91721 Inclusive Heritage-based City Development Program in India Inclusive Heritage-based City Development Program in India About this book This book summarizes the motivation, objectives, methodology, results and lessons learned from the design and implementation of the Demonstration Program on Inclusive Heritage-based City Development in India. The book was prepared by Stefania Abakerli (Program Leader, World Bank) and D. Ajay Suri (Regional Advisor for Asia, Cities Alliance). All drawings were prepared by the implementing agency, CEPT University jointly with the pilot states and cities officials, experts and residents. The team is thankful to all concerned officials, experts and citizens for their insights, zest and continuous inspiration from the Program design to its implementation. The book was printed with funds from the Multi Donor Trust Fund for Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism financed by the Government of India and the Government of Italy, and managed by the World Bank. “India is an ancient palimpsest on which layer upon layer of thought and reverie had been inscribed, and yet no succeeding layer had completely hidden or erased what had been written previously. Jawaharlal Nehru Content Why Heritage-based City Development? 1 The Opportunity 11 The Challenges 15 The Program 19 Results to Date 39 Varanasi Demonstration Project 41 Ajmer Demonstration Project 91 Pushkar Demonstration Project 117 Hyderabad Demonstration Project 144 Next Steps 161 Acknowledgements 163 Why Heritage-based City Development? India's cities are endowed with heritage By engaging residents in decision making, structures, cultural landscapes, practices concentrating densification on key and expressions which, over centuries, transportation routes, promoting walkable, have not only defined collective identities compact land use through mixed-use and a strong sense of belonging, but also development, and creating impressive and provided critical services, such as housing accessible public landscapes, ancient cities and water supply, and served as livable promoted the conservation of their natural economic hubs. and cultural resources as core elements of their vibrancy and prosperity. Experts believe that ancient India played an Today, this sophisticated urban exceptional role in contributing to the development, and its heritage legacy, is at a world’s contemporary applications of turning point in India due to increasing urban planning. The meticulous layout of pressures from broad rural-urban ancient cities along the banks of the river migration. While slow compared to other Indus as far back as 3,000 years ago parts of the world, such demographic represents the first evidence of town change in India is happening without a planning by a society. Such organization unifying vision and without the necessary suggests not only knowledge of advanced planning, service provision, and concern planning and development (as we know it for cities’ existing cultural and natural today), but also an efficient local assets. governance system and a notably inclusive, egalitarian society. As cities expand to accommodate urban Overcrowding, crumbling infrastructure, migrants, development policies and decaying buildings, encroachment and poor infrastructure investments often rely on sanitation in most of these areas are imported “modernization” ideas and plans condemning inhabitants to some of the that are not driven by specific local contexts. lowest living standards in cities. In the long- Such plans rarely value the significance of term, the further deterioration of historic historic areas and heritage assets for the areas will not only continue to compromise city’s identity and evolution, resulting in quality of life, but will also jeopardize their missed heritage-based growth opportunities character and attractiveness for income and/or chaotic, insensitive construction in generating activities, such as tourism. and around historic areas and their surrounding landscapes. Yet because Indian cities are in an early This approach sees critical services stage of urbanization, they still have the rare provided elsewhere, leaving historic areas opportunity to reverse this paradigm. isolated from, rather than integrated in, city- Rehabilitating assets and the surrounding wide socioeconomic and physical landscapes can reinstate their potential to development. As a result, historic areas in attract capital, people and activities that many cities across India are becoming once supported city functioning and pockets of entrenched poverty. development, and restore their capacity to provide character, meaning and critical services to residents and the cities themselves. For this to happen, urban development A city’s heritage represents a significant schemes need to value historic areas and physical and socioeconomic capital cultural landscapes as assets—not accumulated by communities as a result liabilities—in the development of more of the knowledge, investments and labor inclusive and sustainable growth patterns. of past generations. Heritage conservation schemes also need to look beyond the preservation of isolated monuments towards stewarding their This so-called “cultural capital” not only surroundings and the socioeconomic and confers a distinctive identity to cities, cultural practices taking place in them. but, if managed properly, also represents an important component of their wealth through a variety of uses essential to Such emphasis on heritage as an asset and social, economic and environmental intrinsic quality of city development and sustainability and advancement. vitality has started gaining acceptance in India. There is a consensus, however, that sound public policies, financial mechanisms and capacity are urgently required for cities to achieve this objective. Heritage is a socially valuable endowment, which, if stewarded effectively, has vast noneconomic potential to: Overcome poverty cycles Improve the living conditions of the poor  The promotion of traditional practices as a  Investments in historic areas involve shared economic activity in historic areas the upgrading of basic services, such as often brings local artisans and businesses potable water and sanitation; the together, regardless of their caste, religion, rehabilitation of traditional low-income gender and social standing, thereby housing; and the adaptive, productive contributing to overcome societal stigmas reuse of historic properties, with major and poverty traps. impacts on the quality of life of the  The defining features of historic areas urban poor. provide an excellent context for the growth  Conserving heritage renews a sense of of small, value-added creative industries, identity and can inspire new smart and often managed by young entrepreneurs sustainable city and town development and women, reducing gender disparities. patterns, with an emphasis on the  Empowerment of women—as transmitters valorisation of the assets of the poor. and sources of much of the local knowledge and cultural practices strengthens social inclusion. Heritage is also a powerful wealth and economic driver that generates over a trillion dollars worth of jobs and income around the world through cultural, religious and tourism related activities. In India, this heritage has the potential to: Foster endogenous sources of Increase competitiveness and economic growth generate revenues for cities  The use of local skills and purchase of  The unique characteristics of historic traditional goods during rehabilitation areas are becoming rarer and highly and maintenance, increase local prized, increasing attractiveness for new employment and income generation businesses and investments. opportunities, resulting in a strengthened  Traditional businesses tend to reinvest local economy. earned income more broadly into their  Better-managed heritage and increased neighborhoods, leading to improved investments in services in historic areas socioeconomic conditions and attract greater numbers of high-value generating economic vitality. businesses, and in a more sustainable  Private investments and tourist receipts manner. in rehabilitated historic areas contribute  The rehabilitation of historic real estate to additional earnings and increased and streetscapes often adds value to other municipal revenues. public and private assets (i.e., housing stock, public services). Heritage provides essential basic and environmental services to cities, such as water supply, green spaces, and flood control. In India, it has the potential to: Increase cities vitality Increase cities sustainability and resilience  Building standards and more compact city  Retrofitting buildings generates less designs that increase energy efficiency waste materials and pollution than and reduce travel time car use have direct demolition and transportation of waste positive impacts on people’s health, as to landfills. well as cities’ vitality and economy.  If well conserved and managed, existing  Building standards and more compact city ancient kunds (water ponds) and vavs designs that increase energy efficiency (step wells), which used to perform a and reduce travel time car use have direct double function as suppliers of positive impacts on people’s health, as harvested rainwater to communities well as cities’ vitality and economy. and as a drainage systems, can contribute to mitigate water scarcity and flooding. The Opportunity Indian Cities Heritage: Unmatched Legacy Largest density and diversity of heritage assets and streetscapes Vibrant living cultural practices and expressions Rooted traditional economic base India’s heritage assets are unmatched in the world with 5,000 years of history, 22 official and 1,000+ minor languages, around 200 million craftspersons, countless traditional skills, cultural practices and performing arts, 30 World Heritage Sites, and tens of thousands of monuments, historic areas and sacred sites spread over highly diverse natural and built landscapes. In cities, this heritage is of three main types:  Monuments and buildings These often iconic, “nationally important” tangible assets are individual, isolated features of cities. They are often already listed in heritage inventories or designated and protected under heritage laws established by the Archaeological Survey of India and related agencies at the state level.  Traditional neighborhoods, streetscapes, ghats and parks These are the tangible locations in which iconic monuments and buildings are located and which gain meaning from the assets they contain.  Practices and traditions These intangible cultural actions—the evolving social practices, traditions and skills transmitted from generation to generation—give life to monuments, historic areas, landscapes and properties. India’s potential for poverty reduction and sustainable growth through the proper stewardship of these heritage assets is vast, and conditions in the country are already increasingly favorable: In the heritage conservation domain, In the city planning domain, there is a growing recognition that the value an emphasis on “urban renewal” has of cities’ heritage lies not only in their recently begun to gain acceptance monuments, but also in the relationship in the Government of India, which is between the monuments and the practices putting in place more predictable funding and spaces that continue to imbue them for revitalization of historic areas and with meaning, centuries later. In addition, cities (i.e., Jawaharlal Nehru National emerging local initiatives are using heritage Urban Renew Mission, JnNURM). as a key element in improving the quality of life of poor communities living near monuments (i.e., the rehabilitation of the The Jawaharlal Nehru National Humayun Tomb-Nizamuddin), already Urban Renew Mission (JnNURM), Ministry demonstrating the positive impacts of an of Urban Development, Government of integrated approach to heritage India, is the largest urban development management on living standards and job scheme in India and aims to assist Urban opportunities. Local Bodies through urban reform and financial assistance for improved city planning and quality of life. The Challenges In the heritage conservation domain: In the city planning domain:  Despite growing awareness of the  “Urban renewal” activities are importance of a wider approach to compartmentalized both in terms of city conservation beyond monuments, development planning and investments. inadequate regulatory mechanisms,  Requirements of existing city planning institutional arrangements, and human schemes are not adapted to the reality resources reinforce a traditional monument- on the ground. centric approach.  Cities lack adequate approaches, tools,  A lack of sound public policies, schemes, incentives, coordination mechanisms and incentives and capacity for the effective capacities for urban revitalization. management of cultural landscapes in the 21st century persists.  Performance of JnNURM shows a continuing sectoral and asset-creation  Historic areas are isolated from the wider approach to city planning and economic development and physical investments. Less than 1% of all funds transformation taking place, creating allocated by JnNURM have actually been pockets of poverty. spent on “urban renewal” activities.  There is a tendency towards new construction and signature large interventions in a short-term perspective, often with irreversible long-term impacts on cities’ heritage and landscape. Less than 2% of all funds allocated by JnNURM was for “urban renewal” 35% Percentage of total number of investments under JnNURM 30% 27% 25% 20% 20% 19% 15% 13% 10% 8% 5% 4% 3% 1% 2% 1% 1% 0% Urban Renewal Preservation of Drainage and storm water Development water bodies Mass Rapid Transit Solid waste Management in heritage Roads flyovers Other urban areas transport Parking System Water Supply Sewerage drainage 4% of total investments 27% of total investments 68% of total investments Source: JnNURM.nic.in, up to Jan 2012 The decline of heritage assets is becoming an engrained feature of India’s urbanization pattern, rather than its driving force. The Program Motivation The Department of Economic Affairs, It has been anchored by the Ministry of Ministry of Finance, Government of India, Urban Development (MoUD), and guided requested the World Bank’s assistance in by a Steering Committee, chaired by the the design and implementation of a Joint Secretary and Mission Director of Demonstration Program on Inclusive the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Heritage-based City Development in India. Renew Mission (JnNURM), MoUD, and The purpose of the Demonstration comprised of the key ministries involved Program was to contribute to filling the in city planning and development as well knowledge and application gap at a critical as heritage conservation in India, namely moment in India’s urbanization process. the Ministries of Finance, Housing and Poverty Alleviation and Culture. The Program was conceptualized by the World Bank in consultation with the CEPT University was competitively Government of India and experts in 2011 selected as the implementing agency for and implementation began in May 2012. the Program. Objectives To provide national policy makers, state governments, Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) and sector professionals in India with a refined methodology, practical guidelines, institutional arrangements and financial and management incentives that will enable them to revisit their development strategies in a way that empowers cities to draw inclusive and participatory heritage-based city development and investment plans. Expected Impacts  Enable cities to better manage urbanization and distribute its benefits by valuing and leveraging their existing heritage assets.  Enhance the character, living standards and development effectiveness of cities.  Unlock billions in funds earmarked for “urban renewal” investments, but not fully utilized due to low capacities at city level, and a lack of adequate approaches and tools. The Approach Process The Program consists of two phases: Phase 1, the pilot phase (May 2012 – December 2013) aimed to test and refine an inclusive heritage-based approach to city development planning in India’s varying urban contexts, with a focus on learning from pilot cities. Phase 2, under preparation, aims to expand the institutionalization of the piloted policy approaches and mechanisms through urban development and poverty schemes, especially at central and state levels. Phase 1 Phase 1 of the Program, consisting of five core components, took a deductive approach from the preparation of city-level heritage inventory to the detailing of micro-level interventions in consultation with state and local stakeholders. Component 1 Institutional Setup Component 5 Knowledge Component 2 Management State level Assessment Component 4 Investment Component 3 Action Plans City Profiling Srinagar (1.2) JnNURM Amritsar Shimla Heritage Cities (1.1) (0.17) Delhi Ajmer Pushkar (11.0) Gangtok (0.5) (0.09) Varanasi Agra (1.2) Jodhpur (1.6) (1.0) Kolkata Bodhgaya (4.5) Ahmedabad (0.6) Puri (5.5) Nanded (0.2) (0.5) Panjim Hyderabad Metropolitan Cities (4 Million+) (0.1) (6.8) Medium Size Cities (1-4 Million) Mysore Pondicherry Small Cities (<1 Million) (0. 9) (0.2) (Population in Millions within MC Area) Source: 2011 Census of India Kochi Madurai (0.6) (1.0) Component 1 – Institutional Setup The institutional setup entailed four main steps: 1. Governance arrangements for Inclusive Urban Revitalization Through institutional mapping, stakeholder analysis and consultations at national, state and city levels, and expert discussions, the Program supported the establishment of the governance arrangements for Inclusive Urban Revitalization. At the central level, the Program supported the establishment of an Inter-Ministerial Program Steering Committee, bringing together ministries involved in city planning and development as well as heritage conservation. 2. Technical criteria for pilot cities selection To inform learning and institutionalization of tested approaches, technical criteria were defined, including: i) % of the city’s population living in the heritage area; % of the city’s population living in slums ii) heritage relevance of the city iii) level of state government’s support to vision iv) city-level entrepreneurship v) socioeconomic status (poverty, stress) vi) JnNURM performance in the city vii) state government’s leadership. 3. Pilot Cities Selection Through the Program, a rapid appraisal of JnNURM 45 heritage cities was carried out; six cities shortlisted by Program Steering Committee. An initial profiling and technical rating of the shortlisted cities was prepared by the implementing agency and four cities were selected, including: Ajmer, Rajasthan (medium size city), Pushkar, Rajastan (small size city) Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh (metropolitan city), Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh (mega city). Pilot cities were also selected based on their geographic distribution and distinct sizes to ensure the Program captured India’s diverse urban context. 4. Heritage Cells at city level The selected ULBs were mobilized by the respective state Urban Development Departments to coordinate the Program activities. The Program provided city officials with hands-on support and knowledge sharing. They also received guidance from the Steering Committee, and advisory support from local experts, the World Bank, Cities Alliance and the implementing agency. Heritage Cells were established in Varanasi, Ajmer and Pushkar, and the existing Hyderabad Heritage Cell supported as the loci for Program implementation. The Heritage Cells operated under the chairmanship of the respective Municipal Commissioners, and guided by a City Heritage Committee comprising state and local officials, distinguished scholars, experts from the city and concerned residents. Technical Rating Scale Fund JnNURM fund allocation & Compliance Imp. of Heritage utilisation for use for status for % of city JnNURM Share of city initiatives/ UIG Projects (% BSUP/ application of pop. living Tourism potential reforms pop. in core Urban Renewal of amount used IHSDP (ACA 13th Finance in slums, (# of visitors), (# reforms area, 2001 activities against committed & Commission 2001 2007 completed), implemented approved cost), availed for (# heads 2011 2011 States) complied) Identification of <10% 1 <10% 1 1 <10 lakhs 1 <20% 1 <40% 1 3 1 2 1 Proposal in CDP Considerable 10- 10-20% 2 2 share allotted 2 10-20 lakhs 2 20-40% 2 40-60% 2 4 2 3 2 20% in CDP Heritage plan, 20- 20-30% 3 3 city level 3 20-40 lakhs 3 40-60% 3 60-80% 3 5 3 4 3 40% groups formed Heritage DPR >30% 4 >40% 4 4 >40 lakhs 4 >60% 4 >80% 4 >5 4 6 4 under JNNURM Selected Pilot Cities Ajmer-Pushkar (0.5) Varanasi (1.2) Hyderabad (6.8) Component 2 – State level Assessment By assessing the existing urbanistic approach, financial mechanisms and regulatory frameworks, Component 2 aimed to understand: • The role of heritage in city planning at the state level • The extent of collaboration between the state and city levels in decision making for city planning • Capacities of government and private sector organizations • Development and regulatory conflicts • Local resource mobilization, budgeting mechanisms and funding systems • Wealth distribution The state level assessment also served as a platform for a continuous dialogue and facilitated closer relationships between the cities and the states. A diverse range of organizations, individuals, policies and standards are required to be brought together for a successful inclusive revitalization of heritage assets in cities Inclusive City Heritage Revitalization Local communities, residents, businesses Component 3 – City profiling The city profiling entailed three main steps: 1. Heritage Listing City-wide inventory, categorization and mapping of tangible and intangible heritage assets in each city, performed by Heritage Cells with technical support from the implementing agency. 2. Heritage Zone Mapping Mapping of heritage zones (areas containing a high density of heritage assets) and linkages between built heritage and surrounding community livelihoods. Assessment of any current heritage-based initiatives and/or funding. 3. Socioeconomic and services assessment Information gathered on cities’ morphology and existing land use practices; typology of neighborhoods; poverty geography; service delivery in heritage zones compared to the city level; economic clusters and employment; city and neighborhood aspirations; livelihoods, lifestyles and local stories; gentrification; and decision making processes and capacities. Sample City Profile: Varanasi CDP VISION “To develop Varanasi as an “Economically Vibrant, Culturally Rich, and Livable Tourist City”. POPULATION IN MC AREA 2001: 1,100,748 (Source: Census of India 2001 & 2011) 2011: 1,201,815  Number of slums: 228  Slum population: 453,000 (37.69%) SLUM AND POVERTY PROFILE (Source: Census of India 2001 and CDP)  Total BPL Population: 96,344  Whether poverty survey, listing etc conducted: Yes. SUDA has conducted Surveys.  People living in core city area: 14,000 (approx)  List of heritage initiatives:  Cultural resource mapping and inventory/listing HERITAGE STATUS AND PROFILE (Source: CDP 2001)  Heritage zoning and formulation of regulations in the HDP  Cleanliness drive and Preparation of CSP  Preparation and implementation of management plan of Ghats JNNURM DPR’S RELATED TO POVERTY,  10 DPR’s under BSUP prepared and 6 implemented by HUDCO AND BMTPC HERITAGE  No project for heritage conservation under JNNURM (Source: www.Jnnurm.nic.in)  VDA has prepared “Heritage Development Plan” for the historic area Total Approved Total Amount released into project account % of amount utilised against total amount Number of Project Sanctioned JNNURM FUND UTILISATION cost (in lakhs) till 19th Jan, 2012 released (Source: www.Jnnurm.nic.in) 6 95,569.73 53,776,89 lakhs 74% ACA Committed & Availed for States (of revised ACA Allocation): FUND ALLOCATION & UTILISATION BSUP- >80% & above of the budgeted ammount (BSUP/IHSDP) AND PRO POOR IHSDP- >80% & above of the budgeted ammount REFORM STATUS Internal earmarking of funds for the urban poor in Municipal budgets- Funds earmarked but not specified in %. STATUS OF JNNURM REFORM E- Shift to accrual Property Tax Internal Earmarking of (Source: www.Jnnurm.nic.in) Property Tax 100% cost 100% cost recovery Governance based double entry (90% collection Funds for Services to Urban (Note: Numerical figures denote (85%coverage) recovery (WS) (solid waste) number of year committed for setup accounting efficiency) Poor completion) 3/Achieved 4/ Achieved 5/ Achieved 5/ Achieved 5 - 3/Achieved C&AG LFA APPLICATION OF 13TH FINANCE Budget TG & S to Electro PT by PT Benchmar Account Report Report to Ombuds SFC Fire Plan COMMISSION : Compliance Status Supple C&AG transfer ULB’s Board king toLeg Leg by States (Source: 13th FC Process Process Process Process Process Process Process Compi Process Process Conditions to Access Performance Compiled Compiled Grant –Compliance Status, MoUD) Initiated Initiated Initiated Initiated Initiated Initiated Initiated led Initiated Initiated Component 4 – Investment Plans Based on the state assessment and city profiling, the respective Heritage Cell conducted participatory consultations, workshops and focus groups with scholars, experts and local stakeholders to select potential heritage areas for the preparation of a demonstration Detailed Project Report (DPR) or investment plan in the pilot city to test out the approaches and tools promoted by the Program. Through a rapid appraisal, demonstration areas in each city were selected according to their: • Land uses – Area that has a representative mixed land use, with cultural, commercial, and residential areas. • Socioeconomic status – Area with a highly diverse socioeconomic group and poverty pockets. • Heritage at risk – Area with lower living standards and degraded heritage assets. • Heritage significance – Area that covers most of the city’s monuments and vernacular heritage as well as significant intangible assets. Traditional Approach Program Approach •Top down approach • Bottom up approach •Supply driven (based on technician’s • Demand driven (by community views) aspirations, heritage values) •Limited community consultation • Developed through participatory methods •Sector-based interventions • Area-based interventions •Single infrastructure provision focus • Multi-sectoral focus (service provision, livelihood promotion, heritage rehabilitation, institutional strengthening) Component 5 – Knowledge Management Given the nature of the Program as an instrument for testing methodologies and disseminating experiences, ongoing knowledge management was central to Phase 1.  At the central level, activities involved continuous knowledge support to the Steering Committee, and the initiation of a process of revision of the existing JnNURM guidelines to ensure more effective allocation of JnNURM funds and a more inclusive, area-based approach to urban revitalization, which better reflects the reality and capacities of cities.  At the state level, good practices were shared with the states and a stronger dialogue between the states and the pilot cities was facilitated.  At the city level, expert teams were posted in each pilot city and assigned to assist city authorities and the respective Heritage Cells, and city-to-city peer learning through study tours and exposure visits was promoted across India. Results to Date At policy making level: At city level: At technical level: • Increased awareness • Increased empowerment • Greater interest in and of potential of heritage of pilot cities in focus on multi-sectoral assets for inclusive urban identifying local needs and heritage-based development. and proposing new ideas. interventions among local authorities. • Strengthened collaboration • In Rajasthan, between ministries and incorporation of the • Testing of mechanisms agencies across states and heritage zones identified for coordination and cities. by the Program in the multi-sectoral city’s master plan, investments in distinct • Interest expressed by other currently under review. contexts. states and cities to receive support in applying the • Agreement to update methodology through JnNURM guidelines for investment loans and heritage cities in technical assistance. partnership with distinguished organizations. VARANASI DEMONSTRATION DPR "Benaras is older than history, older than tradition, older even than legend and looks twice as old as all of them put together" Mark Twain Varanasi or Benaras, Kashi, Avimukta, Rudravasa and Mahashmashana, is one of the oldest living cities in the world. According to the Vamana Purana, the Varuna and the Assi rivers originated from the body of the primordial person at the beginning of time itself. The land lying between them is believed to be ‘Varanasi’, the holiest of all pilgrimages. The word ‘Kashi’ originates from the word ‘Kas’ which means to shine. Steeped in tradition and mythological legacy, Varanasi is the ‘original ground’ created by Shiva and Parvati, upon which they stood at the beginning of time. Varanasi is located in the middle of the Ganga plains. Historically it was part of an important water trade route that connected Patliputra (Patna) to Taxila (presently in Pakistan). Varanasi became the microcosm of India’s traditional classic culture: a city glorified by myth and sanctified by religion. From time immemorial, its temples, shrines and ashrams have attracted uncounted worshippers searching for the rays of the dawn shimmering across the Ganges, the temples and shrines along its banks stirring hymns and mantras, along with the fragrance of incense filling the air and the refreshing dip in the holy waters gently splashing at its ghats. Archaeological evidence suggests that the city was populated from 800 BCE to 1000 BCE. Most of the remaining monuments, networks of residences, market streets, and secular buildings were constructed in the 18th and 19th centuries. The 82 ghats and palaces along its seven kilometers of riverbank were constructed by most princely states of India. Varanasi’s intangible heritage and rich tapestry of music, arts, crafts and education, have given life and meaning to this material heritage for centuries. The products of its artful silk weaving have also been cherished as collectors’ items worldwide. In its 3000 years of existence, Varanasi has experienced periods of growth, prosperity and change. In the last forty years, however, it has witnessed unprecedented urban growth pressures, which are irreversibly threatening the city’s heritage and sociocultural landscape in a scale and intensity never faced before. Muslim invaders Hindu Rulers looted Varanasi rebuilt the city 1300 AD 1800 AD 528 BCE 800 AD 1700 AD 1948 AD Buddha gave his first Shankaracharya Mughal Aurangzeb Varanasi independence sermon in Sarnath wrote commentaries attacked and looted the city Administrative Units Area km2 Population 2011 % of District Pop Municipal Corporation 82.10 1,091,918 34.70 Urban Agglomeration 115.27 1,231,220 38.49 Master Plan 144.94 1,278,934 40.63 Development Region 477.34 2,483,750 78.90 District 1,564.83 3,147,927 100 City Morphology Varanasi neighborhoods represent different periods in history. Presently, the city can be divided into three areas: • The Old City located along the ghats, within 200m from the riverbank, is characterized by high densities and narrow streets lined with ancient houses on both sides. An area of high religious significance, the old city retains most of Varanasi’s heritage and is the center of its cultural activities. It also has a high concentration of commercial activities, both formal and informal. • The Central area bounds the Old City up to the National Highway 2 at the western and northern edge of the city. It is characterized by lower density and less congested streets with relatively wider roads as compared to the Old City. Development pressure is high and is likely to impose additional stress on the already strained existing infrastructure and Old City. • The Peripheral area along the Trans Varuna has experienced a different development pattern (sprawl) than the rest of the city, driven by the construction of a new ring road in the north part of the city, and of connections to the national highway in the south. Municipal Corporation Varanasi land use, development plan and building permission are Number of Wards 90 controlled by the Varanasi Development Authority. Number of Administrative Zones 5 Population Profile and Poverty  The city population has undergone significant growth, with a seven-fold increase in the last century (from 157 people/ha in 2001 to 179 people/ha in 2011). It is ranked 32nd amongst India’s 53 large cities. Its literacy rate was 79.39% in 2011.  Varanasi has 228 slums spread all over the city, housing about 57,055 households or 453,222 people (37.69% of the total population). The slums cover approximately 1372.6 ha (about 17%) of the city. The average density in slum areas is 330 per ha, with 10 people per household as compared to the city ’s 7.3 average. Income of a slum household is about Rs.100-150 per day.  In 2011, the Varanasi work participation rate was 28.7%, a low rate compared to both state (32.5%) and national (39.9%) levels as per the census. Micro, small and household businesses account for 73.52% of workers, with 10.69% engaged in manufacturing and 6.80% in the tertiary sector. Spinning and weaving is the oldest and most important economic activity in Varanasi and employs more than half of the workers, followed by textiles. City-wide Heritage Mapping The city-wide mapping of Varanasi’s tangible and intangible heritage was conducted in about six months. It was carried out in a participatory manner and involved not only the local authorities and communities, but also renowned scholars and experts from the city to ensure accuracy. It entailed desk reviews, a series of workshops, one-to-one interviews and reconnaissance visits to the ghats and other heritage areas of the city. Heritage properties, areas and cultural practices were clustered into five core heritage zones Categories of Tangible Heritage 82 ghats and riverfront area located within 200m from and 7km along the riverbank, from the Assi Nalla River in the south to the Varuna River in the north of the city. The riverfront is lined by palatial buildings, as well as shrines and temples. Archaeological sites, such as the WHS Sarnath, where Lord Buddha first taught the Dharma in 528 BC, Kunds or sacred water located 13km north-east of Varanasi, bodies used for rituals as and the archeological excavations at well as an ancient rainwater Rajghat, the ancient northern limit harvest and flood control of Kashi from the 12th to 8th system. century BC. Religious Sites including over 3,300 Hindu shrines and temples, about 1,388 Muslim shrines and mosques, 12 churches, 3 Jain temples, 9 Buddhist temples, 3 Sikh temples and several other sacred sites. The Vishwanath Temple Complex, built in 1776 by Ahalya Bai of Indore, is the most popular. Beside its religious significance, the temple is also an architectural marvel. Other important temples include Kabir Math, Durga, Tulsi Manas, Alamgir Mosque, Bharat Mata, Jain Saint Shvetambar. Partial List of Tangible Heritage Ghats Temples & Mosques Buddhist Assets Kunds Havelis Archeological Sites Assi Jagarnath Temple Sarnath Dhurga Panday Remains of a brick fort Tulsi Lolarak Temple Cahukhandi stupa Laxmi Suryauday Old Ruined Kot Bhadaini Kedarghat Temple Lolark (Fortress) Jaina Raja ghat Temple Kurukshetra k Closed Cemetery Chet Singh Dharbhanga Temple Pisachmochan Tomb of Lal Khan Shivala Dasaswesmeswar Temple Ramjanki/ Mata Graves of European Hanuman Ram Mandir Suraj Officers Hariscandra Dharkup Ram Khera or Mound Kadar Viswanath Temple Sankuldhara representing the Kshemeshvara Aurangajeb Mousque Soniya ancient Sukalpura Raja Adivisweswar Temple Iswargangi Ancient Mound Chausatthi Rajiya Masjid Karnghanta Dharahra Mosque Darabhanga Kalbhairaw Temple Mandakini (Aurangzeb Mosque ) Ahilyabai Vindomadhaw Temple Raja bazar Lt. Col. Pogson's Tomb Dashashvamedha Trilochal Temple Pandeypur Mutiny Monuments Mana Mndir Ravidas Temple Dhobighat Observatory of Lalita Kabir Temple Panch Pandav Mansingh Manikarnika Kamakhya devi Mandir Pushkar Pahlapur inscribed Lat Ganga Mahala Parashwnath Temple or monolith Bhonshala Durgaji Temple Tablet on the Treasury Rama TulisiManas Mandir Building Panchaganga Sankat Mochan Mandir Telia Nala Buddhist Durga Ruins Brahma Two graves at Old Adi Shitala Artilery lines Trilochana Victoria Memorial Raja Adi Keshava Gola Nandeshwar Categories of Intangible Heritage Fairs and Festivals including sessions of the largest gathering in the world, Kumbh Mela, as well as Dhrupad Mela, Bharat Milap, Nakkatayya, Mahashivaratri, Nag Nathaiya Leela, Hanuman Jayanti, Ganga Mahotsav, among others. Performing arts including vedic music and dance genres such as Thumri, Dadra, Kajri and Katthak Silk weaving. Buddha’s mortal remains, according to legend, were covered by silk cloth woven in Varanasi. Scholastic Traditions dated from the 2nd century BC, when Patanjali wrote Mahabhashya on Panini’s grammar, a unique, phonetically organized alphabet system and establishing Varanasi as a center of learning apart from religion. Partial List of Intangible Heritage Scholastic Tradition Music & Dance Ramleela Fairs and Festivals Ancient Crafts and Cuisine Banaras Hindu Kabirchaura Ramnagar Rathyatra mela Wooden toy University Kashi Tabla Ramleela Durga kund mela making Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Gharana Pt. Kishan Nati Emli Gazi miyan ka mela Silk weaving Vidhyapeeth Maharaj Ramleela Lota Bhanta mela Tabla and Sampurnanand Katthak Chetganj Sivapur mela Sarongi Sanskrit University Dhrupad Ramleela Mahashivaratri Pan Central Institute for Thumri (Poorvaiya) Khojwa Ramleela Nag nathaiya Higher Tibetan Studies Assi Ramleela Bharat Milap Holi Budhwa Mangal Ganga Dussehara Makar sankranti Buddhaa Purnima Nakkataiya Lat Bhairava Mela Proposed Pilot Areas Based on the city profiling and the mapping of its tangible and intangible heritage assets, consultations were carried out at city level to identify the possible pilot areas for the pilot DPR. The criteria for pre-selection of the pilot areas were: Bundi Perkota Ghat City-wide demonstration effect Community Fateman Mosque mobilization Heritage significance Improvement of living standards Linkage with livelihood Heritage at risk The city presented the pre-selected areas to the Program Steering Committee, responsible for the final Kunds selection. Selected Pilot Areas The proposal in the ghats aims to Panch Pandav Kund rebalance city development along its riverfront by improving the conditions of and promoting lesser known areas. Today, most services are provided and visitors go to Dasaswamedh Ghat and Assi Ghat, neglecting most ghats in the city’s northern areas. The proposal in the kunds aims not only to improve the living conditions and assets of the local community living within their immediate boundaries, but also of those in the Trilochan-Gola-Nandeshwar Ghat surrounding areas who depend on the kunds for their livelihood. Their revitalizaton is also expected to benefit the city more widely, by increasing its green intake and recreational areas in the short-term, Pushkar Kund while recovering important environmental functions once other kunds are rehabilitated in the long- term. Panch Pandav and Pushkar Kunds Revitalization Varanasi Ancient Water System Original functions: • Provision of harvested rain water to the local communities • Flooding control system by collecting and directing storm water from the city to the Ganges • Places of ritual bathing for local communities and pilgrims. Current situation: From original 118 to current 26 • Major disregard (i.e., water hyacinth) • Public unawareness of kunds importance and services provided to the city • Damages due to garbage dumping and encroachments. Expected Impacts WHAT RESIDENTS AND LOCAL To increase awareness of the kunds’ significance to Varanasi AUTHORITIES WANT and to pilot a method for their revitalization and continuous stewardship. In the long-term, to contribute to improve quality of life of the city population through the valorization and rehabilitation of its ancient water supply and flooding control systems while helping recharge its endangered ground water sources. The criteria for selection of kunds included: 1. High mythological and religious/cultural significance to • Better quality of life the local population: • Green spaces and cultural-  Panch Pandav Kund (4th halt of Panchkoshi Yatra) recreational areas  Pushkar Kund (replica of Pushkar in Rajasthan; • Adequate infrastructure located in the Antargrahi Yatra Route). • Well maintained religious 2. Located both in the outskirts (Panch Pandav Kund) and places within the city (Pushkar Kund). • Kunds preserved The identification of the three pilot areas was based on suggestions from the local communities, as well as analysis of the existing land use and of their heritage significance and linkages to livelihoods. Proposed Activities for Kund Regeneration 1. Structural stabilization of the kunds 2. Conservation of water bodies, including water quality improvement 3. Infrastructure upgrading for the local community 4. Provision of public amenities and signage for pilgrims 5. Organization and promotion of economic and recreational activities 6. Creation of new green and performance areas 7. Basic services, such as solid waste management, sewerage, public lighting Panch Pandav Kund Pushkar Kund PANCH PANDAV KUND Pilot Area Delineation Area of immediate influence = 0.48 Km2 Panchkoshi Yatra route Immediate impact area Intermediate impact area (walking distance) Community drawn map City level impact area The Panch Pandav Kund has five Shiva Lingas related to the Mahabharata five brothers. According to the legend, the five brothers, during the course of their exile, spent a night at the kund. It is also the 4th night halt of PANCHKOSHI PILGRIM YATRA, a 88.5km route from the Manikarnika Ghat, and divided into five parts marked by overnight stops: Kardmeshwar, Bhimchandi, Rameshwar, Shivpur and Kapildhara. The Yatra is a collection of myths pertaining to the third section of the Brahmavaivarta Purana pilgrimage, known as Kashi Rahasya. The Yatra become popular in the 16th century. The Kund and temple were renovated in the late 18th century by Queen Rani Bhawani. Dharmashalas were constructed near the kund for pilgrims’ night halt in the 19th century. Panch Pandav Kund Significance Intangible and Tangible Heritage of the Kund Residential  Bathing and washing of clothes and utensils Religious and  Jivitya Pujan Cultural  Dala Chhath  Dev Diwali  Ramleela  Kushti competition  Puja and other religious activities  Ritual of haircut and bathing, after death of relative  Panchkoshi Yatra, Ramleela, and rituals performance (average 15.000 people)  About 25,000 pilgrims visit the Kund for rituals during Adhik Maas Economic  Selling of flowers, Diyas, and Prasad during festival times at nearby temples Livelihood Dependency on Kund Childrens’ Vision of the Kund Regenerated Competition organized by the local authorities at Sant Atulanand Convent School, Shivpur Existing Land Use Proposal Public Spaces and Facilities PUSHKAR KUND Pilot Area Delineation Area of immediate influence = 0.06 Km2 Panchkoshi Yatra route Immediate impact area Intermediate impact area (walking distance) City level impact area Community drawn map Pushkar Talab was mentioned in Skand Puran’s 14th text Kashi Khand as a sacred water pool Pushkar Kund is a replica of the religious Pushkar site in Rajasthan. The Kund has a Brahma temple similar to the one in Pushkar. It attracts thousands of pilgrims and visitors as it is believed to bestow equivalent benefits as the original site. The local community and pilgrims also take holy baths (Kartik Snana) during Kartik Poornima in the Kund Pushkar Kund Significance Livelihood Dependency on Kund Local Community Consultations ShitaldasjiBadaAkhada (Brahma Temple and Ashram) • Cleaning of water hyacinth • Lighting facility • Police security Kahar community • Public awareness • Pathway around the kund • Efficient solid waste management • Proper entry steps to kund • Pay and use toilet facility • Street furniture • Willing to contribute for the • Pay and use toilet facility maintenance of the kund Existing Land Use Proposal Public Facilities TRILOCHAN-GOLA-NANDESHWAR GHATS Pilot Area Delineation Area of immediate influence = 0.056 Km2 Panchkoshi Yatra route Immediate impact area Intermediate impact area (walking distance) City level impact area Community drawn map Criteria for Selecting the Ghats The stretch from the Assi Ghat to Trilochan Ghat is the most commercialized and visited by pilgrims. The remaining ghats are mostly residential and often neglected in terms of services. Residential ghat stretch Commercial ghat stretch Ghats’ Significance Local Community Consultation Nishad Bind Community Kalku Sardar Akhada Samiti • Resting shelters • All boats should be beautifully decorated, • Plantation promoting the heritage of Varanasi • Prohibit gambling activity in the ghat • Sitting spaces • Police patrolling on land and water Harijan Community • Buildings in the ghats should use one color • Sitting spaces • Resting shelters • Toilet facilities • Pay and use toilets • Resting shelters • Pollution (noise & water) control) • Prohibit gambling activity in the ghat • Proper solid waste management • Landscaping • Proper safety measures for women Mahant of Trilochan Ghat • Changing rooms • Resting shelters • System for safety and security, police Existing Land Use Proposal Public Spaces and Facilities Proposed City Heritage Guided Tour Proposed City Heritage Bus Route AJMER DEMONSTRATION DPR Ajmer genuinely fuses Hindu, Jain and Islamic heritages. One of the oldest cities of the state of Rajasthan, Ajmer was founded in the 7th century A.D. by Ajayrajsingh Chauhan. The city. was named after King Ajayraj, originally Ajaymeru, meaning ‘the one surrounded by mountains’. The Chauhan dynasty ruled Ajmer until the beginning of the 12th century, despite several attacks from Turkic Muslims. The permanent foundation of Islam in India was laid by Khawaja Mouinuddin Chishti in the city in 1192 A.D. Ajmer remained subject to Delhi sultanate until 1365 when it was captured by the Mewar ruler. In 1509, the city became a source of contention between the maharajas of Mewar and Marwar, and was ultimately conquered by the Marwar ruler in 1532. Ajmer was dominated by the Mughal Emperor Akbar in 1559, who ruled the city until 1770, when it was ceded to the Marathas. From then up to 1818, Ajmer was alternatively seized by the Mewar and the Marwar maharajas. The Hill Fort of Taragarh and the Anasagar Lake are the only remains of the Chauhan dynasty. It took 15 years for Emperor Akbar to build the mosque of Adhai-Din-Ka-Jhonpra, whose carved stones were later engraved with Islamic calligraphy from the Quran. The Chisti Shrine Dargah Sharif is one of India’s most important Islamic pilgrimage sites. The Dargah Sharif, Akbar Fort and Badshahi Building and the remaining old havelis are witnesses of the supremacy of the Mughal culture in the region. City and Population Profile Ajmer is a typical example of an Indian city with a dense inner historic area, with over 50,000 persons/km2 as compared to the overall city area density of 5,750 persons/km2. Total Population: 542,580 (2011) Below Poverty Line population: 19 percent No. of slums: 80 Population in slums: 140,000 (1/4 total), includes those in the inner city area Main Economic Activities Others Industry 5% 8% 30% 13% Trade and Commerce 22% Transport. Storage 23% and Communication Primary Sector Construction City Morphology 50 Growth Rate % 40 30 20 10 0 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 Ajmer city boundaries 1950 1970 1990 Present Total urbanized area of 13,444 acres (53.8 km2) of which 85% is developed, 5% is government owned and 10% is open spaces and water bodies. The largest developed land is under residential use (45%) followed by transportation (18%) and commercial use (12%). City–wide Heritage Mapping The city-wide mapping of Ajmer’s tangible and intangible heritage was conducted in about seven months. As in Varanasi, it involved the state and local authorities, residents and experts. Desk reviews, workshops, one-to- one interviews and reconnaissance visits to the city inner area and other significant areas (e.g., Lake) were conducted. Tangible Heritage Hindu Architecture Anasagar Lake (Soni Ji ki Nasiha) Type of Tangible Heritage No. Temples 10 Mosques and tombs 18 Havelis 22 Islamic Architecture Precincts 33 (Baradari, Akbar Fort, Taragarh) Ghats 2 Dargah Shariff Total 85 Traditional Rajasthani Architecture (Lodha ki Haveli, Daddo ki Haveli, Naya Bazzar façades) Clusters of Intangible Heritage Traditional Food Ittar Making Nahar Mohalla Naya Akbar Fort Bazaar Ittar Gali Dargah Bazaar Gota Work Dargah Pilot Area – Long Listing Proposals from City Development Plan, Proposals from Tourism Department, Proposals from local stakeholder Ajmer-Pushkar Ajmer consultations (Program) 1. Anasagar Lake Rejuvenation 1. Eco tourism development of Chasma-a- 1. Akbar Fort Precinct • Afforestation and soil conservation nur behind Taragarh Fort Development measures 2. Rope way from A-Dhai din ka Jhopara 2. Heritage Walk • Disiltation of Anasagar Lake to Taragarh 3. Tourist Circuit within city • Construction of community toilets 3. Redevelopment of Fort Wall of • Taragarh complexes Taragarh • Dargah • Public awareness and training 4. Basic facilities for tourists • A-dhai-din kaJhopara • Lab for water quality monitoring & 5. Conservation of all water bodies • Baradari biological research • Aama bav • Foy Sagar • Bad bav • Anasagar 2. Tourism and Conservation • Kela bav • Akbar Fort • Pre-paid counters at bus stands and • Katan bav 4. Restoration of all old city gates railway station 6. Conversation and beautification of Foy 5. Dargah area improvement • Establishment of tourist information Sagar 6. Accessibility to all monuments centres 7. Parking for shopkeepers • Promotion of Ajmer as a tourist 8. Handicraft Centre at Akbar Fort destination • Development works in and around Priorities shortlisted by State Urban Department Dargah Sharif • Construction of New Vishram Sthali 1: Heritage Walk in Ajmer Old City and Naya Bazar Revitalization • Promenade around Anasagar 2: Revitalization of Anasagar Lake and Monuments Conservation of heritage monuments • Development of Arts and Crafts Village 3: Revitalization of Taragarh Dargah Area 4: Dargah e Sharif Area Revitalization Criteria for Pilot Area Selection 1. Heritage Relevance  High density of city’s landmarks and traditional streescapes 2. Combination of a variety of socioeconomic uses (living heritage)  Religious activities  Cultural activities  Commercial activities  Residential  Natural areas used for urban agriculture, water bodies 3. Poverty impact  Family-owned business areas surrounded by low income neighborhoods and slums 4. Heritage-at-risk and area-based challenges  Lack of adequate water provision, solid waste management, traffic management affecting heritage  Low awareness of heritage values leading to demolition, inadequate adaptations, expansions Selected Pilot Area The pilot area selected by the Program Steering Committee is the old core within the 5 gates and walls of the emblematic Akbar Fort. This is one of Ajmer’s most densely populated areas and its traditional cultural and commercial heart. Objective: Old City inclusive urban regeneration for its integrated socioeconomic, cultural, ecological and physical long- term sustainable development Pilot Area • Extension: 6.972 km2 • Total population: 50,802 people In order to raise awareness and expose people • Number of slums: 4 to the city’s heritage, a 2.12 km Heritage Walk • Total slum population: 235 households was proposed, linking the area’s tangible and intangible heritage Commercial areas Pilot Area Delineation Residential areas Monuments Livelihood Dependency on Inner City Heritage Nayabazaar: one of the three main market areas of Ajmer. The main economic activities intrinsically related to Ajmer’s intangible heritage are clothing, eatery, jewelry. There are about 2,000 people working on these domains in the area. Issues (Services and Infrastructure) Proposal The area was divided into 5 stretches and 2 chowks, given its diverse socioeconomic uses and cultural features. Specific components were discussed with local shoppers, street vendors and residents, among other key stakeholders. Stretch 1 – Akbar Fort Components • Façade treatment and signage • Parking facilities • Administrative offices for museum ticketing and heritage walk information • Basic services provision • Street furniture Stretch 2 – Nayabazar Components • Façade treatment and signage • Organization of street vendors • Basic traffic management • Parking for commercial and residential uses • Basic services provision • Street furniture Stretch 3 – Dadoo Haveli Components • Façade treatment and signage • Solid waste management • Street furniture • Electric wiring • Drainage improvement • Parking Stretch 4 – Ramdayal ki Haveli Components • Façade treatment and signage • Solid waste management • Street furniture • Drainage improvement • Electric wiring • Parking Stretch 5 – Chotta Ghara Components • Façade treatment and signage • Solid waste management • Street furniture • Parking • Community spaces Components • Solid waste management • Urban equipment (waste bins, lighting) • Electric wiring • Drainage improvement • Parking • Signage and façade regulation Chowk 1 Revitalization Components • Façade treatment and signage • Solid waste management • Street furniture • Roads paving and parking Components • Solid waste management • Urban equipment (waste bins, lighting) • Electric wiring • Drainage improvement • Parking • Signage and façade regulation Chowk 2 Revitalization Components • Façade treatment and signage • Solid waste management • Street furniture • Organization of street vendors • Road paving and parking Components • Solid waste management • Urban equipment (waste bins, lighting) • Electric wiring • Drainage improvement • Parking • Signage and façade regulation Façade regulation and public awareness Signage and Information Proposed Inner City Heritage Walk PUSHKAR DEMONSTRATION DPR Pushkar Sarovar was created at the place where a lotus flower fell from the hands of Lord Brahma and touched the ground. The name Pushkar derives from the word “Pushp” meaning flower and “Kar” meaning hand. According to Hindu mythology, it is believed that three Pushkars were formed when three lotus petals dropped from Lord Brahma’s hand: Kanishta/VridhaPushkar, Madhya Pushkar and JyesthaPushkar. KanishtaPushkar is located 3km from the town’s inner area. Madhya Pushkar is situated on the right side of the KanishtaPushkar. Pushkar Lake is JyesthaPushkar. The lake is 2 hectares in size and has 52 ghats. Sanchiattest inscriptions show its existence in the late 2nd century B.C. Apart from a few silver coins from the Gupta period, there is not a great deal of information about that era. During the invasions of Huns, Pushkar was destroyed and forgotten. In the 12th century, the town was conquered by Chauhan, who rebuilt it to its glory. Most of the Hindu temples were in turn destroyed by the ruler. With the formation of the Rajput coalition under the leadership of Mewar, Pushkar again flourished. For Rajput leaders, visits to Pushkar and subsequent donations to the town were not only motivated by religious beliefs, but also enhanced their status. Pushkar received special attention from courts of Amber, Bundi, Bikaner and Jaisalmer. The Maharaja Man Singh of Amber constructed the Raj Ghat and Man Temple in Pushkar, while RanaPratap renovated the Varah Temple. The Marathas also constructed several buildings in the 18th century. Its world famous cattle fair was first initiated during the British rule. Town and Population Profiles Pushkar has 15 wards. Its population density is unevenly distributed with the highest in the inner area (923 people/ hectare) as compared to the overall town area density of 45 people per hectare. Main Economic Activities Primary Total Population: 17,389 (2011) Decadal Growth Rate: 28.5 per cent Services 11% 10% Below Poverty Line population: 23 percent 8% Trade and Business No. of Slums: 7 7% 40% Transport, Storage and 24% Communication Construction Household Industry Town Morphology 30 25 20 15 10 Growth Rate % 5 0 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 Pushkar city boundaries 1950 1970 Present Type of Tangible Heritage No. Tangible Heritage Temples and ashrams 32 Mosques and tombs 2 Ghats 52 Other heritage 9 Total 94 Tangible Heritage Listings ASI Academic Research Program 1.Mahal Badshahi 1.Kalika mata temple 1. Sanyas Ashram All the Ghats 1. Hada Ghat 2.Brahma Temple 2.Hanuman baori 2. Panch Kund 1. Bangla Ghat 2. Dadich Ghat 3.Papmochini Temple 3. Devrani jethani ki Baori 2. Indra Ghat 3. Bramha Ghat INTACH 3. Gwaliyar Ghat 4. Savitri Ghat 4. Kapil Kund 4.Bihari ji ka Temple 4. Mahadev Ghat 5. Parshuram 1.Brahma Mandir 5. Savitri Mata Temple 5. Bansi Ghat Ghat 2.Kapaleshwar Mahadev 5.New Rangji temple 6. Adhar shila 6. Varah Ghat 6. Tarani Ghat Temple 6.Sunset Point 7. Agastya Muni Gufa 7. Kurmanchal 7. Karani Ghat 3.Bada Ganesh Mandir 7.Mahal Badshahi (Jahangir) 8. Bhartari ji ki gufa Ghat/Modi Ghat 8. Kalyan Ghat 4.Digambr jin Mandir 8.Bhavan Bheirav ka Mandir 9. Ajay Pal 8. Narsingh Ghat 9. Chodi Pedi 5.Shahi masjid 9.Uttar Mukhi Hanuman 10. Nanda Prach Saraswati 9. Jhulelal / Ghat Temple Vishram Ghat 10. Raj Bohara 6.Badri Narayan Temple 11.Markareshwar Temple 10.Mahaprabhu ji ki Bethak 10.Palika Ghat Ghat 7.Ram Lakshman 12.Kakreswar Temple 11.Badri Ghat 11. Tantu nath Temple 11.Patharai Mata 13.Ram Mandir 12.Asthal Ghat Veshya Ghat 8.Kalubaba ka Mandir 12.Asthbhuj Bekunth 14.Rishi Vishwamitra Ashram 13.Gangaur Ghat 12. Kota Ghat 9.Narsingh Temple Ashram 15.Pandeswar Mahadev 14.Ram Ghat 13. Vallabh Ghat 10.Old Rang ji Temple 13.Guru Nanak Darbar Sahib 16.Maha Lakshmi Pol 15.Jagannath Ghat 14. Veer Gurjar 14.Prachin Hanuman Gadhi 16.Nagar Ghat Ghat 11.Varah Ghat 17.Nausar Mata 15.Prem Prakash Ashram 17.Chir Ghat 15. Balunda Ghat 12.Kedar Nath Temple 18.Ganesh Mandir (Bhat 16.Nav Khandiya 18.Janana Ghat 16. Shree Krishna 13.Varah Temple Bavadi) 19.Gau Ghat Ghat 14.Neelkanth Mahadev 17.Aanand Kutir Ashram 19.Sudha Vapi 20.Gandhi Ghat 17. Jodhpur Ghat 15.Shree Atmteshwar 18.Ram Dham 20.Bhuda Pushkar 21.Regran Ghat 18. Shiva Ghat Temple 21.Badar Mata 22.Bharatpur Ghat 19. Saptrishi Ghat 19.108 Mahadev Mandir 22.Vaidnath Mahadev Temple 23.Yagya ghat 20. Jaipur Ghat 20.Koteswar Mahadev 24.Chhik Mata Ghat Temple 23.Lomash rishi 25.Amar Nath Ghat 24.Markandey Ashram Clusters of Intangible Heritage Pushkar Mela Malpua Gali Crafts Bazaar Lath Bazaar Brahma Temple Rituals in the traditions ghats Pilot Area – Long Listing Proposals from City Development Proposals from Tourism Department, Proposals from local stakeholders Plan, Ajmer-Pushkar Ajmer (Program) 1. Lake Rejuvenation 1. Conservation and beautification 1. Parking facilities at all town entrances to 1. Reforestation of Nag Pahar, Nand work for Buddha Pushkar reduce congestion in inner area and Narwar 2. Conservation and beautification of Mela ground Papmochini Temple 2. Soil conservation measures 2. Heritage walk (Day & Night) 3. Underground power lines 3. Water treatment plant 4. Conservation of all water bodies 3. Signage and public utilities 4. Laboratory 1. Sudhabay Kund 4. Craft Training Centre 5. Public awareness 2. Suraj Kund Baori 5. Underground power lines 6. Pedestrianization of heritage 3. Psushkar 6. Religious/Cultural Circuits precinct 5. Comprehensive Development of 7. Road side landscaping 7. Provision of parking spaces SAAT KOSHI and CHOBIS KOSHI 8. Road from Ananta Resort to Pushkar Parikrama with the conservation 8. Conservation of abandoned ghats bus stand or till RTDC Hotel and beautification of monuments and temples 9. Eco-Tourism 2. Tourism 6. Walking and trekking routes 10. Tourist related facilities 1. Information centers 7. Road side landscaping 11. Clock Rooms 2. Improvement of roads to various 8. Visitor Centre 12. Tourist Information Centre religious and archeological sites 9. Brochures and maps 13. Amenities 3. Development of Mela Ground 14. Route maps and information about 4. Development a new camping site monuments and temples 5. Development of tourist circuits 15. Shoes room at Brahma Temple 6. Development of arts and crafts 16. Rose Nurseries village 7. Construction of heritage hotels Priorities shortlisted by State Urban Department and dharamshalas 1: Pushkar Inner Area Revitalization 8. Development of Pushkar helipad 2: Mela Ground Rehabilitation 3: Eco Trails and Sade Saat Koshi Criteria for Pilot Area Selection 1. Heritage Relevance  Concentration of the town’s landmarks, historical and religious assets 2. Combination of a variety of socioeconomic uses (living heritage)  Religious activities  Cultural activities such as Pushkar Mela  Commercial activities  Residential  Lake multi use 3. Poverty impact  Commercial areas surrounded by low income neighborhoods and slums 4. Heritage-at-risk and area-based challenges  Lack of adequate services affecting heritage  Inadequate conversion of old havelis and modifications of other traditional properties  Discriminated growth and changes in the town’s skyline The town’s core area around the Lake and its 52 ghats – Pushkar’s Selected Pilot Area commercial and residential heart – was selected by the Program Steering Committee. As in Ajmer, a 3.17 km Heritage Walk is proposed linking the area’s material and intangible heritage. Objective: Old core inclusive urban regeneration for Pushkar’s integrated socioeconomic, cultural, ecological and physical long-term sustainable development Pilot Area Area covered: 15 acres Working population: 4,500 people Proposed Heritage Walk Routes • Route 1: From Mahal Badshahi and ending at Brahma Temple (1.17 km) • Route 2: From Brahma Ghat and ending at Jaipur Ghat or the Sunset Point (2.0 km) • Complete Parikrama : From Mahal Badshahi to Jaipur Ghat or Sunset Point (3.17 km) Issues (Services and Infrastructure) Existing Land Use Proposal The area was divided into 5 stretches and 3 chowks, given its diverse socioeconomic uses and cultural features. Specific components were discussed with local shoppers, street vendors, residents, visitors, hotel owners, religious trustees, amongst other key stakeholders in the town. Stretch 1 – Mahal Badshahi to Jodhpur Ghat Components • Façade treatment and signage • Parking and greenery • Information center • Basic services provision • Street furniture Stretch 2 – Jodhpur Ghat to Kota Ghat Components • Façade treatment and signage • Basic services provision • Street furniture Stretch 3 – Kota Ghat to Brahma Ghat Components • Façade treatment and signage • Basic services provision • Street furniture • Promenade and seating areas Stretch 4 – Varah Ghat to Old Rangji Temple Components • Façade treatment and signage • Basic services (open drains) • Street furniture • Organization of street vendors Stretch 5 – Varah Temple to New Rangji Temple Components • Façade treatment and signage • Basic services (open drains) • Street furniture • Parking and green spaces Chowk Revitalization near Brahma Ghat Guchar Area Revitalization Residential Chowk Revitalization Components • Façade treatment and signage • Basic services provision • Street furniture and playground • Parking and green spaces Rescue of the Town’s Cultural Landscape The adaptive use of abandoned areas is proposed to showcase local artists’ paintings, sculptures, and traditional and contemporary Rajasthani performing arts, as well as to raise awareness of the town’s value as a Heritage Town and its many assets and their intrinsic relationship with the residents’ way of life and the town’s economy. The Heritage Walk highlights Proposed Heritage Walk not only Pushkar’s cultural heritage, but also its surrounding landscape: the Sarovar and Aravali mountains. Proposed Heritage Bus Tour The proposed one-day heritage tour between Pushkar and Ajmer covers about 40km, starting and finishing in their respective bus stations, winding through their old neighborhoods and cultural landscapes. Features Catalogue A basic catalogue has been prepared as a ready guiding reference for ULB officials and residents to propose and carry out restoration or adaptation of heritage properties or landscapes in Pushkar and Ajmer. The catalogue has:  Prominent architectural features of both city and town  Color palette  Trees and other natural features for landscaping  Patterns of gateways, doors, windows, balcony, Chhajja, column structures, jali, etc. It also presents market products already available and compatible with both areas. The catalogue is proposed to serve as a reference to the Development Control Regulation of Ajmer and Pushkar. HYDERABAD DEMONSTRATION DPR Hyderabad was built in 1589 by Mohammed Quli Qutub Shah of the Qutub Shahi dynasty in the banks of the Musi River eight kilometers east of Golconda Fort. The Purana Pul "old bridge” was built to easily connect Golconda to the new city. The city was built to accommodate Golconda’s growing population. “Char Minar” was built in 1591 as a ceremonial gateway marking the foundation of Hyderabad, a new Millennial City, and as a point of reference for its planning grid pattern with precincts and iconic monuments. During the Qutb Shahi reign, Hyderabad became a vibrant diamond trade center and Golconda one of the world’s leading markets for pearls, steel and printed fabric. All of its seven sultans were patrons of learning and contributed to the development of Indo-Persian and Indo-Islamic literature and culture in the city. Its “baghs” (gardens) and comfortable climate attracted visitors from far away, adding vibrancy to the city. Hyderabad's independence fell in 1687 when Mughal prince Aurangzeb conquered Golconda. With the emancipation of the Mughal Empire after Aurangzeb's death in 1707, the Mughal-appointed governors of Hyderabad gained more autonomy from Delhi. In 1724,Chin Qulich Khan Asaf Jah I Mir Qamaruddin Siddiqi, who was granted the title Nizam-ul-Mulk (governor of the country), defeated a rival official and established control over Hyderabad, inaugurating the Asaf Jahi dynasty that would rule the city until India's independence from Great Britain. The seven Nizams reestablished Hyderabad both culturally and economically. Hyderabad became the formal capital of the kingdom and Golconda was abandoned. Aurangzeb sieged and Andhra Ikshvaku Dynasty conquered the city 225 AD – 325 AD 1687 AD 3rd century BC 230 BCE – 220 CE 1463 – 1686 AD 1725 – 1947 Mauryan Empire Satavahana “Andhra” Qutb Shabi Dynasty builds Nizam Dynasty rebuilds of Ashoka the Great Empire Hyderabad Hyderabad to its glory In the Bazaars of Hyderabad What do you sell O ye merchants? Richly your wares are displayed Turbans of crimson and silver Tunics of purple brocade Mirrors with panels of amber What do you weigh, O ye vendors? Saffron and lentil and rice. What do you grind, o ye maidens? Sandalwood, henna, and spice. What do you call, o ye pedals? Chessmen and ivory dice. What do you make, O ye goldsmiths? Wristlet and anklet and ring, Bells for the feet of blue pigeons Frail as a dragon-fly’s wing, Girdles of Gold for dancers, Scabbards of Gold for the king. What do you cry, O ye fruit men? Citron, pomegranate, and plum. What do you play, O musicians? Cithar, Sarangi and drum. What do you chant, O magicians? Spells for axons to come. What do you weave, O ye flower- girls With tassels of azure and red? Crowns for the brow of a bridegroom, Chaplets to garland his bed. Sheets of white blossoms new- garnered Heritage Precincts To perfume the sleep of the dead. Water Bodies Sarojini Naidu Heritage Listed Buildings INTACH, Hyderabad Chapter, Heritage Annual 2012 City-wide Heritage TANGIBLE INTANGIBLE Religious Traditional Natural Infrastructure Handicraft Cuisine Festivals Precincts Built forms Features Batukamm Masjids Devdis Rock Systems Bridges Lac Bangles Biryani a Ashurkhana Sarais Lakes Institutions Wark Haleem Bonalu Tanks Osmania Madarsa Gateways Cemeteries Zari Works Musi River Public Pearl Biscuits Temples Baradari Plaza Works Qubani ka Church Tombs Markets Glass Meetha Complex Painting Palaces Badam Ki Dobi Ghats Parsi Temples Jewelry Jaali Clock Towers Pattar ka Ghosh Criteria for Pilot Area Selection 1. Heritage Relevance  Concentration of the city ’s heritage Economy Well-being Significance landmarks  Significance of the area/city-wide historic importance (located in the heart of the city and connecting its main monuments and historic areas) 2. Diversity of socioeconomic uses (living heritage)  Economic  Religious  Commercial  Residential  Institutional 3. Poverty impact  Green, institutional and commercial areas surrounded by low income neighborhoods Livelihood and slums dependency 4. Heritage-at-risk and area-based on the Musi challenges Heritage  Lack of adequate services affecting heritage Selected Pilot Area Monda Market Mozamjahi Market Koti Market Begum Bazaar Charminar Market Main Bazaar Areas Area Population Musi River Dhoolpet 31.913 Begum Bazaar 32.361 Sultan Bazaar 39.459 Puranapul 36.062 Ghansi Bazaar 38.474 Pathergatti 33.662 Noorkhan Bazaar 30.420 Linkages with Existing Mozamjahi Market Area Riverfront Development Investments Hyderabad National River Conservation Heritage Area Project: Phase I (completed) Puranapul Bridge •Construction of 16 interception & to Chaderghat Bridge (3.5) km diversion (I&D) structures Metropolitan Area •Laying of 35.36 km conveying mains Chaderghat Bridge •Construction of 4 stps of 592 MLD capacity to Nagole (12.0 km) GHMC Hyderabad National River Conservation Imlibund ProjectPhase II (bidding process) Begum Bazaar Park •Construction of 10 stps of 610 MLD Precinct capacity •Laying of 68.07 km conveying mains •Construction of 10 pumping stations •Construction of 7 I&D structures to divert sewage into new conveying mains Ecological Area Charminar Tippu Khan Bridge Precinct Greater Hyderabad Municipal to Puranapul (6 km) Corporation Musi Revitalization Project (completed) • River conservation in front of High Court •City level landscaping and promenades •Rehabilitation of bridges Heritage Properties •Water pool •Construction of rubber dams Green Walkways •Construction of north–south corridor Bazaar Areas Bazaar linkage with the River Issues and Proposal Key Map The city’s core area from Puranapul Bridge to Chaderghat Bridge was selected by the Program’s Steering Committee. The area was divided into three main stretches according to their physical characteristics, heritage assets and socioeconomic dynamics. Specific components were discussed with residents, vendors and other key local stakeholders. Stretch 1 Stretch 2 Stretch 3 1.945 km 2.345 km Land Use Description Residential Slum Settlements Commercial Public & Semi-Public Industrial Green Areas Shivaji Bridge Chaderghat Puranapul Muslimjung Bridge Bridge Bridge Community consultations points Bridges along the Musi River Components and Activities Heritage Conservation and Urban Design Structural improvements to Redevelopment of and signage in Rehabilitation of tangible (river heritage bridges and retaining areas of historic significance drives, suspension bridges) and walls and communal use promotion of intangible heritage (local cuisine, arts and crafts) Livelihood Improvement Community Engagement Improvement of traditional street Rehabilitation of dhobi ghats Rehabilitation of neglected public vending zones areas and creation of cultural centres along river edge Service Delivery and Infrastructure in Slum Pockets • Water Supply Improvement of urban facilities Promenades and landscaping • Sewerage network (parking areas, etc.) • Storm water drains • Solid Waste Management Human and Institutional Strengthening Sensitization programs Heritage Cell continued capacity Area specific guidelines for Musi building Heritage Precinct Stretch 1 – Puranavul to Muslimjung Bridge Signage City Components College • Restoration of Puranihaveli Bridge • Basic services provision to slums along stretch • Access to southern river front • Signage Stretch 2 – Muslimjung to Shivaji Bridge Components Gateway • Heritage Walk from Victoria Hospital to Shah Khurshid Rath Khana • Resurfacing of the main access from/to Charminar • Signage and solar street lighting • Structural strengthening of river retaining walls • Pushcarts for Hawkers • Promenade development from Muslim Jung Bridge to Shivaji Bridge • Landscaping, streetscape and lighting • Organization of street vending zones Stretch 3 – Chaderghat bridge to Imlibun Station Vending zones Components • Promenade development • Basic service provision to slums along stretch • Landscaping, streetscape and lighting • Organization of street vending zones • Access to green areas • Signage Arq. Suryanarayan Murthy proposal Proposed Promenade from Chaderghat Bridge to Imlibun Station Proposed Road, Parking Facilities and Sidewalks Actual Proposed Next Steps The Program team is currently  Policy strengthening and knowledge discussing Phase 2 of the Demonstration management for inner city Program with the central Indian management, exposure visits, and authorities. sensitization for public officials and city managers at state and regional levels, etc. Phase 2 aims to expand and institutionalize the piloted approaches and mechanisms through urban  Broad-based capacity support for states development and poverty schemes, to review regulatory and institutional especially at central and state levels. frameworks for city heritage management, develop selection criteria for pilot projects, etc. Similarly to Phase 1, the second phase would be implemented in partnership with key expert agencies in India and  Technical and advisory assistance for abroad and government institutions cities to establish Heritage Committees, across India. prepare DPRs, perform technical oversight of DPR preparation, etc. It would be executed in direct support to the implementation of JnNURM and other key government schemes in principle through three main set of activities: The Demonstration Program on Inclusive Heritage-based City Development in India was possible due to the vision and collaborative efforts of many individuals and agencies from India and around the world. The Program was originally requested by Mr. Venu Rajamony (former Joint Secretary, Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, Government of India), and endorsed by Mr. Roberto Zagha (former Country Director for India, World Bank). It was designed under the overall guidance of Mr. Nilaya Mitash (Joint Secretary, Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance), Ms. Nisha Singh (former Joint Secretary, Ministry of Urban Development), Mr. Vijay Shankar Madan (former Joint Secretary, Ministry of Culture), and Ms. Aruna Sundararajan (former Joint Secretary, Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation), Government of India. During its conceptualization, the team consulted with cultural officials and experts from the Archeological Survey of India, INTACH, UNESCO New Delhi, and other reputable scholars, heritage conservation and urban professionals across India. The Program was implemented under the guidance of Ms. Nisha Singh (Program Chair,), Mr. Onno Ruhl (Country Director for India, World Bank) and Ms. Maria Correia (Sector Manager, Social Development, South Asia, World Bank). It was also implemented under the World Bank and UNESCO Memorandum of Understanding and the expert guidance of Mr. Francesco Bandarin (Assistant Director General for Culture, UNESCO). Its Pilot Phase 1 was financed by the Governments of India and Italy under the Multi Donor Trust Fund for Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism managed by the World Bank. Knowledge sharing activities were co- financed by the National Institute of Urban Affairs – NIUA, Ministry of Urban Development. Its implementation would not have been possible and in such short period of time without the leadership, enthusiasm and contributions of many government officials, experts, businesses, community members and residents from each pilot city and respective states. The Program team expresses its sincere gratitude to each and all of them. Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh: Mr. C.B. Paliwal (Principal Secretary, Urban Development Department – UDD, Government of Uttar Pradesh – GoUP), Mr S.P. Singh (Special Secretary, UDD, GoUP), Mr. Paveer Kumar (former Principal Secretary, UDD, GoUP), Mr. U.S. Singh (Deputy Secretary, UDD, GoUP), Mr. Khurshid Ahmed (Information Department, GoUP), Mr. Manoj Kumar Singh (former Secretary and Director General, Department of Tourism, GoUP), Mr. Ravindra Kumar (Regional Tourist Officer, Department of Tourism , GoUP), Mr. Ratnesh Varma (Chief, Regional Cultural Centre, Department of Culture, GoUP), Mr. Subhash Chandra Yadav (Regional Archaeological Officer, Archaeological Department, GoUP), Mr. Pravin Kumar Mishra (Superintending Archaeologist, Archaeological Survey of India – ASI, Lucknow Chapter), Mr. P.K. Tripath (Superintending Archaeologist, ASI, Varanasi Chapter), Mr. Ajay Shrivastava (Deputy Superintending Archaeologist, ASI, Varanasi Chapter), Mr. Manoj Saxena (Assistant Superintending, ASI, Varanasi Chapter), Mr. Sanjay Kumar Manjul (Superintending Archaeologist, ASI, Patna Chapter), Mr. Rakesh Kumar Singh (Municipal Commissioner, Lucknow Municipal Corporation – LMC), Mr. P.K. Srivastava (Additional Municipal Commissioner, LMC), Mr. Ram Gopal Mohale (Mayor, Varanasi Municipal Corporation – VMC), Mr. R. P. Singh (Municipal Commissioner, VMC), Mr. Sachidanand Singh (Additional Municipal Commissioner, VMC), Mr. P.K. Panday (former Municipal Commissioner, VMC), Mr. S. C. Singh (Executive Engineer, VMC), Mr. Arvind Shrivastava (Assistant Engineer, VMC), Mr. Shandeep Shrivastava (Computer Coordinator, VMC), Mr Anoop Kumar Verma (Computer Operator, VMC), Mr. Shailendra Tripathi (Environment Officer, VMC), Mr. V. K. Singh (Vice Chairman, Varanasi Development Authority – VDA), Mr. S.K. Mishra (Secretary, VDA), Mr. T.P. Singh (Assistant Town Planner, VDA), Mr. S.K. Upadhyay (Assistant Engineer, VDA), Mr. Dinesh Singh (Accounts Officer, VDA), Mr. K. S. Parihar (Project Officer, District Urban Development Authority, Varanasi), Mr. Sanjay Kumar Singh (Project Officer, Pollution Control Board, Jal Nigam, Varanasi), Mr. J.B. Ray (Project Officer, Pollution Control Board, Varanasi), Mr. R.P. Panday (Executive Engineer, Jal Nigam, Varanasi), Mr. Ajeet Gupta (Assistant Engineer, Jal Nigam, Varanasi), Prof. Rana P. B. Singh (Head, Department of Geography, Banaras Hindu University and member of Varanasi Heritage Cell), Mr. Alok Ranjan (Convener, INTACH, Lucknow Chapter), Mr. Kalyan Krishna (Convener, INTACH, Varanasi Chapter), Mr. Raj Kumar (Co- Convener, INTACH, Varanasi), Mr. Navneet Raman (former Convener, INTACH Varanasi and member of Heritage Cell), Mrs. Urmila Devi (Councilor, Ward no. 3), Mr. Ramyesh Mishra (Councilor, Ward no. 8), Mr. Jitendra Sheth (Businessman, Paanch Pandav Kund – PPK), Mr. Murarilal Gupta (Businessman, Paanch Pandav Kund), Mr. Madan Shankar (Businessman, PPK), Mr. Ajay Sharma (Businessman, PPK), Mr. Rajeshkumar Chorasiya (Businessman, PPK), Mr. Markande Chorsiya (Businessman, PPK), Mr. Sureshkumar Chorasiya (Businessman, PPK), Mr. Harendra Jayswal (Businessman, PPK, Vice Chairman of Ramlila Samiti), Mr. Gyanprakash Gupt (Cloth Merchant, PPK), Mr. Anitkumar Yadav (Businessman, PPK), Mr. Ashokkumar Keshari (Lawyer), Mrs. Shushila Pandey (Resident, Trilochan Ghat), Mr. Bhanu Chauhan (Resident, Pushkar Kund), Mr. Shiv Kumar (Resident, Nandeshwar Ghat), Mr. Mohit (Member, Kalku Sardar Akhada Samiti), Shri Amarnath Giriji (Mahant of Kardameshvara Temple), Mr. Faojdar Ramgiriji (Resident, Trilochan Ghat), Mr. Rakesh Yadav (Owner, Nandeshwar Ashram, Akhada), Mr. Morarilal Gupta (Chairman, Maa Astbhuja Seva Samiti), Mr. Suresh Chaurasiya (Minister, Maa Astbhuja Seva Samiti), Mr. Shyamsundar Maudanwal (Treasurer, Maa Astbhuja Seva Samiti), Mr. Sharwan Kumar Singh (Member, Sri Ramlila Samiti, Shivpur), Mrs. Vidya Singh (Principal, Sant Atulanand Convent School, Shivpur Varanasi), 35 students (Sant Atulanand Convent School, Shivpur Varanasi), Mr. Dinesh Prajapati (Councilor, Trilochan Ghat Area), Mr Vinay Kumar (Journalist, Aaj News Paper), Mr. S.C. Vajpayee (Journalist, Hindustan), Mr. Debabhis Paul (Member, Kautilya Society), Mr. Akshay Kumar (Journalist, Hindustan News Paper), Mr. Chetan Swarup (Journalist, Amar Ujala News Paper), Mr. Akhilesh Panday (Journalist, Times of India) and residents in the Trilochan Ghat and in the Paanch Pandav and Pushkar kunds. Ajmer and Pushkar, Rajasthan: Mr. G. S. Sandhu (Additional Chief Secretary, Urban Development and Housing Department, Government of Rajasthan – GoR), Mr.N. K. Khare (Chief Town Planner, Town and Country Planning Department – TCPD, GoR), Mr. R.K. Vijayvargia (Senior Town Planner, TCPD), Mr.H.S. Sancheti (Technical Advisor, TCPD), Mr. Praveen Jain (Associate Town Planner, TCPD), Ms. Meenal Jain (Assistant Town Planner, TCPD), Mr. T.C. Meena (Director, Department of Local Bodies, GoR), Mr.R.K. Paliwal (Chief Engineer, Department of Local Bodies, GoR), late Mr. Syed Azam Hussain (Superintendent, Department of Archaeology and Museum , GoR), Mr. G.S. Gangwal (Deputy Director, District Tourism Office, GoR), Mr. Ranveer Singh (Officer, District Industries Centre, GoR), Mr. Vaibhav Galeriya (District Collector, Ajmer District), Mr. Rajesh Sharma (PA to District Collector), Mr. Hanuman Singh Chauhan (Communications Officer, Ajmer District), Mrs. Pushpa Satyani (Secretary, Ajmer Municipal Corporation – AMC), Ms.Vinita Srivastava (Chief Executive Officer, AMC), Mr. Arun Mehta (Additional Chief Engineer, Urban Improvement Trust – UIT, Ajmer), Mr. M.K. Mathur (Executive Engineer, UIT, Ajmer), Mr. B. Agnihotri (Executive Engineer, UIT, Ajmer), Mr. Ankit Mathur (Junior Engineer, UIT, Ajmer), Mr. Virendra Shekhawat (Executive Engineer, Ajmer Vidyut Vitran Nigam Ltd), Mr. Narayanlal Meena (Commissioner, Pushkar Municipal Board), Mrs. Manju Kurdia (Chairman, Pushkar Municipal Board), Mr. Paras Jain (Engineer, Pushkar Municipal Board), Mr. Gopal Chittoria (Senior Town Planner, Town and Country Planning Department, Ajmer), Mr. Arvind Yadav (Executive Engineer, AMC), Mr. Lalit Karol (Senior Engineer, Public Health Engineering Department – PHED, Ajmer), Mr. N. K. Tak (Executive Engineer, Public Works Department – PWD, Ajmer), Mr. M. D. Chhangani (Senior Engineer, PWD, Ajmer), Mr. Ashok Agrawal (Executive Engineer, PWD, Ajmer), Dr. Manoj Mathur (Honorary Warden, Wildlife Department), Mr. Shaukar Singh (City Coordinator, Nehru Yuva Kendra, Ajmer), Mr. Teellam Sharma (Councillor, Pushkar Municipal Board), Mr. Sanjay Jesue (Member, Pushkar Municipal Board), Mr. Dharmendra Agarwal (Owner, Agrawal Mishtan and Gajhak, Ajmer), Mr.Kunjbihari (Owner, Agrawal Namkeen, Ajmer), Mr. Guman Luniya (Owner, Luniya Haveli, Ajmer), Mr. Anil Lodha (Owner, Lodha Haveli, Ajmer), Mr. Vishnu (Owner, Mohanlal Madholal Dudhwala), Mr. Lal Mohamad (Owner, Bangle Shop, Ajmer), Mr. Om PrakashGarg (Owner, Gota Factory, Ajmer), Mr Deepak Jain (Owner, Bangle Shop Owner), Mr. Satyanarain Chandra Prakash (Owner, Gandhi Ittar Shop), Mr. Dilip Kumar Lohar (Fruit Vendor, Ajmer), Mrs. LakshmanJi Sekhawat (Fruit Vendor, Ajmer), Mr. Vishnu Agarwal (Vendor, Dal Pakwan , Ajmer), Mr. Mishrilal (Owner, Jain Sari Shop, Ajmer), Mrs. Dorwthy Amita Baptist (A. C. D., D.R.O. Sec 2, Ajmer), Mr. Syed Saghir Abbas (Secretary, Dargah Miran Sahib), Mr. Uttam Kandoi (President, Nayabazar Cloth Merchants Association, Ajmer), Mr. Raj (Owner, Robin Jewellery, Pushkar), Mr. Anil Agrawal (Owner, Rajasthali Handicraft, Pushkar), Mr. Nathulalji Sharma (President, Brahma Temple Market Association, Pushkar), Mr. Ramesh Rupani (Owner, Shoe Shop, Pushkar), Mr. Vipin (Owner, Vipin Jewellery, Pushkar), Mr. Sandeep Parashar (Owner, Out of the Blue Restaurant & Café), Mr. Mukesh Banasal (Owner, Sri Rammishthan, Pushkar), Mr. Babulalji (Owner, Sun Set Cafe, Pushkar), Mr. Ravi Sharma (Owner, Roots of Pushkar Records, Pushkar), Mr. Ananta Prasad Ganeriwal (Trustee, Old Rangnath Ji Temple, Pushkar), Mr. Jagat Singh (Owner, Jagat Singh Palace Hotel, Pushkar), Mr. S. P. Gautam (Member, Congress), Mr. Govind Parashar (Guide and Priest, Pushkar), Mrs. Samis Sapew (Resident, Pushkar), Mr. Raghu Pareek (Chairman, Hotel Association), Mr. Narendra Pathak (Resident, Pushkar), Mr. Anoop Mehrotra (Hotel Owner, Pushkar), Mr. Mekum Sharma (Journalist, Dainik Bhaskar), Mr. Nathu Sharma, (Journalist, Dainik Navjyoti), Mr. Mahaveer Bhatt (Journalist, Rajasthan Patrika), Mr. Izhar Hussain (Khadim, Taragarh Dargah, Ajmer), Mrs. Anil Parashar (Social Worker, Pushkar), Mr. O.P. Sharma (Researcher, Ajmer), Mr. Ashok Maheshwari (Owner, Sugarcane Juice, Shop, Ajmer), Mr. Ashok Bindal (President, Nayabazar Jewellers Association), residents in the old centers. Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh: Mr. Adhar Sinha (Principal Secretary, Department of Municipal Administration & Urban Development, Government of Andhra Pradesh – GoAP), Mr. Rajiv Ranjan Mishra (former Principal Secretary), Mr. Srinivas (Executive Director, AP Tourism Development Corporation and former Director, State Department of Museums & Archaeology), Mr. Ramakrishna (Director, State Department of Museums & Archaeology), Mr. K. Rama Narsaiah (Joint Director, Tourism Department), Dr. B. S. Manyam (Research Officer, Department of Archaeology and Tourism), Shri R. Krishnaiah (Superintending Archaeologist, ASI), Mr. Babji Rao (Assistant Superintending Archaeologist, ASI), Mr. M. Madan Babu (Field Officer, Ministry of Culture, Regional Centre), Mr. M. T. Krishna Babu (Commissioner, Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation – GHMC), Mr. Majid Hussain (Mayor, GHMC), Mr. Dhananjay Reddy IAS (former Additional Commissioner, Planning, GHMC), Mr. Ziauddin Ahmed (Director of Planning, Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority – HMDA), Mr. Adul Raoff (Chief Planning Officer, GHMC), Mr. Ronald Rose IAS (Additional Commissioner, Planning, GHMC), Mr. Srinivas Rao (Additional Director, Heritage, GHMC), Mr. G. V. Raghu (Chief City Planner, GHMC), Mr. V. Narendra Rao (Additional Chief City Planner, GHMC), Ar. Sanjay Torvi (Senior Conservation Architect, GHMC), Mr. Mohd. Raheem Shah (Deputy Director, Engineering, GHMC), Mr. Mohd. Moinuddin (City Planner, GHMC), Mr. P.A. Lakshman Rao (Joint Director, Town and Planning, GHMC), Mr. Syed Muzaffer Hussain (Building Committee, GHMC), Ms. Nagamani Rao (Community Organizer, Urban Community Development Department, GHMC), Mr. Krishna (Slum Development Officer, GHMC), Ar. G. S. Murthy (Conservation Architect, consultant GHMC), Ar. Nithin Sinha (Conservation Architect, consultant GHMC), Mr. D. Rami Reddy (Director, Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply & Sewerage Board – HMWSSB), Mr. Mohammed Abdul Kabeer (Deputy General Manager, Central Design Cell, HMWSSB), Mr. J. Krishna Rao (Executive Engineer, Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority – HMDA), Mr. B. Pratap Reddy (Planning Officer, HMDA), Dr. B. Srinivasa Rao (Assistant Director, Urban Forestry, HMDA), Mr. V. V. Sharma (Planning Consultant, HMDA), Ar. S. P. Shorey (former Chief Planning Officer, HMDA), Mr. D. Om Prakash (Tourism Information Officer, Department of Tourism, GoAP), Mr. R. Rajamani (former Chief Secretary, former Chairperson of Heritage Conservation Committee, HMDA), Mr. Sajjad Shahid (Member, Heritage Conservation Committee, HMDA), Mr. Sudhir K. Mohan (Retired Chief Planning Officer, HMDA), Ms. Frauke Quader (Heritage Conservation Committee Member, Save the Rocks), Ms. Padmini B. Patel (Management Committee Member, Save the Rocks), Ms. Jasveen Jairath (Advisor, Save Our Urban Lakes), Prof. Vinod Ganesh (Head, School of Planning & Architecture, JNA& FA University), Mr. Omim M. Debara (General Secretary, Forum for Better Hyderabad), Mr. Anuradha Reddy (Aviation Historian and INTACH Convener, AP Chapter), Mr. Veda Kumar M. (President, FBH and Co-convener, INTACH, AP Chapter), Mr. Rani Sharma (former Convener, INTACH, Hyderabad Chapter), Ar. G. Shanker Narayan, Mr. Maheep Singh Thapar (Managing Director, Adapt Technologies), Ms. Madhu Vottery (Conservation Architect and author of A Guide to the Heritage of Hyderabad), Ar. Vasant Shobha (Conservation Architect), Mr. Narendra Luther, Mr. Mohd. Safiullah (Honorary Managing Trustee, Deccan Heritage Trust), Mr. Ghiasuddin Akber (Member, Historical Society of India), Mr. V. K. Bawa (Executive Editor, Centre for Deccan Studies), Mr. N.Reddy (Director, Salarjung Museum), Mir Kamaluddin Ali Khan (Secretary, Mukarram Jah Trust for Education and Learning, Member of AP Wakf Board), Mr. M. Ramachandraiah (Professor, Centre for Economic and Social Studies), Dr. D. Bhaskara Rao (Chief Curator, Salar Jung Museum), Mr. Chowmahalla (Palace Trust Authorities), Mr. Rohit P.S. (Correspondent, Times of India), Mr. Babli Yadav (Correspondent, Deccan Chronicle), Mr. J.S. Ifthekhar (Correspondent, The Hindu), Director Salar Jung Museum, Director Osmania General Hospital, Mr.Abdul Jaleel Khan (Shopkeeper and Waraq supplier), Mr. Roshan Ali (Traditional Craft Shopper), Mr. Arun Kumar (Satyanarayan Pearl and Ornament Dealer), Ms. Nasveen Begum (Zari Handicraft Artisan, residents of Ramba Rao Devdi Slum, Noorkhan Bazar), Ms. Salma Rashid (Resident of Moosa Nagar Slum, Chaderghat area), Mr. Ramanamma (Idol making, Chaderghat Bridge), Mr. Jagadeesh (Idol making, Musallam jung Bridge), Mr. Afzal Khan (Shopkeeper, Jummeraat Bazaar), Mr. Moiuddin Pasha (Shopkeeper, Jummeraat Bazaar), Moosa Nagar slum residents and members from the Agarwal community, shopkeeper at Jummeraat Bazaar, pot sellers along the Chaderghat Bridge, families from Shivaji to Nayapul bridges, vendors and residents in Chudi Bazaar slum outside Ganesh Temple, Chudi Bazar, workers dhobis from the Puranapul Dhobighat, grass cultivators living in the Nayapul Bridge. Phase 1 was implemented by a team of professionals competitively selected from CEPT University, Ahmedabad, including Prof. Saswat Bandyopadhyay (Coordinator), Mr. P.K. Ghosh, Prof. Emeritus Mr. C.K. Koshi, Mr. Rajiv Kadam, Prof. C. N. Ray, Dr. Shrawan Achariya, Ms. Purvi Vyas, Ms. Sameeha Sheth, Mr. Harpal Dave, Mr. Tushar Bose, Mr. Sriporna Chakraborti, Mr. Raktim Ray, Ms. Pompiya Mondal, Ms. Meghna Jain, Ms. Kinnari Panchal, Mr. Suryakant Verma, Ms. Shashi Tindwani, Mr. Ajay Kumar, Mr. Avinash Kumar, Ms. Ramya Maladi, Mr. Sujay Chokshi, Mr. Mehul Tuwar, Ms. Bhargavi Chowdhury, Mr. Alok Das, Mr. Chintan Patel, Ms. Gargi Joshi, Mr. Vijay Meena, Mr. Satish Kumar, Mr. Srinivas Uruti, and undergraduate summer interns Ms. Prerna Bung, Ms. Yamuna Narayana, Ms. Sruthi Siddhabhaktula, Mr. Vikas G., Mr. Sujith Supraneni. Dr. Debjani Ghosh (Senior Research Officer, National Institute of Urban Affairs – NIUA), Mrs. Satmohini Isha Roy (Research Officer, NIUA), Ms. Shabana Charaniya (Urban Executive, NIUA), Mr. V Govindankutty (CEO, Indian Heritage Cities Network – IHCN Mysore), Mr. Raykar (Executive Director, IHCN Mysore), Mr. Ravi Gundarao (IHCN Mysore), Mr. Debashish Nayak (Director, Centre for Heritage Management, Ahmedabad), Ms. Anjali Kadam (Senior Advisor, ASI, Gandhinagar), Mr. P.K.V Nair (Ahmedabad Heritage Cell, Municipal Corporation), Mr. Mahendra Vikram Singh (Convener, INTACH Ajmer) provided expert support to the Program team. The Program was developed by a team comprising Stefania Abakerli (Program Leader, World Bank) and D. Ajay Suri (Regional Adviser for Asia, Cities Alliance) with the support of late Richard Clifford, Giovanna Prennushi and Lakshmi Narayanan (World Bank Delhi). The team benefited from the continuous advisory support of Mr. Nagaraju Maddirala and Mr. Manoj Pant (Indian Executive Director Office, World Bank), international experts including Mr. Ron van Oers (UNESCO), James Wescoat (Aga Khan Professor, MIT) and Patricia O’Donnell (ICOMOS) and all above referred Indian experts, officials and citizens. The Program team also acknowledges and is grateful to all individuals and organizations for the maps and additional images presented in this booklet. All maps and drawings were prepared by the implementing agency, CEPT University. Most maps were overlaid on free access Google satellite images. Most pictures were taken by the Program team. Cover page: Resident at Pol, Ahmedabad; photo taken by Stefania Abakerli, The World Bank Group. Pages 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 24, 25, 27, 28, 30, 37, 44, 45, 53, 54, 103, 105, 106, 111, 113, 114, 116, 117, 118, 127, 131, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 143, 149, 166, 167, 169, 180; photos taken by Stefania Abakerli, The World Bank Group. Pages 13, 18, 19, 24, 37, 59, 60, 61, 63, 65, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 76, 77, 81, 82, 87, 90, 91, 94, 119, 129, 135, 138, 139, 144, 154, 155; photos taken by the Program team from CEPT University. Page 48 Page 49 Page 55 Page 57 Page 79 Page 97 Page 98 Page 123 Page 124 Page 131 Page 132 Page 150 Page 151 Page 151 Page 152 Page 153 Maps on pages 50, 53 and 59 prepared by respective state and municipal authorities (please see complete DPRs), and map on page 62 prepared by Prof. Rana P. B. Singh, Banaras Hindu University and Varanasi Heritage Cell. Inclusive Heritage-based City Development Program in India