82651 INDISPENSABLE ALIGNING oCEAN hEALth AND huMAN WELL-BEING Guidance from the Blue Ribbon Panel to the Global Partnership for Oceans A Authors Naoko Ishii, CEO and Chairperson, Panel Support Global Environment Facility Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, Panel Chair, Chris Lischewski, President and Co-Directors: CEO, Bumble Bee Foods, United Claudia Mengelt, US National Research Director of Global Change Institute, Council University of Queensland, Australia States James L. Anderson, The World Bank Transform Aqorau, Chief Executive Jane Lubchenco, Professor of Officer, Parties to the Nauru Marine Biology, Oregon State Support and Advice: University, United States Timothy A. Bouley, The World Bank Agreement Office Stacee Karras, US National Research Council Ragnar Arnason, Professor of Kim Anh Nguyen, Director, NOMA- Shelly Freeland, US National Research Fisheries Economics, University of FAME Program, Professor of Council Fisheries Economics, Nha Trang Nicole Glineur, Global Environment Facility Iceland, Iceland Susan Jackson, International Seafood Thiraphong Chansiri, President, University, Vietnam Sustainability Foundation Thai Union Frozen Products PCL, David Obura, Director, CORDIO William Morrell, Pacific Islands Forum Thailand East Africa, Kenya Secretariat H.E. Rolph Payet, Minister for Tim Rorabeck, High Liner Foods Inc. Nelson Del Rio, Chairman, Wit Soontaranum, Thai Union Foods Emergent Intelligence Solutions, Environment and Energy, Pro- Charlotte Vick, Mission Blue United States Chancellor University of Seychelles, Henry Demone, CEO, High Liner Seychelles Foods Inc, Canada Tuiloma Neroni Slade, Secretary Sylvia Earle, Founder, Mission General, Pacific Islands Forum Blue/Sylvia Earle Alliance, United Secretariat States John Tanzer, Director, Global Mary H. Feeley, Chief Geoscientist, Marine Programme, WWF ExxonMobil Corporation, United International States Johán H. Williams, Specialist Dimitri Gutierrez, Director of Director, Department for Fisheries Investigations on Oceanography and Aquaculture, Ministry of and Climate Change, Peruvian Fisheries and Coastal Affairs, Institute of Marine Research Norway (IMARPE), Peru Dawn J. Wright, Chief Scientist, Ray Hilborn, Professor of Aquatic Esri, United States and Fisheries Science, University of Jintao Xu, Professor of Natural Washington, United States Resource Economics, Peking University, China Acknowledgments: We thank the Government of the Netherlands for its financial support which made the Blue Ribbon Panel possible. Special thanks to Rachel Kyte and Juergen Voegele of the World Bank for their leadership. The authors of the Blue Ribbon Panel would like to acknowledge and thank the following individuals for their thoughtful contributions to making the Panel a success: Taufiq Alimi, Rare Indonesia; Roquelito Mancao, Rare, Philippines; Neil Andrew, WorldFish; H.E. Mary Seet-Chang, PEMSEA; Sebastian Troeng, Conservation International, and Felicitas Doroteo-Gomez, Amanda Feuerstein, Valerie Hickey, Peter Kristensen, Lelei Lelaulu, Elisabeth Mealey and John Virdin from the World Bank. Disclaimer: This report was authored by the members of the Blue Ribbon Panel at the request of the Interim Secretariat of the Global Partnership for Oceans. The Panel was ably assisted by staff of the National Research Council of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and the World Bank. It has not been formally reviewed by either of these institutions and should not be referred to nor cited as a National Research Council of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences nor a World Bank report. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of or imply an official endorsement by The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, the Governments they represent, or the National Research Council. The World Bank and the National Research Council do not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. B 16 October 2013 The ocean is fundamental to life on earth and inseparable from human well-being. It sustains hundreds of millions of people who depend on it for food and livelihood. But the ocean is in danger. Overfishing, pollution, habitat destruction, ocean warming and acidification — each is threatening this indispensable natural resource. So we have come together: CEOs of seafood companies and civil society leaders, biologists and economists, policy-makers and entrepreneurs. Collectively we have centuries of experience working with, in, and on the ocean. From different perspectives, we recognize the threat to ocean health and understand the consequences for people. While there is no “one-size-fits-all” approach to solving the urgent problems facing the ocean, there are solutions. Properly designed, integrated efforts can result in sustainable and shared economic development, poverty reduction, and healthy marine ecosystems. Launched by the World Bank and supported by more than 140 organizations, the Global Partnership for Oceans is a public-private partnership that was created to help improve ocean health and human well-being. We support and endorse its formation and urge the Partnership to adopt our guiding principles. Our recommendations have been designed to help the Global Partnership for Oceans, or any institution investing in oceans, achieve positive impact and sustainable outcomes. We stand at a point in history where it is neither too late nor impossible to turn the tide to restore ocean health. A new approach, like the Global Partnership for Oceans, can bring about the transformation required to change our course. Professor Ove Hoegh-Guldberg Chair Blue Ribbon Panel 1 2 Table of Contents Country Income Level and Exclusive Economic Zones 5 Aligning Ocean Health and Human Well-Being 6 Introduction 8 Earth’s Indispensable Ocean 10 Ocean Health and Livelihoods at Risk 10 Global Partnership for Oceans 12 Blue Ribbon Panel’s Vision 12 Strategy for the Global Partnership for Oceans 14 Guiding Principles 16 Criteria for Setting Priorities 17 Approaches to Measuring Progress 20 Assessing the Baseline and Readiness for Transformational Change 22 Knowledge Gaps and Limits in Capacity 23 Assessing Progress: Are Investments Meeting their Multiple Goals? 23 Developing Solutions 24 Design of Holistic Solutions through Public-Private Partnerships 27 Conclusions and Call to Action 30 Appendix 34 Biographical Sketch of Panel Members and Staff 34 Glossary of Terms 38 References 40 3 4 Country Income Level and Exclusive Economic Zones Map illustrates global distribution of income levels by country and associated Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). EEZs are important for country economies. The marine resources derived from them can be fundamental to the livelihoods of people living in coastal communities, particularly in lower- and middle-income countries where people have less resilience compared to higher income counterparts. Kilometers 0 900 1,800 3,600 5,400 7,200 Exclusive Economic Zones Countries Income Level Income Level Low Income Low Income Lower-Middle Income Lower-Middle Income Upper-Middle Income Upper-Middle Income High Income High Income Sources: Esri, DeLorme, NAVTEQ, TomTom, Intermap, increment P Corp., GEBCO, USGS, Not Available FAO, NPS, NRCAN, GeoBase, IGN, Kadaster 5 ALIGNING OCEAN HEALTH AND HUMAN WELL˜BEING 6 T he ocean is a critical part of Earth’s life-support system and vital for the well-being of humanity. Once thought to be limitless, the ocean’s resources Global Partnership for Oceans (GPO) at the World Ocean Summit in Singapore in 2012. The GPO is a global, public-private partnership, with the aim are showing serious signs of deterioration and to address three key ocean challenges: (1) increase depletion on a global scale. Adverse changes are sustainable seafood and livelihoods from fisheries accelerating at an unprecedented rate relative to the and aquaculture, (2) reverse habitat loss, and (3) changes seen over millions of years.[1, 2, 3] reduce pollution. The Blue Ribbon Panel has been tasked with providing high-level strategic advice on Human activities on land and in the ocean principles and criteria to select priorities to improve are causing rapid deterioration in the marine the sustainable use of our ocean resources, as well as environment. The marine environment has been to identify approaches that will stop and reverse the altered through discharge of manufacturing and decline in ocean resources. Reversing this decline agricultural pollutants and solid and liquid waste, is, without doubt, an enormous challenge given increased atmospheric carbon dioxide emissions, the scale of the problems and the extent of human overfishing, unsustainable coastal development, and influence on the world’s ocean. increased shipping and mining activities. Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, increasing At the same time, however, this is also a time of atmospheric CO2 concentrations have resulted in great potential and opportunity. Scientific and average sea surface temperatures rising by 0.9oC applied knowledge, capacity, technology, and cross- and ocean acidification by 0.1 pH units (which is sectoral engagement have reached a level that equivalent to a 26 percent increase in hydrogen enables us to pursue much-needed development ion concentration).[1, 4, 5] At the same time, oxygen in an integrated and sustainable manner. Research levels in the ocean have been decreasing as a result and new technologies have greatly expanded our of ocean warming and other factors such as coastal understanding of the ocean, and approaches for eutrophication (from changing coastal land-use). sustainable resource management and conservation [4, 6, 7] As of 2010, there were more than 400 coastal have been applied with a range of successes and systems, covering an area greater than 245,000 km2, failures. With this knowledge and experience comes considered very low in oxygen (hypoxic).[4] These new capacity and responsibility to solve ocean-related negative trends threaten the diversity and integrity issues such as marine pollution, habitat degradation, of the ecosystem and its ability to provide food and and overfishing, to achieve balanced gains in social, livelihoods at many locations. We must reverse these economic, and environmental spheres. trends to ensure that future generations can benefit from the ocean’s beauty and wealth. The Blue Ribbon Panel has identified five high-level principles to guide the selection and prioritization of As a diverse panel of leaders in industry, government, initiatives aimed at aligning ocean health and human conservation, and academia, we have come together well-being: (1) sustainable livelihoods, social equity, to lend a collective voice toward building sustainable and food security; (2) a healthy ocean; (3) effective solutions for the ocean. We recognize that we need governance systems; (4) long-term viability and (5) to improve the stewardship of the ocean. We have capacity building and innovation. Integrating these the opportunity and responsibility to rapidly achieve principles through multi-dimensional partnerships a more sustainable use of resources on land and in focused on achieving economic and socio-ecological the ocean to avoid causing irreversible changes in sustainability is considered to be essential for the environment and society that will jeopardize lasting success. The Panel recognizes that problems the long-term viability of communities, industries, and solutions vary across the world’s ocean; and governments, and conservation efforts alike. For consequently, a “one-size-fits-all” approach is these reasons, the World Bank announced the unlikely to work. 7 INTRODUCTION 8 “The needs of people in developing countries are very important as they live much closer to the poverty line. They’re very dependent on the ecosystems that they live in. Unless we can work out how to keep the ecosystems healthy, these people will suffer.” DAVID OBURA, CORDIO EAST AFRICA 9 EArth’s INDIsPENsABLE oCEAN economic assessments do not yet fully account for the innumerable non-market ecosystem services A healthy ocean is fundamental to human well- being and an indispensable part of the Earth’s life-support system, which sustains the species and that can deeply influence well-being, traditions, cultures, faith, and recreation and enjoyment for many millions of people. the ecosystems upon which we depend. The ocean regulates our climate and, as part of the hydrological oCEAN hEALth AND LIVELIhooDs At rIsK cycle, drives weather patterns that determine rainfall, droughts, and floods.[1, 10] The ocean has also reduced For much of human history, the ocean has been viewed the impact of human-induced climate change by and treated as a limitless resource and a largely cost- absorbing 25 percent of the carbon dioxide released free repository for waste. This misconception was by human activities and over 90 percent of the extra enabled, in part, by the ocean’s size and remoteness. heat trapped by rising concentrations of atmospheric As a result, ocean baseline conditions were mostly greenhouse gases.[1] The ocean also provides food undocumented and have shifted slowly, over and sustains livelihoods. long periods of time without being noticed. Such oversights and mistaken beliefs combined with rising The size and growth of the human population resource demand and non-existent or inadequate is putting unprecedented pressure on natural economic incentives and management tools to cope resources—both on land and in the sea. The ocean with such demand, have led to inefficiently regulated may play an increasing role in supplying those or unregulated competition among the various users resources and will, in this regard, play a critical (individuals, groups, and nations). Currently, users role in global efforts to reduce poverty and improve compete for a share in the benefits derived from the livelihoods. Comprehensive global estimates of the ocean with little or no incentive to protect or improve economic activity associated with the ocean have only those goods and services for future generations. This recently been attempted and a published consensus has resulted in the excessive use, and in some cases estimate has not yet emerged. The global economic irreversible change, of valuable ocean resources. benefits derived from the ocean’s goods and services As a result, ocean communities have been facing (see Box 1) are, however, undeniably important, increasing risks to their future wealth, livelihoods, especially for coastal states and island nations. The and food security. ocean generates hundreds of millions of jobs in biotechnology, energy, fishing, shipping, tourism, A paradigm shift is needed in how we use and conserve and other sectors.[11] Most current ocean resources to address current inadequacies. In recent decades, some new policy instruments have been Box 1: Ecosystem services: Goods and services provided by the ocean (adapted from Millennium Ecosystem Assessment[12]) Benefits from the ocean can be defined in the following broad categories in terms of ecosystem services: 1. Provisioning goods and services: a) renewable resources from ecosystems (for example, pharmaceuticals, fisheries, wave energy) and b) non-renewable resources (for example, minerals, oil, gas). 2. regulating services: processes that maintain the climate, coastal integrity, water quality, and buffers for waste. 3. supporting services: crucial natural processes that maintain ecosystem functions, which support other services, such as primary production, aquaculture localities, nutrient recycling and the provision of habitats. 4. other services: shipping and transportation for approximately 80 percent of the commodities traded around the world, nonmaterial benefits which support spiritual and religious values, and recreational and community benefits such as coastal and oceanic recreation and tourism. 10 introduced in attempt to reverse the overuse of also provide protection from storm surge and wave critical resources. Some solutions have been found damage while simultaneously supporting a vibrant to halt and even reverse the decline in ocean tourism industry. The ecosystem services provided resources, but they tend to focus on only a single by coastal habitats exhibit the features of public sector or component of the socio-ecological system. goods and services, but limited private incentives Economic incentives need to be adjusted to reward exist to enhance, preserve, or restore these benefits. efforts that create long-term economic prosperity. To This also applies to other ecosystem services such stem the ocean’s declining health, new and proven as the role of the ocean in generating oxygen and innovative solutions need to be scaled up, integrated, mitigating climate change by absorbing carbon and improved to match the vastness and complexity dioxide and heat. Intact coral reefs, for example, of the ocean, the range of stakeholders, and the are essential for sustaining livelihoods for many ocean’s multiple uses. millions of people, particularly in island states. In 2011, a comprehensive analysis by a consortium The fisheries sector provides some successful of 30 organizations found that 75 percent of the examples of how negative trends in yield can be world’s coral reefs were already threatened by curbed or reversed as a result of implementing novel local and global pressures, and that if these were management tools and user rights arrangements. not reduced this figure would rise to 90 percent Fish stocks were generally in decline until recent by 2030 and affect nearly all reefs by 2050.[17] This decades, when several countries introduced would profoundly alter the opportunities available rights-based fisheries management measures that to affected communities and states for supporting were aimed at reducing fishing effort, rebuilding livelihoods and local economies. fish stocks, and restoring profitability in fishing. Aquaculture, the farming of aquatic organisms, is Increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations and playing a growing role in the supply of seafood and associated changes to the climate are projected to efforts are underway to develop sustainable practices exacerbate the influence of direct pressures from that minimize water pollution and the degradation of fishing, habitat destruction, and pollution in ways ecosystems.[13] Despite these efforts, the Food and that run the risk of being non-linear in nature. Agriculture Organization of the United nations (FAO) Rising ocean temperatures are driving the expansion still estimates that approximately 30 percent of stocks of marine dead zones, changing the flow of ocean are below the level that would produce long-term currents and the supply and distribution of nutrients sustainable maximum yield.[14] In fact, ineffective within the ocean.[1, 18, 19] Pollution from land and management of fish stocks has been demonstrated shipping further worsen these negative impacts on to result in significant costs to economic revenue. the marine ecosystem. Marine debris has become For example, in 2004, the total loss to the world’s ubiquitous even in the most remote places in the fisheries from mismanagement was calculated to be ocean. These changes are accelerating and if not approximately $50 billion for that year alone.[15,16] halted or reversed within the next few decades Even with policy instruments that rebuild fish stocks will have serious and in some cases irreversible and economic yield for fisheries, long-term socio- ramifications for marine ecosystems and human well- ecological sustainability is not guaranteed unless being. A variety of stressors, including conflicting solutions simultaneously improve the well-being of human uses, adversely impact the health of the ocean communities and the environment. and lead to a complex web of interrelated and urgent problems. Such complex and global problems can be Healthy coastal ecosystems and habitats—such solved only through novel approaches, partnerships, as mangroves, coral reefs, sea grass, oyster beds, and solutions that holistically address the socio- seamounts, and estuaries—provide critical habitats ecological system. or nursery grounds for important fish stocks. Some 11 GLoBAL PArtNErshIP For oCEANs sector, non-profit organizations, academia, and multi- lateral institutions, The Panel’s membership reflects Restoring the health of the world’s ocean is a global the diversity of the partners that will be required challenge that can and must be solved. Leaders in to design and drive innovative solutions. The Panel business, government, and civil society increasingly was asked to develop the foundational principles recognize this, and are building mechanisms and and criteria for prioritizing GPO investments and capacity for making this happen. Inadequate ocean investment in general, considering ecological, policies, lack of political will, and institutional economic, and community sustainability. weaknesses are being overcome through new partnerships, coalitions, and investments that have BLuE rIBBoN PANEL’s VIsIoN a high likelihood of helping reverse the decline of the ocean. Central to the success of these innovative The range, complexity, and extent of threats to ocean strategies are global partnerships and networks that resources are very significant. Consequently, The will enable the international community to tackle the Panel believes that potential solutions can and must problems at scale. Coordinated and integrated action be scaled to drive meaningful change. To create ocean is vital to the future success of these partnership solutions that are sustainable over the long term, we arrangements to increase investment and maintain a must recognize that the well-being of communities, healthy ocean that continues to support sustainable viability of economies, and sustainability of economic growth, improve livelihoods, and reduce ecosystems are intricately linked. Solutions need to poverty. (1) consider all components of the socio-ecological and economic systems, (2) be integrated across all Announced by the World Bank President at The sectors and (3) be viewed as beneficial to stakeholders. Economist’s 1st World Oceans Summit, the Global It is important that these solutions address not only Partnership for Oceans (GPO) was officially overfishing, pollution, and habitat destruction but launched at the Rio+20 Conference on Sustainable also the issues of poverty alleviation and support for Development in June 2012. With broad support from communities that are most vulnerable and reliant on the partnership, including high-level policy makers marine resources for their food security, livelihoods, such as Un Secretary General Ban Ki-moon, the and well-being. Approaches that are sectoral and do World Bank embarked on a comprehensive design not take into account social, political, and ecological and development phase to ensure future success of interrelationships can only deliver incremental and GPO programs and investments. As part of the design fragmented solutions insufficient to meet the web process, the Blue Ribbon Panel (i.e., ‘The Panel’) of challenges confronting ocean health. Properly of experts was created to provide independent, designed, integrated efforts can result in sustainable objective advice to the GPO. Partners of the and shared economic development, poverty GPO nominated and helped select the members reduction, and healthy marine ecosystems. of The Panel. Comprising leaders from sixteen countries and representing government, the private We have an opportunity to catalyze new partnerships across all scales and sectors that focus on innovative methods of common good development, management, maintenance, utilization, information management, and goal alignment. The Panel envisions partnerships that will promote dynamic goals developed at the relevant scale and solutions through empowerment and transparent, accountable mechanisms that allow for informed judgments to be made at the relevant level, from local to global. 12 The Panel recognizes that there are substantive partnerships such as the GPO will need to explore challenges associated with this vision, including the how to provide appropriate incentives to partners, need to understand the values and limits of each inspire industry innovation and inclusion, encourage stakeholder, and how to align local government scientific research and effective implementation of objectives with global goals. Ultimately, these findings, incorporate traditional knowledge and engagements must deliver acceptable economic experience, and effectively employ tools and methods benefits to those making the investments and to the associated with the new information age. local people and communities. In order to be effective, 13 STRATEGY FOR THE GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR OCEANS 14 “I always like to think that the interventions that we make should improve the social and economic wellbeing of people. That really is going to be the test: whether or not at the end of this whole process it does lead to some good social and economic outcomes.” trANsForM AQorAu, CEo oF thE PArtIEs to thE NAuru AGrEEMENt oFFICE 15 G iven the large number of potential partnerships and investments, it is critical that the GPO establish and follow a clear set of principles and criteria Principle 1: Sustainable Livelihoods, Social Equity, and Food Security. This principle emphasizes the importance of marine ecosystems in delivering for making strategic investments in ocean related essential goods and services that underpin millions of projects and a consistent approach for measuring livelihoods, social equity, and food security. Central to progress. Potential initiatives that may be presented this principle is the need to align the use of resources to the GPO for support will inevitably stem from to optimize the well-being of people today and in economies and governance systems that vary greatly perpetuity. Further, efforts need to reduce conflicts in capacity. The Panel recognizes that requirements for over resources by using an integrated ecosystem information and capacity will need to be applied in a management approach that considers economic, flexible and practical manner. The Panel also stresses environmental, and social aspects. Key objectives for the importance for the GPO to address relevant drivers investments include incentivizing socio-ecologically of ocean degradation in its operations. sustainable use of ocean resources. The five principles and associated criteria discussed Principle 2: Healthy Ocean and Sustainable Use of below will allow the GPO to evaluate the need and Marine and Coastal Resources. Investments should readiness for change within these key dimensions contribute to the maintenance, restoration, and and ensure that initiatives are flexible and match the enhancement of marine and coastal ecosystems. complexity of human-ocean interactions. Central to this theme is the recognition that people are an essential part of the global ecosystem and that efforts to enhance ecosystem health must align with GuIDING PrINCIPLEs the goals of all stakeholders involved in the socio- ecological system. Particular emphasis should be given Five principles—(1) sustainable livelihoods, social to fragile or vulnerable ecosystems, as well as areas of equity, and food security; (2) healthy ocean and high value in terms of biodiversity, productivity, and sustainable use of marine and coastal resources; (3) functionality such as key spawning and nursery areas. effective governance systems; (4) long-term viability; and (5) capacity building and innovation—must be Principle 3: Effective Governance Systems. Inherent addressed as part of each effort undertaken by the GPO to this principle are initiatives that produce change (Figure 1), or for any programs wishing to achieve the in management practices to enable a rapid shift same vision. Strategic investment decisions should be toward the sustainable use of marine and coastal based on the best available scientific evidence, ongoing resources. Investments should seek opportunities evaluation of the goals, progress and outcomes, and to mainstream integrated, sustainable management application of adaptive approaches for implementation. of marine resources into national budgets and plans. The goal is to support (or design) effective innovative Figure 1 governance systems that provide incentives to private Sustainable Livelihoods, and public sector leaders at all levels to engage and Social Equity, and Food Security support a healthy ocean and community well-being. Principle 4: Long-term Viability. Consistent with this principle are investments that are economically viable, Healthy Effective Ocean Governance socio-ecologically sustainable and promote positive, self-sustaining outcomes, especially when transitional funding or other GPO assistance ends. Successful management frameworks, designed to restore depleted resources, will require long-term investment horizons and consistent monitoring. Ideally, they will Innovation & Long-term build on and scale-up existing efforts and incorporate Capacity Building Viability 16 pre-existing skills, networks, and organizations to make strategic investments, while at the same locally as well as globally. In pursuing this principle, time incorporating lessons learned from failures and efforts need to consider market and social forces and successes as solutions are refined. instruments that valuate and cause internalization of all environmental goods and services costs and should CrItErIA For sEttING PrIorItIEs promote optimal development, management, and utilization of public goods. Based on the five principles, The Panel has established criteria to guide the prioritization of Principle 5: Capacity Building and Innovation. In GPO investments. These criteria are provided accordance with this principle, investments should to help identify key opportunities, projects, and seek to scale-up and integrate proven solutions and partnerships. The criteria listed here are intended develop novel ideas and strategies in order to produce to assist in the selection and prioritization of GPO the required transformative outcomes. Investments investments. All investments should be evaluated will aim to build on local knowledge and develop against these criteria, although many projects may innovative solutions, human resource capacity, not fully satisfy all the criteria listed. For further educational tools and operating strategies, as well as discussion on how these criteria might be used to new finance and policy vehicles. Using assessments select among thematic or geographic areas, see of risks and opportunities, initiatives should seek subsequent sections. PrINCIPLE 1: Selection Criteria Sustainable Livelihoods, Social The degree to which the investment: Equity, and Food Security 1) Addresses problems of poverty, social inequity, gender equity and opportunities, food affordability and access, and nutrition, especially in ocean- Outcome: dependent communities Economically viable, 2) Demonstrates the potential to improve human health, stabilize households, sustainable, and consider fair trade principles, and generate local employment and diversified livelihood socioeconomic prosperity for communities that rely on ocean resources opportunities 3) Strengthens governance, and consequently expands opportunities among broad populations and communities 4) Develops or supports market-based mechanisms, or other incentive structures that are consistent with (or build on) local culture and knowledge that benefit the people and communities of the target region 5) Encourages strong and sustainable partnerships among people, communities, governments, and businesses. 17 PrINCIPLE 2: Selection Criteria Healthy Ocean and Sustainable Use of The degree to which the investment supports an area where: Marine and Coastal Resources 1) People are highly dependent on the ecosystem services provided by marine or coastal habitats Outcome: Increases 2) Threats (or potential future threats) to the ecosystem can be remedied or or maintains mitigated sustainable 3) natural capital offers benefits that extend beyond the project area (such as ecosystems and key recruitment areas, concentration of biodiversity or major connectivity ecosystem services pathways) 4) Competition over threatened or ‘at risk’ resources between communities or sectors can be reduced or eliminated 5) The state of knowledge and governance are such that they favor the establishment of well-designed, ecosystem-based resource management structures or managed networks of habitat protection to sustain productivity. PrINCIPLE 3: Selection Criteria Effective Governance The degree to which the investment supports an area with: Systems 1) The presence of, or potential for, strong ownership and leadership on a Outcome: community, national, or regional scale Strengthened or 2) Strong governance enabling conditions (such as community engagement, novel institutions, effective private/public partnerships, enabling regulatory and legislative broader expertise environment, and law enforcement, etc.) and governance 3) Capacity to enable long-term improvements in the institutional and socio- structures, and economic environment expanded local 4) Strategies for multi-use planning that engage multiple stakeholders (both capacity for leading, public and private) across critical sectors (such as fisheries, tourism, shipping, adapting, and oil and gas, etc.) persisting in the face of change 5) The presence of management mechanisms at all levels encompassing local, national, regional and global cooperation 6) Engaged local communities, or that can build on local or regional governance structures. 18 PrINCIPLE 4: Selection Criteria Long-Term Viability The degree to which the investment: Outcome: Investment in 1) Describes a viable approach for sustaining impact beyond the initial GPO solutions that result investment (through risk analysis and the identification of actions and tactics in a measurable and to mitigate potential risks) sustainable impact 2) Includes an analysis to evaluate the return on investment, net present value, benefits and costs, and economic, social, and political risks 3) Addresses major obstacles to sustainable ocean economies 4) Has the potential to create assets that can be invested in or securitized 5) Develops or introduces innovative financial tools and structures that support investments in maintaining or improving the health of the ocean, related ocean services, and ocean-based economies 6) Includes dynamic design elements that build resilience to future conditions such as climate change, population growth, technology evolution, and geo- political changes 7) Is replicable or has the potential to be self-sustaining from demonstration projects so that other communities or institutions can adopt it without GPO funding. PrINCIPLE 5: Selection Criteria Capacity Building and Innovation The degree to which the investment: Outcome: Proven 1) Builds or draws upon established knowledge, scientific evidence, and and innovative government support while prioritizing systematic, long-term knowledge approaches that transfer and leadership development are scalable, 2) Addresses major knowledge gaps and introduces management, process and/or transferable, and technological innovation have measurable 3) Supports human capacity building in resource management, ocean-related benefits for industries, and research communities, 4) Leverages and encourages the use or development of innovative research and investors, and other technologies that build capacity for sustainable resource management stakeholders 5) Builds capacity to assess, monitor, and project environmental and socio- economic conditions (using, where appropriate, novel or existing information technologies, platforms, and analytics) to guide strategic decision-making and allow behavior modification or reinforcement. 19 APPROACHES TO MEASURING PROGRESS 20 “The ocean is probably the most important part of the Earth, although we don’t live there.” JohAN WILLIAMs, MINIstry oF FIshErIEs AND CoAstAL AFFAIrs, NorWAy 21 Assessing the Baseline and Readiness Once a thematic or geographic area has been identified, for Transformational Change a project team, combining local and global expertise as warranted, will assess the needs and baseline conditions A thematic or geographic area is identified as a priority for investment if the potential funding recipient successfully outlines how the and the potential for transformational change. During the project design phase, the team will ensure that goals are focused and implementation plans are investment will contribute to measurable progress developed consistent with on-the-ground conditions, as part of the five principles outlined above. Given policies, and markets. The design phase must yield that not all potential partners have the capacity actionable, attainable, and measurable project goals and opportunity to satisfy all criteria under each in conjunction with associated performance measures principle, meeting the criteria should have a degree that track progress and results. The team should of flexibility. In addition, and central to the GPO therefore also be required to develop tools for ongoing objective, is the premise that the initial investment review of and feedback regarding socio-ecological catalyzes transformational change such that further conditions and impacts on involved parties. Pipeline improvements will result from built capacities, and existing investments (e.g., from government, become self-sustaining and not remain dependent non-governmental-organizations, private sector) in an on continued financial or economic assistance. area should also be clearly identified, such that GPO investments are not duplicative, and, where possible, build on or complement existing investments. 22 KNoWLEDGE GAPs When possible, knowledge gaps are filled by project AND LIMIts IN CAPACIty team participants with the required capabilities or information. Otherwise, knowledge gaps need to be For the GPO to optimally contribute to a country or explicitly acknowledged when designing and building region, it is important to first identify knowledge gaps effective solutions and partnerships. that might be relevant to any given investment. It is also important to determine the human and technical AssEssING ProGrEss: capacity of the various partners to contribute. These ArE INVEstMENts MEEtING knowledge gaps and limits in capacity can be broadly thEIr MuLtIPLE GoALs? categorized as follows: For each of the GPO principles and criteria, initial 1. natural assets, ecosystem services valuation, conditions will vary widely. The purpose of GPO and the bio-geophysical properties of the ocean, investments must be to shift projects and all including the type and abundance of marine life components of the socio-ecological system toward (e.g., commercial fish stocks, biodiversity, coral improved conditions. This requires a framework for cover, critical habitats), the surface and subsurface measuring progress and impact, including baseline conditions of the seafloor, the constitution of the and impact monitoring—to inform GPO partners and water column, and the effect of climate change/ projects whether the investments and approaches global change on regional ecosystems and ocean are meeting the intended goals. If possible, habitats. causal links between the investment and the impact need to be established to ensure 2. Socio-economic conditions including human and approaches can be scaled up or adjusted. technical capacity, economic structure, and the Measurement systems will vary by financial resources of individuals, communities, sector, e.g., food production, waste the private sector, and governments. reduction, harvests, fishery stock assessment, pollution 3. The processes, fluxes, and interactions among the reduction, habitat impacts, various components of the natural environment and educational learning the socio-economic system; and understanding of the indicators, or high-quality causal links between one component or particular maps and spatial databases. location with other system components and locations. Calculating the success of a single project may require using 4. Governance, including legislative systems, use rights multiple measurement systems arrangements, political processes, international and involve both qualitative processes, and decision-making structures. and quantitative measures. Ideally, these measurements 5. Approaches to deploying and tailoring solutions should be augmented by a within a region, convening partners, building strong common set of metrics and/or stewardship and management, communicating system outcome models to measure challenges and approaches, and getting buy-in progress across all GPO investments. from all stakeholders. A multi-dimensional indicator system that evaluates relative progress on each 6. Approaches to scaling or adapting these solutions of the five GPO principles—ocean health, so that they may be applied in diverse countries livelihoods and food security, governance, and regions. long-term viability, and innovation and capacity–needs to be designed as an integral part of 7. The actual value (or approximation thereof) of ocean the measurement process. resources—both for market and non-market needs. 23 DEVELOPING SOLUTIONS 24 “We are near an ecological and a societal tipping point in terms of the oceans literally being in crisis — so this is a critical time for us to be coming together to talk about solutions that will really make a difference, really result in action and outcomes.” DAWN J. WrIGht, ChIEF sCIENtIst, EsrI AND ProFEssor oF GEoGrAPhy AND oCEANoGrAPhy, orEGoN stAtE uNIVErsIty, uNItED stAtEs 25 G iven the diversity of issues facing the ocean and ocean-dependent communities, the approaches most likely to work vary significantly from place to population and in poverty reduction. There are significant place. The Blue Ribbon Panel members conclude opportunities to increase there is no “one-size-fits-all” approach to solving revenue through better the urgent problems faced by the world’s ocean. fisheries practices, such To ensure equitable benefits, long-term sustainable as reduction of by-catch and economic growth, and a healthy ocean, we must waste. Many approaches have develop dynamic solutions that integrate site- been developed to reduce the threat sensitive approaches tailored to particular socio- of overfishing and rebuild fish stocks. ecological systems. Individuals, communities, and Improvement in fisheries management industries that benefit from goods and services must can come from improved information jointly determine how to manage and share ocean and governance systems and a range resources within governance frameworks that are of different user rights structures— equitable and fair to all stakeholders. Hence, new such as community fishing rights, partnerships across private and public sectors offer harvesting quotas, and territorial significant potential to provide innovative win-win use rights, so long as they are solutions with the ultimate goal to create lasting designed to fit the goals and solutions for maintaining viable ecosystems and needs of the community in healthy economies and advancing human well-being. which they are implemented. In addition to improvements in wild A multitude of solutions has been developed and fisheries, improved methods, practices and technology deployed worldwide from which the GPO can draw in aquaculture can contribute to increased production lessons—both in the resulting range of positive of sustainable seafood. Both fisheries and aquaculture outcomes and limitations of past approaches. success fundamentally depend on ecosystem function It is beyond the scope and capacity of this Panel that supports seafood production. Improved fisheries to summarize the vast worldwide experience of management in both wild and aquaculture fisheries decades of research and management experiences. can result in economic gains for many of the major Instead, the Panel emphasizes some key aspects that fisheries. However, to ensure that greater economic underlie successful approaches, including careful gains are balanced with social and environmental allocation of rights and responsibilities, thoughtful concerns, the five principles listed above need to be design of management practices, the efficiency of incorporated into management reforms. markets and appropriate incentives, and public- private partnerships. It remains a challenge to develop approaches that can address marine pollution and protect ecosystems The ocean is an important source of food and services such as coastal integrity, provision of habitat, livelihoods. For example, fisheries and aquaculture or nutrient cycling. Pollution in general is a result of may play an increasing role in providing failure by polluters to internalize all related protein to a growing world costs and benefits of their activities. Transformations can be expected in existing markets where users of environmental 26 resources in the supply transparency, inspect goods for safety, detect chain of products are already violations, provide enforcement and compliance, and being regulated. new market prosecute violations. The private sector can execute systems can be designed as broader the trade and exchange of goods, while open access accepted platforms where socio- to information can create the pricing structure and ecological costs and benefits are properly incentives that inform the market system. internalized or bad behavior penalized. In addition, government systems can be strengthened to apply pollution limits, allocate the DEsIGN oF hoLIstIC soLutIoNs cost of enforcement and rehabilitation, and set throuGh PuBLIC-PrIVAtE goals for overall ecosystem health. Maintaining PArtNErshIPs ecosystem health requires balancing the various stakeholders’ goals and interests Approaches to ocean resource development, in a particular geographic area; management, maintenance, and utilization must identifying critical habitat at be structured and implemented to guarantee that risk or essential to supporting communities, economies, and ecosystems thrive. ecosystem services and In the past, flaws in the design of instruments goods (e.g., nursery/spawning such as public-private partnerships, design of user- grounds); and preventing rights allocation, and management structures have further degradation through led to a vast array of problems around the world. various area-based management Many of the shortcomings result from insufficient tools such as marine managed and protected areas. integration across the sectors and inconsideration of all elements of the socio-ecological system. The GPO new information feedback systems must be developed has significant potential to catalyze the creation, or that cause internalization of environmental and support of, holistic approaches that integrate across social costs so that service and good providers the socio-ecological system. can respond to economic incentives generated or penalties imposed by market participant behavior (for One instrument in the design of such holistic solutions example, market response to ‘blue indices’ reflecting is a well-structured public-private partnership (P3) water quality). In the case where this is not efficient, that resolves pressing ocean issues by incorporating accurate and transparent information systems can all five principles. P3s can be envisioned at both effectively be created or implemented to protect the larger sectoral level, where governments, global public goods (e.g., sensitive systems such as industries, and relevant stakeholders would be the certain coral reefs). There is a critical requirement drivers, and at the coastal community level. A P3 for local, regional or global communities to assemble should be based on a holistic strategy that addresses funding and other resources to compensate for and specific community or social needs in the context mitigate these failures, and assure protection of the of sustainable socio-ecological systems. A well- public good. structured P3 aims to optimize the yield of common goods utilized, minimize the cost to the public of In general, effective solutions will require a range such activity through the leveraging of opportunities of stakeholders from the public and private sectors and assets, and incentivize responsible behavior in to share responsibilities and rights in using and a transparent and synergistic fashion that promotes protecting ocean resources. For example, the long-term sustainability. These strategies should be public sector may provide the physical market optimized for scale and tailored to local conditions place, facilitate community engagement, ensure and culture. 27 28 The design and implementation of large scale P3s will terms of rights allocation are structured to promote require leadership with business expertise and the proper management and utilization, and how ability to envision and carry out the creation of an individuals are to be incentivized. Ideally, the P3 adaptive and iterative P3 structure and its essential should be dynamic and evolve as limiting factors are components. P3s can be informed and driven to modified or reduced over time. benefit all partners and maintain functioning ocean ecosystems. The project design needs to be clearly We are also at a unique time in history where defined and there must be a focus on prompt project technology allows for establishing a network and implementation. Members of the partnership will marketplace for ideas and solutions at a global scale. provide contributions according to their comparative This has revolutionized the ability to bring systems advantage. Further, P3 should leverage private together that can manage and utilize common goods industry participation in solution development and as efficiently as privatized systems, while maintaining the use of market systems and instruments. the benefits of the common good for the public. These new global networks and markets, along with P3s at the community level will need to assess rapidly advancing technology and sharing of global baseline conditions as well as the tools and techniques expertise, offer new opportunities to obtain a more necessary for ongoing review and feedback regarding holistic, sustainable, and equitable approach to the socio-ecological conditions of all impacted or involved management and utilization of the common goods parties in the project. In addition, the partnership derived from the ocean. needs to be strategically built to align key stakeholders. Critical components include a clear articulation of the community’s goals, the strategic engagement of the private sector, and the arrangement of financing solutions that minimize the cost of such financing. The Panel recognizes the scope and complexity of developing fully integrated P3 solutions and recommends adaptive and iterative approaches to implementation. The GPO can facilitate the emergence of informed project teams in developing such P3s and build this capacity over time. In creating P3s, privatization of public goods should be carefully considered. The questions to be addressed with broad input from the community and other stakeholders include the following: what rights are allocated, how rights are allocated (actors range from individuals to communities to the general public), how communities are engaged and empowered in the allocation and management of any rights, how the 29 CONCLUSIONS AND CALL TO ACTION 30 “It’s not only governments that need to act on this. All stakeholders need to combine in joint action as a response to this very global problem.” tuILoMA NEroNI sLADE, sECrEtAry GENErAL oF thE PACIFIC IsLANDs ForuM 31 T here is little doubt that the world faces great challenges in the sustainable use of the ocean. Over the last 50 years the world’s ocean has been subject to combating marine pollution, conserving critical habitat and species, and engaging in integrated ecosystem-based management, which can provide greater human pressure than at any time in recorded attractive economic development opportunities history. These pressures have taken a considerable while also improving sustainable management toll on the resilience and productivity of the marine practices and governance in vulnerable coastal environment. Collapsing fisheries, vanishing habitat, communities. Developing educational networks and and global pollution are threatening the ecosystem initiating shared knowledge platforms can also build goods and services on which humanity depends. While global capacity and scholarship on the significant there are many successful interventions and reasons challenges that face ocean ecosystems encompassing for hope, urgent and concerted action on a global communities and industries that rely on them. These scale is required to ensure that necessary progress in initiatives might involve the full range of partners— improving the health of the ocean and ocean services industry, philanthropy, government, NGO, and other can offset the rapid decline. The Blue Ribbon Panel sectors. has concluded that a global call to action is required if we are to rebuild and sustain benefits associated with The good news is that we stand at a point in history ocean ecosystems and resources. where it is neither too late nor impossible to turn the tide of change that is currently sweeping across The Panel calls for scalable, sustainable and the ocean. There are many actions that can be taken inclusive partnerships that span the full spectrum of today with substantial effect and benefit for people stakeholders and which yield positive outcomes in and communities that are dependent on the ocean. the next decade before changes become irreversible. Consumer behavior and choices can be changed on No single approach will be sufficient to address the a global scale as we increase the awareness in the complexity of the issues that face the world’s ocean general public about the links between land and sea. today. Instead, solutions must be multidimensional As examples, we can address illegal, unregulated and integrate all aspects of the socio-ecological and unreported fishing through leveraging existing system. For example, aquaculture can make a vital partnerships and organizations at a global scale; contribution to meet the growing demand for animal combat market distortions that further exacerbate protein and provide critical jobs in developing the overexploitation of ocean resources; and countries. However, research is needed and empower community leaders and people around the governing systems designed to develop aquaculture world to partner in positive change. practices that not only provide food and livelihoods, but also ensure minimal negative impacts to the We are confident that solutions can be developed that environment. This is an example where creating maximize benefits for people, industries, ecosystems, centers-of-excellence for specific industries or and economies. At no other time in history have we sectors can rapidly build local knowledge and had as much capacity to assess past successes and capacity, while also providing meaningful economic failures in order to solve the problems of the future. and social development opportunities. At no other time in history have technology and information so linked people globally and offered the To develop and share the required knowledge opportunity to solve the problems that face our ocean and experience, the GPO should lead in the and our planet. A global partnership can bring about establishment of global networks of expertise and the transformation required to change our course. research. Nations face many ocean issues that are This requires, however, that the Global Partnership not unique to their countries and global partnerships for Oceans forms an inclusive partnership that can facilitate knowledge exchange. These centers draws on the wealth of global knowledge and science and networks should help integrate key areas, available in all aspects of the ocean. such as sustainable aquaculture, fisheries reform, 32 “There has to be economic viability. That’s really the role of the private sector — to keep financial viability in the longer term while respecting environmental sustainability.” Henry Demone, CEO, High Liner Foods Inc. 33 Appendix Biographical Sketch of Panel Members and Staff PANELISTS Transform Aqorau Transform Aqorau is Chief Executive Officer of the Parties to the Nauru Agreement Office, a Tuna Management and Regulatory Body consisting of the Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and Tuvalu. He is also Administrator of the Purse Seine and Longline VDS and the Federated States of Micronesia Arrangement for Regional Access (a multilateral access agreement amongst the PNA). He has been involved in several international and regional fisheries negotiations. He was Chair of the Forum Fisheries Committee, Chair of the Solomon Islands Fisheries Advisory Council, Member of the Solomon Islands Economic Advisory Council, Board Member of Soltai Fishing Company, and Senior Visiting Fellow of the Australian National Centre for Oceans, Resources and Security (ANCORS)of the University of Wollongong. Ragnar Arnason Ragnar Arnason is a professor in fisheries economics and the Chairman of the Institute of Economic Studies at the University of Iceland. Since 1990, Professor Arnason has primarily conducted his research in the area of fisheries economics and fisheries management where he has a publication record of over 160 scientific articles and several books. In addition to advising on fisheries policy in many countries around the world, he has been on the board of several business enterprises and is currently on the board of the Central Bank of Iceland. Thiraphong Chansiri Thiraphong Chansiri, President of Thai Union Frozen Products Public Company Limited (TUF) and Group CEO of subsidiary companies across the world, steers the group’s overall global business and growth strategies. Prior to his role as the President of TUF, Mr. Chansiri held a series of executive positions at TUF and Thai Union Manufacturing Company Limited (TUM), a subsidiary of TUF. In just over two decades, he has helped TUF grow its business from an annual revenue of US$10 million to today’s US$3.5 billion. Mr. Chansiri was presented with CEO Award for four consecutive years by Securities Analysts Association of Thailand (SAA). In 2012, he was ranked second amongst 100 Most Powerful Executives in the global seafood industry. Nelson Del Rio Nelson Del Rio is Chairman of Emergent Intelligence Solutions. An attorney by training, he has experience in mergers and acquisitions, tax structuring, finance and securitization, real estate, social ventures, strategic advisory services, gaming, GIS and agent-based modeling, big data and semantic platforms, incentive based innovation, crowd-sourced solution development and public-private partnership structuring and implementation. Del Rio is involved in business efforts as well as numerous university and philanthropic boards focusing on environment, social equity and justice, education, health, leadership and various forms of application of nascent technologies. Henry Demone Henry Demone is CEO of High Liner Foods, Inc. where he has led the transformation of the company from its roots as a fishing company to a well-known food processor and marketer of high quality sustainable seafood. He is past Chair of the National Fisheries Institute, and the Groundfish Forum and is currently a Director of Saputo, Inc. Sylvia Earle Called “Her Deepness” by the New York Times, a “Living Legend” by the Library of Congress, and Time Magazine’s first “Hero for the Planet,” Sylvia Earle has led more than 100 expeditions as an oceanographer and explorer, authored 180 publications, and lectured in 80 countries. Formerly Chief Scientist of NOAA, she is Explorer in Residence of the National Geographic Society, Founder of Mission Blue and the SEAlliance, a founding Ocean Elder, and Council Chair for the Harte Research Institute. 34 Mary H. Feeley Mary H. Feeley (Missy) is Chief Geoscientist, ExxonMobil Exploration Company. She has held various technical and managerial positions in Houston, Norway, Indonesia, Malaysia and Nigeria. Dr. Feeley currently chairs the Methane Hydrates Advisory Committee for the Committee for the US Department of Energy, on the Executive Board for the Scientific Committee for Oceanic Research and served on the Ocean Studies Board of the US National Academies. Dimitri Gutierrez Dimitri Gutiérrez, a Peruvian biological oceanographer, has been the Director of Research in Oceanography and Climate Change of the Peruvian Marine Research Institute (IMARPE) since 2012, and leads the graduate program in Marine Sciences at the Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia in Peru. His research is focused on benthic responses to natural and human-induced anoxia, paleo-reconstruction of the Peruvian upwelling ecosystem history, and global warming impacts on the upwelling ecosystem. He is currently involved in developing adaptation projects for the impact of climate change on Peruvian fisheries and marine coastal ecosystems. Ray Hilborn Ray Hilborn is a Professor in the School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington specializing in natural resource management and conservation. He serves on the Editorial Boards of seven journals including the Board of Reviewing Editors of Science Magazine. He has been a member of the Ocean Studies Board of the National Research Council, and the Scientific Advisory Panel for the Presidents Commission on Ocean Policy and the Independent Science Advisory Panel for the Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna. Ove Hoegh-Guldberg Ove Hoegh-Guldberg is the Director of the Global Change Institute and Professor of Marine Science, at The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. He has published works that include over 200 refereed publications and book chapters and is one of the most cited authors within the peer-reviewed literature on climate change. He is Queensland Smart State Premier’s Fellow, Australian Research Council Laureate and Deputy Director of the ARC Centre for Excellence in Reef Studies. In 2013 he was elected Fellow of the Australian Academy of Sciences. Naoko Ishii Naoko Ishii is the CEO and Chairperson of the Global Environment Facility. Prior to this she was Deputy Vice Minister of Finance for Japan. She has also served in international assignments outside of Japan, including at the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. She has published numerous papers and several books, two of which were awarded the Suntory Prize (1990) and Okita Memorial Prize for International Development Research (2004). Chris Lischewski Chris Lischewski is the President and CEO of Bumble Bee Foods, the largest, branded seafood company in North America. He has worked in the seafood industry for more than 25 years and has been extremely active in seafood sustainability initiatives including being a founding member and Chair of the International Seafood Sustainability Foundation. In addition to his operating role at Bumble Bee, Mr. Lischewski is currently the Chair of the U.S. National Fisheries Institute and sits on the Executive Committee and Board of the U.S. GMA (Grocery Manufacturers Association). Jane Lubchenco Jane Lubchenco is currently Wayne and Gladys Valley Professor of Marine Biology and Distinguished Professor of Zoology at Oregon State University, and was previously the Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere and Administrator of NOAA from 2009-13. She has served as president of the American Association for Advancement of Science (AAAS). She is an elected member of the National Academy of Sciences; the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; the American Philosophical Society; the Royal Society; and the Academies of Science for the Developing World, for Europe, and for Chile. Dr. Lubchenco has received numerous awards including a MacArthur “genius” award and 19 honorary doctorates. She was named “2010 Newsmaker of the Year” by the scientific journal Nature. 35 Kim Anh Nguyen Kim Anh Nguyen is professor of economics at Nha Trang University. Dr. Nguyen’s varied research interests include fisheries and aquaculture economics and management, international trade, poverty alleviation and sustainable livelihoods in the small-scale fisheries and small-scale aquaculture and, most recently, effects of climate change. She serves as director of the NOMA-FAME international master’s program and is the author/co-author of numerous books as well as many scholarly papers. David Obura David Obura is a Founding Director of CORDIO East Africa, supporting activities in mainland Africa and Indian Ocean island states. His work includes research on coral bleaching, reef ecology and biogeography, supporting coral reef monitoring, and working with community-based fishers and protected area managers for sustainable use and management of coral reefs and coastal ecosystems. David plays a number of roles regionally and globally with IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature), and is currently chair of the Coral Specialist Group. In 2007 he was nominated as an Honorary Fellow of the Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association. Rolph Payet Rolph Payet is currently Minister of Environment and Energy for the Government of the Seychelles. Rolph is also presently the Pro-Chancellor of the University of Seychelles and Associate Professor at the University of Linnaeus, Sweden. He has been involved in ocean issues for many years, including local coordinator of the Shoals of Capricorn Programme of the Royal Soceity and Chairman of the Seychelles Centre for Marine Research and Technology. He is currently committee member of the Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts and Islands, and member of the Group of Experts for the World Ocean Assessment. H.E. Neroni Slade Tuiloma Neroni Slade is currently the Secretary General of the Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat and is also the Pacific Ocean Commissioner–a high level advocacy role underpinning the Pacific Oceanscape Framework’s holistic approach to ocean management and conservation. SG Slade has had a long career in law and diplomacy. Prior to his current position he was a Judge of the International Criminal Court in The Hague; Samoa’s Ambassador/Permanent Representative to the United Nations, and to the USA and Canada; and has also served his country as Attorney General. John Tanzer John Tanzer is Director of WWF’s Global Marine Programme. John was appointed as the inaugural Chair and Chief Executive of Queensland’s Fisheries Management Authority (QFMA) when it was established under new legislation in 1994. In 1998 he was appointed as Executive Director of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA); from 2001 onwards he was the Executive responsible for the oversight of the spatial rezoning of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park based on the Representative Areas Program which increased the network of highly protected areas from less than 5 percent of the Great Barrier Reef to over 30 percent. He has also worked considerably with the Coral Triangle Initiative in South East Asia and the South Pacific. Johán H Williams Johán H. Williams is Specialist Director, Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Management, Royal Norwegian Ministry of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs. He is currently President of the North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC) and Chair of FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Committee (COFI). From 1997 to 2011 he was Director General managing the department for Fisheries and Ocean Management. He has worked nine years with the Norwegian Development Agency NORAD, and has been a consultant to many organizations and countries, including the World Bank and most notably with the Government of Vietnam from 2003-2012 implementing new fisheries legislation. 36 Dawn J. Wright Dawn J. Wright is Chief Scientist of the Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI). She is also an affiliated Professor of Geography and Oceanography in the College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences at Oregon State University. She has authored or co-authored more than 130 articles and five books. Dr. Wright is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and of Stanford University’s Aldo Leopold Leadership Program. In 2007 she was named U.S. Professor of the Year for the state of Oregon by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and the Council for the Advancement and Support of Education. Jintao Xu Jintao Xu is currently a professor of natural resource economics and director, China Center for Energy and Development at the National School of Development, Peking University. Before joining Peking University in 2006 he worked as Deputy Director and professor at the Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy, Chinese Academy of Sciences for six years.   Support James L. Anderson Jim Anderson leads The World Bank Global Program on Fisheries and Aquaculture (PROFISH). He is an internationally recognized expert in fisheries and aquaculture management, seafood markets, and international trade. Prior to joining the World Bank, he was professor and chair of the Department of Environmental and Natural Resource Economics at the University of Rhode Island and served as editor of the international journal, Marine Resource Economics. Claudia Mengelt Claudia Mengelt is a senior program officer and study director with the US National Research Council. Her research expertise is in coastal water quality, harmful algal blooms, and marine ecosystem health. She has field experience in both Polar Oceans and temperate latitude coastal systems. At the NAS, she has led studies on a range of topics including climate change adaptation, ocean acidification, and application of remote sensing to the Earth sciences. Timothy A. Bouley Timothy Bouley is a medical doctor and environmental scientist working within the World Bank to (1) support development of the Global Partnership for Oceans and (2) develop collaborative strategies for global health and environmental investment. Stacee Karras Stacee Karras is a Research Associate at the US National Research Council Ocean Studies Board. She received her J.D. from the University of Virginia School of Law after completing her B.A. and M.A. in marine affairs and policy at the University of Miami.   37 Glossary Climate change A statistically significant variation in either the mean state of the climate or in its variability, persisting for an extended period (typically decades or longer). Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings, or to persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use.[G1, G2] Eutrophication Natural or artificial addition of nutrients to bodies of water and the associated impacts due to the added nutrients such as higher than usual algal biomass and oxygen depletion below the sun-lit surface waters. (adapted from[G4]) Fish stocks “…all the individuals of fish in an area, which are part of the same reproductive process. It is self-contained, with no emigration or immigration of individuals from or to the stock. It occupies a well-defined spatial range and is independent of other stocks of the same species.”[G5] Healthy ocean A healthy ocean is “clean, safe, prospering, and sustainably managed. It contributes significantly to the economy, supporting multiple, beneficial uses such as food production, development of energy and mineral resources, recreation and tourism, transportation of goods and people, and the discovery of novel medicines, while preserving a high level of biodiversity and a wide range of critical natural habitats.”[G7] (See also[G8] for further conceptualizations of the term.) Livelihood A way of earning money in order to live; means of support or subsistence.[G9] Natural capital “…the resources that we easily recognize and measure such as minerals and energy, forest timber, agricultural land, fisheries and water. It also includes ecosystems producing services that are often ‘invisible’ to most people such as air and water filtration, flood protection, carbon storage, pollination for crops, and habitat for fisheries and wildlife.”[G10] Public private partnership A cooperative venture between the public and private sectors, built on the expertise of each partner that best meets clearly defined public goals and needs through the appropriate allocation of resources, risks, responsibilities, and rewards.[G11] Socio-ecological Of or relating to the combination of natural, socio-economic, and cultural resources that compose a socio-ecological system (see below). Socio-ecological system A dynamic and complex system of natural, socio-economic, and cultural resources, whose flow and use are determined by social, economic, and biophysical factors.[G12] 38 Notes G1. United Nations. 2013. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: Full Text of the Convention. Available at: . G2. Environmental Protection Agency. 2013. “Glossary of Climate Change Terms.” Available at: . G3. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA). 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Available at: . G4. USGS (United States Geological Survey). 2013. “Toxic Substance Hydrology Program.” Available at: . G5. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 2013. “Defining Fish Stocks.” Available at: . G6. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2007. IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007. Available at: . G7. U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy. 2004. An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century. Available at: . G10. See: < http://www.wavespartnership.org/waves/natural-capital-accounting> G11. The Canadian Council for Public-Private Partnerships. 2013. “Definitions.” Available at: . G12. Redman, C.L., J. M. Grove, and L. H. Kuby. 2004. “Integrating Social Science into the Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Network: Social Dimensions of Ecological Change and Ecological Dimensions of Social Change.” Ecology (7): 161–171. Available at: .   39 References [1] IPCC. 2013: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Thomas Stocker (Switzerland), Qin Dahe (China), Gian-Kasper Plattner (Switzerland), lead authors]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. [2] Hönisch, B., et al. 2012. The geological record of ocean acidification, Science, 335(6072), 1058-1063. [3] Ridgwell, A., and D. N. Schmidt. 2010. Past constraints on the vulnerability of marine calcifiers to massive carbon dioxide release, Nature Geoscience, 3(3), 196-200. [4] Doney, S. 2010. The Growing Human Footprint on Coastal and Open-Ocean Biogeochemistry. Science, 328: 1512-1516. [5] National Research Council. 2010. Ocean Acidification: A National Strategy to Meet the Challenges of a Changing Ocean. National Academy Press. Washington D.C. [6] Gruber, N. 2011. Warming up, turning sour, losing breath: ocean biogeochemistry under global change. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 369: 1980-1996. DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2011.0003. [7] Howarth, R.W. 2008. Coastal nitrogen pollution: A review of sources and trends globally and regionally. Harmful Algae, 8: 14-20. [8] Murray, G. 2009. Environmental implications of plastic debris in marine settings – entanglement, ingestion, smothering, hangers- on, hitchhiking and alien invasions. Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society, 364: 2013-2025. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0265. [9] Jackson, J. B. C., M.X. Kirby, W. H. Berger, K. A. Bjorndal, L. W. Botsford, B. J. Bourque, R. H. Bradbury, R. Cooke, J. Erlandson, J. A. Estes, T. P. Hughes, S. Kidwell, C. B. Lange, H. S. Lenihan, J. M. Pandolfi, C. H. Peterson, R. S. Steneck, M. J. Tegner, R. R. Warner. 2001. Historical Overfishing and the Recent Collapse of Coastal Ecosystems. Science, 293: 629 – 637. DOI: 10.1126/ science.1059199. [10] http://www.interactiveoceans.washington.edu/story/Oceans+and+Life [11] L.C L Teh, and UR Sumaila. 2013. Contribution of marine fisheries to worldwide employment. Fish and Fisheries v14 I1 [12] Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA). 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis. World Resources Institute. Available at: http://www.unep.org/maweb/documents/document.356.aspx.pdf [13] Bush S.R., et al. 2013. Global food supply: Certify Sustainable Aquaculture? Science. 341(6150) pp. 1067-1068. [14] FAO. 2012. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available at http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/i2727e/i2727e00.htm. [15] The World Bank and FAO. 2009. The Sunken Billions: The Economic Justification for Fisheries Reform. Washington, DC: The World Bank. Available at http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTARD/Resources/336681-1224775570533/SunkenBillionsFinal.pdf [16] Munro, G. 2010.From Drain to Gain in Capture Fisheries Rents: A Synthesis Study. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper 538. FAO, Rome. [17] World Resource Institute. 2011. Reefs at Risk. http://www.wri.org/publication/content/8232 [18] Diaz, R., and R. Rosenberg. 2008. Spreading dead zones and consequences for marine ecosystems, Science, 321(5891), 926. [19] Bakun, A., D. B. Field, A. N. A. Redondo-Rodriguez, and S. J. Weeks. 2010. Greenhouse gas, upwelling-favorable winds, and the future of coastal ocean upwelling ecosystems, Global Change Biology, 16(4), 1213-1228.   40 “Holistic, goal-driven, public-private partnerships can only be achieved through multi-sector collaborations that first focus on the development of, and consensus on higher order goals.” Nelson Del Rio, Chairman, Emergent Intelligence Solutions Photo Credits: Page 4: ©Jack London Page 9: ©Jack London Page 13: ©Shutterstock/vlad0209 Page 15: ©Jack London Page 22: ©U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization Page 28: ©Shutterstock/vlad0209 Page 33: ©Jack London All other artwork is the open-license property of ©Biodiversity Heritage Library For more information: globalpartnershipforoceans.org “The Blue Ribbon Panel is as diverse as it is “Being a member of the Blue Ribbon Panel has impressive, yet there is common ground — been a rewarding opportunity to collaborate passion for the ocean and understanding with key players and thought leaders in ocean that it is essential for human well-being. The sustainability…The process reinforces that result: an exceptional document and forged improving ocean health is a complex process connections that can help nations, institutions that requires participation and interaction across and partnerships for a better ocean future.” a broad sphere of communities, industries and governments.” James L Anderson, Advisor on Oceans, Fisheries, and Aquaculture, The World Bank Chris Lischewski, President and CEO, and Blue Ribbon Panel Co-Director Bumble Bee Foods “In the report of the Blue Ribbon Panel there is a “After working with the Blue Ribbon Panel in demanding case for collective world action now. recent months, I am convinced that the Global There are opportunities which simply cannot be Partnership for Oceans will bring break-through missed.” solutions to today’s ocean challenges. The achievement of the BRP mission with unique Tuiloma Neroni Slade, Secretary General combination of the panel members has also of the Pacific Islands Forum set a great example of how the public-private partnership can be the key contributor in any GPO initiatives to come.” “The Global Partnership for Oceans is a very Thiraphong Chansiri, President, unique platform and it’s something that Thai Union Frozen Products PCL probably couldn’t have happened 20 years ago. But today you have people understanding the seriousness of the challenges for the ocean and you have different interest groups beginning to Probably what impressed me most is that work together to solve these problems.” every member of this group was prepared to put aside their differences to work towards Henry Demone, CEO, High Liner Foods Inc. solutions to the problems affecting our oceans. Just goes to show what could be possible on the scale of the GPO.” “This is the sweet spot in time. Never before John Tanzer, Director, could we know what we now know…The Blue WWF Global Marine Programme Ribbon Panel is charged with recognizing that there are issues but there are also opportunities…This panel has a chance to provide some insight from different angles and different perspectives.” Sylvia Earle, Founder of Mission Blue / The Sylvia Earle Alliance www.globalpartnershipforoceans.org/indispensable-ocean D