 100EC AP-151 McDonald Bangladesh (Pvt) Limited 75 Nogos 100EC AP-26&274 Novartis (Bangladesh) Limited 76 Phosvit 100EC AP-56 Data Enterprises Limited 77 Daman 100EC AP-325 Petrochem (Bangladesh) Limited 78 Azodrin 40WSC AP-336 BASF Bangladesh Limited 79 Nuvacron 40SL AP-18&275 Novartis (Bangladesh) Limited 80 Megaphos 40SL AP-175 McDonald Bangladesh (Pvt) Limited 81 Phoskil 40SL AP-339 United Phosphorus (Bangladesh) Ltd 82 Kadette 40WSC AP-284 Bisco Pesticide & Chemical 83 Monophos 40WSC AP-328 Alpha Agro Limited 84 Monodrin 40WSC AP-07 Sabrina Trading Corporation 85 Corophos 40SL AP-342 Corbel International Limited 86 Luphos 40SL AP-388 ACI Formulations Limited 87 Amcodrin 40SL AP-340 Atherton Imbros Company Limited 88 Vitacron 40SL AP-341 Shetu Marketing Company DoF 46 Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project Pest Management Plan SL Trade name of Products Registration Name of Company Number 89 Monotaf 40WSC AP-331 Auto Equipment Limited 90 Tamaron 40SL AP-188 Haychem (Bangladesh) Limited 91 Folithion 50EC AP-32 Haychem (Bangladesh) Limited 92 Macuprax 65% AP-65 Bayer Crop Science Limited 93 Zithiol 57EC AP-126 Rhone Poulenc Bangladesh 94 Delapon Na-84 AP-66 Rhone Poulenc Bangladesh 95 Anthio 25EC AP-64 Rhone Poulenc Bangladesh 96 Zolone 35EC AP-67 Rhone Poulenc Bangladesh 97 Rentokill CC Type 75% AP-221 Getco Limited 98 Paramount CC Type AP-300 BD Associate and Company 99 Darsban 20EC PHP-5 Auto Equipment Limited 100 Darsban 20EC PHP-85 Auto Equipment Limited 101 Basudin 10G AP-23 Syngenta Bangladesh Limited 102 Diazinon 60EC AP-24 Syngenta Bangladesh Limited 103 Mortin King Mosquito Coil PHP-54 Reckitt Benckiser Bangladesh Limited 104 Mortin Mosquito Coil PHP-101 Reckitt Benckiser Bangladesh Limited 105 Sarfium 56% AP-689 Sar Trade Fertilizer Limited 106 Sicofen 20EC AP-624 Genetica 107 Cythrine 10EC AP-310 ACI Formulations Limited 108 Diazonyl T-60 AP-283 ACI Formulations Limited 109 Salmathion 57EC AP-1066 Agrimax Bangladesh Limited 110 Basamid Granular AP-205 BASF Bangladesh Limited 111 Ducord 17EC AP-793 BASF Bangladesh Limited 112 Argold 10EC AP-409 BASF Bangladesh Limited 113 Dicofol 18.5EC AP-359 McDonald Bangladesh (Pvt) Limited 114 Carbaryl 85WP AP-150 McDonald Bangladesh (Pvt) Limited 115 Amitage 20EC AP-476 McDonald Bangladesh (Pvt) Limited 116 Neoron 500EC AP-551 Syngenta Bangladesh Limited 117 Anvil 5SC AP-472 Syngenta Bangladesh Limited 118 Ridomil Gold MZ68 WG AP-377 Syngenta Bangladesh Limited 119 Folio Gold 440SC AP-1133 Syngenta Bangladesh Limited 120 Dolma 5G AP-1226 Syngenta Bangladesh Limited 121 Sonne t50SP AP-1488 Syngenta Bangladesh Limited 122 Basudin 10GR AP-532 Syngenta Bangladesh Limited 123 Ricon 60EC AP-533 Syngenta Bangladesh Limited 124 Paprika 50EC AP-1250 Syngenta Bangladesh Limited 125 Touchdown AP-404 Syngenta Bangladesh Limited 126 Touchdown HiTech 500SL AP-873 Syngenta Bangladesh Limited 127 Dual Gold 960EC AP-1111 Syngenta Bangladesh Limited 128 Lintur 70WG AP-633 Syngenta Bangladesh Limited 129 Koranda AP-794 Auto Crop Care Limited 130 Seda 50SP AP-420 Auto Crop Care Limited 131 Lorsban 15G AP-371 Auto Crop Care Limited 132 Autoguard 25EC AP-1147 Auto Crop Care Limited 133 Focus 50SC AP-828 Auto Crop Care Limited 134 Alert 50EC AP-648 Auto Crop Care Limited 135 Quinguard 25EC AP-1106 Auto Crop Care Limited 136 Fendor 5G AP-279 Auto Crop Care Limited 137 Edfen 50EC AP-191 SeaTrade Fertilizer Limited 138 Malatox 57EC AP-286 SeaTrade Fertilizer Limited 139 Edthoate 50EC AP-307 SeaTrade Fertilizer Limited 140 Metasystox R25EC AP-493 United Phosphorus (Bangladesh) Ltd Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project 47 DoF Pest Management Plan SL Trade name of Products Registration Name of Company Number 141 Sumithion 3% Dust AP-156 Shetu Corporation Limited 142 Sumibas 75EC AP-255 Shetu Corporation Limited 143 Arozin 30EC AP-383 Bayer Crop Science Limited 144 Basta SL15 AP-265 Bayer Crop Science Limited 145 Baycarb EC500 AP-488 Bayer Crop Science Limited 146 Curaterr 5G AP-490 Bayer Crop Science Limited 147 Cupravit 50WP AP-489 Bayer Crop Science Limited 148 Hinosan EC50 AP-491 Bayer Crop Science Limited 149 Labaycid 50EC AP-492 Bayer Crop Science Limited 150 SunriceSuper 315EC AP-1777 Bayer Crop Science Limited 151 Benefiter 315SC AP-2105 Bayer Crop Science Limited 152 Thiodan 35EC AP-1147 Bayer Crop Science Limited 153 Fantush 300EC AP-2569 Asia Trade International 154 Ultima 40WG AP-2560 Mimpex Agrochemicals Limited 155 Abate 15G PHP-118 BASF Bangladesh Limited 156 Fendona 1.5SC PHP-84 BASF Bangladesh Limited 157 Edfen 50EC PHP-40 Sea Trade Fertilizer Limited 158 Coopex 25WP PHP-191 Bayer Crop Science Limited 159 Sislin 2.5EC PHP-192 Bayer Crop Science Limited 160 Crackdown PHP-193 Bayer Crop Science Limited 161 Resigen 50E PHP-194 Bayer Crop Science Limited 162 Resigned OS PHP-196 Bayer Crop Science Limited 163 Bilshot M46.5EC AP-586 Pharma & Farm 164 Pharzeb 80WP AP-784 Pharma & Farm 165 Phartap 50SP AP-605 Pharma & Farm 166 Cypercid 10EC AP-523 Pharma & Farm 167 Glyphar 41SL AP-896 Pharma & Farm 168 Topsin M70WP AP-193 Data Enterprises Limited 169 Homai 80WP AP-179 Data Enterprises Limited 170 Padan 50SP AP-555 Data Enterprises Limited 171 Diazinon 14G AP-554 Data Enterprises Limited 172 Diazinon 60EC AP-557 Data Enterprises Limited 173 Diazinon 90ULVC AP-560 Data Enterprises Limited 174 Trebon 10EC AP-161 Data Enterprises Limited 175 Bassa 50EC AP-142 Data Enterprises Limited 176 Elsan 50EC AP-556 Data Enterprises Limited 177 Elsan 92ULVC AP-558 Data Enterprises Limited 178 Vitavax 200B AP-559 Pioneer Equipment & Chemical Co. 179 Pyriba n20EC AP-381 Agro Development Services Co.(Pvt) Ltd 180 Aimal 57EC AP-1136 Agro Development Services Co. (Pvt) Ltd 181 Asset AP-364 Agrodev United 182 Padan 4G AP-372 Krishi Kallyan Limited 183 Diazinon 10GR AP-385 Krishi Kallyan Limited 184 Limithion 57EC AP-264 ACI Formulations Limited 185 Knockout Liquid Insect Sprya PHP-28 Shetu Pesticides Limited 186 Victor 1G PHP-340 Shetu Pesticides Limited 187 Night Queen Mosquito Coil PHP-46 Shetu Pesticides Limited 188 Sovathion 50EC AP-240 Shetu Pesticides Limited 189 Pillartex 50EC AP-414 Shetu Pesticides Limited 190 Kap 50EC AP-216 Shetu Pesticides Limited 191 Dipterex 80SP AP-561 United Phosphorus (Bangladesh) Ltd 192 Cekufon 80SP AP-257 Shetu Pesticides Limited DoF 48 Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project Pest Management Plan SL Trade name of Products Registration Name of Company Number 193 Palash 57EC AP-312 Petrochem (Bangladesh) Limited 194 Pounce 1.5G AP-419 FMC Chemical International AG 195 Acekro 20EC AP-318 McDonald Bangladesh (Pvt) Limited Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project 49 DoF Pest Management Plan DoF 50 Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project Pest Management Plan Chapter 4: Framework of PMP and Its Implementation Strategies 4.1 Fundamentals of PMP Planning When developing a pest management plan, it is important to:  consider why need a plan for BSCMFP  know what the plan to achieve by the project components  understand the invasive species and other animals in BSCMFP area  consider the principles of pest management  consider other pest management plans  set achievable objectives through implementation of the PMP. Before finalizing a pest management objective, it is also important to consider the interaction between pests and other issues such as land, water, vegetation and cultural heritage. 4.1.1 Steps to planning PMP The following 6 steps will assist in effective pest management planning: 1. Understand the pest issue 2. Develop a draft pest management plan 3. Consultations 4. Finalize and implement the plan 5. Monitoring 6. Evaluate and review the overall results 4.1.2 Principles of Pest Management Eight principles of pest management are suggested to follow as common basis for the management of pest animals throughout project area of BSCMFP. The consideration of all these principles is critical to the success of any pest management activity, regardless of scope and scale. These are: 1. Integration: Pest management in aquaculture is an integral part of managing natural resources and agricultural systems. 2. Public awareness: Public awareness and knowledge of pest must be raised to increase the capacity and willingness of individuals to participate in control. 3. Commitment: Effective pest management requires shared responsibility, capability, capacity and a long-term commitment by land owners/ managers, the community, industry groups and government. Those that create the risks associated with pest species introduction or spread and those that benefit from the pest management should help to minimize the impacts of pest animals and contribute to the costs of management. 4. Consultation and partnership: Consultation and partnership arrangements among the users, local communities, industry groups, government agencies and local governments must be established to achieve a collaborative and coordinated approach to management. 5. Planning: Planning for pest management should be based on risk management to ensure that resources target the priorities identified at local, regional, and national levels. 6. Prevention and early intervention: Preventive pest management is generally more cost- effective than other strategies and is achieved by: preventing the spread of pest species, and viable parts of these pests, especially by human activity early detection and intervention. 7. Best practice: Pest management must be based on ecologically and socially responsible practices that protect the environment and the productive capacity of natural resources while minimizing impacts on the community. It should balance feasibility, cost-effectiveness, sustainability, humaneness, community perceptions, emergency needs and public safety. Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project 51 DoF Pest Management Plan 8. Improvement (research, monitoring and evaluation): Research about pest and regular monitoring and evaluation of control activities is needed to make evidence-based decisions and improve pest management practices. 4.2 Steps in Setting up IPM in BSCMFP 4.2.1 Identify the implementation team Transition to a PMP program requires a diverse, action-oriented PMP Committee. This PMP Committee will be an environmentally conscious committee lead by the Project Director at PMU, DoF. A representative of the District Fisheries Office and Fish Farming Group will be members of this Committee. The leader of this team should be familiar with pests, pesticides and pesticide regulations. This arrangement is appropriate, because implementation of an IPM program can be tracked as a performance indicator. PMP leadership is guided by pest management principles and environmental issues. Leadership with such academic background and experience qualifies to serve as an authority to supervise PMP implementation. Other team members include Environmental, Agriculture Extension , agronomists, crop protection experts(entomologists, pathologists), aquaculture expert, health officer and Livestock officer. 4.2.2 Decide on the scale of implementation To determine the scale of implementation, a strategic approach will be taken. IPM will be clearly defined and discussed by the PD as is done for all other development projects. A representative of the District Fisheries Offices must attend these meetings to help explain the IPM approach and give examples of similar documented success studies. Through these discussions comprehension will be achieved, and potential objections will be addressed with successful practical examples. 4.2.3 Review and set measures objectives for the PMP The PMP Committee will set measurable objectives and refine the IPM indicators relevant to their district; and determining factors such as:  When the IPM program will start  How much it will cost  What will be accomplished by choosing IPM  How success shall be monitored The determination of above must be done prior to IPM implementation. Additionally, measurable goals will be set, to track:  Pest management costs;  Monitoring of pest activity before and after implementation of the IPM program;  Number of calls related to pest problems and toxic chemical use reduction. Furthermore, the time when the shift to IPM will occur must be discussed and agreed upon prior to implementation. The initial step will be to establish an implementation timeline that includes time to execute all of the steps outlined in the implementation plan. It is imperative to include time to organize the administration of the IPM and conduct any farmer training as well as manage the IPM process. The IPM Committee will gather information on previously implemented or currently being implemented IPM programs; the time it took to develop them and how successful they have been. They will obtain the budgetary and any technical information for the previously implemented IPM programs and analyze the elements to establish lessons to learn. Field visits to currently running programmes will be conducted to get a practical insight. Reduced pesticide use is the substantive yardstick in measuring an IPM’s ability to create a safer environment. Baseline study will be conducted and therefore an information database that includes DoF 52 Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project Pest Management Plan annual quantities of pesticides used will be designed to enable comparative analysis to the previous years. The goal will be a downward trend over time or ideally, a specific reduction amount, ultimately leading to a scant usage of highly toxic pest control chemicals. 4.2.4 Analysis current housekeeping, maintenance and pest control practices While preparing to make a transition to IPM, the PMP Committee will familiarize itself with the organization’s current policies and practices with respect to structural maintenance, sanitation and pest control. Occasionally, current practice may be consistent with IPM principles. Familiarization will provide the flexibility necessary to adapt to, and prepare for the necessary changes. Structural maintenance is arguably the most efficient way to keep pests out of a facility because it physically stops pests from entering wherever possible. Structural maintenance will therefore be a regular part of the IPM. Cracks, crevices or other unnecessary openings in the building exterior that can be used by pests as harborage areas or entry points regardless of size, will be sealed appropriately. Sanitation deprives pests of food and water. A sanitation plan must therefore be accounted for in the development of an IPM. Staff must be provided with special sanitation training. 4.2.5 Establish a system of regular IMP inspection PMP’s central focus is regular facility inspections. Such inspections are the “life blood� for a continuous cycle of IPM activities that may or may not include chemical treatments. Activities will include: a) Routine Inspections b) Pest Identification c) Selection of Control Methods d) Monitoring and Evaluation IPM inspections must emphasize on the four “zones� of pest activity: a) Entry points b) Water sources c) Food sources d) Harborage areas. During inspections, all existing pest issues and potential problem areas, inside and outside, must be noted for follow-up. For in-house IPM programs, the greatest inspection challenge will be establishing routine, proactive surveillance by trained specialists. To ensure this is done, the EMC or an independent consultant will conduct inspections and audits twice a year. 4.2.6 Define the treatment policy selection A clear written policy on how the facility will respond to pests, when they appear,must be developed. Included in the policy will be definitions of both non-chemical and chemical treatment options and the sequence or prioritization in which they will be considered. It should be unequivocal on when and where chemical treatments are appropriate. Finally, it should include an “approved materials� list to ensure informed choices when chemical treatments are applied. The key to an effective IPM is to correctly identify pests that have invaded the area before. Due to pest behavior variations from one species to the other, the appropriate response will vary accordingly. Once the pest is identified and the source of activity is pin-pointed, the treatment policy will call for habitat modifications such as exclusion, repair or better sanitation. These counter measures can drastically minimize pest presence before chemical responses are considered. Additional treatment options—chemical and non-chemical can then be tailored to the biology and behavior of the target pest. Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project 53 DoF Pest Management Plan The final step in the pest response cycle is Monitoring. The information gained through on-going monitoring of the problem will facilitate determination of supplemental treatment options if required. 4.2.7 Establish communication protocols Communication protocols must be developed to assist environmental services, facility maintenance, facility management and service providers. IPM is a cooperative effort and therefore effective communication between various parties is essential for success. PMP Committee and fish farmers must document pest sightings. The PMP Committee will make recommendations and notify DFO for pesticide treatments. They will also communicate with the maintenance team to make the necessary repairs. 4.2.8 Develop fish farmer training plans and policies The Fish Farmer Groups will serve as a pool of “inspectors� charged with reporting pest sightings to expedite response times and help limit the scope of new infestations. Training sessions will be conducted to acquaint farmers with IPM principles and their responsibilities for the success of the IPM program. 4.2.9 Track progress and reward success Measurable objectives set at the beginning, must be measured against the IPM program’s performance at least once a year. Documentation to facilitate the evaluation process is as follows: a. Detailed description of the parameters and service protocols of the IPM program, stating the ground rules; b. Specific locations where pest management work was performed; c. Dates of service; d. Activity descriptions, e.g., baiting, crack-and crevice treatment, trapping, structural repair; hygiene and e. Log of any pesticide applications, including:  Target pest(s);  The brand names and active ingredients of any pesticides applied;  PCB registration numbers of pesticides applied;  Percentages of mix used in dilution;  Volume of pesticides used expressed in kilograms of active ingredient;  Applicator’s name(s) and certification identity (copy of original certification and re- certification should be maintained);  Facility floor plan on which all pest control devices mapped and numbered;  Pest tracking logs (sightings and trap counts);  Action plans, including structural and sanitation plans, to correct any pest problems;  Pest sighting memos for IPM Committee to use in reporting pest presence to District Executive Committee (DEC); and  Using these records, and the goals of the IPM program (increased efficacy, lower costs and reduced pesticide use), the IPM Committee must see: o Fewer pest sightings and farmer complaints; o Lower monitoring-station counts over time; DoF 54 Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project Pest Management Plan o Lower costs after the first 12-18 months, once IPM’s efficacy advantage has had time to take effect; and o Downward trend in volume or frequency of chemical pesticide usage o Reduced pest infestations on the fishes IPM is a team effort. Therefore, the PMP Committee will track and report the program’s successes following each evaluation; and encourage good practices by recognizing farmers who played a role. Communicating the success of the program in reducing toxic chemical use and exposure, reducing pest complaints and lowering costs will help farmers to understand the purpose of the program and appreciate its success. The more they understand, the more likely they will participate willingly in helping expand and institutionalize the IPMP. After the program has been in place for long enough to show significant results, it is recommended for the PMP Committee to work with DoF to publicize successes more broadly and to demonstrate the environmentally responsible approach to effective pest management and control. PMP Committee and DoF will lead theexample by sharing success with other stakeholders. 4.3 Principles Governing Selection of Pesticides Selection of pesticides, under the BSCMFP project will be guided by the consideration of several pest management approaches for cultural, physical and biological measures before resorting to application of chemical pesticides. The use of pesticides must be guided by the principles of cost efficiency, safety to humans, the bio- physical environment and effectiveness in controlling the pests. Pesticides selection will be made in accordance with the World Bank guidelines for the selection of pesticides (World Bank Operational Manual, Good Practice (GP) 4.03) as follows:  Pesticides requiring special precautions should not be used if the requirements are not likely to be met;  Pesticides to be selected from approved list, taking into consideration of: toxicity, persistence, user experience, local regulatory capabilities, type of formulation, proposed use, and available alternatives;  Type and degree of hazard and availability of alternatives; and the following criteria will be used to restrict or disallow types of pesticides under Bank loans: a. Toxicity: acute mammalian toxicity, chronic health effects, environmental persistence and toxicity to non-target organisms; b. Registration status in the country and capability to evaluate long-term health and environmental impacts of pesticides. 4.4 Pesticides to be Acceptable to BSCMFP The selection of pesticides to be acceptable under the project will be in line with(a) the World Bank Safeguard Policy OP 4.09 on pest management, and will depend on (b) the hazards and risks associated with pesticide use, and (c) the availability of newer and less hazardous products and techniques such as bio-pesticides. In addition to the toxic characteristics of the pesticide, the hazards associated with pesticide use depend on how the pesticides are handled. Precautions to minimize environmental contamination and excess human exposure are needed at all stages from manufacture, packaging and labeling, transportation, and storage to actual use and final disposal of unused and contaminated containers. The guidelines in Annex A provide internationally accepted standards on pesticides to minimize the hazards associated with pesticide use. Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project 55 DoF Pest Management Plan The use of pesticides under the project will also be guided by the FAO Publication on International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides 1991; FAO Guidelines for the Packaging, Storage, Good Labeling Practice, Transportation and Disposal of Waste Pesticide and Pesticide Containers 1985. 4.5 Pest Management Plan (PMP) The Integrated Pest Management and Monitoring Plan (IPMP) is to be developed from the impacts and mitigation measures identified at the implementation stage based on the principles mentioned in this chapter and also the available techniques for aquaculture farms described in Chapter 3. The IPMP should include impacts from application of chemical as well as non-chemical pesticides. The reason why chemical pesticides are included is that in the initial stages of implementation of the IPM, chemical pesticides will still be used but will be gradually phased out as the IPM gets established. When coming up with the IPMP, the following steps should be considered and documented:  Identify the main pests affecting fishes in the region, assess the risks to the operation, and determine whether a strategy and capacity are in place to control them.  Where possible, apply early-warning mechanisms for pests and diseases (i.e., pest and disease forecasting techniques).  Select resistant varieties and use the cultural and biological control of pests, diseases, and weeds to minimize dependence on pesticide (chemical) control options. An effective IPM regime should: o Identify and assess pests, threshold levels, and control options (including those listed below), as well as risks associated with these control options. o Rotate crops to reduce the presence of insects, disease, or weeds in the soil or crop ecosystems. o Support beneficial bio-control organisms—such as insects, birds, mites, and microbial agents—to perform biological control of pests (e.g., by providing a favorable habitat, such as bushes for nesting sites and other original vegetation that can house pest predators and parasites). o Favor manual, mechanical weed control and/or selective weeding. o Consider using mechanical controls—such as traps, barriers, light, and sound to kill, relocate, or repel pests. o Use pesticides to complement these approaches, not replace them. o Prior to procuring any pesticide, assess the nature and degree of associated risks and effectiveness, taking into account the proposed use and the intended users. The purpose of the IPMP is to ensure that the identified impacts related to application of pesticides are mitigated, controlled or eliminated through planned activities to be implemented throughout the project life. The IPMP also provides opportunities for the enhancement of positive impacts. The IPMP gives details of the mitigation measures to be implemented for the impacts; and the responsible institutions to implement them. Implementation of the IPMP may be slightly modified to suit changes or emergencies that may occur on site at the time of project implementation. The plan therefore should be considered as the main framework that must be followed to ensure that the key potential negative impacts are kept minimal or under control. In this regard, flexibility should be allowed to optimize the implementation of the IPMP for the best results in pest management. The IPMP consists of generic or typical environmental impacts that are DoF 56 Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project Pest Management Plan derived from the site investigations, public consultations and professional judgment. This is because the specific and detailed impacts cannot be predicted without details for the project design and construction activities as well as the specific project locations. The IPMP will however, provide guidance in the development of more detailed IPMP’s, once the project design and construction details are known. Site specific Integrated Pest Management and monitoring plans will depend on the scope of identified major impacts to be addressed in the implementation of the BSCMFP. Presented in Table 4.1 below is a typical environmental management and monitoring plan, which should be updated during implementation of the BSCMFP. 4.6 Pest Monitoring Plan Successful implementation of the BSCMFP Integrated Pest Management Plan in the project locations will require regular monitoring and evaluation of activities under taken by the farmers to be involved in the project. The focus of monitoring and evaluation will be to assess the build-up of IPM capacity among the fish farmers and the extent to which IPM techniques are being adopted in aquaculture production, and the economic benefits that farmers derive by adopting IPM. It is also crucial to evaluate the prevailing trends in the benefits of reducing pesticide distribution, application and misuse. Indicators that require regular monitoring and evaluation during the programme implementation include the following: 1. Number of farmers engaged in IPM capacity building in the project locations 2. Number of farmers who have successfully received IPM training in IPM methods 3. Number of trainees practicing IPM according to the training instructions 4. Number of women as a percentage of total participating in IPM and successfully trained 5. Number of youth as a percentage of total participating in IPM and successfully trained 6. Number of farmers as a percentage of total applying IPM 7. Rate of IPM adoption (number of people as a percent of total) every year 8. Improvement in farm production due to adoption of IPM as a percent of production without IPM 9. Increase in farm revenue resulting from adoption of IPM practices, compared with revenue from conventional practices 10. Improvement in the health status of farmers 11. Extent to which crops and livestock are produced using chemical pesticides compared with total crop production 12. Efficiency of pesticide use and handling 13. Reduction in chemical pesticide poisoning and environmental contamination 14. Number of IPM participatory research project completed 15. Overall assessment of activities that are going according to IPMP; activities that need improvement; and remedial actions required Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project 57 DoF Pest Management Plan Table 4.1: Integrated Pest Management and Monitoring Plan. Item Potential Issues/ Cause of Concern Control/ Mitigation Measures Responsible Person/ Standards/ Monitoring Monitoring No. Concerns Institution and Cost per Regulation Institution Frequency year per district (Tk.) 1. Increase in fish Implement a long term IPM BSCMFP, participating IPMP PMP Committee lead Semi- yield programme to sustain institutions and farmers by PD, BSCMFP annually productivity and combat cost included in the negative effects of chemical IPMP overall cost pesticides. 2. Soil Persistent use of Apply pond soil conditioning Farmers IPMP PMP Committee lead Quarterly degradation chemical pesticides measures which include IPM by PD, BSCMFP, EMC Train farmers in proper handling and application of pesticides 3. Poisoning of non- Lack of knowledge of Supervise and control use of BSCMFP and IPMP PMP Committee lead Quarterly target species chemical pesticide chemical pesticides so that only participating farmers by PD, BSCMFP, including natural potency approved and recommended Cost: As estimated for EMC, DoF biological agents Equipment ones are used capacity building malfunction Provide PM equipment Use of wrong type of Regularly maintain and clean equipment equipment as recommended by Wrong time and supplier method of application Dispose old equipment as (spraying) recommended by manufacturer Provide recommended protective gear Use recommended and appropriate protective gear Conduct trainings in IPM Health and Exposure to Provide protective clothing and Agro-dealers, Labor regulations Min. of Labor, DAE, Semi- safety risks pesticides ensure it is used. Transporters and DoF and PD, BSCMFP annually DoE regulations Farmers Train farmers in proper pesticides handling. Routine medical examination DoF 58 Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project Pest Management Plan 4. Air pollution Exposure of Store pesticides in closed Pesticides Suppliers, Pesticides and DoE, BSCMFP Quarterly and pesticides to air. containers Farmers equipment contamination Disposal of pesticides Dispose chemical remains manufacturer’s remains in the open according to supplier recommendations. recommendations. Air pollution Disposal of pesticides Train farmers in appropriate standards. containers and equipment in the spraying techniques to avoid open air chemicals being blown away by wind Train farmers to maintain spray equipment in efficient operational order Illegal disposal of Prohibit disposal of pesticides Agro-dealers EMC EMC, City/District Half-yearly pesticides wastes into open dumps where AGCOM ECR of DoE authority, DoE they will be blown away by wind 5. Pest resistance Lack of appropriate Train farmers on correct Farmers, BSCMFP Different Laws BSCMFP Half-yearly knowledge in application of pesticides pesticides application 6. Reduced Initiate education programmes BSCMFP EMC MoEF, DoE, DoF Half yearly environmental Establish demonstration plots to and health risks disseminate information on environmental and health benefits of biological control agents to the communities for them to appreciate the advantages Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project 59 DoF Pest Management Plan 4.7 Estimated Costs for Pest Management and Monitoring Estimated costs for managing and monitoring plan provided in Table 4.1 need to be developed during implementation period. A sample of cost estimation format is provided in Table 4.2. It is assumed that some of the PMP measures will be part of the normal responsibility of the respective government ministries, agro-dealers, transporters, fish farmers and other relevant stakeholders, within their institutional mandates and budgets. It is important to appreciate that some of the stakeholder institutions may not have sufficient capacity to manage environmental and social impacts of pesticides and to adequately monitor implementation of the enhancement and mitigation measures. Therefore, it is necessary to train them. The cost of training for the managing impacts is necessary to build it within the BSCMFP budget. The table also include costs for conducting awareness and sensitization campaigns on pesticides application, management and adoption of IPM in the project areas. Costs for setting-up, adoption and use of IPM by fish farmers are also necessary to consider. The costs for managing and monitoring various mitigation and enhancement measures indicated in Table 4.1 should be estimated for throughout the project period i.e. 5 years. Table 4.2: Example Format of Management and Monitoring Costs of PMP. Impact/Measures Management Cost Monitoring Cost (BDT) (BDT) Provide PM equipment (sprayers) Provide recommended protective gear Pesticide inspection, sampling and testing Routine medical examination Rehabilitation of laboratories Construct pond, draining channels and draining dams. Disposal of chemical pesticides remains according to supplier recommendations Enforce regulation prohibiting importation of banned chemical pesticides Grand Total = 4.8 Training and Capacity Building to Implement PMP Effectively Training programs on various aspects of the pest and disease management and judicious use of chemical pesticides have to be organized by the BSCMFP for the members of the fish farmers groups, pesticides dealers and retailers. It would be the responsibility of the EMC to train the relevant staff in the BSCMFP. Resource persons from relevant projects of DAE, DLS and DoF should be enlisted well ahead of time, contacted beforehand and requested to prepare lecture notes keeping the educational and other qualifications of the trainee farmers in view. Training modules for pest management in ponds, hatcheries and nurseries should be developed. Following training programs will be provided under BSCMFP:  Fish farmers’ training  Pesticides dealers’ training  Aquaculture extension personnel including BSCMFP staff training  Local service providers training 4.8.1 Fish farmers’ training The goal of fish farmers’ training is to strengthen safety of farmers and let them master skill on biological control of ordinary pest, strengthen the ability for economically and effectively controlling DoF 60 Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project Pest Management Plan pest, including: how to identify pest, how to adopt correct prevention and control measures and how to adopt appropriate prevention and control measures to the fish and shrimp farms. Fish farmers should be trained up on various aspect of pond management, environmental bio-security, endo- and ecto- parasitism and their control measures. Training in dormitories is a more formal avenue of training which is often not popular with smallholder fish farmers who have various family and community obligations. It may be more appropriate for training of trainers (ToT). Training on IPM would be conducted through “farmer to farmer� approach. For this, a group of core trainers among the Fish Farmer’s Groups will be developed. 4.8.2 Pesticide Dealer’s Training An e x a c t training program will be organized for the dealers/ retailers/ pharmacist of pesticides/ medicine to make them aware about toxicity of pesticides/ drugs and rules of use so that they can disseminate this information to the farmers. This is needed because, in practice, the dealers/retailers while selling pesticideshelpthefarmersinselectingtheappropriatepesticideforspecificinsector disease, give guidance to dose determination, dilution ratio, frequency of application, etc. Their training curricula may be prepared by actual experts in the fields of disease and insect control for crops, livestock and fisheries. The best practice, of course, would have been to give dealership/ retailership license to only those candidates having diplomas in crops, pharmacist for livestock and fisheries sectors. 4.8.3 Training of aquaculture extension personnel including BSCMFP staff Training programs for grass root-level workers should be organized to improve their knowledge on PMP. The contents of training include: e) Features of pests f) Harm of all kinds of pests g) The natural enemies of all kinds of pests h) Method of field investigation i) Prevention and control index j) Control measures including IPM method; safely store, manage, and process pesticide wastes and packaging containers. k) Using method and protection requirement of chemical pesticide At the end of the training programs, a field day should be organized at the fish and shrimp farms to create awareness about IPM activities. Aquaculture extension personnel are very closer and core actors to fish farmers. They can help the farmers to boosting up the knowledge on parasitic problem and management aspect. Intensive pest management training should be effective along with training on pond management and extension. 4.8.4 Training of local service providers Local service providers such as fish nutritionist, veterinarian, sub-technical staff, fish health practitioner, pharmacist, etc. are directly or indirectly involved in treating the fishes and fish ponds. Most of the cases proper selection, actual doses (avoid under/over dose), safety margin, toxic effect, withdrawal period, residual effect, etc. of anthelmintic can be maintain with the specific training of the personnel. Sometime agricultural pesticide or insecticide have been used for insect or arthropods control for aquaculture management, those are somewhat new arena for fish technical personnel, in this reason specific training on those chemicals use, toxic action, residual effect, contamination etc., should be highlighted in training module. Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project 61 DoF Pest Management Plan 4.9 Awareness building To initiate the promotion of IPM and sound pesticide use, will be effective by organize awareness program involving Fish Farmer’s Groups and different stakeholders. Awareness will be raised through demonstrations, discussion meeting, dissemination of information about pest arrival, distribution of leaflet, booklet, etc. 4.9.1 Discussion meetings Discussion meetings of the Fish Farmer’s Groups among themselves on regular basis will help dissemination of the IPM techniques and their benefits and aware all farmers. 4.9.2 Demonstrations Demonstration of the improved technologies has become one of the most effective strategies for dissemination of useful technologies to the fish farmers. Therefore, extreme care should be taken from the beginning to the end of conducting demonstration on various IPM techniques. 4.9.3 Dissemination information about pest arrival Arrangements should be made to disseminate information on pests that pose a threat to fish and shrimps and public health especially at the beginning of the season. Additionally, information on control programs already in operation should also be made public in appropriate manner. DoF 62 Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project Pest Management Plan Annex A: Pest Management When coming up with the IPMP, the following steps should be considered and documented:  Identify the main pests affecting crops/ fishes/ shrimps in the region, assess the risks to the operation, and determine whether a strategy and capacity are in place to control them.  Where possible, apply early-warning mechanisms for pests and diseases (i.e., pest and disease forecasting techniques).  Select resistant varieties and use the cultural and biological control of pests, diseases, and weeds to minimize dependence on pesticide (chemical) control options. An effective IPM regime should: o Identify and assess pests, threshold levels, and control options (including those listed below), as well as risks associated with these control options. o Rotate crops to reduce the presence of insects, disease, or weeds in the soil or crop ecosystems. o Support beneficial bio-control organisms—such as insects, birds, mites, and microbial agents—to perform biological control of pests (e.g., by providing a favorable habitat, such as bushes for nesting sites and other original vegetation that can house pest predators and parasites). o Favor manual, mechanical weed control and/or selective weeding. o Consider using mechanical controls—such as traps, barriers, light, and sound—to kill, relocate, or repel pests. o Use pesticides to complement these approaches, not replace them. o Prior to procuring any pesticide, assess the nature and degree of associated risks and effectiveness, taking into account the proposed use and the intended users. Pesticides Use and Management Where pesticide use is warranted, in order to prevent, reduce, or control the potential contamination of soils, wildlife, groundwater, or surface water resources caused by accidental spills during the transfer, mixing, storage, and application of pesticides, they should be stored, handled, and applied in a manner consistent with the recommendations for hazardous materials management presented in the General EHS Guidelines. A pesticide management plan (PMP) that includes procedures for the selection, procurement, storage, handling, and ultimate destruction of all out-of-date stocks should be prepared in accordance with FAO guidelines and should be consistent with country commitments under the Stockholm, Rotterdam, and Basel Conventions. The PMP prescribes the type of pesticides to be used, as well as the purpose of their use, and outlines best practice for the procurement and storage of all pesticides. Personnel must have appropriate training—including certification, where relevant—to handle and apply pesticides safely. In particular:  Ensure that any pesticides used are manufactured, formulated, packaged, labeled, handled, stored, disposed of, and applied according to the FAO’s International Code of Conduct on Pesticide Management.  Do not purchase, store, use, or trade pesticides that fall under the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard Classes 1a (extremely hazardous) and 1b (highly hazardous), or Annexes A and B of the Stockholm Convention.  Do not use pesticides listed in WHO Hazard Class II (moderately hazardous), unless the project has appropriate controls established with respect to the manufacture, procurement, or distribution and/or use of these chemicals. These chemicals should not be accessible to personnel without proper training, equipment, and facilities in which to handle, store, apply, and dispose of these products properly. Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project 63 DoF Pest Management Plan  Preferentially, use selective pesticides with low environmental impact quotient (EIQ) where appropriate, rather than broad-spectrum products, to minimize impacts on non-target species. Storage Recommended pesticide storage practices include:  Store all pesticides in a lockable, bundled container or store that has sufficient space in which to capture any spills without contaminating the environment. Stores should be set away from water sources, residential and built-up areas, as well as livestock and food storage areas.  Procure spill kits and institute suitable control measures in case of accidental spillage.  Store all pesticides in their original, labeled containers, and ensure that storage instructions are followed.  Keep a register of all pesticides procured, recording when they were received, the amount used, the amount remaining in store, and their location.  Keep SDS at appropriate locations in storage facilities.  Warehouses must have appropriate ventilation, secondary containment, and emergency showers and kits. Handling  Operators must read, understand, and follow product label directions for safe mixing, application, and disposal; use trained personnel for critical operations (e.g., mixing, transfers, filling tanks, and application).  Insist that correct PPE (e.g. gloves, overalls, eye protection) for each exposure route16 listed in the SDS be worn at all times when handling and applying pesticides.  Mandate that any mixing and filling of pesticide tanks occur in a designated filling area.  This should be set away from watercourses and drains.  If on concrete, water should be collected in a separate sump and disposed of as a hazardous waste.  Ensure that spills are cleaned up immediately using appropriate spill kits; spills should not be washed away into watercourses or drains. Application  Give preference to the application method with the lowest EHS risk and ensure non-target organisms are not affected.  Select pesticide application technologies and practices designed to minimize off-site movement or run-off (e.g., low-drift nozzles, using the largest droplet size and lowest pressure that are suitable for the product).  Establish buffer zones around watercourses, residential and built-up neighborhoods, as well as livestock and food storage areas.  For the aerial application of pesticides, the boundaries of target areas should be clearly demarcated and all possible nearby communities, livestock, and rivers should be identified in the flight plan.  The aerial application of pesticides should not be conducted where there is potential for contamination of organic or otherwise certifiable production.  Ensure that all equipment is in good condition and properly calibrated to apply the correct dosage.  Insist that applications occur under suitable weather conditions; avoid wet weather and windy conditions. Disposal DoF 64 Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project Pest Management Plan  Any unused dilute pesticide that cannot be applied to the crop—along with rinse water, and out-of-date or no-longer approved pesticides—should be disposed of as a hazardous waste, as per FAO guidelines.  Empty pesticide containers, foil seals, and lids should be triple rinsed, and washings used in the pesticide tank should be sprayed back onto the field or disposed of as hazardous waste in a manner consistent with FAO guidelines and according to the manufacturer's directions. Containers should be stored safely and securely under cover prior to their safe disposal; they should not be used for other purposes. Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project 65 DoF