E4464 V2 REV MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS (MPWH) Republic of Yemen Environmental & Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) / Environment & Social Management Plan (ESMP) report for Yemen International Corridor Highway Project section between Taiz and the city of Aden (140 km) Executive Summary of Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) / Environment & Social Management Plan (ESMP) Report Table of Contents 0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................... 0-1 0.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 0-1 0.2 Project Description .................................................................................................................... 0-1 0.3 Policy, legal and administrative framework .............................................................................. 0-3 0.4 Description of Baseline Environmental and Socio-Economic Conditions ................................ 0-4 0.5 Public Consultation, Community Participation And Grievance Redress Mechanism ............... 0-8 0.6 Analysis of project alternatives ................................................................................................. 0-9 0.7 Potential Environmental and Social Impacts ........................................................................... 0-10 0.8 Environmental And Social Management Plan (ESMP) ........................................................... 0-17 0.9 Monitoring & Institutional Strengthening ............................................................................... 0-26 0.10 Institutional Arrangements ...................................................................................................... 0-26 List of Tables Table 0.1: ESMP during Pre-construction and Construction Phase ............................................................. 0-17 Table 0.2: ESMP during Operation / Maintenance Phase ........................................................................... 0-24 Executive Summary - Final ESIA/EMP of April. 08, 2014| Page -i MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS (MPWH) Republic of Yemen Environmental & Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) / Environment & Social Management Plan (ESMP) report for Yemen International Corridor Highway Project section between Taiz and the city of Aden (140 km) List of Abbreviations AASHTO : Association of Highway and Transportation Standards AIDS : Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome APHA : American Public Health Association AWWA : American Water Works Association BOD : Biological Oxygen Demand CC : Compensation Committee CH : Chainage CITES : International Convention on Trade of Endangered Species CO : Carbon Monoxide COI : Corridor of Impact DD : Data Deficient EC : Electrical Conductivity EIA : Environmental Impact Assessment EPA : Environmental Protection Authority EPC : Environment Protection Council EPL : Environment Protection Law ESIA : Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMP : Environmental and Social Management Plan FAO : Food and Agriculture Organization GCC : Gulf Cooperation Council GNI : Gross National Income GoAMM : Ministry of Culture - General Organization for Antiquities, Museums and Manuscripts GoY : Government of Yemen GRC : Grievance Redressal Cell HIV : Human Immunodeficiency Virus ICB : International Competitive Bidding IDA : International Development Association IUCN : International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources IVI : Importance Value Index Km : Kilometre LC : Least Concern MAI : Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation MOLA : Ministry of Local Administration MoPD : Ministry of Planning and Development MoWE : Ministry of Water and Environment Executive Summary - Final ESIA/EMP of April. 08, 2014| Page -ii MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS (MPWH) Republic of Yemen Environmental & Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) / Environment & Social Management Plan (ESMP) report for Yemen International Corridor Highway Project section between Taiz and the city of Aden (140 km) MPWH : Ministry of Public Works and Highways NDC : National Dialogue Conference NE : Not Evaluated NEAP : National Environmental Action Plan NGO : Non-Government Organization NWRA : National Water Resource Authority OP : Operational Policy PAP : Project Affected Persons PIU : Project Implementation Unit PLM : People with Limited Mobility PM : Particulate Matter PRS : Poverty Reduction Strategy R&R : Rehabilitation and Resettlement RAP : Resettlement Action Plan RMF : Road Maintenance Fund RoW : Right of Way SAYICH : Saada–Aden Yemen International Corridor Highway SC : Supervision Consultant SFD : Saudi Fund for Development SPM : Suspended Particulate Matter TDS : Total Dissolved Solids ToR : Term of Reference TSS : Total Suspended Solids UNCCD : United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification UNDP : United Nations Development Programme US : United States VSPL : Voyants Solution Pvt. Ltd. VU : Vulnerable WB : The World Bank WHO : World Health Organization WWF : World Wildlife Fund for Nature YAEC : Yemen Advance for Engineering Consultants & Contracting Executive Summary - Final ESIA/EMP of April. 08, 2014| Page -iii MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS (MPWH) Republic of Yemen Environmental & Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) / Environment & Social Management Plan (ESMP) report for Yemen International Corridor Highway Project section between Taiz and the city of Aden (140 km) 0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 0.1 Introduction This executive summary aims at presenting the main findings of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) conducted for two sub-sections of the new highway, for which funding have been identified. The first sub-section which is to be funded by the World Bank (IDA) is located between Aden and Noubat Dokaim with a length of 55 km. The second sections, to be funded by the Saudi Fund for Development, is located between Noubat Dokaim and Taiz, with a length of 85 km. The total length of both sections is 140 km. The new highway is being developed as part of the completely new dual carriageway highway between Aden and the border with Saudi Arabia (denominated as “Saada–Aden Yemen International Corridor Highway” or “SAYICH). This new 710 km long North-South route would adequately serve current and future transport needs. The most direct beneficiaries of the Corridor Highway Project, and of the wider SAYICH Program, are Yemeni road users, which may be vehicle owners, but can also be passengers traveling in buses, or owners of cargo being transported by truck. The ESIA is based (i) on the scope of work given in Terms of Reference (TOR) provided to the Consultant, (ii) on discussions between the consultant and MPWH officials and (iii) on consultations with stakeholders during the site visits and surveys (iv) a thorough review and analysis of the technical interventions (road construction) of the project which are provided in the detailed technical design which was previously prepared by an engineering design consultant, (v) a review of the environmental and social assessment requirements for such projects as defined by the Government of Yemen and the World Bank’s applicable policies and guidelines, and (vi) the cataloguing of environmental and social issues which were identified during the site visits and stakeholders consultations. The document consists of the following chapters: introduction, project description policy legal and administrative framework, description of baseline environmental and socio-economic conditions, public consultation, community participation and grievance redress mechanism, analysis of project alternatives, potential environmental and social impacts, environmental and social management plan, monitoring and institutional strengthening and institutional arrangements. 0.2 Project Description The construction on the new alignment over the entire length shall be double carriageway. The project road starts at Al-Alam near the coastal city of Aden and ends at Al-Ganad, about 12 km northeast of the city of Taiz. The proposed Aden -Taiz (140 km) road section traverses through three Governorates of Republic of Yemen namely; Aden, Lahj and Taiz. One of the criteria for the selection of the corridor was to avoid passing through towns, villages and settlements. The highway was originally designed as a 6-lane road (3 travel lanes in each direction). However, on the 55 km subsection between Aden and Noubat Dokaim the highway will only be built as a 4-lane road (2 travel lanes in each direction), but with a platform wide enough to accommodate two additional lanes in the future. The Executive Summary - Final ESIA/EMP of April. 08, 2014| Page -0-1 MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS (MPWH) Republic of Yemen Environmental & Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) / Environment & Social Management Plan (ESMP) report for Yemen International Corridor Highway Project section between Taiz and the city of Aden (140 km) overall platform width is 36.7 m, to accommodate 2 x 3 travel lanes, each 3.65 m in width, of which only the two outer lanes in each direction will be built now. The median will be (i) wide enough to accommodate two additional travel lanes (one in each direction) in the future when traffic levels require such an additional investment, and (ii) will still be 6 m wide after the addition of the two lanes, or 3.6 meters wide in mountainous terrain. The typical cross-section will also include, on each side of the road, a 2.0 m wide verge, and gravel and paved hard shoulders, each of 1.2 m in width. On the 85 km subsection between Noubat Dokaim and Taiz the civil works will be done in line with the original design, with all 6 travel lanes to be built now. The design speed is of 100 or 120 km/h, depending on local conditions. This will be a “controlled access” highway, with entry and exit only possible at the interchanges which will connect this highway with the rest of the Yemeni road network. Numerous road culverts (5 x 5 m and 3 x 3 m) are foreseen for provision of access between different sides of the highway, and for access between villages and farmland. These culverts will be suitable for pedestrians and animals. Civil works will also include the duct for a new fibre optic backbone cable and related manholes, etc. which will be incorporated into the road embankment or sub-base. A view of the proposed highway alignment is shown below. From North to South, the corridor of the highway starts and runs through a wide and flat-bottomed intensively-cultivated valley approximately up to Ch.km 5.5. After that; it crosses a rugged hilly and mountainous region, divided by many steep-sided and deep wadis, approximately up to Ch. Km 24.5 near Mawiyeh town. Approximately from Ch.24.5 to Ch.39.5, the road alignment runs through relatively narrow valley bounded by steep rugged mountains. Executive Summary - Final ESIA/EMP of April. 08, 2014| Page -0-2 MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS (MPWH) Republic of Yemen Environmental & Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) / Environment & Social Management Plan (ESMP) report for Yemen International Corridor Highway Project section between Taiz and the city of Aden (140 km) The alignment crosses these mountains at several locations. The valley is intensively cultivated and planted. Along this stretch, the road alignment crosses several rugged basaltic hills. The area between Ch.39.5 and Ch.50 is rugged hilly rocky side that contains some steep igneous mountains. Approximately from Ch.50. to Ch. 90.5; the road corridor passes through relatively low-rise soil hilly areas that are built up by thick soil deposits. The site is divided by several steep-sided wadis. Approximately, from Ch.90.5 to the end of the road, the roadway passes through flat to gently rolling and undulated terrain covered mostly by fine, loose wind-blown sand and crossed by many sand dunes. The typical cross-section of the new highway is shown in Chapter 2 of this ESIA. The overall purpose of this ESIA is to fully comply with the applicable regulations, policies and guidelines which apply to the project of building the new Corridor Highway between Aden and Taiz (140 km). 0.3 Policy, legal and administrative framework A desk study was carried out by the study team to assess and prepare the most applicable legal and administrative framework to the proposed project. The assessment has taken into consideration, both the potential Yemeni environmental laws and those policies and procedures of the World Bank related to the subject project. Yemeni Environmental Laws & land acquisition Regulation  The Environment Protection Law (EPL) number 26 of 1995  Article 35 of Environment Protection Law (EPL)  Article 36 of Environment Protection Law (EPL)  The Public Eminent Domain Law Articles 1, 2, 4, 6, 7 , 12, 15, 21 & 27 Yemen Government Policy, Strategies and Programs Relevant to Environmental Protection & Social Causes  National Environmental Action Plan, 1996  Environment & Sustainable Investment Program 2003-08  Biodiversity Strategy, 1999-03  Environmental Impact Assessment Policy for the Republic of Yemen 1997  Annual Reports on the State of Environment (by EPA),  Evaluation of Future Development of the EIA System in Yemen 2001.  Social Welfare Fund (SWF), an agency under the Ministry of Insurance and Social Affairs (MISA)  Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRS)  Yemeni Women's National Strategy World Bank's Policies and Procedures The World Bank has 10 current Operational Policies and Procedures: Executive Summary - Final ESIA/EMP of April. 08, 2014| Page -0-3 MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS (MPWH) Republic of Yemen Environmental & Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) / Environment & Social Management Plan (ESMP) report for Yemen International Corridor Highway Project section between Taiz and the city of Aden (140 km)  OP/BP 4.01 Environmental Assessment  OP/BP 4.04 Natural Habitats  OP/BP 4.09 Pest Management  OP/BP 4.10 Indigenous Peoples  OP/BP 4.11 Physical Cultural Resources  OP/BP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement  OP/BP 4.36 Forests  OP/BP 4.37 Safety of Dams  OP/BP 7.50 Projects on International Waterways  OP/BP 7.60 Projects in Disputed Areas With respect to this project, three key policies are being triggered.  Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01),  Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12) and  Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP 4.11) 0.4 Description of Baseline Environmental and Socio-Economic Conditions Depending on the local topographic conditions, the RoW is between 50-70 meters wide. It is also considered that a corridor of 500 meters on each side of the proposed alignment will be indirectly affected during the construction period of the project. Indirect environmental influence could affect nearby agricultural and grazing land, water bodies, forest land etc. although there is no declared forest land in the project area. Geologically the proposed highway corridor between Aden and Taiz runs along two geo-morphological units, namely the Yemeni Highland Geomorphologic Province and the Gulf of Aden Costal Plains. The Climate of Yemen is characterized as semi-arid type with rainy summers and a cool, moderately dry winter. Temperatures are generally high particularly in the coastal regions. The highlands enjoy a cool temperate, with temperatures occasionally dipping below 0 °C (32.0 °F) at some places. Some areas of the western highlands such as around Taiz receive about 1,000–1,500 mm (39.4–59.1 in) of rain each year. Humidity ranges from 23 to 60%. Wind speeds ranges from 4 to 16 knots in highlands and in coastal areas are from 5 to 19 knots. Air pollution is not identified as a critical issue in the area of the planned road alignment since it is passing mostly through rural areas and villages without much traffic or polluting industrial or commercial activities Air quality in most of the project area is dominated by natural factors, such as dust blown up by wind from the land areas not covered by vegetation. There are some small-scale industries near the planned highway alignment near Taiz (Al-Ganad) and small-scale industries engaged in stone cutting and cement block manufacturing which are sources of some limited air pollution within the project area. There are also unpaved roads near the planned road alignment and traffic on those roads cause a significant amount of dust in those areas. Air Quality monitoring was carried out at six locations along the proposed alignment and was found that all the gaseous air pollutants were within the WHO standards. Only PM10 was found to be marginally on higher side due to dust. Executive Summary - Final ESIA/EMP of April. 08, 2014| Page -0-4 MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS (MPWH) Republic of Yemen Environmental & Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) / Environment & Social Management Plan (ESMP) report for Yemen International Corridor Highway Project section between Taiz and the city of Aden (140 km) Noise sources of significance are mainly man-made (i) operation of stationary motors to power pumps for drawing water from wells, and for grain mills, (ii) farm tractors used in the agriculture fields, and (iii) motorized vehicles travelling on the mostly unpaved local roads. There are some very limited activities in the project area which create vibrations. People generally use rocks for construction of their houses or other small structures. Noise monitoring was carried out at six locations and was found out that results at all the locations are within the limits of WHO standards for Industrial and Commercial areas. At two locations the noise was higher due to high wind movements and being near to traffic junction. Hydrology: Due to unconformity of bedding and inter fingering of Quaternary soil formations with the underlying igneous rock formations, local perched water confined in water bearing lenses may also be found. Surface and Ground Water Resources: Depth to groundwater in these local aquifers may vary from few meters to about 20m, One of the most important and most studied aquifers is that underlying the coastal catchments of Wadi Tuban and Wadi Bana to the east. The planned alignment of the highway runs through Wadi Tuban approximately from km 90 to km 125. Only two perennial wadis were observed during the field visits in December 2013. One of them is Wadi Warzan which is crossed by the planned highway alignment at several locations, approximately from km 60 to km 75. There are many other locations where the planned road would cross small seasonal water passes which are typically dry and only carry water for short periods during and after rains. The number of such water crossings in each Governorate is given below: Sl. No. Description Taiz Lahj Aden Total Surface Water 1 142 24 0 166 crossings There are large numbers of water wells in the area of influence of the planned highway. The list of affected water wells is listed below: Sl. No. Type of Properties Taiz Lahj Aden Total 1 Wells 16 5 1 22 Ecology: Flora in the entire project corridor is generally rather sparse and has been altered to various extents as a result of several types of pressure on the exiting natural habitats, primarily by agriculture, grazing and habitation. The predominant over storey vegetation along the project road alignment is Acacia abyssinica, Acasia asak and Ziziphus leucodermis etc. In addition, Azadirachta indicia, Mangifera indica and Ficus spp and the understorey vegetation on and near the alignment of the project road are Calotropis procera, Euphorbia cactus, Opuntia ficus-indicus and Jatropha dhofarica etc. No species of threatened, rare or endangered categories of IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) Red Data Book have been observed along the project road corridor. as many as 21,025 trees will be affected, out of which 2,146 trees are fruit bearing and the remaining 18,879 trees are non-fruit bearing. In addition, about 412,050 Qat plants will also be affected. Overall, a total of about 433,075 trees/plants will be required to be cut for the construction of proposed YCHP. The list of all affected trees/plants is given below: Executive Summary - Final ESIA/EMP of April. 08, 2014| Page -0-5 MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS (MPWH) Republic of Yemen Environmental & Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) / Environment & Social Management Plan (ESMP) report for Yemen International Corridor Highway Project section between Taiz and the city of Aden (140 km) Sl. No. Trees Taiz Lahj Aden Total 1 Fruit bearing 926 1220 00 2146 2 Non-Fruit Bearing 11128 7751 00 18879 3 Qat 390037 22013 00 412050 Total 402091 30984 00 433075 Agricultural crop observed along the project road alignment is Qat (Catha edulis), which is considered among one of the most profitable cash crops in the country. The highland section of the project road is further known for growing millet, sorghum and wheat crops, fruits such as grapes, nuts, apples and pomegranate, as well as pumpkins, tomatoes, onions, beans and potatoes as vegetables, and coffee as another cash crop. Wildlife observed all along the project road alignment are the Hamadryas Baboon (Papio hamadryas), though its numbers too are said to be diminishing. Among the smaller mammals are Rock Hyrax (Procavia capensis), Wild Cat (Felis silvestris), Hyena, Fox and Common Hare. Demographic profile: Baseline socio-economic survey on a random basis of 25 percent of the surveyed households in the proposed highway corridor was carried out. The majority of population is in the governorate of Taiz (64.36%) followed by Lahj (19.49%) and Aden (16.15%). The analysis of the field survey reveals that 50.4% of the population is male and 49.6% is female. At all the project governorates rural population relatively more as compared to urban population. The average family size along the project area is 8.2 members. However, the average size of the affected households is 11.8 members because there are several very big households among the affected. The majority of families are Joint (93%) followed by Nuclear (5.7%) and Extended (1.3%). The literacy rate in the project area is 91.7 % and thus higher in comparison with the country average. 54.7% have undergone Primary educations, 9.8% secondary, 3.6% university level, whereas 20.8% households are just literate. Occupation wise majority of households’ members are engaged in agriculture (56.3%) followed by others (19.7% i.e. unemployed persons, aged family members, housewives and children), students (13.5%), labourer activities (2.7%), business (2.6%), government service (1.6%), private service (1.4%). Majority of households (72.6%) have reported their annual income in range of US$ 500-600, followed by 9.4% households in the range US$ 600-800. Bbaseline survey revealed that people along the project area are typically in reasonably good health and fitness. However, during the field survey some of them have reported to be affected, or have recently been affected, by diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, polio, hepatitis, mylasis and amoebiasis. Significant proportion of households in the project area belong to lower income groups and are further disadvantaged by relatively poor access to community infrastructure such as Hospitals, Schools, Religious schools, Drinking water, Electricity, Landline phones, Supermarket, Police station, Banks, Chemist and Internet cafes. Women’s participation in society is typically limited to their household work and they constitute only 4.7% of the work force for agriculture. Road Safety: Traffic injuries rank among the top 10 causes of death in Yemen. About 13,000 accidents with injuries each year, affecting about 17,000 people and their families. The number of recorded fatal accidents is 990, 226 and 299 in Taiz, Lahj and Aden Governorates alone. Executive Summary - Final ESIA/EMP of April. 08, 2014| Page -0-6 MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS (MPWH) Republic of Yemen Environmental & Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) / Environment & Social Management Plan (ESMP) report for Yemen International Corridor Highway Project section between Taiz and the city of Aden (140 km) Land use: Overall, the data shows that the largest land use categories are “unused” with 486.38 hectares followed by “arid land” with 347.39 hectares, out of the total of 1,221 hectares of land to be acquired. The land used for any types of crops is approximately 177 hectares. Desertification: Yemen suffers from desertification, which is defined as “land degradation in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid areas resulting from various factors, including climatic variations and human activities”.1 For more than a decade, the Government of Yemen has recognized that desertification threatens seriously the natural resource- base.2 The most well known causes of desertification are those stemming from demographic growth and are linked to satisfying the primary needs of populations faced with ever increasing needs for food, fodder, firewood, etc. The direct causes of desertification are: climate, geology and soil, topography, natural calamities, provision of infrastructure, misuse of natural resources, agricultural abandonment. While no recent analysis of the contribution of various different causes is available, the following figure summarizes the causes of desertification across the region. Figure: Major Driving Forces of Desertification in the Arab Region and its impacts3 1 Source: Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (2000): Draft National Action Plan to Combat Desertification for Yemen pp vii 2 Ibid. pp 1 3 Source: Abahussain A. A., Anwar Sh. Abdu, Waleed K. Al-Zubari, Nabil Alaa El-Deen, Mahmmod Abdul Raheem (2002): Desertification in the Arab Region: Analysis of current status and trends in Journal of Arid Environments, 51:521-545; doi:10.1006, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com accessed on 18th April 2014 Executive Summary - Final ESIA/EMP of April. 08, 2014| Page -0-7 MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS (MPWH) Republic of Yemen Environmental & Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) / Environment & Social Management Plan (ESMP) report for Yemen International Corridor Highway Project section between Taiz and the city of Aden (140 km) In Yemen, the provision of infrastructure has been identified as a contributor to desertification along the shorelines of Abyan, Tuban, Hodeidah-Duraihimi etc., where it is leading to very intense, erratic, and unforeseeable coastal dune erosion and sand movement. Also, due to lack of efficient urban planning in Yemen, most agricultural land in cities and along main roads is exploited for residential or other urban usages, resulting in loss of highly productive lands. While the proposed construction of the Corridor Highway is not likely to directly contribute to an increase in desertification, there could potentially be a indirect impact due of the removal of vegetation for the construction of the road. In order to minimize this, the project includes plantation along the alignment, wherever sufficient water is available. In specific locations, where local people have asked for beautification, landscaping and plantation have been integrated in those plans. While a notional budget has been provided for roadside plantation, actual availability of land and water, and consultation with stakeholders, like local leaders, residents, etc. will determine the extent to which plantation will be effected. Monitoring of the plantation to be carried out under the project is also required as part of the Environmental Management Plan. Other measures such as improved urban planning, or restrictions on the use of ground water, are beyond the scope of the project. Cultural properties: There are 10 graves and 8 small village mosques which will be directly affected by the new project and which will need to be relocated. 0.5 Public Consultation, Community Participation And Grievance Redress Mechanism Extensive public consultations were carried out with various stakeholders throughout the length of the proposed highway corridor between Aden and Taiz. The main public consultations were undertaken with in groups which included government officials, PAPs, and community leaders (sheiks) in 13 villages. Consultations with women groups were held separately in 10 villages. The groups identified during the consultation process included:  People affected by land acquisition  People to be physically displaced  Government officials at governorate and district levels  Community leaders  Business owners, operators and workers in installations along the alignment of the planned expressway, including owners and employees of informal and unlicensed entities  Residents along the alignment of the highway including women  Farmers with land close to the planned highway alignment  Women living along the planned highway alignment  People and Communities affected by the needed relocation of mosques or graves. Issues Raised during the consultation process were: Land acquisition minimization, Resettlement impacts mitigation measures, Underpasses at schools, madrasa, religious schools and hospitals, Wayside amenities and public facilities including toilets and drinking water, Road safety measures, Pedestrian pathways, Shifting of religious places at appropriate locations with community consensus, Resettlement assistance Executive Summary - Final ESIA/EMP of April. 08, 2014| Page -0-8 MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS (MPWH) Republic of Yemen Environmental & Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) / Environment & Social Management Plan (ESMP) report for Yemen International Corridor Highway Project section between Taiz and the city of Aden (140 km) package, Income and employment generation schemes should be launched all along the project influence area, Compensation should be computed at current market price of land and structures, Special signage near schools, college and road turnings and crossings, Street lighting, Traffic signal lights, People were asked if they support the proposed highway or not. Responses received from people were positive and the main concern was regarding the resettlement and adequate compensation. The local people stated that due to availability of road there will be faster interaction with the people of other villages. Hence road will play role in relationship building. Women’s Consultations and discussions were also held separately in 10 villages, in line with local customs and traditions. These consultation meetings were organized to get wider public input from female project affected persons. Consultations with women were conducted with the objectives including: (i) identifying women specific issues in the project; (ii) securing participation of women in definition of mitigation measures; (iii) ascertain the views of the affected women groups with reference to land acquisition and project road alignment; (iv) understand views of the women on livelihood rehabilitation options; (v) obtain opinion of the women groups on issues related to the impacts on religious and community assets and relocation of the same; (vi) hear women’s opinion on problems and prospects of road related issues; and (vii) to establish an understanding by the women of the overall developmental objectives and benefits of the project. The issues raised by women are presented in this ESIA. Post ESIA Consultations: Regular communication processes shall be established with the affected communities. Prior to and during the construction activities, the staff of the Project Implementation Unit (PIU) of MPWH staff will organize consultations in various locations along the project corridor, with participation of civil works contractors and the supervision consultants. Grievance redress mechanism is presented in the Resettlement Action Plan and the Grievance management system is described in detail in chapter on Institutional Arrangements. 0.6 Analysis of project alternatives As part of the project feasibility study, several alternative corridors for the new highway between Taiz and Aden were defined, studied and compared. detailed investigation of three alternative corridors for the new highway, each with its own character:  The “Green Corridor” with a length of 143.6 km. This is a relatively short alignment located near to the axis of the existing road.  The “Yellow Corridor” with a length of 153.3 km. This corridor would maximise economic and social development along the alignment, by providing access to a large area which is now relatively isolated.  The “Blue Corridor” with a length of 135.3 km. This corridor would be a compromise solution between a short route and nevertheless facilitating improved development along the alignment by integrating some areas that are presently rather isolated. Executive Summary - Final ESIA/EMP of April. 08, 2014| Page -0-9 MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS (MPWH) Republic of Yemen Environmental & Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) / Environment & Social Management Plan (ESMP) report for Yemen International Corridor Highway Project section between Taiz and the city of Aden (140 km) These three alternative corridors were defined as technically possible and verified in the field. They were then evaluated based on various criteria, some of which are linked to each other: Traffic and development impact, Design, Geology, Hydrology, Environment and Social and Cost & initial economic feasibility evaluation. Environment and Social criteria used were: settlement areas, social infrastructure and human health, caused by noise, by air pollution, and by traffic accidents, land resources and agriculture, caused by loss or severance of land resources and agricultural soil, together with the social impact on the rural population, natural environment, vegetation, forests and habitats, due to habitat degradation and loss of biodiversity, groundwater resources and wadis, by pollution of sensitive aquifers or surface waters (such as by spillage accidents) or by a change of natural flow of surface waters, cultural heritage, landscape resources and tourism potential, by loss or severance of traditional hillside terraces, of traditional architecture, or of landscape attractive to tourism and ecotourism. For comparison of alternative corridors, the main impacts of the different alternatives have been compiled in the table below. Summary of likely impacts for the three alternative corridors Alternative Impacts Green Yellow Blue Settlement areas (km within 300 m corridor) 11 7 7 Schools (number within 300 m corridor) 9 6 33 Hospitals (number within 300 m corridor) 1 1 5 Intensively used agricultural areas (km) 20 14 7 Extensively used agricultural areas (km) 24 21 15 Natural environment, forests (km) 36 39 57 Groundwater resources (km) 89 71 73 Wadis (number) 5 7 8 Cultural heritage, tourism potential (km) 21 21 5 Length (km) 143,6 154,9 135,3 Area covered, land consumption (km²) 6,00 6,47 5,66 The result of the overall evaluation of the three potential corridors (Green, Yellow and Blue) showed that a fourth possible alternative composed of a combination of two of the alternatives would compound their respective advantages and provide the best results - this would be the combination of the Blue alternative for the northern part (to the North of Noubat Dokaim) and the Yellow alternative for the Southern part of the highway. This combination was denominated as the Purple corridor, which showed the most advantages and the best results. The eight interchanges on this Purple alternative are at: Taiz, Mawiyah, Ad Durayjah, Musaymir, Aqan, Noubat Dokaim, and Al Hutahand Aden. Based on the results of the multi criteria analysis, the Purple corridor alternative was then selected for the detailed engineering design and feasibility studies. 0.7 Potential Environmental and Social Impacts This Chapter identifies the potential impacts of the project that are likely to occur, before and during construction, and during the operational/maintenance phase. The chapter also identifies the mitigation measures which are designed to help reducing Executive Summary - Final ESIA/EMP of April. 08, 2014| Page -0-10 MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS (MPWH) Republic of Yemen Environmental & Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) / Environment & Social Management Plan (ESMP) report for Yemen International Corridor Highway Project section between Taiz and the city of Aden (140 km) the magnitude of adverse impacts and to keep them at acceptable levels, thereby combining the goal of long term sustainable development of a region with sound environmental and social considerations. Impacts on the physical environment: Impacts were predicted on the following parameters:  Micro Climate,  Air quality,  Dust,  Generation of exhaust gases will occur due to the operation of various types of heavy machinery with internal combustion engines, mostly for earth movement and for laying of pavement, Executive Summary - Final ESIA/EMP of April. 08, 2014| Page -0-11 MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS (MPWH) Republic of Yemen Environmental & Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) / Environment & Social Management Plan (ESMP) report for Yemen International Corridor Highway Project section between Taiz and the city of Aden (140 km) Mitigations Measures Suggested:  Equipment and machinery used for construction will be regularly maintained to minimize the pollution emission levels.  Regular monitoring of Particulate Matter at crusher sites, during the construction, will be conducted. If established limits are exceeded, water spraying will be used if water is available. Alternatively, screens will be installed in the downwind direction to reduce the spreading of particulate matter beyond the crusher sites.  Avoiding queuing of the construction traffic vehicle fleet on the roads adjacent to the sites to minimize the exhaust emissions generated during construction work.  During operation stage, roadside plants that will be planted in some areas along the highway with sufficient water will act as pollution sink.  Reduction of emission that can be effected by improved engines and quality of fuel are beyond the scope of this project Noise & Vibrations Mitigation measures: Noise impacts (including from rock blasting) can be mitigated by confining the construction activities to normal working hours in the areas near settlements / villages and by employing modern construction equipment with noise insulation. Specific measures to mitigate noise impacts during the construction phase may include the following provisions: Source Controls, Site Controls, Time and activity constraints, Community Awareness. Other measures includes: Workers camp siting, scheduling of noise consturction operations, No Horn Sign boards, appropriate signage’s and signals for slowing down near sensitive receptors, Proper maintenance of vehicles, Provision of personal protective equipment’s and controlled blasting. Noise barriers at locations where the highway passes within a short distance of settlements/villages or sensible receptors (schools/hospitals/mosques/madrasa). Impacts on Water Environment: (i) Highway construction may obstruct the movement of water through these channels, causing difficulty to the farmers to irrigate their land or have water near their houses. (ii) Degradation of water quality can occur due to an increase in sediment load into watercourses near the construction sites. (iii) Degradation of water quality is also possible due to accidental discharges into watercourses from drainage of workers’ camps and from spillage in vehicle parking and/or fuel and lubricant storage areas. Mitigations Measures Suggested during construction stage:  Restriction of work on construction of bridges and culverts during the rainy season.  Use of silt fencing, sediment traps etc. for minimization of soil movement.  Construction of cofferdam with materials that cannot be brought into suspension by flowing waters.  Provision of cover of tarpaulins or other material under the bridge deck to prevent debris, wastes and toxic compounds from entering the stream.  Avoidance of lead-based paints in painting bridge components  Use of oil/water separators at drainage of construction camps to extract floating oils. Executive Summary - Final ESIA/EMP of April. 08, 2014| Page -0-12 MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS (MPWH) Republic of Yemen Environmental & Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) / Environment & Social Management Plan (ESMP) report for Yemen International Corridor Highway Project section between Taiz and the city of Aden (140 km)  Proper storage of contaminated liquids and disposal after treatment to bring such liquids within prescribed permissible limits.  Fuelling area for vehicles and equipment’s will be selected away from water bodies. Mitigations Measures Suggested during operation phase:  Modification of embankment slopes to prevent entry of contaminated water into watercourses.  Drilling of alternative wells, to replace those wells to which access by local populatins is effectively blocked by the new highway, after consultation with affected local communities.  Water harvesting will be used as much as possible. Since water harvesting requires detailed knowledge of local micro-conditions, the feasibility of water harvesting at potential locations will be evaluated jointly between MPWH, the supervision engineer and local communities. If feasible, the necessary physical works will be incorporated in the contractor’s program of works through change orders. Impacts on Landscape and soil: The total quantity of borrow materials is 27,000,000 m3 and of aggregates is 7,100,000 m3. Since most of the borrow materials will come from areas which will be cut anyway to create the highway platform, there will only be a limited impact in terms of borrow areas outside the right-of-way of the highway. Soil contamination could occur due to following reasons which may happen during construction and operation phase: 1. Maintenance (especially oil change) of machinery and operation of the diesel generator sets on the construction. 2. Oil Spills from operation of the mechanical workshops, diesel pumps and diesel storage, during transportation and transfer, parking places, and diesel generator sets. 3. Operation of the emulsion sprayer. 4. Operation of the residential facilities for the labour and staff. 5. Accidental spill of emulsion, oil and other materials. 6. Residue of blasting chemicals Mitigations Measures Suggested:  If land at borrow pits and quarries needs to be acquired permanently, it will be compensated as per the entitlement framework given in the RAP.  The Contractor will identify the disposal locations for surplus materials in consultation with Supervision Consultant, MPWH and local communities in order to minimize the impact on trees and other vegetation and on natural hydrology/drainage systems of the project area.  After their use, local quarries and borrow areas will be closed, rehabilitated and made safe.  The land used for temporary construction camps, workshops, labour camps and parking areas will be restored to its original condition as much as possible so that it can be used for the same purpose it had been used earlier.  Any land used temporarily, such as for construction camps, offices, plants, storage yards, traffic detours, etc. will not be located on fertile land unless unavoidable. If these are to be located on fertile land, the topsoil will be stripped; stored properly and such areas will be restored after completion of work. Executive Summary - Final ESIA/EMP of April. 08, 2014| Page -0-13 MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS (MPWH) Republic of Yemen Environmental & Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) / Environment & Social Management Plan (ESMP) report for Yemen International Corridor Highway Project section between Taiz and the city of Aden (140 km)  Soil erosion (especially during the rainy season) will be avoided through the available methods, such as retaining structures, erosion fences, etc.  Wherever the availability of water makes this possible, vegetation will be planted on embankments slopes.  The road drainage systems will be built to ensure that water runoff from the highway will flow into the road drainage system to prevent any possibility of soil erosion. Ecological Impacts: Approximately 21,025 trees which will have to be cut in the Right-of-Way of the new highway. Of that total number, about 2,146 trees are fruit bearing trees like mango, pomegranate, orange and guava etc. and 18,879 trees are non-fruit bearing like Athl, Alab, and Amrud and Adelbert etc. There will be loss of approximately 412,050 Qat plants. There are wild animals like wild cat, jackal, hyena, common mongoose and fox in the project area. During the construction phase of the project these animals will migrate to some other places due to direct impact on their habitation. There are nests of birds on the trees in the project area. The cutting of trees will direct affect the habitation of these birds (like common sparrow). Even if there will not be any direct impact on the habitat of birds, they could still be affected indirectly due to air and noise pollution during construction and operation phase of the project. Mitigations Measures Suggested:  As much as possible and depending on the local conditions (availability of water and soil), plantation of roadside vegetation will be carried out along the highway embankment and in the highway median.  The location of construction camps, stone crushing unit, asphalt mixing plant and waste disposal sites will be chosen so that they are at a distance of at least 2000 m away from areas with known concentrations of plants or wildlife Social Impacts The main negative impacts expected due to land acquisition during the pre- construction phase are:  loss of agricultural land and the resulting loss of agricultural production and in turn of livelihood for farmers;  loss of land used for residential purposes, which is often combined with the demolition of residential structures and the resulting loss of living space for people;  loss of land used for commerical purposes, which is often combined with the demolition of commercial structures such as shops, etc. and the resulting loss of income from commercial activities;  loss of water wells, leading to a loss of access to water resources;  loss of mosques and graves which are cultural resources According to census survey results, a total of 2,685 households are likely to be affected by land acquisition. Among them, 308 households are tenants. In total 31,695 persons will be affected. These households earn their livelihood primarily through agriculture, Qat cultivation, wage labour and through small businesses. A total of 1,224.8 hectares of land is to be acquired permanently for the project. Of the three governorates involved in the project, land acquisition will be disproportionately heavy in Lahj Governorate (909.6 ha.), significant in Taiz Governorate (277.9 ha.), and Executive Summary - Final ESIA/EMP of April. 08, 2014| Page -0-14 MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS (MPWH) Republic of Yemen Environmental & Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) / Environment & Social Management Plan (ESMP) report for Yemen International Corridor Highway Project section between Taiz and the city of Aden (140 km) relatively minor in Aden Governorate (37.3 ha). The impact of land acquisition on livelihoods is likely to be significant in many cases. Of the 2,159 individual plots involved in land acquisition, 1,318 are to be acquired in their entirety (100%) while the remaining 841 plots are to be acquired in part. In addition to land acquisition, YCHP will require substantial demolition of structures and relocation of residents. In all, 169 households (or 2,789 people) will be required to relocate. Among the governorates, Taiz will require the greatest relocation (2,546 people), compared to 233 in Lahj and 10 people in Aden. As many as 1,224.80 hectares of land will be required for the project, belonging to private owners (485.91 ha), communities (299.58 ha) and the State (439.31 ha. of public land). A total of 170 residential structures are to be demolished, of which 127 residential structures are located in Taiz Governorate and 42 in Lahj Governorate. There are 61 shops or other commercial structures that may need to be demolished due to the project. The great majority of impacts on such businesses will occur in Lahj Governorate, where 43 commercial structures will be demolished, most of which are at one single location near Noubat Dokaim where a large interchange is to be built. It has recently been decided to change the design of this intersection which will significantly reduce the need for acquisition of commercial land and demolition of commercial structures. 17 commercial structures will be demolished in Taiz Governorate. In all, YCHP will acquire 161 hectares of agriculture land, plus 696.18 hectares of pasture area. The majority of agriculture land acquisition will take place in Taiz Governorate (118.46 ha) followed by Lahj (40.07 ha). Only 2.47 ha of agricultural land will be acquired in Aden Governorate. Among 2,159 plots of land, there are 1,329 plots of private agricultural land, of which 721 plots (54%) will be wholly acquired (by 100%). The majority of crops on land to be acquired is corn (82.21 ha) followed by clover 13.36 ha, wheat (6.33 ha), sorghum (4.44 ha) and henna (0.47 ha). The field survey has also revealed that as many 433,075 trees/plants are likely to be affected due to the construction of the proposed highway. These include as many as 412,050 Qat plants (which are classified as trees), 794 banana, 522 mango, 187 papaya, 169 guava, 50 lemon, and 18,879 trees of other types. The land attachment assets which are likely to be affected due to the proposed highway corridor project involves 22 water wells, 2 water pools, 38 fences, 16 guard rooms, 10 graves, 8 mosques and one barn. 31,695 persons (of which 19,974 are male and 15,721 female) will potentially be impacted or will suffer socio-economic losses as a result of project activities due to land acquisition for the project. 2,789 persons (of which 1,405 are male and 1,384 female) will be potentially impacted through residential assets losses as a result of the project. Executive Summary - Final ESIA/EMP of April. 08, 2014| Page -0-15 MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS (MPWH) Republic of Yemen Environmental & Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) / Environment & Social Management Plan (ESMP) report for Yemen International Corridor Highway Project section between Taiz and the city of Aden (140 km) 463 persons (of which 231 are male and 232 female) will be potentially impacted/suffer losses due to demolition of commercial assets (small shops) as a result of project implementation. Mitigations Measures Suggested:  Mitigation for loss of land will be done on the basis of compensation either in cash, or land-for-land swaps, or a combination of both. Mitigation for crop loss will be on the basis of cash compensation taking into account the cropping pattern of the fields. Vulnerable groups may be provided with special support for livelihood restoration.  Cultural resources such as graves and mosques shall be relocated in consultation with local people and the cost of relocation will be covered through cash payments.  Water wells will be also relocated in consultation with local people, supported by cash payments to pay for digging or boring new wells.  The loss of residential or commercial structures will also be compensated through cash payments or rebuilding of equivalent structures by the civil works contractor.  The design includes 60 locations along the new highway where it can be crossed, namely (i) 12 road intersections with overpasses, (ii) 3 bridge underpasses, (iii) 2 bridge overpasses, (iv) 20 road culverts and (v) 23 large other culverts suitable for pedestrians and small vehicles (farm tractors, etc.). These structures are located at all those places where local populations need to cross the highway on a regular basis, in order to access farm fields, other villages, shops, etc. The average distance between designed crossings is 2.3 km, but in the populated areas the actual distances are much smaller. Positive Social Impacts:  In the short term, the construction itself of the road will bring important short-term benefits through job opportunities for thousands of workers, unskilled and skilled, (about 1.28 million person-days of unskilled work alone during the 3 to 4 years of project execution, at a rate of about US$ 18 per day). Unskilled workers, which in economic terms are part of the bottom 40% of the population, will typically be recruited from the area of the physical works, resulting in direct income generation.  In the medium and long term, the new Highway Project is expected to bring trade facilitation and general economic revitalization, by lowering transportation costs and travel times, reducing overall trade costs, and by bringing access to international markets through Aden deeper into the country. The highway will also provide better access by rural populations to markets and services located in the larger cities along the new highway (Aden, Lahj and Taiz). Most social services, such as general healthcare, emergency medical services, education, etc. are located in the cities and the new highway will provide faster and easier access to those.  The project is expected to have a transformational impact due to the new institutional arrangements for asset management and maintenance that it will introduce, again providing business opportunities for local firms and communities along the highway corridor. Executive Summary - Final ESIA/EMP of April. 08, 2014| Page -0-16 M I N I S T R Y O F P U B L I C W O R K S A N D H I G H W A Y S ( M P W H ) Republic of Yemen Environmental & Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) / Environment & Social Management Plan (ESMP) report for Yemen International Corridor Highway Project section between Taiz and the city of Aden (140 km) 0.8 Environmental And Social Management Plan (ESMP) The Environmental and Social Management plan matrix prepared for the proposed project during construction and operation / maintenance phase is given in Table 0.1 and Table 0.2. The main element of ESMP is the cost of implementation which shall be integrated into the contactor’s cost. The project envisages about US$ 8,073,100 required to cover the following aspects :  ESMP construction and operation/maintenance phase;  Training, and  Environmental enhancements Table 0.1: ESMP during Pre-construction and Construction Phase Potential Institutional Comments Proposed Mitigation Project Environmental Responsibilities Cost Measures Activity and Social (Incl. Enforcement Estimate (e.g. secondary Impacts & Coordination) impacts) PIU, MPWH, An average Appreciation of Revenue Department compensation rate of the land cost in Proper Compensation for 161.00 ha of agriculture Agricultural Economic and of Taiz, Lahj and US$ 4/m2 is decided for the vicinity of land shall be provided as per the rates decided Land Livelihood loss Aden Governorates agricultural land. The Highway. Ribbon (Details provided in RAP). Acquisition cost estimate is US$ development 6,440,000. Details are along the given in RAP. highway. Economic loss, Pressure on water Acquisition of Proper Compensation for 22 water wells, 2 water Temporary loss of resources in private and pools, 38 fences, 16 guard rooms, 10 graves, 8 shelters, PIU, MPWH, nearby areas. Government mosques and one barn shall be provided as per the Temporary non- Revenue Department Properties, rates decided (Details provided in RAP), As per the Entitlement availability of of Taiz and Lahj and Water access Relocation of graves and mosques with consultation matrix given in RAP. water for domestic Aden Governorates. units and with local people. use and for religious Relocation of water wells in consultation with local irrigation structures. people. Cutting of Livelihood loss, Total number of 21,025 trees shall be affected due PIU, MPWH, A compensation rate of fruit, non- Loss to Ecology, to Highway construction, out of which about 2,146 Revenue Department US$ 5 to 500 / tree for fruit bearing Loss of nests of trees are fruit-bearing and the rest 18,879 trees are of Taiz and Lahj and fruit, non-fruit bearing and Qat birds living on non-fruit bearing. In addition, about 412,050 Qat Aden Governorates trees and for Qat trees Executive Summary - Final ESIA/EMP of April. 08, 2014| Page -0-17 M I N I S T R Y O F P U B L I C W O R K S A N D H I G H W A Y S ( M P W H ) Republic of Yemen Environmental & Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) / Environment & Social Management Plan (ESMP) report for Yemen International Corridor Highway Project section between Taiz and the city of Aden (140 km) Potential Institutional Comments Proposed Mitigation Project Environmental Responsibilities Cost Measures Activity and Social (Incl. Enforcement Estimate (e.g. secondary Impacts & Coordination) impacts) trees. these trees. plants shall also be affected. US$ 15 / tree is decided. Relocation of Green belt development and median plantation has (Relocation of Qat trees: Qat trees. been proposed along the alignment where water is US$ 3/tree.) The total available. cost estimate is US$ 865,305 for destroyed Qat trees and US$ 1,854,225 for relocation of Qat trees, US$ 244,245 for fruit- bearing trees and US$ 943,950 for non-fruit bearing/other trees. Hot mix and batching plants to be located sufficiently away from settlements, agricultural operations or any commercial establishments. Such Location of Air and Noise, plants shall be located at least 1000 m away from Temporary land Included within Crushers, hot- Loss of the nearest village/ settlement preferably in the acquisition. Contractor/ SC, Contractor's price. The mix and agriculture land, downwind direction. PIU, MPWH cost of monitoring is Batching Loss of natural given in Table 9.1. Plants. landscape. Arrangements to control dust pollution through provision of windscreens, water sprinkling and dust encapsulation shall have to be provided at all such sites. All vehicles, equipment and machinery to be operated shall be of good international standards. Operation of Air pollution, Construction All dumpers carrying construction material and Included within Noise and Oil spill Vehicles, debris should be covered to avoid dust pollution. Contractor/ SC Contractor's price. lead to soil and Equipment The cost of monitoring water and Use Personal Protective Gear by workers, to be is given in Table 9.1. contamination. Machinery. made mandatory at these sites. EHS Guidelines of the World Bank Group to be Executive Summary - Final ESIA/EMP of April. 08, 2014| Page -0-18 M I N I S T R Y O F P U B L I C W O R K S A N D H I G H W A Y S ( M P W H ) Republic of Yemen Environmental & Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) / Environment & Social Management Plan (ESMP) report for Yemen International Corridor Highway Project section between Taiz and the city of Aden (140 km) Potential Institutional Comments Proposed Mitigation Project Environmental Responsibilities Cost Measures Activity and Social (Incl. Enforcement Estimate (e.g. secondary Impacts & Coordination) impacts) followed for all construction activities. Idling of vehicles shall not be permitted. All vehicles should adhere to pollution norms. Vehicles and other machinery to be maintained to reduce the air borne contaminants and noise pollution. Noise limits for construction equipment to be operated such as compactors, rollers, front loaders concrete mixers, cranes (moveable), vibrators and saws shall not exceed 75 dB (A), measured at one meter from the edge of the equipment in free field. Contractor is not allowed to use any community water resources. To avoid disruption/disturbance to other water users, the contractor shall extract water from fixed locations in consultation with the SC before Shortage of Water finalizing the locations. Arrangement for Local people. of Water for Dispute over Contractor shall provide a list of locations and type Contractor, SC and Included in Construction Water of sources from where water for construction shall PIU (MPWH) Construction cost. purposes. use/resources. be used. Contractor shall not be allowed to pump water from any irrigation canal. The water for construction shall be used mainly from Wadis (Rivers) or water stored in small dams during rainy season. The water from these sources Executive Summary - Final ESIA/EMP of April. 08, 2014| Page -0-19 M I N I S T R Y O F P U B L I C W O R K S A N D H I G H W A Y S ( M P W H ) Republic of Yemen Environmental & Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) / Environment & Social Management Plan (ESMP) report for Yemen International Corridor Highway Project section between Taiz and the city of Aden (140 km) Potential Institutional Comments Proposed Mitigation Project Environmental Responsibilities Cost Measures Activity and Social (Incl. Enforcement Estimate (e.g. secondary Impacts & Coordination) impacts) shall not affect the usage of local people as discussed with Governors and local people. Social Issues due Livelihood to cultural generation for Sitting of Arrangement of local Labor. differences, local people. Labour and Contractor, SC and Included in Loss of Construction Avoid camp construction on agricultural land. PIU (MPWH) Construction cost. agriculture land, camps Loss of natural landscape Waste land shall be used for waste disposal as 439.32 ha of wastelands are available along the alignment. Confining vehicle maintenance and refuelling to areas in construction camps designed to contain spilled lubricants and fuels. Generation Agricultural soil Use special containers with complete labelling, and disposal Pasture land, Included in of Loss of landscape Use second containment tanks for oil collection and Contractor, SC and Construction cost and construction value, handling, PIU (MPWH) the cost of monitoring is wastes and Dust and noise given in Table 9.1. excess pollution Collection, storage and disposal to approved materials. disposal sites, according to EPA requirements, and, to the extent possible, reuse, recycle and properly disposing off all construction materials. Collection of rehabilitation material and transferring it to a licensed dumping site. It is recommended managing the rehabilitation materials for further utilization in the road construction. Opening of Agricultural land No borrow and quarry site shall be opened without Contractor, SC and Included in Borrow and and pasture land, permission of the SC. The location, shape and size PIU (MPWH) Construction cost and Executive Summary - Final ESIA/EMP of April. 08, 2014| Page -0-20 M I N I S T R Y O F P U B L I C W O R K S A N D H I G H W A Y S ( M P W H ) Republic of Yemen Environmental & Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) / Environment & Social Management Plan (ESMP) report for Yemen International Corridor Highway Project section between Taiz and the city of Aden (140 km) Potential Institutional Comments Proposed Mitigation Project Environmental Responsibilities Cost Measures Activity and Social (Incl. Enforcement Estimate (e.g. secondary Impacts & Coordination) impacts) Quarry Sites Change in land of the designated borrow and quarry areas shall be the cost of monitoring is use, as approved by the SC and as per the agreement given in Table 9.1. Loss of productive between the land owner and the contractor. soil, Dust Generation. The unpaved surfaces used for the haulage of borrow soil and aggregates materials, if passing through the settlements or habitation shall be maintained dust free by the contractor. Sprinkling of water shall be carried out at least twice a day to control dust along such roads during their period of usage. During dry and windy seasons (winter and summer) frequency of water sprinkling shall be increased near the settlement areas and SC shall decide the numbers of sprinkling locations depending on the local requirement. Contractor shall rehabilitate the borrow areas as soon as work is over for a particular borrow area in accordance with the agreement between the land owner and the contractor. A completion certificate indicating that the redevelopment plan has been executed, countersigned by the owner, shall be furnished by the Contractor for record of the PIU, MPWH. The Wadi Tuban and Aakan are perennial which are Dispute over Obstruction of crossing the alignment, all other water bodies and water usage flow of water, wadis are seasonal hence, the contractor shall make Included in between local I. Construction Contamination of sure that the flow of wadis/water bodies/water ways Contractor, SC and Construction cost. The persons and near surface water, shall not be obstructed / prevented during the PIU (MPWH) cost of monitoring is labors. II. Wadis Silting of water presence of water in the water bodies. given in Table 9.1. bodies. Construction work close to these seasonal Executive Summary - Final ESIA/EMP of April. 08, 2014| Page -0-21 M I N I S T R Y O F P U B L I C W O R K S A N D H I G H W A Y S ( M P W H ) Republic of Yemen Environmental & Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) / Environment & Social Management Plan (ESMP) report for Yemen International Corridor Highway Project section between Taiz and the city of Aden (140 km) Potential Institutional Comments Proposed Mitigation Project Environmental Responsibilities Cost Measures Activity and Social (Incl. Enforcement Estimate (e.g. secondary Impacts & Coordination) impacts) Wadis/water bodies/water ways shall be undertaken only during the dry season. If construction work is expected to disrupt users of community water bodies, advance notice shall be served to the affected community. Contractor shall serve advance notice to the downstream users of water wherever excavation/drilling is to take place in the water bodies. Contractor shall take prior approval of the competent authority or SC for any such activity. The PIU, MPWH shall ensure that contractor has served the notice to the downstream users of water well in advance. Reduce working night shifts as much as possible in populated areas and apply road watering after heavy movements Apply the Yemeni regulation for ambient noise Traffic Air Quality And levels during this phase as a major tool in designing Diversion Noise Included in the construction activities schedule. And Contractor, SC and Construction cost. The Construction Road and labour PIU (MPWH) cost of monitoring is Measure concentrations of particulate matter Site Access safety given in Table 9.1. Points Use personal protective gear by workers, and make first aid available onsite. Provide warning signs at suitable distance around working areas Physical Cultural (a) Stop the construction activities in the area of Contractor, SC and Included in Chance Finds Resources may be the chance find; PIU (MPWH) Construction cost. Executive Summary - Final ESIA/EMP of April. 08, 2014| Page -0-22 M I N I S T R Y O F P U B L I C W O R K S A N D H I G H W A Y S ( M P W H ) Republic of Yemen Environmental & Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) / Environment & Social Management Plan (ESMP) report for Yemen International Corridor Highway Project section between Taiz and the city of Aden (140 km) Potential Institutional Comments Proposed Mitigation Project Environmental Responsibilities Cost Measures Activity and Social (Incl. Enforcement Estimate (e.g. secondary Impacts & Coordination) impacts) impacted (b) Delineate the discovered site or area; (c) Secure the site to prevent any damage or loss of removable objects. In cases of removable antiquities or sensitive remains, a night guard shall be present until the responsible local authorities and the Ministry of Culture take over; (d) Notify the supervisory Engineer who in turn will notify the responsible local authorities and the Ministry of Culture immediately (within 24 hours or less); (e) Responsible local authorities and the Ministry of Culture would be in charge of protecting and preserving the site before deciding on subsequent appropriate procedures. This would require a preliminary evaluation of the findings to be performed by the archeologists from the Heritage Authority (within 72 hours). The significance and importance of the findings should be assessed according to the various criteria relevant to cultural heritage; those include the aesthetic, historic, scientific or research, social and economic values; (f) Decisions on how to handle the finding shall be taken by the responsible authorities from the Heritage Authority. This could include changes in the layout (such as when finding an irremovable remain of cultural or archeologically importance) conservation, preservation, restoration and salvage; (g) Implementation for the authority decision concerning the management of the finding shall be communicated in writing by the Executive Summary - Final ESIA/EMP of April. 08, 2014| Page -0-23 M I N I S T R Y O F P U B L I C W O R K S A N D H I G H W A Y S ( M P W H ) Republic of Yemen Environmental & Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) / Environment & Social Management Plan (ESMP) report for Yemen International Corridor Highway Project section between Taiz and the city of Aden (140 km) Potential Institutional Comments Proposed Mitigation Project Environmental Responsibilities Cost Measures Activity and Social (Incl. Enforcement Estimate (e.g. secondary Impacts & Coordination) impacts) Ministry of Culture; and (h) Construction work could resume only after permission is given from the responsible local authorities and the Ministry of Culture concerning safeguard of the heritage. Use of sand platforms for fuelling and transferring of fuel. Miscellaneous activities like Soil and water Contractor, SC and Included in In case of any oil or paint spillage, immediately fuelling, pollution PIU (MPWH) Construction cost. remove the contaminated material and dispose it at painting etc. safe place. Table 0.2: ESMP during Operation / Maintenance Phase Institutional Potential Proposed Mitigation Comments Project Responsibilities Cost Environmental Measures (e.g. secondary Activity (incl. enforcement Estimates and Social Impacts impacts) & coordination) Use proper warning signs at suitable distance; Road Marking and Road Safety, Immediately remove the painting on sign boards. spillage of oil and contaminated soil and dispose paint etc. the waste in Hazardous waste MPWH/EPA disposal site. The cost of Only in As required / per Air and Noise monitoring is given maintenance Maintenance of side and unit. Quality Avoid working at night. in Table 9.1. areas median guardrails. Proper collection of waste in Repair of fence. Waste Management working areas. Maintenance of road Avoid bitumen melting surface. activities in open spaces. Executive Summary - Final ESIA/EMP of April. 08, 2014| Page -0-24 M I N I S T R Y O F P U B L I C W O R K S A N D H I G H W A Y S ( M P W H ) Republic of Yemen Environmental & Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) / Environment & Social Management Plan (ESMP) report for Yemen International Corridor Highway Project section between Taiz and the city of Aden (140 km) Institutional Potential Proposed Mitigation Comments Project Responsibilities Cost Environmental Measures (e.g. secondary Activity (incl. enforcement Estimates and Social Impacts impacts) & coordination) Maintenance of bridges, cleaning of underpasses Regular Cleaning of and maintenance of underpasses and culverts. drainage. Maintenance of service MPWH Periodic cleaning and Only in rest and areas for relocated small Waste Management As needed maintaining services areas. service areas. businesses. Monitoring of During restoration period of MPWH and Cost included in Landscape and Restoration of Borrow borrow sites until the site is Contractor the cost of aesthetics area. handed over to land owner. construction. During restoration period of MPWH and labor and construction camps as Contractor Cost included in Dismantling of Labor Landscape and per agreement with land owner the cost of and construction camps aesthetics until the site is handed over to construction. land owner. Plantation of trees to replace MPWH/ Forest or Cost included in Greenbelt and Median Landscape and dead trees and regular watering Agriculture the cost of plantation monitoring ecological of roadside plantation and Department/Contrac construction. median plantation. tor Executive Summary - Final ESIA/EMP of April. 08, 2014| Page -0-25 MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS (MPWH) Republic of Yemen Environmental & Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) / Environment & Social Management Plan (ESMP) report for Yemen International Corridor Highway Project section between Taiz and the city of Aden (140 km) Environmental Enhancement: Consultations at various levels has been carried out in order to identify and select the existing facilities which should either be improved or to provide any new facilities in these areas under environmental enhancement proposal. 17 locations were identified based on the discussions with the communities for environmental enhancement. The locations included improvement of stadium,, school, provision of new water, health and recreation facilities for a total budget of USD 585,000. The total monitoring and ESMP cost which includes the Environmental mitigation, Environmental & Social Monitoring cost, training cost, and environmental enhancement cost is estimated at US$ 8,073,100. 0.9 Monitoring & Institutional Strengthening Regular monitoring of all significant, environmental and social parameters is essential to ascertain compliance to the country’s environmental social laws and regulations. The objectives of monitoring is to measure the compliance of construction activities with the ESMP, verify the results, ensure implementation of safety concepts and ensure that construction work is going ahead with all statutory permissions and consents. The monitoring arrangements are essentially the same for the two sub- sections financed by the World Bank (IDA) and the Saudi Fund for Development. Each part of the site where construction is taking place needs to be formally inspected from an environmental and social viewpoint on a regular basis. An environmental and social monitoring program is presented for both the construction and operation / maintenance phases. The monitoring program will focus on air quality, water quality, soil quality, tree plantation; borrow area restoration, socio-economic activities within the project area. The Environmental quality monitoring program will consider the parameters for Air, water, soil and noise quality. Environmental and Social (E&S) Specialists within the PIU (MPWH) will be responsible for monitoring of the compliance with the ESMP, and will work in close collaboration with the Ministry of Environment & Water (MoEW) and Environmental Protection Authority (EPA). Upon completion of the project (i.e., during the operation / maintenance phase) and thereafter, periodic routine inspections / monitoring will continue by the dedicated E&S specialists at the PIU (MPWH) in collaboration with Ministry of Environment & Water and Environmental Protection Authority (EPA). World Bank will monitor the implementation of road specific ESIAs/ESMPs and other Safeguard related documents (Resettlement Action Plans etc.). In particular the Bank must ensure that proper monitoring takes place and that the reports are filed regularly. Should these reports indicate incomplete monitoring of specifically identified social issues; these will be reported to the responsible staff in the PIU (MPWH). 0.10 Institutional Arrangements The institutional arrangements for ensuring adequate management of the environmental and social aspects of the Corridor Highway Project are described in Executive Summary - Final ESIA/EMP of April. 08, 2014| Page 0-26 MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS (MPWH) Republic of Yemen Environmental & Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) / Environment & Social Management Plan (ESMP) report for Yemen International Corridor Highway Project section between Taiz and the city of Aden (140 km) this chapter. Figure given below provides an overview of the institutional setup related to the implementation of the ESMP and RAP. Ministry of Environment MPWH High Level Committee for and Water Resources Land Acquisition and Resettlement PIU - Project Implementation Yemen EPA Technical Committee for Unit Land Acquisition and Resettlement SC - Environmental and Social Specialist Civil Works Contractors Field Teams / NGOs for Implementation of ESMP for RAP implementation Details of the roles of the various institutions involved and their interaction are described for MPWH, Project Implementation Unit (PIU), Yemen Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Supervision Consultant (SC) for Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP). The roles of these and other institutions in the implementation of the RAP are described in the RAP document. RAP implementation: To ensure adequate management attention to RAP implementation, three functional entities have been created to manage various aspects and to ensure effective coordination among agencies and jurisdictions that will be involved. A High Supervisory Committee for Land Acquisition and Resettlement (HSC) in an inter-ministerial entity at the apex of the hierarchy. The YCHP Project Implementation Unit (PIU) will manage day-to-day aspects of RAP implementation. And a Technical Committee for Land Acquisition and Resettlement (TC) will support and assist the PIU in valuation of assets, determination of compensation rates, and other technical aspects associated with RAP implementation. RAP implementation also will be supported by relevant officials at the governorate and district levels. The roles and responsibilities of each of these entities are described. Adaptive management arrangements decisions causing deviation from RAP arrangements anywhere along the two highway sub-sections funded by IDA and SFD are brought to the World Bank’s and SFD’s attention by MPWH during project supervision. The World Bank / SFD may object to such deviations if warranted. However, the scope for such adaptive management is limited. No changes will be made to eligibility criteria for resettlement assistance. Unit compensation rates will not be reduced, compensation amounts will not be less than that to be established through application of the unit compensation rates, and other entitlements or forms of assistance to affected persons will not be reduced in scope without the prior concurrence of the World Bank. Executive Summary - Final ESIA/EMP of April. 08, 2014| Page 0-27 MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS (MPWH) Republic of Yemen Environmental & Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) / Environment & Social Management Plan (ESMP) report for Yemen International Corridor Highway Project section between Taiz and the city of Aden (140 km) Grievance management system: The project will include multi-level arrangements for registering and addressing grievances and complaints from project-affected people. The primary purpose of the project grievance management mechanism is to provide clear and accountable means for affected persons to raise complaints and seek remedies when they believe they have been harmed by the project. An effective and responsive grievance management system also facilitates project progress, by reducing the risks that unaddressed complaints eventually lead to construction delays, lengthy court procedures, or adverse public attention. The Grievance Redress Management System (GRMS) is placed below: ****** Executive Summary - Final ESIA/EMP of April. 08, 2014| Page 0-28