80385 Sharing Smart Solutions in Water 2012 ANNUAL REPORT & PHASE I SUMMARY © 2013 The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This report is available on the WPP website (go to http://water.worldbank.org/wpp/AnnualReport2012.html). Acknowledgements This report was prepared by members of the WPP Program Management Team: Diego J. Rodriguez, Matthijs Schuring, Nansia Constantinou, Amanda Goksu, Danielle A. Garcia Ramirez, and Luisa Mimmi. The Annual Report was also made possible by the contributions of the following Bank staff and consultants: Manuel Marino, Caroline van den Berg, Liping Jiang, Xiaokai Li, Meike van Ginneken, Miguel Vargas Ramirez, David Michaud, Luis E. García, and Maryanne Leblanc. Special thanks to Jacob Burke, and to peer reviewers Marcus Wijnen, Eileen Burke, and Kimberly Lyon. Document design (including front and back covers, and internal layout) was created by STUDIOGRAFIK and infographics (pages 10, 17, 21 and 23) by Space Chimp Media. Photo Credits Cover Photo - Egyptian man walks beside a water channel. © ChameleonsEye (Shutterstock) Photo Foreword – View on the Shire River at Liwonde, Malawi. Matthijs Schuring, World Bank Photo Introduction - Fishermen at a Barrage in the Shire River - Liwonde, Malawi. Matthijs Schuring, World Bank Photo Page 12 – A Farmer Sorts Tomatoes. Ethiopia. © Stephan Bachenheimer, World Bank/Flickr Photo Page 13 (Right) – Lucia Boki fetches water in Bilinyang. South Sudan. © Arne Hoel, World Bank/Flickr Photo Page 13 (Left) – Women by the White Nile (Morada). Khartoum, Sudan. © Arne Hoel, World Bank/Flickr Photo Page 15 – Harvesting Rice Fields in Mai Chau. Vietnam. © Tran Thi Hoa, World Bank/Flickr Photo Page 18 – Water and Sanitation Services to Rural Azerbaijan. © Allison Kwesell, World Bank/Flickr Photo Page 24 – Family Whose Home Floods Every Year. © Scott Wallace, World Bank/Flickr Photo Page 25 – Hurricane Sandy. NASA GOES Project. Photo Page 27 – Morocco. © Curt Carnemark, World Bank/Flickr Photo Page 31 – Harvesting Crops. India. © Curt Carnemark, World Bank/Flickr Photo Page 33 – Women and Children Carry Water. © Ray Witlin, World Bank/Flickr Photo Page 34 - Preparing Fishing Nets. Albania. © Genti Shkullaku, World Bank/Flickr Photo Page 38 – Overlooking the Central Kumasi Market. Ghana. © Jonathan Ernst, World Bank/Flickr Photo Page 41 – Water Flowing at a Wastewater Facility. Manila, Philippines. © Danilo Pinzon, World Bank/Flickr Photo Page 42 – Mountain Side and Village. Tajikistan. © Gennadiy Ratushenko, World Bank/Flickr Photo Page 43 – Irrigation and Water Storage for Ceara, Brazil. © Mariana Ceratti, World Bank Photo Page 50 - African Woman. © africa924 (Shutterstock) Disclaimer This work is a product of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. Sharing Smart Solutions in Water 2012 ANNUAL REPORT & PHASE I SUMMARY 2012 ANNUAL REPORT AND PHASE I SUMMARY FOREWORD CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2: AFRICA CHAPTER 3: EAST ASIA & PACIFIC CHAPTER 4: EUROPE & CENTRAL ASIA CHAPTER 5: LATIN AMERICA & CARIBBEAN CHAPTER 6: MIDDLE EAST & NORTH AFRICA CHAPTER 7: SOUTH ASIA CHAPTER 8: GLOBAL TOOLS FOR LOCAL DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 9: WATER EXPERT TEAM CHAPTER 10: WPP PHASE II ANNEX 1: WPP PUBLICATIONS ANNEX 2: FINANCIAL SUMMARY July 2013 Water Partnership Program (WPP) TWIWA - The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 Contact: Diego Rodriguez, Program Manager (drodriguez1@worldbank.org) Matthijs Schuring, Program Coordinator (mschuring@worldbank.org) Peggy Johnston, Senior Financial Manager (pjohnston@worldbank.org) Nansia Constantinou, Program Officer – Communications (nconstantinou@worldbank.org) Amanda Goksu, Program Officer (amcmahon@worldbank.org) Danielle A. Garcia Ramirez, Program Officer – Publications (dgarciaramirez@worldbank.org) Luisa Mimmi, Program Officer – M&E (lmimmi@worldbank.org) www.worldbank.org/water/wpp 3 4 Foreword Foreword Water insecurity – the lack of reliable supply of an The World Bank has responded to this emerging acceptable quantity and quality of water for health, demand by packaging solutions that go beyond livelihoods and production - has become one of the lending. We have backed our loans with cutting- greatest risks facing our world today. At Davos this edge knowledge that drives smarter infrastructure year, in their eighth annual survey of risks to the investment in developing countries. We have worked global economy, world leaders ranked “water supply in partnership with global stakeholders to build local crises� fourth in terms of likelihood and second in capacity and improve water practices. We make these terms of impact – ahead of food shortages and fiscal critical contributions through platforms such as the imbalances. Global water use over the last century Water Partnership Program (WPP), a program that has been growing at twice the rate of population brings the best knowledge available to help countries increase1 and the gap between supply and demand solve their uniquely complex water challenges. will inevitably widen over the next few decades. Climate change is making water more unpredictable, I am pleased to present the 2012 WPP Annual and causing more frequent and intense floods and Report, which summarizes the achievements and droughts. If not addressed now, water insecurity will impact of the Program’s Phase I. Sharing Smart place a drag on economic development and disrupt Solutions for Water demonstrates how the WPP the livelihoods of millions of people, some of whom strengthens the quality of our projects and shapes could be pulled further into poverty. policy dialogue in areas calling for immediate action– climate change, energy and food security, and urban Today’s water crisis is compounded by a water water management. We would not have come this far management crisis. The world as a whole might not without the support of our donors, the governments of be running out of water, but many countries and the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and Denmark regions face serious water shortages. Around 1.2 who, having seen the change the WPP is driving in billion people, or almost one-fifth of the world’s water, have committed to a larger and bolder Phase II population, live in areas of physical scarcity, and for the next four years. 500 million people are approaching this situation.2 Given water’s fundamental role in all aspects of life Safe, clean and reliable water supply is a fundamental and development, managing water to respond to component to achieve the World Bank Group’s the dynamism of our times is imperative for helping goals of ending extreme poverty and boosting countries develop sustainably. shared prosperity - and to do so in a sustainable way. Together with our partners, we are committed Optimizing water management under these to making water security central to the post-2015 circumstances requires innovation and radical thinking. sustainable development agenda. It involves developing the right information and institutions, and investing in smart water infrastructure. The good news is that demand for smart approaches is growing. Companies and farmers are exploring groundbreaking solutions to address the nexus of water, food, and energy. Governments are seeking advanced tools and information to guide water allocation decisions, provide adequate services to citizens, raise water productivity in agriculture, and Rachel Kyte manage water-related disasters to protect their people Vice President, Sustainable Development Network, and economies. World Bank 1 UN-Water/FAO. For data see the UN-Water Statistics website at: http://www.unwater.org/statistics_use.html#sthash.1847loWa.pdf. 2 UN-Water/FAO. 2007. Coping with Water Scarcity: Challenge of the Twenty-first Century. 5 6 Introduction 1. Introduction Water security, or having the right amount and quality institutions to help countries provide water supply of water in the right place at the right time, fosters and sanitation services to all, especially the poor, social and economic progress. Where water is and allocate water to highly productive uses in a sufficient to meet demand, it can promote economy- sustainable manner. wide growth and enable countries to reach their food security, energy security, and human development The World Bank’s Water Partnership Program goals. Where it is scarce, excessive, or unclean it it can (WPP) is a platform that brings the best knowledge, exacerbate multiple dimensions of poverty. science, skills, and solutions to match the challenges at hand. The WPP is a trust fund supported by the Some countries have built robust economies on a governments of the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, foundation of low-cost water, but the underlying and Denmark. The Program supports poverty practices may not be sustainable for areas that will reduction by bolstering the World Bank’s operational become drier or more populous in the future. Other and analytical work through the mainstreaming countries have been unable to meet the daily water of pragmatic approaches for water resources needs of their populations, and future water variability management and improvements in water supply and coupled with poor water management could, over time, sanitation service delivery. By sharing smart solutions push more people into poverty. Neither of these two among developed and developing countries alike, worlds is protected from future water crises, which are the WPP helps countries to leapfrog on proven heavily influenced by changing local circumstances. approaches and tools and customize these to local needs and capacity to get better results for less To attain water security, water endowments - from money and time. abundant to scarce - need to be well managed. The World Bank supports clients in garnering the funds, Over the course of Phase I, the WPP has enhanced capacity, and knowledge they need to properly the Bank’s capacity to provide its member countries manage water resources along this continuum. ever-more innovative, practical, and effective Investments in water infrastructure and systems approaches across the water-food-energy nexus. Over are critical but insufficient. For clients to solidify the second, four year phase, the WPP will commit the necessary physical, institutional and social more resources to building partnerships that can changes that will promote long-term water security, reach the core of water security, produce the evidence an internal paradigm shift is also required. The that spurs ideas into action, and reinforce sound quality of the institutions and policies through which project design and implementation toward improved water resources are developed and water services climate resilience. are delivered is paramount to the ability of a given country to provide its citizens enough water to fuel development. Moreover, the way individuals value and use water determines whether the behavior of the REPORT SUMMARY next generation will help or hinder progress. In 2012, Phase I of the WPP was closed out and Ensuring water security is everyone’s business. Phase II commenced. This Annual Report showcases Politicians, scientists, donors, civil society, and industry the major impact of WPP Phase I (2009 – 2012) in are all working to identify water challenges and each of the Bank’s six regions as well as its global promote solutions. The key is to bring these groups, impact on knowledge and innovation. WPP Phase I with their different perspectives and interests, to the enabled Bank teams to better respond to changing same table (whether that is at the local, national, client demands within the project cycle, and to regional or global level) for a synchronized response integrate hard (infrastructure) and soft (institutional, that leverages their expertise and influence. This is policy, management) solutions that yield more why the World Bank Group, through its $30 billion sustainable outcomes. active water portfolio, works in partnership with other 7 WPP PHASE I PROGRESS AND ACHIEVEMENTS (2009 - 2012) • SUPPORT TO 225 ACTIVITIES DISBURSING $19.1 MILLION • ACTIVITIES IN 64 COUNTRIES, WITH 30 REGIONAL AND 27 GLOBAL INITIATIVES (SEE MAP BELOW) • AFRICA RECEIVED 39% (THE LARGEST SHARE) OF WPP FUNDS AND HAS IMPLEMENTED THE LARGEST NUMBER OF ACTIVITIES 
 • PORTFOLIO OF ACTIVITIES HAS INFLUENCED AND SUPPORTED ALMOST $11.7 BILLION IN WORLD BANK FINANCING (THIS FIGURE ALMOST DOUBLES TO $21.2 BILLION WHEN OTHER FUNDING SOURCES ARE INCLUDED) • EACH DOLLAR OF WPP FUNDING HAS AN IMPACT ON $661 IN WORLD BANK LENDING, OR $1,202 WHEN OTHER FUNDING SOURCES ARE INCLUDED WPP ACTIVITIES WERE IMPLEMENTED IN 64 COUNTRIES UNDER PHASE I (2009-2012) Bosnia & Moldova Kazakhstan Mongolia Herzegovina Kosovo Montenegro Georgia Azer- Kyrgyz FYR baijan Rep. Albania Macedonia Tajikistan Iraq China Morocco A. R. Jordan Pakistan Nepal of Egypt Dominican Rep. India Lao Mexico Haiti Mali Rep. of P.D.R. Senegal Bangladesh Vietnam The Gambia Burkina Yemen Faso Nigeria Philippines Costa Rica Ethiopia Sri Panama Colombia Sierra Leone C. A. Rep. Lanka Cameroon Ghana Uganda Ecuador Togo Congo D. R. Kenya Rwanda of Congo Burundi Indonesia Tanzania Peru Brazil Malawi Bolivia Mozambique Zimbabwe Mauritius Paraguay Botswana Chile Uruguay Argentina IBRD 39393 | JULY 2013 This map was produced by the Map Design Unit of The World Bank. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of The World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. 8 Introduction As the examples provided in chapters 2 through 9 Africa (chapter 6), the WPP demonstrated low-carbon demonstrate, a large part of the donor contributions in options for developing new sources for water supply, Phase I (see figure 1) have been used to bolster water and supported better performance of service providers resources institutions and to promote projects and to ensure long-term sustainability, even in conflict- analysis that improve water resources management. affected countries. In South Asia (chapter 7), the For example, in Africa (chapter 2), the WPP provided Program supported the design of tools to measure the the data and analysis needed to promote the use of progress of rural and urban service delivery in order to multi-purpose infrastructure to control floods, and inform future projects. provide food and energy to more people. In East Asia and the Pacific (chapter 3), the Program helped In addition to strengthening project results in the countries integrate adaptation into projects to mitigate Bank’s six Regions, the WPP supports global disaster risks from floods and droughts. In Europe analytical work (chapter 8) that responds to the need and Central Asia (chapter 4), the WPP defined sub- for more cross-sector planning and integration. The regional strategies for irrigation investments that will Program advances knowledge across a wide range help the region become a key global supplier of grain, of water-related topics, bolstering internal dialogue fiber, vegetables, and fruits. on issues like groundwater governance and public expenditure to help Bank teams do water better. Activities in water supply and sanitation comprise a The WPP also promotes new knowledge for sector quarter of all WPP funding, and have secured water practitioners across the globe on topics like water and sanitation services for more than 50 million management for agricultural productivity, integrating people, mostly in South Asia and Africa, where the climate change into water planning, and using access gap is the largest. In Latin American and the integrated urban water management as a paradigm Caribbean (chapter 5), the WPP promoted the use of for cities. A list of selected WPP-funded knowledge ICT platforms for better monitoring of water supply products can be found in annex 1. and sanitation services. In the Middle East and North The WPP also brings global best practices to local challenges (chapter 9). Highly technical, country- specific support is provided through the WPP-funded FIGURE 1. WPP PHASE I DISBURSEMENTS Water Expert Team (WET). WET specialists have BY SUB-SECTOR helped Bank teams provide support at critical stages of project implementation, from the most basic 0.7% sanitation improvements to highly technical expertise 11.8% on topics like land erosion, aquifer development, 3% utility risk management, and climate change impacts 9.3% on water. 45.9% As detailed in chapter 10, WPP Phase II aims to further increase the added value of the Program by helping water abundant and water scarce countries 29.2% define their long-term paths to climate-resilient green growth. This will be achieved through the expanded size and scope of the Program and by concentrating more resources in key geographic areas. Water Resources Management Water Supply and Sanitation For more information on the financial details of WPP Irrigation and Drainage Environmental Services Phase I and the bridging period toward WPP Phase II, please see annex 2. Energy Cross-sectoral 9 Africa Africa 2. Africa The WPP helps countries achieve The WPP The WPP helps assists countries countries progress toward their human development goals by planning achieve in progress toward achieving progress their toward human development their goals by goals human development planning for infrastructure and policies that translate into improved for planning by for infrastructure infrastructure and policies that and policies translate into that improved translate into services for more people and higher economic growth. Activities are services for improved more people services for moreandpeople higher and higher economic economic growth. Examples growth. Activities are of outlining the bene�ts of multipurpose dams, expanded irrigation, and more outlining WPP the benefits activities includeof outlining multipurpose the benefits dams,of multipurpose expanded dams,and irrigation, more expanded and better water supply and sanitation infrastructure. and better irrigation, water and moresupply and better water supply and sanitation and sanitation infrastructure. infrastructure. REGIONAL CHALLENGE: THE COSTS OF WATER INSECURITY IN sUB-SAHARAN AFRICA (SSA) ENERGY INSECURITY FOOD INSECURITY SECURITY INFRA GAP WATER ACCESS GAP HUMAN COST THE NEXUS • Hydropower • Irrigation • Conventional and low- carbon energy production INSECURITY • Rainfall INSECURITIES sTRESSED BY LACK OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND ACCESS 48=1 $22 BILLION $3.4 BILLION INFRASTRUCTURE GAP All 48 SSA countries combined have the same installed Annual investment needed for Needed per year to double energy capacity as Spain (1) Africa to meet WSS MDGs (1) the irrigated area (1) ONLY 30% 1 in 4 96% OF CROPLAND ACCESS GAP Of people in SSA have People in urban areas rely on shared In SSA depends on (sporadic) rainfall (3) access to electricity (2) or public sanitation facilities(5) PER CAPITA POWER GENERATION 20% OF DISEASE 234 MILLION HUMAN COSTs Only enough to power 1 light bulb Attributable to poor water, sanitation People are chronically per person for 6 hours a day (1) and hygiene in Burkina Faso(6) malnurished in SSA (4) 36 10 Africa CHALLENGE Access to improved water supply and sanitation is a significant problem in sub-Saharan Africa. Indeed, nearly all countries in the world where less than 50 percent of the population has access to improved WSS are in the region. THE WPP SUPPORTS THE DELIVERY OF IMPROVED WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SERVICES BY BOLSTERING SECTOR POLICIES, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND PERFORMANCE. POLICIES INFRASTRUCTURE PERFORMANCE Cameroon: Access to sanitation Zimbabwe: The WPP helped Malawi: A Water Sector Investment for the poor is a government identify priority medium- and long- Plan (WSIP) provides a cost- priority after a WPP-funded study term WSS interventions for small benefit analysis of options for set the framework for a new towns and rural growth centers. improving water services. The WSIP national sanitation policy that was A WPP report recommended recommends universal access to adopted by the government. A emergency works to restore water by 2025 and 87 percent $30 million credit was secured services and avoid a repeat of the access to sanitation by 2030 at a from the World Bank to carry 2008 cholera crisis that killed 4,300 cost of $1.8 billion (4 times current out the strategy, which included people. It also proposed a $10 annual investment). The activity is providing access to sanitation in million investment in infrastructure informing the 2013-2014 budget selected rural and urban areas, in ten priority towns; filling the skills and a $450 million National Water building capacity for better gap for services providers; and Development Program supported local planning, and carrying out introducing management models by 8 development partners. $100 financial and technical studies. that achieve economies of scale. million of this is designated to The preliminary cost estimates help Water Boards become for urgent rehabilitation needs will financially sustainable by replicating be used as a basis for budgetary performance improvements from allocation requests for small towns Niger, Gabon and Senegal. These from the Ministry of Finance. improvements will enable the Water Boards to secure the required investments. “THE WPP-FUNDED ACTIVITIES HAD HIGH CLIENT OWNERSHIP. THE GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON HAS OFFICIALLY ADOPTED THE SANITATION STRATEGY AND SIGNED A SECTOR POLICY LETTER. UNDER THE GOVERNMENT’S LEADERSHIP, OTHER DONORS ARE FOLLOWING THE PRINCIPLES AND PRIORITIES OF THIS STRATEGY TO ALIGN EFFORTS AND GUIDE FUTURE INVESTMENTS.� - Meike van Ginneken, Task Team Leader, Cameroon Sanitation Strategy WPP PHASE I RESULT: 17 MILLION BENEFICIARIES WITH IMPROVED WSS ACCESS IN AFRICA 11 CHALLENGE Many countries face acute food and energy security challenges. Multipurpose infrastructure could transform economies and meet growing food and energy demand, yet sub-Saharan Africa has only tapped 7 percent of its hydropower potential and a small portion of its irrigable land. WHERE WATER CONSTRAINS GROWTH, MANAGE STORAGE Water variability impedes The study predicts that by 2030 Kenya will experience water economic growth in Kenya. The stress due to shortfalls in water availability in 84 of its 197 2008-2011 drought cost an (43 percent) sub-catchments. estimated $12 billion as a result Hydrological analysis was used to rank water storage projects of impacts that ranged from and irrigation investments. Thirty-seven priority dams were power outages to livestock and selected for a cost-benefit analysis. crop losses. The 2006 flood had an impact on more than 720,000 A GIS spatial platform with cross-sectoral indicators and a people. The WPP funded a new methodology for project selection are available for future water sector assessment to planning. prioritize investments that The study is directly influencing the design and scope of will manage for extremes and a $179 million Bank-financed Water Security and Climate generate water-enabled growth Resilience Program in Kenya. across various sectors. ADVANCING DIALOGUE ON DAMS To help countries choose the most sensible investments, the WPP has invested in better knowledge on dams across the continent, and helped improve the sustainability of individual projects. For example, the WPP funded the creation of the first continent-wide database of national laws, policies and agreements, including newly digitized versions and unpublished translations. A second database provides a library of transboundary agreements. The combined list of 405 documents is being made available to practitioners and researchers to promote cooperation in water management across Africa. Another WPP-funded study on Intangible Cultural Heritage in 26 villages was incorporated into the social component of the Metolong Dam project in Lesotho. The study includes oral histories and 2,000 photographs documenting local cultural belief systems relating to water resources, such as healing and cleansing rituals performed by traditional healers using water from the Snake River. The study identifies measures to mitigate potential negative impacts on cultural heritage (such as disrupting access to specific water sources) as a result of the construction of large water infrastructure under the project. As part of the project, international anthropologists are introducing local university students to archeological field work, including artifact excavation. 12 Africa HOW THE WPP SUPPORTS WATER, FOOD AND ENERGY SECURITY FOR ALL Shared • A financial and economic analysis of the Kariba Dam fed into a $13 million grant to explore Hydropower shared hydropower potential between Zambia and Zimbabwe. The analysis helped the Bank Benefits break an impasse with the client countries on future infrastructure development, including dams. • An approach to Integrated Water Resources Management was developed for Cameroon’s Sanaga River Basin to include energy and water requirements of mining and agro-industry users who will benefit from the Lom Pangar hydropower project. Part of a $393 million project funded by the African Development Bank will be used to support cooperation among institutions and to resolve conflicts between upstream and downstream users. WSS • A report on Trends in Public Expenditure on WSS in sub-Saharan Africa demonstrated how Services and no country has been able to expand access without increasing public spending, yet public the Poor budgets for WSS are low and only two-thirds of the dedicated money is spent. Lessons learned, like the impact of public spending on reducing inequality, provide governments with the data needed to make tough investment decisions. • A comparative study of different private and public water service delivery models in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, used beneficiary surveys, interviews, and performance data to demonstrate the models’ relative impact on the poor. Human Water • A spatial accounting and forecasting tool called Africa RIMS (Rapid Indicator Mapping System) Security has been developed for the Niger Basin. The tool provides metrics to evaluate planning scenarios to compare alternative water investments. The website, which provides custom maps and datasets, has been viewed 5,000 times in the first three months after it became public. • An experiment using Africa RIMS looked at converting the large wetland in the Inner Niger Delta to non-irrigated or irrigated crop land. Results show that while both options increase run-off in the wet season (more shallow roots yield lower water storage), irrigation combined with a reservoir almost eliminates potential flooding and slows the on-set of floods compared to non-irrigated plots. • With this tool, policy makers can more easily visualize the size, location, and impact of competing scenarios. 1 World Bank. 2009. “Power, Catching up� In Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic. 2 International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. World Energy Outlook 2011. Paris, France: OECD/IEA. 3 World Bank. 2010. Improving Water Management in Rainfed Agriculture: Issues and Options in Water-Constrained Production Systems. Washington, DC: World Bank. 4 FAO, WFP and IFAD. 2012. The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2012. Economic growth is necessary but not sufficient to accelerate reduction of hunger and malnutrition. Rome: FAO. 5 AMCOW (African Ministers Council on Water). 2012. A Snapshot of Drinking Water and Sanitation in Africa – 2012 Update. AMCOW in collaboration with the WHO/UNICEF JMP for Water Supply and Sanitation. 6 Prüss-Üstün A, Bos R, Gore F, Bartram J. 2008. Safer water, better health: costs, benefits and sustainability of interventions to protect and promote health. Geneva: WHO. 13 3. East Asia and thePacific The WPP is supporting innovative approaches to complex water challenges. Activities are helping to reinforce local, country, and regional strategies to better cost, prioritize, and sequence sustainable water management measures while integrating adaptation to reduce disaster risks from floods, droughts, and ecosystem degradation. CHALLENGE Improper land use, extreme weather, and sea level rise are contributing to a high flood frequency. The associated economic and social damages are costly, especially in coastal and low-lying delta areas where millions of people can be affected. THE WPP PROMOTES GREENER AND ADAPTIVE WATER MANAGEMENT APPROACHES The WPP supported the conceptualization of Green Water Defense (GWD), a new adaptive management approach that integrates natural and built infrastructure to provide sustainable water services and manage climate related risks. Two reports provide a roadmap for selecting cost-effective measures for GWD FIGURE 2 - A CASCADE OF GREEN WATER DEFENSE MEASURES implementation that promote healthy and dynamic interactions for sustainable water Rainfall-runoff River Basin Management and ecological services as well as flood risk reduction Forestry / Nature Management Water retention reduction in East Asia. Afforestation Reduction hydraulic load River Management GWD uses a “Source-Pathway-Receptor� Wave reduction Coastal Zone Management approach (see figure 2) that starts from Coastline stabilization rainfall in the upper catchment (source) Room for the river Integrated Water Management Flood control Groundwater / Water Supply down to the individual that is impacted Local retention (receptor). For every strategy (brown step) Drainage Zoning measures Spatial Planning there is always a corresponding policy and Urban Planning Setback lines management field, and sometimes more Building restrictions Disaster than one that is relevant (blue step). The Management Impact reduction cascade can be used as a guide for priority Flood proofing Poverty Reduction setting. GREEN Water Defense Early warning Evacuation Residual Risk Emergency response Reproduced from Marchand M., TrinhThi Long, Sawarendro. 2012. Relief funds Adaptive Water Management for Delta Regions: Towards Green Insurances Water Defense in East Asia, Deltares. Source----------------------------------------Pathway---------------------------------------Receptor--------------------------- 14 East Asia and thePacific ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE The WPP assisted the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Vietnam to assess the impact and risks of climate change in the Mekong Delta. The support helped to mainstream the regional climate change adaptation approach into the design and implementation of the Bank’s proposed Mekong Delta Integrated Rural Development project. The WPP activity comprised technical studies on disputes over water and land use, as well as a pilot program to improve water management, planning, and efficiency. The assessment informs the project feasibility study and design, enhancing its quality and sustainability. Findings suggest that improved knowledge of main production systems and performance assessments of existing infrastructure are essential to accommodate adaptive management in line with changing on-farm demand. More flexible and responsive institutional mechanisms also need to be in place to better manage existing impacts from climate change and minimize potential conflicts under current upstream development conditions. As a result, WPP support has spurred further proposals that reflect upstream climate and urbanization changes to improve policy and institutional arrangements for better water management in the Mekong Delta. The value of the project component supported by this activity is $10.6 million. This project also leveraged $6 million to implement pilot activities related to on-farm productivity improvements. CHALLENGE One out of three people in the world lives in the EAP region. Rapidly growing economies are demanding more water, which may cause the overexploitation of water resources, water pollution, conflicting water use allocation, and the degradation of ecosystems. FOSTERING NATIONAL “GREEN� WATER STRATEGIES The WPP supported China in updating the 2002 Water Resources Assistance Strategy to address new development challenges through new approaches that take into consideration integrated water resources and river basin management. The aim of the proposed strategy is to tackle climate change and water governance challenges including water scarcity, pollution control, flood protection and mitigation, and restoration of aquatic ecological environments. It will support the formulation of national water sector development strategies with the latest approaches and technology for water resources development and management, such as integrated flood risk management plans, evapotranspiration control to address water scarcity, and improving water governance through stronger water withdrawal systems based on consumption management assisted by remote sensing technology. The strategy has already influenced the design, preparation, and implementation of three large-scale programs totaling around $750 million in lending. 15 CHALLENGE In East Asia, 8 percent of the population (114 million people) lack access to improved water supply and 33 percent (472 million people) lack access to improved sanitation. Averages hide large variations in water demand and gaps in the provision of water services and sanitation, as well as the need to reduce non-revenue water. COUNTRIES ARE AIMING BEYOND THE MDGS 8% A WPP review of the water and sanitation sector sets strategic priorities and underlines the need to provide sustainable services in cities, which are the OF THE POPULATION engines of growth for these countries. LACK ACCESS TO The regional review includes related mitigation and adaptation measures IMPROVED WATER as well as policy reform investments to contribute towards the Millennium SUPPLY Development Goals for the sector. 33% Measures include better operational efficiency at the utility level, slowly raising LACK tariffs to cover new planned investment, stronger regulatory institutions at the ACCESS TO national level, and more country-level investment planning. The latter should IMPROVED be undertaken with the support of efforts such as the WSS study funded by the WPP in Indonesia. SANITATION HOW THE WPP SUPPORTS SUSTAINABLE WATER SERVICES IN EAP Improving local Philippines. The Small Water Providers Work for the Poor project, which received WPP water services support, led to the publication of three manuals that are facilitating participation in the decisions delivery and planning for more effective water systems in rural areas and small towns. The manuals (endorsed by the country’s President) provide key concepts and guidance in the design of small waterwork facilities and the management and operation of small domestic water systems. Productive and China. The WPP funded a case study to compare the methodology of national design and effective WSS planning codes and manuals in the water supply, sewer, and storm drainage sectors based on design and international best practices. The aim was to determine the cost of existing water norms and to planning promote investments to increase operational efficiency and service quality by updating national design codes. Updating design codes could lead to savings of $2.32 billion from investment and $1.52 billion from reduced operational costs in water supply. 16 PROMOTING WATER SAVINGS IN CHINA’S TURPAN BASIN East Asia and thePacific HOW THE WPP SUPPORTS INNOVATION AND ADAPTATION THE CHALLENGE • Account for crop consumptive use in water allocations THE SOLUTION • China's arid Turpan Prefecture is water-scarce • Develop approaches to minimize evapotranspiration • Farmers use groundwater to irrigate crops and (ET) (losses to the atmosphere from evaporation/ extraction has been rising plant growth) • The WPP supported the design of a new ET- • Commercial irrigated areas are expanded despite based water rights system to quantify this use lower groundwater tables and thus save groundwater from over-exploitation of annual water of water in the 1988 66% 96% withdrawn in the Turpan Prefec- Turpan Prefecture ture is used for The Water Withdrawal Permit is groundwater agriculture System is introduced in China, supporting water conservation WHAT IS AN ET-BASED WATER RIGHTS SYSTEM? 2002 ALLOCATION China adopts Water Law 56% NET WITHDRAWAL NON-BENEFICIAL BENEFICIAL requiring water allocation ET LOSS 20% ET LOSS 36% based on consumptive use 2004 GEF �nances the Hai Basin Integrated Water and Environ- ment Management Project, through which the “water resources savings� concept is developed SUPERVISION TRANSFER 44% 100% SEEPAGE 2010 AQUIFER RETURN $100M The WB approves 7-year Xinjiang Turpan Water Conservation Project incorporating ET experience in the Hai Basin Reproduced from: World Bank. 2012. Evapo-Transpiration (ET) - using ET to manage water. Washington DC; World Bank Institute. The allocation of water from a river basin to a Water Users Association 2012 (WUA) accounting for all water uses, including ET. The system includes management, monitoring and supervision to optimize the allocation of The WPP supports a framework for implementing water and speci�es rights to withdrawal, use and return flows. an ET-based system, the �rst in the world, in the Turpan Basin MANAGED BY 20 PILOTING ET-BASED 5,000 HECTARES WUAs WATER RIGHTS SYSTEM 2011 - 2020 RESULTS The Bank will support a country-wide Water Permit System by scaling up consumption -based water management strate- gies in other basins 6.55 MILLION M3 SAVED PER YEAR Source: World Bank. 2012. Design of water consumption-based water rights administration system for Turpan Prefecture of Xinjiang China. Washington, DC: World Bank. 7 17 4. Europe and Central Asia The WPP is building local capacity to modernize water infrastructure and institutions. Activities are helping make countries more competitive in global agricultural markets by using less water and improving its quality. CHALLENGE The countries of Europe and Central Asia were hit hardest by the 2008 global financial crisis with significant declines in economic growth and a slow recovery. Aging water infrastructure has been underfunded for decades. Major investments are needed to ensure that water infrastructure can meet current needs and protect against future variability. BUILDING A BASIS FOR REFORM IMPROVING DAM SAFETY AND EFFICIENCY ON THE AMU DARYA, TURKMENISTAN The WPP supported the collection and analysis of data to determine the hydrological safety (flood routing and probable maximum flood) of several structures on the Amu Darya River, which flows through Central Asia. The team assessed river routing along the Amu Darya River between the Tuyumayun Dam and the Takhiatash Barrage in the case of a100 year flood. The Tuyumayun Dam is located in Turkmenistan but In Albania, the WPP funded a 10-year operated by Uzbekistan; thus requiring transboundary strategy for water infrastructure that cooperation. provides solutions to ineffective subsidy The report recommends that measures be taken for policies, unreliable and intermittent water adapting to extreme flood events, including measures at the supply, and high rates of non-revenue spillway. water. The strategy will help Albania meet The work strengthened the dam safety elements of two EU requirements for integration. pipeline Bank projects ($60m for irrigation, drainage and wetlands; $220m for water resources management) by providing the analytical foundation needed to estimate potential flooding of the infrastructure that will be built under these loans, in line with World Bank safeguards. 18 Europe and Central Asia CHALLENGE Water is becoming scarcer throughout the region as a result of climate change. Under these new constraints, countries need stronger institutions and new tools to conduct more complex water resources planning. MACEDONIA AMENDS WATER LAW A WPP-funded study helped build the case for institutional reform and capacity building under future climate scenarios. WPP STUDY PROMOTES ADAPTIVE MEASURES IN KOSOVO Climate change adaptation needs were The application of the Water Evaluation and Planning identified for the driest river basins, with policy System (WEAP) model to the Ibër River basin in advice, budgeted investment opportunities, Kosovo shows water as an increasingly limiting factor in and tools to determine the financial economic development after 2020 as a result of climate sustainability of bulk utilities. change. A $25 million proposal for infrastructure and The EU is considering funding some of the institutional changes to reduce costs and save water is proposed investments. being submitted for Bank financing based on the results The report recommendations have helped of the study. Macedonia overcome a stalemate on a new Water Law. As a result of this work, the law was amended to specify sharing of CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS: FOR SEVERAL responsibility among ministries. The activity supported the provision of tools to COUNTRIES IN ECA, CROP YIELDS COULD FALL BY the Ministry of Agriculture and Water Economy 20 TO 50 PERCENT BY 2050 UNLESS “CLIMATE- for assessing the financial sustainability of SMART� APPROACHES TO AGRICULTURE ARE water utilities and options to modernize assets and improve services. IMPLEMENTED1 STUDY TOUR SPURS WATER SECTOR REFORMS In parallel with the 2012 World Water Forum in Marseille, the WPP facilitated a study tour on public-private partnerships (PPP) for irrigation. Public officials from Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan visited a private operator in Nimes, France, and have since committed to developing their own strategies for private sector participation. Tajikistan will start by conducting a PPP options assessment for the sector. The group also visited the Rhone Basin Authority, where they learned how implementing integrated water resource management (IWRM) principles could help Central Asian countries reform their institutions to enable more transboundary cooperation. Both countries will use the IWRM model as a basis for institutional reform. With a combined irrigated area of 2 million hectares, and with poverty concentrated in rural areas, improved service delivery could make a significant contribution to poverty reduction. 1. Sutton, William R.; Srivastava, Jitendra P.; Neumann, James E.. 2013. Looking beyond the Horizon: how climate change impacts and adaptation responses will reshape agriculture in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Directions in Development: Agriculture and Rural Development. Washington, DC: World Bank. 19 CHALLENGE Agriculture accounts for 7 percent of GDP and over 40 million jobs in ECA, but the industry is losing competitiveness in global markets and land could soon be taken out of production. A STRATEGY TO HELP ECA MEET RISING GLOBAL FOOD DEMANDS Irrigation and drainage (I&D) infrastructure is used on 8 percent of the region’s arable area, which produces $37 billion in annual IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE PRODUCES agricultural value added. The WPP funded a new regional $37 BILLION strategy for investment in I&D, a sub-sector in which the Bank has invested $1 billion since 2000. The strategy responds to diverse needs among sub-regions, and helps promote ECA as a key supplier to the growing global markets for grains, fibers, vegetables, and fruit. The strategy has already informed the preparation of 5 new Bank operations. IN ANNUAL AGRICULTURAL VALUE ADDED AGRICULTURE IN ECA: SUB-REGIONAL CHARACTERISTICS Sub-region Southeast Europe Central Asia Caucasus Sector Structure Commercial, private and Social and economic Commercial purpose; market-oriented drivers; subsistence Irrigation provides 80% of farming still practiced sector value added Comparative Advantage Fruits and vegetables Fiber Fruits/vegetables, grains, fiber Sector Challenges EU accession; small Increase incomes and Make the sector more holders lack shared employment; reform sustainable and profitable infrastructure institutions Bank Strategy Promote efficient and Improve energy and water Improve competitiveness profitable irrigation efficiency Complete decentralization Develop small-scale Reduce salinization and partnerships to access and water logging Raise cost recovery levels absorb EU funds by empowering WUAs Create viable incentives Institutional, policy and for cotton Link I&D to climate cost recovery reforms change agenda Reduce irrigation and hydropower conflict 20 POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE ADRIATIC SEA: Europe Europe and (/74(%700!$6!.#%3,!2'% 3#!,%2%')/.!,).6%34-%.43 and Central CentralAsia THE CHALLENGE The Adriatic Sea faces important pollution challenges Four EU candidate countries must Asia which cannot be addressed by countries acting alone comply with environmental regulations1 SAFEGUARDING THE BENEFITS OF THE ADRIATIC SEA: TOURISM MARITIME ECOSYSTEM 15 million visitors per year 19 seaports handle 1 million+  ANIMALANDPLANTSPECIES = €14 million in revenue tons of cargo per year many of which are endemic THE SOLUTION: STEP 1: PROJECT APPRAISAL STEP 2: PROJECT PREPARATION STEP 3: PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION 2011 2013   !700STUDYIDENTIlES #ROATIAAND"OSNIA A) 6 hotspots in the Eastern A) (ERZEGOVINADESIGNPILOT Adriatic where pollution projects with $79 million in 2EGIONAL donor funding including $6.8 Institutions loads are highest million from the World Bank GEF EU BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA WB %"2$ 60 50 VALUE IN M€ 40 30 20 10 INVEST IN 7!34%7!4%2 SOLID WASTE ./. 0/).4 %.6)2/.-%.4!, 3/52#% 2%-%$)4!4)/. The total cost to meet EU B) POLLUTION standards is found to be: #URRENT)NVESTMENTS Funding Needed .EEDEDIN0RIORITY(OTSPOTS #OASTALZONE #APACITY management building World Bank develops Adriatic B) €1.76 B Sea Environment Program (ASEP) for all Eastern Adriatic riparian countries Of which €404 M is for hotspots Environmental management 1 !LBANIA "OSNIA(ERZEGOVINA #ROATIAWHICHJOINEDTHE%5ON*ULY  AND-ONTENEGRO 21 5. Latin America and the Caribbean The WPP promotes efficient, integrated and participatory approaches to complex water management challenges. Activities are helping countries build better basin-level strategies to reduce overuse, increase resilience to extreme weather impacts, and promote economic development. CHALLENGE Over 80 percent of the population in Latin America and the Caribbean (LCR) lives in cities. Although the region has relatively abundant water resources, rapid and unplanned urbanization has resulted in an increase in the demand for basic water services and a decline in water availability for competing uses. BLUE WATER AND GREEN CITIES The WPP supported the World Bank LCR region’s RESULTS OF WPP SUPPORT Blue Water Green Cities (Phase I) initiative to build In TEGUCIGALPA (see page 23), the municipality received a $400,000 grant from the on and consolidate its Spanish Fund for Latin America and the Caribbean to continue work on the ideas experience working with developed during the initiative. This could lead to a Bank-funded operation. cities on complex water challenges. In ARACAJU, IUWM discussions informed the Bank’s $70 million Sergipe Through this regional Water project, which was approved in January 2012. activity, a methodology to assist cities in developing IUWM strategies and In VITORIA, an IUWM initiative led to subsequent work as the basis for the planning was developed, upcoming Espiritu Santo Integrated Sustainable Development Program validated and disseminated. ($225 million), with approval expected in FY14. The obstacles to sustainable IUWM practices in seven In ASUNCION, IUWM work is influencing the Sector Modernization project cities were analyzed ($50 million) and an IDB-financed master plan ($4 million). and three case studies highlighted good practices that ranged from In BUENOS AIRES, BOGOTA, and SÃO PAULO, efforts to improve urban water improved central and local management included ad-hoc technical support and knowledge exchanges. government coordination to Some of the efforts were linked to several Bank-financed projects such as environmental approaches to the Matanza-Riachuelo project ($1 billion) in Buenos Aires, and the Rio water quality. Bogota project in Bogota ($487 million). 22 AN IUWM DIAGNOSTIC FOR TEGUCIGALPA Latin America and the Caribbean HOW THE WPP SUPPORTS SUSTAINABLE CITIES WHAT IS IUWM? WHAT KIND OF SUPPORT DOES WHAT COMPONENTS DOES IUWM ENTAIL? Integrated Urban Water Manage- IUWM PROVIDE? The IUWM framework requires collaboration ment (IUWM) is an approach that It helps to identify cost-effective across sectors and municipalities. Partners create helps municipal actors assess the technologies, policies, and tools institutional setups, investment strategies, and tradeoffs between water uses for to improve sustainable provision mechanisms for water management, treatment urban development and water of water services, reduce disaster and service provision systems as a whole, while resources management at the vulnerability, and protect the synchronizing elements of the urban water cycle, river basin level. environment. land use, and basin management. URBANIZATION POLLUTION 7 fold population increase since 1960 3 Solid waste 4 Liquid waste INTERLINKED WATER VARIABILITY WATER SERVICES CHALLENGES WATER MANAGEMENT 1 Too much 2 Too little Unplanned Settlements Variability and Pollution EXISTING SITUATION 68% HAVE 2 50% WATER LY T ON ACCESS TO SUPPLY DEFICIT IN YE 17% OF SEWERAGE THE DRY SEASON 4 WASTEWATER EROSION + IS TREATED 1 GEOGRAPHY = FLOOD RISK 20% OF SOLID 3 WASTE UNTREATED PAYMENTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES (PES) AN IUWM STRATEGY: LA TIGRA NATIONAL PARK • Water Quality ND SERVICES • Flood Control CO-BENEFITS A • Tourism • Biodiversity pAYMENTS FOR: • Land Use Conservation • Watershed Protection WATER BILL MANAGED BY: AMITIGRA FOUNDATION MUNICIPALITY NATIONAL AND LOCAL ALIGNMENT OF AN IUWM VISION Source: World Bank. 2012. Integrated Urban Water Management Case Study: Tegucigalpa. Washington, DC: World Bank. 23 CHALLENGE Seven of the top 15 countries that are exposed to three or more natural hazards are in Latin America and the Caribbean, and most of these hazards are water-related. High climate variability exacerbates water challenges in the region as more frequent floods and extreme droughts affect the most vulnerable. INTEGRATED AND PARTICIPATORY WRM FOR ADAPTATION The WPP supported Peru’s National Water Authority (ANA) in the implementation of an innovative planning methodology (shared-vision collaborative system) supported by the US Army Corps of Engineers. This methodology, aiming to improve risk reduction and management, integrates local planning principles and system modeling, and promotes collaboration among river basin stakeholders in making water resources management decisions. The methodology was implemented in four pilot basins TRADITIONAL where four river basins councils were created (Chira-Piura, Chancay-Lambayeque, PLANNING Chili, and Chancay-Huaral). This activity furthered partnerships with Brazil’s National Water Authority to strengthen and modernize the National Water Information System. Sharing best COLLABORATION SYSTEM practices from Brazil spurred supplementary support from a Bank project. With MODEL WPP assistance, the US Geological Survey helped to improve the design of Peru’s hydromet monitoring systems in 6 pilot basins. This took place in close collaboration with Peru’s National Hydrometeorology System and ANA. THE ACTIVITY INFLUENCED A LONGER-TERM PROJECT TO MODERNIZE WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN PERU, LEVERAGING A $17 MILLION WORLD BANK LOAN AND A $10 MILLION LOAN FROM THE INTER-AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK. 24 Latin America and the Caribbean STRENGTHENING AND MODERNIZING HYDROMET SYSTEMS Dominican Republic: The WPP helped to strengthen and modernize the water resources monitoring and analysis system managed by the Dominican Republic’s National Water Resources Institute (INDRHI). It also helped develop an inventory of the hydromet stations in the country. The activity identified where new stations were needed, and proposed a budget and technical specifications. This activity leveraged $5 million in additional financing under the existing Emergency Recovery and Disaster Management project to implement recommendations that ranged from upgrading the observation network to bolstering its data processing capacity. As a result, INDRHI is becoming more integrated with the national early warning system network for disaster preparedness and response. HOW THE WPP SUPPORTS SUSTAINABLE WATER SERVICES IN LCR Technology In Central America, the WPP helped to create the Rural Water and Sanitation Information and Rural System (SIASAR), an innovative information system to monitor rural water and sanitation Development development and service quality through performance indicators that are aggregated at several geographic levels and implemented in three countries: Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama. SIASAR will also support the upcoming rural infrastructure project in Honduras, a multi-sector infrastructure project to improve the access, quality, and sustainability of WSS services. This $47 million project will benefit 70,000 people. The WPP implemented the first phase of the SIASAR initiative influencing three World Bank projects ($99 million in lending) and benefiting more than 222,000 people in the three countries. Tapping into Through the development of a national environment strategy, the World Bank, with the support effective of the WPP, is helping the government of Bolivia to identify the potential of developing country- wastewater wide effective and reliable wastewater reuse systems and technologies for irrigation. reuse for irrigation The WPP supported a national economic and technical feasibility study of various technologies for wastewater reuse for agriculture. As a result, two case studies in the urban areas of Cochabamba and Tarija generated the design and development of reservoir storage systems for several crop options. The activity is already informing the Bank’s Lake Titicaca Sustainable Development project ($1.5 million) at the identification stage and similar technology could be implemented in Viacha. The activity is also helping to scale-up the wastewater reuse agenda in Bolivia by facilitating coordination of stakeholders at the national and local level. As part of the scaling-up process, the government, in partnership with the World Bank’s Water and Sanitation Program, will work to strengthen the institutional capacity for wastewater management in peri-urban areas and small towns in Bolivia. 25 6. Middle East and North Africa understanding of current and future water resources availability. Through an array of activities, The WPP helps countries improve their clients and Bank staff explore options for overcoming the most pressing supply and demand management challenges to help guard against an uncertain future. A REGIONAL SNAPSHOT 5X The WPP supported a comprehensive, regional study that assesses water availability and demand projections up to 2050. The analysis includes the THE GAP BETWEEN impacts of climate change on water resources, the identification of various THE SUPPLY OF AND options to meet supply needs and the associated marginal costs. The gap between the supply of and demand for water is expected to increase DEMAND FOR WATER IS five times by 2050, from today’s 42 km3 per year to approximately 200 EXPECTED TO INCREASE km3 per year (see figure 3 and 4). The cost for closing the water gap is estimated at $104 billion per year and could go as high as $420 billion a year if no demand management options are adopted. FIGURE 4: REGIONAL WATER FIGURE 3: REGIONAL UNMET WATER DEMAND SUPPLY AND DEMAND PROJECTIONS, PROJECTIONS BY USE, 2000-2050 2000-2050 400 Total Unmet demand 350 300 Industry/Unmet demand 250 200 km3 Urban/Unmet demand 150 Irrigation/Unmet demand 100 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 50 km 3 0 Total Demand Total Supply 2000-09 2020-30 2040-50 2000-09 2020-30 2040-50 Source: FutureWater. 2011. Middle-East Northern Africa Water Outlook. Final Report, W. Immerzeel, P. Droogers, W. Terink, J. Hoogeveen, P. Hellegers, and M. Bierkens (auth.). Future Water Report 98. Wageningen, the Netherlands; FutureWater. 26 Middle East and North Africa CHALLENGE As water scarcity increases, countries must find new, unconventional ways of meeting the water supply gap. LOW-CARBON DESALINATION PROVIDES NEW WATER SOURCES Renewable energy desalination is one solution for adapting to the changing climate while meeting growing water demands. A WPP study proposes closing the region’s water gap through desalination run on renewable energy rather than conventional fossil fuels. The strategy seeks to promote both energy and water security by capitalizing on two of the region’s abundant resources: solar energy and seawater. WATER REUSE FOR AGRICULTURE The WPP supported the Bank’s task team working in the Nile delta and the government of Egypt’s Holding Company for Water and IRRIGATION MODERNIZATION AND WATER AVAILABILITY Wastewater (HCWW) to assess the most cost-effective strategies for providing sanitation All agriculture in Egypt is irrigated, providing employment that protects the public health of downstream for 30 percent of the workforce. Climate change and rising communities. As part of this effort, a WPP- demand for water from agriculture and other sectors are funded study explores the relative health putting increasing pressure on the flows of the Nile, Egypt’s impacts of different wastewater management only renewable water resource.  As input to an ongoing strategies to shift from on-site to networked Government program on irrigation modernization supported sanitation in four governorates where the Bank by the World Bank, a WPP-financed study assessed the has wastewater operations. The methodology effects of modernized water conveyance and distribution used in the study, the Quantitative Microbial systems, including modernized farm-level canals, on water Risk Assessment (QMRA), provides realistic availability (including quantity, quality, reliability and equity) options for reducing the incidence of disease and crop yields in selected areas of the Nile delta.  The with associated costs and benefits. The report study’s approach consisted of an innovative combination of is already helping the team to apply appropriate field-based observations, remote sensing, and hydrological wastewater discharge standards and modeling.  Based on the available data, the study concluded investment planning as Egypt moves towards that farm-level modernization did not necessarily lead greater cost efficient use of resources. The to substantial improvements in water availability and activity has also pioneered QMRA assessment, yields.  More farm-level monitoring of key parameters will be in line with international reuse standards, which needed, in particular with regard to canal flows, groundwater serves as an example for other countries. levels, water quality, and other factors (besides irrigation water) affecting crop growth. 27 CHALLENGE On average, water and sanitation service providers cover only 70 percent of operating costs, the lowest for any Bank region. Regional and international experience in improving efficiencies, including through public-private partnerships, can be scaled up. COMPARING UTILITY PERFORMANCE The WPP funded a comparative performance assessment of water and wastewater utilities throughout the Middle IRAQ: FROM CONFLICT TO MODERNIZATION East and North Africa to determine their Surveys show that the provision of high quality water services basic strengths and weaknesses. Forty- has been disrupted by political instability and war during the six utilities from Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, past 10 years. Moreover, due to decades of sanctions and Kuwait, Tunisia, West Bank and Gaza, and conflict, water professionals have been unable to remain Yemen volunteered to participate in the up-to-date with current technologies and standards or study. Combined, these utilities provide successful implementation arrangements, such as public- water services to 122 million people and private partnerships (PPP). The WPP took two approaches wastewater services to 42 million people. to helping build country capacity. First, study tours were Data collection for the study was undertaken used to introduce water professionals in Iraq to management in concert with the Arab Countries Water models in other developing countries in the region, as well as Utilities Association (ACWUA), and a advanced models from Spain. Iraqi officials visited ministries follow-on analysis is being prepared with and local water directorates in Morocco to learn about water the International Benchmarking Network management models in Rabat, Marrakesh, and Casablanca. for Water and Sanitation Utilities (IBNET). They also visited water and wastewater treatment plants, The initial results from the WPP study show operational control centers, and laboratories in four Spanish that improved governance could ensure cities. Second, WPP funds were used to facilitate a seminar that incentive structures provide better on PPPs for water in Turkey. The workshop, organized jointly signals to use water and wastewater more with IFC and AFFI, included modules on various aspects of efficiently. It also shows that low tariffs have service provision under a PPP scenario, from procurement an adverse impact on service efficiency and to financial modeling. Fifteen practitioners from Iraq, Jordan, create a fiscal burden on local and national and the West Bank and Gaza were also introduced to two governments. The study also found that successful PPP case studies from Egypt. residential water consumption in the region makes up a smaller share of total water use than in other parts of the world. Finally, it UTILITIES PROVIDE WATER SERVICES TO found that institutional water consumption is high while industrial consumption is relatively 122 MILLION low and that these patterns are directly linked to economic activity. PEOPLE 28 Middle East and North Africa COUNTRY SPOTLIGHT: JORDAN Countries with severe water scarcity have less than 500 m3 of water available per person per year. People in Jordan have only 110 m3 cubic meters of water available. Over time, the country’s agricultural sector has been consuming more of the resource yet contributing relatively less to economic growth. STRENGTHENING IRRIGATION WHILE PROTECTING THE POOR Challenge: The Jordan Valley Authority (JVA) manages irrigation service delivery throughout Jordan. As with many irrigation service providers in other parts the world, water tariffs are not high enough to allow the JVA to recover its operation and maintenance costs. Jordan’s Ministry of Water and Irrigation approached the World Bank for assistance in determining the tariff levels needed to ensure that the JVA could cover its costs. Solution: The WPP funded a study to determine the cost of water for irrigation in the Jordan Valley and estimate the impact of increasing water prices (based on different levels of cost recovery) on farm incomes. The study team made a number of recommendations to improve the financial sustainability of the JVA, including ways to improve revenues and efficiencies in irrigation water service delivery, as well as improving the environment in which farmers in the Jordan Valley operate. PRICING IRRIGATION WATER IN THE JORDAN VALLEY – WPP STUDY OVERVIEW Findings No tariff adjustment since 1994 Revenues are unpredictable; JVA is highly dependent on government transfers 2010 revenues covered 20% of operating and maintenance (O&M) costs O&M costs are on the rise due to delayed investment, higher energy costs, and JVA’s new responsibilities for pumping water to Amman Improved billing and collection will help, but tariff and/or government subsidy increases will be necessary to cover the current shortfall Impacts on Agricultural Productivity The low tariffs on water for irrigation as well as the decline in real tariffs over the past two decades have affected farmers’ decisions regarding the crops they plant in the Jordan Valley. In general, agricultural productivity has increased rapidly in the past two decades by expanding the area planted in the Jordan Valley as well as relying increasingly on new farming and irrigation technologies (most notably the introduction of greenhouses and drip irrigation technologies). Yet, cropping patterns have changed relatively little over time, and in the case of vegetables (the area’s main crop) a trend towards less diversification has been noted. Developing a Pro-Poor Strategy 17 percent of farmers in the area are poor. If irrigation water subsidies are dismantled, the WPP study recommends measures to protect the poor from financial losses, such as cross-subsidies or direct income support. However, the design of such policies will have effects on water use and productivity in the Valley, and their potential long-term distortions should be carefully considered and compared. 29 7. South Asia The WPP helps Bank teams develop and test new tools that improve decision making, ranging from evaluating project performance to improving data collection and analysis at the country level. CHALLENGE Two water anomalies occur in South Asia: the monsoon and Himalayan snow melt. Both phenomenon make this densely populated region prone to extreme water variability. DATA FOR DEVELOPMENT In Nepal, where hydropower potential abounds, there is little sharing of data between institutions for joint decision BUILDING HYDROMET CAPACITY ACROSS INDIA making on infrastructure projects. The WPP helped introduce modern hydrometeorological To address this problem, the WPP services in India by building the capacity of the central supported the Water and Energy government as well as that of government officials in 30 Commission Secretariat in advancing a agencies across 13 states. Training was carried out by three web-based GIS database called the Water specialized experts who: Environment System, to generate maps of hydropower development scenarios Trained officials on climate and weather forecasting; that show potential environmental and Trained officials on using remote sensing for flood socioeconomic impacts. forecasts; Promoted the use of automated water quality The collection and digitization of new water, observations; environmental and socioeconomic data has Developed a national GIS-based water quality database; also been systematized and subjected to and quality control. This data is now being used Helped agencies improve their ability to get the most out in Environmental Impact Assessments for a of national investment plans, including training on how to variety of proposed projects. write technical specifications, design bid documents, and determine qualification criteria. The platform is informing a $31 million project to increase resilience to climate- This support contributed significantly to the building of related hazards. real-time hydrometric systems in the states of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, and Orissa. 30 South Asia CHALLENGE India’s rice yield per hectare is just 45% of China’s and the rate of growth in agricultural productivity is falling.1 Assessing the impacts of productivity interventions, such as more efficient water allocation, will help support the 75 percent of families in India that depend on rural incomes. Bank Project Uttar Pradesh Water Sector Tamil Nadu Irrigated Agriculture Evaluated with Restructuring Project Modernization and Water Bodies WPP Support Management Project Component Value: $150 million Component Value: $52 million World Bank Sustainable improvements in irrigation and Increase productivity in irrigated agriculture; Project drainage infrastructure and agricultural Change management process in order to help Objective productivity with an aim to increase sector officials to better consult with water users agricultural output by 68% in the project area. associations for improved decision making WPP Remote Sensing Impact Evaluation: randomized control trial in 40 Evaluation Tool villages, 500 farmer interviews WPP Findings Before and after data showed increased Villagers perceived that project officials who had crop productivity at specific locations, training were more likely to: visit villages more which is key information for garnering frequently; meet more stakeholders, including small political support for future projects. and marginal farmers; spend more time answering questions; provide more information; and listen and respond at higher levels to inputs from women. Impact The methodology was provided to the This pioneering work has systematically State Remote Sensing Department and assessed the impact of change management other state authorities for future analysis. interventions on human behavior and how it is Results were used to design a new project perceived by end users of public services. The component estimated at $350 million; evidence was presented at an international 5 Bank teams will use the approach in workshop, prompting several other states in ongoing and pipeline projects. India to request support for applying this model. *2009. Oklahoma State University. http://nue.okstate.edu/crop_information/world_wheat_production.htm 1. Oklahoma State University. 2009. 31 CHALLENGE The quality of water supply, sanitation, and irrigation services is low and sector institutions are underperforming. The performance of service providers, policies and projects needs to be evaluated to identify bottlenecks and challenges. WSS INVESTMENTS UTILITY PERFORMANCE Government officials in Maharashtra, A study was commissioned to determine India, were interested in evaluating the if ISO 9001 certification would be a effectiveness of their next investment project compatible indicator for determining a in the water supply and sanitation sector, water utility’s institutional sustainability. which is estimated at $225 million. The WPP Application of the theory to two utilities in funded a study to assess the feasibility of South Asia demonstrates the limitations of using impact evaluation (IE) as the primary ISO 9001, and has led the team to develop tool for evidence-based results. A new road a conceptual framework for a new Water map will help integrate IE into program Maturity Model to be applied specifically to design, which will allow the team to develop utilities in developing countries during future a baseline against which performance targets Bank projects. can be measured. IRRIGATION SERVICE DELIVERY WATER FOR SMALL TOWNS A study on the use of public, private, and Two million people living in Sri Lanka’s 400 combined irrigation systems across 16 states small towns need new or improved water in India revealed that, by increasing the supplies. The WPP funded a strategy and number of cropping seasons, irrigation has guidelines to direct small towns (up to a substantive impact on plot-use intensity, 15,000 people) to design, build, operate, and land prices, and land productivity. Plots with maintain their own systems with financial and access to a combination of public and private technical support from local governments. irrigation fare better than plots with access to Historically underfunded, small towns provide only one. a buffer against mass scale urban migration, reducing potential pressure on urban infrastructure. 32 South Asia PARTNERSHIPS FOR RESPONSIBLE SOURCING COUNTRY SPOTLIGHT: BANGLADESH The government of Bangladesh is committed to promoting cleaner production in its textile industry through improved monitoring down the supply chain. China, which has been successful in ensuring more responsible sourcing by partnering with NGOs and multinationals (including Walmart, GAP, and Li Fund), shared its experiences with Bangladesh through a WPP-funded activity. By following in China’s footsteps, Bangladesh could reduce water and energy used in a typical cotton dyeing mill by 25 percent and 30 percent, respectively. All costs for these initiatives would be recovered within eight months. ADAPTATION IN THE SUNDARBANS Over the next 100 years, Bangladesh is going to experience several human- and climate-induced impacts. Among them is an estimated 3 to 4 meter rise in the coastal sea level. The WPP funded a study on the ecologically diverse Sundarbans to identify options for flood protection and climate change adaptation. The report estimates that the cost of environmental damage associated with ecosystem degradation in both Bangladesh and India is equivalent to 5 percent of GDP. The government of India has responded by allocating $1 billion to assist the state government of West Bengal in construction, restoration, and compensation efforts in the highest priority areas. The WPP report suggests reducing ecosystem and human exposure to hazards by improving disaster risk management and strengthening natural structures that provide adaptive services (see figure 5). FIGURE 5: UNDERSTANDING DISASTER RISK Disaster CLIMATE Vulnerability DEVELOPMENT Natural Disaster Risk Variability Management Weather DISASTER and Climate RISK Anthropogenic Events Climate Climate Change Change Adaptation Exposure Greenhouse Gas Emissions Source: Reproduced from: IPCC, 2012: Summary for Policymakers. In: Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation. A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3-21. 33 8. Global Tools for Local Development The WPP enhances the Bank’s capacity to address to leverage the impact of the Bank’s water portfolio. global water challenges by promoting knowledge- Externally, it has contributed to developing research and based and cost-effective approaches in the urban, readily available tools to improve data collection as well environment, energy, agriculture, climate change, water as close knowledge gaps as a way to promote better supply and sanitation and disaster risk sectors. project design. This chapter highlights WPP activities that address some of the global challenges related The Program has supported water practitioners in to climate change and climate variability, greenhouse numerous ways. Internally, it has been instrumental gas (GHG) emissions, agricultural productivity, public in generating guidance tools to mainstream climate spending on water supply and sanitation, groundwater change into water projects and drive strategic work governance, and urban water management. CHALLENGE Small changes in temperature can have a large impact on the hydrologic cycle and alter the availability of water resources. For some populations, weather extremes may lead to disaster. WATER SMART SOLUTIONS TAKE CLIMATE VARIABILITY INTO ACCOUNT Data and analysis of climate trends and adaptive climate change projections, and other climate- capacity play a crucial role in screening climate risks and related information; and, mainstreaming climate change adaptation into water • World Bank and external datasets related to policy and investment agendas. The WPP supported the agriculture, water runoff projections, natural World Bank in creating a Climate Change Knowledge disasters, socioeconomic indicators, and low Portal, an online tool that provides access to readily carbon growth studies. accessible, comprehensive global and national climate- related data and development information. The main The portal allows a wide range of users to evaluate features of this tool include: comprehensive scientific climate information and country risk and adaptation profiles to incorporate • Spatially referenced data built on a Google map climate change considerations into water-related interface that integrates historical climatology, projects or policy planning and decision-making. 34 Global Tools for Local Development CHALLENGE A decade ago, the contribution to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from reservoirs was estimated at up to 7 percent of total emissions from all sources. Today, approaches to measure the magnitude of GHGs released by reservoirs are highly heterogeneous yielding contrasting results on the net the GHG footprint. HELPING BANK TEAMS ASSESS GHG EMISSIONS FROM RESERVOIRS The WPP supported the World Bank in providing an The note aims to encourage further dialogue among the interim guidance note for Bank staff to assess GHGs World Bank and other leading institutions (such as the from reservoirs for the preparation of dam infrastructure International Energy Agency, the UNESCO/International projects. The research tool explores state-of-the-art Hydropower Association, and other multilateral knowledge with an emphasis on the major biochemical development banks and research programs) in updating processes that are initiated in the construction of dams research and information as well as harmonizing downstream and of reservoirs upstream. guidance on biochemically generated GHGs from reservoirs. The interim technical note will also benefit Bank task teams working on dam infrastructure projects. CHALLENGE More than 80 percent of the world’s cropped area depends on rainfall. Long dry spells and intense droughts and floods may stress crop productivity. Even in good rainfall years, water may be a key constraint for agricultural productivity. SUPPORTING SMART WATER MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE The WPP supported the World Bank flagship report The report identifies the barriers to implementing Improving Water Management in Rainfed Agriculture that the proposed approaches and suggests the use of comprises a set of broad approaches and a variety of watershed-based models combined with economic measures to scale up improvements of in-field and structural models to estimate the impact of interventions for soil and water management techniques. Other innovative designing cost-effective approaches. approaches are covered in the report, such as payments for environmental services and risk-sharing strategies. CHALLENGE Around 2.5 billion people still lack basic sanitation. Although large investments are required to tackle this problem, more spending does not necessarily translate into better WSS services. IDENTIFYING THE CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURES IN THE WSS SECTOR The WPP supported the World Bank in preparing Drawing from a number of case studies, the note also a guidance note with recommendations for Bank provides practical recommendations made in WSS PERs professionals conducting Public Expenditure Reviews across a range of contexts and national income levels. (PERs). The recommendations helped to introduce Identified challenges often involved in conducting PERs consistency into the evaluation of public resources are also covered, including the methodological factors and allocated to WSS services. It also helped to increase data issues particular to the WSS sector, and the impact knowledge of public expenditure issues in the sector. of PER findings on sector policy and reforms. 35 CHALLENGE Today, 43 percent of global irrigation, 50 percent of the world’s drinking water supply, and a substantial share of global industry depend on groundwater resources. Unsustainable exploitation of groundwater resources and poor governance represent a risk to the quality and quantity of these resources. MANAGING A SCARCE AND VALUABLE RESOURCE The WPP supported analytical work regarding the • Country and transboundary case studies drawn political economy challenges that groundwater from a broad review of issues, challenges, and governance entails, while considering the complex and lessons in Morocco, India, and sub-Saharan Africa. invisible nature of the resource. The study examines: The report aims to inform the Bank’s groundwater • The operationalization options and constraints portfolio and be a source for policy makers and water around three governance approaches: rights and practitioners to improve groundwater management regulatory mechanisms; the use of the incentive with appropriate and specific governance options to system; and subsidiarity and support to local water specific country challenges. management; and, CHALLENGE Rapid and unplanned urban growth, climate change, and relatively poor water management practices impact a growing number of cities across the world generating problems from water scarcity and pollution to inadequate service provision and greater flood risk. PROMOTING INTEGRATED APPROACHES TO CITY WATER CHALLENGES Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM) is an operationalization, and scale-up of IUWM activities emerging concept that seeks to resolve the myriad in 38 cities across more than 27 countries in sub- challenges that a city faces with regard to water Saharan Africa (AFR), Eastern Europe and Central quantity, quality, allocation, and use by various sectors. Asia (ECA), and Latin America and the Caribbean IUWM approaches include novel technologies for (LCR). Although the scope of activities differs in each new urban clusters to decentralize infrastructure and region, approaches complement each other to provide diversify water sources. It also involves economic cross regional evidence-based knowledge on the costs considerations, flexible, adaptive institutional and advantages and potential challenges of conceptualizing stakeholder participation frameworks, and models to and implementing IUWM (see box below). These improve institutional coordination across urban sectors. efforts are now contributing to the inclusion of IUWM principles in current and future World Bank urban The World Bank and the WPP have been water development projects.1 instrumental in promoting IUWM through the piloting, 1. For more information, please refer to the WPP’s synthesis report “Integrated urban water management: lessons and recommendations from regional experiences in Latin America, Central Asia, and Africa� 36 Global Tools for Local Development IUWM ACTIVITIES BY REGION (SELECTED EXAMPLES) Region City/Country Population WPP Activity AFR Mbale, Uganda 91,800 population (2011); 200,000 Integrated Urban Water Management estimated daytime population (2011); in Africa – In-Depth Analysis of Water Projected population growth rate: 4% annual Management Challenges in Selected Cities Main Water Challenges at the Catchment Level • Lack of a strong watershed management strategy to secure the city’s surface river sources • Water scarcity and supply deficit during the dry season stressed by human activities in upstream catchments • Unauthorized abstraction, pollution, and competition from upstream settlements along the Nabijo and Nabiyonga rivers • High risks of health and groundwater pollution due to inadequate sanitation and drainage IUWM Opportunities • A structured approach to map boundaries of future urban clusters; identification and prioritization of additional water sources development; selection of appropriate treatment technologies promoting integrated solutions for water use; and assessment and balance of water flows and polluted fluxes within the IUWM strategy • A roadmap for strategy implementation that includes steps to gather key information; create stakeholder platforms; identify champion projects; and design and develop demonstrations Region City/Country Population WPP Activity ECA Baku, Azerbaijan 3 million in Greater Baku Area (GBA) Cost of IUWM Strategies for Baku, (2010); Population growth: half a million Azerbaijan since 1998, approximately Main Water Challenges at the Catchment Level • Pollution from industrial, mining and municipal waste is degrading water supplies for 11 million people in the catchment area • Low precipitation and high evaporation rates • Heavy water demand from growing agricultural and industrial activities, which are also contributors of the basin’s water pollution IUWM Opportunities • Identification of potential economic benefits and proposed methodologies to developing the water sector and improving sector services in the GBA for 2012-2025 • Selection and sequencing of policy decisions and investment plans for closing the supply-demand gaps and alternatives for water allocation and drinking water based on the Water Evaluation and Planning System Model (WEAP) • Ten development goals from four scenarios to be achieved by 2025 by prioritizing performance improvement of water services through the rehabilitation of the water distribution, sewerage and storm water networks 37 IUWM ACTIVITIES BY REGION (SELECTED EXAMPLES) CONTINUED Region City/Country Population WPP Activity LCR Asuncion, 2.2 million (2010) in Greater Piloting Integrated Urban Water Resources Paraguay Asuncion Management in Key Latin American Urban Areas - Case Study: Asuncion, Paraguay Main Water Challenges at the Catchment Level • Lack of compliance with the existing Sector Legal Framework; lack of policy integration in the WSS sector; and rigid and overambitious environmental standards that constrain investment in sewerage • Disparity of water supply coverage in the metropolitan area, ranging from 96.3% to 64%; and low sewerage coverage • Lack of wastewater treatment with collected effluent being directly discharged into the Paraguay River • Low efficiency in the collection and treatment of solid waste and drainage, associated problems contributing negatively to the quality of water resources IUWM Opportunities • A proposed framework and an integrated strategy for urban water management in Metropolitan Asuncion that includes: the preparation of an urban development master plan; a drainage master plan development and a solid waste master plan to integrate water supply infrastructure expansion; and water losses reduction and institutional strengthening • Leverage in funding under the Bank’s Water Sector Modernization project with the National Water Utility (ESSAP) and the Japanese International Cooperation Agency on a water loss reduction program, an IDB-financed ($4 million) drain- age master plan project; and donors’ contributions, such as the UNDP, UNICEF, and the Spanish Agency for Interna- tional Cooperation to build a robust institutional strengthening program for the sector 38 Water Expert Team 9. Water Expert Team The Water Expert Team (WET) is a technical support service that mobilizes high-level expertise to support FIGURE 6 - PHASE I WET DISBURSEMENTS World Bank operations. During WPP Phase I, the WET BY SUB-SECTOR supported 32 countries through 40 activities. Each activity was designed by the WET team in response to a client and Bank team request for expert assistance 10% on a technical topic. The WET fielded dozens of experts across all six Bank regions in a variety of water-related specializations. 17% 53% The WET has provided just-in-time transformative 6% support to key World Bank projects, which has helped Bank teams respond to several critical water 14% challenges, from supporting the most basic sanitation improvements to providing highly technical, forward- looking expertise in wastewater treatment, and surface and groundwater hydrology. WRM Irrigation Energy WSS Cross-Sectoral More than half of the $870,000 budget was used to support general water resource management projects, with the remainder spread across irrigation, energy, or technical support as a key objective of the proposed water supply and sanitation, and cross-sector projects task.1 This chapter provides illustrative examples from (see figure 6). Moreover, about 30 percent of WET WPP Phase I activities across these sectors. funding requests identify climate change assessment CHALLENGE Bank clients need to focus on day-to-day operations and project progress while at the same time think about and plan for future water needs. Ministries and service providers often lack the time, personnel, and technical know-how to delve deep into new challenges. WET EXPERTISE INFLUENCES $500 MILLION LOAN The Bank is supporting a $500 million Nigeria Erosion FOR LAND AND WATER MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIA and Watershed Management project to help address this issue. To assist the Bank project team, the WET provided a geotechnical engineer to work with the Southeastern Nigeria suffers from severe gully erosion, Ministry of Environment to ensure that engineering a characteristic problem caused by surface runoff plans met international and World Bank standards. The often aggravated by inadequate land-use practices expert reviewed the design and tender documents, that leads to soil degradation and loss of land. Erosion provided suggestions for innovative approaches results in severe negative impacts on built and natural to improve slope stability, and developed an initial assets, requiring multi-sector solutions that take into investment plan for $150 million including cost account hydrology, engineering, soil science, climate estimates and proposed implementation arrangements. variability, and agronomy, among others. 1. Based on WET staff calculations. Climate change is a theme and not a sub-sector for the World Bank, and is therefore not included in figure 5. 39 The WET consultant also developed a Good Practice Guidance Note to direct the Ministry and consulting UGANDA USES NATIONAL DATA engineers in designing erosion control measures. NETWORKS FOR LOCAL PLANNING The note is influencing the design of the Bank project, which is expected to benefit a rural and urban population of 4.2 million people through erosion The government of Uganda is instituting an integrated interventions, soil and water conservation measures, approach to water resources management, which and livelihood enhancement activities across 11 states will require a comprehensive system for monitoring in southeastern Nigeria. and forecasting local water availability to influence decision-making. In response, the World Bank is LINKING GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT working with Uganda through the Water Management and Development Project (WMDP). Under the WMDP, WITH SERVICE DELIVERY IN KENYA the Ministry of Water and Energy (MWE) has proposed the creation of a new Water Information System (WIS) to be integrated with existing data platforms. The An estimated 90 to 95 percent of Nairobi’s population Ministry needed an implementation plan that would be relies on surface water and chronic water shortages are based on international best practices and tailored to common in many parts of the city. It has been estimated local conditions. that groundwater might account for as much as 25 percent of Nairobi’s water supply. The World Bank is The WET helped conduct a rapid assessment of working with other donors to develop a master plan to the current status of surface water, groundwater, meet the growing water supply needs of Nairobi and its meteorological, and water quality data collection satellite towns through 2035. The plan will require more networks. The WET, bringing international best bulk supply to reach those poor people who are not part of practices from India and other countries, worked with the 5 million customers already served by the Athi Water a national consultant and government counterparts Services Board (AWSB). Draft assessments indicated to recommend plans for upgrading the WIS for high groundwater potential in the Baricho and Tiwi aquifer catchment planning and management for all of systems near Nairobi, and recommended construction of Uganda. The new system, along with proposed two new wellfields, but the potential contribution of these capacity building measures, will improve data systems to the city’s supply was unknown. validation, processing, and storage. The assessment also recommended user-friendly and quick data The WET assisted the operational team in reviewing access, which will be crucial for effective water the options for developing and managing groundwater planning and management, in addition to supporting to feed the service area. The WET report includes the regulatory functions of the MWE. potential areas for exploitation, a review of the estimated safe yields from the two identified well fields, recommendations for hydro-geological “THE WET FUND IS AN IMMENSELY HELPFUL TOOL FOR investigative work as part of a complete aquifer assessment, and preparatory works and schedule for TASK TEAMS. BY ENGAGING BOTH AN INTERNATIONAL aquifer exploitation. AND A LOCAL EXPERT, WE WERE ABLE TO EXPLORE The recommendations are being carried forward by the AWSB, and the use of groundwater to supplement TECHNICAL ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH THE WATER urban water supplies will be further assessed under the $155 million Kenya Water Security and Climate INFORMATION SYSTEM IN GREATER DEPTH THAN Resilience project. The project itself aims to reduce social vulnerability by cutting the amount of time girls OUR TIME AND RESOURCES WOULD HAVE OTHERWISE spend fetching water for their households, and improving the amount and quality of water readily available for ALLOWED.� adequate hygiene and for human consumption. - Mukami Kariuki, Task Team Leader, Uganda Water Management and Development Project 40 Water Expert Team CHALLENGE 2.5 billion people worldwide still lack access to an improved sanitation facility and treatment systems, where they do exist, do not always ensure the safe and effective disposal of waste. Improving the functionality and operational performance of sanitation infrastructure will put service providers in a better position to reach more people over time. THE WET PROMOTES IMPROVED SANITATION AND WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT IN THREE REGIONS Country WET Activity Objective WET Activity Result Mauritius Review feasibility study for wastewater The review underlined shortcomings in the proposed technology treatment plant in Baie du Tombeau, selection and design of pumping stations and connections in the focusing on the adequacy of the treatment plant, and recommended further consideration for the technologies proposed in view of project’s design. environmental constraints. China Assess sludge generation and plant Lessons learned will be used for other studies on plant efficiency management efficiency for wastewater and in future Bank projects; recommendations for reducing energy treatment plants completed under use and costs will be addressed by the client; guidelines for building the Bank-financed China Liuzhou technical capacity for improved operational performance have been Environmental Management Project. provided to the client. Paraguay Identify sanitation options that match A new design for peri-urban indigenous communities has been the needs of peri-urban indigenous developed, combining baths and latrines, which will be implemented communities in Asunción; scope was under the Paraguay Water and Sanitation Modernization Project; social later expanded to include support promotion activities are included in bidding documents for implementation for latrine construction and social of the project, which is expected to provide 28,000 people in rural areas promotion campaigns. and indigenous communities with improved sanitation. CHALLENGE World Bank clients face increased uncertainty with regard to whether and how climate change will impact their populations. Moreover, they are often not sufficiently equipped to estimate and integrate future change in water availability into existing plans and operations. URUGUAY: UTILITY RISK PLANNING Uruguay’s state-owned water utility (OSE), needed guidance on incorporating climate change considerations into utility operations and planning. The WET engaged the services of a global expert in utility management and climate change adaptation to assist OSE in strengthening its strategic investment planning capacity. The work program included analyzing OSE’s strategic planning practices especially those related to risks associated with climate variability, implementing elements of integrated water resources management in planning, and preparing indicators and instruments to assist OSE’s public communications efforts and managerial decision-making processes. 41 The WET successfully initiated discussion among top management about how to incorporate long-term, risk-based strategic planning into OSE’s day-to-day operations and helped shape the “managing and planning for risk� subcomponent of a $118 million project partially financed by the World Bank. The consultant analyzed OSE’s current strategic planning and risk management actions and developed a step- by-step roadmap for OSE to begin systematically incorporating risk into planning. Workshops helped to build awareness on implementing a new strategic plan. KYRGYZSTAN: WATER FORECASTING After hydrology experts in Kyrgyzstan showed that melting glaciers would have an impact on groundwater SRI LANKA: PROTECTING THE levels, the WET was asked to help determine the intermediate relationship between changes in climate CITY FROM FUTURE FLOODS parameters and changes in stream flow based on these trends and other data. They were also asked to More than one million people in the Colombo paint a more holistic picture of future water availability Metropolitan Area were affected by back to back and use in the country’s capital, Bishkek. floods in 2010, and the local economy lost more than $50 million. In response, the government and the The WET provided hydrology and climate change Bank dedicated $320 million for the Metro Colombo expertise to evaluate possible climate change impacts Urban Development Project (MCUDP), which includes on the flow of the Ala Archa and Ala Medin rivers. The both emergency interventions to reduce flood risk, and team was able to make short-, medium- and long-term long-term flood control and drainage investments. projections for future summer and winter discharges. This was the first time that this type of analysis was undertaken Given the immediate need for action, the WET helped to show the relationship between glacier mass reduction the project team to fast-track project preparation and stream flow over the next 10 to 20 years. by providing recommendations for investments and completing project documents in line with international The work supports urban infrastructure projects in Bishkek best practice. To get the team up and running, a WET and in Osh by making it possible to plan the conjunctive expert reviewed the Colombo Flood Mitigation Plan use of river water for irrigation and groundwater including hydrological studies, flood modeling, sea recharge, ensuring Bishkek’s continued water supply. The level rise and other climate change impact forecasts project targets vulnerable populations in Bishkek. The as well as the flood mitigation investments planned for beneficiaries, more than half of whom are women, are the Colombo Water Basin. The expert then provided urban residents in the poorest areas of the city. quality control of local team outputs and gave input on the economic and financial assessment of proposed investments, and a results framework for the project. He also developed the scope of work for a Colombo- based hydrologist to participate in the preparation and appraisal of individual investments. These contributions will greatly inform the direction of the MCUDP, from the design of the program’s objectives and components, to the team’s composition. 42 Water Expert Team COUNTRY SPOTLIGHT: BRAZIL THE WET AND THE WPP POOL SERVICES TO ADDRESS CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND CHANGE IN THE SEMI-ARID NORTHEAST The Piranhas-Açu, Jaguaribe, and São Francisco river An international and a local WET consultant helped basins are located in Brazil’s least developed, semi- guide the meeting participants in: selecting the arid northeast. This water-scarce region is piloting a methodology for the hydro-climate analysis for Bank-funded program that supports federal and state developing a water allocation model; creating hydro- governments in accounting for climate change in climatic scenarios using statistical methods; and adaptation planning for the water sector. The program handling and interpreting uncertainty for water resources approach uses basin-wide stakeholder engagement to management when dealing with climate change. select tools for estimating climate change impacts, and Together, these contributions are helping to advance the allocate future water supply accordingly. process of evidence-based decision-making for water allocation. The approach could soon be scaled up to The Bank relied on the WPP to convene a series the state level while findings will likely inform a drought of decision-meetings, making it possible for water management policy for the entire northeast of Brazil. planners and water users from three states (Fortaleza, Natal, and João Pessoa) to agree on a climate modeling approach, share and discuss results, and THE WPP ACTIVITY IS INFLUENCING A $107 MILLION devise policies for drought response mechanisms and preparedness planning. BANK PROJECT AND A TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAM TO INTEGRATE CLIMATE CHANGE IN FEDERAL WATER POLICY PLANNING. 43 10. WPP P hase II Funded by the governments of Great Britain, the Netherlands and Denmark, WPP Phase II (July 2012 - June 2016) provides close to $40 million to BOX 1. A NEW OBJECTIVE FOR CLIMATE- help countries improve water resource management RESILIENT, GREEN GROWTH and water service delivery, and to mainstream these improvements in climate-resilient, green growth. Phase The mainstreaming of water services and management in II has a similar organization to Phase I, including its climate-resilient, green growth is a third objective that has administrative structure, systems, and procedures. been added to the two objectives of Phase I. The addition However, the new Program has an expanded scope, of this third objective is warranted by the global “inclusive, a more robust results monitoring and tracking system, green growth� agenda, a sustainable development and more resources to address complex global and strategy that plays up the growth opportunities presented local water challenges. by
improved efficiency and conservation in the use of natural resources, while
protecting the most vulnerable. For the WPP, this means that activities will strive to DEMAND FOR INTEGRATION AND INNOVATION promote designs and policies that advance growth and protect the environment, and assess tradeoffs between With a $30 billion water portfolio, the Bank is competing objectives. . The WPP will help countries heavily invested in water and water-related sectors acknowledge that green growth is an economically, to help countries achieve their development goals. socially, and politically smart strategy for long-term However, both the Bank and its client countries are sustainability, especially when it comes to dealing with in need of more integrated analysis, planning, and water scarcity, water-related hazards, and managing the implementation that spans across multiple sectors. resource for all. There is also a need to expand the capacity of the WPP to promote innovation that responds to the Bank’s high and unmet demand for addressing a variety of water challenges, including emerging issues BOX 2. A RESULTS FRAMEWORK related to climate change, water scarcity, disaster FOR MEASURING IMPACT risk management, and the implementation of the green growth agenda. World Bank task leaders want The WPP and its donors have agreed on a results to help their clients meet new challenges, such as framework to monitor and track progress toward assessing tradeoffs at the basin level, integrating intended outcomes. The framework was designed risk and uncertainty into planning, or improving delta around the Program’s three objectives and captures management. This will require additional support to two types of results: 1) WPP activity level; and 2) identify available and successful tools and approaches. supported World Bank project level. As a result of this changing landscape, WPP Phase Target-setting for these indicators is based on Phase II has been designed with the addition of four new I experiences and the Program’s strategic goals for elements (see boxes 1, 2, 3, and 4). Phase II, but also mirrors the outcomes pursued by each Bank project seeking WPP support. The benchmark used to define realistic targets was a July 2012 water portfolio review of Bank projects approved during FY11. Furthermore, a selective cross-check on relevant indicators was conducted on the entire portfolio of World Bank lending projects active as of July 2012 (2,005 projects). Please refer to the WPP Strategic Action Plan to see the complete results framework. 44 WPP P hase II STRUCTURE FIGURE 7: WPP PHASE II STRUCTURE Under Phase I, the Program allocated funds through “windows�: six regional windows, the global Water East Asia Africa and Pacific (AFR) Anchor window, and the Expert Support Teams (Water Europe (EAP) Expert Team) window. Under Phase II, the Program and Central has added a programmatic window to help the WPP Asia Program (ECA) Management make strategic headway in selective geographic areas and in non-water sectors that depend on Latin water resources to achieve growth (see figure 7). America WPP and the The programmatic window is meant to help the Bank Caribbean Windows Program- leverage resources to generate a larger impact in (LCR) matic priority countries and regions through longer-term, higher-level engagements. Middle East and North Africa Water (MNA) Expert Team South Global (WET) Asia Programs/ (SAR) Water Anchor BOX 3. A PROGRAMMATIC WINDOW TO ADDRESS NEW GLOBAL CHALLENGES Through the new programmatic window, the WPP helps countries promote cross-regional fertilization BOX 4. A COMPREHENSIVE COMMUNICATIONS of successful development approaches, and AND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY encourages the use of innovative methods, tools, and technologies in World Bank lending. It is not meant Under Phase II, the WPP will scale-up knowledge to fund work that could be undertaken through other management and communications efforts for windows. The impetus for this additional window increasing the Program’s visibility and to improve its came from donors’ effort to adapt to new priorities in effectiveness by facilitating knowledge sharing and client countries. The programmatic window has three global collaboration. The communications strategy components: aims to raise the visibility of the WPP among key audiences (clients, donors, partners, industry leaders, Component 1, Water in Other Sectors, supports and Bank staff) by providing relevant information clients to mainstream water considerations into in a timely manner. Special emphasis will be placed planning and project implementation for other on communicating the value of donor dollars to key sectors, including energy, agriculture, the urban audiences by highlighting the Program’s progress sector, and the environment. and significant contribution to results. Component 2, New Global Initiatives, responds to The aim of the KM Strategy is to promote the emerging client (as well as donor) demands for dissemination of new knowledge and to facilitate support on a number of topics, including remote technical discussion and policy debate on key topics sensing and disaster risk management. supported by WPP activities. In order to manage sound knowledge creation and dissemination Component 3, Strategic Support in Geographic platforms, the WPP will build on the improved internal Priority Areas, dedicates resources to key areas collection and tracking of its own documentation where water constrains growth or is a large challenge that was initiated under Phase I, to ensure the for poverty reduction and the achievement of other continuation of a strong institutional memory for human development goals. WPP-funded work. 45 The Cold Weather Sanitation Initiative: Various PROGRESS IN THE PHASE II TRANSITION countries with very cold climates, as well as many of the people living in them, are poor and vulnerable. During 2012, the Program closed out all Phase I They are in great need of improved sanitation but activities and started implementing operational and face unique and difficult challenges (e.g. freezing administrative protocols and systems for Phase II. weather conditions) with regard to the management The WET continued operations during 2012, using of wastewater and excreta. Through this initiative, remaining funds carried over from Phase I. the WPP aims to bring together tested, practical experience and skills from around the globe to In preparation for start-up, the WPP Program increase the capacity of client countries for improving Management team worked with the six regions and access to adequate sanitation, improve project the Water Anchor to introduce the strategic work plan performance, and contribute to global knowledge process for each window. As new priorities emerged on the subject. The WET is currently working to from discussions with Bank regional units, client transfer expertise from Alaska to Mongolia and has countries, and WPP donors, the WPP created space begun implementing activities to improve sanitation in the programmatic window for several new global in small towns and rural areas of Tajikistan and initiatives, including: Kyrgyzstan. These activities will provide the basis for case studies on how cold affects sanitation in those The Disaster Risk Management Facility: In close countries. Recommendations and lessons learned coordination with the Global Facility for Disaster from these and future activities will be summarized Risk Reduction (GFDRR), the WPP has started this and disseminated to improve sanitation in cold areas initiative to focus on the water aspects of disaster risk around the globe. management. The Dutch government has provided additional funding for this initiative. Activities will The Results-Based Financing (RBF) Facility: The support the most at-risk clients in addressing water- objective of this facility is to promote the adoption related hazards. The facility will support mapping the and use of RBF approaches in water sub-sectors risk of exposure of populations and economic sectors (other than in water supply and sanitation where to floods and droughts. It also provides resources to RBF is already being applied) and climate change task teams to build local capacity to forecast disasters investment projects and programs. Phase I entails the and develop climate-resilient infrastructure, such as development of a user guide to RBF for the water storage facilities or natural infrastructure. Climate sector, which will be finalized in the second half of tools include modeling of future climate scenarios, 2013. The guide identifies results-based instruments improvements in hydromet data collection and for current and future donor and/or country-financed analysis, and use of existing data through the climate programs across all water sub-sectors. Phase II change portal and other public sources. involves the creation of an RBF Technical Assistance Window to support the design of RBF mechanisms The Remote Sensing (RS) Facility: This initiative is in water sub-sectors in parallel with Bank operations. dedicated to improving the quality and effectiveness This facility is a joint initiative with the Global Program of water resources management planning and for Output-Based Aid (GPOBA) and is co-funded by project design through the potential use of RS tools both trust funds. and platforms, in combination with in-situ data, for comprehensive analysis. The facility will develop Please refer to the WPP Strategic Action Plan to see guidelines on different remote sensing platforms further details on the WPP New Global Initiatives. (terrestrial, airborne, and satellite) and products, how to use, validate and evaluate them, and how to assess their costs and limitations. 46 Annex 1 - WPP Publications Annex 1 - WPP Publications Outputs of WPP activities include technical reports, briefing notes, tools and manuals covering all water sub- sectors and World Bank regions. The WPP also selects specific activities for case study development, which document lessons learned and inform future operations and activities. Selected lists of those produced under WPP Phase I are provided below. SELECTED ACTIVITY PUBLICATIONS • Guidance Note: Public Expenditure Review from the Perspective of the Water and Sanitation Sector • More, Better, or Different Spending? Trends in Public Expenditure on Water and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa • Learning from Experience: The Case of Public and Private Provision in Dar es Salaam • Indonesia Water Investment Roadmap (2011-2014) • Investing in Water Infrastructure: Capital, Operations and Maintenance • Private Providers of Climate Change Services: The Role and Scope for the Private Sector in the Provision of Non-Finan- cial Climate Change-Related Services Relevant to Water Infrastructure • Managing the Invisible: Understanding and Improving Groundwater Governance • Reaching Across the Waters • Urban Sanitation Experiences From Senegal And Burkina Faso • The Future of Water in African Cities: Why Waste Water? • Climate Change and Urban Water Utilities: Challenges & Opportunities • Improving Quality of Life in Rural China through Better Wastewater Management • Assessing Health Impacts of Water Reuse in Agriculture in the Nile Delta - Estimating Relative Benefits of Differing Strategies for Management of Wastewater in Lower Egypt • Renewable Energy Desalination: An Emerging Solution to Close the Water Gap in the Middle East and North Africa • Rural Water Supply in the Philippines – Volumes I, II, III • Climate Variability and Change: A Basin Scale Indicator Approach to Understanding the Risk to Water Resources Development and Management • Grow in Concert with Nature: Green Water Defense for Flood Risk Management in East Asia • Grow in Concert with Nature: Sustaining East Asia's Water Resources through Green Water Defense • Resilience to Climate Change-Induced Challenges in the Mekong River Basin - The Role of the MRC • Mapping the Resilience of International River Basins to Future Climate Change-Induced Water Variability • Modeling for Watershed Management: A Practitioner's Guide • Water Security for Central Kosovo • Water Hackathon: Lessons Learned SELECTED CASE STUDIES • WPP Briefing Note 1 – Supporting Integrated Water Resources Development in Tana and Beles, Ethiopia • WPP Briefing Note 2 – Strategic Regional Basin Planning for the Rio Bogota Project • WPP Briefing Note 3 – Towards Progress on Sanitation: The Case of Cameroon • WPP Briefing Note 4 – The SIASAR Initiative: An Information System for More Sustainable Rural Water and Sanitation Services • WPP Case Profile 1 – Integrated Urban Water Management - Lessons and Recommendations from Regional Experiences in Latin America, Central Asia, and Africa 47 Annex 2 - Financial Summary This annex provides financial information on donor contributions, window disbursements, and program DONOR CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE WPP management costs. A total of 225 activities (including 99 for ESTs) were implemented in 64 countries from Total contributions from the three WPP donors (the Program inception - January 2009 - to closure in June Netherlands’ Directorate-General for International 2012, disbursing $19.1 million. Figure A shows the Cooperation, DGIS, the United Kingdom’s Department progress of the first phase of the WPP over its three for International Development, DfID, and the Danish and a half years of implementation. A short overview of International Development Agency, DANIDA) amount the bridging period until the start of WPP Phase II in to $23.8 million (see table A)1. January 2013 is is also provided in this Annex. FIGURE A: PROGRESS DURING WPP PHASE I FIGURE B: WPP DISBURSEMENTS PER REGION 4.0 25 214 225 3.5 20 3.0 158 2.5 15 Million USD 97 2.0 Million USD 10 1.5 1.0 5 0.5 36 55 62 64 0 0.0 Jan-09 Jan-10 Jan-11 Jan-12 Jul-12 AFR EAP ECA LCR MNA SAR Global Program End Disbursements # of countries # of approved activities WPP EST TABLE A - OVERVIEW OF DONOR CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE WPP Contributions to WPP Donor currency Amt pledged (donor currency) Amt received (USD) DANIDA DKK 29,000,000 5,437,699 DFID 1 GBP 3,000,000 4,629,713 DGIS USD 13,734,759 13,734,759 WPP Total 23,802,171 Admin fee (2%) 476,043 Investment income 360,180 Net contributions to WPP 23,686,307 1. The Dutch contributions to the WPP include $2.7 million from two water trust funds managed by the Bank and supported by the Netherlands (BNWP and BWNPP) that were closed in 2009. 48 Annex 2 - Financial Summary TABLE B – WINDOW ALLOCATIONS AND DISBURSEMENTS2 WPP Window Total allocation Disbursements % disb. of % of total No. of (USD) (USD) allocation disb. activities AFR 4,548,250 3,777,634 83.1 19.7 23 EAP 2,151,250 1,642,895 76.4 8.6 17 ECA 2,019,375 1,409,886 69.8 7.4 12 LCR 2,106,806 1,848,911 87.8 9.7 22 MNA 2,019,375 1,600,260 79.2 8.4 12 SAR 1,942,875 1,650,580 85.0 8.6 19 WBI 400,000 298,891 74.7 1.6 2 WA 2,139,583 1,522,811 71.2 8.0 19 EST 4,099,748 3,903,157 95.2 20.4 99 WPP PM 2,000,000 1,473,116 73.7 7.7 - TOTAL 23,427,262 19,128,143 81.6 100.0 225 OVERVIEW OF WPP ALLOCATIONS under some other windows are also related to Africa, a total AND FINAL DISBURSEMENTS of 39.3 percent of all program disbursements affect the continent – well above the program target of 30 percent. The Program has disbursed $19.1 million from inception. As shown in Figure A, the pace of disbursements increased significantly in the last six months of Phase I. PROGRAM MANAGEMENT AND STAFF COSTS This means that a balance of $4.6 million was remaining at the end of the first phase of the program. This amount WPP management costs are costs incurred by the has been partly used to bridge the period until the start WPP Team and the Bank’s technical experts who of the second phase, while the rest has been allocated to provide strategic advice and support, including costs Phase II implementation. associated with WPP donor coordination, outreach and communications, monitoring and evaluation, and Table B shows the total allocations to the WPP windows as dissemination activities. Program management (PM) costs well as their final disbursements and number of activities. total only 7.7 percent of all disbursements, well below the Analysis of these numbers shows that the EST, LCR, SAR 9 percent cap set for PM related expenses. and AFR windows performed well in terms of percentage of their allocations expensed. Two of these (the EST and The WPP Legal Agreement establishes that Bank staff AFR windows) were also high performers in absolute terms. costs under the Program should not exceed fifteen The EST window comprises the three ESTs (GW-MATE, percent (15 percent) of total donor contributions. This HEF, and SWAT) that were closed half-way through the includes staff costs for PM, for supervision of WPP Phase I implementation period, and the new WET (which activities, and for technical review of work plans and consolidates the three latter services). The average activity proposals. In total, the WPP has spent only 12.2 percent size per window ranges from $80,000 to $164,000 – of total disbursements on staff costs. These numbers $40,000 for EST activities. The Africa Region has received show that the Program has been very cost-efficient in its the largest part of the WPP Phase I funding, as illustrated in administration, benefiting from the solid management and Figure B, followed at a sizable distance by the LCR region monitoring systems put in place at Program inception. and activities at the global level. Since various activities 2. The numbers presented in this table reflect the final WPP Phase I financials, taking into account budgetary corrections and repostings that were needed according to the Bank’s Trust Fund policies, as well as one activity in the MNA region that was extended beyond the Phase I timeframe for exceptional circumstances. 49 available to ensure continuity of the services. At the end BUILDING A BRIDGE TO WPP PHASE II of December 2012, WET had approved nine activities for $0.23 million, while there were 5 others in the pipeline During the six months between June (the end of WPP ($0.12 million). WPP PM expenditures in the same Phase I) and December 2012 (the beginning of the period amounted to $0.20 million; $0.13 million was second phase) the WPP team focused on financial spent on dissemination activities and donor coordination; closure of all first-phase activities as well as collection of and $0.14 million on WET reporting and coordination. activity outputs. Due to the specific nature of, and high The activities and disbursements during the bridging demand from the Regions for support from the Water period will be reported in the next annual report. Expert Team, some of the remaining funds were made 50