Document of The World Bank FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Report No: 62210-TG PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT ON PROPOSED GRANTS FROM THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY TRUST FUND IN THE AMOUNT OF US$5,453,704 LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES FUND IN THE AMOUNT OF US$3,703,704 GLOBAL FACILITY FOR DISASTER REDUCTION AND RECOVERY IN THE AMOUNT OF US$7,290,000 TERRAFRICA LEVERAGING FUND IN THE AMOUNT OF US$500,000 TO THE REPUBLIC OF TOGO FOR A INTEGRATED DISASTER AND LAND MANAGEMENT (IDLM) PROJECT NOVEMBER 22, 2011 Africa Water Resources Management (AFTWR) Africa Region (AFCF2) This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (Exchange Rate Effective November 7, 2011) Currency Unit = XOF FCFA 477.34 = US$1 US$ 1.5748 = SDR 1 FISCAL YEAR January 1 – December 31 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AGAIB Agence d’Appui aux Initiatives de Base (Agency in Support of Grass Root Initiatives) AGETUR Agence d’Exécution des Travaux Urbaines (Agency for Execution of Urban Works) AMAT Adaptation Monitoring and Assessment Tool ARAP Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan AVGAP Association Villageoise de Gestion des Aires Protégées (Village Association for Participatory Management of Protected Areas) AWM Agriculture Water Management AWP Annual Work Plan CAS Country Assistance Strategy CDP Community Development Project DA Designated Account DFCEP Direction du Financement, du Contrôle de l’Exécution et du Plan (Directorate for Financing, Excecution Control and Plan) DRM Disaster Risk Management DRR Disaster Risk Reduction EIREP-PURISE Projet d’Urgence pour la Rehabilitation des Infrastructures et des Services Electriques (Emergency Infrastructure Rehabilitation and Energy Project) EA Environmental Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan EWS Early Warning System FM Financial Management GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environment Facility GEO Global Environmental Objective GFDRR Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery GoT Government of Togo Ha Hectares HDI Human Development Index HF High Frequency HFA Hyogo Framework for Action ICAT Institut de Conseil et d’Appui Technique (Togo Institute for Agricultural Extension) ICB International Competitive Bidding ICF International Consultancy Firm IDLM Integrated Disaster and Land Management Project IEM Integrated Ecosystem Management IFR Interim Financial Report IGF Inspection Générale des Finances (Central Financing Control Office) IMF International Monetary Fund INRM Integrated Natural Resources Management INCEF International Conservation and Education Fund IPR Independent Procurement Review IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management KPI Key Performance Indicators LDCF Least Developed Countries Fund MAEP Ministère de l’Agriculture, de l’Elevage et de la Pêche (Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Fisheries) MDG Millenium Development Goals MERF Ministère de l‟Environnement et des Ressources Forestières (Ministry for Environment and Forest Resources) MSC Most Significant Change NCB National Competitive Bidding NRM Natural Resource Management M&E Monitoring and Evaluation NAPA National Action Program of Adaptation to Climate Change NGO Non-Governmental Organization PA Protected Area PASA Projet d’Appui au Secteur Agricole du Togo (Togo Agriculture Sector Support Project) PDNA Post Disaster Needs Assessment PDO Project Development Objective PIM Project Implementation Manual PIU Project Implementation Unit PMP Pest Management Plan PNIASA Programme National d’Investissements Agricoles et de Sécurité alimentaire (National Agriculture and Food Security Investment Program) PNIERN Programme National d’Investissements pour l’Environnement et les Ressources Naturelles au Togo (National Investment Program for Environment and Natural Resources) PPR Post Procurement Review PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper RAP Resettlement Action Plan REDD Reduction of Emission from Deforestation and Degradation RFP Request for Proposal RPF Resettlement Policy Framework ROSC Reports on the Observance of Standards & Codes SAWAP Sahel And West Africa Program in support of the Great Green Wall Initiative SCCF Special Climate Change Fund SFM Sustainable Forest Management SIGFIP Système Intégré de Gestion des Finances Publiques (Integrated Public Budget Management System) SIL Specific Investment Loan SLM Sustainable Land Management SLWM Sustainable Land and Water Management SMART Specific, Measurable, Attributable, Relevant and Time-Bound STAR System for Transparent Allocation of Resources SYSCOHADA Système Comptable pour l’Harmonisation du Droit des affaires en Afrique TLF TerrAfrica Leveraging Fund TOR Terms of Reference TS Technical Secretariat TTL Task Team Leader UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Program UNFCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UN-SPIDER United Nations Platform for Space-Based Information for Disaster Management and Emergency Response VHF Very High Frequency WAAPP West Africa Agricultural Productivity Project WAEMU West African Economic and Monetary Union Regional Vice President: Obiageli K. Ezekwesili Country Director: Madani M. Tall Sector Director: Jamal Saghir Sector Manager: Jonathan Kamkwalala Task Team Leader: Shelley McMillan TOGO Integrated Disaster and Land Management Project CONTENTS Page I. STRATEGIC CONTEXT............................................................................................................... 1 A. Country Context .................................................................................................................. 1 B. Sectoral and Institutional Context....................................................................................... 2 C. Higher Level Objectives to which the Project Contributes ................................................ 4 D. Link with the GEF and Least Developed Country Fund (LDCF) Strategies ...................... 4 II. PROJECT DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES ...................................................................................... 5 A. Projective Development Objective (PDO) and Global Environmental Objective (GEO) .. 5 1. Project Beneficiaries ..................................................................................................... 6 2. PDO/GEO Level Results Indicators ............................................................................. 6 III. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................................... 6 A. Project Components ............................................................................................................ 7 B. Project Financing .............................................................................................................. 10 1. Lending Instrument..................................................................................................... 10 2. Project Cost and Financing ......................................................................................... 11 IV. IMPLEMENTATION .............................................................................................................. 12 A. Institutional and Implementation Arrangements .............................................................. 12 B. Results Monitoring and Evaluation .................................................................................. 13 C. Sustainability..................................................................................................................... 13 V. KEY RISKS ............................................................................................................................. 14 VI. APPRAISAL SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... 14 A. Economic and Financial Analysis ..................................................................................... 14 B. Technical ........................................................................................................................... 14 C. Financial Management ...................................................................................................... 15 D. Procurement ...................................................................................................................... 16 E. Social................................................................................................................................. 16 F. Environment ...................................................................................................................... 17 ANNEX 1: RESULTS FRAMEWORK AND MONITORING .................................................................... 19 ANNEX 2: DETAILED PROJECT DESCRIPTION ................................................................................ 24 ANNEX 3: IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS .............................................................................. 51 ANNEX 4: OPERATIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK (ORAF) ............................................. 71 ANNEX 5: IMPLEMENTATION SUPPORT PLAN ................................................................................. 73 ANNEX 6: TEAM COMPOSITION ...................................................................................................... 75 ANNEX 7: INCREMENTAL AND ADDITIONAL COST ANALYSIS ........................................................ 76 ANNEX 8: TOGO‟S ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE FOR BIODIVERSITY, LAND DEGRADATION, CLIMATE CHANGE AND FORESTS AND GEOGRAPHICAL SCOPE OF INTERVENTION .......................................... 95 ANNEX 9: MAP OF TOGO.............................................................................................................. 102 PAD DATA SHEET TOGO INTEGRATED DISASTER AND LAND MANAGEMENT (IDLM) PROJECT PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT . AFR Water Resources Management . Basic Information Date: 11/22/2011 Sectors: General water, sanitation and Flood (100%) Country Director: Madani Tall Themes: Other environment and natural resources management 35%) Other social protection and risk management (35%) Water resource management (30%) Sector Manager/Director: Jonathan Kamkwalala/Jamal Saghir EA Category: B-Partial Assessment Project ID: P123922 and P124198 Lending Instrument: Specific Investment Loan Team Leader(s): Shelley McMillan Does the project include any CDD component? No Joint IFC: . Borrower: The Republic of Togo Responsible Agency: Ministry of Environment and Forest Resources (The Technical Secretariat of the National Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction will serve as the project implementation unit) Contact: Nelson Akibode, Kossivi Essiomle Title: Member of TS , Technical Team PNIERN/MERF Telephone No.: (+228) 220 09 06, (+228) 913 06 75 Email: (nakibode@yahoo.fr),(ukessiomle@yahoo.fr) . Project Implementation Period: 4 years Start Date: December 20, 2011 End Date: February 18, 2016 Expected Effectiveness Date: March 19, 2012 Expected Closing Date: February 18, 2016 . Project Financing Data(US$M) [ ] Loan [ x] Grant [ ] Other [ ] Credit [ ] Guarantee For Loans/Credits/Others Total Project Cost : $ 16.95 Total Bank Financing : $ 16.95 Total Cofinancing : Financing Gap . Financing Source Amount(US$M) BORROWER/RECIPIENT IBRD GFDRR $ 7.29 Global Environmental Facility (GEF) $ 5.46 Least Developed Country Fund (LDCF) $ 3.70 TerrAfrica Leveraging Fund $ 0.50 IDA: New N/A IDA: Recommitted N/A Others N/A Financing Gap N/A Total $16.95 . Expected Disbursements (in USD Million) Fiscal Year 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Annual 0.7 1.4 6.2 6.0 2.65 Cumulative 0.7 2.1 8.3 14.3 16.95 . Project Development Objective To strengthen institutional capacity of targeted institutions to manage risk of flooding and land degradation in targeted rural and urban areas. Global Environmental Objective (GEO) To expand sustainable land management (SLM) in targeted landscapes and in climate vulnerable areas in Togo. . Components Component 1: Institutional Strengthening and Awareness Raising USD 3.21 Millions Institutional Strengthening: Capacity of key national, regional, local, and community organizations engaged in disaster risk and sustainable land management (DRM and SLM) will be strengthened through the provision of equipment and training. Awareness Raising: Awareness about the risks of flooding and land degradation will be enhanced through targeted information campaigns at national and local levels. Component 2: Community-Based Activities for Adaptation and USD 6.81 Millions Sustainable Land Management Community-Based activities in Watershed and Flood-Prone Areas: Resilience to flooding will be strengthened through targeted pilot activities at the local level that will enable communities to better manage disaster risk and land degradation. Community-Based activities in Cropland and Grazing Land: Resilience of agriculture to climate change, promotion of land productivity and water-use efficiency and SLM best practices will be piloted and promoted in targeted areas. Community-Based Sustainable Forest and Wetland Management: Communities will be assisted in preparing sustainable financing plans and in designing small income generation activities in and around select protected areas and forests to reduce pressure on forest resources and restore ecosystem services. Component 3: Early Warning, Monitoring, and Knowledge Systems USD 5.80 Millions Early Warning System (EWS): A nation-wide EWS will be developed to alert communities of upcoming possible flood events and allow them to take appropriate actions to protect lives and property, through enhanced collaboration and communications between the national hydro meteorological services and the Togolese Red Cross. Specific technical equipment and training will also be provided to the key players. Environmental Monitoring: A country-owned climate and land monitoring system, including geo-spatial data, will be developed to monitor vegetation cover and land use (crop, pasture/range, forest, wetland, protected area, and other relevant categories), and to provide carbon sequestration estimates in select project areas. Knowledge: An update of the national cartography and targeted risk assessments will be conducted to identify appropriate disaster mitigation investments and/or risk transfer mechanisms, including hazard, asset, and vulnerability analyses. A guide of select SLM best practices which incorporates climate change impacts will also be developed. Component 4: Project Management USD 1.12 Millions For the project to be effectively implemented, project management functions including fiduciary management, monitoring and evaluation (M&E), technical supervision, reporting and audits, will be covered under this component. . Compliance Policy Does the project depart from the CAS in content or in other significant Yes [ ] No [ X ] respects? . Does the project require any exceptions from Bank policies? Yes [ ] No [ X ] Have these been approved by Bank management? Yes [ ] No [ ] Is approval for any policy exception sought from the Board? Yes [ ] No [ X ] Does the project meet the Regional criteria for readiness for Yes [ X ] No [ ] implementation? . Safeguard Policies Triggered by the Project Yes No Environmental Assessment OP/BP 4.01 X Natural Habitats OP/BP 4.04 X Forests OP/BP 4.36 X Pest Management OP 4.09 X Physical Cultural Resources OP/BP 4.11 X Indigenous Peoples OP/BP 4.10 X Involuntary Resettlement OP/BP 4.12 X Safety of Dams OP/BP 4.37 X Projects on International Waters OP/BP 7.50 X Projects in Disputed Areas OP/BP 7.60 X . Legal Covenants Name Recurrent Due Date Frequency Financing Agreement Reference GEF: 5.01(a) GFDRR, LDCF, TerrAfrica: Section 5.01(a) Description of Covenant The execution and delivery of this Agreement on behalf of the Recipient have been duly authorized or ratified by all necessary governmental action. GEF: 5.01(b) GFDRR, LDCF,TerrAfrica: Section 5.01(b) Description of Covenant Each Co-financing Agreement has been executed and delivered and all conditions precedent to the effectiveness of each such Co-financing Agreement or to the right of the Recipient to make withdrawals under each such Co- financing Agreement (other than the effectiveness of this Agreement) have been fulfilled. GEF: 5.01(c) Description of Covenant The Recipient has established the Project Steering Committee in accordance with the provisions of Section I.A.1 of Schedule 2 to this Agreement. GEF: 5.01(d) Description of Covenant The Recipient has (i) appointed the following staff to the Technical Secretariat: a Project coordinator, assistant Project coordinator, a procurement officer, a financial management specialist, a disaster risk management specialist, a sustainable land management specialist, a safeguards specialist, a monitoring and evaluation specialist, a secretary and a driver, and (ii) recruited a financial management and procurement consultant, all in accordance with the provisions of Section I.A.2 of Schedule 2 to this Agreement. GEF: 5.01(e) Description of Covenant The Recipient has adopted the Project Implementation Manual in accordance with the provisions of Section I.D of Schedule 2 to this Agreement. GEF: Schedule 2.I.E.1 One month GFDRR, LDCF, TerrAfrica: through after the Section 2.03 Effective Date for the first year of the Project, thereafter, November 30 in each calendar year Description of Covenant Not later than November 30 in each calendar year (or one month after the Effective Date for the first year of Project implementation), the Recipient shall prepare and furnish to the World Bank: (i) a draft annual work plan and budget for the Project (including Training and Operating Costs) for the subsequent calendar year of Project implementation, of such scope and detail as the World Bank shall have reasonably requested; as well as (ii) any Supplemental Social and Environmental Safeguard Instruments which are required for the implementation of the activities included in the draft annual work plan and budget. GEF: Schedule 2.II.B.4 4 months GFDRR, LDCF, TerrAfrica: Section after the 2.05(d) Effective Date Description of Covenant The Recipient shall appoint, no later than four (4) months after the Effective Date, an external auditor in accordance with the provisions of Section III.C of this Schedule 2 to this Agreement. . Team Composition Bank Staff Name Title Specialization Unit UPI Shelley McMillan TTL Sr. Water Resources AFTWR 243087 Specialist Bérengère Prince Co-TTL Sr. Environmental AFTEN 377057 Specialist Paolo Caputo Sr. Disaster Risk Disaster Risk AFTWR 157237 Management Specialist Management Koffi Hounkpe Disaster Risk Management Disaster Risk AFTWR 364229 Specialist Management Taoufiq Bennouna Sr. Environmental Environment AFTEN 314228 Specialist Lucson Pierre-Charles Program Assistant AFTWR 220319 Ayi Adamah Klouvi Agricultural Economist Agricultural AFTAR 159273 Economy Abdoul-Wahab Seyni Sr. Social Development Social Development AFTCS 102504 Specialist Africa Eshogba Olojoba Sr. Environmental Environmental AFTEN 251917 Specialist Itchi Ayindo Sr. Procurement Specialist Procurement AFTPC 241199 Alain Hinkati Financial Management Financial AFTFM 355399 Specialist Management Nneoma Nwogu Counsel Counsel LEGAF 374240 Salwa Saleh Junior Counsel Counsel LEGAF 359607 Esinam Hlomador-Lawson Team Assistant ASC AFMTG 305580 Kamel El Malik Ait El Hadj Legal Consultant Legal LEGAF 381328 Julia Lendorfer Disaster Risk Management Disaster Risk AFTWR 365712 Consultant Management Sylvestre Bea Operations Consultant Financial AFTWR 303052 Non Bank Staff Name Title Office Phone City N/A Locations Country First Administrative Division Location Planned Actual Comments Republic of Togo Ministry of Environment and Lomé, Forest Resources Togo . PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT TOGO INTEGRATED DISASTER AND LAND MANAGEMENT I. STRATEGIC CONTEXT A. Country Context 1. Togo is a small country in West Africa with a population of over six million people. Approximately 70 percent of the population lives in rural areas and the economy is heavily dependent on both commercial and subsistence agriculture, which provide employment to 65 percent of the labour force. Togo remains a very poor country, ranking 139 out of 178 according to the 2010 Human Development Index (HDI). About 62 percent of the population lives below the national poverty line with poverty higher in rural areas. The climate is generally tropical with average temperatures ranging from 27 degrees Celsius on the coast to about 30 degrees Celsius in the northernmost regions. To the south, there are two rainy seasons. The first one takes place between April and July and the second between September and November. While the rainy seasons have shortened in recent years and the annual rainfall has decreased, the frequency and intensity of extreme rain events has increased. These changes to the climate pattern coupled with land degradation exacerbate flooding throughout the country. 2. In May 2002, as a consequence of the political and economic crisis, Togo fell into arrears with the Bank and operations were suspended, along with almost all dialogue and analytical work. Most donors left Togo during the crisis years. This long crisis severely affected the economy of Togo and hampered the capacity of the government to deliver basic social services to the majority of its population. The level of neglect and depletion of natural resources increased the risk of natural disasters and land degradation. 3. The country is now emerging from the crisis years of slow economic growth. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth is estimated at 3.1 percent in 2009 and real GDP per capita barely grew. Togo is unlikely to achieve many of its Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015. The Government of Togo (GoT) has limited fiscal space and weak mechanisms and capacities to react. In 2009, it adopted the recommendations from a full Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP 2009–2011) with the objective of providing sustainable improvement of people‟s living conditions by addressing the principal causes of poverty. 4. Togo‟s main economic activities are agriculture, phosphate mining, trade, and transit activities. Agriculture employs two thirds of the population and accounts for about 38 percent of GDP. However, this is mainly subsistence agriculture based on traditional practices and subject to the vagaries of climate and price fluctuations. Yields have been consistently low for food crops and the performance of the main export crops (cotton, coffee, and cocoa) has been deteriorating. Meat and fish production are also low and the country faces massive imports to 1 make up its food deficit. Rural infrastructure is scarce, poorly maintained, and constitutes a major constraint to growth. Economic studies show that agriculture will remain the main source of growth and employment for the foreseeable future. B. Sectoral and Institutional Context 5. Unsustainable land and forest management1 exacerbate erosion and intensify the negative results of climate change, especially flooding. Deforestation, land degradation, and flooding constitute an intertwined problem that requires an integrated approach. 6. There are different levels of risks associated with flooding and soil and coastal erosion within Togo depending on geographic region. In the north, the land is characterized by gently rolling savannas. The centre is characterized by hills and the Togo Mountains stretching across the country. In the south, there are savannas and woodlands that reach to a coastal area that contains extensive lagoons and marshes. Both rural and urban areas in Togo are vulnerable to flooding. The northern half of Togo shares the Upper Volta River Basin with Ghana and Burkina Faso and is vulnerable to water resource management decisions made in these countries. Conversely, decisions taken in Togo can also affect Benin as downstream country. Areas along the coast, such as the capital, Lomé, are also subject to coastal flooding because of the high levels of coastal erosion. 7. Though Togo experiences some flooding almost every year, between 1983 and 2010, there were ten major floods in Togo and during the last four years, there have been particularly widespread and devastating floods that have had severe consequences including the destruction of infrastructure and cultivated land. Climate change will likely only worsen this flooding trend. In 2008, approximately 11,688 hectares (ha) of cultivated land were washed away by the floods; four schools and eleven key bridges were destroyed, and over 300 kilometers of rural roads were seriously damaged. The destruction of roads and bridges hurt the national economy. Large companies operating in Togo were negatively affected by the spike in transportation costs, which in turn affected government tax revenues. Additionally, Togo lost customs and entrance fees from landlocked countries like Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger that rely on the port of Lomé for the import and export of goods. Many farmers lost an enormous portion of their annual income (if not all), and the affected areas suffered from food shortages. The proliferation of waterborne diseases is a permanent threat when flooding occurs. Precise figures of the damage and losses caused by the 2010 floods are available from the government-led Post Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA), supported by the Bank2. 8. Land degradation affects at least 85 percent of arable land: it is occurring at a critical level in the Savanna region, in the mountainous area west of the Plateau region, and in the Maritime region of the south. According to Brabant et al.,3 63 percent of the lands are slightly degraded, 21 percent are moderately degraded and 2 percent are severally degraded. The 1 Such as deforestation, clearing of slopes, inappropriate cropping techniques, non-mastery of the concepts of fertility maintenance, destruction of organic matter, bush fires, overgrazing, and so forth. 2 From here on, the Bank refers to the World Bank. 3 Brabant P, Darracq S, Egué K et V. Simmonneaux, 1996. Togo. Etat de dégradation des terres résultant des activités humaines. Note explicative de la carte des indices de dégradation. Collection Note Explicative n°112, ORSTOM Eds, Paris, 66 p. 2 Environmental Profile of Togo Ministry for Environment and Forest Resources (MERF: Ministère de l’Environnement et des Ressources Forestières, 2007) indicates that coffee and cocoa tree planting on deforested land in the southwest quickly leads to erosion. Farmers are also increasingly reporting land degradation in cotton crop areas. Loss of protected areas adds to the problem of land degradation and threatens habitats. Togo has a rich biodiversity including a variety of ecological conditions that serve as habitats for many plants and animals. Inventories list approximately 3,500 terrestrial species. The population of many of these species has declined sharply and some of them have disappeared or are endangered. Decrees published between 1939 and 1958 officially delineated 83 protected areas representing 793,000 ha or 14.2 percent of the Togolese territory. However, during the period of social unrest in 1990s, many protected areas were lost. Exploitation of the forests and fauna, deforestation, overgrazing, and introduction of development of agriculture and human settlements reduced the integrity of the protected areas so that many areas are protected only nominally now. Out of the original 793,000 ha of protected areas, 215,000 ha are irreversibly lost or are too costly to rehabilitate. Togo has restructured its Protected Area (PA) system which now covers 578,000 ha. A more detailed description of the state of the environment in Togo is available in Annex 8. 9. Water resources and environmental management are crucial elements to reduce disaster- related risks. A number of international agreements emphasize the linkages of environmental management and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR), including the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA), the Millennium Declaration and the United Nations (UN) Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. While these three international agreements have different focuses, they share the view that environmental degradation, poverty, and disaster risk have common causes as well as common consequences for human security and well-being. They also recognize that ecosystem services, environmental management, and environmental information offer opportunities to reduce risk, decrease poverty, and achieve more sustainable development. 10. In 2010, the GoT developed the National Investment Program for Environment and Natural Resources (PNIERN: Programme National d’Investissements pour l’Environnement et les Ressources Naturelles au Togo) to identify and create a budget for national priorities. The PNIERN integrates former plans and strategies within a set of sub-programs including: (a) institutional, legal, financial, and technical capacity-building in the area of sustainable environmental and natural resource management; (b) support for the implementation and dissemination of best practices in environmental and natural resource management in rural areas; (c) attenuating the effects of climate change, disaster management, and risk prevention; and (d) developing and integrating a system of knowledge acquisition and management, M&E, and a communication strategy to support environmental and natural resources management. 11. Under the PNIERN, the National Platform for DRR was strengthened with the support of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). The Platform has developed a national strategy for DRR and is charged with mainstreaming the strategy into sector plans, as well as monitoring its implementation. It is also responsible for promoting information dissemination related to DRR, coordinating the work of the government and non-governmental actors and mobilizing funding from national and international donors in support of DRR. 12. The PNIERN also integrates the National Action Program of Adaptation (NAPA) to climate change. The first priority project under NAPA is adaptation of the agricultural 3 production systems in three regions through techniques that integrate climate change and improve agro-meteorological information. The second NAPA priority project is the development of a EWS for real-time information on floods in the Maritime and Savanna regions. 13. This project is fully aligned to the PNIERN and also complements other ongoing initiatives such as the Togo Agriculture Sector Support Project (PASA: Projet d’Appui au Secteur Agricole du Togo), the Community Development Project (CDP), the West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program Project (WAAPP) and the Emergency Infrastructure Rehabilitation and Energy Project (EIREP-PURISE: Projet d’Urgence pour la Rehabilitation des Infrastructures et des Services Electriques). 14. Furthermore, the project builds upon the Interim Strategy Note for Togo (ISN, May 29, 2008, Report No. 43257-TG) with the long-term objective of improving efficiency and sustainability of natural resource management (NRM). The project is also aligned with Outcome 3.4: Improved management of environmental and natural disasters of the new Interim Strategy Note (draft ISN, FY12-13) and to the Africa Strategy, “Africa’s Future and the World Bank’s Support to It�, March 2011. C. Higher Level Objectives to which the Project Contributes 15. The Bank‟s worldwide experience in disaster risk management indicates that there is a direct link between disasters and poverty: the occurrence of disasters hampers achievement of the MDGs. Since disasters can hinder development and economic growth, improvements in DRR in Togo are critical for sustainable development. 16. The project is a first step to address ecosystem service restoration and contribute to mitigating natural disasters, particularly flooding and drought. The project is designed to support PNIERN through the following: (a) institutional capacity building for sustainable environment and natural resource management; (b) implementation and expansion of best practices for environment and natural resource management in rural areas; and (c) mitigation of climate change and disasters. 17. The proposed project also responds to NAPA priorities, in particular, the first priority project: Adaptation of the agricultural production systems in three regions (Savanna, Center, and Maritime); and the second priority project: Development of an EWS for real time information on floods. D. Link with the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) and Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF) Strategies 18. The LDCF trust fund was established in 2001 under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) at its seventh session in Marrakesh to address the needs of least developed countries whose economic and geophysical characteristics make them particularly vulnerable to the impact of global warming and climate change. The Least Developed Countries identified adaptation as their top priority. Specifically, the LDCF was tasked with financing the preparation and implementation of the NAPAs. The proposed project will be developed as a multi-focal plan combining several GEF strategic goals, and one LDCF objective namely: 4  Contributing to arresting and reversing current global trends in land degradation, specifically desertification and deforestation.  Supporting emerging countries to become climate-resilient by promoting both immediate and longer-term adaptation measures in development policies, plans, programs, projects, and actions.  Contributing to conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and the maintenance of ecosystem goods and services.  Achieving multiple environmental benefits from improved management of all types of forests. 19. It is important to note that the project falls under the Sahel and West Africa Program in Support of the Great Green Wall Initiative (SAWAP) approved by the GEF and LDCF/Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF) Councils in May, 2011. This US$108 million program is the largest program ever allocated to a single agency. The Program addresses major issues related to land degradation, including food security, climate change mitigation and adaptation, to support sustainable development in twelve countries. These include Burkina Faso, Chad, Ethiopia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan, Benin, Togo, and Ghana. 20. The GEF support will contribute to safeguarding the eco-system services provided by natural production systems generating intertwined global and local environmental benefits. Global benefits will traverse the different GEF focal areas with (i) increase in biodiversity conservation through improved management of existing protected areas, (ii) increase in carbon stocks (CO2 290,000 tons) in vegetation as a result of better managed forest and improved soil conservation and avoided deforestation in the project area and (iii) reduction in the negative trends in land degradation through adoption of better SLM practices. Adaptation benefits will be generated from the uptake of selected climate-resilient practices aiming at improving and consolidating ecosystems services through maintaining or expanding vegetation cover and improve soil quality and water retention. The IDLM project will contribute to improve ability of communities to adapt to climate variability and change. II. PROJECT DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES A. Projective Development Objective (PDO) and Global Environmental Objective (GEO) 21. The PDO is to strengthen institutional capacity of targeted institutions4 to manage the risk of flooding and land degradation in targeted rural and urban areas. 4 Institutions targeted by the project includes Department of Cartography, Department of National Meteorology, National Hydrological Service, Public Work Department, Planning and Water Resources Department, National Institute of Agricultural Research, Togo Institute for Agricultural Extension (ICAT: Institut de Conseil et d'Appui Technique), Environmental Departments of all five regions of Togo, Agricultural Departments of all five regions of Togo, Water and Sanitation Department of Lomé, Fire Brigade, Municipality of Atakpamé, Rainfall stations in Lomé, Tsévié, Tabligbo, Atakpamé and Kouma Konda/Kpalimé, Synoptic Stations in Atakpamé, Weather stations in Lomé and Atakpamé, select Village Development Committees, select Village Association for Participatory 5 22. The GEO is to expand SLM5 in targeted landscapes and in climate vulnerable areas in Togo. 1. Project Beneficiaries 23. The project will benefit communities living in flood-prone areas in all five regions of Togo (Savanna, Maritime, Plateau, Central, and Kara). The project will also benefit communities settled in the buffer zones of selected protected areas as well as farmers in selected rural areas. A number of key institutions6 will also benefit from the project in terms of increased capacity. 24. Local communities targeted include but not exclusively: Baguida, the district de Djakpa, Atakpamé, the city de Tchamba, Nawaré, Naki, Vogan, Doufelgou and Bombouka, Oti (Savanna), Zio Haho (Plateau – Maritime) and Mono (Central – Plateau) watersheds. Selected Protected Areas are Togodo (Plateau – Maritime), Abdoulaye (Central), Galangashie (Savanna) and Amou Mono (Plateau). 2. PDO/GEO Level Results Indicators 25. Indicator One: Area covered by a functional Early Warning System (EWS) jointly managed by the Togolese Red Cross, the Department of Meteorology and the Department of Hydrology (km2)7. 26. Indicator Two: Additional land area with Sustainable Land Management (SLM) practices and/or climate-resilient agricultural practices in targeted areas. 27. Indicator Three: Direct project beneficiaries (number), of which female (percentage). III. PROJECT DESCRIPTION 28. The Togo Integrated Disaster and Land Management (IDLM) Project was born out of the merger of two projects that were both under identification in 2010, namely: Management of Protected Areas (AVGAP: Association Villageoise de Gestion des Aires Protégées), Togolese Red Cross and other select non-governmental organizations (NGO). 5 The definition of SLM adopted in this proposal is based on the TerrAfrica Leveraging Fund (TLF) definition: the adoption of land use systems that, through appropriate management practices, enables land users to maximize the economic and social benefits from the land while maintaining or enhancing the ecological support functions of the land resources. SLM includes management of soil, water, vegetation, and animal resources. It involves a holistic approach that integrates social, economic, physical, and biological assets. For the purposes of this proposal, this definition will encompass other approaches such as integrated natural resources management (INRM), integrated water resources management (IWRM), integrated ecosystem management (IEM), eco-agriculture and SFM, and many facets of sustainable agriculture, agriculture water management (AWM), biodiversity conservation and climate change adaptation, such as agroforestry. 6 See footnote 4 7 A functional EWS is one that is able to inform a target population about an upcoming flood event with a reasonable level of accuracy and providing sufficient lead time to reduce as much as possible the loss of lives and property. 6  National Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Plan (P123922) Funding source: Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR). The GFDRR was established in 2006 by various donors to help developing countries reduce their vulnerability to natural hazards and adapt to climate change by mainstreaming disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in country development strategies. And  Ecological Support to Agricultural Activities in the National Agriculture and Food Security Investment Program (PNIASA: Programme National d‟Investissements Agricoles et de Sécurité Alimentaire) (P124198) Funding source: Global Environment Facility (GEF). The GEF is the trust fund established in 1991 by a resolution of the World Bank executive directors as a program to assist in the protection of the global environment and to promote environmentally sound and sustainable economic development. 29. The rationale behind the merger of these two projects into the IDLM Project can be substantiated at three complementary levels: (a) thematic, (b) institutional, and (c) strategic. (i) At the thematic level, both projects offer strong synergies and reinforce each other. For example, the GEF funded activities which support ecosystem services restoration help reduce and mitigate flooding. Furthermore, sustainable agricultural and forestry practices in the watershed are known to consolidate land coverage, reduce erosion, and improve rain infiltration in the ground. The GEF funded activities thus contribute to consolidate the outcomes of the DRM activities. Similarly, the GFDRR-funded activities, including small-scale reforestation, tree nursery and tree planting contribute to more sustainable land and water management. (ii) At the institutional level, both projects fall under the responsibility of MERF to implement so the merger facilitates one coherent program for MERF and the Bank. (iii) At the strategic level, the newly approved PNIERN has identified institutional capacity building, SLM, and DRM as its three priorities for investment. Both projects fully contribute to the implementation of the PNIERN so merging them into one is logical. 30. Later on in project preparation, additional financing was obtained from LDCF and the TerrAfrica Leveraging Fund (TLF) as it became evident that the project supports the objectives of these trust funds as well. TLF is the multi-donor trust fund established in 2005 for the financing of activities for sustainable land management in sub-Saharan Africa. 31. The paragraphs below describe the project components. Additional details are provided in Annex 2. A. Project Components 32. The project has four components: (a) Institutional Strengthening and Awareness Raising, (b) Community-based Activities for Adaptation and Sustainable Land Management, (c) Early 7 Warning, Monitoring, and Knowledge Systems and (d) Project Management. For further details on the project component level activities, refer to Annexes 2 & 7 COMPONENT 1: INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING AND AWARENESS RAISING (US$ 3.21 MILLION: $1.26 million from the GFDRR, $0.30 million from the GEF and $1.65 million from the LDCF) 33. Institutional Strengthening: The capacity of key national, regional, local, and community organizations engaged in DRM and SLM will be strengthened through the provision of equipment and training. 34. During the first eighteen months, communication and water pumping equipment will be provided to the National Civil Defence Department. Combined with specific technical training, this will strengthen the preparedness and response capacity of the Department. Subsequently, the operational capacity of the National Fire Brigade (the main operational structure of the Civil Defence Department) will be significantly strengthened in the Northern areas of the country by rehabilitating and equipping a base in the Kara Region. Further, the capacity of key national, regional, and local institutions involved in managing and promoting SLM will be strengthened through the provision of training and equipment. Training will target experts who play an active role in preventing and managing risks of land degradation. Training will cover an introduction to land degradation phenomena, how these events may be affected by climate change and how prevention, mitigation, and rehabilitation can be improved. 35. Awareness Raising: Awareness about the risks of flooding and land degradation will be enhanced through targeted information campaigns at national and local levels. 36. General awareness campaigns about the risks of flooding and land degradation will be conducted to educate the population about flood-prone areas, flood evacuation plans, and flood prevention, and to improve readiness when such events occur. The campaigns will also raise awareness on how SLM can directly mitigate impacts of flooding and other extreme events such as landslides, mud flows, and drought. The multiple benefits of SLM for improved productivity and livelihood will be disseminated. Climate change resilient SLM techniques will be promoted such as protecting soil cover (mulch, crops, grass, and trees), and improved water productivity (rain water harvesting and runoff/run-on control). COMPONENT 2: COMMUNITY-BASED ACTIVITIES FOR ADAPTATION AND SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT (US$ 6.81 MILLION: $2.01 million from the GFDRR, $3.32 million from the GEF, $1.48 million from the LDCF) 37. Community-Based activities in Watersheds and Flood-Prone Areas: Resilience to flooding will be strengthened through targeted pilot activities at the local level that will enable communities to better manage disaster risk and land degradation. A map of selected watersheds is available in Annex 8. 38. During the first eighteen months, four small-scale interventions will be implemented on a pilot basis. Interventions will likely include: community improvement of drainage canals in the city of Tchamba (Central Region); community works for the clearing and maintenance of Lac 8 Boko canal and consolidation of the banks (Maritime Region); a study for improvement works on the river Eké (Atakpamé in Plateau Region) and stabilization of Bombouaka reservoir 8 through de-silting and reforestation of the surrounding area (Savanna Region). The reservoir is continually threatened from soil erosion in the surrounding area so trees will be planted around the reservoir to help reduce the soil erosion. Similar activities identified during the first eighteen months will subsequently be replicated in other priority vulnerable areas of Togo. 39. Community-Based activities in Cropland and Grazing Land: Resilience of agriculture to climate change, promotion of land productivity and water-use efficiency and SLM best practices will be piloted and promoted in targeted areas. 40. During the first eighteen months, a total of six small-scale interventions will be implemented on a pilot basis at select sites located in the Kara, Maritime, Plateau, and Savanna Regions. SLM best practices will be piloted and promoted with a focus on introducing sustainable agricultural practices that increase resilience to climate change. These activities will address local area needs to increase SLM practices so communities can select those techniques most appropriate for a given environment. These techniques include reforestation, agroforestry, conservation tillage and conservation agriculture, integrated soil fertility, mulch and crop residues, limiting use of fire in range management, manure management, conservation and restoration of agro-biodiversity and habitats, and integrated watershed management. Similar activities will be later replicated. 41. Community-Based Sustainable Forest and Wetland Management: Communities will be assisted in preparing sustainable financing plans and in designing small income generation activities in and around select protected areas and forests to reduce pressure on forest resources and restore ecosystem services. A map of selected protected areas is available in Annex 8. 42. During the first eighteen months, one small-scale intervention (boundary demarcation of the classified forest in Abdoulate) will be implemented in the Central Region. Later on in implementation, participatory management will be promoted and sustainable financing plans prepared for the communities in the select protected areas. Small income generation projects will also be designed to reduce pressure on forest resources and restore ecosystem services in select protected areas. COMPONENT 3: EARLY WARNING, MONITORING AND KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS (US$ 5.80 MILLION: $3.33 million from the GFDRR, $1.57 million from the GEF, $0.40 million from the LDCF and $0.50 million from TerrAfrica) 43. Early Warning System (EWS): A nation-wide EWS will be developed to alert communities of upcoming possible flood events and allow them to take appropriate actions to protect lives and property, through enhanced collaboration and communications between the national hydro meteorological services and the Togolese Red Cross. Specific technical equipment and training will also be provided to the key players. 8 Bombouaka reservoir is a small reservoir primarily for supplying drinking water for Bombouaka and nearby villages. It is approximately 100 m in length, 35 m wide and 4 m high. 9 44. During the first eighteen months, equipment needed to monitor meteorological and hydrological parameters in select areas will be provided to the relevant government agencies. A shared working plan and a coordinated approach to better forecast floods in flood-prone rural and urban areas will also be developed. Assistance will be provided to improve communications between the National Hydrological Service, the Ministry of Water and Sanitation, the Togolese Red Cross, and the Department of National Meteorology. The same approach will afterwards be extended to other select areas. 45. Environmental Monitoring: A country-owned climate and land monitoring system, including geo-spatial data, will be developed to monitor vegetation cover and land use (crop, pasture/range, forest, wetland, protected area, and other relevant categories), and to provide carbon sequestration estimates in select project areas. 46. Key baseline data will be gathered during the first eighteen months to prepare for the implementation of the above-mentioned activities. The monitoring system will be based the regional TerrAfrica prototype that was developed in Mali to allow compilation at different local, district, and regional levels. The relevant GEF tracking tools and the Adaptation Monitoring and Assessment Tool (AMAT) will be informed at inception, mid-term and project completion. 47. Knowledge: An update of the national cartography and targeted risk assessments will be conducted to identify appropriate disaster mitigation investments and/or risk transfer mechanisms, including hazard, asset, and vulnerability analyses. A guide of select SLM best practices which incorporates climate change impacts will also be developed. 48. During the first eighteen months, the project will support the update of the cartography for the Greater Lomé area as a basis for a comprehensive approach to the flooding issues affecting the capital city. In addition, in response to the critical situation of the Baguida neighbourhood, which was flooded for over six months during 2010, the project will also support an analytical study of the hydrology, the layout of the settlement and the economic and social profile of the population of this specific area. This study will include an overview of the different possible investment options for improving the situation. The SLM best practices guide will later be developed for dissemination. COMPONENT 4: PROJECT MANAGEMENT (US$ 1.12 MILLION: $0.69 million from the GFDRR, $0.26 million from the GEF and $0.17 million from the LDCF) 49. For the project to be effectively implemented, project management functions including fiduciary management, M&E, technical supervision, reporting and audits, will be covered under this component. B. Project Financing 1. Lending Instrument 50. The lending instrument chosen for Bank support is a Specific Investment Loan (SIL). The SIL is considered the most appropriate instrument for this project and the project will be financed by four grant sources: a US$7.29 million grant provided by GFDRR, a US$0.50 million 10 grant provided by the TLF, a US$5.45 million grant provided by the GEF and a US$3.70 grant from the LDCF. 2. Project Cost and Financing9 Table 1: Project Financing Table Project Components Total GEF GFDRR LDCF TLF10 US$ million US$ % US$ % US$ % US$ % million million million million Component 3,117,797 291,262 9.3 1,224,593 39.3 1,601,942 51.4 - - 1:Institutional Strengthening & Awareness Raising Component 2: 6,612,503 3,222,334 48.7 1,955,862 29.6 1,434,307 21.7 - - Community-Based Activities for Adaptation & Sustainability Component 3: Early 5,649,381 1,529,126 27.1 3,231,905 57.2 388,350 6.9 500,000 8.8 Warning, Monitoring & Knowledge Systems Component 4: Project 1,088,676 252,136 23.2 665,310 61.1 171,230 15.7 - - Management Total Baseline Costs 16,468,357 5,294,858 32.2 7,077,670 43.0 3,595,829 21.8 500,000 3.0 Physical/Price 479,051 158,846 33.2 212,330 44.3 107,875 22.5 0 0 Contingencies (3%) Total Project Costs 16,947,408 5,453,704 32.2 7,290,000 43.0 3,703,704 21.8 500,000 3.0 51. The financing from GFDRR will predominantly contribute to DRM activities, and the financing from GEF and TLFwill support SLM and SFM activities. LDCF will support the additional costs to improve climate resilience of project activities. The TLF funds have been 9 The Project Cost does not include in-kind support from the GoT such as secondment of staff to the TS for project implementation. 10 The total project cost is US$16,947,408 including US$500,000 from TerrAfrica Leveraging Fund (TLF). TLF will finance 100% of Component 3: (i) the update of the cartography for the Greater Lomé area and (ii) an analytical study of the hydrology, the layout of the settlement and the economic and social profile of the population of the Baguida area. 11 fully allocated to component 3 to support (i) the update of the cartography for the Greater Lomé area and (ii) an analytical study of the hydrology, the layout of the settlement and the economic and social profile of the population of the Baguida area. IV. IMPLEMENTATION A. Institutional and Implementation Arrangements 52. The National Platform for DRR, established by Ministerial Order of April 17th, 2007 (Arrêté 012/MERF), is a consultative body that regroups representatives from Ministerial Departments. The same Decree established the Technical Secretariat (TS) of the Platform to serve as the operational and administrative body of the Platform. The Technical Secretary is staffed with personnel from the MERF and will serve as the Project Implementation Unit. In addition, to the current staffing complement, additional staff will be seconded to the TS to ensure good governance and implementation oversight. 53. A Steering Committee for the project will be established including representatives from the MERF, the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, and the Ministry of Water, Sanitation and Village Hydrology and the GEF and LDCF focal points. The proposed institutional framework and the associated organogram are attached in Annex 3. 54. The Steering Committee will meet at least twice a year to assess the progress made by the project and to review and approve the annual work plans (AWPs). 55. As stated above, the TS will be strengthened with the necessary additional staff to support the project implementation. The TS will include a Project Coordinator and an Assistant Coordinator. In addition to the overall coordination of the project, the Project Coordinator will also be responsible for overseeing the implementation of either the DRM or the SLM and adaptation activities, while the Assistant Coordinator will be responsible for overseeing the other technical area (i.e. either DRM or SLM and adaptation activities). The MERF will be responsible for staffing the TS with qualified personnel to cover all project implementation functions including project coordination, financial management, procurement, safeguards, and M&E. 56. Given that this is the first Bank project the MERF is implementing and the need to proceed quickly with implementation, the TS will sign a Management Fiduciary Contract with The Agency for Execution of Urban Works (AGETUR: Agence d’Exécution des Travaux Urbaines). It is expected that this contract will be for a limited period of time (18 months) during which AGETUR will train the TS in fiduciary management in compliance with Bank procedures. 57. Specifically for Component 2, the community-level activities will be executed by the five regional AGAIBs because this approach builds on the existing institutions already in place at the local level and is more cost effective than setting up implementation units solely for this project in the five regions. As such, the TS will contract each of the five regional AGAIBs. But the TS will provide general technical and fiduciary oversight. 12 58. The choice of using the services of AGETUR and the AGAIBs is further motivated by their experience in implementing other Bank operations in Togo. More specifically, AGETUR is the delegated executing agency for the Emergency Infrastructure Rehabilitation and Energy Project (EIREP) and the AGAIBs are the delegated executing agencies for the Community Development Project (CDP). B. Results Monitoring and Evaluation 59. The PDO has been carefully selected to reflect the integrated DRM/SLM approach and to respond to the expectations of the GEF, LDCF, and GFDRR grants. 60. As this project is part of the wider SAWAP, some project indicators are linked to the SAWAP‟s Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) in order to measure the SAWAP‟s achievements through aggregation. Annex 3 provides further details on how project indicators will contribute to KPIs of the Sahel and West Africa Program in support of the Great Green Wall program. 61. Similarly, the project has integrated indicators from the GEF Focal Area Results Framework and LDCF/SCCF Framework in compliance with the GEF and LDCF Expected Outcomes and Core Outputs to which the project contributes (see Annex 3). The relevant GEF tracking tools and climate change AMAT will also be monitored three times in the course of the project (inception, mid-term and completion). 62. M&E activities will be built into the TS‟s institutional structure (See Annex 3 on Implementation Arrangements). Under Component 4 of the project, the MERF will make available an M&E expert to measure implementation progress in relation to the M&E framework and to complete the GEF/LDCF Tracking Tools including a Carbon sequestration estimate. The TS will establish the mechanisms for data collection in collaboration with the AGAIBs AGETUR and other relevant stakeholders involved in project implementation. C. Sustainability 63. The GoT is a signatory of the HFA which is the key international agreement for DRR. In addition, the GoT has been particularly successful in establishing a working National DRR Platform which is considered a model in West Africa. This strategic commitment has been confirmed during preparation of the project through high level support from MERF and the Prime Minister‟s Office. The political commitment of GoT towards SLM is also clearly demonstrated through GoT‟s decision to join TLF in 2010. The PNIERN then followed translating their commitment into action. 64. Apart from the strong commitment and ownership at the political level, sustainability will be ensured through the capacity building in the project design. The institutional arrangement has been set-up to ensure a steady transfer of competences (such as FM, procurement, M&E) to the TS and the MERF. Furthermore, during the first eighteen months, over 10% of project resources are allocated to institutional strengthening, capacity building, and improving cooperation among national directorates and agencies such as the Meteorological and Hydrological Departments and the Togolese Red Cross. These strengthened capacities will continue to benefit the DRM and SLM areas beyond the project completion. 13 65. For pilot activities at the community level, great emphasis will be placed on activities that respond to real and strongly perceived needs. The TS will sign contracts with each of the regional AGAIBs for execution of the community level activities. The regional AGAIBs are well established at the local level and have been successful in executing similar projects under the Bank-funded Community Development Project. A description of the mechanism to execute the community level activities as well as the reporting system between the TS and the AGAIBs is described in Annex 3. V. KEY RISKS 66. The overall project risk rating is moderate (see Annex 4 for details). Although the TS has shown strong commitment in pursuing the DRM and SLM agendas, government structures and related skills, experience as well as work flows and oversight mechanisms are new and not sufficiently tested. The TS has no prior experience with implementing Bank- financed projects and this may pose the most significant risk. Hence, as previously mentioned, AGETUR will be subcontracted for procurement and FM purposes, while the TS develops the competence for Bank fiduciary compliance. In addition, since this is the first Bank-financed project under the MERF, the project has been specifically designed to be relatively simple to implement. VI. APPRAISAL SUMMARY A. Economic and Financial Analysis 67. It is widely recognized that investing in disaster prevention and mitigation is more cost- effective than post-disaster reconstruction11. Although this project merely begins to build the foundations for a comprehensive DRM framework in the country, it is a crucial first step in the right direction. It should be noted that the project clearly targets building comprehensive and efficient EWSs, which are considered the most cost-effective mechanisms to reduce the loss of life and property in the case of natural disasters. Based on this consideration along with the lack of reliable baseline data and the need to proceed quickly to prepare the country for probable upcoming flood events, a full-fledged economic and financial analysis was not conducted. B. Technical 68. All DRM and SLM technologies supported by the Project are readily available and have already been tested in neighbouring countries, showing proven benefits. In addition, DRM and SLM offer strong synergies and reinforce each other. By supporting ecosystem services restoration, SLM activities contribute to reduction and mitigation of flood magnitude and to climate change adaptation. Sustainable agricultural and forestry practices in the watershed are known to consolidate land coverage, reduce erosion, and improve rain infiltration in the ground. SLM activities thus contribute to consolidate the outcomes of the DRM activities. Conversely, by planning to invest in small-scale reforestation, tree nursery and tree planting, the DRM program acknowledges the multiple benefits of sustainable land and water management on the ground. 11 The most recent and comprehensive analysis in this regard can be found in Natural Hazards, Unnatural Disasters, The Economic of Effective Prevention, World Bank, 2010 14 69. The main focus of the National DRM Program is on flood prevention and flood management. Two different approaches should be adopted for the Greater Lomé urban area as opposed to rural settlements. 70. The Greater Lomé area is characterized by high population density and numerous ill planned human settlements. This creates the conditions for potentially large scale periodic flooding with significant consequences in terms of damage to property and infrastructure, as well as loss of lives either directly or as an effect of the difficult public health situation in the aftermath of the disaster. Intervening in the greater Lomé urban area requires careful planning and a long term strategic vision. The cartography prepared under the Project will be an essential basis for this. 71. Rural areas in Togo, on the other hand, are less densely populated, with a series of small communities under constant threat of recurring flooding of varying intensity and land degradation. The best strategy to cope with flood risk in this context appears to be the wide- spread utilization of Early Warning Systems (EWS), coupled with targeted community based interventions to reduce environmental degradation and promote better land management. 72. The Togolese Red Cross currently manages a functional EWS based on flood warning poles (balises) in key river bed locations, valorization of local flood indicators, community training and awareness, grass-roots network of volunteers, mobile phone communication and alert, identification of safe heavens, and simulation exercises. The geographical coverage of this mechanism will be expanded and even more importantly its effectiveness will be increased by establishing a close collaboration with the National Meteorological Department and the National Hydrological Department. These two institutions, adequately supported by the DRM National Plan, will have the capacity to provide timely and reliable crucial information on the weather and the level and speed of water courses to the National Red Cross. C. Financial Management 73. The Technical Secretariat (TS), which will act as the PIU, will handle the overall FM responsibility of the project with support from AGETUR as a fiduciary agency at the central level, and regional AGAIBs at the community level. AGETUR and regional AGAIBs are well staffed and have relevant experience in implementing Bank-financed projects including adequate accounting systems which will be applied to the project. A project manual (including FM and accounting procedures) was prepared by the TS, taking into account necessary mitigation measures for risks identified for the project in order to comply with the Bank‟s minimum requirements as defined by the Operational Policies (OP) and Bank Procedures (BP) on FM. 74. To prevent fraud and corruption risks inherent to the public sector in Togo, the following measures have been incorporated into the project design: (a) agreement on regular internal audit missions to be completed by the Togo Finance General Inspectors Team which will be reinforced by the recruitment of an internal audit consultant, and, (b) review of a reasonable sample of grants by the financial auditor each year to ensure that community-based activities are pursuant 15 to the agreed procedures and that funds are used for their intended purposes. The overall project financial management risk has been rated as moderate. D. Procurement 75. Procurement under the project would be carried out in according with the World Bank‟s “Guidelines: Procurement of Goods, Works and Non-consulting Services under IBRD Loans and IDA Credits and Grants by World Bank Borrowers� dated January 2011 (“Procurement Guidelines�) in the case of goods, works, and non-consulting services, and the “Guidelines: Selection and Employment of Consultants under IBRD Loans and IDA Credits and Grants by World Bank Borrowers� dated January 2011, (“Consultant Guidelines�) in the case of consultants, and the provisions stipulated in the Legal Agreement. “Guidelines on Preventing and Combating Fraud and Corruption in Projects Financed by IBRD Loans and IDA Credits and Grants�, dated October 15, 2006, and as revised in January 2011, shall also apply to the project. For National Competitive Bidding (NCB), the Borrower could submit a sample form of bidding documents to the Bank for prior review and will continue to use this type of document throughout the project once this has been agreed upon. The Sample Form of Evaluation Reports published by the Bank will be used. 76. An assessment of procurement capacity of MERF has been conducted during project preparation. Major risks identified are the lack of experience and skills to conduct the procurement process as required by the Bank‟s procurement guidelines and procedures, and the lack of a procurement manual. The existence of a (new) procurement unit (Commission de Passation de Marché) and of an internal procurement control committee (Commission de Contrôle des Marchés Publics) within MERF, has been taken into account. Actions to be implemented to strengthen the procurement process are outlined in the Procurement Management Action Plan (see Annex 3). 77. The following mitigation measures have been agreed: (a) capacity building of the TS by hiring a civil servant as a Procurement Officer dedicated to the project; (b) contracts with AGETUR and the regional AGAIBs for procurement implementation assistance; and (c) the preparation of a procurement manual. The Procurement Officer will work under the supervision of AGETUR and will be responsible for overall coordination and compliance of procurement procedures for the project. The TS has prepared the Procurement Plan covering the first eighteen months of project implementation and procurement documents will be submitted for Bank review in accordance with Bank requirements. The overall project procurement risk has been rated as moderate. E. Social 78. The project is expected to generate significant social benefits through improvements which would reduce vulnerability to flooding and limit land degradation trends. Select public works focused on soil and water conservation activities can help mitigate the effects of floods and other extreme events and provide a more secure social environment for targeted populations. 16 Improvements in drainage are likely to result in reductions in water-borne illnesses and a reduction in the frequency and impact of flooding on households and businesses. In the project areas where SLM and SFM practices will be introduced, the expected socioeconomic benefits for the communities derive from the reduced impact from climate change. Overall the project is expected to contribute positively to employment and livelihood opportunities and provide an environment conducive to the expansion of local economic activity. 79. As the project may involve some land acquisition/involuntary resettlement and/or loss of access to resources or livelihoods, a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) were prepared by the TS and approved by the Bank. The RPF has been disclosed in-country and through the Info Shop on June 28, 2011. F. Environment 80. The project is category B. The environmental and social safeguard issues of the project are primarily associated with the activities of Component 2: Community-Based Activities. Five safeguards policies have been triggered: Environmental Assessment (EA), Pest Management, Forests, Natural Habitats and Involuntary Resettlement. The overall environmental impact of the project is positive, especially as the planned activities can help mitigate the effects of floods and other extreme events on agricultural lands, forests, and critical habitats. However, some limited negative impacts may arise during project implementation, such as temporary degradation of soil, air, water, and noise environments to surrounding communities during construction and/or production. These impacts will be localized and proper mitigation measures during construction and/or production could minimize or even eliminate them. Finally, the community-level activities are pilot in nature and all river-related activities will be limited to small localized rivers or streams. Therefore, there will be minimal or no impact to river flows and no impact to international waterways. 81. As mentioned above, the appropriate environmental safeguards instruments have been prepared. The Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) explains in detail what needs to be considered during project implementation including site-specific Environmental Management Plans (EMPs) which have to be prepared and disclosed prior to the commencement of civil works. Since the project also could involve the use of pesticides, the Pest Management Policy has been triggered and a Pest Management Plan (PMP) has been finalized. The ESMF and the PMP have been disclosed in-country and through the Info Shop in accordance with Bank requirements on June 28, 2011. 17 Safeguard Policies Triggered by the Project Yes No Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01) [X] [] Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04) [X] [] Pest Management (OP 4.09) [X] [] Indigenous Peoples (OP/BP 4.10) [] [X] Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP 4.11) [] [X] Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12) [X] [] Forests (OP/BP 4.36) [X] [] Safety of Dams (OP/BP 4.37) [] [X] Projects on International Waterways (OP/BP 7.50) [] [X] Projects in Disputed Areas (OP/BP 7.60)* [] [X] * By supporting the proposed project, the Bank does not intend to prejudice the final determination of the parties' claims on the disputed areas. 18 ANNEX 1: RESULTS FRAMEWORK AND MONITORING TOGO: IDLM PROJECT Results Framework Project Development Objective (PDO): To strengthen institutional capacity of targeted institutions to manage risk of flooding and land degradation in targeted rural and urban areas. Global Environmental Objective (GEO): To expand SLM in targeted landscapes and in climate vulnerable areas in Togo. Data Source/ Responsibility for Description (indicator Cumulative Target Values** Frequency Methodology Data Collection definition etc.) Baseline Core PDO Level Results Unit of Indicators* Measure YR 1 YR 2 YR3 YR 4 A functional EWS is one that is able to inform a target population about the upcoming flood event with a reasonable level of Indicator One: Area accuracy and providing covered by functional sufficient lead time to Togolese Red EWS jointly managed reduce the loss of lives and Thousand Cross/Meteorolog by the Togolese Red Project records property as much as Km2 0 6 8 12 16 Annually ical and Cross and the and reports possible. This indicator Hydrological Department of covers the surface, Departments Meteorology and including river basins and Hydrology. vulnerable habited areas, where the 3 institutions work together on the EWS. This indicator is also a proxy to measure the improved adaptive capacity 19 of the targeted institutions. Targeted areas are places where SLM Indicator Two: and climate resilience in Additional land area with SLM practices the agriculture sector are Project records AGAIB/ TS/ and/or climate-resilient Hectare - 0 60 500 1,200 Annually introduced and/or and reports Agriculture strengthened. This indicator agricultural practices will be reported by crop, in targeted areas.
 range, forest, wetlands, and protected areas. There are approximately Number Indicator Three: Direct project beneficiaries,  (thousand 00 250 1,500 2,000 2,500 Yearly Activity Reports12 TS, AGAIB 6.6 million inhabitants in Togo. This indicator gives ) and (% (20%) (20%) (20%) (20%) of which female. female) the number of beneficiaries including women. 12 Obtained from demographic data, Study on the State of the Nation (Etudes sur les Circonstances Nationales), Second National Communication of Togo, 2010 20 INTERMEDIATE RESULTS Intermediate Result (Component One): Institutional Strengthening and Awareness Raising Responsibility Data Source/ Cumulative Target Values** Frequency for Data Description (indicator Baseline Methodology Core PDO Level Results Unit of Collection definition etc.) Indicators* Measure YR 1 YR 2 YR3 YR 4 Intermediate Result Indicator One: Water Project records Civil Defense/ Based on additional pumps pumping capacity of m3/h 396 592 1,182 2,960 2,960 Annually and reports TS procured. Department of Civil Defense.. Intermediate Result There are currently 18 Indicator Two: meteorological and/or Number of hydrological, including Meteorological and synoptic stations, and 2 base Hydrological Stations stations in Lomé. By the end % of total 10 25 45 65 75 Project equipped. of the project, at least 75% of Annually technical Met/ Hydro/TS Number the 20 Togolese stations will 2 5 9 13 15 reports be equipped. The minimum set of equipment based on which Department will be defined by the TS in consultation with the Bank. Intermediate Result The Civil Defense Indicator Three: Department of Lomé has Project Number of radios Civil Defense/ about 400 staff. With 40 Number 0 13 26 30 40 Annually technical provided to the Civil TS radios, 100% of the reports Defense Department of communication capacity Lomé. needs are covered. Intermediate Result This indicator is to measure Indicator Four: strengthening awareness of Number of persons targeted population to risk of informed on adaptation land degradation and flooding Number and reduction of risk Project records AGAIB/TS/- which will improve resilience (thousand 0 0.5 5 30 75 Annually from land degradation ) and reports Agriculture of the targeted communities. and flooding. Targeted population includes students, farmers, and other groups living in climate vulnerable areas. Intermediate Result Project Forestry/Agric This indicator is to measure Number 0 0 100 250 400 Annually Indicator Five: technical ulture/ TS the improved adaptive 21 Number of staff reports capacity of the targeted trained on technical institutions. The adaptation adaptation themes. themes are flooding and resilience in agricultural practices. Targeted institutions include 400 civil servants from select forestry and agriculture extension units. Intermediate Result (Component Two): Community-based Activities for Adaptation and Sustainable Land Management Intermediate Result Indicator One: Length of rehabilitated Project records AGETUR/ Km 0 20 30 50 70 Annually drainage canals and and reports AGAIB/TS length of protected riverbank. Intermediate Result SLM tools and approaches Indicator Two: SLM include any technique that tools and approaches will combat land degradation introduced at local either in cropland, grazing level. land or forests.13 The same Project records technique implemented in Number - 2 3 4 5 Annually AGAIB/TS and reports different regions will be counted as one tool or approach. The tool or approach will be considered introduced when demonstrated on-site. Intermediate Result Interview-based score Indicator Three: measure through the GEF Effectiveness of Project records Management Effectiveness Score - 15 25 40 75 Annually AGAIB/TS management of the and reports Tracking Tool. This indicator targeted protected will be measured for two areas and forests. Protected Areas. Intermediate Result (Component Three): Early Warning, Monitoring, and Knowledge Systems Responsibility Core Base PDO Level Results Unit of Data Source/ line Cumulative Target Values** Frequency for Data Description (indicator Indicators* Measure Methodology Collection definition etc.) 13 Examples of SLM practices include integrated soil fertility, conservation agriculture, rainwater harvesting, smallholder irrigation management, cross-slope barriers, agroforestry, sustainable planted management such as afforestation, and sustainable forest management such as fight against bushfire, and so forth. 22 YR 1 YR 2 YR3 YR 4 Intermediate Result Indicator One: Area Department of covered by updated Km2 Project records Cartography/ Updated cartography is (thousand) 0 0.4 0.4 9 9 Annually cartography and and reports TS/ University considered only. topography. of Lomé14 Intermediate Results The monitoring system will Indicator Two: Area allow the update of the covered by the Department of Country Land Degradation monitoring system of Cartography/ Map last updated in 1994. land use vegetation TS/University Land use category (crop, Ha Project records cover. (thousand) - - 200 300 450 Annually of range, forest, wetlands and and reports Lomé/Agricult protected areas) will also be ural Research integrated. Based on this Center (ITRA) monitoring system, Togo will be able to measure related carbon accumulation estimate. *Please indicate whether the indicator is a Core Sector Indicator (see further http://coreindicators) **Target values should be entered for the years data will be available, not necessarily annually. 14 Department of Geography (Département de Géographie) 23 ANNEX 2: DETAILED PROJECT DESCRIPTION 1. This annex presents the specific activities to be supported under each component of the project. 2. To take into account the sequencing of GFDRR allocation which comes in two tranches and the closing date of the TerrAfrica Leveraging Fund (TLF) on June 30th 2013, the project is following a two-period approach which will be subsequently implemented. During the first 18 months, activities to be supported by the first GFDRR allocation and the TLF have been identified, including DRM, SLM and other adaptation activities to be piloted at the community level. Successful pilots will be replicated thereafter to maintain continuum. 3. The activities expected to be carried out in the first eighteen months, have been clearly defined and indicatively budgeted by the TS and are summarized in the next section. At the end of this annex, a cost table is provided for activities which will be supported during the first 18 months (Table 2). Table 3 lists the activities to be supported with GEF and LDCF funding. Another table (Table 4) provides a preliminary list of selected SLM techniques and their benefits in regards to climate change. COMPONENT 1: INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING AND AWARENESS RAISING (US$ 3.21 MILLION) 4. Institutional Strengthening: The capacity of key national, regional, local, and community organizations engaged in DRM and SLM will be strengthened through the provisions of equipment15 and training16. 5. Currently the operational capacity of the National Civil Defense Department is entirely concentrated in Lomé and limited to 300 firemen with very little equipment. The most urgent requirements are for the purchase of: one 10 ton truck for transport of equipment and personnel; 15 A provisional list of institutions that are going to be equipped includes : General Directorate of Cartography, General Directorate of Meteorology, Station pluvio Lomé, Station pluvio Tsévié, Station pluvio Tabligbo, Station pluvio Atakpamé, Directorate of Hydrology, Station pluvio Kouma Konda/Kpalimé, Atakpamé Synoptic Station, Atakpamé Synoptic Station Park , Directorate of Planning and Water Resources, Togolese Red-Cross, 5 Regional Directorates for the Environment, Technical Secretariat for the national RRC platform, Agricultural and Technical Council Institute Togolese Institute for Agronomy Research, Fire Fighters Corp/Civil Defense Department, Local Communities. 16 A provisional list of institutions targeted for training is provided here below: General Directorate of Meteorology, Station pluvio Lomé, Station pluvio Tsévié, Station pluvio Tabligbo, Station pluvio Atakpamé, Station pluvio Kouma Konda/Kpalimé, Atakpamé Synoptic Station , Atakpamé Synoptic Station Park, Lomé Climatologic Station, Atakpamé Climatologic Station, Togolese Red-Cross, Regional Directorates for the Environment NGOs, local partnerships and groups, NGO Assistance Group, NGO AE2D, NGO SEED, Regional and Prefectoral Directorates for the Environment of Centrale, Regional and Prefectoral Directorates of Kara, Agriculture Regional and Prefectoral Directorates , Technical Secretariat RRC/UIP, Television, radios, private and public news papers (TVT, TV2, LCF, Radio Lomé, Nana FM, RTDS etc.), Fire fighters Corp/Civil Defense Department, public and private schools and universities, AGAIB (Maritime, Plateaux, Centrale, Kara, Savanes), local communities. 24 two high frequency (HF) radios; 30 very high frequency (VHF) fixed, handheld, and mobile radios; one high volume water pump; suction and discharge pipes. 6. In addition, during the first eighteen months, communication and water pumping equipment will be provided to the National Civil Defense Department. Combined with specific technical training, this will strengthen the preparedness and response capacity of the Department. 7. Later on in implementation, the equipment needs for the operational base in Kara to take care of emergencies in the northern regions of the country will be assessed and included for financing under this component. In addition, ten DRR platforms will be operationalized. 8. To ensure smooth coordination with related projects in particular in the environmental and in the agricultural sectors, a coordination system will be developed and implemented. The recently established National Agency for Environmental Management that has the authority to oversee the implementation of the overall PNIERN will support this coordination effort. 9. Further, the capacity of key national, regional, and local institutions involved in managing and promoting climate-resilient agricultural practices will be strengthened through the provision of training and equipment. In close coordination with the PASA, the WAAPP, and the DRR activities, training courses on climate-resilient agricultural practices will be developed to support behavior changes. Methods promoted by RARE17, INCEF or similar to MSC will be explored for the needs of the project and a budget has been allocated to recruit a consultant who will select the most appropriate approach for the training program. The GoT will identify priority areas and key partners from public and private entities and will focus on developing and delivering training courses that address national and local needs and climate change risk. Extension agents will be trained to promote and apply SLM techniques and climate-resilient technologies. The capacities of producer organizations and extension agents will be strengthened to support the introduction of climate-resilient agricultural practices including the dissemination of varieties resistant to water stress. In addition, the capacities at the local government level will be strengthened to manage forest and pastoral areas more effectively. The training program is expected to benefit to 400 persons from civil society organizations and 400 civil servants from forest and agriculture extension units. Crop varieties and animal species identified for stronger resilience to climate change will be promoted and disseminated to farmers. Furthermore, a training center for each region will be rehabilitated and equipped to host this type of training and trainers will be trained so that the capacity building carried out under the project can be scaled- up thereafter. Training will target experts playing an active role in preventing and managing risks of land degradation and flooding. Training will cover an introduction to these phenomena, how these events may be affected by climate change, and how prevention, adaptation, mitigation and rehabilitation can be improved. 10. Awareness Raising: Awareness about the risks of flooding and land degradation will be enhanced through targeted information campaigns at national and local levels. 11. General awareness campaigns about the risks of flooding and land degradation will be conducted to educate the population about flood-prone areas, flood evacuation plans, and flood 17 For more information, consult http://rareconservation.org 25 prevention, and to improve readiness when such events occur. These activities will be closely coordinated with UNDP and will include development and distribution of 15,000 copies of the comic strip “A la découverte des Changement Climatiques� (Discovering Climate Change). The awareness raising campaign will be conducted by producing documentaries and sponsoring awareness raising programs disseminated through television, radio, and the press. In line with this media campaign, the production and dissemination of posters, flyers, and T-shirts is anticipated. 12. The awareness campaign will continue throughout implementation, especially at the community level. Emphasis will be on educating school children on DRM, flood reduction and mitigation, and the multiple benefits of SLM. The campaigns will also raise awareness on how SLM can directly mitigate the impacts of flooding and other extreme events such as landslides, mud flows, and drought. Climate change resilient SLM techniques will be promoted such as protecting soil cover and improving water productivity. Awareness raising campaign will be organised in 100 villages. Farmer organizations will be promoted on bush fire control, agro- forestry, and forest management. COMPONENT 2: COMMUNITY-BASED ACTIVITIES FOR ADAPTATION AND SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT (US$ 6.81 MILLION) 13. Community-Based activities in Watershed and in Flood-Prone Areas: To strengthen resilience to floods, targeted pilot activities that will enable communities to better manage disaster risk and land degradation, will be implemented at the local level. 14. Several community-based activities have already been identified by the TS in consultation with the MERF. During the first eighteen months, these activities include: cleaning of six kilometers of the Canal Gbaga from overgrown vegetation to establish the natural flow of the waterway and reduce the risk of flooding in the surrounding villages; community improvement of drainage canals in the city of Tchamba (Central Region); study for improvement works on the river Eké (Atakpamé in the Plateau Region), and stabilization of the Bombouaka reservoir through de-silting and reforestation of the area surrounding the reservoir (Savanna Region). Similar activities will afterwards be identified and prioritised for financing for other vulnerable areas in Togo. Restoration of the adaptive capacity of the ecosystem will be piloted for better flood control through restoration of natural waterways, reforestation of hillsides and watersheds and bush fire control (Savanna, Maritime and Kara regions). Community-Based activities in Cropland and Grazing Land: To increase resilience of agriculture to climate change and to promote land productivity and water-use efficiency, SLM best practices will be piloted and promoted in targeted areas. 15. Activities will include: introducing climate-resilient agricultural practices such as integrated soil fertility, conservation agriculture, rainwater harvesting, smallholder irrigation management, cross-slope barriers, agroforestry, sustainable planted management 18 , and sustainable forest management 19 coupled with broader watershed and landscape planning, building stronger and more resilient ecosystems that will reduce vulnerability to land 18 Includes afforestation 19 Includes fight against bushfire 26 degradation, floods, and drought. (Refer to Table 4 of this Annex). Specific effort will be made to support improving local capacities to prevent and fight bush fires. 16. Specific interventions to be carried out during the first eighteen months include: soil restoration and carbon sequestration in the district of Djakpa; land management support of rural communities (Amou); a study to illustrate and map good SLM practices by agro-ecological zones; restoration of three pilot sites in the degraded areas of Nawara (Kara), Naki (Savanna), and Vogan (Maritime); restoration of the mountain slopes of Défalé in Doufelgou. 17. Subsequent interventions will target areas covered by the PASA to introduce techniques such as conservation agriculture, cross slope barriers, agroforestry or natural regeneration. Innovative approaches will also be carried out on a pilot basis in Savanna, Kara and Maritime regions. 18. Community-Based Sustainable Forest and Wetland Management: To reduce pressure on forest resources and restore ecosystem services, communities will be assisted in preparing sustainable financing plans and in designing small income generation activities in and around select protected areas and forests. 19. During the first eighteen months, one small-scale intervention (boundary demarcation of the classified forest in Abdoulate) will be implemented on a pilot basis in the Central Region. 20. Participatory management will be promoted and sustainable financing plans prepared in 15 community forests (3,000 ha) later on during implementation. Small income generation projects based on identified protected areas will also be designed to reduce pressure on forest resources and restore ecosystem services such as carbon sink from reduced forest degradation. Coordination with the Village Development Committees and the Village Association for Participatory Management of Protected Areas (AVGAP: Association Villageoise de Gestion des Aires Protégées) will be sought. Steep slopes at land degradation risk will be rehabilitated (500 ha). Improved bush fire management will be developed and implemented. Management plans will be developed for wetlands in Oti, Zio, Haho and Mono Rivers Basins. Implementation of these management plans is not included in the scope of this project. 21. A number of cross-cutting support activities are envisioned for the successful implementation of Component 2, especially in order to fulfil the safeguard requirements specific to this component. These activities include training of field agents, identification field missions, M&E, and AGAIB support. A budget has been included for the preparation of the cross-cutting support activities and for field-based supervision missions. COMPONENT 3: EARLY WARNING, MONITORING AND KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS (US$ 5.80 MILLION) 22. EWS: To alert communities of upcoming possible flood events and allow them to take appropriate actions to protect lives and property, a nation-wide EWS will be developed through enhanced collaboration and communications between the national hydro meteorological services and the Togolese Red Cross. Specific technical equipment and training will also be provided to the key players. 27 23. The Togolese Red Cross currently manages a functional EWS based on flood warning poles (balises) in key river bed locations, the identification of local flood indicators (for example, a hippopotamus leaving the rivers for higher grounds), community training and awareness, a grass-roots network of volunteers, mobile phone communication and alerts, identification of safe heavens, and simulation exercises. This EWS mechanism has been implemented in one hundred priority communities since 2008. During the first eighteen months, it will be expanded to another two hundred priority communities. In addition, its effectiveness will be increased by enhancing the collaboration between the National Meteorological Department and the National Hydrological Department by strengthening their monitoring and forecasting capacity. 24. Plans to expand and strengthen the existing community-based EWS have been defined and agreed among the Meteorological Department, the Hydrological Department, and the Red Cross through a process facilitated by the TS. The activities to be supported during the first eighteen months include: (a) Support to the Meteorological Department. Acquisition of 50 rainfall gauges; re- equipping of key weather stations; and training. A study will also be conducted to identify the needs for the meteorological and hydrological services in the Plateau, Central, Kara, and Savanna Regions. (b) Support to the Hydrological Department. Installation of two hundred river level gauges (echelles limnimetriques) and six river level recorders (limnigraphes). One inflatable boat for hydrological and oceanographic work will also be purchased. (c) Support to the Red Cross. Water poles (balises), mopeds, bicycles, and some office equipment will be purchased. 570 field workers (community-based Red Cross volunteers) and 42 early warning focal points will also be trained. 25. A multi-risk EWS targeting farmers will be developed and agro-meteorological information will be made more accessible. In addition, a web-based national integrated geographical system with data on SLM, DRM and climate change will be developed. 26. Environmental Monitoring: To monitor vegetation cover and land use (crop, pasture/range, forest, wetland, protected area, and other relevant categories), and to provide carbon sequestration estimates in select project areas, a country-owned climate and land monitoring system, including geo-spatial data, will be developed. 27. Key baseline data will be gathered during the first eighteen months to prepare for the implementation of the above-mentioned activities. The monitoring system will be based the regional TerrAfrica prototype that was developed in Mali to allow compilation at different local, district, and regional levels and will also include bush fires. Mapping of the national land area and forest cover will be carried out and 5 regional forest inventories developed using an ecosystem based approach. In addition, information systems for monitoring land use and vegetation cover as well as monitoring of bushfires in targeted areas will be developed and operationalized. The relevant GEF tracking tools and the Adaptation Monitoring and Assessment Tool (AMAT) will be informed at inception, mid-term and project completion. 28. Knowledge: To identify appropriate disaster mitigation investments and/or risk transfer mechanisms, a partial update of the national cartography will be financed and targeted risk 28 assessments will be conducted, including a hazard, asset, and vulnerability analysis that takes into account locational, structural, operational, and socio-economic vulnerabilities. Similarly, to support the adoption of SLM in Togo, a guide of select best practices integrating likely impact from climate change. 29. During the first eighteen-month period, the update of the cartography for the Greater Lomé area as a basis for developing a comprehensive approach to the flooding issues affecting the capital city will be conducted. 30. In addition, in response to the serious situation of the Baguida neighbourhood, which was flooded for over six months during 2010, an analytical study of the hydrology, the layout of the settlements and the economic and social profile of the population of this specific area will be done. The study will also include an overview of the possible investment options to address the flooding problem in the area. 31. The best practices guides on climate-resilient agricultural innovative DRM practices will be developed later on implementation and validated at national level. These guides will then be disseminated as part of the awareness raising campaign. COMPONENT 4: PROJECT MANAGEMENT (US$ 1.12 MILLION) 32. For the project to be effectively implemented, project management functions including fiduciary management, M&E, technical reporting and audits, will be covered under this component. 33. Support to the TS will build upon the foundation laid by UNDP which has supported these institutions since their inception. Given the pilot nature of some of the planned interventions, the particularly important role of M&E during the first eighteen months will also be emphasized. The project cost by funding source is given on table 1 below. 29 Table 1: Project Costs by Funding Source Project Components Total GEF GFDRR LDCF TLF20 US$ million US$ % US$ % US$ % US$ % million million million million Component 3,117,797 291,262 9.3 1,224,593 16.8 1,601,942 43.3 - - 1:Institutional Strengthening & Awareness Raising Component 2: 6,612,503 3,222,334 48.7 1,955,862 26.8 1,434,307 38.7 - - Community-Based Activities for Adaptation & Sustainability Component 3: Early 5,649,381 1,529,126 28.0 3,231,905 44.3 388,350 10.5 500,000 100 Warning, Monitoring & Knowledge Systems Component 4: Project 1,088,676 252,136 4.6 665,310 9.1 171,230 4.6 - - Management Total Baseline Costs 16,468,357 5,294,858 97.1 7,077,670 97.1 3,595,829 97.1 500,000 100 Physical/Price 479,051 158,846 2.9 212,330 2.9 107,875 2.9 0 0 Contingencies (3%) Total Project Costs 16,947,408 5,453,704 100 7,290,000 100 3,703,704 100 500,000 100 20 The total project cost is US$16,947,408 including US$500,000 from TerrAfrica Leveraging Fund (TLF). TLF will finance 100% of Component 3: (i) the update of the cartography for the Greater Lomé area and (ii) an analytical study of the hydrology, the layout of the settlement and the economic and social profile of the population of the Baguida area. 30 Table 2: Activities to be implemented in the first 18 months Quantity Unit price Activity or CFA USD Funding Source CFA Region Component 1. Institutional Strengthening and Awareness Raising Institutional Strengthening A. Equipment for Civil Defense Department Radio and communication equipment 1.A.1 Radio HF BLU Fixe 2 1,500,000 3,000,000 6,059 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 1.A.2 Radio VHF Fixe 2 780,000 1,560,000 3,151 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 1.A.3 Radio VHF mobile 13 450,000 5,850,000 11,816 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 1.A.4 Radio VHF hand-held 15 350,000 5,250,000 10,604 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 1.A.5 Relay antennas 2 2,500,000 5,000,000 10,099 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 1.A.6 Portable chargers 30 35,000 1,050,000 2,121 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF Water pumping equipment 1.A.9 10 ton truck 1 65,000,000 65,000,000 131,286 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 1.A.10 Motor-pumps 1 7,000,000 7,000,000 14,139 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 1.A.11 Aspiration Hoses 65 250 8,500 2,125,000 4,292 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 1.A.12 Discharge hoses 65 250 1,000 250,000 505 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 1.A.13 Funnels 65 12 13,000 156,000 315 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 1.A.14 Joints 65 12 1,500 18,000 36 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 1.A.15 O-rings 65 12 1,500 18,000 36 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF Subtotal 1.A 96,277,000 194,459 B. Equipment for project implementation 1.B.1 Vehicles 1 30,000,000 30,000,000 60,594 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 1.B.2 Motorcycles 1 800000 800000 1,616 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 31 Quantity Unit price Activity or CFA USD Funding Source CFA Region 1.B.3 Desktop + Stabilizer 3 1,200,000 3,600,000 7,271 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 1.B.4 Portable computers 2 800,000 1,600,000 3,232 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 1.B.5 Network printer 2 300,000 600,000 1,212 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 1.B.6 Scanner 1 150,000 150,000 303 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 1.B.7 Video projector 1 700,000 700,000 1,414 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 1.B.8 Photocopier 1 200,000 200,000 404 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 1.B.9 Financial management software 1 4,718,000 4,718,000 9,529 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 1.B.10 Office renovation 1 7,000,000 7,000,000 14,139 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF Subtotal 1.B 49,368,000 99,713 Awareness Raising C. Education and Awareness Activities- 1.C.1 Printing and dissemination of comic strip on climate change 20,000,000 40,396 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 1.C.2 Posters, leaflets, hats and t-shirts 7,000,000 14,139 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF Documentaries, broadcasting, publications (television, radio, 1.C.3 press) 7,950,000 16,057 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 1.C.4 Guide and catalogues on good practices for SLM 8,000,000 16,158 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF Subtotal 1.C 42,950,000 86,750 Subtotal Component 1 188,595,000 380,922 Component 2. Community-Based Activities for Adaptation and Sustainable Land Management Community-Based activities in Flood-Prone Areas Community works for the clearing and maintenance of Lac 2.A.1 Boko canal and consolidation of the banks Maritime 40,832,000 82,472 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 32 Quantity Unit price Activity or CFA USD Funding Source CFA Region 2.A.2 Study for improvement works on the river Eké (Atakpamé) Plateau 3,000,000 6,059 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF Community improvement of drainage canals in the city of 2.A.3 Tchamba Central 29,500,000 59,584 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 2.A.4 Stabilization of Bombouaka dam through reforestation Savanna 5,243,250 10,590 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF Community-Based activities in Cropland and Grazing Lands Contribution from community groups to soil restoration system 2.A.5 and carbon sequestration in the Canton de Djakpa Plateau 900,000 1,818 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF Support to rural communities (Amou) for integrated land 2.A.6 management Plateau 10,000,000 20,198 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF Maritime, Restoration of three pilot areas in the degraded sites of : Nawaré Kara, 2.A.7 (Kara), Naki (Savanna) and Vogan (Maritime) Savanna 10,800,000 21,814 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF Restoration of mountain sides of Défalé in Doufelgou, Nord 2.A.8 Togo Kara 15,000,000 30,297 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF Community-Based SFM 2.A.9 Boundary demarcation of the classified forest in Abdoulate Central 12,000,000 24,237 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF Cross-Cutting Community-Based Support Activities 2.A.10 Safeguards related Community information campaigns 10,000,000 20,198 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF Training of field agents from Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Fisheries (MAEP: Ministère de l’Agriculture, de l’Elevage et de la Pêche), Togo Institute for Agricultural Extension (ICAT: Institut de Conseil et d’Appui Technique) and of Non- 2.A.11 governmental Organizations (NGOs) on good practices for SLM 7,500,000 15,148 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 2.A.12 M&E, with field trips 20,000,000 40,396 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 2.A.13 Implementation support to local DRR platforms 13,000,000 26,257 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF Field mission to evaluate activities to implement after the 2.A.14 first 18 months i.e. sites, players, etc. 9,000,000 18,178 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 2.A.15 AGAIB Management Fees 39,066,265 78,905 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 33 Quantity Unit price Activity or CFA USD Funding Source CFA Region Subtotal 2.A.1 225,841,515 456,151 Subtotal Component 2 225,841,515 456,151 Component 3. Early Warning, Monitoring, and Knowledge Systems EWS A. Support to the National Meteorological Agency 3.A.1 Rainfall gauges with stand 50 160,000 8,000,000 16,158 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 3.A.2 General Equipment for meteo stations 1 6,200,000 6,200,000 12,523 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 3.A.3 Technical set for meteo stations 1 1,500,000 1,500,000 3,030 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 3.A.4 General Equipment for synoptic station in Atakpamé 1 22,000,000 22,000,000 44,435 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 3.A.5 Technical set for synoptic station in Atakpamé 1 2,000,000 2,000,000 4,040 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 3.A.6 Training for rain monitors (50) and climate monitors (6) 56 8,000,000 16,158 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 3.A.7 Connectivity (phone lines, internet, computers) 10,000,000 20,198 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 3.A.8 Installation costs 3,000,000 6,059 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF Identification study for HydroMet needs in the regions: Plateau, 3.A.9 Central, Kara and Savanna 4 3,000,000 12,000,000 24,237 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 3.A.10 Certification training for officials in the first year of the project 2 3,000,000 6,000,000 12,119 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF Subtotal 3A 78,700,000 158,957 B. Support to the Hydrological Department 3.B.1 River level gauges – various sizes 200 30,000 6,000,000 12,119 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 3.B.2 River level recorders (automatic recording) 6 4,000,000 24,000,000 48,475 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 34 Quantity Unit price Activity or CFA USD Funding Source CFA Region Installation of the equipments for the hydro stations and the accessories for the river level gauges and the river level Refer 3.B.1. 3.B.3 recorders. 3.B.2. 8,000,000 16,158 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 3.B.4 Training of monitors 3,000,000 6,059 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 3.B.5 Updating training 2 3,000,000 6,000,000 12,119 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF Inflatable dinghies (Zodiacs) for hydrology and oceanographic 3.B.6 works 1 7,000,000 7,000,000 14,139 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 3.B.7 Connectivity 5,000,000 10,099 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 3.B.8 Awareness campaign for river population against vandalism 3,000,000 6,059 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF Subtotal 3.B 62,000,000 125,227 C. Support to the Togolese Red Cross 3.C.1 River poles 20 144,000 2,880,000 5,817 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 3.C.2 Contract for training of 570 field agents (volunteers) 1 35,398,957 40,351,000 81,922 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 3.C.3 Contract for training 42 focal points 1 8,350,000 8,350,000 16,865 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 3.C.4 Motorcycles 18 1,800,000 32,400,000 65,441 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 3.C.5 Bicycles 190 45,000 8,550,000 17,269 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 3.C.6 Portable computers 2 800,000 1,600,000 3,232 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 3.C.7 Printers 1 300,000 300,000 606 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 3.C.8 Photocopier 1 550,000 550,000 1,111 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF Subtotal 3.C 94,981,000 191,839 Knowledge Systems D. Studies for the City of Lomé – 3.D.1 Cartography of Greater Lomé 176,701,000 356,897 TerrAfrica 3.D.2 Hydrology and settlement study of the area of Baguida 53,900,000 108,866 TerrAfrica 35 Quantity Unit price Activity or CFA USD Funding Source CFA Region Validation study with cartography and pictures of good practices for SLM as applicable to Togo in the various agro-ecological 3.D.3 areas. 12,000,000 24,237 TerrAfrica Subtotal 3.D 242,601,000 490,000 Subtotal Component 3 478,282,000 966,023 Component 4. Project Management A. Operational Support to TS 4.A.1 Stationery 1,000,000 2,020 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 4.A.2 Telephone 800,000 1,616 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 4.A.4 Audits 3,000,000 6,059 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 4.A.5 Fuel 17,857 560 9,999,920 20,198 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 4.A.6 Intranet network and maintenance 1 1,200,000 1,200,000 2,424 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 4.A.7 Steering Committee meetings (4) 4 1,000,000 4000000 8,079 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 4.A.8 Project inception workshop 1 3,000,000 3000000 6,059 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 4.A.9 Missions in the country 20,000,000 40,396 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 4.A.10 Missions abroad 15,000,000 30,297 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF Office Equipment 5,000,000 10,099 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 4.A.18 Full office 3 - 4.A.19 Bookshelves 3 - 4.A.20 Chairs for visitors 6 - Subtotal 4.A 62,999,920 127,246 B. Management Fees for AGETUR 4.B.1 AGETUR 31,709,250 64,046 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF 36 Quantity Unit price Activity or CFA USD Funding Source CFA Region 4.B.2 Fiduciary management contract with AGETUR 9,988,590 20,175 GFDRR/GEF/LDCF Subtotal 4.B 41,697,840 84,221 Subtotal Component 4 104,697,760 211,467 Subtotal Components 1-4 997,414,275 2,014,563 CONTINGENCY FUND (3%) Contingency Fund 29,922,428 60,437 Subtotal H 30,502,500 60,437 GRAND TOTAL (A+B+C+D+E+F+G+H) 1,027,916,775 2,075,000 NOTE: This Table was prepared by the TS between December 2010 and January 2011 applying the exchange rate of 1 USD = 495.102 FCFA 37 Table 3: GEF/LDCF supported activities Project Trust Grant Components Expected Outcomes Expected Outputs Fund Amount ($) Component 1. Outcome 1.1. Output 1.1.1. Capacity building and training program on climate- Institutional Strengthened capacity of resilient agriculture and DRM is developed and implemented (40 Strengthening key national, regional, training modules spread over 70 training sessions) for (i) 400 800,000 and Awareness local, and community beneficiaries from the civil society and for (ii) 400 servant servants LDCF Raising organizations engaged from selected forestry units and agricultural extension units. in disaster risk and sustainable land Output 1.1.2. Operationalization of 10 local DRR platforms and small management (DRM and equipment provided to related units (meteorology, hydrology, and fire LDCF 150,000 SLM) control). Output 1.1.3. A multi-partner/ multi-sector coordination mechanism is GEF 50,000 established and implemented (8 events). Output 1.1.4 . Climate-resilient agricultural techniques are promoted at community level with 5 local training centers upgraded and equiped including demonstration plots and 15 trainers trained. Individual LDCF 350,000 follow-up training will be provided to farmers. A total of approximately 550 farmers will be trained. Output 1.1.5. Nursery specialists trained to produce climate-resilient crop varieties/species and animal species resilient to climate stress (200 specialists and 5 varieties/crops). Approximately 350 farmers and LDCF 350,000 livestock rearers will be educated and supported to produce thesecrop varieties and animal species. Output 1.2.1. Farmers organizations strengthened to implement Outcome 1.2. sustainable land management with committees on bush fire prevention, Strengthened awareness GEF 100,000 replanting and forest management (50 farmers organizations). on sustainable land management at Output 1.2.2. Awareness raising on harmful effects of deforestation community level and bush fires in 100 villages located in vulnerable watersheds along GEF 150,000 rivers, lakes and hillsides. Component 2. Outcome 2.1. Output 2.1.1. Sustainable conservation and restoration activities in Community- Sustainable forest 50,000 ha recurrently exposed to bush fires including installing 1,249,004 Based Activities management practices firebreaks, equipping local communites to fight bushfires, and GEF for Adaptation introduced in targeted promotion of alternatives to traditional practices which lead to fires. 38 Project Trust Grant Components Expected Outcomes Expected Outputs Fund Amount ($) and SLM areas Output 2.1.2. Participatory management plan and chart developed and implemented in 3 targeted communities shared forests in each of the 5 300,000 GEF regions (200 ha each). Output 2.2.1. Introduction of practices at the community level to increase land productivity and water-use efficiency and other climate- LDCF 477,336 resilient practices over 5,000 ha in the most climate vulnerable areas Outcome 2.2. Resilience targeted by the PASA. of agro-ecosystem to Output 2.2.2. Restoration of the adaptative capacity of the ecosystem climate change for enhanced flood control through innovative approaches piloted in strengthened in targeted vulnerable priority areas: (i) reforestation of hillsides and bush fire areas. LDCF 1,000,000 control (500 ha in Savanna, Maritime and Kara regions) (ii) restoration of natural waterways (Maritime Region) and (iii) desiltation of small reservoirs and reforestation of surrounding areas(Savanna Region). Outcome 2.3. Good Output 2.3.1. Participatory sustainable financing plans prepared and management practices small scale income generation activities (IGA) designed and piloted applied in and around targeting 8 female groups and 16 development village committees in GEF 700,000 select protected areas selected protected areas (Abdoulaye, Amou Mono, Galangashie and Togodo). 500 ha of hillside protected against erosion. Output 2.3.2. Management plans for 3 Protected Areas. GEF 150,000 Output 2.3.3. Integrated management of 3 wetlands and 1000 ha of riverbanks sustainably restored (1000 ha) with selected tree varieties GEF 920,000 (bamboos, pyrophytes, etc) and development of related tree nurseries in the Oti, Haho and Mono river basins. Component 3. Outcome 3.1. Output 3.1.1.Multi-risk Early Warning System piloted at community LDCF 200,000 Early Warning, Communities better level. Monitoring, and warned against climate Output 3.1.2. Operationalisation of a web-based national integrated Knowledge LDCF 50,000 risks geographical system with data on SLM, DRM and climate change. Systems Outcome 3.2. Output 3.2.1. Mapping of national land and forest cover for information Vegetation cover and on carbon sequestration and development of 5 regional forests GEF 1,000,000 land use are better inventories. 39 Project Trust Grant Components Expected Outcomes Expected Outputs Fund Amount ($) monitored at national Output 3.2.2 Operationalization of the information system for level monitoring land cover and land use and monitoring of vegetation fires GEF in targeted areas: (i) an inventory of 35 forests lands is established, 575,000 along with (ii) an operational unit for ecological monitoring. Output 3.3.1. Development and dissemination of guides and toolkits on climate-resilient agricultural practices and innovative DRM practices LDCF (10 guides translated in local languages) and farmer exchange study 100,000 Outcome 3.3. tours (2 model farms selected per region). Knowledge generated Output 3.3.2. Development and dissemination of an illustrated catalog and disseminated (translated in local languages) on best practices including indigenous best practices, for lowering the risks of climate-induced disasters at LDCF 50,000 community level. Early warning simulation exercises for vulnerable areas in the 5 regions will also be carried out. 8,721,340 For the project to be effectively implemented, project management functions including fiduciary management, GEF: 259,700 436,067 monitoring and evaluation (M&E), technical supervision, reporting and audits, will be covered under this LDCF: component 176,367 Total project costs 9,157,407 40 Table 4: Preliminary list of selected SLM techniques and benefits with regard to climate change21 SLM Techniques Description Suitable Benefit with regard to Short Long locations in climate change Term term Togo benefit Benefit- (Region)22 Cost cost ratio ratio Conservation The traditional slash-and-burn land use system in Kara SE, The technology is Neutral Positive Agriculture: West Africa – involving clearing natural vegetation Plateau W tolerant to climatic Minimum Tillage followed by 2-5 years of cropping – has become extremes, contrary to the and Direct Planting unsustainable as land pressure has greatly increased, traditional slash-and- shortening fallow periods. Under the SLM practice burn practice. of „minimum tillage and direct planting‟, land is prepared by slashing the existing vegetation and allowing re-growth up to 30 cm height. A glyphosate-based herbicide is sprayed with a knapsack fitted with a low-volume nozzle. The residue is left on the soil surface without burning. After 7–10 days, direct planting is carried out in rows through the mulch. Maize is the main crop planted under this system. Planting is practiced manually using a planting stick. The mulch layer has several important functions: it helps to increase and maintain water stored in the soil, reduces soil erosion, contributes to improve soil fertility (after crop residues have decomposed in 21 Based on the SLM in Practice - Guidelines and Best Practices for Sub-Saharan Africa, WOCAT 2011, 243 p. (http://knowledgebase.terrafrica.org/fileadmin/user_upload/terrafrica/docs/topic_page/SLM_in_Practice_english.pdf.) 22 Analysis based on the comparison of ecological conditions in the case study and in Togo. 41 SLM Techniques Description Suitable Benefit with regard to Short Long locations in climate change Term term Togo benefit Benefit- (Region)22 Cost cost ratio ratio subsequent seasons) and it efficiently controls weeds by hindering their growth and preventing weeds from producing seeds. (Technique documented in Ghana). Conservation Small-scale conservation tillage involves the use of Maritime The technology is Positive Very Agriculture: Small- ox-drawn ploughs, modified to rip the soil. An tolerant to climatic positive Scale Conservation adaptation to the ordinary plough beam makes extremes, contrary to the Tillage adjustment to different depths possible and turns it traditional slash-and- into a ripper. Ripping is performed in one pass, to a burn practice. depth of 10 cm, after harvest. Deep ripping (sub- soiling) with the same implement is done, when necessary, to break a plough pan and reaches depths of up to 30 cm. Ripping increases water infiltration and reduces runoff. In contrast to conventional tillage, the soil is not inverted, thus leaving crop residues on the surface. As a result, the soil is less exposed and not so vulnerable to the impact of splash and sheet erosion, and water loss through evaporation and runoff. In well-ripped fields, rainfall from storms at the onset of the growing season is stored within the rooting zone, and is therefore available to the crop during subsequent drought spells. Ripping the soil during the dry season combined with a mulch cover reduces germination of weeds, leaving fields ready for planting. In case of stubborn weeds, pre- 42 SLM Techniques Description Suitable Benefit with regard to Short Long locations in climate change Term term Togo benefit Benefit- (Region)22 Cost cost ratio ratio emergence herbicides are used for control. (Technique documented in Kenya). Integrated Soil Compost is produced in shallow pits, approximately Savanna, No data Very Very fertility 20 cm deep and 1.5 m by 3 m wide. During the dry Maritime positive positive Management: season after harvesting, layers of chopped crop Compost Production residues, animal dung and ash are heaped, as they become available, up to 1.5 m high and watered. The pile is covered with straw and left to heat up and decompose. After 15–20 days the compost is turned over into a second pile and watered again. This is repeated up to three times – as long as water is available. (Technique documented in Burkina-Faso). Rainwater Tassa planting pits are used for the rehabilitation of Savanna, Increased tolerance due Slightly Positive harvesting: Tassa degraded, crusted land. This technology is mainly Maritime to water harvesting positive Planting Pits applied in semi-arid areas on sandy / loamy plains, often covered with a hard pan, and with slopes below 5%. Planting pits are holes of 20-30 cm diameter and 20- 25 cm depth, spaced about 1 m apart in each direction. They are dug by hand. The excavated earth is formed into a small ridge downslope of the pit for maximum back capture of rainfall and runoff. Manure is added to each pit, though its availability is sometimes a problem. The improved infiltration and increased nutrient availability brings degraded land into cultivation. 43 SLM Techniques Description Suitable Benefit with regard to Short Long locations in climate change Term term Togo benefit Benefit- (Region)22 Cost cost ratio ratio Common crops produced in this water harvesting system are millet and sorghum. (Technique documented in Niger). Smallholder It is a water diversion and spreading technique under Savanna, Tolerant to climatic No data No data Irrigation which seasonal floods of short duration – springing Maritime extremes (adapted to Management: Spate from the rainfall-rich highlands – are diverted from unpredictable heavy Irrigation ephemeral rivers (wadis) to irrigate cascades of floods) leveled and bunded fields in the coastal plains. The diversion structures include the following elements: (1) the „agim‟, a temporary 3-4 m high river diversion structure on the low-flow side of the wadi, made from brushwood, tree trunks, earth, stones and / or boulders, erected to divert a large part of the flow during a spate flow to adjacent agricultural fields; (2) a primary, and several secondary distribution canals; unlined, bordered by earthen embankments; convey and spread the floodwater to the irrigable fields; (3) the fields, rectangular shaped, of about 1–2 ha, separated by earthen bunds. Floodwater is distributed from field to field: when a field is completely flooded (to a depth of about 0.5 m), water is conveyed to the immediate downstream field by breaching one of the bunds. This process continues until all the water is used up. Arable fields need to be flooded several times. (Technique documented in Eritrea). 44 SLM Techniques Description Suitable Benefit with regard to Short Long locations in climate change Term term Togo benefit Benefit- (Region)22 Cost cost ratio ratio Cross Slope A fanya juu terrace is made by digging a trench and Savanna, Tolerant to climatic Positive Very Barriers: Grassed throwing the soil uphill to form an embankment. A Central, extremes (e.g. rain positive Fanya Juu Terraces berm prevents the embankment soil from sliding Maritime N storms); Water back into the trench. On the embankment a grass conservation effect strip is established, serving a triple purpose: it increases resilience to stabilises the earth structure through its roots, it periods of water stress enhances siltation of eroded soil particles, and it is used as a fodder source for livestock. Often napier (Pennisetum purpureum), or makarikari (Panicum coloratum var. makarikariensis) are used in the drier zones. In semi-arid areas the structures are laid out along the contour to maximise water retention, whereas in subhumid zones they are laterally graded to discharge excess runoff. Spacing of terraces ranges from 9 - 20 m, according to slope and soil depth. On a 15% slope with a moderately deep soil, the spacing is 12 m between the structures and the vertical interval around 1.7 m. (Technique documented in Kenya). Cross Slope The traditional Konso Bench Terraces are Savanna, Tolerant to climatic Slightly Positive Barriers: Konso established by building up stone embankments along Central, extremes (e.g. rain positive Bench Terraces the contour and gradually levelling the land in Maritime storms); Water between risers. Levelling is done actively and by conservation effect siltation processes. Stone walls have to be enhanced increases resilience to periodically. The appearance of the technology periods of water stress 45 SLM Techniques Description Suitable Benefit with regard to Short Long locations in climate change Term term Togo benefit Benefit- (Region)22 Cost cost ratio ratio evolves over time from stone embankments to bench terraces. The stone walls are supported on the downslope side by trees and / or legumes including coffee, pigeon pea, etc. The purpose of the structures is to break the slope length and reduce runoff concentration thereby controlling erosion, increasing water stored in soil and harvesting eroded sediments. Terraces have a long tradition in the area, and farmers are specialists in construction of stone walls. The first step during terrace establishment is to dig foundation up to 30 cm. Then stone walls are gradually built up to an impressive height of 1.5 - 2 m above the ground. The technology is very labour intensive: Establishment takes 5 years and bi-annual maintenance is required. However, it is worth the effort, since without terracing crop production would not be thinkable in a marginal area characterised by shortage and high variability of rainfall, shallow, stony soils on steep slopes, high levels of soil erosion and (thus) frequent food shortages. (Technique documented in Ethiopia). Agroforestry: On the vast denuded plains of Pays Kabyé in Kara, Central No data Positive Very Shelterbelts northern Togo, barriers of leguminous trees (e.g. W, Plateau S positive Cassia siamea or spectabilis; a medium sized tree growing between 10-20 m tall; Albizzia procera, Leucaena leucocephala) and shrubs (Cajanus cajan, 46 SLM Techniques Description Suitable Benefit with regard to Short Long locations in climate change Term term Togo benefit Benefit- (Region)22 Cost cost ratio ratio Erythrina variegate) are established between fields cultivated with annual crops such as maize. The shelterbelts provide a good micro-climate and protect the crops against the counterproductive effects of wind speed such as wind erosion, soil moisture loss through evaporation and physical damage to crops. (Technique documented in Togo). Agroforestry: While Grevillea robusta (the „silky oak‟, an Kara, Central High tolerance to change Slightly Very Grevillea Australian native) was originally introduced from W, Plateau S of temperature and positive positive Agroforestry System India to East Africa as a shade tree for tea and coffee rainfall – Grevillea estates, it is now more commonly used in small- grows under a high scale farming areas, especially in association with range of climates annual crops (maize / beans). There are three major forms of grevillea agroforestry systems: (1) planting along farm boundaries; (2) scattered grevillea trees on cropland - resembling open forests with multi- storey layers; (3) „alley cropping‟ on terraces. Boundary planting is the most common form. Grevillea can be easily established and is relatively free of pests and diseases. The trees are managed through periodic pollarding – the pruning of side branches while maintaining the trunk – to reduce competition with crops. Competition is little in any case, and can be further reduced by digging a small trench around the trees, thus cutting the superficial roots. (Technique documented in Kenya). 47 SLM Techniques Description Suitable Benefit with regard to Short Long locations in climate change Term term Togo benefit Benefit- (Region)22 Cost cost ratio ratio Agroforestry: Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR) is Savanna, Tolerant to climatic Positive Very Farmers Managed the systematic regeneration of living and sprouting Maritime extremes (e.g. droughts, positive Natural Regeneration stumps of indigenous vegetation which used to be temperature increase, System slashed and burned in traditional field preparation. rainfall decrease, etc.) The naturally occurring seedlings and / or sprouts are managed and protected by local farmers. Most suitable are species with deep roots that do not compete with crops and have good growth performance even during poor rainy seasons. In the case study area the three most valuable species – as perceived by land users – are Faidherbia albida; Piliostigma reticulatum and Guiera senegalensis. The ideal density, when grown with cereal crops, is between 50 and 100 trees per hectare. For each stump, the tallest and straightest stems are selected and side branches removed to roughly half of the stem height. Excess shoots are then removed. Regular pruning of any unwanted new stems and side branches stimulates growth rates. Farmers are encouraged to leave 5 stems / shoots per tree, cutting one stem each year and letting another grow in its place. On removing a shoot, the cut leaves are left on the surface where they reduce erosion and are then eaten by termites, returning the nutrients to the soil. (Technique documented in Niger). Agroforestry: Parklands are the traditional agroforestry systems of Savanna, Increased tolerance Slightly Very 48 SLM Techniques Description Suitable Benefit with regard to Short Long locations in climate change Term term Togo benefit Benefit- (Region)22 Cost cost ratio ratio Parkland semi-arid West Africa or Sahel where naturally Maritime through the use of positive positive Agroforestry System growing, valuable trees are protected and nurtured indigenous species on cropping and grazing lands. For the rural people in the Sahel, parkland trees are multipurpose: they are a grocery shop, a pharmacy and a silo at the same time. People rely on many locally cherished species to provide food and nutritional security for both human and livestock populations and to protect and enrich soils. Important tree species are baobab (Adansonia digitata), tamarind (Tamarindus indica), Faidherbia albida, shea nut or karité (Vitellaria paradoxa) and néré (Parkia biglobosa). Crop production can be increased below and around the trees (especially under Faidherbida albida) due to the favourable micro-climate, accumulation of soil organic matter through litter fall, prunings and root decay in the predominantly sandy and poor soils. (Technique documented in Burkina-Faso). Sustainable Planted Tree plantations in combination with hillside Savanna, Sensitive to climatic Neutral Positive Forest terracing to protect upper catchment areas are a Kara extremes (e.g. rainfall Management: widespread technology in the Central and Northern decrease, especially in Reforestation and Highland Zone of Eritrea. In the early 1990s a large case of monocultures) Hillside Terracing area was treated in the Toker catchment, northwest of Asmara. The first step was to establish hillside terraces on the steeper slopes where it is essential to conserve soil and water for improved growth of trees 49 SLM Techniques Description Suitable Benefit with regard to Short Long locations in climate change Term term Togo benefit Benefit- (Region)22 Cost cost ratio ratio and other vegetation. The terraces comprise earthen embankments laid out along the contour, reinforced with stone risers, combined with a trench on the upper side to harvest runoff water. The trenches are subdivided into basins (by ties) to avoid lateral flow of runoff water. In a second step, trees were planted at a spacing of 2 m (in the trenches). Afforested areas are closed for any use until the trees reach maturity: they are protected by guards. In 1995, the Ministry of Agriculture handed over user rights to communities allowing cut-and-carry of grass and cutting of trees (with permission of the government). (Technique documented in Eritrea). 50 ANNEX 3: IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS PROJECT INSTITUTIONAL AND IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS 1. Project Implementation Mechanisms. In collaboration with partners represented in the National Platform for DRR and in the national SLM platform, consensus has been reached regarding the institutional framework for the implementation of the IDLM Project. The institutional arrangement is based on utilizing the existing TS of the National Platform for DRR as the PIU. A Steering Committee will be established with representatives from the MERF, the Ministries in charge of agriculture and water and the GEF and LDCF focal points. The TS, which is staffed with officials from the Ministry of Environment and Forest Resources, will be strengthened with the necessary personnel to support FM, procurement, M&E, and other IDLM expertise for project implementation. The Project Coordinator will be responsible for overall coordination of the project and will also be in charge of the DRM activities or of the SLM and adaptation activities, while the Assistant Coordinator will be responsible for managing the other technical area (either DRM or SLM and adaptation activities). The Steering Committee will meet at least twice a year to assess the progress made by the project and to review and approve the AWPs. (See Figure 1: Organogram) 51 Figure 1: Organogram 52 SUMMARY OF THE FM ASSESSMENT 2. The project team has assessed the FM capacity of the Technical Secretariat (TS) of the National Platform for DRR which will act as the PIU in November 2010. The FM assessment was carried out in accordance with the FM Manual issued by the FM Board on March 1, 2010 and the objective of the assessment was to determine whether the FM capacity of the TS of the National Platform for DRR is acceptable. Arrangements are acceptable if they are capable of recording accurately all transactions and balances, supporting the preparation of regular and reliable financial statements, safeguarding the project‟s assets, and are subject to auditing arrangements according to Bank standards. These arrangements should be in place before and during project implementation. 3. The conclusion of the FM assessment is that although the FM capacity of the TS is not sufficient, the FM arrangements that have been agreed for the project satisfy the Bank‟s minimum requirements under OP/BP10.02. Given the urgency of the project and the lack of adequate FM capacity within the MERF, it is agreed that during the first eighteen months of project implementation, the TS will be supported by AGETUR. AGETUR will have full FM responsibility until the capabilities of the FM officer in charge of the Project is assessed as appropriate. The community-based activities under Component 2 (Community-Based Activities for Adaptation and SLM) will be contracted out to the regional AGAIBs under the supervision of the TS. The regional AGAIBs and AGETUR are well staffed and have the required experience for executing IDA-financed projects with adequate accounting systems which will be extended to the project. In addition, a project manual (including FM and accounting procedures) has been prepared by the TS to guide FM of the project. 4. In order to prevent fraud and corruption inherent to the public sector in Togo, the following measures have been incorporated into the project design: (a) agreement on regular internal audit missions to be completed by the Togo Finance General Inspectors Team which will be reinforced with the recruitment of an internal audit consultant; and (b) a reasonable sample of grants will be reviewed each year by the financial auditor to ensure that community-based activities have been completed pursuant to the agreed procedures and that funds were used for the purposes intended. 5. Taking into account the proposed mitigation measures, the overall FM risk rating for this project is rated as Moderate. FIDUCIARY RISKS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 6. The FM risk assessment and mitigations measures are summarized in the table below: 53 Table 1: FM Risk Assessment and Mitigation Measures Residual Risk Risk Risk Mitigation Measures Conditionality Risk Rating Rating Inherent Risks: S S Country: According to the Economic Recovery and Governance Grant mission completed in Slow pace of public S M October 2010, important measures have FM reforms. been taken to improve the institutional framework for budget preparation, execution and controls including the establishment of a committee to follow up on the new WAEMU Directives. However, the remaining risks should have limited impact on the project as it will rely partially on the national accounting and auditing system. Entity Level: The TS will ensure the coordination of the project and will be supervised by a Lack of coordination M steering committee. A Project due to the Implementation Manual (PIM) will involvement of S clarify the roles and responsibilities of the several stakeholders various stakeholders. and political interference of the Ministry. Project Level: The project manual will clarify the roles Project manual and responsibilities of each stakeholder including FM Ministry of M and appropriate training will be held. In aspects to be Environment and S addition, AGETUR will ensure available before Forest Resources has compliance with Bank fiduciary effectiveness. no previous procedures at a central level whereas the experience in Adoption of the regional AGAIBs will be responsible at managing Bank contracts with the community level. projects. AGETUR and regional AGAIBs before effectiveness. Control Risks: S M Budgeting: M M Accounting: Lack of qualified Quality assurance on compliance with 54 FM specialist and S FM procedures to be handled by M appropriate AGETUR‟s Director of Finance until the accounting system. establishment of the project accounting system within the Ministry. Residual Risk Risk Risk Mitigation Measures Conditionality Risk Rating Rating Internal Audit: Non compliance An internal audit consultant will be Agreement on with FM procedures recruited and integrated in Togo‟s Central TOR for S M at central level and Financing Control Office (IGF: internal audit particularly at Inspection Générale des Finances) so that with IGF prior decentralized levels. regular missions will be inserted in the to negotiation. IGF‟s annual work program regarding the project. External Audit: Project audit reports An independent qualified external auditor Appointment of might be submitted will be recruited. the external S M with delay and auditor no later inacceptable quality. than four months after effectiveness. Funds Flow: Funds may be Dedicated sub-accounts will be opened diverted or used for and managed by regional AGAIBs under ineligible purposes, the supervision of the PIU. especially at the S M community level. Reporting: Delay and Support of the AGETUR Director of Agreement on difficulties in Finance which will adequately train the IFR formats and S M preparation of FM officer dedicated to the project. contents prior acceptable IFRs and to negotiation. financial statements. Overall Risk: S M H: High S: Substantial M: Moderate L: Low 55 STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES 7. The main strength is the involvement of AGETUR as fiduciary agency of the project at the central level and AGAIBs at the community level. The regional AGAIBs and AGETUR are well staffed and have relevant experience in executing Bank financed projects with adequate accounting systems. The current FM arrangements of these agencies will be updated to fit the IDLM Project needs under the development of an operational, accounting, and FM manual which was prepared by the TS. TIME BOUND ACTION PLAN TO ADDRESS THE WEAKNESSES 8. The actions plan below indicates the actions to be taken by the Ministry of Environment and Forest Resources to strengthen the project FM system. Table 2: FM Action Plan No. Activity/Action Target Completion Responsibility 1. Prepare a project manual including Prior to Ministry of Environment acceptable financial and accounting effectiveness and Forest Resources procedures. (MERF)/ Bank 2. Appointment of the external auditor Not later than four TS acceptable to Bank. months after effectiveness DETAIL OF FM ARRANGEMENTS 9. The TS of the National Platform for DRR, acting as PIU, will handle the overall FM responsibility of the project with the technical assistance of AGETUR as fiduciary agent at the central level and the regional AGAIBs at the community level. FLOW OF FUNDS AND DISBURSEMENT ARRANGEMENTS DESIGNATED ACCOUNTS 10. Two pooled designated accounts will be opened at a commercial bank acceptable to the Bank: one for the community-based activities (designated Account, DA-A) under component 2 financed by GFDRR, GEF and LDCF grants and the second for all other activities (designated Account, DA-B) under components 1, 3 and 4 financed by GFDRR, GEF and LDCF grants. A third designated account, DA-C will be opened for the TerrAfrica grant which will finance selected activities under component 3 only. Their ceilings will be set to CFAF 300,000,000, CFAF 380,000,000 and CFAF 50,000,000 respectively, based on the disbursement forecast for the first four months. The funds advanced to the two pooled designated accounts will be drawn 56 from the GEF (TF No. to be determined), GFDRR (TF No. TF011010) and LDCF (TF No. to be determined) grant accounts. The ceiling amounts of these pooled designated accounts reflect the combined ceiling. At the time of disbursement, funds will be advanced to each DA in line with the financing percentage of each financing sources. The funds advanced to the segregated DA (DA-C) will be drawn from the TerrAfrica grant account (TF No. 098701). 11. The coordinator of the TS and the representative of AGETUR will be the signatories of the designated accounts until the TS has acquired sufficient FM capacity. 12. Five regional advance accounts (AGAIBs advance accounts) will be opened to exclusively finance the community-based activities based on action plans agreed with the TS. Disbursements from these sub-accounts will comply with specific procedures included in the project manual. DISBURSEMENT METHODS AND PROCESSES 13. Disbursements under the project will be transaction based. In addition to making advances to the Designated Accounts, other disbursement methods (reimbursement, direct payment and special commitment) will be available for use under the project. Further instructions on disbursement and details on the operations of the Withdrawal Applications and Direct Payments will be outlined in the disbursement letters. 14. Table 3 sets out the expenditure categories to be financed out of the grant proceeds. FLOW OF FUNDS 15. Funds will flow from the four (4) trust fund Grant Accounts to the three (3) Designated Accounts (see figure 2). The Directorate for Financing, Execution Control and Plan (DFCEP: Direction du Financement, du Contrôle de l’Exécution et du Plan) would be the assigned representative of the Recipient for the mobilization of Bank funds. Withdrawal Application requests will be prepared by the Director of Finance of AGETUR and later by MERF‟s FM officer, signed by a designated signatory or signatories (the signature authorization letter is signed by the Minister of Finance) and sent to the Bank for processing. The signatories will have the option to submit electronic applications available on the Bank‟s Client Connection website. Table 3: Percentage of Expenditures to be financed Category Amount of the Grant Percentage of Expenditures Allocated (expressed to be Financed in USD) (inclusive of Taxes) GEF GFDRR LDCF (1) Goods, works, non-consulting services, 3,117,797 9.3% 39.3 % 51.4% consultants‟ services, and Training under Part A of the Project (2) Goods, works, non-consulting services, 6,612,503 48.7% 29.6% 21.7% consultants‟ services, Operating Costs under 57 Part B of the Project (3) Goods, works, non-consulting services, 5,149,381 29.7% 62.8% 7.5% consultants‟ services, Training Part C, excluding Part C.3(a) and Part C.3 (b) of the Project (4) Goods, consultants‟ services, Training and 1,088,676 23.2% 61.1% 15.7% Operating Costs under Part D of the Project (5) Unallocated 479,051 Part C.3(a) and Part C.3 (b) of the Project23 500,000 TOTAL AMOUNT 16,947,408 23 The total project cost is US$16,947,408 including US$500,000 from TerrAfrica Leveraging Fund (TLF). TLF will finance 100% of Component 3: (i) the update of the cartography for the Greater Lomé area and (ii) an analytical study of the hydrology, the layout of the settlement and the economic and social profile of the population of the Baguida area. 58 Figure 2: Flow of Funds DFCEP Direction du Financement, du Contrôle de l‟Exécution et du Plan DP Direct Payment WA Withdrawal Application 59 REPORTING AND AUDITING ARRANGEMENTS 16. Quarterly Interim Un-audited Financial Reports (IFRs) prepared by the Director of finance of AGETUR (and later by the project FM Officer) should be submitted to the Bank within 45 days following the end of the quarter. 17. The TS will produce Annual Financial Statements for the Project which will comply with the accounting standards (SYSCOHADA). SYSCOHADA is the assigned accounting system in West African Francophone countries. Project accounts will be maintained on a cash basis, supported with appropriate records and procedures to track commitments and to safeguard assets. Annual financial statements will be prepared by the TS in accordance with the SYSCOHADA. The ROSC Accounting and Auditing identified some differences with the International Accounting Standards but they are not expected to impact the project. Accounting and control procedures will be documented in the FM section of the Project Manual. Audit arrangements Internal Audit and internal controls 18. The internal control will be organized through the FM manual with appropriate segregation of duties and responsibilities. Internal audit functions will be assumed by the Government General Inspection of Finance (IGF) based on terms of references satisfactory to the World Bank. For this end, an acceptable internal audit consultant will be recruited and integrated in the IGF team. External audit 19. The supreme audit institution (Cour des Comptes) which is supposed to audit all public funds has a limited capacity in terms of staffing and experience of auditing project financial statements. In view of this, an external independent and qualified private sector auditor acceptable to the World Bank will be recruited under the supervision of the steering committee put in place by Togo ministry of finance for public company external audit. 20. The Auditor will express an opinion on the Annual Financial Statements, and perform his audit in compliance with International Standards on Auditing (ISAs). He will be required to prepare a Management Letter providing recommendations for improvements of the accounting system and the internal control environment. The audit report on the annual project financial statements and activities of the DAs will be submitted to IDA within six months after the end of each project fiscal year. 60 PROCUREMENT CAPACITY ASSESSMENT, RISK AND MITIGATION MEASURES 21. A procurement capacity assessment of the TS has been conducted during project preparation in November 2010. The potential risks identified are the lack of experience and skills in relation to the Bank‟s procurement procedures and the lack of a procurement manual. The procurement unit established under the MERF is new and bears no qualified procurement staff. The mitigation measures agreed upon are therefore to: (a) have AGETUR assist the TS in the first eighteen months of project implementation; (b) have the regional AGAIBs manage procurement and implementation of the activities at the community level; (c) draft a procurement manual; (d) nominate a project Procurement Officer within the Ministry‟s Procurement Committee (Commission de passation de marchés); and, (d) nominate a project focal point in the established Public Procurement Control Committee (Commission de Contrôle des Marchés Publics-CCMP). AGETUR will build procurement capacity of the TS in the first eighteen months of project implementation, by the end of which the responsibility for procurement under the project will be transferred to the procurement officers at the TS, if assessed as appropriate. A fiduciary management contract will be signed between the TS and AGETUR. The TS has drafted a procurement plan for the first eighteen months of project implementation and the Bank‟s approval of an acceptable procurement plan and a procurement manual will be disbursement conditions for the project. Taking into consideration that a procurement unit and an internal procurement control committee exists within MERF and that technical assistance will be provided by experienced agencies (AGETUR and AGAIBs), the overall project procurement risk has been rated as moderate. GUIDELINES 22. Procurement for the proposed project will be carried out in accordance with; (a) the Bank “Guidelines: Procurement under IBRD Loans and IDA Credits� dated May, 2004, revised in October, 2006 and May, 2010; (b) “Guidelines: Selection and Employment of Consultants by World Bank Borrowers� dated May, 2004 revised in October, 2006 and May, 2010; and (c) the provisions of the Grant Agreement. PROCUREMENT DOCUMENTS 23. Procurements will be carried out using the Bank‟s Standard Bidding Documents or Standard Request for Proposal (RFP), respectively, for all International Competition Bidding (ICB), for goods and for the selection of consultants. For National Competitive Bidding (NCB), the Borrower could submit a sample form of bidding documents to the Bank for prior review and will continue to use this type of document throughout the project once this has been agreed upon. The Sample Form of Evaluation Reports published by the Bank will be used. FREQUENCY OF PROCUREMENT REVIEWS AND SUPERVISION 24. The Bank‟s prior and post reviews will be carried out on the basis of thresholds indicated in the table below. The Bank will conduct bi-annual supervision missions and annual Post Procurement Reviews (PPR); the ratio of post review is at least 1 to 5 contracts. The Bank could 61 also conduct an Independent Procurement Review (IPR) at any time until two years after the closing date of the project. Table 4: Procurement and Selection Review Thresholds Prior review Procurement/selection threshold Comments methods (US$) 1. Works and Goods ICB  Works ≥ 3,000,000 Method can be applied for any amount, but is ≥ 300,000 mandatory above these amounts.  Goods LCB ≥ 300,000 Review of the first three contracts, independent of amount. NCB N/A Review of the first three contracts, independent of amount. Shopping N/A Review of the first three contracts, independent of amount. Communities Participation N/A Direct Contracting All contracts All contracts. 2. Consulting Services With review of the first three contracts, QCBS ≥ 200,000 independent of amount. With review of the first three contracts, LCS ≥ 200,000 independent of amount. CQS (for contracts With review of the first three contracts, ≥ 50,000 ≤$US100,000) independent of amount. Individual Consultants (IC) With review of the first three contracts and other ≥ 100,000 contracts chosen on a case-by-case basis, independent of amount. Single Source Selection All contracts Review of all contracts. (SSS) 62 Prior review Procurement/selection threshold Comments methods (US$) 3. Trainings and Workshops On basis of detailed and approved annual plan Training and workshops ≥ 10,000 (with indication of venue, number of participants, duration and exhaustive budget, and so forth.) 25. All training and TORs of contracts estimated to cost more than US$10,000, including all amendments of contracts raising the initial contract value by more than 15 percent of the original amount or above the prior review thresholds will be subject to prior Bank review. All contracts not submitted for prior review will be submitted to the Bank for post review in accordance with the provisions in paragraph 4 of Annex 1 of the Bank‟s Consultant Selection Guidelines and Bank‟s Procurement Guidelines. PROCUREMENT PLAN 26. All procurement activities will be carried out in accordance with approved original or updated Procurement Plans. The Procurement Plans will be updated at least annually (or as otherwise required) to reflect the actual needs and capacity improvements of project implementation. All Procurement Plans should be published at the national level and on the Bank website according to the Guidelines. (a) Summary of Works and Goods Contract Packages for the First Eighteen Months of Implementation 27. The procurement plan for the first eighteen months of implementation of the project has been prepared and will be available for the project negotiations. Tables 5 and 6 below illustrate the templates for the packages of the procurement plan. 63 Table 5: Template for Works and Goods Contract Packages 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Estimated Bids opening Procurement Method Domestic preference Estimated Amount Expected Contract Pre qualification DESCRPTION Signature Date Prior Review Comments (US$ 000) Ref. No. (yes/no) (y/n) (y/n) Date Vehicles and ….. ….. 1 ….. ICB No No Yes motorcycles 2011 2011 ….. ….. 2 ………. ….. ICB No No Yes 2011 2011 ….. ….. 3 …………. ….. ICB No No Yes 2011 2011 (b) Summary of Consultant’s Contract Packages for the First Eighteen Months of Implementation. Table 6: Template for Consultant’s Contract Packages 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Prior Estimated Estimated Amount Ref Selection Review Bid contract DESCRIPTION ESTIMAT. Comments No Method Opening signing (US$ 000) (Yes/No) Date date 1 ……….. ….. QCBS Yes …. 2011 …. 2011 ….. 2 ……….. ….. QCBS Yes …. 2011 …. 2011 ….. … ……….. ….. … Yes …. 2011 …. 2011 ….. 64 PROCUREMENT FILING 28. Procurement documents must be maintained in the project files and archived in a safe place until at least two years after the closing date of the project. The International Consultancy Firm (ICF) through the Procurement Specialist and Officers will be responsible for the filing of procurement documents. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL (INCLUDING SAFEGUARDS) PROJECT TYPES, LOCATIONS AND IMPACT ASSESSMENTS 29. Project Types and Locations. The environmental and social safeguards issues of the proposed project are associated primarily with the activities of Component 2: Community-Based Activities for Adaptation and SLM which will be carried out in all five regions of Togo. 30. Environmental Impacts. The project is category B and the environmental impacts are likely to be site-specific, small-scale, non-sensitive and reversible, typical of category B projects. Expected impacts during construction/production include: (a) air/dust pollution (activities such as site clearance), which is expected to be minimal, temporary and within the project area; (b) noise and vibration resulting from use and movement of machinery; and (c) site preparation, in particular for tree nursery site establishment and tree planting. 31. Social Impacts. The potential adverse social impacts will be small-scale and site-specific typical of Category B projects. The social risks for the project primarily revolve around Involuntary Resettlement during the small-scale civil works. A Resettlement Policy Framework (RFP) was developed to identify all possible risks and propose effective mitigation measures that each stakeholder has to adopt. The RFP has been approved and disclosed both in-country on May 9, 2011 and at the Bank‟s Infoshop on June 28, 2011. If needed, specific Resettlement Action Plans (RAPs) including budgets for each sub-project will be prepared prior to commencement of any construction activity. The RAPs include reports for all temporary and/or permanent loss of assets and livelihood, properties, and displacement compensation. The TS will monitor and ensure responsible and fair compensation of the impacted people. 32. Potential Indirect Impact. There will be increased employment and income for skilled and unskilled workers and indirect employment opportunities from provision of services to construction workers such as sale of food and beverages. There will be no long-term adverse impacts as a result of project activities. 33. Key Measures to be taken by the Borrower to Address Safeguards Policy Issues. The PIU prepared an ESMF and PMP to cover the aspects of environment and pest management. Although one of the principles of the proposed project is to avoid or minimize land acquisition, as due diligence, a RFP was also prepared. The ESMF, PMP, and RPF were disclosed in-country and at the Info Shop. 34. Mitigation Measures. The ESMF recommended mitigating measures aimed at ensuring civil works are executed in an environmentally sound manner, such as limiting construction or production activities to normal working hours and notifying the local community in advance if 65 construction activities have to be performed outside these hours. Further, Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) contained in the ESMF recommended that environmental and social safeguards issues be addressed in a timely and practical fashion. The RFP provides for the preparation of RAPs or Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plans (ARAPs) that will be developed and implemented if and when necessary during project implementation. With respect to the PMP, ways and means of using alternatives to herbicides and pesticides were clearly stated. 35. Capacity for Safeguard Implementation. The MERF has an environment department that handles EAs in the absence of an Environmental Protection Agency so MERF has reasonable capacity to manage environmental and social safeguards issues. This unit will be responsible for following up on safeguards issues during project implementation with the designated environmental and social specialist in the TS. Part-time consultants will also be hired as and when necessary to work with the TS. The Bank will provide guidance on the elaboration of the TORs for EAs and the Environment Department of MERF will be responsible for providing overall quality control through the review and clearance of the EMPs and RAPs. The environment department will also assist in enforcing compliance with Bank safeguards policies and monitor the implementation of the EMPs. Specific capacity building on environmental management and EA will be provided to the TS and the technical services departments of the participating ministries. In accordance with Bank guidelines, all EA studies and RAPs will need to be reviewed and cleared by the Bank prior to the commencement of the civil works. 36. Public Consultations. Public comments were solicited during the disclosure process of the safeguards instruments through announcements made in two local newspapers and at the Info Shop. Consultations and public meetings will continue during project implementation. PROJECT MONITORING AND EVALUATION 37. The Project Development Objective. The PDO has been carefully selected to reflect the integrated DRM/SLM approach and to give a clear indication of what will be achieved with the GEF/LDCF, TerrAfrica, and GFDRR grants. Based on the four project components, SMART intermediate results indicators were developed in close consultation with the TS as well as Bank M&E specialists. The TS will have overall responsibility for M&E, including collating outputs and data from the executing agencies into a consolidated M&E report as part of the annual progress reports. Some M&E data (especially activities & outputs) will also be included in quarterly and bi-annual progress reports. The TS will develop a system to ensure the collection and compilation of data needed for satisfactory project monitoring and evaluation. Baseline information will be provided by the TS in collaboration with AGETUR AGAIBs and other relevant stakeholders involved in project implementation. The executing agencies (AGETUR and AGAIBs) will be required to keep detailed records of activities, outputs and expenditures against agreed work plans and following standard formats, including robust financial monitoring. 38. To the extent feasible, data collection for M&E purposes will be combined with other missions of the TS. The budget for M&E is thus limited to mission and travel expenses. 39. Sector Capacity. The M&E capacity of the TS is currently insufficient to adequately cover the M&E needs for the project. Therefore a M&E workshop will be held after project effectiveness. Under Component 4 of the project, the Ministry of Environment and Forest 66 Resources (MERF) will make available an M&E expert to measure implementation progress in relation to the result framework and GEF tracking tools and climate change AMAT. The M&E Expert will subsequently be hired, and surveys will be contracted out for mid-term and end-of- project assessments. The project will also provide financial support for strengthening the data collection systems of the TS. 40. Financing M&E. Under Component 4 of the project, provisions have been made to hire an M&E expert and for the acquisition of office equipment and software, necessary for carrying out the M&E activities. 41. Under Component 4, a total of US$ 1,108,851 is planned for project management, out of which a reasonable percentage will be used for financing the M&E activities. 42. M&E in relation to GEF and LDCF requirements. Under the supervision of the TS, AGAIBs will be responsible for collecting primary data on reforestation and implementation of agricultural SLM technologies on the ground. A third party verification system will be established to cross-check recorded performance under AGAIBs contracts, based on a sampling approach. Monitoring of vegetation cover and land-use in the project implementation areas will be made possible thanks to the country-owned environmental monitoring system supported by the proposed project under component 3. In addition, the GEF tracking tools and AMAT will be monitored by an inter-ministerial committee at project mid-term and project completion. 43. As one of the project under the Sahel and West Africa Program in support of the Great Green Wall Initiative (SAWAP), the project indicators were selected to relate to the SAWAP‟s Key Performance Indicators (KPI) in order to measure program achievements through aggregation. The table below clarifies which project indicators will contribute to KPIs of the SAWAP. Table 7: Linkages with KPIs of the SAWAP KPIs of the SAWAP Related Project Indicators KPI 1. Increase in land area with SLWM practices PDO/GEO Level Result Indicator Two: Additional in targeted areas, compared to baseline (hectares, land area with SLM practices and/or climate- reported by crop, range, forest, wetlands, protected resilient agricultural practices in targeted areas. areas). KPI 2. Changes in vegetation cover in targeted Intermediate Results Indicator Three under areas, compared to baseline (hectares). Component 3: Area covered by a monitoring system for land use and vegetation cover. KPI 3. Targeted institutions with increased PDO/GEO Level Result Indicator One: Area adaptive capacity to reduce risks and response to covered by integrated EWS jointly managed by the climate variability, compared to baseline (#). Togolese Red Cross, the Department of Meteorology and Hydrology. 44. The project indicator for the third Program‟s KPI focuses on key institutions of which capacity will be strengthened (Togolese Red Cross, the Department of Meteorology and Hydrology). This indicator is measurable, verifiable, relevant for the lifespan of the project and 67 is also a proxy to measure the improved adaptive capacity of the targeted institutions. The fourth Program‟s KPI Change in carbon accumulation rates in biomass and soil, compared to baseline (tC/ha) is not provided directly in the project‟s result framework. However, resources are allocated to build national capacity on environmental monitoring including carbon sequestration measure (Cf. Component 3: Early Warning, Monitoring and Knowledge System). It is partly reflected in the Intermediate Results Indicator Three under Component 3: Area covered by a monitoring system for land use and vegetation cover. The GEF tracking tools that will be monitored under this project include an indicator on Carbon sequestration that will contribute to the fourth Program‟s KPI. 45. Similarly, the project has integrated indicators from the GEF Focal Area Results Framework and LDCF/SCCF Framework in compliance with the GEF and LDCF Expected Outcomes and Core Outputs to which the project contributes (Table 8). 68 Table 8: Linkages with GEF and LDCF Results Framework GEF and LDCF Expected Core Outputs Related Project Indicators Objectives Outcomes GEF FOCAL AREA Outcome 3.2: Output 3.2 INRM PDO/GEO Level Results Indicator FOR LAND Integrated tools and Two: Additional land area with SLM DEGRADATION landscape methodologies practices and/or climate-resilient LD-3: Integrated management developed and tested. agricultural practices in targeted areas. Landscapes: Reduce practices Output 3.4 pressure on natural adopted by Information on INRM Intermediate Result Indicator Two resources from local technologies and best under Component 2: SLM tools and competing land uses communities. practice guidelines approaches introduced at local level. in the wider disseminated. landscape. Intermediate Result Indicator Four under Component 1: Targeted population groups informed on SLM best practices. LDCF OBJECTIVE Outcome 2.3: Output 2.3.1: Targeted PDO/GEO Level Result Indicator One: FOR ADAPTATION TO Strengthened population groups Area covered by integrated EWS CLIMATE CHANGE awareness participating in jointly managed by the Togolese Red CCA-2: Increasing and adaptation and risk Cross, the Department of Meteorology Adaptive Capacity: ownership of reduction awareness and Hydrology. Increase adaptive adaptation activities. capacity to respond and climate PDO/GEO Level Results Indicator to the impacts of risk reduction Two: Additional land area with SLM climate change, processes at practices and/or climate-resilient including variability, the local agricultural practices in targeted areas. at the local, national, level. regional, and global Intermediate Result Indicator One levels. under Component 1: Water pumping capacity of Civil Defense Department. Intermediate Result Indicator Two under Component 1: Regional Meteorological and Hydrological Departments equipped. Intermediate Result Indicator Three under Component 1: Number of radio provided to the Civil Defense Department of Lomé. Intermediate Result Indicator Four under Component 1: Targeted population groups informed on adaptation and reduction of risk from land degradation and flooding. 69 GEF and LDCF Expected Core Outputs Related Project Indicators Objectives Outcomes Intermediate Result Indicator Five under Component 1: Number of staff trained on technical adaptation themes. GEF FOCAL AREA Outcome 1.1: Output 1.3. Intermediate Result Indicator Three FOR BIODIVERSITY Improved Sustainable financing under Component 2: Effectiveness of BD-1: Improve management plans. management of the targeted protected Sustainability of effectiveness areas and forests. Protected Area of existing Systems. and new Intermediate Results Indicator Two protected under Component 3: Area covered by areas. the monitoring system of land use vegetation cover and related carbon accumulation estimate. GEF FOCAL AREA Outcome 1.2: Output 1.2: Forest area Intermediate Result Indicator Three FOR SFM Good under sustainable under Component 2: Effectiveness of SFM/REDD+ - 1: management management, management of the targeted protected Forest Ecosystem practices separated by forest areas and targeted forests. Services: Reduce applied in type. pressure on forest existing Intermediate Results Indicator Two resources and forests. under Component 3: Area covered by generate sustainable the monitoring system of land use flows of forest vegetation cover and related carbon ecosystem services. accumulation estimate. 70 ANNEX 4: OPERATIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK (ORAF) Togo: Integrated Disaster and Land Management Project 1. Project Stakeholder Risks Rating: Moderate Description: Since 2008, Togo has been strongly committed to Risk Management: The Bank will maintain a close dialogue with the authorities on the reform in various sectors of its economy, notably agriculture. agricultural investment program and key reforms to be undertaken (e.g. on input supply channels, Stable governance constitutes a further premise for the agricultural trade constraints, and rural credit facilitation). continuity of reforms. This will be conducive to both parties fully supporting the proposed reforms and policy However, should the momentum for reform weaken, the changes. impact on the project would be important. Resp: SMU monitors Stage: Implementation Due Date: N/A Status: On-going the risk. 3. Implementing Agency Risks (including fiduciary) 3.1. Capacity Rating: Moderate Description: The capacities of the Technical Secretariat (PIU) Risk Management: AGETUR has been identified to provide procurement and FM services for the are weak with regard to Bank procurement, financial and project first two years. The regional AGAIBs will provide a similar service for the community-based management rules and procedures. activities. The PIU will also prepare at least 2 or 3 procurement packages during project preparation; which will serve as a form of capacity building for the implementation unit. Resp: FM and Due Date: Procurement monitor Stage: Implementation Status: On-going Effectiveness the risk. 3.2. Governance Rating: Moderate Description: The socio-political outlook has improved Risk Management: The PRSP process provides support to foster a national consensus across following the peaceful outturn of the 2010 presidential Togolese society and among Government representatives on the medium-term reform elections. The incumbent President was reelected in March 2010 agenda. A PSD Support Project is supporting investment climate reforms and Government’s and a new Government of national unity was appointed on May development of a new Free Zone. 28, 2010. The main opposition party is represented in the Government which is expected to promote the broad acceptance of critical reforms. The President has shown that he is intent on promoting an inclusive political dialogue with all opposition Resp: The Bank, IMF parties. Efforts to promote good governance are impaired by and other development Due Date: January Stage: Implementation Status: On-going varying interpretations of laws and regulations and weak partners monitor the 2011 enforcement. The Togo Free Zone has suffered from political risk interference and a lack of transparency in the past. 4. Project Risks 4.1. Design Rating: Moderate Description: Given the safeguards elements and weak Risk Management: Project design kept simple design and the support of AGAIB and AGETUR Government capacity, the project processing timeline looks included to provide implementation support, delays are not expected to be significant. very ambitious. Resp: SMU Project Stage: Implementation Due Date: N/A Status: On-going team monitors the risks 71 4.2. Social & Environmental Rating: Moderate Description: An ESMF, RPF, and PMP have been prepared, Risk Management: These impacts will be temporary and localized, and proper mitigation consulted upon, and disclosed in-country and at the InfoShop. measures during construction and/or production could minimize or even eliminate them. The environmental impacts are likely to be site-specific, small- A Resettlement Policy Framework has been developed to identify all possible risks and scale, non-sensitive and reversible, typical of category B propose effective mitigation measures that each stakeholder has to adopt. projects. Expected impacts during construction/production include: (a) air/dust pollution (activities such as site clearance), which is expected to be minimal, temporary and within the project area; (b) noise and vibration resulting from use and Resp: PIU Stage: Implementation Due Date: N/A Status: On-going movement of machinery, and; (c) site preparation, in particular for tree nursery site establishment and tree planting. The social risks for the project primarily revolve around Involuntary Resettlement during the small-scale civil works. 4.3. Program & Donor Rating: Low Description: Timely availability of funds. Risk Management: Close interaction with GEF, GFDRR, LDCF and TerrAfrica to inform them about disbursement rates. Resp: SMU project Stage: Implementation Due Date: N/A Status: On-going team 4.4. Delivery Monitoring & Sustainability Rating: Low Description: Small pool of national contractors available. Risk Management: Prepare bidding documents to maximize economies of scale and hire national DRM and SLM specialists to provide technical oversight of contracts. Due Date: Resp: MERF Stage: Implementation Status: Not yet Effectiveness 5. Overall Risk Following Review 5.1. Preparation Risk Rating: Moderate 5.2 Implementation Risk Rating: Low Comments: The Togolese counterparts were fully involved and engaged during Comments: The project implementation will build on the existing institutions project preparation which helped to ensure a sound and practical project design. such as AGETUR and AGAIBs for financial management and procurement which will ensure good governance and compliance with Bank requirements. 72 ANNEX 5: IMPLEMENTATION SUPPORT PLAN 1. Strategy and approach to implementation support. A number of measures aimed at ensuring implementation proceeds as expected have been put in place as follows:  First, a full-time national DRM Specialist based in the Togo Bank Country Office was hired in May 2011. He will work closely with the TS to facilitate the implementation of the Project. To support supervision, the project team will also be able to draw on the other Bank staff based in Lomé or in the sub-region, such as the Senior Environmental Specialist (Mr. Bennouna), the Agricultural Economist (Mr. Adamah Klouvi), the two Senior Safeguard Specialists (Mr. Seyni and Mr Olojoba), the Senior Procurement Specialist (Mr. Ayindo) and the Financial Management Specialist (Mr. Hinkati).  Second, the Bank will conduct at least two formal missions per year. The mission team will include Bank staff from AFTEN working on SLM and climate change adaption as well financial management and procurement staff, and other specialists as required. Based on the current FM risk assessment which is moderate (Medium Likelihood), one formal on-site supervision mission will be held per year during implementation and a review of transactions will be performed during that mission.  Third, considerable safeguards have been put into place to guard against procurement fraud risk. These are presented in the procurement section of annex 3. 2. Implementation Support Plan Time Focus Skills Needed Resource Estimate First twelve  Establishment of the  Core team skills US$100,000 in months  Special Accounts at  SLM BB and trust funds the  Procurement  MERF and at the  Financial executing agencies.  management  Quality of terms of  Environment and  reference.  social safeguards  Procurement of key  contracts.  Execution of contracts  Implementation of the  EMP and RAP. 12 – 48  Quality of terms of  Core team skills US$100,000 in months  reference  SLM BB and trust funds per  Procurement of key  Procurement annum 73  contracts.  Financial  Execution of  management contracts.  Environment and  Application of the  social safeguards EMP  and RAP. 3. Skills Mix Required Skills Needed Number of Staff Week Number of Comments / year Trips / year Task team leader 10 2 international Core team based in DC Co-task team leader 10 2 international Core team based in DC DRM 15 1 local Core team based in Lomé with support from team in DC SLM 15 1 international Core team based in region with support from team in DC Monitoring and 8 1 international and 1 Core team based in DC evaluation local with support from team and implementation in Lomé support Procurement 6 1 local Core team based in Lomé with support from team in DC Financial Management 6 1 local Core team based in region with support from team in DC Environmental and 6 1 international Core team based in Social Safeguards region with support from team in DC 74 ANNEX 6: TEAM COMPOSITION Bank staff and consultants who worked on the project: Name Title Unit Shelley McMillan Sr. Water Resources Specialist, TTL AFTWR Bérengère Prince Sr. Environmental Specialist, co-TTL AFTEN Paolo Caputo Sr. Disaster Risk Management Specialist AFTWR Koffi Hounkpe Disaster Risk Management Specialist AFTWR Taoufiq Bennouna Sr. Environmental Specialist AFTEN Lucson Pierre-Charles Program Assistant AFTWR Ayi Adamah Klouvi Agricultural Economist AFTAR Abdoul-Wahab Seyni Sr. Social Development Specialist AFTCS Africa Eshogba Olojoba Sr. Environmental Specialist AFTEN Itchi Ayindo Sr. Procurement Specialist AFTPC Alain Hinkati Financial Management Specialist AFTFM Nneoma Nwogu Counsel LEGAF Salwa Saleh Junior Counsel LEGAF Kamel El Malik Ait El Hadj Legal Consultant LEGAF Esinam Hlomador-Lawson Team Assistant AFMTG Julia Lendorfer Disaster Risk Management Consultant AFTWR Sylvestre Bea Operations Consultant AFTWR 75 ANNEX 7: INCREMENTAL AND ADDITIONAL COST ANALYSIS A. KEY FACTS ON LAND DEGRADATION AND BIODIVERSITY IN TOGO 1. Land degradation affects at least 85 percent of arable lands: According to Brabant et al24, 63 percent of the lands are slightly degraded, 21 percent are moderately degraded and 2 percent are severally degraded. The "Environmental Profile of Togo (MERF, 2007) indicates that coffee and cocoa trees planting on deforested land in the South West has quickly led to erosion. Farmers are increasingly reporting land degradation in cotton crops areas. The soil erosion is occurring to a critical level in the Savanna region in the North, the mountainous area west of the Plateau region, Atakora and Fazao, and the Maritime region in the South. 2. The diagnosis established by the Environmental Profile underlines an important environmental and natural resources degradation particularly due to unsustainable land management (deforestation, excessive clearing of slopes, inappropriate cropping technique, non- mastery of the concepts of maintaining fertility, destruction of organic matter, bush fires, overgrazing). The rural population that is already vulnerable to land degradation may suffer even more with the increase variability due to climate change. 3. Togo offers a wide variety of ecological conditions offering habitats for an important biodiversity with approximately 3,500 terrestrial species. The population of many species has declined sharply and some of them have disappeared or are endangered. Decrees published between 1938 and 1958 officially delineated 83 protected areas representing 793,000 ha or 14.2 percent of the Togolese territory. The period of social unrest of the 1990s led to local opposition to the institutions of the former government, including the system of protected areas. Exploitation of the forests and fauna, deforestation, overgrazing and development for agriculture and habitation reduced the integrity of the reserves to the point that many are protected in name only. Out of the original 793,000 ha of protected areas, 215,000 ha are irreversibly lost or are too costly to rehabilitate. Togo has restructured its PA system which now covers 578,000 ha. 4. The PNIERN describes the main gaps and barriers to adoption of sustainable natural resources management (technical, environmental, institutional and financial). The PNIERN provides priority interventions to address these barriers to which this project is contributing. A more detail analysis is available in Annex 8. B. LIKELY IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN TOGO AND ASSOCIATED RISKS 5. According to the National Action Program for the Environment (1999), the annual increase of average temperature from 1950 to 1995, ranges from 0,015°C to 0.024°C. The highest increase has occurred in the North. During the same period, there was a decrease in rainfall and number of rainy days in most parts of the country. It is believed based on climate change forecast models that the current trends will continue. Temperatures may thus continue to increase, in particular in the North while rainfall may continue to decrease. Weather patterns may become more variable. 24 Refer to footnote 3 76 6. A likely impact of climate change is thus scarcer water resources while natural vegetative cover and agricultural production will have to adjust to a dryer and hotter environment. 7. According to the NAPA (2009) the main climate risks are floods, drought, poor distribution of rain, late rains, strong winds and coastal erosion (for the coastal area ecosystem). Across the country, drought and floods are at the top of the list. Togo has already experienced three major droughts that have caused a severe famine between 1942 -1943, 1976 -1977, and 1982-1983. Between 1925 and 1992, Togo has also endured 60 flooding events causing severe damages and casualties. The floods of 2007 and 2008 were even more destructive with loss of human lives, and loss of roads, houses and fields. 8. According to the NAPA (2009), the most vulnerable livelihoods are food crops, cash crops, vegetables, livestock products and marketing of agricultural products. C. LINK WITH THE GEF AND LDCF STRATEGIES 9. The proposed project will be developed as a multi-focal plan combining several GEF strategic goals, namely:  Contributing to arresting and reversing current global trends in land degradation, specifically desertification and deforestation.  Contributing to conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and the maintenance of ecosystem goods and services.  Achieving multiple environmental benefits from improved management of all types of forests.  Supporting emerging countries to become climate-resilient by promoting both immediate and longer-term adaptation measures in development policies, plans, programs, projects, and actions. 10. The table below lists the GEF and LDCF objectives, outcomes and core outputs to which this project contributes. Table 1: Select GEF and LDCF Objectives, Outcomes, and Core Outputs Focal Areas Objectives Expected Outcomes Core Outputs GEF Focal Area Land Outcome 3.2: Integrated Output 3.2 Integrated Degradation landscape management Natural Resources LD-3: Integrated Landscapes: practices adopted by local Management (INRM) Reduce pressure on natural communities. tools and methodologies resources from competing land developed and tested. uses in the wider landscape. Output 3.4 Information on INRM technologies and best practice guidelines disseminated. 77 LDCF Adaption to Climate Outcome 2.3: Strengthened Output 2.3.1: Targeted Change awareness and ownership population groups CCA-2: Increasing Adaptive of adaptation and climate participating in Capacity: Increase adaptive risk reduction processes at adaptation and risk capacity to respond to the the local level. reduction awareness impacts of climate change, activities. including variability, at local, national, regional, and global levels. GEF Focal Area Biodiversity Outcome 1.1: Improved Output 1.3. Sustainable BD-1: Improve Sustainability management effectiveness financing plans. of Protected Area Systems. of existing and new protected areas. GEF Focal Area Sustainable Outcome 1.2: Good Output 1.2: Forest area Forest Management management practices under sustainable SFM/REDD+ - 1: Forest applied in existing forests. management, separated Ecosystem Services: Reduce by forest type. pressures on forest resources and generate sustainable flows of forest ecosystem services. D. LINK WITH THE SAHEL AND WEST AFRICA PROGRAM IN SUPPORT OF THE GREAT GREEN WALL INITIATIVE 11. The project falls under the Sahel and West Africa Program in Support of the Great Green Wall Initiative (SAWAP) approved by the GEF and LDCF/ SCCF Councils in May, 2011. The Program addresses major issues related to land degradation, including food security, climate change mitigation and adaptation, to support sustainable development in 12 countries: Burkina Faso, Chad, Ethiopia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan, Benin, Togo, and Ghana. 12. As planned in the SAWAP Program Document, this project is directly contributing to the following key performance indicators (KPI). The fourth Program‟s KPI Change in carbon accumulation rates in biomass and soil, compared to baseline (tC/ha) is not provided directly in the project‟s result framework. However, resources are allocated to build national capacity on environmental monitoring including carbon sequestration measure (Cf. Component 3: Early Warning, Monitoring and Knowledge System). It is partly reflected in the Intermediate Results Indicator Three under Component 3: Area covered by a monitoring system for land use and vegetation cover. The GEF tracking tools that will be monitored under this project, include an indicator on Carbon sequestration that will contribute to the fourth Program‟s KPI.  KPI 1. Increase in land area with sustainable land and water management (SLWM) practices in targeted areas, compared to baseline (hectares, reported by crop, range, forest, wetlands, protected areas).  KPI 2. Changes in vegetation cover in targeted areas, compared to baseline (hectares).  KPI 3. Targeted institutions with increased adaptive capacity to reduce risks and response to climate variability, compared to baseline (#). 78 E. BASELINE PROJECTS DESCRIPTION 13. The combined GEF/LDCF resources will be associated with three projects: The Agricultural Sector Support Project (PASA) the West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program Project (WAAPP) and the disaster risk management activities of the Integrated Disaster and Land Management Project (IDLM). The GEF/LDCF resources are being fully blended with the later to take advantage of a joint implementation unit within the Ministry of Environment and Forest Resources. The Agricultural Sector Support Project (PASA) ($ 37 million): 14. This World Bank project ($37 million) was approved in April 2011, with a duration of 5 years. The objectives of the PASA are to (i) rehabilitate and reinforce productive capacities among targeted beneficiaries across selected value chains, and (ii) foster an enabling institutional environment for the development of the agricultural sector, in the recipient‟s territory. The PASA has three components: 1) Promotion of strategic food crop, export crop and freshwater fish production 2) Recovery of the livestock sub-sector 3) Support for capacity building and sector coordination 15. Component 1 will support three productive sub-sectors through improved productivity and key commodities chosen for their growth potential and poverty reduction impact. For cotton, the PASA will support institutional strengthening of the producers‟ organization to take full responsibility for input distribution to farmers and the improvement of the quality of seed cotton. For coffee and cocoa, the Project will support gradual regeneration of the existing plantations. 16. Component 2 will provide emergency short-term support to rehabilitate small ruminant and poultry production. Activities will focus on quick results for investments geared at restocking and enhancing productivity of short cycle species. 17. Component 3 will enable the institutional setup implement sound agricultural investments through PNIASA, while preparing for the transition to a sector wide approach in the future. West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program Project (WAAPP) ($ 12 million): 18. This World Bank project ($12 million) was approved in March 2011, with a duration of 5 years. Objective: To generate and accelerate the adoption of improved technologies in the participating countries' top agricultural commodity priority areas that are aligned with the sub- region's top agricultural commodity priorities. Out of the $12 million grant to the WAAPP, $10 million have been counted as direct baseline co-financing. 19. Components: There are four components: 1) Enabling conditions for sub-regional cooperation in the generation, dissemination, and adoption of agricultural technologies. 2) Strengthening national centers of specialization and strengthening of the research 3) For Togo this component will focus on strengthening capacities for adaptive research System and technology transfer. 79 4) Support to demand-driven technology generation, dissemination and adoption. 5) Project coordination, management, and monitoring and evaluation. The GFDRR Integrated Disaster and Land Management Project (IDLM) ($ 7.29 million from the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery): 20. The objective of the GFDRR IDLM project is to strengthen institutional capacity of targeted institutions to manage risk of flooding and land degradation in targeted rural and urban areas. Before GEF/LDCF resources were added, the GFDRR IDLM project was initially envisaged as a flood mitigation project. Sustainable land management practices that have the potential to mitigate risk of flooding, were then added to the project in order to consolidate the disaster risk management objectives. The GEF and LDCF resources are fully blended with this project. The description below covers only GFDRR supported activities as baseline description. 21. The GFDRR IDLM has four components: 1) Institutional Strengthening and Awareness Raising 2) Community-based Activities for Adaptation and Sustainable Land Management 3) Early Warning, Monitoring and Knowledge Systems 4) Project Management 22. In line with the description of the other baselines, the description below outlines DRM related activities and do not cover activities that are been made possible through the GEF and LDCF support. 23. Component 1 addresses Flood Risk Management and Preparedness. Training and equipment will be provided to key national, and regional, local and community organizations engaged in flood prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery. This component also covers Information Campaigns on Risk and Prevention of Flooding at national and local level. 24. Component 2 will pilot community-based activities to mitigate impact of flooding, such as: river bank restoration and protection, canal maintenance, pond construction and maintenance, small-scale reforestation, tree nursery site establishment and tree planting. 25. Component 3 will support the development of an early warning system in some targeted areas, a partial update of the national cartography and targeted risk assessments, including a hazard, asset, and vulnerability analysis that takes into account locational, structural, operational, and socio-economic vulnerabilities. 80 F. BASELINE OR BUSINESS-AS-USUAL SCENARIOS Baseline scenario in regards to Land Degradation, Biodiversity loss and Forest degradation 26. The Agricultural Sector Support Project (PASA) and the West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program Project (WAAPP) are aiming at increasing agricultural productivity. The PASA development scenario is to increase national production of rice, coffee, cocoa, cotton and small livestock. The WAAPP supports the objective of the PASA by providing improved agricultural technologies (in particular certified seeds). WAAPP will develop and disseminate enhanced farming technologies that will be used under PASA. For example, improved corn and rice seeds will be bought by the PASA project once developed on a commercial basis by the WAAPP project. The same will apply for the development of improved livestock breeds. As in many other regions in Africa, increase in agricultural productivity coincides with land clearing which in turn can lead to land degradation, forest degradation and biodiversity loss. In addition, the environmental sustainability dimension of increased rural productivity could be limited under a single sector approach that would be applied under the PASA and the WAAPP. 27. The $37 million PASA is particularly contributing towards the agricultural sector with a particular focus on specific crops (cotton, coffee, and cacao) already known in Togo for their impacts on land degradation. Within its components 1 Production of strategic crops ($17.4 million), 2 Recovery of the livestock sub-sector ($ 9 million) and 3 Capacity building and sector coordination ($10.5 million) the key activities related to the GEF project are: preparing the entry of a private partner in the capital of the cotton company, supporting gradual regeneration of the existing coffee and cocoa plantations, provision of adapted technical advisory services, provision of good quality planting material, restocking and enhancing productivity of short cycle species, strengthening the capacity of the Ministry of agriculture to coordinate the implementation of the PNIASA. However, as designed the project scope does not allow activities to counter the ongoing trends in biodiversity loss and land degradation, the latter being amplified by climate variability. 28. The $10 million WAAPP is a regional program particularly contributing towards the research system with a particular focus on improved agricultural technologies for maize, rice, poultry and small ruminants. Within its components 1 Enabling Conditions for sub-Regional Cooperation in the Generation, Dissemination, and Adoption of Agricultural Technologies ($0.71 million), 2 National Centers of Specialization ($ 4.14 million) and 3 Support to demand driven technology dissemination and adoption ($ 3.55 million) 4, Project coordination, Management and M&E ($1.60 million) the key activities related to the GEF project are: promotion of fertilizers, strengthening of research center, provision of breeder seed and support to production of foundation seed. However, as designed the project scope does not allow activities to counter the ongoing trends in biodiversity loss and land degradation, the latter being amplified by climate variability. 29. Similarly, the baseline GFDRR IDLM project is aiming at addressing flood risk and it is not necessarily taking into account the close interconnectivity between flood risks, land degradation and ecosystem services from protected areas. The GFDRR project‟s development scenario is to empower administration and local communities to better address flood risks that are being amplified by climate variability. Inappropriate watershed management (slope clearing, land degradation, uncontrolled urbanization) could result in amplifying runoff and floods, which could undermine the sustainability of flood mitigation efforts supported by the GFDRR project. 81 Baseline scenario in regards to impacts of Climate Change 30. Main climate risks, as identified in the NAPA, are flood and drought. The GFDRR funded DRM activities are addressing flood risks through short-term measures, and LDCF resources will cover the additional costs for (i) a better understanding of the magnitude and frequency of flood events in the future and (ii) an evaluation of medium term and long term measures to better manage flood risks. This knowledge is not yet available in Togo and, as demonstrated in the NAPA, it is critically needed to reduce the vulnerability of the Togolese population to the impacts of climate change and to help ensure the sustainability of the investments made under the project. It is indeed expected that climate change may amplify in the future and efforts to better manage flood risks might be weakened or lost if flood management interventions do not sufficiently integrate likely impacts of climate change. 31. Additionally, the most vulnerable livelihoods, as identified in the NAPA, are food crops, cash crops, vegetables, livestock products and marketing of agricultural products all of which are covered by the PASA and the WAAPP projects. These two projects are both aiming at increasing agricultural productivity to ensure food security and increased national income from export crops (see next section on Additional Adaptation Cost Analysis for detailed baseline contribution). In the baseline scenario, there is a need for the making agricultural productivity more robust through support to improvements in agricultural technologies or technologies that are not sufficiently adapted to likely climate forecast, to maximize the local and global benefits. G. BASELINE OR BUSINESS-AS-USUAL SCENARIOS 32. The project will work in all five regions of Togo. Specific intervention areas were selected based on NAPA priorities (priorities 1 and 2) and to maximize synergies with the baseline projects. In conjunction with the PASA and the WAAPP, pilot activities to adapt agricultural practices to climate change and to expand SLM will take place in the Savanna region (North West), the Maritime region (land bar, the lower valley of the River Mono), the Central region (Sotouboua zone) and in the Kara region. In conjunction with the GFDRR supported activities, Early Warning System (EWS) for real time information on floods will be developed in Mandouri, Oti, Zio, Haho and Mono River basin. Wetlands playing an important role in flood control services, key wetlands have been selected in Oti, Zio Haho and Mono watersheds (See Annex 8 of the PAD) Protected areas selection for support under this project were based on (i) PAs not benefiting yet from the support of other projects and (ii) readiness of the local population to take part in the PA management. The list of PAs that will benefit from the proposed project is provided in the table below (see details in Annex 8 of the PAD). Table 2: Selected watersheds25 Watershed Areas (km2) Region Oti River Basin 26,700 Savanna and Kara 25 Source : DCNCC Project, Study on vulnerability and adaptation to climate change ; Water resources sector, January 2010. 82 Mono River Basin 21,300 Central, Plateau and Maritime Zio River Basin 3,400 Plateau and Maritime Hao River Basin 3,600 Plateau and Maritime Table 3: Selected Protected Areas Protected Area Area (ha) District Region Togodo North and South 31,000 Yoto et Hao Maritime & Plateau Abdoulaye 30,000 Tchamba Central Galangashie 12,490 Oti Savanna Sadi 19,000 Dankpen Kara Amou Mono 12,700 Hao et Ogou Plateau H. GEF ALTERNATIVE SCENARIO 33. The proposed IDLM project as designed will support activities through four defined components: (1) Institutional Strengthening and Awareness Raising; (2) Community-based Activities for Adaptation and Sustainable Land Management; (3) Early Warning, Monitoring and Knowledge Systems; and (4) Project management. Component 1: Institutional Strengthening and Awareness Raising ($0.2 million from GEF- LD and $0.06m from SFM) (GFDRR, PASA and WAAPP: $2.29m) 34. The GEF resources will contribute to strengthen institutions and capacities to promote and upscale SLM and SFM practices nationwide. The capacity of key national, regional, and local institutions involved in managing and promoting SLM will be strengthened through the provision of training and equipment. Improved capacity to implement SLM and control bush fire should result in increase carbon sequestration in soil. In conjunction with PASA component 3 on sector coordination, the proposed project will develop and organize coordination mechanisms to ensure coordination of the relevant projects supported by development partners and under the responsibility of relevant ministries. National level coordination will be sought through the project steering committee. Local level coordination will be explored in particular with the agriculture extension units. In conjunction with the PASA component 1 on improving the productivity of strategic crops and with the WAAPP component 1 on dissemination and adoption of agricultural technologies, the proposed project plans to strengthen farmers‟ organizations for them to play a more active role in disseminating SLM best practices. In conjunction with GFDRR funded activities (component 1), the GEF resources will support awareness campaign with 100 villages located in watershed particularly vulnerable to land degradation. 35. A key GEF output under this component are listed below:  Output 1.1.3. A multi-partners/ multi-sectors coordination mechanisms is established and implemented (8 events) 83  Output 1.2.1. Farmers organizations strengthened to implement sustainable land management with committees established on bush fire, replanting and forest management (50 farmers organizations)  Output 1.2.2. Awareness raising on harmful effects of deforestation and bush fire in 100 villages located in vulnerable watershed along rivers, lakes and hillsides Component 2: Community-based Activities for Adaptation and SLM ($1.6m from GEF-LD, $0.9m from GEF-BD and $0.8m from SFM) (GFDRR, PASA and WAAPP: $18.72m) 36. On the ground activities being the main focus of the proposed project, this component receives a majority of GEF resources. In conjunction with PASA component 1 on improved productivity of strategic crops (food and export), GEF resources will introduce SLM practices on the ground and favor carbon sequestration through conservation and restoration activities such as reforestation, or natural regeneration. In conjunction with WAAPP component 3 on demand driven technologies, the proposed project will favor up-take of innovative SLM techniques. SLM practices will be introduced in key areas to improve agricultural practices and to consolidate flood prone watershed. Bush fire control and improved management for selected forests and protected areas will also support biodiversity from forest ecosystems. Biodiversity in wetland ecosystem will benefit from management plans in Oti, Zio, Habo and Mono watersheds. SFM resources will support the sustainable management of existing forest and selected protected areas. Restoration of selected forest and selected protected areas will be undertaken with community participation. Communities living around selected protected areas and forests will be assisted in preparing sustainable financing plans and in designing small income generation activities as a way to reduce pressure on natural resources. 37. Key GEF outputs under this component are listed below:  Output 2.1.1. Sustainable conservation and restoration activities in 50,000 ha recurrently exposed to bush fires including installing firebreaks, equipping local communites to fight bushfires, and promotion of alternatives to traditional practices which lead to fires.Output 2.1.2. Participatory management plan and chart developed and implemented in 3 targeted communities sacred forests in each of the 5 regions (200 ha each).  Output 2.3.1. Participatory sustainable financing plans prepared and small scale income generation activities designed and piloted (IGA) targeting8 female groups and 16 development village committees inAbdoulaye, Amou Mono, Galangashie and Togodo. 500 ha of hillside protected against erosion. Output 2.3.2. Three management plans for three Protected Areas.  Output 2.3.3. Integrated management of 3 wetlands and 1000 ha of riverbanks sustainably restored (1000 ha) with selected tree varieties (bamboos, pyrophytes, etc) and development of related tree nurseries in the Oti, Haho and Mono river basins. Component 3: Early Warning, Monitoring and Knowledge Systems ($ 1.6m from GEF-LD) (GFDRR, PASA and WAAPP $5. 98 million) 84 38. The GEF resources will support the development of a country owned environmental monitoring system to better pilot national environmental policies. In conjunction with the PASA component 3 on capacity building and WAAPP component 1 on sub-regional cooperation in the dissemination of agricultural practices, the GEF resources will develop land use and vegetation cover map. The monitoring system will provide sufficient information to initiate carbon sequestration estimation at national level but will not be sufficient to establish a fully functional national carbon stock monitoring system. 39. Key GEF outputs under this component are listed below:  Output 3.2.1. Development of an ecosystemic and technical diagnosis on SLM and DRM through land and forests mapping and 5 regional forests inventories  Output 3.2.2. Operationalization of the information system for monitoring land cover and land use and monitoring of vegetation fires in targeted areas: (i) an inventory of 35 forests lands is established, along with (ii) a forestry police surveillance team Table 4: Incremental cost matrix (GEF)26 Component Category Estimated National and Local Global Environmental Expenditure Benefit Benefit (million US$) 1. PASA: 1.46 Institutional Baseline Sustainable No significant global Strengthening WAAPP: 0.64 mechanisms that environmental benefit. and GFDRR: 0.19 link producers to Awareness inputs and markets. Raising Increased capacity to manage flood event. PASA: 1.46 With GEF Increased awareness Improved capacities on Alternative WAAPP: 0.64 and knowledge SLM will create global GFDRR: 0.19 about SLM practices environmental benefits and effectiveness in such as increased GEF: 0.3 scaling up these sequestration of soil practices. and biomass carbon. Incremental 0.3 2. Community- Baseline Increased No significant global based PASA: 16.26 agricultural environmental benefit. 26 For purpose of clarity, the baselines of GEF and LDCF have been split. The project will be implemented as one complete comprehensive package. 85 Activities for productivity and WAAPP: 1.07 Adaptation incomes. and SLM GFDRR: 1.39 Some flood risks mitigated. With GEF PASA: 16.26 Increased adoption Increased availability Alternative WAAPP: 1.07 of SLM practices in of SLM, and GFDRR: 1.39 flood prone area, in aforestation, GEF: 3.32 cropland and grazing reforestation, and land will reduce risk improved forest and of land degradation. protected areas management generate Forest, wetlands, global environmental and protected areas benefits such as are better managed. increased sequestration of soil and forest Increased vegetative carbon and reduced cover and trans-boundary costs strengthened local due to soil wind and ecosystem services water erosion. such as water infiltration and Restoration and/or reduced flood protection of magnitude. ecologically sensitive areas and biodiversity. Incremental 3.32 3. Early Baseline PASA: 0.28 Capacities for Possible minor global Warning, WAAPP: 2.64 research rebuilt environmental benefits Monitoring GFDRR: 2.66 and core agricultural thanks to improved and TerrAfrica: 0.4 research agricultural Knowledge infrastructure technologies. Systems rehabilitated. With GEF PASA: 0.28 A better environmental Alternative WAAPP: 2.64 Comprehensive monitoring system will GFDRR: 2.66 mechanism for generate significant TerrAfrica: 0.4 monitoring of SLM global environmental GEF: 1.58 and land degradation benefits such as the processes and trends protection of globally made more effective. important ecosystems biodiversity Improved decision conservation, improved 86 making for future carbon sequestration investments in flood and avoided carbon prevention emissions. infrastructure and agriculture development. Incremental 1.58 4. Project Baseline PASA: 2.17 Improved project No significant global Management WAAPP: 0.60 management for environmental benefit. GFDRR: 0.41 project GoT: 0.25 implementation and monitoring of results indicators for project progress and impact. With GEF PASA: 2.17 Improved availability Alternative WAAPP: 0.60 of and access to GFDRR: 0.41 knowledge on GoT: 0.25 sustainable land GEF: 0.26 management practices specific to Togo‟s agro- ecological zones and dissemination through the best practices manual. Demonstration of SLM contribution to reduced impact from disasters. Incremental 0.26 Total Baseline PASA: 20.17 WAAPP: 4.95 GFDRR: 4.65 TerrAfrica: 0.4 GoT: 0.25 Total: 30.17 With GEF PASA: 20.17 Alternative WAAPP: 4.95 GFDRR: 4.65 TerrAfrica: 0.4 GoT: 0.5 GEF: 5.45 Total: 35.62 Incremental 5.45 87 I. ADDITIONAL ADAPTATION COST ANALYSIS 40. The LDCF resources will strengthen awareness and ownership of adaptation and climate risk reduction processes at national and local levels both in the context of larger agricultural development projects, and in the context of a disaster risk management project. The LDCF resources will directly contribute to the first and second priorities of the NAPA i.e. “Adaptation of the agricultural production systems in three regions through the development of techniques that integrate climate change and improve agro-meteorological information� and “Development of an Early Warning System (EWS) for real time information on floods in the Maritime and Savanna regions� respectively. 41. A likely impact of climate change is scarcer water resources while natural vegetative cover and agricultural production will have to adjust to a dryer and hotter environment. Without LDCF support, most vulnerable livelihoods, based on food crops, cash crops, small livestock products and other agricultural products are likely to be significantly negatively impacted. Both the PASA and the WAAPP are aiming at increasing agricultural productivity to ensure food security and increased national income from export crops. In the baseline scenario, inappropriate agricultural technologies or technologies that are not sufficiently adapted to likely climate forecast will not generate these expected benefits. With LDCF resources, the baseline project will benefit from training and awareness raising campaigns on climate-resilient agricultural practices. Pilot climate-resilient agricultural practices will also be tested and implemented. The investments in improving capacity at the national, regional and local levels will ensure sustainability and scale-up of the investments in climate-resilient agricultural practices made under the project. Furthermore, key stakeholders will have sufficient capacity to use and apply geographical information systems for environmental monitoring including climate-related impacts. 42. Main climate risks, as identified in the NAPA, are flood and drought. Without LDCF resources, flood risk management activities supported by the GFDRR are not sufficient to cover the additional costs related to developing a comprehensive understanding of magnitude and frequency of these extreme events in the future. It is indeed expected that climate change will amplify in the future and efforts to better manage flood risks will be weakened or lost if flood management interventions do not sufficiently integrate likely impacts of climate change. With LDCF resources, flood risk management will better integrate the likely impacts of climate change to improve the sustainability of the short-term investments and the design of medium and long- term investments. The LDCF resources will also expand awareness of climate change risk through extensive training and education programs. The investment in improving the capacity of the TS of the National Platform for DRR and the related agencies will help ensure the sustainability and future replication of the flood control investments made under the project. Component 1: Institutional Strengthening and Awareness Raising (LDCF $ 1.65 million) (GFDRR, PASA and WAAPP $12.61 million) 43. Under its components 1 and 2, the PASA will foster the development of food production (cereal, cotton, coffee and cocoa) and gear investments at restocking and enhancing productivity of small ruminants and poultry. Without LDCF, these efforts might be vain as inadequate agricultural techniques will not lead to the expected increased productivity. 88 44. Similarly, under its component 2, the WAAPP will support research system in Togo to improve agricultural technologies (in particular certified seeds). WAAPP will develop and disseminate enhanced farming technologies that will be used under PASA components 1 and 2. For example, improved corn and rice seeds will be bought by the PASA project once developed on a commercial basis by the WAAPP project. The same will apply for the development of improved livestock breeds. Without LDCF resources, these new technologies might be of limited usefulness if they are not resilient to climate change. 45. With LDCF resources, the capacity of key national, regional, local, and community organizations engaged in rural development and DRM will be strengthened through the provision of equipment and training. Training will cover an introduction to climate change and how prevention, mitigation, and rehabilitation can be improved. Climate-resilient crop variety and animal species will be disseminated nursery specialist will be trained to produce climate-resilient crop or breed species resistant to climate stress. Training courses on climate resilient agricultural practices will be developed to support behavior change. Methods promoted by RARE27, INCEF or similar to MSC will be explored and a budget has been allocated to recruit a consultant who will select the most appropriate approach for the training program. All training will closely support the activities on the ground and knowledge building, as outlined under components 2 and 3 below. 46. This component directly contributes to the implementation of NAPA priority 1 through the ambitious training program and to NAPA priority 2 with the operationalization of local DRR platforms. 47. Key LDCF outputs under this component are listed below:  Output 1.1.1. Capacity building and training program on climate-resilient agriculture and DRM are developed and implemented (40 training modules spread over 70 training sessions) for (i) 400 beneficiaries from the civil society and for (ii) 400 servant servants from selected forestry units and agricultural extension units in the field in each region. This output includes the development and design of the training program itself based on a carefully selected behavior change method. The technical content of the training program also needs to be developed based on a set of best practices selected for each agro- ecological region of Togo. Logistical and related support to trainees will be provided. Consultants (local and international consultants, possible also a firm if needed) will be hired to design, develop and carry-out the training.  Output 1.1.2. Operationalization of 10 local DRR platforms and small equipment provided to related units (meteorology, hydrology, and fire control)  Output 1.1.4. Climate-resilient agricultural techniques are promoted at community level.5 local training centers will be upgraded and equipped. Up to 15 trainers will be trained at the National Institute of Agricultural Training 28 of Tové. Follow up training will be provided over a 3 year period to farmers both at the training centers and in situ in farmers‟ fields. Approximately 550 farmers will be trained. 27 For more information, consult http://rareconservation.org 28 The INFA (Institut National de Formation Agricole) of Tové is based in Kpalimé 89  Output 1.1.5. Resilience of farmers to climate change is strengthened with nursery specialists trained to produce climate-proof crop varieties/species and animal species resilient to climate stress (200 specialists and 5 varieties/crops). Approximately 350 farmers and livestock rearers will be supported to produce selected crop varieties and animal species. Component 2: Community-based Activities for Adaptation and SLM (LDCF $ 1.48 million) (GFDRR, PASA and WAAPP $8.34 million) 48. Under its components 1, the GFDRR supports the purchase of water pumping material for the Civil Defense Department and the local population will be better prepared to flood events. Without LDCF resources, these efforts might be lost due to increased flood magnitude and frequency induced by climate change. The impact of flood may also worsen with inappropriate watershed management that reduces the soil capacity for water absorption. With LDCF resources, the ability of the watershed to better retain water flows will be restored or enhanced using approaches such as reforestation, cross-slope barriers and other erosion control techniques. With reforestation and natural regeneration of vegetative cover, ecosystem resilience and soil capacity to absorb water can be restored. This activity will take place in most vulnerable areas in Savanna, Maritime and Kara regions and will be further refined at inception phase. 49. As reported under component 1 above, the efforts of PASA and WAAPP to improve agricultural productivity without LDCF resources might not materialize if agricultural techniques not resilient enough to climate change are promoted. With LDCF resources, climate-resilient technologies will be tested on the ground in priority vulnerable areas which are located in north west area of the Savanna Region, in Barre Lands and the Mono River Basin of the Maritime Region and in Soutouboua area of the Central Region 29 . The LDCF resources will introduce adaptation to climate change in the context of the PASA and the WAAPP. This includes introducing climate-resilient agricultural practices such as conservation agriculture, rainwater harvesting, water-use efficiency techniques, small-holder irrigation management, cross-slope barriers and agroforestry. Other measures will include broader watershed and landscape planning and building stronger and more resilient ecosystems that can deliver a diverse range of ecosystem services and reduce vulnerability to land degradation, floods, drought and other shocks. 50. This component contributes to the implementation of NAPA priority 1 through on-the- ground implementation of climate-resilient agricultural techniques and to NAPA priority 2 by mitigating the risk of flooding 51. All activities under component 2 will be implemented at the community level with the expert support from the regional AGAIBs. Key LDCF outputs under this component are listed below:  Output 2.2.1. Introduction of practices at the community level to increase land productivity and water-use efficiency and other climate-resilient practices over 5,000 ha in the most climate vulnerable areas targeted by the PASA  Output 2.2.2. Restoration of adaptive capacity of the ecosystem for enhanced flood control with approaches piloted in vulnerable priority areas (i) reforestation of hillsides 29 Cf. Based on NAPA. 90 and bush fire control (500 ha in Savanna, Maritime and Kara regions) (ii) restoration of natural water flows (Maritime Region) and (iii) desiltation of small reservoir and reforestation of surrounding areas (Savanna Region). 52. Training and equipment provided under component 1 to training centers, forestry and agricultural extension units and NGOs is critical for successful implementation and to ensure the sustainability of the investments on the ground . In particular, collective and individual training to farmers will greatly support the sustainability of output 2.2.1. Similarly, strengthened capacities of forestry extension units will be instrumental to coordinate the operations piloted under output 2.2.2. Component 3: Early Warning, Monitoring and Knowledge Systems (LDCF $ 0.4 million) (GFDRR, PASA and WAAPP $1.51 million) 53. Without LDCF resources, the GFDRR might not fully integrate the impacts from climate change into the design of the Early Warning System. With LDCF resources, not only will the EWS will cover a wider area but it will integrate projections on flood event frequency and magnitude. 54. In conjunction with the PASA and the WAAPP, the LDCF resources will consolidate and upscale its adaptive benefits by compiling best practice guide toolkits and catalog on resilient agricultural practices 55. LDCF resources will cover some of the additional costs of the nation-wide EWS (NAPA‟s second priority project) to alert communities of upcoming flood events and allow them to take appropriate actions to protect lives and property. Agro-meteorological information will be made more easily accessible to farmers (NAPA‟s first priority project). 56. This component directly contributes to the implementation of NAPA priority 1 through improved agro-meteorological information and to NAPA priority 2 with the development of an EWS for real time information on floods. 57. Key LDCF outputs are listed below:  Output 3.1.1. Multi-risk Early Warning System piloted at community level.  Output 3.1.2. Operationalization of a web-based national integrated geographical system with data on SLM, DRM and climate change.  Output 3.3.1. Development and dissemination of guides and toolkits on climate-resilient agricultural practices and other innovative DRM practices (10 guides translated in local languages) and farmer exchange study tours (2 model farms selected per region).  Output 3.3.2. Development and dissemination of an illustrated catalog (translated in local languages) on best practices including indigenous best practices, for lowering the risks of climate-induced disasters at community level. Early warning simulation exercises for vulnerable areas in the 5 regions will also be carried out. 58. Equipment provided under component 1 to local DRR platforms will directly support successful operation and sustainability of the national EWS. Activities under components 1 and 3 are closely interconnected as the knowledge generated through outputs 3.1.2, 3.3.1 and 3.3.2 will 91 feed into the training programs and awareness campaigns organized under component 1. Similarly, indigenous knowledge will be more easily identifiable and collected as extension units develop a stronger understanding of local practices through the training programs and facilities planned under component 1. Table 5: Summary Additional Cost Table (LDCF)30 Component Category Estimated Benefit description Expenditure (million US$) Development Investments in food crops, export crops 1. Institutional PASA: 8.04 Baseline and short life cycle livestock Strengthening and WAAPP: 3.50 Awareness GFDRR: 1.07 Development of enhanced farming Raising technologies Selected national units in charge of DRM are equipped Local population are better prepared to flooding Increased awareness of the links PASA: 8.04 With additional between climate change, agriculture, LDCF WAAPP: 3.50 livestock, water management, and GFDRR: 1.07 disasters risk management at national and local levels. LDCF: 1. 65 Climate-resilient agricultural practices are made more accessible to farmers Capacity to manage flood integrate likely impacts of climate change Increased capacity to adapt to risk of flooding as amplified by climate change. Additionality 1.65 PASA: 7.24 2.Community- Development Possible increased of agricultural based Activities Baseline WAAPP: 0.48 productivity and incomes. for Adaptation GFDRR: 0.62 and SLM Partial flood management plans. Community-based Activities for 30 For purpose of clarity, the baselines of GEF and LDCF have been split. The project will be implemented as one complete comprehensive package 92 Adaptation & SLM With additional Enhanced ecosystem service towards PASA: 7.24 LDCF flood control through improved water WAAPP: 0.48 infiltration. GFDRR: 0.62 Increased implementation of climate- LDCF: 1.48 resilient agricultural practices Additionality 1.48 PASA: 0.07 3.Early Warning, Development Capacities for research rebuilt and core Monitoring and Baseline WAAPP: 0.67 agricultural research infrastructure Knowledge GFDRR: 0.67 rehabilitated. Systems TerrAfrica: 0.1 Partial Early Warning System PASA: 0.07 With additional Increased understanding of climate LDCF WAAPP: 0.67 change implications at national and GFDRR: 0.67 local levels. TerrAfrica: 0.1 Extended Early Warning System LDCF: 0.4 integrating impacts from climate change Climate information made accessible to farmers. Additionality 0.4 PASA: 1.48 4.Project Baseline Project management for project Management WAAPP: 0.40 implementation and monitoring of GFDRR: 0.28 results indicators for project progress and impact. GoT: 0.25 With LDCF PASA: 1.48 Alternative Climate change mainstreamed in WAAPP: 0.40 baseline projects. GFDRR: 0.28 Economy of scale and coordination for GoT: 0.25 the Early Warning System LDCF: 0.18 development. Additionality 0.18 PASA: 16.83 Total Development 93 Baseline WAAPP: 5.05 GFDRR: 2.64 TerrAfrica: 0.1 GoT: 0.25 Total: 24.62 With additional PASA: 16.83 LDCF WAAPP: 5.05 GFDRR: 2.64 TerrAfrica: 0.1LDCF: 3.7 Total: 28.32 Additional 3.7 J. GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND ADAPTATION BENEFITS: 59. The GEF support will contribute to safeguarding the eco-system services provided by natural production systems generating intertwined global and local environmental benefits. Global benefits will cut cross the different GEF focal areas with (i) increase in biodiversity conservation through improved management of existing protected areas, (ii) increase in carbon stocks (CO2 290,000 t) in vegetation as a result of better managed forest and improved soil conservation and avoided deforestation in the project area and (iii) reduction in the negative trends in land degradation through adoption of better SLM practices. 60. Adaptation benefits will be generated from the uptake of selected climate-resilient practices and strengthened capacity. The combination of stronger ecosystems31 with better trained and equipped national and local agencies who deal with disasters and agriculture is expected to reduce economic losses. The IDLM project will contribute to improve the ability of communities to adapt to climate variability and climate change through the operationalization of the EWS and the uptake of climate-resilient agricultural practices. The project clearly targets the most vulnerable population groups affected by floods in rural and urban areas and the poorest population in rural areas dependent on rain-fed crop and livestock production. It is expected that lives will be spared thanks to improved community-based awareness and the operational EWS and livelihoods more secure in terms of food production. 31 Stronger ecosystems are ecosystems providing enhanced environmental services. This can be achieved for instance with expansion of vegetation cover and improvement of soil quality and water retention. 94 ANNEX 8: TOGO’S ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE FOR BIODIVERSITY, LAND DEGRADATION, CLIMATE CHANGE AND FORESTS AND GEOGRAPHICAL SCOPE OF INTERVENTION A. BIODIVERSITY AND PROTECTED AREAS 1. Despite its relatively small size, Togo is rich in biodiversity; to date almost 3,500 terrestrial species have been identified (République Togolaise, 2009). In Togo, a significant portion of the territory has been protected since 1939 as protected areas (national parks and wildlife reserves) in order to specifically protect the biodiversity. With a coverage of about 793,000 ha, the protected areas used to cover 14.2% of the country (MERF, 2011). As favorite habitats for wildlife animals in the past, they were considerably endangered due to their invasion by neighboring populations for many reasons such as: (i) collection of forest products, farming lands, living spaces; (ii) intentional break of PA boundaries to protest against the former protectionist policy run before the socio-political crises of the 1990s, which neither took into account socio-economic conditions nor the participation of the neighboring populations. The rate of intrusion fluctuates from 30 to 100% of the area, which endangered the survival of certain animal and plant species, and the ecological sustainability in the concerned areas. The current Government has adopted a participative management giving more responsibility to the local populations. Many protected areas have their boundaries redefined in consultation with the populations and a variety of management activities are now taking place in these areas with the active participation of the neighboring populations (Wala, 2010). Table 1: Protected areas where the IDLM Project will be implemented Protected Area Area (ha) Subdivisions Region State of the Protected Area Name North & South 31,000 Yoto & Hao Marine & These 3 protected areas are in a Togodo Plateau satisfactory conservation status Abdoulaye 30,000 Tchamba Central because the neighboring Galangashie 12,490 Oti Savanna populations are supporting the Amou Mono 12,700 Hao & Ogou Plateau participative management process and they respect well their limits. Sadi 19,000 Dankpen Kara This protected area has not received the participation of the neighboring populations. B. LAND DEGRADATION 2. Until 1994 lands degradation was limited in Togo. Lands strongly degraded due to human activities covered only 1.6% of the country while the lands fairly degraded covered 21% and the lands moderately degraded 62.7%. 3. Since 1994, land degradation is worsening due to intensive deforestation and agriculture expansion. The increasing needs of arable lands lead farmers to cultivate more and more marginal 95 lands such as mountainous slopes. The current practices include tree-cutting along river banks, overexploitation of available farming lands, agriculture extension on steep marginal lands that are fertile or with a high population density, accelerated search of forest, abusive collection of fodder wood and heating wood, irrational exploitation of high value woods with prohibited means and the general practice of bush fire. 4. Currently, the non-degraded lands are located in national parks and forest and wildlife reserves, while the degraded lands and the lands fairly degraded are located along the main routes, around some cities (Dapaong, Kara, Bassar, Sokode, Atakpame, Notse, Lome) and close to big rural villages (Glei, Glito, Kambole,Moretan). Severely degraded lands are located in four areas divided according to its level of agricultural practice (MERF, 2011): i. Areas with low rural activity: 5 to 20% of lands submitted to farming practices (Togo mountainous areas, Mono and Ogou Rivers greater basin, and valleys of Oti and Keran, occupied by the protected areas of Fazao-Malfakassa, Abdoulaye, Oti-Keran and Mandouri); ii. Areas with medium rural activity: 20 to 30% submitted to farming practices (around the access roads in the Plateau and Central Regions, Districts of Bassar and Dankpen); iii. Areas with high rural activity: 30 to 60% submitted to farming practices (plateau de terre de barre in Maritime Region, South of Atakpame, East of Anie and East Mono, district of Danyi, Sotouboua-Sokode, as part of the Kara Region, greater part of Keran and around Dapaong); iv. Areas with very high rural activity: more than 60% submitted to farming practices (districts of lakes and Vo and a portion of Yoto district (Maritime Region), in the Kozah districts, Binah and Doufelgou and East of Assoli district (Kara Region) and to the Northwest of the Valleys‟ region). C. CLIMATE CHANGE 5. The vulnerability studies conducted in the preparation process of the second national communication on climate change covered five sectors of activities, including Energy, Agriculture, Water Resources, Human and Health establishments as well as the littoral zone (MERF/PANA, 2009; MERF/DCN, 2010). 6. Regarding the energy sector, the result analysis of the climate scenarios and the junction between the low and high values of the climate parameters lead to the conclusion that natural vegetation and crops that are currently the main source for biomass energy, will face a significant decrease in productivity by 2025. 7. Regarding the agricultural sector, because of the likely impact of climate change in coffee and cocoa production areas, the resurgence of harmful insects such as the mirids and crickets and the reappearance of illnesses particularly devastating for coffee tree and cocoa tree are likely. The cereals such as maize and sorgho represent the main food crop of the Togolese population. They are particularly vulnerable due their high sensitivity to water stress. According to climate scenarios, the decrease in production level of these major crops would fall by 5% and 7% in 2025 and 2050 respectively (MERF, 2011). Regarding the animal farming sub-sector, decline in water availability and drought conditions will lead to the disappearance of drinking areas for animals, the degradation of grazing fields, the decrease of farmers revenues and a rural exodus. 96 8. All these symptoms lead to major climate risks and those generally existing in Togo are floodings, landslidings, drought, hot temperatures, increased climate variability, strong winds, bush fire, excessive rain and coastal erosion. The most exposed livelihoods to these identified risks are: food crops, vegetables crops, animal products, and the agricultural product marketing. The most vulnerable ecosystems are the coastal ecosystems, the agricultural ecosystems, wetlands and forests. 9. The IDLM Project will be implemented in areas prioritized in NAPA priority 1, in PASA and WAAPP intervention areas as well as other areas that will be defined during the first eighteen months. D. FORESTS 10. In 2007, the FAO estimated the total forest area of Togo at 386,000 ha, which is 6.8% of the national landscape. It is mainly comprised of savanah (83%) and degraded forests (2%). The rate of the average annual deforestation is about 2.6% for the subtropical dry broadleaf forest of the mountainous areas and of 3.13% for young forests (FAO, 2003). A more recent estimate shows an average deforestation rate of 5.8% (FAO, 2010) 11. In addition to areas covers with subtropical dry broadleaf forest in the Southeast, the Center and along river banks, there are also large forest formations in the mid Northwest. In total, these tree formations are largely degraded and, due to a lack of recent inventory, these statistics must be considered with caution. 12. In Togo, only the Missahoè Forest in the Southwest has a development plan (Figure 3). Located at 7 miles from the city of Kpalime (capital of the Kloto district), this forest of 1,450 ha is shared between 11 villages (MERF, 2010). In each village, there is a local committee of management and protection of Missahoè Forest (CLGPM) (MERF, 2010). This forest is known for its wealth of insects and also for its waterfall, which attracts tourists in the area. 13. Beyond the natural formations, there are plantations created by either the State through the ODEF (Office of Development and Exploitation of Forests), local communities or private entities. Globally, the forestations may be summarized as follows:  From 1995 to 2006: 35,500 ha out of which 221, 321 ha are private plantations, school owned or others;  From 1970 to 2006: 13,573 ha planted by the ODEF. 14. The IDLM Project will be implemented in the Missahoe Forest and in many others, which will be defined during the first eighteen months. 97 E. REFERENCES Brabant P., Darracq S., Egué K. et Simmonneaux V., 1994. Togo. Etat de dégradation des terres résultant des activités humaines. Note explicative de la carte des indices de dégradation. Collection Note Explicative n°112, ORSTOM Eds, Paris, 66 p. FAO, 2007. Situation des forêts du monde. FAO, Rôme/Italie. 143 p. FAO, 2010. Global Forest Resources Assessment. Main report. FAO Forestry Paper 163. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. FAO, 2010. Préparation du Cadre national des priorités à moyen terme (CNPMT) pour le Togo (2010-2015): Secteur des ressources naturelles renouvelables (terre, eau et forêt), 26 p. MERF, 2009. Plan d‟Action National d‟Adaptation aux Changements Climatiques – PANA; 113 p. MERF, 2010. Deuxième Communication Nationale: Vulnérabilité et adaptation aux changements climatiques; Rapport final. MERF, 2010. Programme National d‟Investissements pour l‟Environnement et les Ressources Naturelles au Togo (PNIERN) ; 133 p. MERF, 2010. Plan d‟aménagement participative de la forêt classée de Missahoè; 148 p. MERF, 2011. Priorités nationales pour le FEM5, 42 p. République Togolaise 2009. Quatrieme Rapport National de la Convention des Nations Unies sur la Diversité Biologique. République Togolaise, Lomé, Togo. Wala, 2010. Atlas réalisé dans le cadre de l‟élaboration du document du projet : « renforcer le rôle de conservation du système national togolais des aires protégées- réhabilitation du complexe Oti – Keran – Mandouri » ; 16 p. 98 F. MAPS Figure 1: Ecological Areas in Togo (Source: Ern, 1979) Oti River Basin Mono River Basin Hao River Basin Zio River Basin Key : Zone I: Northern dry savanah -(Savane sèche du nord) Zone II: Low density forest, dry forest and savanah in Northern mountains (Mosaïque des forêts claires, denses sèches et des savanes des montagnes du nord) Zone III: Dry high density forests, Guinean savanah in Central highlands (Forêts denses sèches et savanes guinéennes de la plaine centrale) Zone IV: High density broadleaf forest in Soutwestern mountains (Forêts denses semi caducifoliées des montagnes du sud ouest) Zone V: Dry coastal lands, forests, savanah and fields (Zone sèche littorale, mosaïque de forêts, savanes, fourrées et prairies) 99 Figure 2: National Protected Areas selected by the IDLM project Oti-Kéran-Mandouri is supported by another project (UNDP) Galangashie Sadi Abdoulaye Amou -Mono Togodo nord et sud Source : Dr Wala, rapport final, Atalas PRODOC Oti-Kéran-Mandouri 100 Figure 3: Land Use Map of Missahoé Forest (Source: Management plan for Missahoè Forest) 101 IBRD 33497 o To Ouagadougou 1°E BURKINA FASO Diapaga TO GO o To SELECTED CITIES AND TOWNS 11°N 11°N To o PREFECTURE CAPITALS Navrongo Mandouri Dapaong TÔNE REGION CAPITALS Too Natitingou NATIONAL CAPITAL Oti RIVERS AV S AVA N N A MAIN ROADS OTI Mango RAILROADS Ko PREFECTURE BOUNDARIES u m ongou REGION BOUNDARIES KEREN INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES 10°N Kanté Kanté DOUFELGOU Kpagouda o To Niamtougou BINAH This map was produced by the Map Design Unit of The World Bank. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information Yendi endi Gué Guérin Guérin KARA To o Kokoro shown on this map do not imply, on the part of The World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any Ka Kouka ra Kara KOZAH endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. To o BASSAR amale Tamale ASSOLI Bafilo o To Parakou GHANA Bassar TCHAOUDJO Tchamba Tchamba To o 9°N Parakou 9°N Sokondé Sokondé . Fazao Mts o n BENIN Mo CENTRAL Sotouboua YA N YA L A SOTOUBOUA Blitta To o NIGERIA Bimbila A ni e OGOU 8°N Elavagnon 8°N o To Savé Sav Anjé Anjé WAWA AMOU WAWA Badou Atakpamé Atakpamé Amlamé Amlamé Lake Amou PLATEAU Volta To o Yendi endi Apéyémé Apé Apéyémé To o Kétou tou KLOTO HAHO 7°N 7°N Mont Agou Notsé Notsé Kpalime (986 m) Agou Si o To o YOTO Accra ZIO Tabligbo Tabligbo MARITIME L C L C LAC TOGO Kéve Kéve VO To Lagos o vié Tsévié Tsévié Vogan Vogan S Aného 0 20 40 60 Kilometers LOMÉ 6°N GOLFE 0 10 20 30 40 50 Miles To o Accra Bight of Benin 0° 1°E 2°E 3°E NOVEMBER 2004