g.ph .worldbank.or http://www THE WORLD BANK GROUP 1818 H. Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433 U.S.A. Country Office, Manila Tel. (202) 477-1234 Fax. (202) 477-6391 23rd Floor, The Taipan Place, Emerald Avenue Telex: MCI 64145 WORLDBANK Ortigas Center, Pasig City, Philippines MCI 248423 WORLDBANK Tel. (63-2) 637-5855 Fax. (63-2) 917- 3050 www.worldbank.org.ph December 2003 The Philippines Environment Monitor 2000 presented snapshots of the general environmental trends in the country. The Philippines Environment Monitor 2001 focused on solid waste management. The Philippines Environment Monitor 2002 focused on air quality. This document was prepared by a Team composed of Mdmes./Messrs., Christopher Ancheta, Masuomi Hiroyama, Patchamuthu Illangovan, Juergen Lorenz, Yolanda Mingoa, Arlene Porras, Jitendra Shah (Task Team Leader), Jema Sy, Luiz Claudio Tavares, Josefo Tuyor, Elizabeth Verzola, Divina Gracia Verzosa, and Maya G. Villaluz. The document was peer reviewed by Messrs. David A. Howarth, Keith Robert A. Oblitas, L. Panneer Selvam, and David R. Wheeler of The World Bank. Comments and information provided by the World Bank staff including Mdmes./Messrs., Bhuvan Bhatnagar, Chris Hoban, Magda Lovei, and Robert Vance Pulley along with inputs from Honorable Secretary Environment Elisea (Bebet) Gozun are gratefully acknowledged. Ms. Lourdes Anducta coordinated the cover design, layout, and production. Mr. Jeffrey Lecksell prepared the map. Photographs, including the cover page, were obtained from LLDA, USAID, and Christopher Ancheta are acknowledged. The document was printed at CGKformaprint, Inc., Metro Manila, Philippines. Mdmes./Messrs. Jose Eric Maglanque, Leonora Gonzales, Anissa Tria, and Charito Cabalang are responsible for dissemination. The views expressed in the Philippines Environment Monitor are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank Group, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. The material contained herein has been obtained from sources believed reliable, but it is not necessarily complete and cannot be guaranteed. Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface i Abbreviations and Acronyms ii Executive Summary iii Water Quality Hot Spots iv Philippines Water Quality at a Glance v Water Resources, Quality, and Availability 1 Sources of Water Pollution 7 Critical Regions 10 Effects and Economic Losses 17 Policies and Institutions 21 Urban Sanitation and Sewerage 24 Investment Requirements for Sewerage and Sanitation 28 Challenges 32 Annex 1: Hot Spots and Methodology for Rating 34 Water Quality and Quantity Scorecards 35 Relevant Websites 39 Glossary of Terms 40 Acknowledgements 41 Philippines at a Glance 42 Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 PREFACE PREF The Philippines Environment Monitor series has been providing a snapshot of key environmental trends and indicators in the country for the past four years. Its aim is to inform stakeholders of key environmental changes and challenges in a simple and easy-to-understand format. The 2000 Monitor was the first attempt at benchmarking general environmental indicators and subsequent Environment Monitors addressed solid waste management (2001) and air quality (2002). The 2003 Monitor focuses on water quality. The Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 is the result of a joint exercise involving national agencies, academia, civil society, and researchers. The concept of the 2003 Monitor was discussed at a consultation workshop on November 21, 2002, and a draft was discussed at various forums between June and August 2003. Information contained in this Monitor has been obtainedfrompublishedandunpublisheddata,reportsofgovernmentagencies,universities,non-governmentalorganizations, individuals, and the World Bank and its international partners. Population growth, urbanization, and industrialization reduce the quality of Philippine waters, especially in densely populated areas and regions of industrial and agricultural activities. The discharge of domestic and industrial wastewater and agricultural runoff has caused extensive pollution of the receiving water-bodies. This effluent is in the form of raw sewage, detergents, fertilizer, heavy metals, chemical products, oils, and even solid waste. Each of these pollutants has a different noxious effect that influences human livelihood and translates into economic costs. The adverse impact of water pollution costs the economy an estimated PhP 67 billion annually (more than US $ 1.3 billion). The Government continues its fight against worsening water pollution by espousing and including among its priorities, environment policies, legislation, and decrees that address the growing need to control water pollution. In the last few years, the Government has also employed economic instruments such as pollution fines and environmental taxes. The pending Clean WaterAct proposes an integrated, holistic, decentralized and participatory approach to abating, preventing and controlling water pollution in the country. This monumental step, taken collectively by various stakeholders, is the first attempt to consolidate different fragmented laws and provide a unified direction and focus to fighting water pollution. The Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 comprises eight sections: (i) an overview of the country's water quality and availability status, and water pollution conditions of surface, ground and coastal waters by region; (ii) the sources of water pollution, including various types of effluents, their generation, and the effects of wastewater discharges to human health and the environment; (iii) the four critical regions that were found to have unsatisfactory rating for water quality and quantity; (iv) the effects and economic losses due to polluted waters, health cost, and costs to fishery and tourism sectors; (v) a description of the water policies, institutional arrangements in water resources management, and enforcement of standards and economic instruments; (vi) urban sanitation and sewerage program and performance; (vii) investment requirements in water pollution control; and (viii) the challenges in implementing an integrated water resources management program. Robert Vance Pulley Maria Teresa Serra Country Director, Philippines Sector Director, Environment East Asia and Pacific Region and Social Development The World Bank East Asia and Pacific Region The World Bank i Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ABBREVIA ADB Asian Development Bank MSSP Manila Second Sewerage Project BFAR Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources MTDP Medium Term Philippine Development Plan BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand MTPIP Medium Term Philippine Investment Plan BRL Bureau of Research and Laboratories MWCI Manila Water Company, Inc. BRS Bureau of Research and Standards MWSI Maynilad Water Services, Inc. BSWM Bureau of Soils and Water Management MWSS Metropolitan Waterworks and BWSA Barangay Waterworks and Sewerage System Sanitation Association NCR National Capital Region CAR Cordillera Autonomous Region NDHS National Domestic and Housing Survey CHED Commission on Higher Education NEDA National Economic and CRMP Coastal Resource Management Project Development Authority DA Department of Agriculture NEUF National Environmental User Fee DAO Department Administrative Order NIA National Irrigation Administration DENR Department of Environment and NMTT Navotas-Malabon-Tenejeros-Tullahan Natural Resources NPC National Power Corporation DILG Department of Interior and NRW Non-revenue waters Local Government NSCB National Statistical Coordination Board DO Dissolved Oxygen NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Unit DOH Department of Health NWRB National Water Resources Board DOST Department of Science and Technology PAB Pollution Adjudication Board DOT Department of Tourism PAGASA Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and DWF Dry-Weather Flow Astronomical Services Administration DPWH Department of Public Works and Highways PD Presidential Decree EGF Environmental Guarantee Fund PDTS Placer Dome Technical Services EHS Environmental Health Services PhP Philippines Peso EMB Environmental Management Bureau PIA Philippine Information Agency EO Executive Order PNSDW Philippine National Standards for EUFS Environmental User Fee System Drinking Water GDP Gross Domestic Product PPP Polluters Pay Principle GRDP Gross Regional Domestic Product PRRC Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission GVA Gross Value Added PSP Private Sector Participation HABs Harmful Algal Blooms PTA Philippine Tourism Authority HBP Haul Back Plan Phil USS-NASAP Philippines Urban Sewerage and IEC Information, Education and Sanitation - National Strategy and Communication Action Plan JBIC Japan Bank for International Cooperation RWSA Rural Waterworks and JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency Sanitation Association Km2 Square kilometers SMICZMP Southern Mindanao Integrated Coastal LGU Local Government Unit Zone Management Project LLDA Laguna Lake Development Authority SS Suspended Solid Lpcd Liters per capita per day STD Submarine Tailings Disposal LWUA Local Water Utilities Administration STP Sewage Treatment Plant m3 Cubic meter TDS Total Dissolved Solids MBI Market Based Instrument USAID United States Agency for MCM Million Cubic Meters International Development MDG Millennium Development Goals USGS U.S. Geological Survey Mfg Manufacturing WD Water District MGB Mines and Geosciences Bureau WHO World Health Organization mg/l Milligrams per liter WPCF Water Pollution Control Federation MMC Metro Manila Commission WQAP Water Quality Association of the Philippines MPN Most Probable Number WRR Water Resources Region WTP Willingness to Pay Exchange Rate 1 USD = 55.75 Philippine Peso, January 7, 2004 ii Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Access to clean and adequate water remains an acute seasonal problem in urban and coastal areas in the Philippines. The National Capital Region (Metro Manila), Central Luzon, Southern Tagalog, and Central Visayas are the four urban critical regions in terms of water quality and quantity. The Government's monitoring data indicates: * Just over a third or 36 percent of the country's river systems are classified as sources of public water supply; * Up to 58 percent of groundwater sampled is contaminated with coliform and needs treatment; * Approximately 31 percent of illnesses monitored for a five-year period were caused by water-borne sources; and * Many areas are experiencing a shortage of water supply during the dry season. Nearly 2.2 million metric tons of organic pollution are produced annually by domestic (48 percent), agricultural (37 percent), and industrial (15 percent) sectors. In the four water-critical regions, water pollution is dominated by domestic and industrial sources. Untreated wastewater affects health by spreading disease-causing bacteria and viruses, makes water unfit for drinking and recreational use, threatens biodiversity, and deteriorates overall quality of life. Known diseases caused by poor water include gastro-enteritis, diarrhea, typhoid, cholera, dysentery, hepatitis, and more recently, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The number of water-related health outbreaks including deaths reported in newspapers is going up. However, awareness regarding the need for improved sanitation and water pollution control, reflected by the willingness-to-pay and connection to a sewerage system where they are easily available, is very low. The annual economic losses caused by water pollution are estimated at PhP 67 billion (US$ 1.3 billion). These include PhP 3 billion for health, PhP 17 billion for fisheries production, and PhP 47 for tourism. Losses due to environmental damage in terms of compensation and claims are on the rise in the Philippines. To guard against environmental impacts of water pollution, the Philippines has many water-related laws, but their enforcement is weak and beset with problems that include: inadequate resources, poor database, and weak cooperation among different agencies and Local Government Units (LGUs). A Clean Water Act is now being deliberated in the Congress. There is considerable under-investment by the Government in sanitation and sewerage, indicating a low spending priority, though ranked as a high priority in the Philippines Agenda 21 of 1996. Only seven percent of the country's total population is connected to sewer systems and only a few households have acceptable effluent from on-site sanitation facilities. Estimates show that over a 10-year period, the country will need to invest PhP250 billion (nearly US$ 5 billion) in physical infrastructure. While LGUs recognize emerging water quality problems, they are constrained by high investment and operating costs, limited willingness-to-pay, and restricted space available in the low-income urban areas where sewage is disposed of indiscriminately. Some of the Government budget, which is directed mostly towards water supply (97 percent of the total), needs to be diverted to sewerage and sanitation. Individuals are not yet aware and willing to pay for these services and Government incentives are justified in the short-term for the larger community-wide benefits. The four main challenges faced by the Philippines to improve the quality of its surface, ground, and coastal waters and provide healthy living conditions for all Filipinos include: · Public disclosure, raising awareness about health impacts of poor water quality, and beach eco-watch program to increase stakeholder participation; · Investing significantly in wastewater management in urbanized and tourist centers, which is more cost effective, by expanding user base, promoting intermediate solutions and using smaller and decentralized collection and treatment systems when appropriate; · Stimulating revenues and incentives to attract private sector participation in financing wastewater infrastructure by increasing wastewater fees, industrial pollution charges, and providing access to credit; and · Providing effective regulations and incentives through the enactment of the Clean Water Act with clear implementing rules and regulations. iii Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 WATER QUALITY HOT SPOTS WATER QUALITY HOT SPOTS IBRD 32871 December 2003 iv Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 PHILIPPINES WATER QUALITY ATT A GLANCE PHILIPPINES W A GLANCE Issues/Topics Status/Contribution/ Critical Areas Priority Pollutants/Parameters Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) · 64% of the river Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) exceeded public water supply criterion. · Critical areas are Metro Manila, Southern Tagalog, and Central Luzon. · BOD levels of Pasig River from 1998 to 2001 show improvement. · Laguna Lake meets BOD for fishery, but half of the rivers that feed the lake have high BOD values. Coliform, Heavy Metal, Pesticides, · Development of database for most parameters needed. Toxics, and Others · Preliminary groundwater data indicate coliform contamination requiring treatment. · Heavy metals and toxic pollutants from industrial sources contribute to pollution in Metro Manila, Central Luzon, Southern Tagalog, Cebu and mining sources in Cordillera Autonomous Region and CARAGA. · Pesticide pollution in rural areas is from agricultural runoff. Salt-Water Intrusion · 60% of the groundwater extraction without permit resulting in indiscriminate withdrawal and salt-water intrusion in coastal areas. · Localized impacts around the coastal areas need countermeasures to limit further intrusion. · Critical areas are Cebu, Iloilo, Dagupan, Cavite, Zamboanga and coastal Metro Manila, and Luzon. Water Quantity/Availability · Ground and surface water resource potential is large and generally sufficient (84,734 MCM). · Basins of Agusan and Mindanao have the highest amount of water while Cebu Island has the lowest. · Water deficit would be experienced by year 2025 by some of the areas. · Critical areas are Pasig-Laguna, Pampanga and Agno, Bicol, Cagayan, Luzón, Jalaur, Ilog-Hilabangan, and island of Cebu. Sources of BOD Loading and other Pollutants Domestic · Metro Manila: 58 percent; Central Luzon and Southern Tagalog: 51 percent of the total BOD for the region (330,000 metric tons). · Metro Manila, Southern Tagalog, and Central Luzon are critical areas. Industrial · Metro Manila 42 percent of the total BOD for the region. · Mining areas of CAR and CARAGA contribute pollution to the receiving bodies of water. · Toxic pollution and contributions are not monitored routinely. Agricultural · Southern Tagalog: 35 percent; Ilocos Region: 58 percent; and Central Visayas: 46 percent of the total for the region. · Contributions of pesticides and fertilizer residues need to be better quantified and controlled. Solid Waste/Garbage · Contribution to BOD and other pollutants not quantified or well regulated. · Open dumpsites are still operated in Metro Manila and all over the Philippines in spite of the laws. · Metro Manila: BOD contribution is over 150,000 Metric tons per year. Responses Monitoring and Analysis · Strategic and focused monitoring for critical areas is needed. · Monitoring and analysis of data from agencies need improvement. · Public access to information is limited and participation is generally during crisis situations only. Enforcement · Inadequate allocation of Government resources. · Weak enforcement of water-related legislation and regulations. · Constraints in capacity. Policies and Interagency Coordination · Delineation/clarification of function for many agencies. · Operation of effective regulatory framework for urban sanitation. · Clean Water Act is proposed but not passed. High Medium Low v Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 WATER RESOURCES, QUALITY, AND AVAILABILITY AILABILITY The Philippines, an archipelago of 7,107 islands, is comprised Rivers and Lakes occupy 1,830 square kilometers (0.61 of three major island groups: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. percent of total area). The Philippines has 421 principal river Luzon occupies nearly 50 percent of the land area of the basins in 119 proclaimed watersheds. Of these, 19 are country, with close to 80 percent of the country's considered major river basins and were included in the Water manufacturing establishments and nearly 60 percent of all Quantity Scorecard (see Annex 1). The longest river is the its households. Luzon has the most number of regions, with Cagayan in Region II. Other important rivers in Luzon seven of the 16 regions, as compared to the Visayas, which include the Agno and Pampanga, crossing the plains of has only three regions, and Mindanao, which has six regions. Table 1 shows the region's comparative distribution of land area, households, gross regional domestic product (GRDP), manufacturing establishments, and gross value added (GVA) for manufacturing and agriculture. WATER RESOURCES The country is endowed with rich natural resources, including water, which are essential for the country's economic development and in meeting its Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Water resources of the Philippines include inland freshwater (rivers, lakes, and groundwater), and marine (bay, coastal, and oceanic waters). Overall, there is sufficient water but not enough in highly populated areas, especially during dry season. Table 1 Regional Demography and Economic Activities, 1999 Region Land Area No. of Households GRDP No. of Mfg. GVA Mfg Agriculture GVA (in km2) Establishments Land Area Agriculture (in km2) NCR-Metro Manila 636 2,132,989 279,045 7,774 87,487 - - CAR-Cordillera Autonomous Region 13,714 263,816 22,301 88 7,410 190,235 3,348 I - Ilocos 12,840 831,549 28,639 344 1,598 415,434 11,996 II - Cagayan Valley 26,838 554,004 21,337 146 718 709,964 11,474 III - Central Luzon 18,067 1,632,047 83,940 1,840 26,652 653,607 19,174 IV - Southern Tagalog 46,844 2,410,972 142,075 3,806 44,726 1,410,315 33,696 V - Bicol 17,633 891,541 25,811 234 381 1,004,425 8,541 VI - Western Visayas 20,011 1,211,647 65,439 580 10,223 889,549 19,661 VII - Central Visayas 14,952 1,129,317 62,952 1,432 12,863 665,446 8,183 VIII -Eastern Visayas 21,432 715,025 22,171 169 4,653 957,329 6,764 IX - Western Mindanao 15,586 595,728 25,641 238 2,239 763,796 12,862 X - Northern Mindanao 14,033 542,075 39,592 311 9,205 828,515 12,632 XI - Southern Mindanao 27,141 1,066,199 51,061 727 7,561 1,103,297 16,171 XII - Central Mindanao 14,571 501,915 24,983 186 7,118 706,472 8,762 ARMM - Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao 18,847 393,269 9,080 13 365 - 5,203 CARAGA 11,410 393,362 13,314 144 1,468 - 4,940 Source: Philippines Statistical Yearbook, 2000. 1 Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 Central Luzon; the Pasig, a commercially important artery Groundwater is replenished or recharged by rain and flowing through the center of Metro Manila, providing the seepage from rivers. As noted in Table 2, the recharge or main drainage outlet for most of the waterways; and the extraction potential is estimated at 20,200 MCM per year. Bicol, the primary river of Region V. The principal river of Groundwater contributes 14 percent of the total water Mindanao is the Rio Grande de Mindanao, which receives resource potential of the Philippines. Region X has the lowest the waters of the Pulangi and the Agusan. potential source of groundwater compared to its surface water potential, while Regions I and VII have the highest There is no updated inventory of lakes at present, but a recent potential. study has placed the number of lakes at 72.1 The largest lake is the Laguna de Bay, which encompasses two regions: Groundwater is used for drinking by about 50 percent of Metro Manila and Region IV with an area of 922 km2 the people in the country. Based on the water rights granted (Box 1). by the National Water Resources Board (NWRB) since 2002, 49 percent of groundwater is consumed by the domestic Lake Taal, 56 km south of Manila, occupies a huge volcanic sector, and the remaining shared by agriculture (32 percent), crater and contains an island that is itself a volcano, with its industry (15 percent), and other sectors (4 percent). About own crater lake. The largest lake in Mindanao is Lake Lanao, 60 percent of the groundwater extraction is without which is a major source of hydropower. water- right permits, resulting in indiscriminate withdrawal3. Bays and Coastal Waters cover an area of 266,000 km2, while A high percentage (86 percent) of piped-water supply oceanic waters cover 1,934,000 km2. The total length of the systems uses groundwater as a source. coastline is 36,289 km. The Philippine coastline is irregular, In terms of sectoral demand, agriculture has a high demand with numerous bays, gulfs, and islets. Manila Bay, a sheltered of 85 percent, while industry and domestic have a combined harbor, is the country's busiest commercial hub. About 60 demand of only 15 percent (see Table 3). percent of Philippine municipalities and cities are coastal, with 10 of the largest cities located along the coast. These Table 2 Groundwater Availability (in MCM) coastal cities and municipalities are inhabited by about 60 percent of the total population2. Water Resources Groundwater Surface Total Water Percent Region Potential Water Resources Ground Potential Potential Water to Box 1 - Laguna Lake, Pasig River and Manila Bay Total Potential Laguna de Bay or Laguna Lake receives water from 21 river X Northern Mindanao 2,116 29,000 31,116 6.8 VI Western Visayas 1,144 14,200 15,344 7.45 systems that flow through five provinces (including Manila), 10 IX Western Mindanao 1,082 12,100 13,182 8.21 cities, and 51 municipalities. The watershed covers about 292,200 XII Southern Mindanao 1,758 18,700 20,458 8.59 hectares and is home to a high concentration of industries (1600 XI Southeastern Mindanao 2,375 11,300 13,675 17.37 estimated by Laguna Lake Development Authority - LLDA). As a III Central Luzón 1,721 7,890 9,611 17.91 result of land-use changes (deforestation, quarry activities, urban IV Southern Tagalog 1,410 6,370 7,780 18.12 expansion), about 4 million tons of suspended solids enter the VIII Eastern Visayas 2,557 9,350 11,907 21.47 lake annually, leading to an average net accretion of 0.5 cm/ yr. II Cagayan Valley 2,825 8,510 11,335 24.92 The present average depth of the lake is 2.5 m. The lake's only V Bicol 1,085 3,060 4,145 26.18 outlet is to the Pasig River. I Ilocos 1,248 3,250 4,498 27.75 VII Central Visayas 879 2,060 2,939 29.91 The Pasig River which passes through the center of Metro Manila Total 20,200 125,790 145,990 13.84 and serves as its major waterway, has become seriously polluted Source: NWRB, 2003. over time. The Pasig river discharges into the Manila Bay. Manila Table 3 Water Demand in the Philippines (in MCM/year) Bay is an important economic resource with competing uses. The surrounding catchment area covers about 17,000 km2 and is Water Demand 1996 2025 % of Total home to an estimated 16 million people. The largest harbor in Low High (1996) the country is located in Manila Bay with primary port services Municipalities 2,178 7,430 8,573 7.27 catering to both national and international maritime traffic. Industrial 2,233 3,310 4,997 7.46 Agriculture 25,533 51,920 72,973 85.27 Increasing urbanization has damaged the coastal habitats and Irrigation 18,527 38,769 53,546 61.87 estuaries, which serve as spawning grounds of many economically Livestock 107 224 309 0.36 important fishes. Fishery 6,899 14,437 19,939 23.04 Total Demand 29,944 62,660 86,543 100.00 Sources: DENR-EMB and LLDA, 2002. Groundwater (GW) Recharge 20,200 20,200 20,200 % GW Potential/ Total Demand 67.46 32.24 32.24 Sources: NWRB, 2003 and JICA, Master Plan Study on Water Resources 1SEAFDEC-PCAMRD-DA/BFAR Conversation and Ecological Management in the Republic of the Philippines, 1998. management of Philippine Lakes in relation to Fisheries and Aquaculture, 2001. 2Local Government Development Foundation (LOGODEP) and Konrad 3Presentation by Engr. Jorge Estioko, Chief, Monitoring and Enforcement Adenaur Siftung (KAS). Instructive Guide in the Replication of the Division, National Water Resources Board during an NGO Consultative Tubigon-LOGODEP-KAS Mariculture Project (Manila, September 2001). Workshop in 2003 at Miriam College, Philippines. 2 Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 WATER QUALITY Water pollution affects fresh, marine, and groundwater Table 4 Water Classification by Beneficial Use resources of the country. Details on water quality for surface water (rivers, lakes, bays) and groundwater are found in Classification Beneficial Use Annex 1. Surface water quality can be assessed by using For Fresh Surface Waters (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, etc.) Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand Class AA: Public Waters that require disinfections to meet the Water Supply National Standards for Drinking Water (BOD) as parameters4. The environmental and public health (NSDW) dimensions of the water quality situation are as follows: Class A: Public Waters that require complete treatment Water Supply to meet the NSDW · 36 percent of the river sampling points have been Class B: Waters for primary contact recreation (e.g. Recreational Water bathing, swimming, skin diving, etc.) classified as public water supply sources (Table 4 and Class C: · Water for the fishery production Figure 1); · Recreational Water Class II (boating, etc.) · Industrial Water Supply Class I · about 60 percent of the country's population live along Class D: · For agriculture, irrigation, livestock watering coastal areas and contribute to discharge of untreated · Industrial Water Supply Class II · Other inland waters domestic and industrial wastewater from inland5; For Coastal and Marine Waters (as amended by DAO 97-23) Class SA · Waters suitable for the fishery production · preliminary data indicate that up to 58 percent of · National marine parks and marine reserves groundwater intended for drinking water supplies are · Coral reefs parks and reserves Class SB · Tourist zones and marine reserves contaminated with total Coliform and would need · Recreational Water Class 1 treatment6; and · Fishery Water Class 1 for milk fish Class SC · Recreational Water Class II (e.g. boating) · 31 percent of illnesses for a five-year period was from · Fishery Water Class II (commercial) water-related diseases (Figure 2) . 7 · Marshy and/or mangrove areas declared as fish and wildlife sanctuaries Water classification, based on "beneficial use," is outlined Class SD · Industrial Water Supply Class II · Other coastal and marine waters in Table 4. Water classifications are arranged in the order of Sources: DENR Administrative Order No. 34 and No. 97-23. the degree of protection required, with Classes AA and SA having generally the most stringent requirements, while Class D and SD have the least stringent water quality. Figure 1 River Water Classification as of 2001 Figure 2 Sources of Illnesses for 1996-2000 Class AA Class D 3% 1% Others Circulatory 4% 3% Water Related Diseases Class A 31% 35% Class C 39% Respiratory System 62% Class B 22% Total Sampling Points in Year 2001 = 445 Total Number of Illnessess = 16,703,148 Source: DENR-EMB, 2003. Source: National Epidemiology Center data, Department of Health. 4National standards for DO vary from 2 to 5 mg/l and for BOD from 1 to 15 mg/l based on beneficial water usage and classification. 5Local Government Development Foundation (LOGODEF) and Konrad Adenauer Stiftung (KAS). Instructive Guide in the Replication of the Tubigon-LOGODEF-KAS Mariculture Project. (Manila, September 2001). 6Compiled data from various Feasibility Studies of LWUA, 1990-1997. 7National Epidemiology Center data, Department of Health. 3 Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 Rivers and Lakes. Between 1996-2001, the Environmental Figure 3 Biochemical Oxygen Demand Observations Management Bureau (EMB) monitored 141 rivers. About 41 for Manila Bay Area, April 1999 - June 2002 rivers (or 29 percent) had minimum DO values of less than 5 mg/l, which affects fish; 92 rivers (or 64 percent) had maximum values of BOD that exceeded the criterion for Class A waters. These high percentages indicate organic pollution. Figure 1 illustrates the percentages for river water classification levels for 2001. Further, between 1996-2001, DO and BOD levels for Laguna de Bay, Taal Lake, and Lake Danao in Leyte meet the Class A criteria. Naujan Lake in Oriental Mindoro has DO and BOD levels that do not meet its Class B criteria. Bays and Coastal Waters. EMB monitored a total of 39 bays and coasts in the Philippines for a long time and regularly since 1996. Manila Bay has its own monitoring program. Except for Puerto Galera Bay, which is a protected seascape, the data indicated that 64 percent had DO levels below 5 Source: DENR-EMB. mg/l, the minimum criterion set for waters suitable as a tourist zone, fishery spawning area, and contact recreation Box 2 Persistent Red Tide: A Threat to or swimming area. In the coasts of Mandaue to Minglanilla Marine Resources and Public Health in Cebu (Central Visayas), DO levels varied from 0 to 14 mg/l, which indicate that the ecosystem is already The extent of water pollution in Philippine bays can be gleaned undergoing "stress" during certain periods. from the frequent occurrence of red tide since it first came to the attention in 1983. Red tide usually occurs when high organic Except in Cawacawa (Zamboanga City), the maximum loading from rivers drain into bays resulting in harmful algal values of BOD were all within the criterion set for Class SB blooms (HABs). waters of 5 mg/l. Manila Bay has BOD levels that are From 1983 to 2001, a total of 42 toxic outbreaks have resulted generally within fishery water quality criterion (Figure 3). in a total of 2,107 paralytic shellfish poisoning cases with 117 However, seasonal high organic loadings from rivers deaths. Earlier, only a few coastal areas of the country were draining into the bays and in particular, Manila Bay, also affected in scattered locations, but today, this has grown to a result in harmful algal blooms (HABs) that pose a continuing total of 20 coastal areas. threat to marine resources and public health (see Box 2). For Manila Bay, during the 1992 Pyrodinium red tide outbreak, around 38,500 fisherfolks were displaced from their livelihood Groundwater. Pollution of groundwater may come from due to the red tide scare. Estimated economic losses for domestic wastewater, agricultural runoffs, and industrial displaced fisherfolks was PhP 3.4 billion (in 2002 prices). effluents. This occurs when contaminants reach the aquifer The Government has created the National Red Tide Task Force. or water table in the form of leachate. A major activity of the Task Force is the regular issuance of Red Tide Updates. Domestic wastewater is the main contributor of bacterial contamination to the groundwater supplies. The presence Sources: BFAR-JICA, Guide on Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Monitoring in the Philippines, 2002 and F.A.Bajarias, Red Tide Monitoring Program of coliform bacteria in drinking water supplies can cause in the Philippines. water-borne diseases such as diarrhea, cholera, dysentery, hepatitis A, and others. Limited data on the bacteriological content of groundwater from 129 wells indicated a high level of positive coliform bacteria in 75 wells (58 percent)8. Another problem is saline water intrusion, which is caused by over-exploitation or excessive withdrawal of groundwater. This reduces water availability for domestic usage, including drinking and agricultural usage (See Water Quality Scorecard for groundwater). 8Compiled data from various Feasibility Studies of Water Districts, LWUA, 1990-1997 and NWRB-NWIN Project. Positive means the presence of total coliform bacteria in the water sample. Negative means total coliform must not be detectable in any 100 ml sample. Because of the small number of samples, the statistical reliability of this data needs to be improved. 4 Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 At present, the large cities and coastal areas that have serious Box 3 Groundwater Recharge ... A Possible Solution problems of saltwater intrusion are: Metro Manila (from to a Dwindling Resource? Malabon, Navotas, Manila, Paranaque), Cavite (from Noveleta, Rosario, Tanza, Naic), along Laguna de Bay (from Many major coastal cities in the Philippines, like Cebu, Iloilo, Muntinlupa to Binangonan), and Cebu, Iloilo, Zamboanga, Dagupan, and coastal areas of Metro Manila and Cavite, are Laoag, and Dagupan9. One solution to arrest saltwater encountering saltwater intrusion problems in their groundwater intrusion is groundwater recharge (see Box 3). resources due to over extraction of fresh water. This phenomenon is a consequence of: WATER AVAILABILITY · Over utilization of groundwater by water service providers The amount of water availability and demand by river basin e.g., LGU, WD, Private-run, RWSA/ BWSA, among others; is presented in Figure 4. Water is distributed unevenly among the regions, with some areas containing more while others · Exploitation of groundwater in inland municipalities resulting in conflicts on water rights and allocation of water usage, and have limited supplies. For the low economic growth lack of an inter-municipal integrated water supply concept in scenario10, it is projected that by the year 2025, water coastal cities. availability deficit would take place in Pasig-Laguna (WRR Countermeasures IV), Pampanga andAgno (WRR III), Bicol (WRR V), Cagayan (WRR II), all regions in Luzon and Jalaur and Ilog- Groundwater recharge in inland areas and usage of surface Hilabangan (WRR VI), and the island of Cebu (WRR VII) in water are the most reliable countermeasures to limit the saltwater Visayas. Cebu Island was included in the analysis due to its intrusion. Surface water requires water treatment facilities and assurance of steady water intake throughout the year. In addition, significant economic role, which is second to Metro Manila. available surface water near coastal cities is usually limited. Groundwater recharge, on the other hand, helps ensure a All major cities, except Angeles and Iloilo, show a water constant supply of fresh water to coastal cities. This low-cost supply deficit until 2025 (Table 5). This tabulation also shows option needs exploration for the Philippines. the limitations of groundwater potential and extraction in highly urbanized areas, which has to be balanced with surface water. Metro Manila is currently experiencing water Figure 4 Water Potential and Demand by River Basin deficits. Although for some cities like Baguio, which have no shortfall considering current demand, it is known that major water shortages do occur during the summer. In general, water deficits are time and site specific. Meanwhile, the basins of Agusan and Cagayan de Oro (WRR X) in Mindanao enjoy the highest surplus. Further details on water quantity issues for major basins are found in the Water Quantity Scorecard in Annex 1. Source: JICA Master Plan Study on Water Resources Management in the Philippines (1998). Low economic growth scenario, 80 percent surface water availability. 9JICA-NWRB Master Plan Study on Water Resources Management in the Republic of the Philippines, 1998. 10Low growth scenario 1998 JICA-NWRB Master Plan Study. 5 PhilippinesEnvironment Monitor 2003 Philippine Environment Monitor 2003 Table 5 Water Demand of Major Cities in the Philippines in MCM/year YEAR TOTAL Metro Metro Davao Baguio Angeles Bacolod Iloilo Cagayan Zamboanga Manila Cebu de Oro Demand 1995 1,303 1,068 59 50 12 11 37 9 29 28 Demand 2025 3,955 2,883 342 153 87 31 111 47 98 203 Groundwater Availability Average 759 191 60 84 15 137 103 80 34 54 Surplus/Deficit 1995 -877 1 34 3 126 66 71 5 26 Surplus/Deficit 2025 2,692 -282 -69 -73 106 -8 33 -64 -149 Surplus/Deficit 1995 -82% 2% 69% 21% 1148% 179% 788% 18% 92% Surplus/Deficit 2025 -93% -82% -45% -83% 343% -7% 70% -65% -73% Source: JICA Master Plan on Water Resources Management in the Philippines, 1998. Water Availability Per Capita Table 6 Annual Renewable Water Resources Among Southeast Asian countries, the Philippines ranks Country Total Resources 2000 second from the lowest in terms of per capita water (km3) (m3/person) availability per year with only 1,907 cubic meters as reflected World 42,655.0 7,045 in Table 6. This is much lower than Asian and world Asia 13,508.0 3,668 United States of America 2,460.0 8,838 averages11. Japan 460.0 3,393 Lao People's Dem Rep 190.4 35,049 Areas where the per capita water supply drops below 1,700 Malaysia 580.0 26,074 m3/year experience water stress while areas with per capita Myanmar 880.6 19,306 water supply below 1,000 m3/year are already experiencing Indonesia 2,838.0 13,380 Cambodia 120.6 10,795 water scarcity12. There are four river basins that belong to Vietnam 366.5 4,591 the latter category: Pampanga,Agno, Pasig-Laguna, and the Philippines 146.01/ 1,9071/ island of Cebu (Table 7). Thailand 110.02/ 1,8542/ Source: World Resources Institute 2000-2001. 1/ JICA Master Plan on Water Resources Management in the Philippines, 1998. WATERSHED MANAGEMENT 2/ World Bank Thailand Environment Monitor, 2001. Watersheds supply water according to the requirements of various domestic and industrial water and irrigation systems, as well as hydroelectric dams. One of the most Table 7 Water Availability for All Uses Per Capita formidable environmental challenges the Philippines faces by Water Resource Region today is its diminishing forest cover. Of the country's total forestland area of 15.88 M hectares, only 5.4 M ha are covered Major River Basin Total Water Water Availability with forests and fewer than a million hectares of these are WRR Resources Potential 1/ per Capita left with old growth forests. Over-exploitation of the forest (in MCM) (m3/person) IV Pasig-Laguna 1,816 124 resources and inappropriate land use practices have VII Cebu Island 708 218 disrupted the hydrological condition of watersheds, III Pampanga 4,688 888 resulting in accelerated soil erosion, siltation of rivers and III Agno 2,275 972 V Bicol 2,138 1,533 valuable reservoirs, increased incidence and severity of VI Jalaur 1,150 1,657 flooding, and decreasing supply of potable water. VI Ilog-Hilabangan 1,351 1,843 II Cagayan 5,496 2,143 XI Davao 1,449 2,368 XI Tagum-Libuganon 2,504 3,449 X Tagoloan 1,476 3,646 I Abra 2,200 4,954 XII Agus 2,479 5,070 XI Buayan Malungon 1,827 5,656 VI Panay 4,340 6,782 XII Mindanao 24,854 7,027 X Cagayan de Oro 3,672 9,321 X Agusan 15,984 13,732 II Abulog 4,326 19,228 TOTAL 84,734 1/ Includes groundwater and surface water at 80 percent dependability. 11World Resources Institute 2000-2001. 12Ibid 6 Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION Half the organic waste is from domestic sector based on the There are three main sources of water pollution - domestic calculations as outlined in Box 4. As shown in Table 8 and (municipal), industrial, and agricultural. They can be Figure 5, domestic wastewater is the main contributor to classified further as either point sources, which emit harmful BOD pollution with 1,090,000 metric tons (48 percent of the substances directly into a body of water, or non-point total load), followed by agricultural with 822,000 metric tons sources, which are scattered and deliver pollutants indirectly. (37 percent), and industrial with 325,000 metric tons (15 The technology to monitor and control point sources is well percent). On a regional basis, Metro Manila has the highest developed, while non-point sources are difficult to monitor total share of BOD loading (15 percent), followed by Region and control. IV (14 percent). Meanwhile, CAR has the lowest share (1.8 percent) as shown in Table 8 and Figure 6. These estimates Solid waste is a major non-point source of water pollution do not include pollution from solid waste discharge and that needs to be better controlled. Solid waste, disposed leachate, as well as other informal non-point sources. either at a dumpsite or directly into water-bodies, generates high loads of organic and inorganic pollution through One-third of domestic BOD generation comes from Metro biological disintegration. Leachate seeps through the ground Manila and Region IV. Table 8 shows that Metro Manila and its aquifer and contaminates groundwater or seeps into and Region IV account for the highest amount of domestic rivers, lakes, and coastal waters directly. Despite the passage BOD wastes at 18 and 15 percent, respectively, or one-third of the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act (RA 9003) of the country's generation. This is further elaborated in the into law in January 2001, open dumpsites are still operated Urban Sanitation and Sewerage section. around Metro Manila and all over the Philippines. Industrial Wastewater The volume and characteristics of industrial effluents differ by industry and depend on the production processes and Box 4 Computing Wastewater Generation in Table 8 Domestic Wastewater Generation. The average water consumption is 120 liters per capita per day (lpcd) in urban settings, where the water supply is piped individually into each household. Of this, 80 percent would be wastewater. In rural settings, where the water supply is rarely connected to households individually, water consumption would be, on the average, 60 lpcd, of which 80 percent would be wastewater. Domestic BOD Generation. Calculated by multiplying the regional population of year 2000 with a BOD factor of 37grams per person per day (unit pollution load). The BOD factor is taken as the national average and was applied to all regions except The major pollutants monitored for water pollution are: Metro Manila. Depending on the income class of households, unit pollution load ranges from 26 to 53 grams per person per Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Dissolved Oxygen day for low- and high-income groups, with the latter applied to (DO); Suspended Solids (SS); Total Dissolved Solids (TDS); the Metro Manila area (Table 8). Coliforms; Nitrates; Phosphates; heavy metals like Mercury and Chromium; toxic organics like pesticides and others. Of Industrial Wastewater Generation. Estimated by industry type using the WHO Rapid Assessment of Sources of Air, Water, these pollutants, extensive data has been compiled for BOD and Land Pollution. The annual amount of BOD generation was and DO between 1995 and 2001, while data for the other calculated by multiplying the annual volume of production output highly toxic pollutants are still incomplete. by the appropriate effluent factor. Domestic Wastewater Agricultural Wastewater Generation. The volume of wastewater Domestic effluents are generated by activities such as generation and BOD were estimated by using animal type and the WHO Rapid Assessment Method. The method uses the bathing, cleaning, sanitation, laundry, cooking, washing, and annual number of heads of livestock and poultry multiplied by other kitchen activities. Domestic wastewater contains a large the appropriate effluent factor. Adjustments were made on those amount of organic waste with suspended solids and farm animals (e.g., chickens) with a short production cycle. coliforms. 7 Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 scale of production used. Industrial wastewater may be Non-point Sources organic and/or inorganic. There are industries that are water- Monitoring of non-point sources, including solid waste intensive and correspondingly discharge large amounts of contribution, is scarce, and no attempt has been made thus wastewater such as food and dairy manufacturing; pulp, far to create an inventory. The common non-point sources paper and paperboard products; and textile products, and are urban runoff and agricultural runoff. For example, the others. BOD pollution reaching water-bodies, derived from solid waste of the Metro Manila area and surrounding provinces, Other types of waste include thermal waste, created by is estimated at an additional 150,000 metric tons per year. cooling processes used by industry and thermal power If solid waste is not collected, treated and disposed properly, stations. The increase in temperature can change the ecology the organic and toxic components of household, industrial of water-bodies. Additionally, hospital wastes are usually and hospital waste are mixed with rain and groundwater. infectious and have to be controlled at the source. Thermal, This creates an organic and inorganic cocktail, composed health care (hospital or medical), and toxic and hazardous of heavy metals and poly-organic and biological pathogenic wastes are created by industrial sources and can pose long- toxins, which causes illness and even deaths. term risk. (See Philippines Environment Monitor 2001 for further Once again, Metro Manila and Region IV account for the details on solid waste issues). highest amount of industrial BOD at 43 and 14 percent, respectively, or 57 percent of the country's total Figure 5 Share of Domestic, Industrial, (see Table 8). and Agricultural BOD at the National Level Agricultural Wastewater The major source of water pollution in rural areas is agricultural farms. The absence of facilities to intercept surface runoffs from agricultural farms degrades the water quality of surface and groundwater, especially in the Agricultural downstream urban areas. Major sources of agricultural Domestic 37% 48% effluents considered in the estimates of agricultural BOD generation include livestock and poultry. Major sources of agricultural runoffs include: organic wastes such as decayed plants, livestock manure, and dead animals; soil loss in the form of suspended solids; and pesticides and fertilizer residues. Industrial 15% Regions IV and I generate the highest load of agricultural BOD, accountingfor13and12percentofthetotalgeneration, Total BOD Generation = 2,236,750 mt/year respectively (Table 8). Refer to Table 8 for estimated total BOD generated by source. Figure 6 Regional Contribution of Domestic, Industrial, and Agricultural BOD Refer to Table 8 for estimated total BOD generated by source. 8 Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 Table 8 Estimated Water Effluent by Source Volume of Wastewater % Share of BOD Generation BOD Generation in Region in Sector in Sector (1) (3) (5) (2) (4) (6) Region 2000 1998 1999 of 2000 1998 1999 2000 1998 1999 BOD Generation otalT Share Sector Generation % BOD in Domestic Domestic Industrial Industrial Agricultural Domestic Agricultural Industrial Agricultural otalT In `000 m3 per Year % % % In `000 metric tons per Year NCR Metro 430,046 272 - 17.6% 42.5% 0.0% 192 138 - 330 14.8% Manila IV Southern 406,696 80 7,499 14.6% 14.1% 13.3% 159 46 109 314 14.0% Tagalog III Central 272,471 49 4,646 9.9% 9.0% 9.1% 108 29 75 213 9.5% Luzon VI Western 188,042 55 4,574 7.7% 5.1% 8.1% 84 17 67 167 7.5% Visayas VII Central 180,065 57 6,394 7.1% 7.4% 10.6% 77 24 87 189 8.4% Visayas XI Southern 160,025 47 4,888 6.4% 6.6% 8.6% 70 22 70 162 7.2% Mindanao V Bicol 128,849 22 3,036 5.8% 3.1% 5.4% 63 10 44 117 5.2% I Ilocos 121,268 24 7,260 5.2% 3.3% 11.5% 57 11 95 162 7.3% X Northern 87,085 15 5,568 3.4% 2.2% 9.1% 37 7 75 119 5.3% Mindanao IX Western 88,734 24 3,058 3.8% 3.3% 5.2% 42 11 43 95 4.3% Mindanao II Cagayan 74,556 1 3,541 3.5% 0.2% 6.1% 38 1 50 89 4.0% Valley VIII Eastern 101,307 8 1,236 4.5% 1.1% 2.6% 49 4 21 73 3.3% Visayas XII Central 74,964 4 2,346 3.2% 0.5% 3.9% 35 2 32 69 3.1% Mindanao ARMM 64,402 0.07 1,905 3.0% 0.0% 3.0% 33 0.05 25 57 2.6% CARAGA 62,311 6 539 2.6% 0.9% 1.2% 28 3 9 41 1.8% CAR 40,614 4 1,379 1.7% 0.6% 2.3% 18 2 19 39 1.8% TOTAL 2,481,435 668 57,869 100% 100% 100% 1,091 325 821 2,237 100% Notes: 1/ Thousand cu.m. per year using unit volume factor of 120 lpcd for urban population and 60 lpcd for rural population. 2/ Thousand metric tons per year using BOD effluent factor of 37 grams/person/day and applied to all regions except Metro Manila where 53 grams/person/day was applied. 3/ Thousand cu.m. per year using WHO unit waste volume by type of industry taken from Rapid Assessment of Sources of Air, Water, and Land Pollution. 4/ Thousand metric tons per year using WHO effluent factor for BOD by type of industry taken from Rapid Assessment of Sources of Air, Water, and Land Pollution. 5/ Thousand cu.m. per year using WHO unit waste volume by animal type taken from Rapid Assessment of Sources of Air, Water, and Land Pollution. 6/ Thousand metric tons per year using WHO effluent factor for BOD by animal type taken from Rapid Assessment of Sources of Air, Water, and Land Pollution. 9 Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 CRITICAL REGIONS CRITICAL REGIONS In the hot spots map, four regions were found to have an unsatisfactory (U) rating for the water quality and quantity Figure 7 Sector BOD Loading Metro Manila criteria (see Annex 1 for details). These are National Capital Region (NCR) or Metro Manila, Southern Tagalog (Region IV), Central Luzon (Region III), and Central Visayas (Region Industrial VII). Other regions that are not rated as critical will not be 42% discussed. NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION NCR, or Metro Manila, is the national capital and main hub of all socioeconomic, industrial, cultural, and political activities. Metro Manila is bounded on the north by the Central Luzon region, on the southeast by the Southern Tagalog region, and on the west by Manila Bay. While NCR Domestic is the smallest in terms of land area, it has the highest number 58% of households (28 percent of the total) and manufacturing activity (Table 1). With the highest population density of 16,497 persons/km2, it has no area for agriculture, and a limited land area for development expansions, except coastal Total BOD Generated = 330,000 mt/year reclamation. Metro Manila's industries, population, and For assumption refer to Table 8. development are spilling to Central Luzon and Southern Tagalog. There is insufficient good quality water available in the Box 5 Improving Laguna de Bay through LISCOP region. The largest source - Laguna de Bay - is under threat with rivers discharging large amounts of pollutants. The Laguna de Bay watershed includes some of the fast growing Coliform testing of deep wells shows contamination and the urban and industrial centers of Luzon and doubles both as need for treatment facilities. resource provider and a waste sink. The unchecked pollution continues to degrade the environmental resources of the lake Water Resource and its watershed. This is caused by excessive discharge of The Pasig-Laguna River Basin is the major river basin of the pollutants, expanding development activities, and inefficient institutional arrangements and capacity constraints. A strategic region. It has a drainage area of 4,678 km2 with an annual change in the management of the lake and its watershed is runoff of 7,485 MCM. The Pasig River is the principal river needed. system (see Boxes 1 and 5). Flood plains of the basin occupy The Laguna de Bay Institutional Strengthening and Community 23 percent of the total area. Participation Project (LISCOP) is a five-year project of the Since a river basin is the basis for regional water resource Government. Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA) will begin implementation in 2004. The envisioned change in the planning, Metro Manila is considered part of Water Resource management of the Laguna de Bay Region is two-fold: (1) co- Region IV (WRR IV). For the Pasig-Laguna Basin, the water managed micro-watershed environmental interventions, which resource potential is taken at 1,816 MCM. The projected water will support demand-driven LGU investments focusing on four demand is taken at 2,977 MCM for the year 2025. The ratio sector issues (waste management and sanitation, natural between water potential and projected demand is very low resources management, soil erosion and localized flood prevention, and eco-tourism); and (2) strengthening institutions at 0.61 (see Water Quantity Scorecard in Annex 1). and instruments, which will strengthen LLDA, LGUs, RCs and communities and develop/expand regulatory and market-based Water Quality instruments. The implementation of these components is expected In Metro Manila, 58 percent of its BOD loading (192,000 to reduce pollution loading of the lake and erosion of the metric tons) was generated by domestic waste, and the watershed; mainstream watershed concerns in LGU planning remaining 42 percent (138,000 metric tons) was from and investments; increase the involvement of communities in industries (see Figure 7 and Table 8). watershed management; and develop mechanisms for planning, development and financing of environmental investments. The goal of the project is to reduce organic pollution loading of regulated parameters from sources by 10 percent in five years. Sources: LISCOP and World Bank Reports. 10 Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 Rivers and Lakes Figure 9 DO Level in NCR, 1996 - 2001 The EMB sampled five rivers for the period 1996 to 2001: Parañaque, San Juan, Marikina, Pasig, and Navotas- Malabon-Tenejeros-Tullahan (NMTT). The San Juan River exhibited the highest average of BOD (32.5 mg/l) and the lowest average DO content (less than 2 mg/l), which did not meet criterion for Class C waters. Marikina River had the lowest BOD average of 8.1 mg/l, which met the quality criterion set for its beneficial use (Figures 8 and 9). All these rivers, at one point during the sampling period, exhibited a zero reading for DO, indicating that these rivers were "biologically dead'' during certain periods. Through the rehabilitation effort of the Government, the water quality Source: DENR-EMB, 2003. of the Pasig River showed improvement over the last five years (see Box 6). Laguna de Bay is estimated to receive approximately 74,300 Box 6 Cleaning up the Pasig River tons per year of BOD pollution. Domestic sources contribute 69 percent while the remaining 31 percent is from industrial and agricultural sources. Additionally, with the The Pasig River Rehabilitation Program aims to attain minimum Class C conditions by 2014. Infrastructure and municipal sedimentation rate of 0.5 centimeters per year, an estimated services in urban renewal areas adjacent to the riverbank 66 percent of the land area in the watershed is vulnerable to are to be upgraded, septic tank maintenance service and a erosion. septage treatment facility provided, and illegal dumping of municipal solid waste into the river system eliminated. Routine monitoring of BOD in Laguna Lake shows that it meets the Class C water quality criterion (Figure 10). This Water quality changes for the past four years include: indicates that BOD is not an issue, but siltation may be the · Improvement of the DO levels from 1998 to 2001 in nearly main problem. While the lake water exhibited a good quality, all stations; half of the rivers (four) that fed the lake had high BOD values · Increasing number of stations is passing ambient WQ (Figure 11). To improve the management of the lake and its criteria; watershed, the government is implementing the Laguna de Bay Institutional Strengthening and Community · Improvement of the BOD levels from 1998 to 2001 in nearly all stations; Participation Project (LISCOP Box 5). · Odor of the river is reduced; and · BOD load (from domestic sewage, solid waste, and Figure 8 BOD Level in NCR, 1996 - 2001 commercial and industrial liquid wastes) and floating solid wastes have been reduced which shows the importance of solid waste as a source. Sources: DENR-EMB, 2003 and ADB, 2003. Source: DENR-EMB, 2003. 11 Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 Figure 10 Annual Average BOD, Laguna de Bay, Figure 12 Total and Fecal Coliform for Selected Coastal Monitoring Period, 1996 - 1999 Areas and Beaches in Manila Bay, 1996 - 2002 Source: LLDA, 2003. Source: DENR-EMB, 2003. Figure 11 Annual Average BOD, Tributary Rivers in Laguna Province, 1996 - 1999 Box 7 Manila Bay ­ A Challenge Domestic wastewater discharge is the highest contributor to Manila Bay's organic pollution. Only 18 percent of the wastewater generated in Metro Manila households was collected by localized separate sewerage systems. Nearly all of this was discharged through an outfall into Manila Bay. Most residential wastewater (82 percent, or around 7.5 million people) was discharged into the public drainage system either directly or through one million septic tanks. These septic tanks were not desludged and the effluent poured into the water-bodies was essentially untreated, causing heavy pollution everywhere in Metro Manila, and particularly in high density areas. Industrial waste water also contributes to the pollution of the Manila Bay as indicated in the analysis of the sediments containing high levels of Metal pollutants. Source: LLDA, 2003. Through its Manila Second Sewerage Project (MSSP), Bays and Coastal Waters Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS) aims The annual geometric mean for fecal coliform in the Eastern to expand its septage management program to provide low- Manila coastal area was 15,545 MPN/100 ml in 1999, higher cost improvement of sewerage services. Further, it will reduce pollution in waterways and in Manila Bay, thus reducing the than the 11,103 MPN/100 ml in 1996 (Figure 12). This health hazards. The project includes construction of a pilot alarming bacterial load was attributed mainly to the septage treatment plant; rehabilitation of the Central and the voluminous untreated sewage and waste from households Ayala Sewerage Systems, the Ayala and the Dagat-Dagatan and commercial establishments. Except for some values in sewage treatment plants, and individual sewer connections; and 2002, all the values exceeded the criterion for Class SB waters provision of on-site treatment community sanitation. for contact recreation, e.g., swimming (see Box 7 for the Sources: http://www.worldbank.org.ph and MWSS, 2003. program being undertaken to clean up Manila Bay).Amajor contributor to bay and coastal water pollution is solid waste. For example, dumpsites such as Navotas, Pier 18 in Manila, and Cavite City discharge untreated leachate directly into Manila Bay. 12 Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 Groundwater The average turbidity level of groundwater in Metro Manila Figure 13 Sector BOD Loading Southern Tagalog is above the drinking water standard (Nephelometric Turbidity Unit - NTU 5). Some of the wells tested exhibited values higher than the standards for conductivity, hardness, Agricultural manganese, iron, and sodium. 35% REGION IV - SOUTHERN TAGALOG Bounded on the northwest by Metro Manila, Regions II and Domestic III, and on the southeast by Region V and Visayas, Region 51% IV is comprised of 11 provinces, six of which are on mainland Luzon and five are island provinces. It has the largest land area for a region. Three of its provinces are located on mainland Luzon and have special economic and industrial zones. The island provinces of Region IV are coastal tourist Industrial 14% destinations. Total BOD Generation = 314,100 mt/year Water Resource For assumptions refer to Table 8. Three of the six largest lakes of the country are located in the region: Laguna de Bay, Lake Taal in Batangas (with an Figure 14 BOD Level, Southern Tagalog, 1996-2001 area of 266.77 km2), and Lake Naujan in Oriental Mindoro (69.93 km2). The total water resources potential in the region is estimated as 7,780 MCM at 80% dependability. The annual amount of water use is 3,636 MCM with agriculture the largest consumer, followed by industrial uses and domestic demand. Sharing the same water resources with Metro Manila, it is projected that by 2025, there will be a shortfall of water supply if no water management program is in place. The basin occupies the major part of Metro Manila and of Rizal, Laguna, and Cavite provinces, which are the most populated areas in the Philippines. Water Quality The estimated contribution of domestic, agricultural, and Source: DENR-EMB, 2003. industrial sources to BOD loading are 51 percent (159,000 Figure 15 DO Level , Southern Tagalog metric tons), 35 percent (109,000 metric tons), and 14 percent Monitoring Period, 1996-2001 (46,000 metric tons), respectively (see Table 8 and Figure 13). Rivers and Lakes Rivers were not monitored for BOD and DO from 1996 to 2001. However, Taal Lake and Naujan Lake were sampled. Taal Lake met the Class C criterion for BOD, while Naujan Lake exhibited higher average value than the Class C criterion (see Figure 14). Bays and Coastal Waters Four bays were monitored from 1996 to 2001: Cajimos Bay in Romblon, Calancan Bay in Marinduque, Puerto Galera Bay in Oriental Mindoro, and Pagbilao Bay in Quezon. The minimum values of DO in the bays did not pass the Class SC criterion (see Figure 15). Source: DENR-EMB, 2003. 13 Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 Groundwater Bays and Coastal Water Only a small number of the wells in the Laguna province Monitoring in the Bataan coastal area at Matell, Villa Carmen, tested passed the drinking water criterion for total dissolved Villa Leonora, and Barangay Wawa stations show total solids and coliform content (see Water Quality Scorecard). coliform count above the water quality criterion of 5,000 MPN/100ml for coastal and marine water (Class SC). REGION III - CENTRAL LUZON Suitability of these waters for recreational use is thus Region III, bounded by Metro Manila on the south, is the questionable (see Figure 18).An eco-watch program, similar gateway to northern Luzon. Although one of the regions to the one for industries, where beaches are flagged according with small land area, it has the third highest numbers for to their water quality and suitability should be initiated to manufacturing establishments and households and is the bring attention to the poor quality water (e.g., Beach Eco- third highest contributor to the country's income from watch program called Blue Flag System in Turkey and other manufacturing and agriculture sectors and other economic Mediterranean countries). activities (see Table 1). Water Resource Figure 16 Sector BOD Loading Central Luzon Region Region III principally consists of the Agno and Pampanga River Basins and covers an aggregate area of 23,600 km2. The combined drainage area of the two rivers is 15,704 km2 Agricultural with annual runoffs of a total of 17,584 MCM. Floodplains 35% area is 8,543 km2. The annual groundwater and surface water resources Domestic potential in Pampanga River Basin is estimated at 4,688 51% MCM. The annual water demand for 2025 is estimated at 9,015 MCM or a potential to demand ratio of 0.52, the lowest in the country. This means the demand may be two times higher than the water potential. The same occurs in the Agno River Basin where the water Industrial 14% resource potential is 2,275 MCM. The projected annual water demand for 2025 is 4,063 MCM or a potential to demand Total BOD Generation = 212,700 mt/year ratio of 0.56, the second lowest in the country. For assumptions refer to Table 8. Water Quality At the regional level, 51 percent of the BOD loading (108,000 metric tons) is generated by domestic sources. Only 14 Figure 17 BOD Level in Central Luzon, 1996-2001 percent (29,000 tons) is contributed by the industrial sector and 35 percent (75,000 metric tons) by the agricultural sector (see Table 8 and Figure 16). Rivers and Lakes From the EMB monitoring, the rivers of Marilao, Meycauayan, Sta. Maria, Guiguinto in Bulacan, and San Fernando in Pampanga province had showed zero DO levels and high BOD levels, indicative of high organic pollution (see Figure 17). Based on the river classification, 60 percent of the rivers in the region fall under Class C waters. Source: DENR-EMB, 2003. 14 Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 Groundwater Figure 18 Total and Fecal Coliform for Selected Beaches A high percentage of the wells tested by NWRB and Local in Bataan Coastal Area (April to October 2003) Water Utilities Administration (LWUA) were positive for coliform bacteria. The total and fecal coliform levels for selected beaches in the Bataan coastal area for April to October 2003 are shown in Figure 18. All four beaches fail the total coliform criteria while one does not pass the criteria for fecal coliform. Additionally, total dissolved solids found in most tested wells were higher than the drinking water criterion in Bulacan, Tarlac, and Zambales provinces. REGION VII - CENTRAL VISAYAS Central Visayas has a small land area and the fourth highest number of manufacturing establishments. Cebu, a province Source: DENR-EMB, 2003. in this region, is a known international commercial and business hub. Cebu City, which is its capital, is the second largest metropolis in the country. Figure 19 Sector BOD Loading, Water Resource Central Visayas Region The region as a whole has no large rivers. The estimated water resource potential is 2,939 MCM at 80% dependability. The water demand for 2025 is estimated at 2,226 MCM, with Agricultural a potential to demand ratio of 1.32. The island of Cebu has a 46% Domestic drainage area of 5,088 km2 with a water resource potential 41% of 708 MCM. The projected water demand for year 2025 is taken at 932 MCM with a potential to demand ratio of only 0.76 (See Annex 1). Because of its significant role in the Visayas area, there is an urgent need to address the water shortage problem in Cebu. Water Quality In the region, 41 percent of the BOD loading (77,000 metric tons) is generated by domestic waste, while the remaining Industrial 46 percent (87,000 metric tons) and 13 percent (24,000 metric 13% tons) are from agricultural and industrial activities, respectively (see Table 8 and Figure 19). Total BOD Generation = 188,500 mt/year For assumptions refer to Table 8. Rivers and Lakes Except in rivers that traverse the urban areas of Cebu, such as Guadalupe and Cotcot, the water quality of the rivers in the region are considered satisfactory (see Water Quality Scorecard Annex 1). 15 Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 Bays and Coastal Waters Figure 20 DO Level in Central Visayas, Four bays were sampled in the region from 1996 to 2001, 1996- 2001 including Minglanilla, Mandaue to Consolacion, and Liloan to Compostela in Cebu, and Inabanga in Bohol. Only DO levels were tested, and the results showed that the average readings did not pass the Class SC criterion (see Figure 20). Groundwater Total dissolved solids in many of the wells tested in the provinces of Cebu, Bohol, and Negros Oriental were found to be very high, higher than the criterion set for drinking water (see Water Quality Scorecard Annex 1). Source: DENR-EMB, 2003. 16 Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 EFFECTS AND ECONOMIC LOSSES EFFECTS ECONOMIC LOSSES Untreated wastewater threatens the health of people and the Adverse effects of water pollution lead to economic losses environment. Unsightly color, reduced clarity, and obnoxious that could be avoided. Studies and research show that odor of the receiving waters also make it unfit for recreation improving water quality results in improved health, and other productive uses. agricultural productivity, and high-quality tourism. However, not all economic losses or benefits can be Effects On Human Health quantified. Untreated wastewater discharges affect human health through the spread of disease-causing bacteria and viruses. Some known examples of diseases that may be spread through wastewater discharge are gastro-enteritis, diarrhea, Box 8 SARS Outbreak in Hong Kong: typhoid, cholera, dysentery, hepatitis, and, recently, Severe A Case of Sewage Contamination Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) (see Box 8). In March 2003, an outbreak of an unknown disease, later Effects On Aquatic Ecosystem identified as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), As organic wastes are added into the receiving waters, the captured the attention of the world. In less than a month, there were 321 cases among residents of the Amoy Gardens housing bacteria reproduce rapidly and may use the entire supply of estate block in Hong Kong. oxygen, leading to the death of fish and other living organisms. When there are excessive nutrients such as The findings of the Government's investigation indicated that nitrogen and phosphorus, aquatic plants and algae the outbreak was likely due to a combination of factors, including contamination and transmission of a virus via the sewage system. proliferate triggering euthrophication, especially in closed Laboratory studies and scientific evidence have shown that many bodies of water. Waste discharges may also contain toxic SARS-infected patients excrete the corona virus in their feces, substances such as lead, mercury, cadmium, and chromium where it may survive for longer periods in the presence of organic or cyanide, which may affect the use of the receiving water materials. for domestic use or for aquatic life. In addition, paralytic In the case of the Amoy outbreak, the bathroom floor drains shellfish poisoning occurs during the "red tide" provided a way in which the residents came into contact with phenomenon when there are toxic phytoplankton blooms the virus. Small droplets, containing highly infectious virus from (Box 2). contaminated sewage, formed and were on the bathroom floor due to improper functioning of the drainage outlets and cracked Effects On Aesthetics sewer vent pipes. Large amounts of solids from inadequately treated domestic Although the outbreak has been contained, economic losses in and other wastewater containing organic material the retail sector, airlines, hotels and restaurants ranged from an accumulate on the banks of the receiving waters, settle at estimated HK$33 billion to HK$46 billion or PhP235 billion to the bottom to form sludge deposits, or float on the surface PhP328 billion (at PhP7.12=HK$1). to form scum. Sludge deposits and scum are not only Sources: http://www.info.gov.hk and http://www.mft.govt.nz. unsightly but may also cause oxygen depletion and are sources of foul odors and gases. When the DO level of the receiving waters drops to zero due to aerobic bacteria activity, anaerobic bacteria take over and decompose the organic load by producing odorous gases and methane. 17 Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 Costs to Health Table 10 Medical Expenses and Hospitalization Costs Improved health of the population is a critical factor in high Particulars Diarrheal Typhoid Total productivity. Keeping the workforce and society healthy Diseases Fever would eliminate income losses due to sickness and medical Reported Cases 1/ 871,446 14,154 885,600 expenses. One of the most prevalent causes of health decline Medical Expenses (Out-Patient) of a population is contaminated drinking water. per reported case 2/ 632 - 632 Medical Expenses Estimates of water-borne diseases with reported cases of (Out-Patient) (PhP million) 440 - 440 diarrhea, cholera, typhoid and paratyphoid, and hepatitisA Cost of Hospitalization were made by DOH. More than 500,000 morbidity cases per reported case (In-Patient) 2/ 3,284 12,436 15,720 and 4,200 mortality cases are very significant (see Table 9). Cost of Hospitalization Avoidable health costs due to losses in direct income and (In-Patient) (PhP million) 572 35 607 medical expenses for in-patients and outpatients are Total Costs (PhP million)3/ 1,012 35 1,047 1/ estimated at PhP 3.3 billion in a year (Tables 9 and 10; GDP Dept. of Health, 2000. Diarrheal disease include Enteritis and others. 2/Final Report, First Stage Priority Projects for Sanitation and Sewerage, was used to estimate per capita income). Gen.Santos City, Philippines, DMJM International, December 1995. 3/Assumptions used in the Final Report of 20% hospitalized and 80% mild cases/ Costs to Fishery Production non-hospitalized were adopted. Estimates in constant 2000 prices. When water is polluted, fish and other aquatic resources can perish, which leads to a decline in fisheries production. Table 11 Economic Cost to Municipal Fishery Erosion from degraded uplands and pollution from silt and Production, 1997-2004 sedimentation, as well as untreated sewerage, cause Year Prod'n Change In change Ave. Unit Prod'n Value Losses productivity losses in fisheries dependent on coral reefs. The (in MT) 1/ Prod'n (%) (%) Prod'n (PhP B) (PhPB)1/ ENRAP report showed a decline in yields of municipal and Value 1/ commercial fisheries, due to sedimentation and silt pollution, P/MT 1997 924,466 - - 29,631 27.4 11.7 by 30 and 5 percent, respectively13. Other causes of fish 1998 891,146 -3.6 - 32,504 29.0 12.4 habitat destruction include dynamite fishing, use of cyanide 1999 924,693 3.8 204 33,561 31.0 13.3 and "muro-ami", etc. 2000 945,945 2.3 -39 34,459 32.6 14.0 2001 969,535 2.5 9 35,297 34.2 4.7 2002 988,938 2.0 -20 36,432 36.0 15.4 Commercial fishing grounds are now located beyond 15 km 2003 998,665 1.0 -51 37,807 37.8 16.2 from shore. Municipal fishing waters are within 15 km from 2004 1,015,202 1.7 68 38,895 39.5 17.0 the shore but local governments may allow commercial Ave. 924,466 1.4 - 34,298 31.7 14.7 fishing in municipal waters. Although production is Source: BFAR, Philippine Fisheries Profile, 2002. increasing, the annual rate of increase is declining over time. The value of fisheries production would have been higher Table 12 Cost to Commercial Fishery Production, than the present levels if water pollution had been contained. 1997-2004 Silt and sedimentation are major causes for losses in fishery Yr Prod'n Change Direction of Ave. Unit Prod'n Losses production. (in MT) 1/ In Prod'n change (%) Prod'n Value (PhP B)2/ (%) Value (PhP B) The Philippine economy loses an average of PhP 17 billion P/MT 1/ annually due to the degradation of the fisheries environment 1997 884,651 - - 29,317 25.9 1.4 1998 940,533 6.3 31,617 29.7 1.6 (see Tables 11 and 12). 1999 948,754 0.9 -86 33,984 32.2 1.7 2000 946,485 -0.2 -127 35,795 33.9 1.8 Table 9 Direct Income Losses 2001 976,539 3.2 1428 36,956 36.1 1.9 2002 1,041,360 6.6 109 37,366 38.9 2.0 Water- Morbidity Cases Mortality Cases Losses in GDP 2003 1,045,316 0.4 -94 39,563 41.4 2.2 Related (15-65 years old) 1/ (15-65 years old) 1/ (PhP million) 2004 1,070,725 2.4 540 40,908 43.8 2.3 Diseases Ave. 956,387 2.8 34,295 32.8 2.0 Diarrhea 512,527 2,978 1,649.23 1/ Cholera 179 - 0.04 BFAR, Philippine Fisheries Profile, 2002. 2/ Typhoid and Losses: due to siltation and sedimentation. Municipal: 30%; Commercial: 5%. Paratyphoid 7,710 663 348.53 Hepatitis A - 571 296.01 Total 2,293.81 1/Dept. of Health, 2000. GDP per annum/ capita (2000 prices): PhP 43,167 NEDA, 2000. GDP per day/ capita (2000 prices): PhP 69 NEDA, 2000. Morbidity cases: 10 days for typhoid and 3 days for other water-borne diseases Final Report, First Stage Priority Projects for Sanitation and Sewerage, Gen. Santos City, Philippines, DMJM International, December 1995. Mortality cases: income loss to economy estimated at 12 years. 13DENR-USAID, ENRAP-Phase II, 1994. 18 Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 Costs to Tourism In 2002, tourism in the Philippines reached 8.5 million Tourism increases the country's income receipts, generates visitors, generated PhP 411 million tourist receipts, and employment, and creates business opportunities.Aclean and employed 4.9 million people. Astudy on the contribution of healthy environment is a prerequisite to tourism. The tourism to the economy revealed that a significant number Philippines, an archipelago, has a long coastline endowed of people are employed in tourism-related businesses. An with beautiful beaches, which are the main tourist attraction. estimated 20 percent of the total labor force (4.9 million Yet, there is more to attracting tourism than just the people) and 22 percent (6.2 million people) were employed recreational use of beaches. Other activities that draw tourists in 1994 and 1998, respectively15. are coral reef diving and whale watching. Good coastal zone water quality is important to the health of bathers, as well Box 9 The Boracay Island Coliform Controversy as coral reefs and other living species in the coastal waters. and the Impacts of Public Disclosure The key words for Philippine tourism promotion are: crystal- A 1997 DENR water quality monitoring report showing high clear waters free from pollution. Tourism has been generally levels of coliform in the waters of the Boracay Island was the promoted with "three S's" - sun, sea, and sand. Recently a basis for declaring the resort island unsafe for recreational activities. This disclosure caused a drastic drop in tourism and more disturbing and possibly dangerous "S" has emerged drew the outrage of the locals. In response, a Boracay Task that can make or break the tourism industry in an Force was formed comprising congressional and local area - sewage. Sewage released directly into the sea, carried government officials, the DENR, DOT, and the private sector. via rivers and gullies, or drains into groundwater from septic The Task Force concluded that the DENR disclosure with three tanks and pit latrines, which then flows into the sea through months data was premature because a minimum of one year of monitoring should be required. Four independent tests conducted sand and limestone, would degrade the water quality of the later showed that Boracay waters were safe. coastal waters14. Public disclosure of beach water quality can attract attention In1997,thepristinewatersofBoracayIsland,aninternational and mobilize people. After the controversy stakeholders joined tourist destination in Region VI and the "world's most hands in cleaning Boracay and also implemented a PhP450 beautiful beach," experienced a 60 percent decline in million project through DOT/PTA, to provide potable water, sewerage, and solid waste management. occupancy rate because of the news of high levels of coliform (see Box 9). Source: Department of Tourism, 2003. Most islands in the Philippines are less than 50,000 hectares, which is considered by the DENR as ecologically fragile. The DOT prioritizes tourist destinations that are 50,000 hectares or less, including Bohol, Camiguin, Samal, Boracay (1,000 hectares), among others. The Boracay experience, where the negative effects of untreated sewage on the beaches caused a decline in tourism, could easily be replicated in these other equally fragile islands of the country. Table 13 Cost to the Tourism Industry, 2001-2004 Year Tourist (M)1/ Tourist Employment Losses Losses Receipts (M)2/ in Receipts in Wages (PhP B)1/ (PhP B) (PhPB)2/ 2001 8.7 422 4.7 5.1 2.3 2002 8.5 411 4.9 4.9 2.4 2003 9.3 451 5.3 5.4 2.6 2004 10.2 495 5.8 5.9 2.8 1/Sources: Department of Tourism for 2001 and 2002 data for Regions I, IV to XI and CARAGA; average growth rate of 5.8% from 1992-2002 for 2003-2004 estimates. 2/Phil. Statistical Yearbook, 2002 for base data (2001) and growth rate for estimates. Considered only 20% of total labor force for Regions I, IV to XI and CARAGA. Estimated at average legislated non-agricultural in daily wage rate of P183/ day Regions I, IV to XI and CARAGA. 14Global Coral Reef Alliance, Water Quality and Coral Reef Health in Boracay, El Nido, Isla Verde, and Balicasag, Philippines, 1997. 15Dept. of Tourism, Invest Tourism Brochure, 2001. 19 Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 Tourist receipts and tourist-related employment were used At one liter of drinking water per person per day, 4.8 million as the bases to estimate economic losses due to polluted people are spending about PhP 2.6 per day per capita or a beach waters. The tourist receipt per visitor is estimated at total of approximately PhP 12.7 million per day (or PhP 4.6 PhP 45,000 (US$900), based on the DOT's figures on visitor billion per year) in Metro Manila. People are willing to pay arrivals and receipts for 2002. This is multiplied by the this high cost for bottled water to ensure safe drinking water number of foreign and domestic travelers and overseas despite the drain of savings to pay for it. Filipinos who travel to Regions I, IV to XI, and CARAGA, which are all coastal tourist destinations that are promoted. The decline in occupancy rate experienced during the Box 10 Examples of Damage Claims coliform scare in Boracay is used as the opportunity loss Oil Spill Incident in Bolinao factor for benefits lost, multiplied by the market share of Region VI where the scare occurred. On its way to deliver coal to the Sual Power Plant in 2001, the cargo vessel M/V Nol Schedar ran around on Bolinao's Pudoc Benefits generated from employment in tourism are reef spilling, some 10,000 liters of bunker oil in Bolinao waters. estimated by multiplying the average daily wage rate of The assessment of the accident site at Pudoc reef and the sea selected regional tourist destinations by 20 percent of the grass beds revealed that: (a) a 90m long by 30m wide area of total labor force employed in the service sector. Pollution of coral reef was damaged; (b) a 12-ha mangrove reforestation project in Brgy. Pilar with 12,000-16,000 mangrove stands of beach waters was estimated as the cause of annual losses of one to three years growth was heavily covered by bunker oil; PhP 5.3 billion from direct tourist receipts, as well as an (c) a pilot sea urchin grow-out culture in Victory with additional PhP2.5 billion from tourism-related activities (see approximately 3,000 sea urchins was destroyed; and (d) fish Table 13). pens with milkfish grow-out culture were damaged. Another way of estimating the avoidable cost to tourism is The Philippine Government valued damages at PhP 165 million (about US$3.2 million), which included damages to reforested as follows: 8.5 million tourists annually at an average US$900 areas and fishing grounds, foregone income (fishing and would generate potential revenue of US$7.65 billion. gleaning), and private claims. The shipping line valued the Assuming an estimated income multiplier effect of 20 percent damages at PhP 442,573 (about US$9,000), which covered and probable cancellation of tourists due to water only foregone fishing revenues. More than two years after the pollution-related causes, losses could be approximately US incident nothing has been resolved on the suits filed by the Philippine LGU and Coast Guard against the owner. $0.92 billion (12 percent of the total revenue). At PhP 51.60 per US Dollar (year 2002 exchange rate), this amounts to Marinduque Island Mining Disaster PhP 47 billion per year. In 1996, an accident at the mining operation site of Tapian Drain Tunnel released 1.6 million cubic meters of mine tailings In summary, economic losses due to water pollution amount into the Makulapnit and Boac Rivers. (About 703,228 m3 of to an annual average of PhP 3 billion for avoidable health tailings still remain in these rivers, of which 526,000 m3 are costs, PhP 17 billion for avoidable costs to fisheries deposited in the dredge channel and 177,228 m3 are scattered throughout the river.) The incident destroyed crops, clogged production, and up to PhP 47 billion for avoidable losses to irrigation waterways, damaged roads, dislodged communities, tourism. and disrupted livelihoods. Marcopper Mining Corporation (MMC) has paid PhP 61 million as damage compensation to Other Economic Losses 6,930 claimants. Yet remaining claims of PhP 41 million are still Economic losses due to damage to the environment may be under deliberation and other claims filed from 1999-2001 are quantified in terms of damage claims. Damage claims were still being processed. estimated to compensate for the losses experienced by Sources: DENR-MGB, 2003; DENR-EMB, SEECCTA Project Report, affected communities, particularly for losses in income and March 2003. livelihood (see Box 10). Economic losses to family income due to the desire for safe bottled water are not insignificant. According to the Water Quality Association of the Philippines (WQAP), almost 45 percent of people in Metro Manila (or 4.8 million people) are willing to buy bottled water. The cost for bottled water is PhP 50 for 5 gallons (or PhP 2,642 per m3), yet the average tap water provided by MWSS is PhP 10 to 19 per m3, which is more than 100 times cheaper16. 16Source: http://wpep.org, 2002. 20 Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONS POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONS POLICIES The Philippine Constitution (Article II Section 16) of 1986 regulations that provide the legal bases for policies and stipulates that the State shall protect and advance the programs related to water management (see Table 14). people's right to a balanced and healthy ecology. While the A proposed bill on Clean Water is now being deliberated in current Constitution was only adopted in 1986, statutory Congress (see Table 15 for important provisions). The bill provisions on environmental issues in the Philippine legal provides for comprehensive water-quality management, system date back more than a century. The Philippines has specifically for the abatement and control of pollution from an extensive body of water and water-related legislation and land-based sources. Table 14 Legislation and Policies Legislation Description Responsible Agencies Findings and Analysis E - Enforcer I - Implementer Commonwealth Act 383, Prohibits dumping of refuse, waste matter, Not fully enforced Anti-Dumping Law (1938) or other substances into rivers Republic Act 4850 (1966), Regulates and controls the pollution LLDA (E/I) Strictly enforcing but not Laguna Lake Development of the Laguna de Bay Region, including to domestic wastewater Authority Act; as amended sewage works and industrial waste disposal systems by Presidential Decree 813 (1975) Republic Act 6234, Creation of Constructs, operates and maintains water MWSS (E) Limited sewerage and MetroWaterworks and Sewerage systems, sewerage and sanitation facilities Concessionaires (I) sanitation service coverage System (1971) in the Metro Manila area Presidential Decree 198, Creation Authorizes the creation of water districts LWUA (E) Operation and management of of Provincial Water Utilities (1973) to operate and administer water supply Water District (I) wastewater disposal system and wastewater disposal systems in the not implemented provincial areas Presidential Decree 281, Creation Regulates and controls the PRRC (E/I) Not fully enforced of Pasig River Development pollution of the Pasig River Council (1973) Presidential Decree 856, Requires cities and municipalities DOH (E) Not enforced and monitored, Sanitation Code (1975) to provide an adequate and efficient system DPW (I) now DPWH e.g., connection to sewer system for sewage collection, transport by houses in areas where and disposal in their areas of jurisdiction sewerage system is available Presidential Decree 600; Regulates and controls the pollution of seas PCG (E/I) Coverage is not efficiently monitored as amended by PD 979, due to limited resources Marine Pollution Control Decree (1976) Presidential Decree 984, Provides guidelines for the control of water EMB (E/I) now DENR Not strictly enforced; compliance on Pollution Control Law (1976) pollution from industrial sources and sets the provision of sanitation and penalties for violations; requires all polluters sewerage are not met to secure permits Presidential Decree 1067, Consolidates legislations relating NWRB (E/I) Not fully enforced Water Code (1976) to ownership, development, exploitation and conservation of water resources Presidential Decree 1096, Requires connection of new buildings DPWH (E) Wastewater or sewage disposal National Building Code (1977) to a waterborne sewerage system LGU (I) are not fully enforced Presidential Decree 1151, Recognizes the right of the people DENR (E/I) EA system not strict on enforcement Environmental Policy (1978) to a healthy environment of sanitation and sewerage provisions Presidential Decree 1152, Provides guidelines to protect and improve DENR (E/I) Only enforced on big polluters Philippine Environmental the quality of water resources and defines (i.e., industries) Code (1978) responsibilities for surveillance and mitigation of pollution incidents Presidential Decree 1586, Mandates the conduct of environmental DENR (E/I) Project review is not strict on Environmental Impact Statement impact assessment studies for all sanitation and sewerage provisions System (1978) investments undertaken by the government and private sector Republic Act 7160, Devolves enforcement of laws on sanitation to LGUs DILG (E) Not strictly enforced due to Local Government Code (1991) and the provision of basic services such as LGU (I) budgetary constraints and low water supply, sanitation and flood control priority for sanitation and sewerage projects 21 Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 Table 15 Summary of Provisions in the Proposed Clean Water Act of 2002 PROVISION LEAD OFFICE AND OTHER STAKEHOLDERS National Water Quality Status Report Lead: DENR Others: NWRB, PCG and other appropriate agencies & entities Integrated Water Quality Improvement Framework Lead: DENR Others: LGUs, concerned government agencies Water Quality Management Area Action Plan Lead: DENR Regional Offices Others: NWRB, member LGUs, civil society, other concerned stakeholder sectors Local Government Unit Water Quality Lead: LGUs in consultation with concerned stakeholder Compliance Scheme Water Quality Management Area Lead: DENR Others: NWRB in consultation with key stakeholders Management of Non-attainment Areas Lead: DENR Others: NWRB , DOH, DAO, Governing Board, other concerned agencies, private sector, LGUs National Groundwater Vulnerability Mapping Lead: DENR - MGB Water Pollution Management Practices Lead: DOST and Technologies Others: DENR, other concerned agencies or organizations Guidelines for Test Procedures Lead: DENR Others: DOST, DOH, and other concerned agencies Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance Lead: DENR with multi-sectoral group National Sewerage and Septage Lead: DENR Management Program Others: DOH, LWUA, NWRB, MWSS, other concerned agencies Domestic Sewage Collection, Treatment and Disposal Lead: LGUs and/or agency vested to provide water supply and sewerage facilities, concessionaires Others: DENR, DOH, DPWH, other concerned agencies National Water Quality Management Fund Lead: DENR Others: DOST and PCG Area Water Quality Management Fund Lead: Water Quality Management Board in each water quality management area Water Quality and Effluent Standards and Regulations Lead: DENR Others: DOH, DA, private sectors, other government agencies Water Pollution Permits and Charges Lead: DENR Others: Project Proponents, other government agencies, LGUs Institutional Mechanism Lead: DENR Others: LGUs (ENRO), Governing Board, concerned stakeholders, NWRB, PAB, LLDA, PCG, DA, MWSS, LWUA, BFAR, DOH Incentives and Rewards (Rewards, Incentives Scheme) Civil Liability/Penal Provisions Lead: PAB Actions (Administrative, Citizen's Suit, Legal Actions Lead: DENR, affected persons, Courts Against Public Participation and Enforcement of this Act, Lien Upon Personal and Immovable Properties of Violators) INSTITUTIONS Department of Science and Technology (DOST). Conducts About 30 government agencies are involved in water research and development programs with DENR for the resources management17. Their mandates include water prevention and abatement of water pollution. resources planning, assessment, water quality, sanitation, National Water Resources Board (NWRB).Administers and pollution control, and watershed management. Some of the enforces the Water Code.Assesses water resources and does agencies have unclear and overlapping mandates, and overall coordination of water resources management and cooperation among them remains low. In brief, some of these development in the country. agencies include: Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR). Department of Environment and Natural Resources Regulates and enforces fishery policies and laws. (DENR). Principal environment and watershed agency. Philippine Coast Guard (PCG). Responsible for preventing Environmental Management Bureau (EMB). Sets and ocean dumping of water pollutants. enforces water quality (excluding drinking water) and effluent standards, criteria and guidelines for all aspects of Local Water Utilities (LWUA). Promotes and oversees the water quality management. Also classifies and monitors development of provincial waterworks. quality of surface water-bodies. Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS). Department of Health (DOH). Sets and monitors drinking Constructs, operates, maintains and manages water supply, water standards. Formulates and implements sanitation sewerage and sanitation facilities in the Metro Manila area; programs to address environmental and water-related also regulates construction of privately owned sewerage diseases. systems. 17Assessment of Water Resources and Water Demand by User Sectors in the Philippines, United Nations, 1999. 22 Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 Manila Water Company, Inc. (MWCI). Private firm serving Economic Instruments the waterworks and sewerage systems of the eastern part of Economic or market-based instruments (MBIs) are Metro Manila. complementary measures to the existing system for environmental management. In the Philippines, these are in Maynilad Water Services, Inc. (MWSI). Private firm serving the form of resource rent and effluent charges. In 1997, the the waterworks and sewerage systems of the western part Environmental User Fee System (EUFS), an effluent tax based of Metro Manila. on presumptive discharges, was pilot-tested in the Laguna Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA). Regulates Lake Region (see Box 11). Based on LLDA's success and the and controls the pollution of the Laguna de Bay Region, relevance and importance of the EUFS, the National including sewage works and industrial waste disposal Government implemented EUFS on a national basis in 2003. systems. The national implementation of the EUFS is also espoused by the proposed Clean Water Act. National Irrigation Administration (NIA). Develops and manages irrigation systems. Box 11 A Successful Pilot Testing of the Environmental User Fee System Local Government Units (LGUs). Share responsibility in providing basic services such as water supply, sanitation, LLDA pilot-tested and pioneered the Environmental User Fee and flood control, including enforcement of sanitation laws. System (EUFS) in the Laguna de Bay Region to reduce pollution loading by charging user fees to industrial waste dischargers of Enforcement the lake. The user charge comprises a fixed fee based on the The Philippines has environmental laws and regulations but volume of discharge and a variable fee based on the unit load enforcement is poor and beset with several problems.Among pollution. Five years after its implementation, the EUFS became an essential part of LLDA's Environmental Management Program. the reasons cited for poor enforcement include: The LLDA experience has shown that a market-based instrument can be successfully combined with existing command and control 1. Inadequate government resources (i.e., budget, measures to achieve the desired goal. It also gives the government manpower, and facilities). For example, EMB has not an opportunity and a challenge to spread such experience received additional budget and continues to receive a small throughout the country, across sectors and media. percentage of DENR's annual budget despite passage of Learning from LLDA's experience, DENR issued an Administrative additional laws it is mandated to enforce. Order (DAO 2002-16) expanding the coverage of the EUFS in the entire country to include all establishments and installations 2. Incomplete database. EMB only has 25,000 (3 percent) of that discharge industrial and commercial wastewater into the 826,783 firms registered in the country entered into its Philippine water and/or land resources. This is to be accomplished database. Of the 25,000 firms, only 14,111 (46 percent) were through DENR's wastewater permitting system. The objectives of inspected in 2001. the EUFS are to: (a) reduce water pollution and improve the ambient quality of water bodies; and (b) encourage firms to 3. Inadequate guidelines. Formal guidelines and plans to pursue the least-cost means of pollution reduction and internalize enforce laws are inadequate and sometimes absent. the philosophy of self-regulation. Sources: Laguna Lake Development Authority, 2003 and World Bank-EMB/ 4. Lack of coordination among various agencies. DENR, SEECCTA Project, March 2002. 5. Limited access to information due to lack of comprehensive, long-term environmental quality monitoring programs. Public Disclosure and Participation Public participation in water quality management is low. Lack of awareness regarding the health and economic impact of poor water is a major deterrent to public participation. However, after a major crisis like the Boracay Island Coliform scare, stakeholders do come together to solve the problem. Instead of such crisis management, if Filipinos were made aware of the importance of clean water and requested their input on forming priorities, they would demand actions that would generate the political will needed for policy and investment. For water and sanitation users, sustained community involvement should begin at the initial planning phase and should continue through implementation, monitoring, and evaluation. 23 Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 URBAN SANITATION AND SEWERAGE ATION AND SEWERAGE SANITATION AND SEWERAGE collection and treatment facilities in a few areas through The indiscriminate disposal of domestic wastewater is the MWSS. While there were programs to upgrade sewerage and main reason for degradation of water quality in urban areas. sanitation facilities, its implementation was postponed due Unlike the agricultural and industrial sources, where the cost to a lack of funds. Privatization in the 1990s further delayed of water pollution control may be passed on to the owners, the implementation of sewerage and sanitation projects for the off-site domestic wastewater collection, treatment and Metro Manila. Only the Makati Sewage Treatment Plant disposal system is considered a basic service and is a major (STP) has been upgraded and the proposed six to eight STPs investment. are in the bidding process. Each STP will have a capacity of .002 to .004 MCM/day or a total of .012 to 0.048 MCM. To Infrastructure development for sanitation and sewerage in date, about 0.06 - 0.08 MCM/day is covered by the existing the Philippines began more than a century ago (see Table facilities of MWCI and MWSI. To cover the MWSS area, 16). In the early 1980s, Metro Manila provided sewerage a capacity of more than 2.4 MCM/day is necessary. Table 16 Inventory of Domestic Sewerage Experiences and Practices Location/ Age of the System Population Served Technology Performance Legend: STP- sewage treatment plant Legend: M - Manage CST- communal septic tank O- Oversight Metro Manila 1,010,000 Collection- conventional Environmental Performance: 100 + years (undergoing (8% of the system Treatment- several levels (STP) / On-going rehabilitation & meeting rehabilitation in the '80s up coverage) partial treatment (CST/ Imhoff tank) the standards for effluent quality; to the present) Disposal- Marine Outfall (Box 11) CSTs being upgraded to STPs. Institutional Performance: O & M by private concessionaires (MWCI & MWSI); collection rate is about 97% (50% of the water bill). Baguio City 5,300 Collection- conventional Environmental Performance: Treatment- 94% 75 years (rehabilitated in 1994) (2% of the system Treatment- STP (oxidation ditch & BOD removal (but with low load), with effluent coverage) sludge drying beds) testing prior to discharge. Effluent Disposal- River Outfall (Balili River); Institutional Performance: sludge disposal- agricultural use LGU (M/O); 45 staff; collection rate = 22% of the connected households (flat rate). Zamboanga City 3,700 Collection- conventional Environmental Performance: 70 years (not much (1% of the system Treatment- None Raw sewage discharged 40 m. offshore & improvements) coverage1) Disposal- effluent by marine outfall no effluent testing. (Basilan Strait); sludge- none Institutional Performance: Water District (M)/LWUA (O); 14 staff; collection rate= 99% of the connected households (50% of the water bill). Vigan City 1,360 Collection - conventional Environmental Performance: 70 + years (not many (3% of the Treatment- 5 CSTs Partially treated effluent prior to river/field improvements) system coverage) Disposal- effluent to rivers/fields; disposal & no sludge treatment & disposal sludge is not collected (No effluent testing). Institutional Performance: Water District (M)/ LWUA (O); no devoted staff; collection rate= 96% of the connected households (percentage billed to water supply varies according to category). Bacolod City 2,020 Collection- conventional Environmental Performance: 39 years in Brgys. 29 & 20 years (less than 1% of the Treatment- individual CSTs Partially treated effluent prior to creek/ in Montevista (built by National system coverage) Disposal- effluent to public drain public drain & no sludge treatment & Health Administration) (Brgy. 29) & creek (Montevista) disposal (No effluent testing). Institutional Performance: Brgy. LGU (M)/ City LGU(O); no devoted staff; collection rate= no user's fee. Cauayan, Isabela 4,000 Collection- small bore sewer Non-operational. System failed due 14 years (built by DPWH) (2% of the system Treatment- stabilization pond to lack of funds for operation coverage) Disposal-effluent to field and maintenance. Davao City 1,161 Collection- conventional Non-operational. 29 years (less than 1% of the Treatment- STP System failed due to lack of funds system coverage) Disposal- unknown for operation and maintenance. Sources: 1. A. Robinson/EDCOP, Water and Sanitation Program's WPEP: Urban Sewerage and Sanitation in the Philippines, March 2003. 2. C. Ancheta, Water and Sanitation Program's WPEP: Urban Sewerage & Sanitation, 30 years of experience and lessons, September 2000. 24 Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 Most water supply and sanitation systems outside Metro approach, i.e., seven barangays in Panabo City.Yet compared Manila were given the option to form semi-autonomous with its neighboring cities, Metro Manila is seriously behind water districts in 1973. Authority was granted to the water in providing piped sewerage systems (Figure 22). district to operate and administer water supply and wastewater disposal systems in the local communities, with Figure 21 Population Growth and support and financing from LWUA. More than 200 water Sewerage Service Coverage districts are operational, but their focus is water supply, with no provision for sanitation services. This leaves Local Government Units (LGUs) to provide for sanitation services. Some attempts to provide low-cost technologies in the LGUs were initiated as early as the '70s, through clustered household and low-cost collection systems, which led to a communal septic tank for partial treatment. Most of these facilities have fallen into disrepair. The 1998 National Domestic and Housing Survey (NDHS) estimated that only about 7 percent of the country's total population is connected to sewers, out of which very few households actually Source: National Statistics Office. maintain adequate on-site sanitation facilities. Due to insufficient sewage treatment and disposal, more than 90 Table 17 Domestic Water Demand and percent of the sewage generated in the Philippines is not Wastewater Generated disposed or treated in an environmentally acceptable Items Urban Rural Total manner. (in million) Population1 43.6 32.9 76.5 Domestic Wastewater Treatment Today (57%) (43%) (100%) At LGUs, investments in sewerage collection and treatment Per capita Water facilities receive low priority compared to income-generating Consumption2, l/d 150 75 - Water Demand, m3/d 6.54 2.47 9.0 projects such as water supply. This is due to the high cost of Wastewater constructing sewer networks, poor technical capacity, and Generated3, m3/d 5.2 2.0 7.2 low demand or willingness-to-pay (WTP) for sanitation 1/ 2000 NSO ; 2/ LWUA Methodology Manual ; 3/ 80% of water demand. services (see Figure 21). The problem has been further exacerbated by the restricted space available for such facilities in the low-income urban areas, where most of the Figure 22 Sewerage Coverage Around the World generated sewage is disposed of indiscriminately. Wastewater generation based on the water demand shows that of the total of 7.2 MCM generated daily, 5.2 MCM/day is from the urbanized areas (2.4 MCM/day from Metro Manila alone) (see Table 17). Based on the LGUs limited financial resources, low-cost sewerage alternatives are being explored. Technical alternatives with costs comparable to individual on-site systems are available. Among others, the experiences in Pakistan, Indonesia, Brazil, and Bolivia in reducing the cost of the sewer network through simplified sewerage (small- bore and/or condominial systems) reveal that cost of the collection pipes is 40-74 percent less than the conventional system. The Palawan experience in Table 18, which using these technologies, is under construction. Likewise, a participatory approach in implementing demand-driven pollution control sub-projects was found to have worked in Sources: Various World Bank and other reports. several areas. Most of the projects developed under these innovative approaches are presently under construction (see Table 18). To date, other LGUs are duplicating the same 25 Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 Available and Adaptable Technologies political conflicts. The concept also encourages more Scaling-up of sanitation facilities or phased implementation community participation that would allow the selection of strategies could be adopted to reduce the lag in developing low-cost sewer networks and treatment alternatives pollution control facilities (Box 12). accordingtotheirWTP.ExperienceinIndonesiaandPalawan reveals that this approach allowed connection of sewage at Even with highly urbanized cities, the implementation of a the nearest connection point (backyards), which reduced the conventional sewerage project cannot be realized in the short cost of connection by 20 percent from that of the conventional term because of other environmental concerns facing the system. LGUs such as solid waste management, drainage, water supply, etc. An example is the proposed Cabanatuan City's In Japan, nightsoil treatment plants have been introduced storm drainage project in Table 18, which replaces the in many cities, whereas piped sewerage systems are not yet earthquake-damaged system in order to eliminate the implemented. Septage collection from individual households flooding and stagnating wastewater problems in the central or buildings is collected by vacuum tankers and disposed business district. Realizing the implication of the transfer of into the treatment plants for appropriate treatment. This wastewater, including septic tank effluent into the Pampanga option can be considered as an intermediate measure River, the city included a dry-weather flow interceptor at between on-site treatment and a piped system in a high- the outfalls that will be connected to a sewage treatment plant density area. (Step 2 in Box 12). The cost per capita of the combined system is relatively high. Yet through this phased system, the city is Table 19 Capital Cost per Beneficiary (in PhP) able to address the perennial flooding problem and improve the quality of effluent through its dry weather flow 1994 NUSSBP1/ Projected 2003 Prices2/ interceptor system and sewage treatment plant. Item Capital Annual Capital Annual Cost Operating Cost Operating Another example is the Palawan Province Barangay Cost Cost Sanitation Environmental Sanitation Project (BESP) which provides Facilities 1,370 173 2,850 355 low-cost sanitation facilities to 4th to 6th class municipalities. Piped The sub-projects include a simplified sewer network among Sewerage 2,760 195 5,700 400 clustered houses, which conveys the sewage through 1/ 1994 National Urban Sanitation and Sewerage Strategy Plan (NUSSSP), combination of small-bore and a condominial sewer system prices in 5 highly urban cities. The base unit cost was also used in the Provincial Water Supply, Sewerage and Sanitation Sector Plan (August 2000) by JICA into a communal septic tank with sand filter beds or soak-a- in 30 provinces. way pits. 2/ Adjusted rates by inflation factor of 1.08. 3/ MWSS (MWCI) figures (2002) are within the projected 2003 capital cost at PhP 4,950 for piped sewerage and PhP 1,043 for sanitation facilities. Both communities participated in the planning and agreed on the type of sewerage system based on their WTP for its operation and maintenance. This shows that there is a real demand for appropriate sanitation services in poor and middle-income communities. The estimated capital cost of sewerage and sanitation is presented in Table 19. In the semi-urban areas in low-income countries, conventional centralized approaches to wastewater management have generally failed to address the needs of the communities in collecting and disposing of domestic wastewater and fecal sludges from on-site sanitation. Implementation based on a decentralized approach may offer opportunities for wastewater reuse and resource recovery, as well as improvements in local environmental health conditions18. This approach could ease the implementation barrier due to the unavailability of land for the sewer network and treatment facilities, as well as socio- 18Jonathan Parkinson & Kevin Tayler, Decentralized Wastewater Management in Peri-urban Areas in Low Income Countries. 26 Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 Table 18 THE LGUs CAN DO IT! Location/Age of the System Population Served Technology Performance Cabanatuan City 25,201 Collection: combined Environmental: Septage effluent (Construction is on-going; drainage system is treated prior to river disposal 2004- target completion date) Treatment: DWF with STP & desludging by vacuum tanker Disposal: septage effluent to to drying bed prior to agricultural Pampanga River; sludge to be use (EMP requires effluent testing). collected and treated for The STP operates only during the agricultural reuse dry season or when the effluent quality concentration is high. Institutional: WD (M)/ LGU (O); Users Fee (under negotiation) Capital Cost per beneficiary: PhP16,993 (for the whole combined system) and PhP 2,200 (for the DWF interceptor and STP). Palawan Province (Construction is on-going; 12,750 Collection: simplified/ Environmental: Septage effluent Q4 2003- target completion date) (9 sub-projects in the condominial sewer network is treated prior to land disposal municipalities of San Vicente, Treatment: CST & desludging will be done Roxas, Quezon, Dumaran, Disposal: sand filter/ soakaway by vacuum tanker to a drying Taytay & El Nido bed prior to agricultural use (EMP requires effluent testing). Institutional: Association/ Cooperative (M)/ LGU (O); User Fee= Fixed rates varies from PhP 1.30 to PhP 10.50 to cover O&M cost (No full-cost recovery; Capital investment was provided by Provincial Government) Capital Cost per beneficiary: PhP 2,000 - P 3,500. Source: Water District Development Project (WDDP), LBP, May 2003. Box 12 Sewerage System Options for Scaling Up 27 Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 INVESTMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR SEWERAGE AND SANITATION A Investments on Sewerage and Sanitation History Figure 24 Projected Investment Plan for Sanitation Investments in sanitation and sewerage are lumped together with water supply as one sector, identified as "Water Supply and Sanitation" in nearly all investment packages prepared by the Government. The allocation for sewerage and sanitation is used for water supply due to the high demand for water. As a consequence, sewerage and sanitation are relegated to a small slice of the budget despite being five times the investment cost for the water supply (see Figure 23). The estimated average annual investment for sewerage is PhP 1.5 billion (3% for the sector or 0.05% of the 1999 GDP) as compared to an average annual investment for Sources: MTPIP and NASAP, 1999. water supply of about PhP 43.7 billion (97% for the sector or 1.46% of the GDP). The treatment of wastewater could not compete with the increasing demands in water supply. Investment for Urban Sewerage and Sanitation Investment to achieve the goals of the Clean WaterAct would Figure 23 Annual Average Investment on require budgetary allocations from the national Government Water Supply versus Sanitation and Sewerage and LGUs. Operations and maintenance of infrastructure (per billion) and institutional components would require funding to Sanitation and Sewerage ensure sustainability. Php 1,505.82/yr. (3%) The population/settlement density and high cost of land require piped systems in urban areas. On the other hand, sanitation, including septage and sludge management, could be started in the rural areas. A 10-year program in treating domestic wastewater through sanitation in rural areas (PhP 53 billion) and a piped system in urban areas (PhP 158 billion) would require capital cost of PhP 211 billion and operating cost of PhP 18 billion per year (see Table 20). Water Supply Table 20 Investment in Sanitation and Sewerage Php 43,749.95/yr. (97%) Coverage Population Service Investment Area (in million) Coverage Requirement (in million) in PhP B) 2005 2015 2005 2015 2005 2015 Source: C. Ancheta (2000), WPEP: Urban and Sanitation- Urban 48.85 55.58 9.77 27.79 55.69 158.40 3 years of experience and lessons. (58%) (60%) (20%) (50%) Rural 35.37 37.06 17.69 18.53 50.42 52.81 (42%) (40%) (50%) (50%) Sub- Total 84.22 92.64 27.46 46.32 106.11 211.21 Sewerage and Sanitation Development Trend (100%) (100%) (33%) (50%) The Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan (MTDP) Program Support is the document that embodies the policy framework and Operating Costs Urban 3.91 11.12 strategic plans and programs of all the sectors in the country. Operating Investments in infrastructure development, which include Costs Rural 6.28 6.58 water pollution control, must be in accordance with the Support Activities 13.79 27.46 priorities set in the MTDP before it could be approved with TOTAL 130.09 256.37 budgetary allocation from the Government. The MTDP embodies the vision of the incumbent leadership and thus Notes: 1. Unit Cost, see Table 15. 2. Investment requirement was computed based on constant 2002 rates. is updated on a regular basis. Investment trends for 3. Support activities were estimated at 13% of the Capital Cost. sanitation have been increasing in recent years but are due to decline in the near future (see Figure 24). 28 Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 Projected Investment Plan Privatization through build-operate-transfer (BOT), design- The Government will need PhP 25 billion per year for the build-operate (DBO), and other systems are favorable due physical infrastructure for the next 10 years. However, to the lack of, or insufficient, government funds for the capital several constraints such as insufficiency of funds, site and investment and the high cost of operation. It has been proven right-of-way acquisition, environmental and social problems, that operation and maintenance of such specialized service among others, may be encountered and projection in this is more sustainable if privately operated. This strategy would respect is conjectural. Thus, a phased implementation also allow the LGUs financial flexibility with other priorities schedule is necessary such as the upscale model presented and basic services. in Box 12. The projected 2005 and 2015 capital investment The MWSS privatization laid the foundation for projection presented in Table 20 is consistent with the improvements in sewerage and sanitation services. Provincial Water Supply, Sewerage, and Sanitation Sector Performance of the two concessionaires is presented in Box Plan Study prepared for the 41 provinces. The balance will 13. The progress, however, experienced delays due to the give the LGUs another 10 years for the expansion of their following reasons: service area. (1) MWCI did not meet its sanitation target because the Financing Sources company moved away from dumping septage into the sea The following nine conventional sources of funds are the and instead set up sludge processing plants.Another option most likely means of financing a sewerage and sanitation being considered is the use of the Lahar area in Pampanga, program. It is recommended that national technical estimated at PhP 325/m3. assistance and training efforts concentrate on these nine areas: (1) privatization, (2) internal revenue allotment, (3) (2) MWSI had a difficult time in accelerating the desludging special levies, (4) development fees (permits, development services because these services can only be done during non- impact fees, and groundwater protection fees), (5) surplus work and non-rush hours and 40 percent of the West Zone funds, (6) sewerage surcharges, (7) property tax, (8) credit, comprises depressed areas with no septic tanks. Likewise, and (9) other private sector finance (beneficiary cash the public has poor sanitation awareness and is not keen in contributions, contributions in kind, and user fees). desludging their septic tanks. The Clean Water Act has a provision for a water quality MWCI has currently set aside 17 percent of the capital management fund, which would be the receptacle for the expenditure and about 7 percent of revenues for sewerage. penalties, fines, etc. due from the non-compliance of theAct's The company has estimated that it will allot PhP 8 - 9.0 billion stipulations. This fund would be used to finance the in five to seven years. The rationale for privatization is the investment and implementation requirements in the Act. combination of the investments needed at the onset and Due to the Government's current budget deficit and the high potential efficiency gains. However, these costs have to be cost in the provision of sanitation and sewerage, these recovered from tariff and revenues from users through investments cannot be realized within the projected planning government policies. period of 10 years. However, this can be realized through private sector participation and investment. Regardless, Sewerage Investments in Coastal Tourist Areas whether these are implemented by the Government or the To protect tourist areas, DOT has identified 12 popular and private sector, the users will have to pay the appropriate emerging coastal destinations19. Future investment tariff rates to recover or to pay back these investments. requirements for the physical components of sewerage for coastal tourist areas for years 2005 and 2015 are PhP 2.5 billion and PhP 6.8 billion, respectively. 19Huttche, White and Flores, Sustainable Coastal Tourism Handbook for the Philippines, 2002. 29 Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 Box 13 Privatization: A Financing Option Sanitation and Sewerage Average-income households are willing to pay for improved MWSS Experience: The privatization experience revealed that sanitation services, i.e., connection to sewer system with sewerage connections increased less than 1% under MWSS in its treatment at a cost of PhP 134 per household or PhP 27 per last five years (1992-1996) of operation while the concessionaires month per capita (for a household of five members), in 2000 had an average increase of 2.7% in their first five years (1997- prices (see Box 14). WTP adjusted to 2003 constant prices is 2001) of operation. While there was an increase, the PhP30 per month per capita, assuming 5 percent inflation concessionaires are not still complying with the wastewater standards due to lack of STPs. Prior to privatization, MWSS had rate. At PhP 5,700 per capita investment in the sector, cost desludged an average of 850 tanks annually, which increased to recovery of capital investments would take almost 16 years, 1,840 tanks per year under the concessionaires. The performances unless a cross-subsidy pricing system across sectors is of the concessionaires are as follows: developed (commercial and industries subsidizing Service MWCI MWSI households). Obligation Agreed Actual Agreed Actual Targets Targets Environmental Protection and Conservation Sewer Coverage 3% 2.5% 16% 14% Tourists are willing to pay for conservation and protection Sanitation 38% 1% 33% 7% Wastewater of the environment (see Box 15). Unlike households where Quality C NC C NC user fees are paid monthly, the tourist pays a one-time user fee, unless returning in the future. For full-cost recovery, Note: C ­ Complying, NC ­ Non-complying and assuming a tourist will return to the same coastal destination every year and that the economic life of the Brazilian Experience: The private sector is encouraged, for a fee, facility is 25 years, the user fee per tourist would be PhP274. to collect and treat sewage, that is to reduce the pollution level of the sewage within the standards of the receiving body. The approach has allowed private sector involvement, which defrays the government's budget from the expensive investment for sewage collection and treatment facilities. Box 14 Willingness to Pay for Wastewater Services Source: World Bank Reports. Willingness-to-Pay (WTP) studies (contingent valuation method) had been undertaken for improved sanitation services for urban Cost Recovery and Willingness to Pay centers. The households surveyed are willing to pay PhP118 to Waste generators and users of receiving waters must be 134 /month/household for sewer connection with wastewater treatment. willing to pay for wastewater management services. WTP is defined as the maximum amount that would be paid for the Results of surveys undertaken for WTP for households 1/ level of service received rather than forego it altogether (all Location % of Pop Sewer Sewer Conn+ or nothing). Those who pay for user charges demonstrate, Served Conn. Treatment by doing so, their WTP is at least as great as the charge paid. Willing (PhP/ mo/hh) (PhP/ mo/hh) Calamba 82 124 103 In fact, it may be much greater: the user charge merely Davao 90 62 92 establishes the lower bound20. To the extent that the user's Dagupan x 169 207 WTP is less than the user charge, the collection efficiency Average nc 118 134 would be the ultimate determinant of whether or not the user charge is acceptable and within the financial capacity. 1/Based on WTP surveys in the ff. studies: Household WTP for Improved Sanitation Services, Calamba, Davao, Dagupan, 1993. All prices updated to 2000. x ­ not covered by study and nc ­ not conclusive. 20National Research Council, Washington, D.C., Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas, 1993. 30 Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 Box 15 Coastal Tourism Sustainability in the Philippines ­ Is This Possible? Tropical coastal areas have more to offer tourists in terms of sun, sea, and sand compared with the coasts in temperate climate zones. The Philippines' tropical climate, its 7,107 islands and diverse coastline of 17,460 kilometers create an important area for the development of coastal tourism. In the Philippines, development typically consists of small resorts, which are somewhat integrated into the local culture and environment. Most coastal resorts are poorly planned with respect to the protection Willingness to Pay for Conservation: A Case Study of the resources that make them attractive to tourists, namely coral reefs, near-shore water quality, and clean beaches. Large in Port Barton, Palawan international resort chains have only recently begun to implement more stringent environmental practices on their properties. In early 1998, a survey of tourists in Port Barton, Palawan was made to provide information for improving Port Barton The Philippines has a diverse coastal environment with a variety of as a tourist destination. The survey highlighted the ecosystems and an extremely rich biodiversity and productivity. characteristics of tourists coming to the Philippines and similar Each ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining the health of the destinations and the experiences they seek during their stay. coastal zone and of each other. Maintenance of coastal ecosystems is important in sustaining the tourism industry. Promoting Among the results of the survey was the WTP for conservation conservation is an integral objective of eco-tourism. Apart from of the existing ecosystem in the area. educating the guests about local environmental and conservation issues, revenue from eco-tourism should at least partially finance WTP for conservation: All who were surveyed were willing the costs of protecting natural areas. Since guests have different to "contribute" an average of PhP120 per person as a user motivations for visiting the area, it is important to access market fee to a marine sanctuary; 78% were willing to contribute an data, from government agencies and from visitors themselves, to average of PhP150 to an environmental fund. better understand the market in order to develop the area as a Perceived problems: Approximately 50% felt there were coastal tourism destination. environmental problems in Port Barton. Complaints included litter on the beach, deforestation, coral damage, forest fires, and noise. Source: Huttche, White and Flores, Sustainable Coastal Tourism Handbook for the Philippines, 2002. How to improve Port Barton: Most common answer ­ maintaining the cleanliness of the area. 31 Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 CHALLENGES Clean water is essential in reducing poverty and achieving Eco-watch program for beaches where they are rated Millennium Development Goals (MDG) in the Philippines. according to their water quality and suitability for recreation The current surface and groundwater quality and availability should be initiated in the Philippines (e.g. Blue Flag System indicate that access to clean water is becoming acute in for beaches in Mediterranean). Through such a program, urban and coastal areas. Poor quality water has large coastal water quality would be recognized as an economic economic and quality of life costs, both now and in the future, asset that plays an important role in coastal tourism. Once in terms of health impacts, foregone tourism revenues, lost beaches are rated for their water quality, the need for fisheries production, potable water, loss of image, etc. sanitation and sewerage facilities in coastal areas for Economic costs of polluted water, for quantifiable impacts sustainable tourism would become obvious to LGUs and alone, are estimated to be more than PhP 67 billion (or US $ other stakeholders. 1.3 billion) annually. Figure 25. Access To Pipe Sewerage In Asian Cities Household wastewater or sewage is a major source of pollution because treatment facilities are lacking. There has been little investment in collection, treatment, and disposal facilities. Institutional roles are unclear, and revenues for investment along with operation and maintenance are low. This is because user fees are low and fines and enforcement are not sufficient deterrents to reduce pollution. Access to sewerage in Metro Manila is poor compared with other cities in Asia (see Figure 25). Solid waste is also a major source of pollutants for water bodies which needs to be quantified and reduced. Water quality needs to be addressed within an Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) framework that Sources: World Bank, ADB and other reports. embeds social, economic, and environmental considerations. This section discusses challenges faced by the Philippines 2. Wastewater Management in Urbanized and Coastal over the next several years to improve the quality of its Tourist Centers. Focusing on critical areas is cost-effective surface, ground, and coastal waters to provide healthy living and can benefit 40 million people, increase coastal tourism, conditions. and increase fish production, benefiting coastal areas and 1. Public Disclosure and Participation. Without reliable cities such as Manila, Cebu and Davao. The following needs information and active involvement, the public assumes to be addressed: water quality management to be purely a government · Expanding user base. In cities, where sewerage systems are function. Political action, participation in decisions, and available, service connections should be expanded to cover demand for specific actions will continue to lag without all connectable properties. This can lower connection and public information and knowledge. The public does not user charges while making it attractive for private sector know or recognize the need and utility of its participation. operators by expanding the number of users. At the same Thus, there should be a systematic attempt to raise public time, this would displace the need for individual septic tanks, awareness of the health and economic impacts of poor water which pollute the environment. The sludge from the septic quality and encourage participation in decision-making. tanks need septage treatment . For the unsewered areas, there Further, there should be a systematic collaboration and are common sanitation and treatment technology choices consensus building across sectors, and among affected that are low-cost, energy-efficient, have lower operation and stakeholders, to agree on priorities and adoptable measures. maintenance requirements, and produce fewer byproducts. 32 Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 · Constructing sewerage facilities in target areas. Facilities to countries. There is a need for LGUs to demand and collect collect, treat, and dispose waste - a major source of reasonable fees to recover the operation and maintenance BOD-needtobeconstructedinthemajorurbanandtouristareas. costs of sewerage facilities, at a minimum. · Promoting intermediate solutions. The following options may · Broad-base industrial pollution charges. Successive be applied in targeted areas: (a) dry-weather flow (DWF) governments have committed to Agenda 21 (adapted in interceptors to capture solid waste and wastewater at storm 1996), which articulates the need for implementing the drainage outfalls (as proposed in Cabanatuan City), while "polluter pays principle (PPP)." Modest gains have been serving concurrently as a primary treatment system; (b) made in Laguna de Bay through the introduction of pollution intercepting pipelines in tourist or in urbanized areas to charges, and more recently DENR has mainstreamed a gather individual septic tank effluents, preventing direct nationwide pollution charges program. Besides providing discharge into ground and surface water and enabling proper incentives to enterprises to reduce pollution, the revenues treatment prior to disposal; (c) reuse and recycling of treated could also be used to support wastewater infrastructure. wastewater (as practiced in Hawaii,Australia and India) for LLDAexperience indicates that a pollution charge program irrigation and industrial use to minimize groundwater is most effective at the watershed level. abstraction; and (d) where saline water intrusion and seepage · Incentives for private sector participation. The tasks of sewage pollution from surface runoff has occurred, recharge of collection, treatment, and disposal facilities by the private groundwater to stop further damage (as now required in sector would need guaranteed user fees and increased Chennai, India). accountability of service delivery to reduce risks. Incentives · Smaller collection and treatment systems. Prohibitive costs could be in the form of: tax incentives for the service provider, of conventional technologies for large sewage collection and a guaranteed rate of return (based on prudent investment), treatment systems is a major deterrent to investment and and tax discounts for users. Other incentives are needed to operation. Unbundling or creating smaller, manageable increase the market viability. Since financing for such systems for community-and neighborhood-based facilities is new to commercial banks, there is need for access sub-systems may allow low-cost and acceptable technologies to credit or guarantee facilities. Private sector or quasi- to flourish. Examples include: community-based small-bore government organizations such as water districts may be sewerage systems in Port Barton, Palawan, and Orangi in encouraged, thus helping the Government to reduce the Pakistan; and the condominial sewerage systems of Malang pollution loads that are disposed into water-bodies by in Indonesia, Karachi in Pakistan, La Paz suburb in Bolivia, allowing interested companies to collect, treat, and dispose and Natal, Brasilia, Recife, and Salvador in Brazil. Similarly the wastewater for a fee (e.g. experience in Brazil). This decentralized wastewater treatment systems, based on semi- reduces the financial burden of the LGUs by capitalizing standardized designs and a modular approach in operations investments for treatment facilities. and maintenance, do not have to depend on expensive 4. Effective Regulations: Enacting the Clean Water Act. technical inputs and energy. This has been successfully The proposed Clean Water Act is a national strategic goal. implemented by small and medium-sized coastal resorts in While passing this bill is important, implementation will Bali, Indonesia. With active community participation, user require financing and enforcement. The Government would needs and benefits would be better understood, and the need PhP 25 billion/year for the next 10 years for physical resulting system will enjoy their active support and infrastructures alone. Unless the law is assured of adequate participation. The role of wetlands also needs to be explored. funding, it will remain unimplemented or under- 3. Stimulating Revenue and Investments. Both tested and implemented as in the case of the Clean Air and the innovative approaches are needed to expand financing Ecological Solid Waste Management Laws. Considering the options for wastewater infrastructure. Inadequate funding Government's growing fiscal deficit, it will be necessary to ability of LGUs is further constrained by the limited secure private sector participation and investments. Clear willingness of households to pay for sewerage services. Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR), where roles, These constraints are obstacles to investments by the private standards, procedures, etc. are clearly detailed, should be sector. promulgated as soon as the Clean Water Act is passed. The need for a separate environmental agency should be · Increasing wastewater fees. The current levels of sewerage evaluated. fees are considerably lower than other middle-income 33 Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 ANNEX 1: HOT SPOTS AND METHODOLOGY FOR RATING The Philippine Government aims to maintain the quality of Water quality status of groundwater is rated its surface waters according to their best beneficial use. This SATISFACTORY (S) and UNSATISFACTORY (U) based on is embodied in the DENR Administrative Order (DAO) No. wells tested that met standards as follows: 34, which classifies bodies of water according to the degree of protection required. Class AA and SA have the most Groundwater Wells Tests stringent water quality for fresh surface waters and marine/ TDS COLIFORM coastal waters; and Class D and SD waters have the least SATISFACTORY (S) Less than 10% of wells tested SATISFACTORY (S) No wells stringent water quality for fresh surface waters and marine did not meet standard found positive for waters, respectively. coliform (0%) UNSATISFACTORY (U) 10% or more of wells tested UNSATISFACTORY (U) Wells found positive Hot spot areas of surface water quality were assessed by did not meet standard for coliform (>0%) province using Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Biochemical Standard 500 mg/l Standard negative Oxygen Demand (BOD) as parameters21. Groundwater quality was assessed by using Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) For water quantity rating for major rivers and basins, two and Coliform. Saltwater intrusion was mapped based on evaluation factors were considered: (a) ratio of potential National Water Resources Board (NWRB) data (See Water resource to demand for 2025; and (b) per capita water Quality Hot Spots Map). Areas in water quantity were availability per year. A ratio of 2 or less for water resource assessed by river basin using the potential resource to available to demand per person is considered "stress" 22. This demand for 2025, and annual water availability per capita. stress is rated from 0 to 0.5 when the ratio is less than 2 or 0.5 to 1 when the ratio is more than 2. Other hot spot areas were identified and rated on the basis of the objective of recovering the water quality of surface The scorecard provides the comparative rating of the water waters (rivers, lakes, and bays) for beneficial use, i.e., Class resources quantity status in the regions as: SATISFACTORY A (for fresh surface waters) for drinking, and Class SB (for (S), MARGINAL(M), and UNSATISFACTORY (U) based on coastal and marine waters) for recreation. significance of the evaluation factor's effect on the water resources quantity. EVALUATION FACTORS The scoring system for rating the water quantity Water quality status of fresh surface waters and coastal and 1.0 Below threshold level or minimum standard marine waters is rated SATISFACTORY (S), MARGINAL 0.8 requirement not met - S (M), and UNSATISFACTORY (U) based on water quality 0.6 Within the threshold level or minimum standard requirements as follows: requirement - M 0.4 Sufficiently higher than threshold level or minimum standard 0.2 requirement - U Surface Water Class A and Coastal and Marine Water Class SB The weighted score for water quantity DO (mg/l) BOD (mg/l) Evaluation Factor Indicator Weight (in percent) SATISFACTORY (S) >5 SATISFACTORY (S) <5 Ratio of potential MARGINAL (M) 5 MARGINAL (M) 5 Quantity to demand for 2025 50 UNSATISFACTORY (U) <5 UNSATISFACTORY (U) >5 Per capita water Minimum Requirement 5 Minimum Requirement 5 availability per year 50 21National standards for DO: 2-5 mg/l based on water usage and 22JICA-NWRB Master Plan Study on Water Resources Mangement of the classification; BOD: 1-15 mg/l based on water usage and Philippines, 1998. classification. 34 Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 WATER QUALITY SCORECARD FOR SURFACE WATER (RIVERS, LAKES, BAYS) Region Name of River/ Location (Province) Class DO (mg/l) * BOD (mg/l) * Rating Lake/Bays Average (Range) Average (Range) NCR Parañaque R. Metro Manila C 3.07 (0 - 9.50) 25.62 (7.0 - 54.0) U Metro Manila San Juan R. Metro Manila C 3.0 (0 - 8.0) 34.81 (8.0 - 72.0) U NMTT R. 1/ Metro Manila C 2.8 (0 - 7.5) 25.23 (7.0 - 54.0) U Marikina R. Metro Manila C 5.03 (0 - 8.0) 12.11 (1.0 - 42.0) U Pasig R.2/ Metro Manila C 3.67 (0 - 6.5) 17.07 (2.0 - 59.0) U Manila Bay Metro Manila/ R III/ R IV C 4.77 (3.90 - 5.48) 3.23 (2.50 - 4.18) S Laguna de Bay3/ Metro Manila / Region IV C 7.86 (6.1 - 14.0) 1.8 (0.2 - 7.0) S CAR Cordillera ND Administrative Region I Ilocos Laoag R. Ilocos Norte A 6.69 (4.03 -7.8) -- S Amburayan R. Benguet/Ilocos Sur/ C 8.35 (6.0 - 11.0) -- S La Union Dagupan R. Pangasinan A/C 5,96 (2.0 - 11.82) -- M Agno R. 2/ Benguet/Pangasinan A/C 6.78 (1.46 - 11.1) -- S II Cagayan Valley ND III Central Luzon Pampanga R. 1/ Nueva Ecija/Pampanga C 5.86 (4.85 - 7.21) 3.78 (1.0 - 15.0) M Marilao R. Bulacan C 1.75 (0 - 5.75) 34.64 (10.0 - 147) U Meycauayan R. Bulacan C 1.35 (0 - 5.55) 54.94 (11.0 - 170) U Bocaue R. Bulacan C 6.19 (0.3 - 9.07) 11.13 (6.0 - 20.0) S Labangan R. Bulacan 5.33 (2.50 - 7.30) 18.48 (3.3 - 50.0) M Sta. Maria R. Bulacan 3.10 (0.10 - 5.20) 33.57 U Guiguinto R. Bulacan C 3.03 (1.50 - 3.80) 14.81 U San Fernando R. Pampanga C 2.86 (1.90 - 3.80) 29.4 (27.0 - 32.0 ) U IV Southern Mogpong R. Marinduque C 5.72 (3.45 - 7.80) 6.03 (4.73 - 8.01) M Tagalog Pagbilao R. Quezón 5.28 (4.00 - 6.50) 6.26 (4.00 - 8.61) M Bacoor R. Cavite 6.10 ((5.30 - 7.40) -- S Taal Lake Batangas B 7.4 0 (7.0 - 8.2) 1.50 (1.0 - 2.0) S Palico R. Batangas C 6.95 (4.8 - 8.3) 1.11 (1.0 - 1.5) S Pagbilao R. Quezón 7.75 (6.2 - 10.2) 2.1 (1.0 - 5.0) S Pagbilao Bay Quezón - 6.65 (4.77 - 7.10) - S Boac R. Marinduque C 10.42(6.24 - 17.13) -- S Calancan Bay Marinduque - 7.14 (4.80 - 8.5) -- S Cajimos Bay Romblon - 6.89 (6.0 - 9.0) -- S Puerto Galera Bay Mindoro Oriental SA 7.67 (6.75 - 10.0) -- S Naujan Lake Mindoro Oriental B 8.00 (1.0 - 9.6) 12.3 S Calapan R. Mindoro Oriental 1.46 (0 - 7.0) 30.0 (2.0 - 225.0) U V Bicol Bicol R. 2/ Camarines Sur A 5.28 (2.36 - 10.74) -- M VI Western Jaro-Aganan R. Iloilo C 8.79 (0.90 - 14.50) 3.45 (.06 - 15.6) S Visayas Panay R. 2/ Iloilo A 7.58 (1.40 - 12.80) 4.63 (0.4 - 52.0) S Jalaur R. Iloilo C 8.30 (0.50 - 12.90) 6.40 S Iloilo R. Iloilo 5.64 (1.70 - 10.40) 6.67 (0.8- 265.0) M Panay R. 2/ Iloilo A 7.69 (1.40 - 23.20) - S Iloilo Coasts Iloilo -- 8.34 (7.40 - 10.00) - S VII Central Guindarohan R. Cebu A 7.21 (6.50 - 8.30) 1.53 (0.4 - 4.0) S Visayas Guadalupe R. Cebu C 4.32 (0.50 - 7.50) 1.90 U Dalaguete-Argao R. Cebu A/B 7.85 (6.9 - 10.10) 1.07 (0.3 - 2.6) S Guinhulugan R. Cebu A/B 7.74 (7.10 - 8.40) 1.13 (0.6 - 2.4) S Luyang R. Cebu A/B/C 7.17 (5.70 - 8.40) 1.1 (0.9 - 1.3) S Cotcot R. Cebu A 6.56 (1.4 - 7.90) 3.06 (0.6 - 8.0) U Bassak R. Cebu 8.30 0.5 (0.2 - 0.8) S Mananga R. Cebu A 5.5 (5.0 - 6.00) 7.1 (5.3 - 7.8) M Balamban R. Cebu A/B 7.35 (6.3 - 8.70) 1.07 (0.2 - 2.53) S Guinabasan R. Cebu A 8.05 (5.1 - 11.10) 2.13 (0.4 - 9.8) S Minglanilla Cebu -- 6.25 (2.1 - 9.70) - S Mandaue to Consolacion Cebu -- 5.27 (0.0 - 14.00) M Liloan to Compostela Cebu -- 7.15 (4.1 - 14.0) - S Inabanga R. Bohol A/C 6.40 (5.40 - 7.40) 1.2 (0.8 - 1.6) S Inabanga Beach Bohol - 6.93 (5.50 - 7.90) - S Ipil R. Bohol A 4.15 (2.80 - 5.20) 2.48 (1.2 - 4.0) M Manaba R. Bohol B/C 7.65 (4.50 - 16.90) -- S 35 Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 WATER QUALITY SCORECARD FOR SURFACE WATER (RIVERS, LAKES, BAYS) Region Name of River/ Location (Province) Class DO (mg/l) * BOD (mg/l) * Rating Lake/Bays Average (Range) Average (Range) Matul-id R. Bohol A 5.77 (5.70 - 5.90) 1.2 (1.2 - 1.2) S Canaway R. Negros Oriental A 7.25 (6.90 - 7.40) 1.2 (0.6 - 1.8) S Cawitan R. Negros Oriental A 7.73 (7.50 - 7.90) 0.5 (0.2 - 1.0) S La Libertad R. Negros Oriental A 8.55 (7.90 - 9.20) 1.25 (0.1 - 6.6) S Siaton R. Negros Oriental A 7.67 (7.30 - 7.90) 0.57 (0.1 - 1.3) S Sicopong R. Negros Oriental A/B 3.21 (0.25 - 7.50) 40.73 (0.4 - 100) U Tanjay R. Negros Oriental A/B 7.05 (6.83 - 7.30) 0.85 (0.7 - 1.0) S VIII Eastern Danao Lake Leyte - 7.20 (6.3 - 7.9) - S Visayas IX Western Mercedes R. Zamboanga del Sur B/C 5.16 (1.50 - 8.30) 4.72 (0.4 - 17.0) M Mindanao Saaz R. Zamboanga del Sur A/B 4.85 (1.70 - 7.80) -- U Manicahan R. Zamboanga del Sur - 5.92 (2.50 - 9.40) 2.76 (0.1 - 8.0) M Vista del Mar Zamboanga del Sur - 6.77 (4.90 - 8.80) 2.03 (0.1- 5.40) S Cawacawa Beach Zamboanga del Sur - 5.4 0(2.10 - 8.50) - M X Northern Cagayan de Oro R.2/ Misamis Oriental A 8.08 (5.70 - 9.90) -- S Mindanao Iponan R. Misamis Oriental A 7.51 (2.10 - 9.20) 3.59 (0.7 - 17.0) S XI Southern Silway R. South Cotabato - 8.22 (5.60 - 73.0) -- S Mindanao Malalag Bay Davao del Sur - 6.30 (5.70 - 7.00) - S Digos R. Davao del Sur B/C 7.33 (5.80 - 9.0) 1.55 (0.1 - 7.8) S Hijo R. Davao del Norte D 7.35 (5.80 - 9.0) 0.94 (0.3 - 4.0) S Sibulan R. Davao del Sur A/B 7.69 (6.50 - 8.60) 1.68 (0.1 - 4.0) S Pujada Bay Davao Oriental - 6.11 (3.20 - 6.80) - S Talomo R. Davao City B 7.47 (6.40 - 8.30) 2.73 (0.5 - 12.2) S Padada R. Davao del Sur D 5.85 (0.00 - 7.40) 1.84 (0.3 - 18.0) U Tuganay R. Davao del Norte B 6.02 (0.20 - 8.00) 1.37 (0.3 - 4.7) U Agusan R. 2/ Agusan del Norte C 7.01 (2.60 - 8.10) 1.01 (0.1 - 5.6) U Ilang R. Davao City C 6.69 (4.40 - 8.40) 2.29 (0.7 - 9.0) S Lasang R. Davao City B 7.57 (6.30 - 8.50) 1.36 (0.4 - 3.0) S Lipadas R Davao City AA/A 7.29 (5.30 - 8.50) 1.88 (0.3 - 8.7) S Davao R. 2/ Davao City A/B 7.46 (5.8 - 8.60) 1.06 (0.1 - 2.4) S Tagum R. 2/ Davao del Norte A 6.46 (4.80 - 7.80) 1.71 (0.3 - 36.0) S XII Central ND Mindanao CARAGA Agusan R. 2/ Agusan del Norte/ A/B/C 5.94 (2.60 - 8.00) -- M Agusan del Sur Magallanes R. Agusan del Norte A/B/C 7.75 -- S ARMM Autonomous ND Region in Muslim Mindanao Sources: DENR-EMB, 2003 and LLDA data for Laguna De Bay, 1999. Notes: DO criteria: Class A, SB = 5mg/l BOD criteria: Class A, SB = 5 mg/l ND = No data R = River 1/ NMTT - Navotas-Malabon-Tenejeros-Tullahan. 2/ Major river as per NWRB classification. 3/ Not yet officially classified but generally maintains Class C water. * Monitored for at least three (3) years within the period 1996 - 2001 for annual mean DO and BOD levels. 36 Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 GROUNDWATER QUALITY SCORECARD TDS Coliform Wells Tested Wells That Wells That Rating / 2 Wells Tested Wells That Wells That Rating / 2 Region Province (No.) Failed Criteria Failed Criteria (No.) Failed Criteria Failed Criteria (No.)1/ (%)1/ (No.)3/ (%)3/ NCR Metro Manila Metro Manila 49 5 10 U ND CAR Cordillera Administrative Region Benguet ND 5 2 40 U I Ilocos Ilocos Norte 3 3 100 U 3 1 33 U Ilocos Sur ND 3 3 100 U La Union 2 1 50 U 1 1 100 U Pangasinan 15 1 7 S 23 1 4 U II Cagayan Valley Isabela 20 3 15 U 9 7 78 U Quirino 1 0 0 S ND III Central Luzon Bataan 20 0 0 S 3 3 100 U Bulacan 1 1 100 U ND Nueva Ecija 14 0 0 S 7 0 0 S Pampanga 12 0 0 S ND Tarlac 5 2 40 U ND Zambales 6 1 17 U 5 5 100 U IV Southern Tagalog Batangas 15 0 0 S ND Cavite 31 1 3 S ND Laguna 69 6 9 S 6 0 0 S Palawan 1 0 0 S ND Rizal 5 1 20 U ND V Bicol Albay 7 2 29 U 6 4 67 U Camarines Norte 3 0 0 S 2 0 0 S Camarines Sur 5 1 20 U 5 0 0 S Masbate 14 11 79 U ND Sorsogon 3 0 0 S 3 0 0 S VI Western Visayas Iloilo ND 2 2 100 U Negros 17 11 65 U ND Occidental VII Central Visayas Bohol 5 2 40 U ND Cebu 15 7 47 U ND Negros Oriental 9 1 11 U ND VIII Eastern Visayas Leyte 8 3 38 U ND Western Samar 2 2 100 U 2 2 100 U IX Western Mindanao Zamboanga 4 0 0 S ND del Norte Zamboanga 27 3 11 U ND del Sur X Northern Mindanao Misamis Oriental 46 12 26 U 44 44 100 U XI Southern Mindanao Davao del Sur 2 0 0 S ND XII Central Mindanao ND ND CARAGA ND ND ARMM Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao ND ND Sources: NWRB-NWIN Project and compiled data from various Feasibility Studies of water districts-LWUA , 2003. Notes: 1/ Wells tested did not meet standard for drinking water at 500 mg/l. TDS S below 10% of wells tested did not meet standard U 10% and above of wells tested did not meet standard 2/ Only provinces with data were included in the rating. - Coliform - S - no wells found positive for coliform (0%); U- wells tested found positive for coliform(>0%). 3/ Wells tested found positive for coliform. ND = No Data. 37 Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 WATER QUANTITY SCORECARD FOR MAJOR RIVERS AND BASINS AND HOT SPOTS RATING FOR WATER QUANTITY Yearly Water Requirement Yearly Water Weighted Water Rating (in MCM) in 20251/ Availability2/ Score Major River Water Resources Region Potential Demand Potential Potential [m3/person] Ratio Rating Potential Availability Weighted Basin Ratio Rating Score Pasig-Laguna IV Southern Tagalog 1,816 2,977 0.61 0.15 124 0.07 0.04 0.09 U U U Cebu Island3/ VII Central Visayas 708 932 0.76 0.19 218 0.13 0.06 0.13 U U U Pampanga III Central Luzon 4,688 9,015 0.52 0.13 888 0.52 0.26 0.20 U U U Agno III Central Luzon 2,275 4,063 0.56 0.14 972 0.57 0.29 0.21 U U U Cagayan II Cagayan Valley 1,150 1,797 0.64 0.16 2,143 1.26 0.55 0.36 U M U Jalaur VI Western Visayas 1,351 1,251 1.08 0.27 1,657 0.97 0.49 0.38 U M U Bicol V Bicol 2,138 1,388 1.54 0.39 1,533 0.90 0.45 0.42 U M M Ilog-Hilabangan VI Western Visayas 5,496 2,987 1.84 0.46 1,843 1.08 0.55 0.50 M M M Agus XII Southern Mindanao 1,449 665 2.18 0.57 5,070 2.98 0.62 0.60 M S S Davao XI Southeastern 1,476 297 4.97 0.66 2,368 1.39 0.56 0.61 S M S Mindanao Tagoloan X Northern Mindanao 2,200 473 4.65 0.65 3,646 2.14 0.59 0.62 S M S Tagum-Libuganon XI Southeastern 2,504 412 6.08 0.69 3,449 2.03 0.58 0.64 S M S Mindanao Mindanao XII Southern 24,854 6,923 3.59 0.61 7,027 4.13 0.67 0.64 S S S Mindanao Buayan Malungon XI Southeastern 3,672 701 5.24 0.66 5,656 3.33 0.64 0.65 S S S Mindanao Abra I Ilocos 2,479 378 6.55 0.70 4,954 2.91 0.62 0.66 S S S Panay VI Western Visayas 4,340 609 7.13 0.72 6,782 3.99 0.67 0.69 S S S Cagayan de Oro X Northern Mindanao 4,326 355 12.18 0.88 9,321 5.48 0.73 0.80 S S S Abulog II Cagayan Valley 1,827 237 7.72 0.74 19,228 11.31 0.97 0.86 S S S Agusan X Northern Mindanao 15,984 1,037 15.41 0.98 13,732 8.08 0.84 0.91 S S S Sources: NWRB-NWIN Project and compiled data from various Feasibility Studies of Water Districts-LWUA, 2003. Notes: 1/ At 80% dependability of surface water availability using low flow and adopting low economic growth scenario (JICA/NWRB Master Plan Study on Water Resources Mngt. of the Philippines, 1998). Ratio of 2 or less is an indication of a shortfall that would create water shortage problem. 2/ Amount of annual renewable water resources per capita (Ibid). Areas where per capita water supply drops below 1,700 m3/year are experiencing water stress (World Resources Institute, 2000). 3/ Cebu Island is included due to its significant economic role, second to Metro Manila. U - Unsatisfactory M - Marginal S - Satisfactory 38 Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 RELEVANT WEBSITES RELEVANT WEBSITES Organization Website address Description & content Department of Environment and www.denr.gov.ph Overview of the programs and projects that Natural Resources (DENR) help protect, preserve, and enhance the natural resources of the Philippines Environmental Management Bureau (EMB) www.emb.gov.ph Focuses on environmental laws for various environmental media, standards, and environmental quality status of the country Department of Health (DOH) www.doh.gov.ph Programs and projects to improve health and sanitation National Water Resources Board (NWRB) www.nwrb.gov.ph Water resource regions and water quantity and availability Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA) www.llda.gov.ph Environmental quality of Laguna de Bay and its watershed, including the Environmental User Fee System Asian Development Bank (ADB) www.adb.org/water Information on water policy, water operations, water actions, and basic water sector information Partnership in Environmental www.pemsea.org Marine pollution and initiatives in the 12 East Management for the Seas of East Asia Asian countries Bureau of Fisheries and www.bfar.gov.ph Information on fishery laws and fishery Aquatic Resources (BFAR) resources, including production volume US - Asia Environmental Partnership www.usaep.org Links to recent development in environment (USAEP) and its own projects in the region US - Environmental Protection Agency www.epa.gov Extensive information available on all (USEPA) technical and legal aspects of environment, including water United Nations Development Program www.undp.org UNDP water related programs (UNDP) United Nations - Habitat (Water and www.unhabitat.org Information on safe drinking water and Sanitation in the World's Cities) adequate and low-cost sanitation facilities Water Supply and Sanitation Performance www.wpep.org Enhances the access of the under-served Enhancement Project (WPEP) rural and urban poor to adequate water and sanitation services World Bank Water and www.wsp.org Description and details regarding the World Sanitation Program (WSP) Bank Water and Sanitation Program World Health Organization (WHO) www.who.int/water Water quality, particularly the 2nd edition of WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality Center Science and Environment (CSE) www.rainwaterharvesting.org Comprehensive website on water issues in India World Bank www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/water Water Supply and Sanitation website World Bank Water lnweb18.worldbank.org/ESSD/ardext. World Bank Water Strategy nsf/18ByDocName/StrategyWater Resources SectorStrategyAnOverview National Environment Agency (Singapore) www.app.nea.gov.sg National Environment Agency (Singapore) Pollution Control Department (Thailand) www.pcd.com Provides information on water quality in Thailand Environmental Protection www.edp.gov.hk Provides information on water quality and Department (Hong Kong) water resources in Hong Kong The Ministry of Water Resource www.mwr.gov.cn Information about the water resource issues (The People's Republic of China) in China Network of professional institutions www.unu.edu/hq/japanese/gs-j/ Supports and enhances integrated coastal in Mediterranean (MEDCOAST) gs-2003j/hokkaido3/ozhan-ab-e.pdf management practices and beach areas in the Mediterranean and Black Seas countries 39 Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 GLOSSARY OF TERMS GLOSSARY Aerobic Bacteria: Bacteria that will live and reproduce only chemical substances of mineral origin; whereas organic in an environment containing oxygen that is available for wastes are chemical substances usually of animal or plant their respiration (breathing), namely atmospheric oxygen or origin or sources. Bacteria and other small organisms oxygen dissolved in water. generally can consume organic wastes. Anaerobic Bacteria: Bacteria that live and reproduce in an Municipal Fisheries Production: Fishing done in coastal environment containing no "free" or dissolved oxygen. and inland waters with or without the use of boats of three Anaerobic bacteria obtain their oxygen supply by breaking gross tons or less. down chemical compounds that contain oxygen such as sulfate. Nutrients: Substances that are required to support living plants and organisms. Major nutrients are carbon, hydrogen, Annual Renewable Water Resource: Average annual flow oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and phosphorus. of rivers and recharge of groundwater. Pathogenic Organisms: Bacteria, viruses, or cysts that can Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD): The rate at which cause disease (typhoid, cholera, dysentery) in a host such as organisms use the oxygen in water or wastewater while a person. There are many types of organisms that do NOT stabilizing decomposable organic matter under aerobic cause disease and which are NOT pathogenic. Many conditions. BOD measurements are used as a measure of beneficial bacteria are found in wastewater treatment the organic strength of wastes in water. The greater the BOD, processes that actively clean organic wastes. the greater the degree of organic pollution. Per Capita Annual Renewable Water Resources: The Coliform: Atype of bacteria. The presence of coliform-group amount of available annual renewable water resources over bacteria is an indication of possible pathogenic the total population. bacteriological contamination. The human intestinal tract is one of the main habitats of coliform bacteria and may also Receiving Water: A river, stream, lake, ocean, or other be found in the intestinal tracts of warm-blooded animals, surface of groundwater into which treated or untreated and in plants, soil, air, and the aquatic environment. Fecal wastewater is discharged. coliforms are those coliforms found in the feces of various Septic: Aconditionproducedbyanaerobicbacteria.Ifsevere, warm-blooded animals. the wastewater produces hydrogen sulfide, turns black, gives Commerial Fisheries Production: Fishing with the use of off foul odors, contains little or no dissolved oxygen, and fishing vessels of more than three gross tons. the wastewater has a high oxygen demand. Effluent: Wastewater or other liquid - raw (untreated), Sludge: The settleable solids separated from liquids during partially or completely treated - flowing FROM a basin, processing or the deposits of foreign materials on the bottoms treatment process, or treatment plant. of streams or other bodies of water. Gross Domestic Product: The value of all goods and services 50% Dependability: The maximum limit to which the water produced domestically by a country. resources should be exploited through provision of storage- type dams for regulating flow in each region. Gross Regional Domestic Product: Aggregate of the gross value added or income from each industry or economic 80% Dependability: Corresponds to the probability of activity of the regional economy. hydrologic conditions, based on which the maximum capacity of a water resources development project under the Gross Value Added: The difference between gross output run-of-the river type is usually determined. and intermediate inputs. Water Resources Region: Based on NWRBs delineation for Incidence Rate: Number of cases of a particular disease in a river basin planning. These regions do not necessarily follow certain area per unit population. geographical and administrative regions of the country. It is used in the discussion of water availability. Influent: Wastewater or other liquid - raw (untreated), partially or completely treated - flowing into a basin, Watershed: Awatershed is a land area drained by a body of treatment process, or treatment plant. water having a common outlet for surface run-off.Aprincipal river basin has a drainage area of at least 40 km2, while a Inorganic Waste: Waste material such as sand, salt, iron, major river basin has a drainage area of more than 1,400 km2. calcium, and other mineral materials that are only slightly affected by the action of organisms. Inorganic wastes are Sources: Adapted from various water quality glossaries and NEDA. 40 Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This Environment Monitor 2003 on water quality is a joint effort of several government agencies and private sector and civil society organizations at both the national and local levels. The valuable contributions of people who provided assistance in the preparation of this Monitor are acknowledged. The contribution, cooperation, and participation of the following are appreciated. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES Philippine Senate - Committee on Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources and Natural Resources Hon. Elisea Gozun, Dir. Julian Amador, Mirzi Chua, Lito David Renato Cruz, Nicanor Mendoza, Leza Acorda, House of Representatives - Committee on Ecology Vilma Cabading, Elenida Basug and others Roselita Paloma Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau Wilfredo Pollisco CIVIL SOCIETY AND MEDIA Ecosystem Research and Development Bureau Environment Broadcast Circle Celso P. Diaz Elizabeth Roxas Department of Health Foundation for the Philippine Environment Dr. Robert A. Sadang, Joselito Riego de Dios Dr. Jose Pepito Cunanan Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Philippine Business for Social Progress Simeona Regidor, Mercedita Bantaya, Mr.Gil Salazar National Economic Development Authority Bantay Kalikasan ABS-CBN Foundation, Inc. Joan Tolentino, Narciso Prudente, Carmina Luna Mario Mendoza Department of Tourism Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement Priscilla Calimag Joseph Purugganan Metro Manila Development Authority Clean Water Coalition Rogelio Uranza Tet-Campos Lorenz Manila Waterworks and Sewerage System Orlando Honrade, Eduardo Santos, PRIVATE SECTOR Leonor Cleofas, Rebecca De Vera, Maynilad Water Services, Inc. Evelyn Agustín, Evangeline Dacanay, Francisco Arellano, Rizaldy de Guzmán Isabel Bagaporo, Darren Fernandez Manila Water Company, Inc. Laguna Lake Development Authority Fiorella Fabella, Karoline Constantino, Dolora Nepomuceno, Jocelyn Sta. Ana, Albert Nauta Babette Simbulan, Buhay Astudillo, Development Bank of the Philippines Amparo Canamo, Eva Matibag Eufemia Mendoza Land Bank of the Philippines DONORS Marites Galvez Ayson Japan International Cooperation Agency Local Water Utilities Administration Masahiro Ohta, Hiroyuki Kojima Manuel Yoingco, Carmelita Sunga, Virgilio Bombeta, US Agency for International Cooperation Jessielen Catapang, Ida Febrero Joy Jochico Philippine Coast Guard Australian Agency for International Cooperation May Belicena, Marlea Baual Erika Geronimo League of Provinces United Nations Development Program Gov. Rodolfo P. Del Rosario Cristine Ingrid Narcise League of Cities World Health Organization Gil Fernando Cruz Russell Abrams 41 Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 PHILIPPINES - AT A GLANCE PHILIPPINES - AT A GLANCE GEOGRAPHY ECONOMY / SOCIETY Area: total:....................................................300,000 km2 GDP:............................................................. 4,022.7B (2002) land:....................................................298,170 km2 GDP growth rate:.........................................real 4.4% (2002) water:..................................................1,830 km2 GDP - composition by sector: (2002) Boundaries: North: Balintang Channel agriculture:......................................................14.7% South: Sulu and Celebes Seas industry:..........................................................32.5% East: Philippine Sea/Pacific Ocean services:..........................................................52.8% West: South China Sea Inflation rate - consumer price index:..............................3.1 % Coastline: ...........................................................36,289 km Unemployment rate:.....................................................11.4 % Maritime claims: Total territorial water area incl. Gross Domestic Investment/GDP:...................................19.3% Economic Zone:....................................2,200,000 km2 Exports of goods and services GDP:.............................. 48.9% Coastal:...............................................266,000 km2 Gross domestic savings/GDP:........................................19.5% Oceanic:..............................................1,934,000 km2 Gross national savings/GDP:.........................................26.8% Continental shelf area:..........................184,600 km2 Industrial growth rate :....................................................3.7% Climate: tropical: northeast monsoon (Nov. to April); Agriculture growth rate:..................................................3.3% southwest monsoon (May to October) Agriculture-products: rice, coconut, corn, sugarcane, banana, Terrain: mostly mountains with narrow to pineapple, mango, pork, eggs. beef, fish extensive coastal lowlands Merchandise Exports: total value:.....................PhP1,786 B Elevation: lowest point:..................................Philippine Sea 0 m Merchandise Imports: total value:.....................PhP1,989 B highest point:..................................Mt. Apo 2,954 m Exchange Rate: 1 USD = 55.75 Philippine Peso, January 7, 2004 Natural resources: timber, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, salt, Population:................................................76.5 million (2000) copper, petroleum Population growth rate:..................................................2.36% Land use: arable land:.........................................19% Urban population (% of total population): .........................56.9 permanent crops:..................................12% Birth rate:..................................29.5/1,000 population (1998) permanent pastures:.............................. 4% Death rate:..................................6.3/1,000 population (1998) forest & wetlands:.................................46% Infant mortality rate:.....................48.9/1,000 live birth (1998) others:.................................................19% Access to safe water (% of population):..............................79% Environment - International agreements: Access to sanitation (% of population):..........................74.22% party to: Climate Change, Endangered Species, Life expectancy at birth:...........................................67.4 years Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Literacy (total population):..............................................94.6% Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Biodiversity, Elementary enrollment participation rate:.........................97% Wetlands, Whaling National capital:...........................................................Manila Administrative divisions:.....................17 regions, 80 provinces Independence:...................................................June 12, 1898 Source: National Statistics Office, National Economic and Development Authority, Medium Term Philippine Development Plan 2001-2004, 2001 Philippine Fisheries Profile, Bureau of Agricultural Statistics, 2000 Philippines Statistical Yearbook-National Statistical Coordination Board, World Development Indicator 2000. 42 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT BUREAU 2nd Floor, HRD Building, DENR Compound Visayas Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines Telefax Nos. (63-2) 920-2251 · 920-2252 http://www.denr.gov.ph · http://www.emb.gov.ph e-mail: emb@emb.gov.ph THE WORLD BANK GROUP WORLD BANK OFFICE, MANILA 1818 H. Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433 U.S.A. 23rd Floor, The Taipan Place Emerald Avenue Tel. (202) 477-1234 Fax. (202) 477-6391 Ortigas Center Pasig City, Philippines Telex: MCI 64145 WORLDBANK Tel. (63-2) 637-5855 MCI 248423 WORLDBANK Fax. (63-2) 917- 3050 www.worldbank.org.ph