63545 Driving Change in Water 2010 ANNUAL REPORT A Acknowledgements This report was prepared by the WPP Management Team composed of Diego J. Rodriguez, Matthijs Schuring, Nansia Constantinou, Amanda McMahon, and Margaret P. Johnston. The formulation of the Annual Report was also made possible by the contributions of the following Bank staff and consultants: Caroline van den Berg, Luis E. García, Gabrielle Puz, Maryanne Leblanc, Alexander Danilenko, Michael Jacobsen, Vahid Alavian, Meike van Ginneken, Elizabeth Kleemeier, Javier Zuleta, Daniel Shemie, Hywon Cha Kim, Joy Kazadi, Olusola Ikuforiji, Seema Manghee, Kim Cuenco, Joachim Boko, Jim Reichert, Manuel Marino, Miguel Vargas Ramirez, David Michaud, Shenua Wang, Graciela Testa, and Toshiaki Keicho. Special thanks to Julia Bucknall for her comments on the document, and to peer reviewers Nitin Jain and Marc Sanford Shotten. Photo credits Cover Wave and Smoke Background: © Jeannette Meier Kamer (iStock 11752714) Page ii Combined Delta of the Ganges and Brahmaputra Rivers: Jacques Descloitres/NASA MODIS Page viii Microcredit, Water: Albes Fusha © The World Bank/Flickr Page 4 The Mahakam Delta in East Kalimantan: © Mayumi Terao (iStock 4392512) Page 8 Flooding in Chalco, Mexico: CONAGUA Page 14 Zanzibar Women Collecting Algas: © Luisa Puccini (iStock 16009937) Page 26 Vidraru Lake, Romania: © Catalin Petolea (iStock 15782254) Page 34 Vietnam Water Treatment Plant: Alexander Danilenko, World Bank Page 38 Rice Terraces in Bali: © technotr (iStock 11520350) Page 44 Irrigation Ditch: © Leslie B Bohm (iStock 4602244) B 2010 ANNUAL REPORT Driving Change in Water June 2011 Water Partnership Program (WPP) TWIWA - The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 Contact: Diego Rodriguez, Program Manager (drodriguez1@worldbank.org) Matthijs Schuring, Program Coordinator (mschuring@worldbank.org) Peggy Johnston, Senior Financial Manager (pjohnston@worldbank.org) Nansia Constantinou, Program Officer Communications (nconstantinou@worldbank.org) Amanda McMahon, Program Officer (amcmahon@worldbank.org) www.worldbank.org/water/wpp ii Foreword The Water Partnership Program (WPP) drives change and influences new thinking in water. Through the WPP, the World Bank is able to respond to the emerging needs of its client countries and bring innovative solutions and transformative knowledge to help them resolve complex challenges. The global water landscape is changing and we must be ready to effectively respond to its new challenges. A growing population, increased urbanization and burgeoning industry are spurring greater demand for water to produce food and energy, within the backdrop of a changing climate. We are convinced that conventional responses and thinking are often no longer adequate to address these challenges. Robust solutions require innovative tools, new technologies, better information, stronger institutions, and more capacities. The WPP has established itself as one of the World Bank’s most important tools for bringing these solutions to the forefront of the global water practice. The WPP supports more than 40 percent of the World Bank’s analytical work in water and is maximizing and influencing the impact of over $8 billion in World Bank lending. Whether WPP activities support World Bank operations or policy work, they help improve the quality of services for greater impacts on the ground for the benefit of developing countries. I am pleased to present the 2010 WPP Annual Report which provides an overview of our accomplishments and outlines our future direction. We are grateful to our donors—the governments of The Netherlands, Great Britain, and Denmark—who have contributed more than $23 million to the Program, enabling us to reach 55 countries and benefit the lives of nearly 37 million people. Going forward, we will build stronger alliances and scale-up efforts to address water in the context of green growth, urban development, energy and food security, and disaster risk management. Finally, we will focus on longer-term engagements at the country, basin, and delta levels for more substantive results. These are challenging, yet exciting times to work on water. By working together, we will overcome barriers and ensure a water-secure future for generations to come. José Luis Irigoyen Director Transport, Water, and Information and Communication Technology Department Sustainable Development Network The World Bank iii Acronyms AAA Analytical and Advisory Assistance AAAA Analytical and Advisory Assistance AAWSA Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority AFR Africa Region, World Bank AgWa Agricultural Water for Africa Partnership AusAID The Australian Government’s Overseas Aid Program AWM Agricultural Water Management BNWP Bank-Netherlands Water Partnership in Water Supply and Sanitation BNWPP Bank-Netherlands Water Partnership Program in Water Resources CAP-NET Capacity Building for Integrated Water Resources Management CAR Central African Republic CBU Country Basin Units CONAFOR National Forestry Commission of Mexico CONAGUA National Water Commission of Mexico COP16 16th Conference of the Parties of the UNFCCC – Cancun, Mexico COP17 17th Conference of the Parties of the UNFCC – Durban, South Africa CSO Country Strategy Overview CWRAS Country Water Resources Assistance Strategy DANIDA Danish International Development Agency DfID United Kingdom Department for International Development DGIS Netherlands Directorate-General for International Cooperation DRC Democratic Republic of Congo EAP East Asia and Pacific Region, World Bank ECA Europe and Central Asia Region, World Bank EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EST Expert Support Team ESW Economic and Sector Work ET Evapotranspiration ETC Extended Term Consultant FAO Food and Agriculture Organization GDLN Global Development Learning Network GEF Global Environment Facility GFR Grant Funding Request GW-MATE Groundwater Management Advisory Team GWP Global Water Partnership HEF Hydrology Expert Facility IB-NET International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities IEG Independent Evaluation Group IFC International Finance Corporation ISF Irrigation Services Fee IWA International Water Association IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management IUWM Integrated Urban Water Management KM Knowledge Management LCR Latin America and the Caribbean Region, World Bank iv LEO Learning Events Online M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MCIPR Mid-Cycle Implementation Progress Review of the Water Resources Sector Strategy MDG Millennium Development Goals MDTF Multi-Donor Trust Fund MRC Mekong River Commission MNA Middle East and North Africa Region, World Bank NRW Non-Revenue Water PER Public Expenditure Review PES Payment for Environmental Services PM Program Management PPIAF Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility PPP Public-Private Partnership PSP Private Sector Participation RoC Republic of Congo RWSC Rural Water Supplies Collaborative SADC Southern African Development Community SAR South Asia Region, World Bank SBSTA Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice SDN Sustainable Development Network, World Bank SEP Strategic Engagement Program SWAT Sanitation, Hygiene, and Wastewater Support Service TTL Task Team Leader TWI Transport, Water and Information & Communications Technology Department, World Bank TWIWA Water Anchor Unit in TWI, World Bank UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USAID United States Agency for International Development WASPOLA Water Supply and Sanitation Policy Formulation and Action Planning Project Water Anchor Water Anchor Unit in TWI, World Bank WBG World Bank Group WET Water Expert Team WA/GP Water Anchor/Global Projects (WPP Window) WBI World Bank Institute WBISD World Bank Institute Sustainable Development Department WPP The Water Partnership Program WRM Water Resources Management WSB Water Sector Board WSP Water and Sanitation Program WSS Water Supply and Sanitation WSSP Water Supply and Sanitation Program WUA Water Users Association v Table of Contents Executive Summary .....................................................................................................................................................1 1. Introduction..............................................................................................................................................................5 2. Responding to New Global Challenges ...........................................................................................................9 2.1 Confronting New Obstacles ........................................................................................................................9 2.2 Solutions via Integration ................................................................................................................................9 2.3 The WPP’s Response to the New Water Landscape......................................................................... 10 2.4 Water Overflows into Other Sectors ...................................................................................................... 10 Mining ............................................................................................................................................................10 Health .............................................................................................................................................................11 Agriculture..................................................................................................................................................... 11 Disaster Risk Management ....................................................................................................................... 11 3. Driving Change through Results ..................................................................................................................... 15 3.1 Climate Change ........................................................................................................................................... 15 Steering Climate Change Policy.............................................................................................................. 15 Taking a Science-Based Look at Climate Resiliency .......................................................................... 16 Strengthening the Institutional Capacity of Climate Change Champions ..................................... 16 3.2 Managing Water Resources for Sustainable Urban Growth ............................................................. 17 Improved Management Leads to More Water ...................................................................................... 18 Toward Green Growth: Balancing Natural Systems with Hard Infrastructure .............................. 18 Bringing the Basin to the City .................................................................................................................. 19 3.3 Rural Water Supply and Sanitation ........................................................................................................ 20 The Word Spreads on Successful Private Models ............................................................................. 20 Local Supply Chains Inform National Guidelines ................................................................................ 22 Small Strategies Re-Direct Big Loans.................................................................................................... 22 3.4 Public Expenditure Reviews ...................................................................................................................... 23 Opening the Books Opens the Dialogue .............................................................................................. 23 Providing a Sturdy Baseline for Fragile States .................................................................................... 23 Facilitating Replication ............................................................................................................................... 24 4. Influence and Impact .......................................................................................................................................... 27 4.1 Reaching Vulnerable Populations ............................................................................................................ 27 Beneficiaries: Providing Services to the Bottom Billion ..................................................................... 27 Gender in Water .......................................................................................................................................... 28 Downstream, Even the Fishermen Benefit ............................................................................................ 28 4.2 New Knowledge to Address New Challenges ..................................................................................... 30 Knowledge Management: From the Bookshelf to Broadband ......................................................... 30 Capacity Building Yields Better Practitioners ...................................................................................... 31 Intra-Bank Synergies Bring International Benefit ................................................................................. 32 5. A Robust Portfolio in 2010 ............................................................................................................................... 35 5.1 Mid-Term Program Highlights.................................................................................................................... 35 vi Table of Contents 5.2 Reaching More People in More Places .................................................................................................. 35 5.3 Measuring Progress ................................................................................................................................... 35 6. Financial Summary .............................................................................................................................................. 39 6.1 Donor Contributions to the WPP............................................................................................................. 39 6.2 Monthly WPP Budgets, Approvals and Disbursements ..................................................................... 39 6.3 WPP Overview by Window....................................................................................................................... 39 6.4 WPP Activity Proposal and Allocations Overview ............................................................................... 42 6.5 Overview of EST Financials....................................................................................................................... 42 6.6 Financial Summary of Program Management ....................................................................................... 42 7. WPP Outlook: A Strategy for Sector Leadership ........................................................................................ 45 7.1 Disseminate WPP Knowledge to Benefit the Global Water Practice ............................................. 45 7.2 Strengthen Strategic Partnerships on Emerging Priorities................................................................. 45 7.3 Focus on Multi-Year Activities for Greater Impact................................................................................. 45 7.4 Open Windows to New Donors ............................................................................................................... 46 7.5 Get WET! ....................................................................................................................................................... 46 7.6 Show Value for Money by Improving Monitoring and Evaluation ...................................................... 46 Annex I. Program Objectives, Structure, and Procedures............................................................................... 47 Annex II. Detailed Summary of Strategic Work Plans ...................................................................................... 51 Annex III. List of WPP and EST Activities .......................................................................................................... 59 Annex IV. WPP Activities by Region and Country ............................................................................................. 65 Annex V. Non-Water Bank Projects Influenced by the WPP .......................................................................... 67 Annex VI. Bank Projects Influenced by the WPP .............................................................................................. 69 vii viii Executive Summary Water at the Crux of New Global report also highlights their combined contribution to an Challenges illustrative results area. While not an exhaustive list of the themes supported by the Program, the results areas Recent changes in the world’s water landscape, from draw attention to some new topics. The areas selected urbanization to climate change, have increased the demand for 2010 are climate change, urban water management, for water while, at the same, degrading water supplies. public expenditure reviews, and rural water supply and The mounting challenges posed by the changing demand sanitation. for and supply of the resource highlight the importance of water in any development and growth agenda. The ability More than a quarter of WPP-funded activities promote of developing countries to make more water available for new research, policies, and planning for climate industrial, agricultural, and domestic uses will depend on change adaptation and mitigation.1 Such activities can better management of water resources and more cross- inform decision-making in other fields, like disaster risk sectoral planning and integration. Countries will not be able management, health, and urban development. The WPP to meet their most pressing goals in the areas of human is contributing to the dialogue on food security through development (sanitation, access to water supply), food research on wastewater use in irrigation and rainfed security (agricultural water management), energy security agriculture. Still other activities support components of (hydropower, cooling water), and urban development projects in the mining and navigation sectors. (protection from droughts and floods) without a major shift in the way they manage their water resources. The Water Partnership Program is aligned with emerging and donor priorities, (including support to gender and Responding to these challenges requires the successful poverty issues) and a geographic focus on fragile states integration of the appropriate water policies across and Africa. WPP-funded activities in fragile states are economic sectors. The World Bank works closely with re-invigorating sector development and jump starting countries to help them develop comprehensive solutions. the dialogue on much needed investments to ensure The Water Partnership Program (WPP), a $23.7 water security. Likewise, the Program is influencing Bank million trust fund supported by the governments of The projects that improve access to water and sanitation for Netherlands, Denmark, and Great Britain, has become the poor and promote the role of women in water planning one of the Bank’s most important instruments, providing and management. new knowledge, transformative research, analytical and technical work, and innovative approaches to critical Value Added through Flexibility and issues in every water subsector. Innovation The WPP Offers a Transformative The WPP is becoming a driver of change in the Bank’s Response strategic, policy, and project work. The success of the Program can be partly attributed to the donors’ willingness Now in its second year of implementation, the Water to maintain a flexible structure that allows it to respond Partnership Program is in full operation and making quickly and with ingenuity to emerging needs through significant contributions to the Bank’s efforts to reduce country, regional, and global activities. Downstream poverty. By promoting the role of water across sectors, activities, such as preparatory work for investments, the WPP supports an integrated response to the complex influence Bank lending by enhancing project design and challenges posed by a changing water situation. For quality. Upstream activities, such as research and analysis, this report, several activities have been selected to inform policy dialogue, strengthen institutions, and shape show how the WPP addresses global challenges. The country strategies. 1) This figure includes all approved and draft proposals submitted through December 31, 2010. 1 The WPP influences new thinking. The program’s broad impacts. The results have informed other Bank-funded commitment to new knowledge creation, dissemination, country and regional studies and strategies. The Water and use is seen through its dedication to delivering Partnership Program has also supported efforts to put knowledge products and capacity building programs that water on the global climate agenda for the first time. This expand the use of new research and tools. It also shares has included support for the policy discourse on water water knowledge within the Bank through synergies with and climate change to promote the inclusion of water at other Bank units and sectors such as health, energy, urban the core of new programs and mechanisms under the development, transportation, navigation, and mining. Climate Convention. Influence, Results, and Impacts The Program is piloting an integrated approach to urban water management across three Bank Regions. Improved The WPP yields tangible benefits by supporting greater groundwater management interventions in select cities access to water and sanitation services. The Bank is are expected to produce and use alternative water providing support to lending that benefits the lives of nearly sources, helping to make cities more resilient to climate 37 million people in 14 countries. More than 17 million change and better prepared for meeting the increased of these beneficiaries are in Africa, with South Asia and demand resulting from urbanization. Knowledge gained Latin America and the Caribbean following with 11 million from successful pilot activities in this field in Latin America and 4 million, respectively. This illustrates the exponential and the Caribbean, as well as in Europe and Central Asia, impact of Program support to Bank operations to help are providing real case studies in integrated urban water meet the Millennium Development Goals. management, a methodology that is transforming the way national agencies work together to solve cross-sectoral Each dollar of WPP funding helps maximize the impact issues. of $645 in Bank lending. WPP activities influence over $8.1 billion of Bank financing in the water sector, a figure The Water Partnership Program showcases global models that increases to $14.4 billion when total project costs of successful private provision of water and sanitation are taken into account.2 The Program is thus providing services in rural areas, giving more communities more complementary support to the Bank and helping options. In 2010, in consultation with the Water and achieve the objectives of large-scale lending programs Sanitation Program, the WPP supported a study of the by enhancing their design and improving the quality of use of private operators in 25 rural areas across four Bank implementation. Regions. The results of the study are spurring discussion through a new Bank-wide e-platform dedicated to rural Moreover, Program management has facilitated the water issues. In Sri Lanka, Peru, and China this support replication of successful approaches as well as learning has brought the rural subsector to the national forefront across countries by connecting teams working on similar and influenced $170 million in Bank lending. issues. Activities that started in 2009 have provided the knowledge base for new scaled-up activities this year. Public Expenditure Reviews (PERs), cost-effective tools Some salient contributions to the sector in 2010 are for informing Bank lending and client countries, are now apparent in the Program’s impact on four results areas being used in fragile states in Africa to identify the baseline that are aligned with country, Bank, and donor priorities. for public funding for water and how these resources are used. These activities enable policy discussions geared The WPP leverages the Bank’s ability to mainstream toward meeting national sector goals by providing reliable climate change in water policies and plans. In Mexico, and updated financial information that is often difficult to two different expert support teams (ESTs) are improving collect in areas affected by conflicts. The Program is also the technical capacity of national water institutions to consolidating lessons learned from these exercises to make climate-smart decisions. At the global level, data on make it easier for practitioners to more efficiently conduct climate-induced indicators for 8,000 catchments is being PERs. It is also making primary data available for other analyzed to identify the resiliency of river basins to future analytical research. 2) Total project costs may be covered by several sources. In addition to Bank resources, these include funding from other donors and trust funds, as well as the country’s own budget. 2 Growing Portfolio, High Disbursement, WPP Outlook: A Strategy for Sector and Greater Efficiencies Leadership By consolidating its predecessor trust funds (BNWP In 2011, the WPP will seek a more strategic alliance with and BNWPP), the WPP achieved greater efficiency in its founding partners, as well as with potential new donors, 2009. This was repeated in 2010 with preparations to in order to attain more substantive results on key topics and merge the expert support teams into one Water Expert in key countries and regions. Our donors, who are thought Team (WET). Moreover, in October 2010, additional and leaders in development, have a multitude of experiences unused budget was re-allocated to favor Windows with and sector knowledge to contribute to the partnership. The the best overall performance since program inception. Program wants to harvest this knowledge to reach more This realignment has not only increased efficiency, but effective development cooperation on priority themes. has also resulted in higher disbursements and the faster approval and implementation of new activities. The overarching objective of this strategy is to direct the focus of the Program toward multi-year pilot activities that With 158 activities completed or under implementation focus on key water themes such as green development, in 2010, the Program has expanded its influence to 55 integration of services and resource management countries. As a focus region, Africa still receives the largest considerations, the role of the private sector in ensuring allocation of resources and has the largest number of water security, integration of water in energy security activities. Across all Regions, the sectoral focus remains in and climate-smart agriculture, and improved water line with the initial priority areas identified in 2009 through management in times of increased variability due to regional work plans (namely WSS and WRM). climate change. Knowledge gained during these activities will guide development programs and investments in Nearly 75 percent of the total program budget, or $17.6 these areas. million, has been allocated to activities and Program management. In 2010, the disbursements increased by The outlook for 2011 also includes a stronger commitment over 550 percent from the previous year; the Program to cross-regional and south-south collaboration between has now disbursed or committed $10.3 million. The two teams working in different countries. Successful WPP largest users of funds are the expert support teams and activities will be scaled-up or replicated by facilitating Africa. Given the WPP’s administrative efficiency, overall experience sharing between Bank teams from different management costs fall below the threshold agreed upon Regions that are working on similar topics. Moreover, the by the donors. WPP will broker synergies between activity teams working in the same country, city or river basin, to enable the sharing of information and identify areas for collaboration that will yield greater impacts. “The WPP provides just-in-time funds and high-quality expertise to meet the emerging demands of our client governments. These innovations can be scaled- up through the Bank’s conventional lending mechanisms for greater impact. Once disseminated, the lessons from these activities and projects support global learning on priority water issues.” Meike van Ginneken Sector Leader Sustainable Development World Bank 3 4 1. Introduction Water and the World Bank Program. Donors are reinforcing their commitments to meeting the Millennium Development Goals, and placing Water is essential to sustaining life and enabling economic renewed emphasis on achieving sanitation targets. There growth. For this reason, water is at the core of the World is also new interest in supporting environment and climate Bank’s mandate for sustainable development. The Bank’s issues, focusing resources in fragile states, and promoting vision for the water sector was initially articulated in the gender equality. As a demand-driven program, the WPP 2003 Water Resources Sector Strategy. This forward- is supporting the realization of the Bank’s and the donors’ looking strategy anticipated issues such as climate change new and ambitious agendas. and rapid urbanization before they were at the forefront of global discussions. The recent Mid-Cycle Implementation The Water Partnership Program is a Multi-Donor Trust Progress Review (MCIPR) of the Strategy emphasizes a Fund (MDTF) established in 2009. Its first phase runs from water development agenda that is integrated with energy, January 2009 through June 2012. The WPP consolidates climate, agriculture, land use, and overall economic two previous programs, the Bank-Netherlands Water development.3 According to the review, Bank lending to Program in Supply and Sanitation (BNWP) and the water-related projects are expected to be between $21 Bank-Netherlands Water Partnership Program in Water and $25 billion over the next three years. The review also Resources (BNWPP), which were realigned and emphasizes the importance of strengthening the role of restructured for improved efficiency. The BNWP and the Bank as a global knowledge broker on water-related BNWPP were the first trust funds focused exclusively on issues. providing direct support to regional Bank operational units in their water-related projects. The Program is managed The Bank is re-defining its overall sustainable development by the Water Anchor in the Department of Transport, strategy. The Sustainable Development Network is actively Water and Information & Communication Technology engaging with leading players in the dialogue on global (TWIWA), which is part of the World Bank’s Sustainable green growth and clean energy. In response to increased Development Network (SDN). demand for the Bank’s financial and technical assistance, the institution is outlining a strategic framework to help The Water Partnership Program is a vital tool for maintaining client countries deal more effectively with their climate a healthy level of flexibility and innovation in this large and change challenges. In addition, the Bank is preparing a growing field. The Program provides direct support to new environment strategy and a new energy strategy, Bank operations and analytical work in water projects, expected to be completed by mid-2011. which are often large-scale, long-term investments with static budgets. The WPP is a mechanism that enables Water Partnership Program Overview Bank teams to change course, consider new solutions, and improve designs along the way for enhanced project The Bank’s priorities are consistent with those of the implementation. Put another way, activities funded by the governments of Denmark, the United Kingdom, and The WPP present new, innovative, and timely support to Bank Netherlands, the founding donors of the Water Partnership teams that otherwise would not have the resources to deal 3) The MCIPR can be downloaded at http://siteresources.worldbank.org/NEWS/Resources/sustainingwater.pdf 5 with challenges as they arise. Outside of the project life- cycle, the Program encourages new ideas by funding analytical work that impacts long-term strategies, provides vital data sets for future research, and sets the course for policy dialogue and reform.4 The WPP’s development objectives are aligned with the 2010 Annual Report Outline Bank’s regional priorities and based on the principles of the Bank’s water strategy. They are: This is the WPP’s second annual report. It presents a mid-term review of financial progress and the results Water Resources Management and Development. of activities implemented through December 2010. To help meet this overarching objective of sustainable Chapter 2 discusses new global challenges and water management, the WPP addresses cross-cutting how the Partnership has become an effective tool for issues such as climate change and helps mainstream advocating integrated and cross-sectoral responses pragmatic and principled approaches for water that focus on water as part of the solution. Chapter 3 resources management in lending operations and details some of the Program’s activity-level impacts in policy and strategic work; and selected areas in which it has yielded tangible results; Water Service Delivery. namely: climate change, public expenditure reviews, In achieving this overarching objective of efficient and urban water management, and rural water supply and equitable water services delivery, the WPP supports the sanitation. Chapter 4 provides an overview of Program- expansion and improvement of social and productive level results, including improvements to the quality of water services to urban and rural populations. Bank loans, the impact on livelihoods, and the benefits of knowledge creation and management. Chapter 5 provides While the Water Partnership Program aims to augment an overview of the global portfolio, including budget re- and support Bank lending and assistance, it does not allocation and a breakdown of activities by Bank Region replace functions ordinarily funded by the Bank, including and sector. Chapter 6 summarizes the financial status standard project preparation activities. Activities are only of the Program, including budget allocations, activity funded once the team has demonstrated that the work approvals, disbursements, and commitments, as well as will play a fundamental role in moving forward client a detailed review of the Expert Support Teams (ESTs). and Bank objectives (including gender and poverty Chapter 7 describes the future direction of the Program, reduction). Activities financed by the WPP are also including more strategic partnerships with donors, a more linked to at least one of the five lines of action/themes focused Program strategy, and expansion to include new identified in the Water Resources Sector Strategy: sources of funding. 4) For more information on the structure and administration of the Program, please see annex I. 6 7 8 2. ing o Ne Global New b ba Responding to New Global Challenges 2.1 Confronting New Obstacles Fourth, with the convergence of climate change, the need to allocate water at the local level is now becoming a The sustainable management of water resources is more national and regional dilemma as its availability and quality imperative now than ever before. In developing countries, become more variable across larger geographic areas. growing populations are fueling a greater demand for water Floods and droughts threaten coastal economies and to produce essential commodities like food and energy. the livelihoods of farmers. The poorest countries and the Higher rates of urbanization imply increased demand for poorest populations risk being the least prepared to deal water for domestic and industrial uses, putting stress on with emergency needs in this uncertain landscape. existing raw water sources. Exacerbated by the increase in variability of water due to climate change, these global Finally, all of this is occurring after the most severe trends are creating a new set of challenges. economic crisis since the Great Depression. In a world where sovereign debt and joblessness have risen and First, feeding a planet of 8 billion (by 2030) will require the growth of developing countries has stagnated, it is better water use in agriculture. It is estimated that between clear that previous advances in the fight against poverty 30 and 45 percent more water will be required to meet have been lost. Moreover, the poor continue to face an increasing food demands. Moreover, increased reliance on uncertain future along the road to financial recovery. trade in agricultural products will expose food-importing Water security will be a prerequisite for helping countries countries to water stress impacts from abroad, including get back on their feet and strengthen their resilience to higher food price volatility. future shocks. Second, energy demand will more than double in poor and 2.2 Solutions via Integration emerging economies in the next 25 years. Currently, only 18 percent of the world’s energy comes from hydropower The most adequate response to these multi-sectoral and the capacity of developing countries to generate challenges will require a transformation in behavior, power from water lags far behind that of developed institutions, and policies. Governments will not be able countries. to meet their most pressing goals—human development (sanitation, access to water supply), food security Urban growth is a third variable in this changing (agricultural water management), energy security environment. More than 50 percent of the world’s (hydropower, cooling water), and urban development population lives in cities today, and each day these already (protection from droughts and floods, basic living water-vulnerable hotspots become home to more urban conditions)—without a major shift in how they manage poor. Basic challenges in the provision of water supply water resources and water services. and sanitation cannot be ignored: 1 billion poor people still lack access to safe water supply and 2.6 billion are Within the Bank, these new water challenges translate into without basic sanitation. the need to integrate water across all water-using sectors, 9 which means riskier and more complicated operations. In More specifically, the support provided by the WPP helps addition to scaling up innovative and complex projects, countries manage uncertainties by enabling them to better the Bank and its client countries must ensure quality in the respond to future, more complex challenges (chapter 3 design and implementation of operations. and 4 highlight some key results and impacts at the country level). At the same time, WPP-funded activities help Bank Such accountability is of utmost importance in fragile practitioners work across sectors for more cross-sectoral states where institutions are weak. Water, when scarce and integrated solutions. Examples of such cross-sectoral or disputed, has the power to destabilize countries and coordination are provided in the following section. regions. At the same time, water is a potential solution. It is a source of shared economic benefits, and can serve to 2.4 Water Overflows into Other Sectors reinforce national security and promote economic growth. The Water Partnership Program helps the Bank to demon- The response must also pay attention to vulnerable strate water’s role in other development areas. Some sec- populations. First, gender considerations must be taken tors, such as environment, have traditionally acknowledged into account. The impacts of these new changes on common challenges or shared integrated approaches men and women are different. Second, changes in the with the water sector. Other sectors, in which the link with water landscape have a distinct impact on the poor as water is less obvious, have often discounted the impor- increased volatility in food prices and more frequent and tant role that water can play in devising solutions. With intense natural disasters can affect them more severely. the advent of climate change, the need to understand and The WPP’s flexibility enables the tracking and monitoring address water in areas like energy, agriculture, and health, of activities that are explicitly targeted to address gender is becoming more critical. WPP-funded activities that sup- and poverty reduction issues. port other sectors are showcasing multi-disciplinary ap- proaches to development. Annex V provides an overview 2.3 The WPP’s Response to the New of all non-water projects receiving WPP support. Water Landscape Mining The more countries realize the urgent need to address A recent example of WPP support to non-water sectors these complex challenges, the greater the demand for is evidenced in the inclusion of efforts to protect water financial support to jump start new knowledge and quality as part of a mining sector program in Mongolia. In innovative solutions. The Bank sees itself as a core 2010, the Groundwater Management Advisory Team (GW- contributor to this process, providing better information, MATE) completed a framework development plan for a new transformative analytical work, and capacity building to groundwater management center in Southern Gobi, Mon- ensure that governments understand trade-offs and are golia.5 The framework presents a capacity building plan to able to make sound decisions that optimize the use of help local authorities manage groundwater resources and their water resources. suggests the creation of groundwater management coun- cils and groundwater management administrations to cover The Water Partnership Program is a key instrument for the three basins. The new structure allows for representation of World Bank because it supports reform and innovation stakeholder interests in the mining region and provides an through regional operations, as well as through strategic information center on water issues specific to each basin. work at the global policy level. The Program is a flexible tool that enables the Bank to respond to the needs of The Bank has presented the results to the Ministry of Na- client countries as they emerge and evolve. Downstream ture, Environment and Tourism, which is discussing the op- activities, such as preparatory work for investments, tion of piloting the design under a $3 million component of influence Bank lending by enhancing project design and the Bank’s Mining Infrastructure Investment Support proj- quality. Upstream activities, such as research and analysis, ect.6 The pilot would then be rolled out to other jurisdictions inform policy dialogue, strengthen institutions, and shape in Mongolia. Two more bilateral donors have shown interest country strategies. in financing part of the operations for the start-up of the new 5) GW-MATE 05 - Strengthening Groundwater Management in Southern Mongolia 6) P118109 - Mongolia Mining Infrastructure Investment Support 10 structure in other basins that primarily use surface water. ing water stress, in part due to climate change; increasing In the long term, this activity will help protect groundwater urbanization and growing wastewater flows; and more ur- resources in parallel with the development of new mines, ban households engaged in agricultural activities. In many through new policies and regulations for well construction countries, however, wastewater is reused without being and data collection to monitor changes in water quality. treated, posing substantial risks to public health, in par- ticular microbial risks. The report presented an innovative Health approach linking key issues related to different aspects of Under the Health Services Improvement Project7 the Bank wastewater irrigation to a country’s level of economic de- is assisting the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao velopment. Based on data presented in the World Bank’s PDR) in improving the health of poor and rural popula- World Development Report, it differentiated between four tions in eight central and southern provinces. One of the country income levels to create a typology for analyzing project’s components is the construction of health facili- current issues, trends, and priorities for improving agricul- ties, such as hospitals and health centers. The Sanitation, tural wastewater use with a focus on reducing the risks to Hygiene, and Wastewater Support Service (SWAT) was public health. asked to review previously drafted designs of wastewater treatment facilities for three hospitals and identify whether The report was published in 2010 as World Bank Policy they were sustainable, appropriate, environmentally sound, Research Working Paper No. 5412. The working paper and cost-effective. The designs, using high-tech activated was launched during World Water Week 2010 in Stock- sludge processes, were found to be expensive in terms of holm in a session co-convened with the major players both capital and operation and maintenance costs. For the in the field, including the International Development Re- hospitals, hiring skilled operators, in addition to building search Centre, the International Water Management Insti- new treatment facilities, would have been cost-prohibitive. tute, the World Health Organization, and the Food and Ag- riculture Organization. Study results were also presented SWAT provided alternative options for implementation, in- during the World Bank’s Water Week 2010 and Water cluding a cost-comparison between the new alternatives Days 2011, and are now being prepared for journal ar- and the initial designs.8 Operation and maintenance costs ticles. In recent months, the Water Anchor has received for the new recommended systems were more than 80 more requests from the Regions for advice on incorporat- percent lower than the original designs. In addition, the ing agricultural wastewater use in project activities. new systems were more robust, easier to build and main- tain, and required fewer energy inputs for operation. The Disaster Risk Management new recommendations meet the same effluent standards Recent earthquakes in Chile and Haiti demonstrated a as the initial designs, but are more appropriate for the cli- need for better risk management and disaster prepared- ent’s needs. These alternatives are currently under consid- ness. The subsequent cholera outbreak in Haiti, moreover, eration for implementation by the Ministry of Health. showed the importance of sustaining public services, like water and sanitation, during times of crisis. The Bank’s Agriculture response has been to increasingly integrate more risk re- Economic and Sector Work (ESW) carried out by the Wa- duction components into many of its lending programs ter Anchor was supported by a WPP activity to help ex- across various sectors. The Bank’s Disaster Vulnerability plore opportunities for improving wastewater use in urban Reduction Project,10 which includes $10 million worth of agriculture.9 A study was completed and disseminated in technical assistance activities, did not previously empha- order to help client countries, the World Bank, and other size water as a major component of disaster risk manage- stakeholders to design and implement appropriate inter- ment. ventions, as well as reduce the risks to wastewater use in agriculture. To emphasize the role of water, a WPP activity in Columbia provided support for the preparation of a workshop (held The study report showed that there were several factors in October 2010) entitled Great Earthquakes: Lessons behind the growing use of wastewater, including: increas- Learned about Risk Reduction in Lifeline Systems— 7) P074027 - Health Services Improvement Project 8) SWAT 02 - Laos Hospital Wastewater Work 9) GFR 3811 - Improving Wastewater Use in Urban Agriculture 10) P082429 - Disaster Vulnerability Reduction Project 11 Water, Sewage, Energy, Gas, and Telecommunications.11 The forum was successful in shedding light on the role Representatives of donors, first responders, NGOs, of water in risk management, evidenced by the fact that water companies, governments, and civil society from a month after the activity was completed the Colombian the Andean countries shared experiences in managing Water and Sanitation Regulatory Commission invited the water sources, storage facilities, distribution systems, Ministry of Water and academic experts to a meeting to and service continuity under seismic risks. The forum discuss implementation of disaster risk reduction in their presented an opportunity for the Association of Sanitary regulations and budgets. and Environmental Engineering to demonstrate its support to and role in risk management in the water sector. 11) GFR 6199 - Workshop on Strengthening Risk Management in the Water Sector 12 13 14 3. hang through ge h g Driving Change through Results The Water Partnership Program supports activities in a assess the risks associated with managing water in a variety of water-related topics, including: transboundary changing climate, as well as understand the trade-offs water resources management; sanitation strategy associated with options for adaptation and mitigation. By development; private sector participation; energy efficiency; developing and disseminating critical knowledge, these environmental services; irrigated agriculture; hydropower WPP activities could also serve as large drivers in upstream development; and cost recovery, just to name a few. This project planning for future Bank investments in water. chapter highlights significant Program contributions in four areas which are seeing tangible results. These results areas are illustrative examples of where impacts have been Key WPP Results in Climate Change achieved and demonstrate only a fraction of the topics covered by activities. Undertook a global analysis of river basin resiliency to climate-induced vulnerability 1. Climate Change: The WPP is demonstrating the Published a database of hydrological indicators for importance of water availability and scarcity in future the world’s 8,000 catchments planning by undertaking vital analytical work in climate Provided support to Mexico as a regional role model change adaptation. for mainstreaming climate change adaptation in the 2. Urban Water Management: The Program addresses water sector climate issues, especially those that are compounded by urbanization, by developing integrated approaches to urban water management. Steering Climate Change Policy 3. Rural Water Supply and Sanitation: The Partner- In 2009, with co-financing from the BNWPP, the ship contributes to one of the Bank’s core goals (to Bank completed a $1.2 million effort that resulted in a halve the population without access to services by flagship publication entitled “Water and Climate Change: 2015) by disseminating practical models for rural water Understanding the Risks and Making Climate Smart supply and sanitation (WSS). Investment Decisions.” The aim of the report is to enhance 4. Public Expenditure Reviews: These financial as- the capacity of Bank staff and client countries to make sessments, published by the WPP, show where coun- informed decisions regarding adaptation options in their tries are compared to where they need to be in order to water investments by identifying hydrologic indicators that meet WSS goals. can aid in the development of policy and planning scenarios. 3.1 Climate Change Bank Regions are now beginning to use these tools to incorporate climate change considerations into their Several WPP activities are responding to the climate lending operations. With the WPP’s support, the Bank is change challenge by providing cutting-edge research, leading the way by increasing knowledge and awareness modeling, financial and economic analysis, and capacity on climate issues both within the organization and building to help client countries and Bank staff to better externally. The Water Partnership Program assists the Bank 15 in mainstreaming adaptation into its lending instruments catchments.15 This activity takes the flagship analysis one and understanding the type of policy recommendations step further by looking at adaptation in places where World it can provide to its client countries. In fact, more than a Bank projects are highly exposed to risks associated with quarter of WPP activities are contributing to the dialogue climate change. The report has been widely disseminated on climate change.12 These high-impact activities total throughout the Bank at learning events and the data set is nearly $4 million in WPP support and have defined the available to World Bank staff and the public at the World direction of the Program for 2011 and beyond. Bank Climate Change Portal.16 The activity also resulted in the development of a methodology for climate change Taking a Science-Based Look at Climate Resiliency adaptation within a basin. The Bank is currently using this The WPP has played a vital role in building on the results approach in the development of water resources plans for of the flagship publication by funding the analysis and Uganda and Botswana. classification of climate-induced hydrologic variability in 80 transboundary water agreements. The result of this Strengthening the Institutional Capacity of Climate effort was the development of a data set for projected Change Champions changes in six hydrologic variables (runoff, base flow, low The Water Partnership Program is helping Mexico develop flows, high flows, water deficit index and basin yield) for its capacity to mainstream climate change in its water 2030 and 2050. The information was analyzed against the portfolio as well as raise global awareness at the policy resilience of institutional arrangements, including river basin level of the importance of water in climate change. organizations and treaties. The complete report, “Mapping the Resilience of International River Basins to Future Climate The WPP is working with the National Water Commission Change-Induced Water Variability,” was published in March (CONAGUA) to provide support to key interventions 2011 (World Bank Water Sector Board Discussion Paper whose aim is the successful implementation of the Bank’s No. 15) and the results of the study were made public at a Strategic Engagement Program (SEP). The two-year SEP, Bank workshop in September 2010. which began in 2010, is an integral component of the $450 million Development Policy Loan on Water and Adaptation This WPP-funded activity enabled the data set to be to Climate Change that was recently approved for Mexico. adapted to country basin units (CBU), or parts of river basins located in a particular country.13 This innovation The SEP’s five objectives are: helped the country team identify vulnerable CBUs through easy-to-read maps that overlay country boundaries with 1. Support CONAGUA’s efforts to devise a long-term transboundary river basins. planning vision for the sector; 2. Strengthen the financial system in the water sector; The resulting report recommended that a study of the 3. Improve water resources management and adaptation strengths and weaknesses of institutions in specific basins to climate change at the basin level; be undertaken in the future. This served as a catalyst for the 4. Support the National Program for the Modernization of East Asia and Pacific (EAP) Region to undertake a project the Meteorological Service; and to study the capacity of the Mekong River Commission 5. Mainstream adaptation to climate change in the water (MRC) to confront the impacts of climate change. The sector. report also suggests improvements in dispute resolution mechanisms, agreements, data management, cooperation The Water Partnership Program supports objectives 3, 4, in governance, and new technical assistance programs to and 5 through three unique activities. strengthen climate resiliency. The report was published in 2011.14 Objectives 3 and 4 are strengthened by ongoing activities that receive support from the WPP-funded Hydrology The WPP has also supported the development of a Expert Facility (HEF). In support of Objective 3, HEF data set of hydrological indicators for the world’s 8,000 works with the Yaqui River Basin Organization to improve 12) This figure includes those activities with a clear objective regarding climate change, or with one aspect or component either addressing climate change or contributing to the policy dialogue. 13) GFR 3225 - Water and Climate Change: Transboundary Aspects 14) Schmeier, Susanne. 2011. Resilience to climate-change induced challenges in the Mekong River Basin – the role of the MRC, Water Paper. Washington D.C.: World Bank. 15) GFR 3658 - A Framework for Climate Change Adaptation at Basin and Planning Levels 16) The climate change portal data is available at: http://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportal 16 the management of water resources as well as adaptation More Action.” Two hundred people were in attendance, to climate change. This river basin has large irrigation including key scientists, politicians, negotiators, and needs for wheat production, yet faces drought risks and media representatives. increased variability in precipitation and runoff.17 Like other basins in Mexico, the Yaqui had access to the Hydrological The event, which was structured around debates, Information System, a national tool that integrates historical documentary screenings, and a town hall with media flow and rainfall data. However, better hydrologic modeling representatives, was webcast to a global audience. It systems were needed that made it possible to allow for helped raise awareness of water in a changing climate adjustments at the local level in order to take into account and initiate a high-level dialogue. climate considerations and thus improve adaptation planning. In December 2010, the HEF finalized a plan that At the COP16, six countries proposed that water be will improve the Basin’s capacity to adapt to climate change. addressed as an agenda item during the next session The plan suggests actions such as undertaking an analysis of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological of climate impacts and the design and implementation of Advice (SBSTA) in June 2011. This decision represented extended forecasting and simulation tools. The Hydrology a major breakthrough for water in relation to the UNFCCC Expert Facility also estimated the cost of implementing because this is the first time that a group of countries has the suggested improvements and the Latin American and called for water to be put on the global climate change Caribbean Region (LCR) of the Bank continues to support agenda. The World Bank is using WPP funds for activities the development of the adaptation plan through the SEP. that build on this progress by supporting outreach to This exercise could easily be applied and scaled up in dry leaders, UNFCCC negotiators, the media and other key areas in other parts of the world. decision-makers. In addition, Program funds are helping develop an outline for addressing water issues during Another WPP-funded activity is simultaneously preparing the COP17, which is scheduled to take place in Durban, an implementation plan to modernize the National South Africa. Meteorological Service (SMN), building upon the modernization plan already approved by the Bank.18 The 3.2 Managing Water Resources for plan, which will be implemented between 2010 and 2020, Sustainable Urban Growth involves an analysis of the SMN’s capabilities and gaps in capacity to procure and manage a multi-hazard Early Currently, more than 50 percent of the world’s population Warning and Forecasting System (including hardware, lives in urban areas. This percentage is expected to nearly software, and training in forecasting and climate analysis). double between 2000 and 2030.20 While urbanization The WPP activity looked at how the Bank could help and industrial development contribute to the growth of finance and provide technical coordination to implement cities they also bring competing demands for resources, the modernization plan, which is estimated to cost $115 including water, and contribute to increased pollution, million. This led to a request from the Mexican government lowering the supply of water and its quality. In addition, to the Bank for a loan to implement the plan. as urban centers grow, so do the number of people and assets at risk from extreme weather events, such as Under Objective 5, the WPP supports CONAGUA’s flooding. Poor water management will only exacerbate the efforts to define its adaptation strategy and bring water potentially high losses of life and property. More information to the forefront of the international dialogue on climate and innovative approaches are needed to allow cities to change.19 CONAGUA presented its strategy at the 16th better manage water resources and promote sustainable Conference of the Parties (COP16) of the UN Framework growth. Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Cancun, Mexico, in December 2010. The Bank relied on WPP The Water Partnership Program has re-energized the support to assist CONAGUA to organize a high-level event discussion on urban water by supporting research on entitled “Adaptation: A Little Less Conversation and a Little existing models, and by financing innovative approaches 17) HEF 20 – Mexico Climate Change for the Yaqui Valley 18) HEF 19 - Modernization of hydro-meteorological services in Mexico 19) GFR 6284 – Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change in the Water Sector 20) Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Urbanization Prospects: The 2007 Revision, http://esa.un.org/unup, viewed on March 04, 2011 17 to improve the management of water resources. (an image from this paper is shown in figure 1).24 The expert team also suggested priority activities for implementation Improved Management Leads to More Water under a pipeline project (called Interaguas), which aims According to the United Nations’ 2010 Millennium to improve investment planning by working with key water Development Goals Report, only 83 percent of the people sector institutions through an integrated approach.25 These living in the urban areas of Sub-Saharan Africa have access efforts will have an impact on $3 million of downstream to improved water supply. For example, like many African Bank lending, in addition to contributing to another Bank- water operators, the Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage financed project that includes a significant component to Authority (AAWSA) is unable to produce enough water to improve groundwater management in Recife, Brazil.26 meet current demand. A 2006 assessment indicated the presence of an undeveloped deep aquifer that could serve Toward Green Growth: Balancing Natural Systems with as a medium-term solution for this problem and increase Hard Infrastructure coverage. However, few companies have the know-how In addition to water availability, water quality is also a for deep well drilling. To address this issue, since 2008 growing concern for many urban areas. In Mexico, the the Bank is financing new wells in an effort to add 60,000 Bank is implementing a Payment for Environmental new or rehabilitated water connections in Addis Ababa Services (PES) project to protect the quality of water by 2013.21 upstream of eight target cities by conserving forest land as a natural filtration mechanism.27 Under this project, Mexico’s National Forestry Commission (CONAFOR) Key WPP Results in Urban Water is responsible for managing the forests yet water use is Management mostly controlled by the utilities. CONAFOR had project funds for system design but needed a way to get the eight Increased access to water supply through proper cities on board with the idea of using PES as a cost- management of groundwater effective solution for water quality management. Introduced cost-effective approaches to water quality protection in Mexico WPP funds were used to deliver a hands-on learning Piloted new integrated urban water approach in experience that helped solidify stakeholder buy-in at a two Bank regions critical first stage in project implementation. The project team facilitated a study tour for 11 representatives of eight Mexican water utilities to visit the New York City The WPP funds GW-MATE, which has developed a Water Company (serving nine million people), which detailed groundwater protection and monitoring strategy has successfully controlled non-point source pollution for the deep aquifer in Addis Ababa as part of a larger in its water sources since the 1980s through a PES policy note outlining a national groundwater strategy.22 The mechanism.28 The city’s upstream residents protect team reviewed the progress of groundwater development, forested areas, which in turn, provide natural filtration, project implementation issues, and management and minimizing the need for downstream utilities and their monitoring needs for operating new and existing fields and customers to pay for additional primary treatment systems. discussed its recommendations with AAWSA (thereby advancing project goals). The Mexican representatives also reviewed regionally- relevant case studies from Costa Rica, Brazil, Ecuador, In addition, GW-MATE has recently concluded an activity Colombia, and Nicaragua. They learned that conservation on Urban Groundwater Use in Brazil,23 and in 2010 can be a viable business and noted their interest in published a policy note in Portuguese that assesses developing a similar long-term PES plan, which would challenges in groundwater development in six Brazilian enable poorer, small land holders in upper watersheds to cities. This note served as the basis for a more in-depth conserve vital forest lands. The WPP provided support for paper on Brazil, Argentina, India, and Sub-Saharan Africa capacity building to CONAFOR, which is also a key target 21) P101473 - Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project 22) GW-MATE 03- Groundwater Management in Ethiopia 23) GW-MATE 10- Urban Groundwater Use in Brazil: a critical review of risks and benefits as a basis for policy definition 18 under the Bank’s project. This activity provided support to continue to work on stakeholder engagement in Brazil, two Bank projects that will have an impact on $8 million Colombia, and Paraguay. In Honduras stakeholders have in downstream lending. Moreover, this effort led to the already established a short- and medium-term strategy for consolidation of the relationship between CONAFOR an IUWM model, which includes investments, studies, and and the Bank, improving the future for future loans in the institutional strengthening measures. PES arena. A draft operational framework for World Bank engagement Bringing the Basin to the City in IUWM in Latin America and the Caribbean has also Urban development also compounds challenges to clean been completed. A key component is an IUWM index that urban water supply through changes in land use, greater measures a city’s physical attributes (water availability, wastewater discharges, and the increased generation of quality, and coverage; flood risk; and sanitation coverage) solid waste. In response, the Water Partnership Program against its institutional and economic strengths to identify is leading the way in promoting the use of Integrated opportunities for Bank engagement as well as the Urban Water Management (IUWM), a cross-sectoral appropriate type of engagement. strategy that looks at various impacts on water resources to improve planning and management at the basin level In addition to promoting the use of IUWM in project (see figure 2, next page). preparation on a global scale, this activity is having a direct impact on the success of Bank loans for a $26 million A methodology for IUWM based on regional best effort to improve water services in the state of Sergipe, practices was designed and implemented through pilot Brazil;30 a $10 million loan to clean up the Bogotá River projects. The first pilot program in IUWM funded by the in Colombia;31 and $1.3 million worth of studies in WPP is in Latin America and the Caribbean where a Bank Honduras.32 team is focusing on potential impacts on the urban poor, specifically with regard to water pollution and flooding.29 The positive results of this activity in Latin America and the Case studies in IUWM for São Paulo, Medellín, Monterrey, Caribbean have also generated IUWM interest in Europe Bogotá, Aracaju, and Tegucigalpa have been completed and Central Asia (ECA).33 The ECA team has drafted an and disseminated through Wikipedia. Bank teams integrated urban water study, based on a case study of Figure 1: Unconfined groundwater and its interaction with urban infrastructure24 24) Foster, Stephen, Ricardo Hirata, Smita Misra and Héctor Garduño. “Urban Groundwater Use Policy: Balancing the Benefits and Risks in Developing Nations.” GW-MATE Strategic Overview Series No. 3. 2010. 25) P112073 - Brazil Federal Integrated Water - Interaguas 30) P112074 - Sergipe Water Project 26) P108654 - Pernambuco Sustainable Water 31) P111479 - Rio Bogota Environmental Recooperation and Flood Control Project 27) P087038 - Payment for Environmental Services and P089171 - GEF Environmental Services 32) P103881- Honduras Water Supply and Sanitation Modernization Program 28) GFR 5037 - Mexico: Enhancing Capacity of Water Utilities for Integrated Water Resources Management 33) GFR 3902 - Developing Integrated Urban Water Resources Management Strategy 29) GFR 2985 - Piloting Integrated Urban Water Resources Management in Key Latin American Urban Areas for ECA Region 19 Figure 2: Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM) is a flexible, participatory and iterative process that brings together the elements of the urban water cycle (water supply, sanitation, storm water management, waste management) with both the city’s urban development and the surrounding basin’s management to maximize economic, social, and environmental benefits in an equitable manner. River Basin Optimal Social, Management Economic and Env.'l Outcomes Storm Sanitation Water Water Solid Supply Waste Financial Urban Sustainability Development Baku, Azerbaijan, in response to a request from the WPP-funding to use the same IUWM approach across government for Bank advisory services in the run up to several large cities. major bulk water supply investments. The study, which focuses on cross-sectoral issues in Greater Baku, presents 3.3 Rural Water Supply and Sanitation options for improving services and the management of the city’s water supply. Once complete, the activity is The development gap between rural and urban areas, expected to influence about $109 million in lending.34 especially the relative lack of access to basic services for rural populations, poses numerous health and While implementing this activity, the Bank team realized development challenges. The Water Partnership Program that there was a region-wide gap in the capacity of water is contributing to the dialogue on rural access to improved utilities to plan for investments. As a potential solution water supply and sanitation services and developing the team encouraged the creation of a regional “water sustainable solutions that are unique to the circumstances academy” that will work on emerging urban issues using of small communities. an IUWM approach, thereby enhancing regional capacity in water sector project planning and implementation. A The Word Spreads on Successful Private Models proposal for creating the academy, funded by the WPP, Public-private partnerships (PPPs) remain an important was presented to the Ministry of Finance of the Russian model for delivering services to the poor that the Bank Federation. Plans are currently underway to open a $25 plans to continue to explore. However, new trends are million Multi-Donor Trust Fund to support funding for emerging. Outside of conventional large-scale urban the new institution and the Bank expects to support the systems, the PPP model has shown success in rural areas launching of the academy by the end of 2011. The Bank’s and towns, where local companies are finding better Africa Region department is also preparing a proposal for incentives to provide services to small populations. 34) P112773 - Hovsan Wastewater Outfall Project 20 SWAT Activity Serves as a Catalyst for Additional WPP Activity and $80 Million for New Sanitation Projects in Cameroon Traditional latrine at Tokombéré, In 2010, the Water Anchor’s Sanitation, Hygiene, and Wastewater Northern Cameroon (top); unimproved latrine (middle) Support Service (SWAT) supported the development of a sanitation and improved latrine (bottom) in Melem, Yaounde, Cameroon strategy for Yaoundé and Douala, Cameroon’s largest cities. Each city (photos by Annie Savina). is home to around 1.7 million people, with more than 80 percent of residents living in informal settlements. Households rely on pit latrines that are poorly built and maintained, and emptied on an infrequent basis by private service providers. Because the government lacks the capacity to monitor the sector, most sludge from latrines is dumped, untreated, near places of habitation. Without adequate institutional or regulatory frameworks, donors have shown little interest in the distressed sector. The SWAT activity was the first step in a major initiative to develop a sanitation strategy for Douala and Yaoundé.35 The team devised three sector development scenarios, with cost analysis, including options for upgrading sewerage networks, wastewater treatment facilities, and on- site and communal systems. The small SWAT activity led to a large WPP activity to develop a national sanitation strategy, which is currently under discussion with the government of Cameroon.36 This strategy will be implemented through the $80 million, two-phased Cameroon Sanitation Project of which the first $30 million phase was approved June 2011.37 The contributions to the sanitation project of the WPP activities have increased the Government of Cameroon’s commitment to sanitation and are helping it make more cost-effective investments. Better infrastructure planning through improved public sector capacity will attract other donors, ultimately providing access to improved sanitation to a larger number of people. In 2010, the WPP supported a study of the use of private and South and Southeast Asia. The Water and Sanitation operators in rural areas with populations under 5,000 Program was consulted throughout the process and inhabitants. The objective of the study was to learn more provided a large amount of information on specific cases, about the effectiveness of private sector models compared particularly those in Africa. to community managed schemes. The study argues that small-scale private operator models are often more The results of the study were published as a white paper successful than other management schemes, especially entitled: “Private Operators and Rural Water Supplies: A when they are grouped to achieve economies of scale or Desk Review of Experience.” The document was made when build-and-operate designs are used. The 25 private available on the Bank’s website and was discussed during service initiatives studied were in Africa, Latin America, the Bank’s Water Week as well as in four learning events 35) SWAT 01 - Cameroon SWAT III Urban Sanitation Support 36) GFR 3229 – Cameroon Development of Sanitation Strategy 37) P117102 – Cameroon Sanitation Project, Adaptable Program Loan, 2011-2018 21 on PPPs and rural water supplies. The document is in high Local Supply Chains Inform National Guidelines demand; more than 150 copies have been distributed. The Water Partnership Program funded the second This activity also led to the publication of an article by the phase of a national activity in Ethiopia to improve a plan International Finance Corporation (IFC) SmartLessons for developing and maintaining hand pump supply chains program that summarized the conclusions of the white in rural areas.39 While the majority of rural residents rely paper (“Private Operators and Rural Water Supplies: Can on the devices for their drinking water, spare parts are it Work?”). The SmartLessons article was presented in not available because of the low density of systems/ March 2011 at an event to commemorate World Water low demand. The WPP supported the design of region- Day that was hosted by the Center for Strategic and specific supply chains fors hand pumps for four Highland International Studies in Washington, D.C. Regional Water Bureaus. The plans were developed in consultation with sector experts, partners, suppliers, and distributors. They include supply and distribution of pumps Key WPP Results in Rural Water and and parts, installation, preventive maintenance, and repair. Sanitation These reports are complemented by implementation plans and standards, which are expected to become national Showcased global models of successful private guidelines for establishing comprehensive rural operation sector participation in rural water and maintenance systems. Enhanced supply chain plans for more sustainable rural service provision in Ethiopia Following consultations with stakeholders, it was Improved Peru’s $30 million WSS Project through concluded that low-cost (rope) pumps should be sold the sharing of regional lessons at sub-regional outlets by private businesses. Scenarios including high-cost pumps were also examined and recommendations were made for rolling out both low In parallel with this activity, the Bank launched the Rural and high cost supplies. This activity is contributing to the Water Supplies Collaborative (RWSC), a virtual platform success of the Bank’s $116 million Ethiopia Water Supply with 135 members housed at the Bank. RWSC was used and Sanitation Project,40 which includes pilot programs to disseminate results of the WPP-funded white paper, that could benefit 2 million people by providing improved and is a place where practitioners can ask questions and water supply services. discuss the content of the document. RWSC has also with 135 members housed at the Bank. RWSC was used Small Strategies Re-Direct Big Loans to disseminate results of the WPP-funded white paper, The government of Sri Lanka is also beginning to classify and is a place where practitioners can ask questions and small towns as a subsector in need of a separate strategy discuss the content of the document. RWSC has also for development. The country looked to the Bank to provide enabled discussion of two other WPP-funded activities international best practices and suggested improvements that support rural WSS multi-village schemes in Africa to its existing strategy for water supply programs in small and Brazil.38 towns. The WPP made possible a critical review of Sri Lanka’s Draft Strategy for Small Town Water Supplies.41 The WPP has helped Bank staff better advise clients The review and corresponding Bank missions to survey about the options for rural water supply and use real case the situation in Sri Lanka have already shed light on studies to demonstrate successful approaches. The the importance of this subsector, leading to greater research also improves staff understanding of potential investments in rural areas under the $33 million Second obstacles to designing and implementing rural water Community Water Supply and Sanitation Project, with the supply programs. RWSC will continue to serve as a goal of improving the revised strategy under a new Bank- platform for an interactive discussion of the findings of the financed investment. report, ensuring that model private operator initiatives can be replicated, and in doing so, providing more sustainable WPP funding was also used to conduct peer-to- water supplies for poorer, rural regions. peer exchange and learning through participation in a 38) GFR 5927 - Documentation and Dissemination of RWSS Multi Village Schemes; and GFR 4937 - Documentation and dissemination of proven management models for Multi Village/Small Town Schemes in Brazil 39) GFR 3546 - Supply Chain Analysis in Ethiopia 40) P076735 - Ethiopia Water Supply and Sanitation Project 41) GFR 3581 - Review of Strategy for Small Town Water Supply in Sri Lanka 22 workshop titled “Cusco + 10: Challenges of Rural Water generate implicit subsidies to the consumer and degrade and Sanitation after a Decade”.42 The event brought the quantity and quality of services. Experience has also together practitioners from Latin America to share their taught that some people will not be able to afford the experiences in delivering services to rural and dispersed full cost of services and that explicit subsidies are often communities. Lessons learned over the course of the required to increase access to services for the poor. workshop were also incorporated into a $30 million loan for Peru’s National Rural Water Supply and Sanitation In response to the IEG report Bank Management asked Project, which was approved by the Bank in December Regions and the Water Anchor to examine financing of 2010.43 The loan is expected to bring new infrastructure service delivery as part of public expenditure reviews to 200 rural communities. (PERs), thereby adding to the key role these documents play in Bank analytical work. The World Bank develops In China, where more than 700 million people live in rural PERs for individual countries, inclusive of all sectors; water areas, the Water Partnership Program is contributing to is often a subsector of the infrastructure component. PERs the finalization of a practitioners’ guide for rural wastewater can reveal important information about the reliability and management.44 The report offers design and procurement consistency of funds budgeted for a sector, and can help guidelines for alternative sanitation technologies including evaluate the impact of the size and stability of revenues double pit pour flush toilets, septic tanks, and two types on a country’s ability to achieve its goals. Such financial of community sewage collection and treatment systems. analysis can prove the case for much needed reform and A workshop was held in Ningbo in November 2010 to influence long-term country strategies. discuss lessons learned from the experience in 16 villages. The information thus obtained served to inform the report. Opening the Books Opens the Dialogue A consultation with representatives of a second group With WPP funding, Bank teams have been able to of villages will be carried out to obtain their input before create comprehensive water chapters and stand-alone the report is finalized. The activity supports infrastructure documents that provide in-depth analysis of a country’s development objectives for the town of Chinhua under water sector. A PER focused on water asks how much the Bank’s $107 million Ningbo New Countryside a government spends on water programs, how the Development Project.45 programs are financed, and the level of institutional capacity required to manage sector spending. The 3.4 Public Expenditure Reviews analysis also focuses on whether or not spending helps the poor, whether public resources are used efficiently, Cost recovery is a key component of many Bank-funded and whether they are adequate for achieving the country’s projects in the water and sanitation sector because it priority objectives. Although publishing such information helps ensure the sustainability of service provision. In can be politically sensitive, a new and burgeoning demand 2010, the World Bank’s Independent Evaluation Group for Bank involvement in these types of financial reviews (IEG) published an assessment of 10 years of the Bank’s means that more countries are ready to share their data work in water, covering 1997-2007. One of the main and open the floor for discussion. findings of the report was that major deficiencies exist in cost recovery for Bank-funded water and sanitation Providing a Sturdy Baseline for Fragile States projects; only 15 percent of projects with a cost recovery The WPP is funding PERs on a regional scale in Central goal actually met their target over the 10 year period. and West Africa.46 The Republic of the Congo (RoC), the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the Central Data collected by the International Benchmarking African Republic (CAR), Sierra Leone, and Togo lacked Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities (IB-NET), comprehensive datasets on subsector financing. Data part of the World Bank’s Water and Sanitation Program, gaps in these fragile states often prevent development shows that the inability of a utility to recover costs can be professionals and policy-makers from understanding the due to unaccounted water losses, poor tariff collection, impact of significant investments and policy decisions. and tariffs below the cost of operation. These factors The PERs provided the knowledge base necessary for 42) GFR 4808 - Cusco +10 - Challenges of Rural Water and Sanitation after a decade 43) P065256 - National Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Peru 44) GFR 3490 - China Rural Wastewater Management Study 45) P106956 - Ningbo New Countryside Development Project 46) GFR 3017 - Public Expenditure Reviews in WSS in West and Central Africa 23 donors and governments to discuss public expenditures “The WPP-funded Public Expenditure more broadly. Review demonstrated that public funding in the Central African Republic In many fragile states, the recent end to extended for water and sanitation has been low, conflicts has reinvigorated government efforts to deliver services and re-engage donors in the water sector. At the compared to other African countries. same time, remaining infrastructure is often in complete Now that we understand the relatively disrepair and governments are just starting to formulate high capacity of our government to the institutional and regulatory frameworks needed for execute public spending in water, we adequate management of water resources. As outlined have every reason to invest more in table 1, each country studied has its own unique set resources in the sector.” of challenges. The Bank was able to recommend actions for improvement based on the in-depth financial analysis resulting from this activity. Sylvain Guebanda, Ing. General Director for Hydraulics By the end of 2010, the team had drafted a sector PER Ministry of Mines, Energy and Hydraulics for each of the five countries. Three countries have held Central African Republic decision-level meetings to validate the draft version, and two countries are currently meeting with relevant parties available. The public expenditure reviews also look at the to make revisions. All reports will be published in 2011. social impact of spending and the use of subsidies. Each review provides detailed suggestions for reform and provides a basis for long-term donor coordination Facilitating Replication in each country. The reviews look at the period between The experience gained by carrying out public expenditure 2002 and 2008/2009, using the most recent data reviews in Mozambique and in Central and West Africa, combined with the 10 PERs previously prepared for the African region with BNWP support, has served as Key WPP Results in Public Expenditure an inputfor another WPP-funded activity whose aim is Reviews: to conduct a global review of PER methodologies and guidelines for water supply and sanitation.47 To offset Supported activities that are maximizing the budget constraints and data availability problems, the impact of $1.3 billion of the Bank’s active water guidelines will include data templates (to guide data sector portfolio in five countries in Central and collection and analysis and facilitate cross-country West Africa comparisons) and general guidance to Bank staff who Developed a WPP activity on good practice are working on PERs in the water supply and sanitation guidelines for public expenditure reviews on the sector. The guidelines will be posted on the Water basis of the experience in Africa Anchor’s website and pilot projects may be carried out in 3 or 4 countries. 47) GFR 3462 - Lessons Learned PERs in Water 24 Table 1: A Comparison of the Main Outcomes from Central and West Africa PERs Country Findings Recommendations Access to water and sanitation hardly improved from Focus on implementing existing policy frameworks 2002 to 2008. rather than inventing new strategies. Frequent shifts in responsibilities have obstructed capac- Set up well-functioning systems for monitoring and ity building. evaluation to use funds more efficiently. Public expenditure on WSS equaled 0.2% of gross do- Protect water and sanitation expenditures as ‘pro mestic product (GDP). poor’ spending. Sierra Leone Vast majority of sector spending is for water supply and Develop management capacities at different levels less than 10% for sanitation. of government. Less than 40% of funds budgeted for the sector are ex- Ensure predictable release of donor funds, and ecuted despite government policy to protect ‘pro-poor’ pool and harmonize efforts through a donor work- spending. ing group. Access rates are hard to estimate but appear to have de- Streamline of sectoral policies, strategies, and in- clined from 37% in 1990 to 24% in 2008. stitutions is a condition for better services. Public spending in the water sector for 2007-2008 was Deepen programming and budgeting including pre- Democratic 0.4% of GDP. pare a medium-term expenditure framework. Republic of Congo A large number of institutions have overlapping powers Build provincial leadership for decentralization. but very limited human and financial resources. Decen- Complement household connections with stand- (DRC) tralization is incomplete. The national utility REGIDESO pipes to extend access affordably. risks financial collapse. Establish the financial equilibrium of REGIDESO Public expenditure increased over the review period due so scarce public resources can target the un- to increased donor financing, which represent 88% of served. public expenditure over the review period. Low access to water and sanitation declined further over Increase financial resources for the sector and the review period, with a slight improvement in the last clearly articulate priorities, in light of its scant re- two years. sources. Public spending for WSS is among the lowest in Africa at Address obstacles at all stages of the budget chain Central African 0.15 percent of GDP. in the areas of public finance management and at Recurrent expenditure is not keeping up with increasing the sectoral level. Republic (CAR) investment expenditure. Make the utility a self-financing institution recover- Budgeting is merely a paper process with little involve- ing at least operating expenses and target limited ment of line ministries. public resources to the poor. Low population density makes it difficult to provide ser- Increase sustainability of investments is another vices cost-effectively. priority by ensuring the maintenance of current in- frastructure. Around one third of population has access to WSS, water Reaching the MDGs requires increased resources access has decreased in urban areas. and reallocations across subsectors. Although municipalities are formally tasked with service Fully implement current policies including decen- provision, decentralization has not yet been implemented. tralization of service provision. Togo Public expenditure on water, sanitation, and solid waste Develop and apply tools to align sector planning was 0.2 percent of GDP, most of it targeted to water sup- with budgeting and to link expenses to results. ply. Ensure that the limited number sector professionals There is high variability in year to year allocations and their is not too dispersed. execution. Work across institutional boundaries on sanitation Execution rates are higher for internal resources than for and solid waste management. donor financing. Access to water supply has decreased over the period Ensure a coherent institutional framework and lead- with large regional disparities. Low access to sanitation ership for the sector and strengthen the key struc- has had negative health impacts. tures in the sector. Public spending in the water sector for 2007-2008 was Strengthen the strategic programming framework Republic of Congo 0.2% of GDP, increasing over time. for the rural water subsector. 96% of public expenditure is investment spending, with Strengthen financial monitoring and learn how to (RoC) litte recurrent spending. Infrastructure is dilapidating. draw all related lessons and conclusions. Donor contributions are minimal in this middle income Establish a sound foundation for the revitalization of country. the urban water subsector. Sectoral policies are shifting and decentralization is in- Focus on decreasing non-functionality in rural areas complete. by better mapping and introducing management The public expenditure management system is simple and structures. comprehensive; involvement of sector institutions is weak. Rethink sanitation strategies. 25 26 4. nd Im d Impact Influence and Impact The activities funded by the Water Partnership Program ities on Bank strategies and projects. The cases presented can influence the success of ongoing Bank projects (down- below highlight how the WPP’s upstream and downstream stream support) as well as future Bank country and sector work affects vulnerable populations (including beneficiaries strategies (upstream support) by introducing fresh ways of of water and sanitation services, industries, and the envi- thinking about old and new challenges in water.48 At the ronment). This section also demonstrates the indirect im- downstream end, WPP activities provide technical support pact of these activities, which can serve as a catalyst for at critical points of project preparation and implementation additional lending, spur demand for more WPP-funded ac- that improve the design and quality of the project. These tivities, and share innovation with other sectors, other Bank activities include impact and options analyses, stakeholder trust funds, and with academic institutions and the global consultations, and innovative preparatory work for invest- development community beyond the Bank. ments with clear value added. Upstream activities provide analysis and research to inform policy dialogue; promote 4.1 Reaching Vulnerable Populations institutional strengthening and the development of new in- struments, tools, and methods; and shape Bank and coun- Water is an essential element in the fight against poverty. try strategies. Upstream work also entails developing, pilot- The Water Partnership Program supports Bank projects ing, and leading new approaches in the sector. that improve the lives of the poor and of women through sanitation measures that reduce the incidence of disease, The way this influence can be measured is different for the and economic growth programs that ensure water availabil- Program level and the activity level. At the activity level re- ity for agricultural or industrial development. sults are measured in the short-term. During the proposal stage, Bank teams define specific outcomes, indicators, The WPP does this by providing considerable inputs to and targets that will be used to track progress once the activities influencing on-going and pipeline Bank projects. activity is complete. The objectives of each WPP-funded Successful outcomes of WPP activities help to define proj- activity are unique to its technical and geographic scope. ect requirements, refine project objectives, or simply to As a result, so are the corresponding indicators proposed move implementation forward toward the achievement of and measured during the implementation of the activity (i.e. project goals. The result is a better planned and/or more number of new strategies that incorporate key findings, technically sound project that has a stronger impact on the number of government officials with greater capacity for lives of beneficiaries. sector budgeting, hectares of land under improved envi- ronmental management). This variation requires the WPP Beneficiaries: Providing Services to the Bottom Billion to track results at the activity level. The specific examples One measurable way that the Water Partnership Program presented in chapter 3 and 4 demonstrate just how unique is having a positive impact on peoples’ lives is through its the results can be for each activity. support of projects whose explicit objective is to advance progress toward achieving the Millennium Development At the Program level, long-term results can be measured by Goals (MDGs) in water supply and sanitation. It is through taking into account the overall impact of WPP-funded activ- the MDGs, and in line with donor and Bank priorities, 48) Downstream activities are leveraging direct, innovative support for Bank operations that are directly involved in instituting and implementing water management and/or water services in client countries. Upstream activities are developing and mainstreaming new knowledge by testing, evaluating, and disseminating new approaches and innovations for future projects and/or by supporting the development of strategic work (i.e. institutional strengthening, policy reform, and strategic planning). 27 that resources are proactively used to expand access to management processes. The WPP-funded activity will basic services for the urban and rural poor, those who are help promote the inclusion of women in decision-making generally not covered by centralized systems. on WSS projects, including their role in community water boards and leadership positions. The Bank is providing support to lending that benefits the lives of more than 36.9 million people in 14 countries.49 An activity is currently under implementation in Senegal More than 17 million of these beneficiaries are in Africa; and Burkina Faso to identify and document what it takes South Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean follow to create a successful sanitation program.52 The team with 11 million and 4 million, respectively. is comparing project outputs (physical infrastructure, hygiene trainings) to on-the-ground improvements (system This preliminary estimate reflects only those beneficiaries functionality, improved access to services, etc.) and with improved access to, or improved quality of, water identifying what incentives are required for communities supply and sanitation services as a result of Bank and leaders to make positive change. The study analyzes project implementation. The statistic is a conservative trends, such as the link between the existence of latrines estimate in that it takes into consideration only those in primary schools in these two countries and better projects linked to WPP activities that are considered to school attendance by girls. Documenting successes have a downstream impact on Bank lending. About 20 will enable dissemination in other countries and towns, percent of the 115 projects linked to WPP activities resulting in a greater potential for integrating gender have a downstream impact on Bank lending that can be considerations into investment planning, the allocation of quantified through WSS targets (see annexes VI for a full resources, and decisions about where the facilities should list of linked projects). Potential beneficiaries of pipeline be constructed. projects, or those projects that have yet to be approved for implementation, were also not counted. Downstream, Even the Fishermen Benefit The Water Partnership Program’s portfolio of activities for Projects linked to other subsectors like agricultural water 2009 and 2010 is influencing over $8.1 billion in Bank management (AWM) and water resources management financing for the water sector.53 This figure almost doubles (WRM) were not included in this assessment. These to $14.4 billion when total project costs are included. projects often have an even broader base of beneficiaries, Each dollar of WPP funding has an impact on $645 in or provide technical assistance/advisory services for Bank lending and $1,145 of total project costs (including which beneficiary targets are generally indirect and not the borrower’s counterpart contributions and any other quantified. Benefits of Bank projects influenced by WPP- sources of financing).54 A complete list of all Bank projects funded activities can include improved capacity to manage influenced by WPP funding is included in annex VI. water resources, more job opportunities, enhanced agricultural productivity, greater hydropower generation, Table 2 depicts WPP support to lending by Bank Region. and better emergency preparedness. Of the total Bank loan amount influenced by the Water Partnership Program, a large percentage (37 percent) Gender in Water relates to projects in the South Asia Region (SAR). Bank Women also gain significant benefits through Bank-funded projects in Latin America and the Caribbean (LCR), Africa, projects and programs. For example, one activity currently (AFR), and East Asia and the Pacific (EAP) also make up under implementation is supporting the design of a multi- a significant share of total Bank lending influenced by country platform for monitoring and managing rural water the Program. WPP activities support the highest number supply and sanitation systems in Nicaragua and Panama.50 of investment projects (25) in Latin America and the The activity is linked to the Nicaragua Rural Water Supply Caribbean, with an average loan amount of $71 million. and Sanitation Project (PRASNICA),51 which focuses on In Africa, the Program is supporting 21 projects with an the sustainability of systems through the participation of average loan amount of $51 million. local communities, especially women, in the planning and 49) The number of beneficiaries is calculated based on Project numbers linked to activities whose impacts are considered downstream per the GFR. Data comes from Project Appraisal Documents and Implementation Status and Result Reports. Only WSS improvements were counted because general WRM benefits are larger and more difficult to quantify with regard to the WPP activity’s impact on the overall Project targets. To figure beneficiaries of new connections, 1 connection was equal to 1 person, an extremely conservative estimate. 50) GFR 4502 – Technical assistance for the development of a rural information system in Central America Components 5 and 7 51) P106283 - Nicaragua Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project 28 Table 2: WPP Support to World Bank Projects by Region Bank Lending Amount Total Project Costs influenced by the WPP influenced by the WPP* Region Loan amount % of total Dollar Project amount % of total Dollar influenced amount influen- support per influenced costs influenced support per ($ M) ced by the WPP WPP dollar ($ M) by the WPP WPP dollar AFR 1,053 13 269 2,254 16 577 EAP 1,048 13 599 2,094 15 1,196 ECA 261 3 154 380 3 225 LCR 1,764 22 839 2,844 20 1,352 MNA 1,013 12 672 1,712 12 1,135 SAR 2,990 37 1,816 5,149 36 3,127 Program Total 8,129 100 645 14,432 100 1,145 * Total project costs may be covered by several sources - in addition to World Bank resources, funding from other donors and trust funds, as well as the country’s own budget. In general, a WPP activity influences lending by supporting country staff and local government agencies in October a component of an existing loan. In the case of the Rio Bogotá 2010.58 The WPP has moved the project forward by Environmental Recuperation and Flood Control Project,55 preparing the local team and counterparts to conduct a Program activity was used to support implementation of final designs. The project will benefit 20,500 people in much needed infrastructure works to reduce pollution in the towns of Copacabana and Tiquina, and enhance the the Bogotá River.56 The WPP supported the preparation quality of the lake for the benefit of fishermen and the of a regional basin planning strategy by providing inputs tourism sector. to a comprehensive environmental assessment for the $487 million project. The assessment suggested the The structure of the Water Partnership Program also incorporation of natural designs for flood control (rather promotes the collaboration of experts toward a common than hard designs), to maintain the ecological value of the project goal and acts as a vehicle for accelerating the river system. This input has allowed the Water Partnership incorporation of Bank priorities into lending programs. The Program to have a hand in protecting water quality for HEF and GW-MATE worked side by side in Yemen on agricultural use, restoring riparian habitats, and reducing the $340 million Water Sector Support Project (WSSP), the risk of flooding in low-income communities. The LCR whose aim is saving 50 million m3 of groundwater per Safeguard Advisory Team has since suggested this year by 2015.59 GW-MATE reviewed groundwater studies document as a good model for replication in projects in and assessed local governance scenarios. The resulting other Latin American basins. findings were presented at the First National Conference on Management and Development in Yemen.60 At the Support provided to Bank operations can take the form same time, the HEF revised the Annual Operating Plan for of targeted technical assistance. For example, for the the WSSP, adding four new components.61 In response $23 million Lake Titicaca Local Sustainable Development to a client request, the HEF then prepared technical Program,57 the Bank needed to design a system to specifications for three of the components: auditing discharge effluent into the lake through sub-aquatic water supply and sanitation services, satellite surveillance outfallswhile guiding Bolivian counterparts through of agricultural production, and groundwater metering. the process. The Hydrology Expert Facility provided The combined efforts of the expert teams are informing preliminary designs and technical specifications for the decision-making on water supplied to the capital city. construction of four outfalls, and presented the results to 52) GFR 3144 – Documenting Senegal and Burkina Faso Sanitation Successful Experiences 53) The presented figures include all active, pipeline, and closed projects that have been or are influenced by the WPP. 54) The total figure for support to lending is based on the linked Bank project numbers in WPP and EST proposals. Only activities that are at least partly downstream-oriented are included in these calculations. 55) P111479 - Rio Bogota Environmental Recooperation and Flood Control Project 59) P107037 - Yemen Water Sector Support Project 56) GFR 3464 - Strategic Regional Basin Planning for the Rio Bogota Project 60) GW-MATE 11 - Review and Advice for GWM Studies, Sana’a Yemen 57) P101426 - Lake Titicaca Local Sustainable Development Program 61) HEF 22 - Yemen Water Sector Support Project (WSSP) 58) HEF 15 - Bolivia Lake Titicaca Outfall Design 29 4.2 New Knowledge to Address New Challenges We need to quicken the pace of learning in order to A REVIEW OF SELECTED HYDROLOGY TOPICS TO SUPPORT BANK understand the potential impacts of new challenges, such OPERATIONS HEF Technical Report 1 – June 2010 as climate change, food price volatility, extreme weather Technical Report 2010 events, and rising energy demand. Furthermore, changing attitudes and behavior will require large efforts in research, data gathering, analysis, and dialogue. The Bank is focused on packaging this information so it can be useful and readily available to decision-makers, practitioners, and the public. HEF HYDROLOGY EXPERT FACILITY AN EXPERT SUPPORT TEAM (EST) OF THE WATER PARTNERSHIP PROGRAM (WPP) The WPP is an effective mechanism for channeling information to the right people and places. Information In 2010, HEF published “A Review of Selected is disseminated and exchanged through knowledge Hydrology Topics to Support Bank Operations,” management (KM) activities and capacity building which includes papers from 8 world renowned programs, as well as by facilitating collaboration with other experts. The document identifies advances in Bank units (such as the Water and Sanitation Program) current thinking on hydrology and their potential and non-water sectors over the course of an activity’s implications for Bank assistance on projects implementation. and policy. The main topics, selected by HEF for their relevance to Bank operations, are: Knowledge Management: From the Bookshelf to Broadband The capture, sharing, and dissemination of high-quality knowledge can transfer successful approaches in water management from one region to another. Whether documenting the results of a pilot project or publishing hydrologic data, knowledge management is cost-effective and maximizes donor resources. WPP funds are used to The Water Partnership Program also publishes success develop publications, trainings events, and web-based stories on results and impacts as well as technical reports tools, as well as disseminate them to a wide audience. That and case profiles. In 2010, the Program published two audience includes task teams, Bank senior management briefing notes detailing the impact of the WPP on the and country office staff, client governments, development successes of a wastewater project in Colombia and a organizations, and the media. Most WPP activities include sanitation project in Georgia. WPP also published a funds for publication and dissemination of outputs. technical report of the HEF (see above). As discussed in section 3.3, the Rural Water Supplies A best-practice example of the production and dissemina- Collaborative (RWSC) is an internal web-based tool for tion of knowledge is the GW-MATE, funded by the Wa- Bank staff to discuss and learn about the rural subsector. ter Partnership Program. In 2010, the team celebrated its The WPP is currently funding virtual conferences, or short 10-year anniversary by publishing “Groundwater Manage- learning events online (LEOs), that are disseminated ment and Protection: Progress Through World Bank Op- through RWSC. LEOs focus on a specific topic (the erations and Beyond During 2000-2010.” The document first of which was the use of Smartphones for mapping serves as an executive overview of the evolution of GW- water points) and include opportunities for professional MATE and the knowledge products produced by the WPP interaction. Participants can blog, watch videotaped and preceding water trust funds. Thanks to the efforts of remarks by Bank staff, and ask questions about the topic. the Water Partnership Program, 2010 saw the highest The success of the first LEO has compelled the Bank to yearly expenditure for generic knowledge products since expand them to an external platform. 2001. GW-MATE was able to launch a new series of stra- 30 tegic overview papers, which are used to blend together engagement in contributing to the site. Students submit- practical experience from several regions on a specific ted entries for one of three categories: new article, com- topic. Topics include the combined use of groundwater parative article, and edit of an existing article. Two winners and surface water, sustainable groundwater irrigation, and were selected who presented their work at a WPP-spon- urban groundwater use policy. sored event that was held during the “Water Days and the Bank” event. The winners participated in a panel discus- GW-MATE materials have also become essential in two sion on the merits of using Wikipedia as an open source leading institutions in water resources education. Oregon knowledge tool. The competition was a success and the State University’s Institute for Water and Watersheds Bank’s Latin American and Caribbean Region office is uses the GW-MATE briefing notes in three water cours- planning another competition for 2011. es to develop students’ skills in writing policy notes for decision-makers. GW-MATE publications are also used Capacity Building Yields Better Practitioners extensively by Capacity Building for Integrated Water Re- Capacity building activities supported by the Water Part- sources Management (CAP-NET), a global network led nership Program have ranged from training Bank staff in by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), best practices in rural water supply provision to south- whose aim is to strengthen capacity building at the local south (client to client) study exchanges on effective level to promote the sustainable management of water re- wastewater treatment technologies. In 2010, the WPP sources, including improved access to water supply and supported the capacity building component of China’s sanitation. In 2010, the Bank received feedback from both Jiangxi Shihutang Navigation and Hydropower Complex organizations regarding the positive impact of GW-MATE Project,63 a Bank-funded program that seeks to improve materials in their curriculums. freight transport and energy generation on the Gan Riv- er.64 During the implementation of the project, a thematic The WPP also promotes knowledge sharing by hosting training workshop was held in Jiangxi province to train and participating in global events. In 2010, the Partnership eight local government organizations and Bank project facilitated the attendance of GW-MATE experts at Stock- staff on the management of cumulative environmental holm Water Week. The event’s theme for 2010 was water impacts of the planned cascade dams at the watershed quality and focused on the challenges faced by the coun- level. The training materials were produced in English tries of Sub-Saharan Africa. GW-MATE convened a ses- and Chinese and are posted on the Bank’s EAP Trans- sion on global progress in sustainable groundwater man- port website as well as on the EAP Safeguards website. agement within the context of increasing abstraction and pollution. The event enabled GW-MATE to share World On a global scale, the World Bank Institute (WBI) Bank knowledge products including case profiles, brief- completed a WPP activity to reach a wider audience ing notes, strategy papers, and policy notes, and bolster existing knowledge partnerships between the Bank and “I use GW-MATE materials in my CAP-NET, UNDP, the Global Water Partnership (GWP), and the International Water Association (IWA). the water science and policy courses because they encourage students The Water Partnership Program has had a great impact to write for decision-makers. The on the continued use of Wikipedia as a tool for build- publication series is valuable not ing knowledge in the Bank’s Latin America and Carib- only as an educational tool, but bean Region.62 Articles available in English, Spanish, and through its application to real world French are a useful resource for the general public. The challenges.” entries on water supply and sanitation average 5,000 hits a month, which demonstrates the high demand for the web-based tool. The WPP supported the most re- Dr. Todd Jarvis cent phase of Wikipedia updates, which used a global Institute for Water and Watersheds student competition as a way to gain greater community Oregon State University 62) GFR 2866 – Interactive Management of Water Knowledge 63) P101512 - Jiangxi Shihutang Navigation and Hydropower Complex Project 64) GFR 3493 - Training Program on EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment) of Cascade Dam 31 for its “Designing and Implementing Successful Utility with the WSP. This allows teams to share resources and Reform” core learning program.65 While the program findings and coordinate their efforts for a greater impact. initially targeted the senior management of ministries and water utilities, mid-level practitioners started demanding In Indonesia, the WPP is financing the preparation of opportunities to learn the material through face to face and an investment roadmap for water supply and sanitation e-learning components. To reach this audience, the WBI in consultation with government counterparts.67 The created modules including case studies, presentations, roadmap includes a list of priority programs to be and exercises that are now available online.66 Topics implemented in the next few years to help Indonesia include asset management, water safety plans, tariff achieve its MDG targets for water supply. The Water design, non-revenue water, and strategic communications, Partnership Program is coordinating with two WSP among others. projects. The first is the Water Supply and Sanitation Policy Formulation and Action Planning Project (WASPOLA),68 In 2010, the program was delivered at the African Water which works with the National Development Planning Academy in Uganda and the Arab Water Academy in Abu Agency on WSS policy and advocacy. The team also Dhabi. Representatives from eight countries participated took into account the results and findings from a WSP in the program held in Africa, and representatives from study for its Water Supply and Sanitation Financing 14 countries participated in the one held in Abu Dhabi. Initiative.69 WBI is now exploring how the African Water Academy can serve as a platform for similar programs organized by The results of the investment roadmap will serve as an other donors (such as USAID), and how the Arab Water input for the 2011 review process of the International Academy could potentially host a Global Development Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities Learning Network (GDLN) facility. These capacity building (IB-NET) Blue Book. IB-NET, which is managed by WSP, results are outstanding; the overall Africa program received is a database of 3,000 utilities in 100 countries and a key a 91 percent approval rating from the participants. source of data for research papers and reports on the provision of services. Outside the Bank, the team is also Intra-Bank Synergies Bring International Benefit using inputs from other donor activities, including data The World Bank’s Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) from AusAID’s Water Hibah Program. is a multi-donor partnership that works in 25 countries around the world to improve access to sustainable water The public expenditure review activity for Central and and sanitation services. The WSP works on a variety West Africa (see section 3.4) is being completed in close of issues, including utility reform, private sector service coordination with WSP’s Country Strategy Overviews provision, and strengthening the pro-poor agenda. (CSO). In the Democratic Republic of Congo, the data gathered for the public expenditure review was used in There are significant opportunities for the Water the financial chapter of the country strategy overview. In Partnership Program and WSP to collaborate on water the Central African Republic, Sierra Leone, and Togo, the supply and sanitation activities in a particular country. In two groups shared data collection responsibilities as well addition, they can share information and platforms that as their findings. Moreover, consultancies and workshops can inform WPP-funded work in other subsectors. This for CSO and PER development in the Republic of Congo is why WPP activities proposed in countries where the and the Democratic Republic of Congo were combined. Water and Sanitation Program is active must demonstrate a plan for developing synergies and complementarity 65) GFR 4479 - Leading Change in Water Management and Governance - WBI 66) These modules are available at https://sites.google.com/site/wppwater/home 67) GFR 5876 - Preparation for WSS Investment Roadmap 68) P118850 - Water Supply and Sanitation Policy Formulation and Action Planning Project 69) P109571 - Water Supply and Sanitation Financing Initiative 32 33 34 st Portfolio ort A Robust Po folio in 5. 2010 5.1 Mid-Term Program Highlights WPP is currently financing activities in 55 countries, in addition to its 24 regional and 22 global initiatives. The donors met with WPP management twice in 2010, Although the geographic distribution of WPP activities is acknowledging the Program’s progress and agreeing widespread across the Bank’s regions (see map 1, next that an extension of the fund would allow activities to page), regional demands have led to more activities in a be completed and results disseminated. An 18-month select number of larger client countries.71 extension was approved by the donors in September 2010 and consensus was reached on the following: As shown in table 3 and figure 4 (see next page), among Replenishment of the fund would enable the WPP to take the regions, Africa receives both the largest allocation of on complex, multi-year activities to achieve greater impact WPP resources and has the greatest number of activities. in high-demand areas; The regional activities in Africa have grown from 4 in With new replenishment and extension, new donors can 2009 to 8 in 2010. In 2010, the WPP exceeded its target be approached for expansion; and for Africa; 38 percent of funding was used for activities The WPP should continue after June, 2012. in the continent. In addition, the Program focused on five business 5.3 Measuring Progress processes in 2010: Consolidation of three expert support teams — namely the In 2010, WPP management solicited revised work Groundwater Management Advisory Team (GW-MATE), plans from each Window and concluded that there were the Hydrology Expert Facility (HEF), and the Sanitation, Hygiene, and Wastewater Support Service (SWAT) — into Figure 3: Sectoral Distribution of WPP one Water Expert Team (WET); Activities (% of approved budgets)72 Review of overall WPP performance by Window; Performance-based reallocation of unused and additional WSS Total: funds among Windows; 36.2 Review and approval of new, individual activities; and Development of a communications and knowledge management strategy. 5.2 Reaching More People in More Places Now in its second year of operations, the Water Partnership Program has disbursed or committed $10.3 million (excluding program management costs) and approved Water Supply and Water Supply and Water Resources Environmental Sanitation - Urban Sanitation - Rural Management Services 158 activities, of which 71 have been completed.70 In Water Supply and Water Supply and Agricultural Water Water 2010, the WPP began activities in 19 additional countries. Sanitation - Towns Sanitation - Sanitation Management for Energy 70) This includes both WPP and EST activities. Seventy one activities have been closed, and for the majority of these, final reports were to be received in the beginning of 2011. 71) WPP and EST program management activities (e.g., dissemination, publications, etc.) are not included in these numbers. Some activities are implemented in two or more countries—these activities are double counted in the total number of activities. The Africa region includes the whole continent in figure 4 and the list in annex IV. 72) This figure does not include $150,000 for cross-sectoral knowledge products. 35 no major changes in general priorities. In line with the September to determine which Windows had the best original strategic work plans, WPP financial resources performance. The results of the assessment provided are fairly equally distributed between the WSS and the basis for a reallocation of the additional budget to WRM subsectors, which account for 36 percent and 50 ensure that donor commitments would be used in the percent of approved budgets, respectively. The sectoral most pragmatic and cost-effective manner. The additional distribution of WPP activities approved since inception is allocation consisted of remaining budgets from two shown in figure 3 (see previous page). closed water trust funds supported by The Netherlands (BNWP and BNWPP), as well as the remaining budgets An interim financial and performance analysis was from the underutilized SWAT and Emerging Priority conducted in October 2010. The funds allocated modality. The resulting overall allocation is shown in table were compared to funds approved and used through 3. Map 1: Countries Targeted by WPP Activities Approved through 2010 Figure 4: Geographic Distribution of Table 3: Budget Allocations per WPP WPP Activities Window Global Budget allocations 22 Window ($ M) % Africa 43 AFR 4.55 19.2 South Asia EAP 2.15 9.1 20 ECA 2.02 8.5 LCR 2.11 8.9 Middle East MNA 2.11 8.5 7 SAR 1.94 8.2 East Asia & Pacific WBI 0.40 1.7 21 WA/GP 2.24 9.5 Latin America Europe & ESTs (incl. WET) 3,94 16.7 35 Central Asia WPP PM 2.29 9.7 19 Grand Total 23.66 100 36 37 38 6. mm y mary Financial Summary This chapter provides financial information on donor con- ments on WPP activities increased more than 550 percent tributions, activity approvals, disbursements and commit- when compared to 2009; when including commitments ments, and program management costs. A detailed de- the increase is 300 percent. As most regional blocks are scription of the finances of the expert support teams (EST) close to being fully allocated to individual activities, it is is provided as well. expected that the pace of disbursement will continue to grow exponentially. A total of 158 activities (including 61 for ESTs) were ap- proved in 2009 and 2010 for $15.3 million. Sixty-one new The additional budget allocation to the WPP Windows in activities were approved in 2010 and 71 activities were October 2010 is clearly visible in figure 5, and the lower closed. As of January 1, 2011, the active portfolio con- pace of activity approvals at the end of 2010 reflects tains 87 activities. When program management activities the discussions within the Windows on how to use the are included, approved and proposed activities increase additional allocations. to $17.6 million, representing 74.5 percent of the total grant. 6.3 WPP Overview by Window 6.1 Donor Contributions to the WPP As of December 2010, the ESTs and ECA, SAR, and LCR Windows had disbursed and/or committed more than 65 Total contributions to the WPP are projected to reach percent of the amount allocated to them (see table 6, page approximately $23.7 million.73 As of December 31, 2010, 41). The WBI, Middle East and North Africa (MNA), and $22.4 million in donor contributions had been received (see table 4, next page). One remaining transfer from the Figure 5: Budget Allocations, Activity Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) is Approvals & Disbursements per Month planned for 2011. In addition to the direct contributions 20 from DANIDA, the United Kingdom’s Department for In- ternational Development (DfID), and The Netherlands’ Directorate-General for International Cooperation (DGIS), 15 USD millions the WPP received $2.7 million from two water trust funds managed by the Bank and supported by The Netherlands 10 (BNWP and BWNPP) that were closed in 2009 and con- solidated to establish the WPP. 5 6.2 Monthly WPP Budgets, Approvals and 0 Disbursements The pace of disbursements and commitments has in- Total Disbursements Individual Budget (ex. commitments: Approved Allocations creased considerably in 2010 (see figure 5). Disburse- $3.6 M on 31 12 2010) Activities to WPP Windows 73) The total contribution amount is a projected figure, subject to exchange rate fluctuations (DANIDA and DfID provide the financial support in local currency. 39 Table 4: Overview of Donor Contributions to the WPP Donor currency USD Contributions to Date of Currency Amount Amount Amount Amount Amount Total the WPP tranche pledged received due received due Amount Denmark (DANIDA) First tranche 12/15/08 DKK 7,250,000 7,250,000 0 1,331,423 Second tranche 07/15/09 DKK 7,250,000 7,250,000 0 1,375,607 Thrid tranche 11/18/10 DKK 7,250,000 7,250,000 0 1,324,322 Fourth tranche Pending DKK 7,250,000 0 7,250,000 1,317,176 DANIDA Total DKK 29,000,000 21,750,000 7,250,000 4,031,352 1,317,176 5,348,528 United Kingdom (DfID) First tranche 01/12/09 GBP 750,000 750,000 0 1,094,250 Second tranche 06/17/09 GBP 1,000,000 1,000,000 0 1,621,400 Third tranche 12/28/09 GBP 250,000 250,000 0 400,063 Fourth tranche 04/10/10 GBP 1,000,000 1,000,000 0 1,514,000 DfID Total GBP 3,000,000 3,000,000 0 4,629,713 0 4,629,713 Netherlands (DGIS) First tranche 01/27/09 USD 4,000,000 4,000,000 0 4,000,000 Second tranche 08/05/09 USD 7,000,000 7,000,000 0 7,000,000 Balance from 09/23/10 USD 2,734,759 2,734,759 0 2,734,759 BNWP/P DGIS Total USD 13,734,759 13,734,759 0 13,734,759 0 13,734,759 WPP Total USD 22,395,824 1,317,176 23,713,000 Table 5: Overview of WPP Proposals and Budget Allocations by Window74 Proposals (in USD) WPP Budget Available % of bud- No. of Window Submitted / un- Approved Total allocations amount get subm/ appr Draft (a) der revision (b) (c) (a+b+c) (in USD) (in USD) appr prop. AFR 300,000 600,000 3,441,850 4,341,850 4,548,250 205,000 88.9 20 EAP 0 0 1,481,248 1,481,248 2,151,250 670,002 68.9 14 ECA 140,000 0 1,365,938 1,505,938 2,019,375 513,438 67.6 9 LCR 108,650 92,000 1,612,419 1,813,069 2,106,806 293,737 80.9 18 MNA 50,000 125,060 1,346,318 1,521,318 2,019,375 498,057 72.9 9 SAR 6,000 0 1,373,475 1,379,475 1,942,875 563,401 70.7 12 WBI 0 150,000 220,000 370,000 400,000 30,000 92.5 1 WA/GP 325,000 120,000 1,364,544 1,809,544 2,239,583 430,039 66.3 14 Total 929,650 1,087,000 12,205,791 14,222,441 17,427,514 3,203,673 76.3 97 EST activities 3,125,066 3,272,452 3,941,827 WPP PM 2,287,905 2,287,905 2,287,905 Total 17,618,762 19,782,798 23,657,246 74) These numbers do not include details about the EST activities; these are specified in section 6.5. 40 AFR Windows had relatively low levels of commitments Figure 6 provides a financial overview of the WPP and disbursements. However, due to its larger budget Windows. Details about WPP proposals and allocations the Africa Region is still the second largest spender after (excluding the ESTs) are provided in section 6.4, while the ESTs. In 2010 alone, the Water Partnership Program section 6.5 describes the financial details of each of the disbursed $5.8 million (excluding program management three ESTs. expenses). The Program has disbursed $6.9 million since it began. When including commitments this number increases to $10.3 million. Table 6: Approved Activity Budgets, Receipts and Expenditures per Window Disbursement + Approved commitments amount Disbursements Commitments % of Appr Window (in USD) (in USD) (in USD) USD Amount AFR 3,441,850 1,385,087 583,595 1,968,682 57.2 EAP 1,481,248 453,239 470,244 923,483 62.3 ECA 1,365,938 409,146 561,258 970,404 71.0 LCR 1,612,419 892,338 159,321 1,051,659 65.2 MNA 1,346,318 350,110 398,616 748,725 55.6 SAR 1,373,475 566,604 363,851 930,455 67.7 WBI 220,000 75,057 22,147 97,204 44.2 WA/GP 1,364,544 526,626 306,810 833,435 61.1 ESTs 3,125,066 2,219,334 523,635 2,742,970 87.8 TOTAL 15,330,857 6,877,541 3,389,477 10,267,017 67.0 Note: WPP PM disbursements amount $645,107 (8.6% of total disbursements) Figure 6: Overall Budget, Approved and Pipeline Activity Amounts and Expenditures per WPP Window75 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 USD millions 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 0 1.0 0.5 0.0 AFR EAP ECA LCR MNA SAR WBI WA/GP ESTs Overall Budget Approved amount Pipeline amount Disbursements + commitments 75) Pipeline activities are those for which an application has been initialed in the GFR system. This includes both draft proposals that have not yet been submitted to the WPP and proposals that have been returned for revision. 41 6.4 WPP Activity Proposal and Allocations budget allocated to the ESTs. Figure 7 provides a financial Overview overview of the three ESTs (GW-MATE, HEF, and SWAT) that received funding through the WPP, while table 7 As of December 31, 2010, 97 WPP activities totaling provides more detailed information. These overviews $12.2 million had been approved (see table 5, page indicate that the GW-MATE and HEF have approved and 40), and the pipeline of proposed activities reached $2 spent considerably more than the SWAT. Consequently, million.76 Three Regions/Windows (WBI, AFR, and LCR) the SWAT’s overall budget has been cut and, during the have had their proposals approved and/or submitted distribution of the additional allocation in October 2010, proposals for a large portion of their allocations: 93, 89, given to other WPP windows. and 81 percent respectively. The Water Anchor/Global Projects Window (WA/GP) and ECA have allocated less Figure 8 shows EST approval, commitment and than 70 percent of their resources. AFR and LCR have the disbursement of funds by Region. The differences are highest number of WPP activities: 20 and 18 respectively. noteworthy: Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean account for over 20 percent of the approvals and 6.5 Overview of EST Financials commitments plus disbursements, while the Middle East and North Africa and East Asia and the Pacific are Sixty-one EST activities were approved as of December receiving less EST support. 31, 2010, for a total amount of $3.1 million. At that time, the pipeline of proposed EST activities was 6.6 Financial Summary of Program $0.1 million. This figure does not take into account Management the pipeline of the newly established Water Expert Team (WET), which is a new Expert Support Team that WPP management costs include costs incurred by the resulted from the merger of the three existing ESTs. Program Management Team and the Bank’s technical experts (The WET figures are not included herein because the who provide strategic advice and support to the Water merger did not go into effect until January 1, 2011). Partnership Program. In addition to staff and consultant costs, this category encompasses costs associated with Of all Windows, the EST Window has disbursed and/ WPP donor coordination, outreach and communications, or committed the most: over $2.7 million since the start monitoring and evaluation (M&E), and dissemination of the Program. This represents over 84 percent of the activities (website, brochure, publications, etc.). . Table 7: Detailed Financial Overview of ESTs GW-MATE HEF SWAT TOTAL Overall budget (in USD) 1,250,000 1,250,000 772,452 3,272,452 TOTALS APPROVED ACTIVITIES & PM No. of approved activities 19 32 10 61 Total approved amt (in USD) 1,222,459 1,199,271 703,336 3,125,066 Total commitments + disbursements (in USD) 1,074,332 1,062,699 605,939 2,742,970 Total available budget (in USD) 27,541 50,729 69,116 147,386 % available budget of overall budget 2.2 4.1 8.9 4.5 % approved of overall budget 97.8 95.9 91.1 95.5 % comm+disb of overall budget 85.9 85.0 78.4 83.8 TOTALS PIPELINE ACTIVITIES No. of pipeline activities 1 1 2 4 Pipeline amt (in USD) 27,500 50,000 69,000 146,500 76) These numbers do not include the EST activities; these are specified in section 6.5 and table 7. 42 Figure 7: Overall Budget, Approved Figure 8: EST Approvals and and Pipeline Activity Amounts and Expenditures by Region Expenditures by EST77 1.5 0.5 1.2 0.4 0.9 0.3 USD millions USD millions 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.0 0 GW-MATE HEF SWAT AFR EAP ECA LCR MNA SAR Global Overall budget Approved amount Approved amounts Commitments + Disbursements Pipeline amount Disbursements + commitments Program management (PM) costs were at a relatively high The WPP Legal Agreement establishes that Bank staff percentage in 2009, which was the year that the WPP costs80 under the Program should not exceed fifteen was established. Those expenditures encompassed the percent (15 percent) of total donor contributions. This establishment of processes and procedures to ensure includes staff costs for WPP and EST Management, for a smooth operation, as well as the review and approval supervision of WPP activities in the Regions, WBI and of strategic work plans. In contrast, only $422,700— the Water Anchor, and for technical review of work plans representing 6.8 percent of total expenses for the year—was and proposals. From the beginning of the program, the disbursed for program management costs in 2010. Thus, Water Partnership Program has spent 13.6 percent of in its first full year of operation, the WPP has successfully total disbursements on staff costs, which is well within the lowered spending on program management to well below agreed range.79 the 9 percent cap.78 As a result, overall management costs for 2009 and 2010 fall below the agreed percentage (8.6 Overall, the Program has been very cost-efficient in its percent of the total disbursements were PM-related). administration, benefiting from the solid management and monitoring systems put in place at the beginning. 77) EST pipeline activities are those for which a proposal is being drafted, or for which a TTL has expressed interest in applying for EST funding. 78) The 9 percent cap for program management costs differs from the staff costs cap of 15 percent because WPP donor coordination, outreach, M&E, and dissemination costs do not include staff time, and supervision of activities by regional staff does not count as program management. 79) The staff costs include salaries, benefits, and travel of World Bank staff and Extended Term Consultants. 43 44 7. tlook: St ategy f Strategy for y WPP Outlook: A S rategy fo Sector Leadership dershi ship The high demand for WPP resources by the Bank’s 7.1 Disseminate WPP Knowledge to Regions, WBI, the Water Anchor and the Expert Support Benefit the Global Water Practice Teams has yielded significant results. In 2011, the Program Management Team will start to look beyond the current WPP management will strengthen its commitment to funding cycle (ending June 2012) with existing and cross-regional and south-south collaboration between potential new donors. The Bank’s regional departments countries. Successful Program activities will be scaled- have reiterated how crucial the Water Partnership Program up or replicated by facilitating the sharing of experiences is to lending and analytical work in water and have stated between Bank teams from different Regions working that it should continue. on similar topics. When teams learn from one another, combine forces, and tackle an issue from different angles, Replenishment of the Program in combination with a multi- WPP-funded activities serve as building blocks towards year extension would enable the WPP to meet the growing developing broader methodologies and strategies. demands of client countries and achieve more substantive Program management is dedicated to sustaining this impacts. The Program will seek to complement its demand- regional cross-fertilization of ideas and models so that driven approach with one that has a multi-year, multi- 2011 outcomes grow exponentially. sectoral focus on strategic basins and countries. Such an approach would also make possible a more proactive donor 7.2 Strengthen Strategic Partnerships on engagement in line with recent donor strategies to target Emerging Priorities fewer countries with more resources. The WPP would like to work with its founding partners In 2011 the WPP will expand and strengthen the influence to create synergy between knowledge and experience in and outputs of the Partnership by: an effort to meet new challenges. Topics could include: food security; green growth; the integration of services 1. Facilitating learning and the exchange of knowledge and resource management considerations; the integration among Bank staff, external practitioners, and countries; of water in energy security and climate-smart agriculture; 2. Engaging donors in strategic partnerships on emerging and improved water management in times of increased water issues; insecurity and variability due to climate change. Knowledge 3. Initiating multi-year strategic pilot activities to be gained during pilot activities will guide development implemented in selected water basins and countries; programs and investments in these areas. 4. Mobilizing new donors based on opportunities for supply-driven funding; 7.3 Focus on Multi-Year Activities for 5. Launching the new Water Expert Team; and Greater Impact 6. Re-defining program indicators for improved monitoring and evaluation. The Water Partnership Program will focus on implementing multi-year activities in selected water basins and countries to achieve greater impacts. These pilot activities could 45 focus on key issues that help promote water in the which will also serve as an entry point for requests for development agenda. Activities implemented at the basin services; level will enable teams to work across sectors, engage More consistent, responsive structure and procedures; more stakeholders, and have a more meaningful impact More efficient and streamlined administration; on Bank programs, both downstream and upstream. By More flexibility in allocating resources in response to narrowing the focus to target basins, several WPP-funded demand from operational teams; activities, working in parallel, could transform the thinking Greater efficiency in disseminating lessons learned, on emerging issues in priority basins. reports, and other knowledge products; and Covers all themes currently covered by the three ESTs, 7.4 Open Windows to New Donors but could add new lines of business depending on emerging demands. The Program will devise a fundraising strategy to attract new donors. In line with recent requests from the founding 7.6 Show Value for Money by Improving partners, the WPP will introduce the idea of a “supply- Monitoring and Evaluation driven” window which will ensure that donor priorities are aligned with specific activities. Such a window would WPP management will continue to improve the monitoring further enhance the flexibility of the program and enable it and evaluation framework to better measure outcomes in to respond to a host of new water sector challenges. the context of new global water challenges and evolving donor priorities. In 2010, the donors recognized that while 7.5 Get WET! the target for Africa was being sufficiently tracked, there was a need to revise how targets were initially defined In mid-2010, following discussions on how to structure for poverty reduction, gender, and upstream versus the expert support teams in a potential next round of downstream impacts. A proposal set forth by Program WPP funding, it was proposed that the three ESTs merge. management in August of 2010 suggested the changes This proposal was accepted as a potential strategic and to how the three targets are defined. The poverty target cost-effective process. The WET will continue to focus will be defined using the 2004 Asian Development Bank on the fields covered by the former teams (groundwater approach with its 6 key areas. The downstream/upstream management, water resources and hydrology, and basic impacts targets will include more targeted accounting for sanitation and hygiene), but can accommodate requests downstream impacts. And the gender target will begin from other water subsectors. The Water Expert Team using the indicators for performance assessment in Bank became operational on January 1st, 2011. operations as a model. The Water Partnership Program will solicit a general consensus on these approaches from The consolidation has the following benefits: the donors and revise them as needed. Activities will be managed through a single window 46 ANNEX bjectives, S ruct es Structure, s ucture Program Objectives, Structure I. es and Procedures The Water Partnership Program (WPP) is a three-and- The WPP’s development objectives are aligned with the a-half year old multi-donor trust fund (MDTF) that aims Bank’s regional priorities and based on the principles of to enhance the World Bank’s efforts to reduce poverty the World Bank Business Strategy for Water Supply and through the improved management of water resources Sanitation and the Water Resources Sector Strategy, both and delivery of water and sanitation services. The WPP is approved in 2003. Activities financed by the Program are a consolidation of two former water trust fund programs: also linked to at least one of the five lines of action/themes the Bank-Netherlands Water Partnership/Water Supply identified in the Water Resources Sector Strategy: and Sanitation (BNWP) and the Bank-Netherlands Water Partnership Program/Water Resources Management i. Water Supply and Sanitation (WSS); (BNWPP). ii. Agricultural Water Management (AWM); iii. Water for Energy; WPP Objectives and Lines of Action iv. Environmental Services; and v. Water Resources Management (WRM). The Water Partnership Program has two overarching objectives: While the WPP aims to augment and support Bank lending and assistance, it may not replace functions ordinarily The sponsorship and mainstreaming of pragmatic and funded by the Bank, including standard project preparation principled approaches for water resources manage- activities. ment and development. Working towards sustain- able water management, the WPP focuses on cross- Structure and Governance cutting issues (such as integrated water resources management (IWRM) and climate change), and on The Water Partnership Program is administered by the mainstreaming pragmatic and principled approaches Bank, with oversight from the Bank’s Water Sector for water resources management in the four water Board (WSB). It is coordinated by a core team (Program subsectors identified in the Bank’s Water Resources Management Team) based in the Water Anchor Unit of the Sector Strategy. Transport, Water and ICT Department (TWIWA). Activities The improvement of the quality, effectiveness, and eq- are coordinated through nine Windows, as shown in figure uity of water service delivery through the expansion 9 and explained below: six regional Windows, a global and improvement of social and productive water ser- Window, a WBI Window, and an expert support teams vices. Window. 47 Figure 9: WPP Operational Structure Water Partnership Program A Multi-Donor Trust Fund Anchor / Expert Regional Regional Regional Regional Regional Regional WBI Program Global Support Window Window Window Window Window Window Window w Management Projects Teams AFR EAP ECA LCR MNA SAR Window Window Window HEF GW- Sub- MATE SWAT window Sub- Sub-window window The Regional Windows The Expert Support Teams Window The six regional Windows are governed by the regional The EST Window is designed to provide direct and on- water units. The members of their respective Water Sector demand high-level, specialized support to the Regions, Boards are responsible for ensuring the submission of and is implemented through the Water Anchor. Task team work plans, as well as the implementation, administration, leaders who need rapid support in a specific area of monitoring, and quality assurance of all activities. expertise can request assistance from the expert support teams through a fast-tracked application process. The The Water Anchor/Global Projects Window (WA/ EST provides a service that fills the gaps in areas where GP) operational Bank staff lack knowledge and experience. The Water Anchor/Global Projects Window is The water expert teams are made up of specialists implemented by the Water Anchor, the Sector Manager from three fields, formerly known as the Groundwater (or another senior member of the Anchor staff appointed Management Advisory Team (GW-MATE), the Sanitation, at the Sector Manager’s discretion) is accountable for Hygiene and Wastewater Support Service (SWAT) team, implementation. and the Hydrology Expert Facility (HEF). The World Bank Institute (WBI) Window In mid-2010, following discussions on how to structure The Window for the World Bank Institute (WBI) is the ESTs in a potential next round of WPP funding, it managed by the Sector Manager of the WBI Sustainable was proposed that the three existing teams be merged. Development Department (WBISD) and is set up to This proposal was accepted as a potential strategic and provide capacity for development assistance to water cost-effective process that could yield several benefits. projects. The objectives of the new Water Expert Team (WET) are consistent with the work already being carried out by After the approval of regional and global strategic work HEF, SWAT and GW-MATE and the principle of just-in- plans, task team leaders (TTLs) submit grant funding time high quality expert on-demand support will continue requests (GFRs) for individual activities. Activities that to be emphasized. The consolidation has the following meet WPP requirements can then be funded through the benefits: regional, WA/GP, and WBI Windows. i. Activities managed through a single “entity”, also serving as an entry point for requests for services. 48 ii. More consistent, responsive structure and The impact of the overall program is measured in two ways: procedures. Increased mainstreaming of water policies and strategies iii. More efficient and streamlined administration. in the Bank’s portfolio; and iv. More flexibility in allocating resources in response to Enhanced quality of Bank water-related projects through demand from operational teams. increased expert support and applied global knowledge. v. Greater efficiency in disseminating lessons learned, reports, and other knowledge products. WPP Systems and Procedures vi. Covers all themes currently covered by the three ESTs, but could add new lines of business depending As part of the WPP implementation process, each Region/ on emerging demands. Window submitted a strategic work plan proposal to the Program management team, describing the priorities in The Water Expert Team began operations on January thematic areas and how WPP funding would address 1st, 2011. It strives to increase the understanding of and support the key challenges. The work plans were complex water scenarios by World Bank clients and reviewed by a member of the WPP Review Panel and the staff, especially in situations that require the translation Program management team, and subsequently submitted of technical advances into practical tools to solve to the WSB for endorsement. Each Region appointed a specific water problems. WPP Window manager, responsible for monitoring the implementation of the respective work plans. The Program Management Window The WPP also finances program administration and The strategic work plans provide the framework under management, including dissemination, outreach, and which individual activities are formulated and submitted donor coordination. At the program level, the WPP limits to the WPP for approval. Proposals are submitted by task Bank staff costs (salary, benefits, indirect costs, and travel team leaders through the Bank’s web-based Grant Funding costs), including extended term consultants (ETCs), to Request (GFR) system. Individual proposals are reviewed 15 percent of the total grant amount. Approximately 35 by the WPP Review Panel and the Program management percent of this 15 percent staff cost allocation is to be team (as are the strategic work plans). All activities must used for program administration and management under be cleared by the task team leader’s sector manager and the Program Management Window, while the remainder the regional Window manager. Final approval is given by is to be allocated to the nine operational Windows and the Program manager. Financial resources for individual the WPP Review Panel,80 to ensure the quality of WPP- activities are usually transferred in two or more tranches; financed activities. the second disbursement is transferred once 70 percent of the first tranche has been disbursed and/or committed. Outcomes and Indicators All activities are evaluated based on the following: The expected outcome of the WPP is to enhance Bank assistance in the water sector in two ways: (i) by leveraging Proposals should address issues highlighted in Bank Bank resources, adding value, and fostering innovation in strategies and other coordinated development efforts, lending and providing analytical and advisory assistance including but not limited to the Water Resources Sector (AAA); and (ii) at the project level, by enhancing the quality Strategy, the Business Strategy on Water Supply and and competitiveness of Bank water-related projects through Sanitation, the Clean Energy Investment Framework, on-demand, expert support and applied global knowledge. the Millennium Development Goals, the Hydropower Business Plan, and the Bank’s climate change and Indicators will be used to gauge the results of the WPP on agricultural water management programs; an activity-by-activity basis, to be defined for each activity Proposals should demonstrate that they would enhance by the task team leader on the WPP application form. The the impact of Bank operations by leveraging direct, long-term impact of WPP support will be evaluated by the innovative support for downstream activities, and/ Bank’s Independent Evaluation Group (IEG). or developing and mainstreaming new knowledge 80) The WPP Review Panel consists of a roster of water specialists (Bank staff and consultants with different technical expertise) who are called upon to assist the WPP Management Team in the review of work plans and individual proposals. 49 (upstream activities) by testing, evaluating, and Since the grant funding request system feeds activity data disseminating new approaches and innovations for into the Bank’s business management system, the Program future projects and/or by supporting the development of management team can monitor progress at the activity, strategic work (i.e., policy reform and strategic planning); window, and program level. The team prepares bi-monthly and internal financial reports for the sector manager of the The relative potential impact of activities is weighed Water Anchor, and comprehensive annual progress reports to select those with the highest value for the money for donors. as reflected in the impact on WPP targets in terms of poverty reduction, gender, focus on Africa, and At the completion of individual activities, the Program downstream activities; the efficiency of proposed management team requests a completion report and formal implementation arrangements; internal soundness in closure follows after its approval. terms of inputs versus outputs; additionally; and aid effectiveness and harmonization 50 ANNEX Summary f m Detailed Summa y of II. ork Plans n Strategic Work Plans This section contains a detailed description of the work the Water and Sanitation Program and other actors in the plans of all WPP Windows, focusing on key challenges in field. the Regions and proposed focus areas for WPP activities. WPP activities in Africa are grouped into the following Africa Region (AFR) components: Key Challenges Described in the Strategic Work Public expenditure reviews: A series of PERs for the water Plan Prepared by the Africa Region (AFR): sector is proposed for a number of fragile states. Also pro- posed is the development of a PER methodology to enable i. Expenditures and budget execution rates in Sub- countries to carry out this exercise effectively. Saharan Africa’s water supply and sanitation subsector are low; Evaluation of the performance of the water and sanitation ii. Monitoring and evaluation systems in the sector are subsector and improvements to the monitoring and evalu- weak; ation systems: This involves analyses of the financial and iii. Sanitation is lagging behind and not all countries will technical parameters of sanitation operations as well as the achieve the MDG targets; documentation of successful sanitation experiences so that iv. Progress in reforming the urban water sector is slow; they can be replicated in the Region. the experience with private sector participation has been mixed; Development of sanitation strategies: In addition to the v. Water insecurity due to climate variability; development of new sanitation strategies, this involves re- vi. Low levels of development in the sector, with a limited views of existing policies and strategies as well as the for- pipeline of investments; and mulation of proposals for implementing them. vii. Competition for water and weak cooperative mechanisms. Support for urban water sector reform and PPPs, technical assistance, and development of knowledge products and The activities funded by the Water Partnership Program are strategies for the urban water supply sector: This includes, expected to complement the operational activities and the for example, management models involving performance analytical work of the Bank’s Africa water units, and to play contracts between the government and the water utilities. a catalytic role in addressing these key challenges. Activi- ties related to the urban water sector and to public-private Capacity building for water supply in towns and rural ar- partnerships may be carried out with support from the Pub- eas: This involves providing support for managing pumps, lic-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF). Water spare parts for rural water supply at the subregional level, supply and sanitation work in small towns and rural areas as well as support for mainstreaming procedures and ex- will be coordinated with the activities being carried out by tending the supply chain to all levels. 51 Water and climate resilience: This WPP activity would iii. Multi-objective optimal scheduling for basin water include support for mitigating risks in operations. It would resources for cascaded mega-sized reservoir clusters— also provide support to climate resilience using high-level adaptation to climate change. expert inputs and consultations that build on basin-level iv. Support for promoting integrated lake basin assessments in the Niger, Nile, and Zambezi basins. management approaches. v. Environmental management of water quality on Lake Water and growth: Support would be provided to growth- Tai. centered investment operations using high-level expert vi. Evaluating, preventing, and controlling pollution in inputs. In addition, WPP activities would also support an water source areas by dams or other man-made expanded agricultural water management program under hydraulic structures. the “Agricultural Water for Africa” (AgWa) Partnership. vii. Revision of national guidelines on dam (reservoir) safety management. Support to cooperative management of water resources viii. Risk-informed dam safety management. across sectors and across jurisdictions in several ix. Study of water rights systems and their compensation countries: This would be achieved by means of a review of mechanisms based on evapotranspiration (ET). the experiences of Country Water Resources Assistance x. Training program on the environmental impact Strategy (CWRAS). In addition, four or five CWRASs assessment (EIA) of dams. would be implemented in selected countries, and a regional xi. Investment planning and preparation for integrated integration strategy would be developed in one or two river water resources management in Vietnam’s Mekong basins. Delta. East Asia and Pacific Region (EAP) Water Supply and Sanitation Component—China (unless otherwise indicated) Key Challenges Described in the Strategic Work Plan Prepared by the East Asia and Pacific Region ii. Review and upgrade of national design codes in (EAP): relation to urban water supply and drainage. ii. Provincial benchmarking of the operational and financial i. The main issue in water resources management is to performance of the water supply and wastewater utility. develop and maintain water resources for sustainable iii. Implementation of International Benchmarking Network growth and poverty reduction while meeting (IB-NET) in China. environmental and social standards; and iv. Study of water pricing for the sustainability of Water ii. The main challenge in water supply and sanitation Users Association (WUA) in China. is how to address the increasing demands for v. Rural wastewater management. infrastructure and quality of service in the face of rapid vi. Delivery of sanitation services in small towns or city urbanization. suburbs. vii. Urban wastewater sludge management. The East Asia and Pacific Region has mentioned the viii. Development of pilot project on enhancing the activities listed below as being illustrative. protection of water sources for the city of Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia). WRM Component—China (unless otherwise indicat- ix. Improved wastewater management at natural sites ed) (Mongolia). x. Southern Mongolia water resources management . i. Update of China’s CWRAS. xi. Improving the accountability framework of public water ii. Development impacts of climate-induced changes in supply and sanitation providers (Indonesia). China’s water resources. xii. Making water services work for the poor (Philippines). 52 Europe and Central Asia Region (ECA) Latin America and the Caribbean Region (LCR) Key Challenges Described in the Strategic Work Plan Prepared by the Europe and Central Asia Region Key Challenges Described in the Strategic Work Plan (ECA): Prepared by the Latin America and the Caribbean Region (LCR): i. WRM challenges include: transnational initiatives for managing shared water bodies, and better risk i. Integrating WRM and planning for urban areas, river management of droughts, floods, and landslides basins, and aquifers; (disaster mitigation and post-disaster assistance); ii. Improving efficiency in the provision of water supply ii. Rehabilitation and management of irrigation and sanitation service in urban and rural areas, as infrastructure to improve water distribution, and prevent well as of hydraulic infrastructure, and irrigation and waterlogging and salinity; drainage modernization; iii. Continued rehabilitation and modernization of water iii. Supporting the water sector’s legal and institutional infrastructure combined with institutional strengthening framework and increasing capacity for policy analysis to improve water and sanitation services; and and for evaluating investment options; and iv. Ensuring the safety of existing (hydropower) dams iv. Facilitating the capture and sharing of knowledge and multi-partner engagement in hydropower to assist about international good practice for the water sector. countries in developing their potential in a sustainable way. The priorities addressed by the LCR water units through ongoing operations are categorized in the strategic work The ECA work plan includes activities that support all of plan for the Water Partnership Program into seven groups/ these challenges, with regard to both better management components of similar activities and issues. of the sector and to building the foundations necessary for further sustainable development of infrastructure. Integrated water resources management: This will The strategic work plan has been formulated based involve providing high-level expertise for the identification, on geographic rather than thematic blocks, since the preparation, and supervision of complex IWRM projects. challenges facing the sector are geographically delineated. This support will be in addition to that already provided by the The work plan has three components: Bank through the available preparation budget. The activity also includes knowledge management and dissemination Development of a Water Supply and Sanitation Strategy of innovative technical, economic, and institutional solutions and of an Irrigation Strategy: This activity will inform the in WRM. general direction for the water sector portfolio in the Region. Integrated urban water resources management (IUWRM): Water Sector Program for the Balkans: This activity will The WPP will provide expert support to selected IUWRM include national water sector assessments, climate change, projects to develop strategic integrated water management hydropower, and transboundary issues. plans and approaches. The aim of this activity is also to document and disseminate best practices, and develop a Water Sector Program for Central Asia: This activity will strategy and methodology for approaching governments include river basin development, strategies for water supply and fostering interest in IUWRM solutions. and sanitation, and dam safety and efficiency. Irrigation and drainage management and modernization: Through this activity, the Program will provide innovation and added value to the identification, preparation, and supervision of irrigation and drainage projects, while it responds to new demands for PPP models in the irrigation subsector. 53 Efficient management and provision of urban water supply The Middle East and Northern Africa Region has categorized and sanitation services: The WPP will support ongoing its thematic priorities to address regional water challenges initiatives for the efficient provision of water supply and into eleven groups or components that fall under the three sanitation services, including increasing coverage for the main themes of water supply and sanitation, irrigation and poor in peri-urban areas. This activity will also promote drainage, and water resources management. hygiene and efficient utility management. Wastewater management: The aim of this component is Sustainable water supply and sanitation provision for rural to ensure that efficient low-cost systems with appropriate areas and small towns: This component will engage and technologies are adopted in planned major investment compile knowledge and experience of increasing scale programs for increasing the collection, treatment, and and scope by tackling the issues of appropriate service reuse of wastewater. levels, economic efficiency, and management models for dispersed, rural water supply. Private sector participation (PSP): This activity will assist governments to achieve the best outcome from their Strengthening risk management in the water sector: engagement with the private sector. While the recent The WPP will provide high-level expertise in response to history with private sector participation in some countries countries’ demands to strengthen their capacity for future has been disappointing, the interest in PSP in water in the risk management in the water sector. In addition, this region remains relatively high. component will help develop emergency management programs and systematic evaluations of risks. Sector reform: WPP will provide impartial advice to the governments of the region on best practices and policies Interactive management of water knowledge: This activity for efficient outcomes from recently initiated sector reforms will further enhance and expand the on-line knowledge and those under discussion. base started as the Wikipedia-WB pilot, in partnership with clients and other development institutions. Utility management: This requires implementing demand and supply management for efficiency gains across many Middle East and Northern Africa Region large and small utilities in the region to combat inefficiencies (MNA) in operation and service quality. Key Challenges Described in the Strategic Work Outsourcing irrigation services: This component Plan Prepared by the Middle East and Northern involves designing and evaluating appropriate models Africa Region (MNA): for outsourcing irrigation services for existing and new schemes as well as the development of ways to promote i. WRM challenges include: tackling the problems of public-private partnerships for irrigation. unsustainable and inefficient water use, ineffective policies, deteriorating water quality, excessive reliance Modernization of irrigation practices: Monitor the effects on the public purse; on hydrology (surface and groundwater) of switching from ii. Challenges in agricultural water management include: flood to drip irrigation in different conditions. implementing legal, financial, and institutional reforms that increase water productivity to meet all agricultural Strengthening water user associations in the communal demands; and use of groundwater. iii. Challenges in water supply and sanitation include: overcoming the lack of commitment for financial Groundwater management: Establishing on-demand sustainability, unsustainable pricing and demand expertise and technical assistance based on the world’s management, poor maintenance of assets and best experiences, focusing on countries that depend weak infrastructure, low priority given to wastewater entirely on groundwater, as well as others with communal management, untapped private sector. use. 54 Capacity building in water management: Providing Water resources quality and management in fragile on-demand support to MNA task teams and technical ecosystems: WPP funding will support the monitoring assistance to clients in the application of new approaches of water quality and groundwater salinity, supporting and new techniques, and supporting the establishment of operations, and reviews of best practices on river clean-up. an Arab Water Academy. Water resources knowledge base and information: These Water resources allocation: Producing a framework activities entail exchanging information and strengthening for developing water allocation models, building on the the water resources knowledge base in order to better experiences of Australia and Spain. understand and address regionally recurring water-related hazards. Climate change and WRM: Providing technical assistance to help adjust water strategies across the Region to Water supply and sanitation: There are many small towns the concerns relating to climate change. This includes in South Asia that are neither large enough for utility infrastructure design optimization, allocation, hydrological management approaches nor small enough for community modeling, monitoring, enforcement, and flood protection. management. This segment is an important and growing focus of the Bank’s engagement in the region. Furthermore, South Asia Region (SAR) there is a growing interest in mobilizing the private sector to support service delivery in all segments. These will, in turn, Key Challenges Described in the Strategic Work require reforms in all market sectors. Sanitation services Plan Prepared by the South Asia Region (SAR): pose a growing challenge in urban areas. In addition, the inefficiency and lack of capacity of urban water providers i. Enabling a comprehensive WRM framework through leaves room for improvements. SAR aims to strengthen policy reform, decentralized management and its operational and analytical work through WPP-funded accountability, financial management and cost recovery, activities as follows: as well as by building capacity, and promoting user and community participation; Town water and sanitation: Activities in this area will ii. In urban and rural water supply and sanitation, support the technical, financial, and institutional challenges include: tackling the problem of low tariffs challenges related to providing water and sanitation and poor cost recovery, poor accountability/autonomy services in small towns. of service providers, low managerial/financial capacity, Supporting the reform agenda: This involves assessing supply driven/monopolistic agencies, sector financing experiences on reform; carrying out advocacy activities heavily reliant on grants; and to support the client; and undertaking investments to iii. Challenges in agricultural water management include: improve the water and sanitation systems. addressing the deterioration of the irrigation and Sanitation: The SAR will use WPP funding to respond drainage infrastructure, using water more efficiently, to evolving demand and address urban on-site and curbing the degradation of irrigated land caused sanitation and service provision. It will build on work by waterlogging, salinization, and nutrient depletion. undertaken by WSP in the development of sanitation strategies and plans. The SAR has proposed to address regional water Reducing the financing gap: Improving management challenges through the following components: of key cost centers associated with non-revenue water (NRW) and energy management, by improved revenue Water resources institutions agenda: Activities in this management activities, and by improved incentives. area will support the development and strengthening of institutions. 55 Irrigation and Drainage: The main issues in this subsector iii. Act as facilitator to build professional networks by include ineffective capacity building and institutional support focusing on executives and senior professionals as that does not lead to the expected reforms in the sector. “agents of change”; and In addition, irrigation service fees (ISFs) are set too low to iv. Use innovative concepts, tools, and techniques cover service provision. Moreover, low collection rates that for learning and knowledge sharing, and change affect the financial sustainability of the sector. WPP funding management. will be used to address these issues as follows: Water Anchor/Global Projects Window Reforming irrigation institutions: The Water Partnership Program will support the development of a regional, The WA/GP work plan focuses on eight components: comprehensive vision for the development of water water supply, sanitation, agricultural water management, users associations as well as subsequent changes hydropower, environmental services, water resources needed in the functions of the irrigation agencies, management, climate change, and knowledge management. including a review of best practices. Cross-regional/global activities for each component are This identified in coordination with the regional departments. activity will involve assessing the returns of irrigation investments in the region, identifying critical policy and Water Supply: To address the main challenges related to institutional needs to maximize the returns to irrigation water supply, the Anchor will concentrate on activities that investments, studying the ISF levels and collection strengthen institutions, increase efficiency and improve rates, and developing proposals for increasing the fees monitoring and evaluation. Four main lines of activity are and their collection. proposed: PERs, M&E, promoting utility efficiency, and improving rural water supply. World Bank Institute (WBI) Window Sanitation: The Anchor aims to maximize the developmental WBI is the Bank Group’s principal provider of learning and environmental benefits from sewerage and wastewater activities. The Institute develops capacity building and treatment investments, particularly for nationally funded learning programs, collects and shares knowledge on programs. key issues in the water sector, and leads south-south learning on water management. WBI also supports the Agricultural Water Management: The Anchor will seek development of “centers of excellence,” such as the Arab WPP support for two ongoing analytical efforts that focus Water Academy and the African Water Academy, as well on innovative areas in AWM; namely, rain-fed agriculture as the Bank’s business plan on scaling up investments in and urban agriculture. Both areas will become increasingly water for agriculture in Africa. important in light of the impacts of climate change and rising food prices. The WBI’s Water Program seeks to enhance the capacity and skills of institutions, professionals, and civil society Hydropower: In line with the Hydropower Business Plan, working on water issues, with emphasis on sustainable this component will focus on facilitating the implementation and efficient management of water resources and service of multipurpose water infrastructure across the regions. delivery. WBI is seeking funding from the Water Partnership Program support will be sought mostly for activities to Program to support the program strategy, which is to: strengthen the foundations of the sector for increased WBG and non-WBG investments. i. Develop and deliver multi-year, high-quality learning programs offering an array of courses and specialized Environmental Services: This activity will focus on technical assistance; groundwater governance issues and policies, and on ii. Enhance organizational capacity and build relationships the experience and lessons learned by GW-MATE. It will with regional partners, particularly the Arab Water contribute to the groundwater governance cooperative Academy and the African Water Academy; program financed by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) 56 tprogram financed by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) under the overall leadership of the Food and Agriculture management and protection, taking into account Organization (FAO). hydrogeological and socioeconomic diversity; and disseminate best practice elements both within the Water Resources Management: The main lines of action in Bank and internationally; this component are related to the Mid-cycle Water Strategy Implementation Progress Report of the 2003 Water management and protection (theory and practice), for Strategy, and to other strategic issues such as urban water implementation by WBI at international, regional, and management. national levels. Climate Change: For the WPP allocation, the team plans to GW-MATE aims to use the WPP funds to: continue the ongoing economic and sector work (ESW) on i. Ensure that best practices on groundwater water and climate change. management are effectively incorporated into relevant Bank analytical and operational activities; Knowledge Management (KM): Knowledge management ii. Create awareness on the importance of groundwater will maintain the components developed over the past management both within and outside the Bank. year, namely various lines of publications, external and internal websites, the water thematic groups, external and The Sanitation, Hygiene and Wastewater Support internal newsletters, and learning events. The Knowledge Service (SWAT) Management Team will seek to reach larger audiences with these activities, and to improve efficiency in their delivery. SWAT offers Bank staff and clients a range of support to improve, identify, or implement sanitation and hygiene Expert Support Teams activities within Bank operations. SWAT’s objectives are: The expert support teams (ESTs) provide direct support to the Regions. A summary of the objectives of the three in sanitation and hygiene; teams and their respective strategic work plans, is provided below. sanitation and hygiene; and The Groundwater Management Advisory Team (GW- clients in sanitation and hygiene. MATE) The main line of support is expert just-in-time field support The GW-MATE has four main objectives, as detailed below: to increase the amount and/or improve the quality of operations in sanitation. It is anticipated that funding from the Water Partnership Program will enable approximately components of Bank country-level projects, especially 20 such support activities over the WPP period. This those that focus on strengthening capacity in the service fills the gaps in expertise that often hinder sanitation management and protection of groundwater resources; and hygiene investments relative to the more conventional and to provide similar support to projects of the Global water supply driven projects. SWAT also synthesizes Water Partnership, as well as to other multilateral and its experience from a number of different projects and bilateral donors when requested; shares this knowledge through the Sanitation Hygiene and Wastewater Resource Guide and the development of short management and protection as required and directed briefs summarizing SWAT experience. Efforts to learn and by Bank staff in the project identification process at disseminate practical lessons from SWAT and the Bank’s country level, including the definition of key government field experience in sanitation over the years will be renewed. functions and policy options; 57 The Hydrology Expert Facility (HEF) hydrological advances into practical, problem-solving tools for application to specific water resources problems. HEF The main objective of HEF is to enhance analytical and will also serve as an advisory team and will assist in coping operational assistance to Bank clients by improving the with the most pressing emerging water challenges facing planning, design, and implementation of water resources client countries where the Bank is involved. HEF is expected projects at the regional, national, and local levels. It involves to provide high-level expert technical support to Bank project the participation of selected world-class hydrologists in Bank teams and visit client countries on a demand-driven basis. projects. Other activities include: project-focused hydrology and water management services to the Regions; organization The Hydrology Expert Facility will use WPP funding to of technical events; and preparation of technical notes and increase the understanding of complex hydrologic scenarios, reports for publication. especially in specific situations that require the translation of 58 ANNEX III. and ES Activit es n EST Activities List of WPP and EST A ti e WPP Activities (all amounts in USD) GFR # Region / Window Country/Region Approved amount Africa Region 2829 Impact Analysis of WSS Policy and Investments in Uganda Uganda 108,000 3001 Preparation of a Case Study for Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania Tanzania 135,000 3017 Public Expenditure Reviews in WSS in West and Central Africa Regional 540,000 3121 Technical Support to Improve Monitoring and Evaluation of the SWAp Programs: Tanzania 57,500 Tanzania 3144 Documenting Senegal’s and Burkina Faso’s Sanitation Successful Experiences Senegal and 209,700 Burkina Faso 3229 Cameroon Development of Sanitation Strategy Cameroon 500,000 3355 Small Town Water and Sanitation Systems in Zimbabwe Zimbabwe 50,000 3546 Supply Chain Analysis in Ethiopia Ethiopia 45,000 3692 Support to the Agriculture Water Partnership Program: Promotion and Investment Regional 230,000 Support 4321 Support to Cooperative Management of Water Resources in Ghana Ghana 75,000 4431 Zambezi Basin - Risk-based Analysis of Water Investment Options Regional 91,800 4433 Eastern Nile Strategic Basin Assessment and Assistance Strategy Egypt 75,000 4729 Southern Africa Water Resources Infrastructure Development Program Lesotho 100,000 5178 Kenya - Water Resources Assessment Kenya 123,600 5467 Restoration of a Fragile and Unique Lower Kihansi Gorge Ecosystem Tanzania 50,000 5795 Malawi Public Expenditure Review Malawi 135,000 5904 Review of the implementing agencies for water sector support in Tanzania Tanzania 100,000 5923 Support to The Africa Agriculture Water Partnership Program #2 Africa 151,250 5927 Documentation and Dissemination of RWSS Multi Village Schemes Ethiopia 180,000 6025 Transboundary River Basin Management: A review of selected cases in Africa Niger and 85,000 Zambezi East Asia and Pacific Region 3481 China Country Water Resources Partnership Strategy China 152,000 3482 Revision of National Guidelines on Dam (Reservoir) Safety Management China 117,000 3491 Application of Consumption (ET)-based Water Rights System in Turfan River China 72,000 Basin in China 3492 Study on Water Pricing for WUA Sustainability in China China 72,000 3494 Training Program on EIA of Cascade Dam China 32,000 3504 Review and Upgrade of National Design Codes in relation to Urban Water Supply China 117,000 and Drainage 59 GFR # Region / Window Country/Region Approved amount East Asia and Pacific Region (Cont’d) 3513 Protection of Groundwater in Southern Mongolia Mongolia 63,000 3567 Investment Planning and Preparation for Vietnam: Mekong Delta Integrated Rural Vietnam 180,000 Dev. Project 3490 Rural Waste Water Management China 72,000 3502 Non-Revenue Water in China China 1,623 4005 East Asia and Pacific Regional Water and Wastewater Sector Review Regional 90,000 4581 Small Water Providers Work for the Poor Philippines 90,000 5876 Preparation for Water Supply Sector Investments Road Map Indonesia 135,000 7027 Update of Economic and Financial Review on China's WSS Sector China 72,500 Europe and Central Asia (ECA) Region 3704 Sava River Basin Climate Change Adaptation Regional 100,000 3902 Developing Integrated Urban Water Resources Management Strategy for ECA Azerbaijan 250,000 Region 3946 Safety and Operational Efficiency of Dams in Central Asia Turkmenistan 124,000 and Uzbekistan 4583 Developing an ECA Irrigation Strategy Regional 139,000 4588 Bosnia and Herzegovina - Vrbas Integrated Water - Energy Study Bosnia and 95,000 Herzegovina 4603 Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis for the Adriatic Sea Regional 120,000 4776 Kosovo Comprehensive Water Sector Assessment Kosovo 140,000 5012 Achievement of Water Security through Strengthening of so-called Water Macedonia 100,000 Economies 5768 Albania Water Sector Assessment & Strategy Albania 100,000 Latin America & Caribbean (LCR) Region 2866 Interactive Management of Water Knowledge Regional 75,000 2985 Piloting Integrated Urban Water Resources Management in Key Latin American Regional 410,000 Urban Areas 3464 Strategic Regional Basin Planning for the Rio Bogota Project Colombia 30,729 3525 Strengthening Municipal Regulation of Sanitation Services in São Luis Brazil 13,000 3742 Supporting Integrated, Participatory, Basin-scale WRM in Peru Peru 90,000 3864 Brazil Irrigation Brazil 113,663 4536 Disaster Risk Management for Water and Sanitation Systems in Costa Rica Costa Rica 90,000 4808 Cusco +10 - Challenges of Rural Water and Sanitation after a decade Peru 46,763 4908 DR Disaster Risk Management: Hydrological Modeling and Meteorological Early Dominican 99,000 Warning Network Republic 4937 Documentation and Dissemination of Proven Management Models for Multi- Brazil 126,000 Village/Small Town Schemes in Brazil 5027 Training Program for Water Resources Management Modeling in Colombia Colombia 52,778 5037 Mexico: Enhancing Capacity of Water Utilities for Integrated Water Resources Mexico 34,582 Management 5125 Local Financing of Utilities Phase 2 - Improving Capacity of Peruvian Water Peru 52,800 Utilities to Access Local Financing 5321 Development of a River Basin Management Framework for Climate Change Regional 50,000 Resilience in the Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) 5407 Peru - Agricultural drainage - Maintenance Equipment and Rehabilitation Needs Peru 26,270 in Selected Valleys 5566 Brazil WSS Utility's Regulation Capacity Assessment Brazil 100,000 6199 Workshop on Strengthening Risk Management in the Water Sector Colombia 25,555 6485 Chile - Water Resources Management Assessment Chile 50,000 60 GFR # Region / Window Country/Region Approved amount Middle East & North Africa (MNA) Region 3193 Egypt Groundwater Management Egypt 125,000 3310 South-South Experience Sharing Between Morocco and Brazil in Sanitation Morocco and 65,191 Brazil 3582 Survey and Assessment of Private Water Providers in Sanaa, Yemen Yemen 41,190 3775 Strengthening Capacity to Adapt to Climate Change Impacts on Water Morocco 100,000 Management - Morocco National Downscaling Study 3797 Water Resources Management Governance in Yemen Yemen 60,000 3839 Downstream Impact of Wastewater Treatment Systems: A Study of Egypt Egypt 118,000 3895 Water and Wastewater Management in Iraq Iraq 85,000 4075 Assessing the Effects of Farm-level Irrigation Modernization Egypt 200,000 5575 Middle East and North Africa Regional Water Outlook Regional 350,000 South Asia (SAR) Region 2930 Bangladesh Water Sector Institutional Assessment Bangladesh 120,000 3026 Modernizing Hydrologic Applications in India India 100,000 3115 Quantifying the Economic Returns to Reliable Irrigation Infrastructure Investments India 67,000 in Rural India 3158 Sri Lanka - Technical Study on Water and Sanitation Services Delivery in the Sri Lanka 93,187 Plantation Estates 3258 Maharashta Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Reform Program India 75,000 3266 Improving Energy Efficiency in Urban Water Sector: a Scoping Study for India India 80,000 3356 Reform of Punjab Urban Water Sector Pakistan 63,000 3581 Strategy for Small Town Water Supply & Sanitation in Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 36,000 3831 Water Sector Improvement in Maharashtra India 150,000 5162 Irrigation Reform from Inside: Leadership Development and Change Management India 60,000 in IAMWARM Project 5280 Support to NGRBA for Urban Investments, Services, and Institutional India 120,000 Arrangements 5896 Water Resource Management in the Sundarbans Bangladesh 215,000 Water Anchor / Global Programs (WA / GP) 3225 Water and CC : Transboundary Aspects Global 42,000 3440 Publications and Websites Global 150,000 3454 PER Mozambique Mozambique 9, 097 3462 Lessons Learned PERs in Water Global 40,000 3531 Rural Private Operators Global 40,200 3499 National Wastewater Investment Planning Study Global 127,500 3569 Local Financing of Utilities - Development of Framework of Options and Peru 5,907 Recommendations 3658 Climate Change Adaptation Strategies at Basin and Planning Levels Global 174,750 3811 Improving Wastewater Use in Urban Agriculture Global 45,000 3812 Improving Water Management in Rainfed Agriculture Global 65,000 3630 Groundwater Governance and Policy Global 135,000 3734 Environmental Services KP (Environmental Flows and Management of Global 24,000 Freshwater Ecosystems) 6284 Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change in the Water Sector Global 307,200 6917 Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Global 63,890 World Bank Institute (WBI) 4479 Leading Change in Water Management and Governance WBI Global 180,000 61 EST Activities (all amounts in USD) GW-MATE Name of activity Region Country Approved amt GW-MATE 01 SADC GW and Drought Management Program AFR SADC 50,635 GW-MATE 02 African Groundwater Policy Dialogue and Awareness Program AFR SADC 50,154 GW-MATE 03 Groundwater Management Strategy AFR Ethiopia 94,300 GW-MATE 04 GW Aspects of Uganda CWRAS, Uganda AFR Uganda 39,300 GW-MATE 05 Strengthening Groundwater Management in Southern Mongolia EAP Mongolia 70,000 GW-MATE 06 China, Piloting groundwater management best practice EAP China 60,000 GW-MATE 07 Improving Groundwater Management in Peru LCR Peru 79,050 GW-MATE 08 Post-GEF Project Review on Ways Forward LCR Argentina, 30,000 Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay GW-MATE 09 Improving Groundwater Management in the States of Rio Grande LCR Brazil 54,850 do Norte and Ceará, Brazil GW-MATE 10 Urban Groundwater Use in Brazil: A Critical Review of Risks and LCR Brazil 17,900 Benefits as a Basis for Policy Definition GW-MATE 11 Review and Advice for Groundwater Management Studies, Sana'a MNA Yemen 43,800 Yemen GW-MATE 12 Conference on Integrated WRM and Sustainable Development, MNA Morocco 17,050 Morocco GW-MATE 13 Support IDA in Supervising Groundwater Management in Yemen MNA Yemen 30,000 Water SWAP GW-MATE 14 Support for Strategic Groundwater Management for Dhaka SAR Bangladesh 79,050 Watershed Within Overall National Framework GW-MATE 15 Enhancing Dissemination and Impact of India Groundwater AAA SAR India 20,600 findings GW-MATE 16 Andra Pradesh Drought Adaptation Initiative SAR India 28,770 GW-MATE 17 GW-MATE, Generic Knowledge Products, Strategy Papers and Global Global 140,000 Dissemination GW-MATE 18 GW-MATE Business Development, outreach and coordination Global Global 47,000 GW-MATE 19 GW Governance and Policy Global Global 50,000 HEF Name of activity Region Country Approved amt HEF 01 Ethiopia Tana & Beles IWRM AFR Ethiopia 98,681 HEF 02 Rusumo Falls water resources management AFR Tanzania, 14,100 Rwanda, Burundi HEF 03 Mali and Nigeria watershed management AFR Mali, Nigeria 26,860 HEF 04 Ghana Flood Hazard Assessment AFR Ghana 30,000 HEF 05 Vietnam - Trung Son PMF calculation EAP Vietnam 36,109 HEF 06 Jiangsu Wuxi Lake Tai Environment Project EAP China 21,000 HEF 07 China sludge incineration plant EAP China 7,000 HEF 08 Montenegro Lake Skadar Pipeline Assessment ECA Montenegro 15,681 HEF 09 Montenegro-Albania Lake Skadar-Shkoder ECA Montenegro, 43,119 Albania HEF 10 Albania disaster risk hydrometeorology ECA Albania 35,516 HEF 11 Central Asia water-energy modeling and analysis ECA Kazakhstan 42,346 HEF 12 Georgia regional wastewater management strategy for selected ECA Georgia 30,814 cities and towns HEF 13 Moldova disaster risk hydrometeorology ECA Moldova 43,320 62 Cont’d Name of activity Region Country Approved amt HEF 14 Central Asia Hydrometeorology ECA Regional 3,144 HEF 15 Bolivia Lake Titicaca outfall design LCR Bolivia 65,999 HEF 16 Bolivia climate modeling and adaptation LCR Bolivia 5,075 HEF 17 Rio Grande do Norte Integrated Water Resources Project LCR Brazil 13,130 HEF 18 Brazil Federated Integrated Water Resources Project - Interaguas LCR Brazil 30,150 HEF 19 Modernization of hydro-meteorological services in Mexico LCR Mexico 41,799 HEF 20 Mexico climate change for the Yacqui valley LCR Mexico 23,000 HEF 21 Colombia Water Resources Management Modeling LCR Colombia 24,515 HEF 22 Yemen Water Sector Support Project (WSSP) MNA Yemen 16,000 HEF 23 Morocco global climate change and hydrology modeling & MNA Morocco 19,374 HYDROMET HEF 24 India hydrology 2 project SAR India 33,479 HEF 25 South Asia Water Initiative SAR Regional 10,161 HEF 26 India Ganges River Basin Authority Project SAR India 32,828 HEF 27 Bangladesh Rivers Information and Conservation Project (BRIC) SAR Bangladesh 30,000 HEF 28 HEF Seminars Global Global 927 HEF 29 HEF Publications Global Global 20,000 HEF 30 HEF Note: Watershed and Disaster Management Global Global 50,472 HEF 31 HEF Note: Managing downstream impacts and externalities Global Global 45,087 HEF 32 Mexico COP 16 Global Global 9,000 SWAT Name of activity Region Country Approved amt SWAT 01 Cameroon SWAT III Urban Sanitation Support AFR Cameroon 62,294 SWAT 02 Laos Hospital Wastewater Work EAP Laos 13,287 SWAT 03 Mongolia Ger Sanitation EAP Mongolia 62,000 SWAT 04 Tajikistan Secondary Town Sanitation ECA Tajikistan 60,000 SWAT 05 Georgia - Rural Sanitation ECA Georgia 50,200 SWAT 06 Haiti SWAT III Rural Sanitation Support LCR Haiti 57,000 SWAT 07 Ecuador Rural Sanitation Evaluation LCR Ecuador 30,962 SWAT 08 Support for Panama Handwashing Initiative LRC Panama 17,000 SWAT 09 Morocco Waste Stabilization Pond Review MNA Morocco 35,000 SWAT 10 India Ganga Upstream Sewer Review SAR India 38,392 63 64 ANNEX vit es y R gion a d Region WPP Activities by Reg on and IV. Country Region Country No. of activities* Burkina Faso 1 Burundi 1 Cameroon 2 Egypt 3 Ethiopia 4 Ghana 2 Kenya 1 Lesotho 1 Malawi 1 Africa* Mali 1 (total 43) Morocco 5 Mozambique 1 Nigeria 1 Rwanda 1 Senegal 1 Tanzania 5 Uganda 2 Zambia 1 Zimbabwe 1 Regional 8 China 11 Indonesia 1 Laos 1 East Asia (total 21) Mongolia 3 Philippines 1 Vietnam 2 Regional 2 Albania 3 Azerbaijan 1 Europe and Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 Central Asia (total 19) Georgia 2 Kazakhstan 1 Kosovo 1 Macedonia 1 * WPP and EST program management activities (e.g., dissemination, publications, etc.) are not included in these numbers. Some activities are implemented in two or more countries—these activities are double counted in the total number of activities. The Africa region includes the whole continent in this annex. 65 Region Country No. of activities Europe and Moldova 1 Central Asia Montenegro 2 (total 19) Tajikistan 1 Cont’d Regional 5 Iraq 1 Middle East Yemen 5 (total 7) Regional 1 Argentina 1 Bolivia 2 Brazil 9 Chile 1 Colombia 4 Costa Rica 1 Latin America (total 35) Dominican Republic 1 Ecuador 1 Haiti 1 Mexico 3 Panama 1 Paraguay 1 Peru 5 Uruguay 1 Regional 3 Bangladesh 4 India 12 South Asia Pakistan 1 (total 20) Sri Lanka 2 Regional 1 Global 22 TOTAL 167 Total regional / global 42 66 ANNEX er k Pro ects P Projects Non-Water Bank Project V. y h WPP Influenced by the WPP Project name Region Country Primary sectora Bank Total Project lending / project Status grants costs ($ M) ($ M) Third National Fadama Development Project AFR Nigeria Crops 250.00 425.00 Active (FADAMA III) Nigeria Scaling Up Sustainable Land AFR Nigeria Public administration- 6.80 6.80 Active Management Practice, Knowledge, and Agriculture, fishing and Coordination forestry Lower Kihansi Environmental Management AFR Tanzania General agriculture, fishing 3.50 3.50 Active Project 2 and forestry sector NELSAP: Regional Rusumo Falls AFR Africa Renewable energy 118.00 180.00 Pipeline Hydroelectric and Multipurpose Project Zambezi Basin Multi-Sector Investment AFR Africa General energy sector 0.00 0.00 Active Opportunity Study SVP-Additional Grant Financing Regional AFR Africa Power 4.11 4.11 Active Power Trade - II Jiangxi Shihutang Navigation and EAP China Ports, waterways and 100.00 319.00 Active Hydropower Complex Project shipping South Gobi Infrastructure & Environment EAP Mongolia General energy sector 0.00 0.00 Closed AAA MN-Mining Infrastructure Investment Support EAP Mongolia General transportation 25.00 25.00 Pipeline sector Update of Economic and Financial Review on EAP EAP Sub-national government 0.00 0.00 Active China's WSS Sector administration (secondary: General transportation sector) Health Services Improvement Project EAP Laos Health 15.00 15.00 Active VN-Trung Son Hydropower Project EAP Vietnam Power 330.00 411.57 Pipeline EU Natura 2000 Integration Project ECA Croatia General public 28.80 32.60 Active administration sector (secondary: General agriculture, fishing and forestry sector) a) For Bank projects, up to five sectors can be specified in the project database. In cases where the primary sector as indicated in the project database does not clearly specify a sector, the secondary sector is indicated as well. 67 Project name Region Country Primary sectora Bank Total Project lending project Status / grants costs ($ M) ($ M) SEE Water and Climate Adaptation ECA ECA General public 0.00 0.00 Active administration sector (secondary: General agriculture, fishing and forestry sector) Comprehensive Water Sector Assessment ECA Macedonia General information and 0.00 0.00 Active communications sector (secondary: General energy sector) Comprehensive Water Sector Assessment ECA Kosovo General information and 0.00 0.00 Active communications sector (secondary: General energy sector) Energy & Water Dev. Framework ECA Central Asia Power 0.00 0.00 Active Bosnia Herzegovina Integrated Water-Energy ECA Bosnia and Renewable energy 0.00 0.00 Active Development Study Herzegovina Environmental Protection and Sustainable LCR Latin Central government 13.40 26.76 Closed Development of the Guarani Aquifer System America administration (secondary: Project Other social services) Environmental Services Project LCR Mexico General agriculture, fishing 45.00 141.56 Active and forestry sector Water-Related Adaptation to Climate Change LCR Bolivia General agriculture, fishing 0.00 0.00 Active and Variability and forestry sector First Development Policy Loan in support of MNA Morocco General agriculture, fishing 206.38 206.38 Pipeline the Plan Maroc Vert and forestry sector Regional Water Outlook MNA MNA General information and 0.00 0.00 Active communications sector (secondary: General energy sector) AP Rural Poverty Reduction Additional SAR India General agriculture, fishing 65.00 1701.00 Active Financing and forestry sector Andhra Pradesh Pilot Drought Adaptation SAR India General agriculture, fishing 0.00 0.00 Active Initiative and forestry sector Sundarbans Climate Change Adaptation, SAR Bangladesh General agriculture, fishing 0.00 0.00 Active Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable and forestry sector Development 68 ANNEX jects Influenced nf ue ced u Bank Projects Influenced VI. by the WPP Project name Region Country Primary sectorb Bank Total Project lending / project Status grants costs ($ M) ($ M) Documenting Sanitation Successful AFR Africa Sanitation 0.00 0.00 Active Experiences in Burkina Faso and Senegal Groundwater and Drought Management in AFR Africa Central government 7.00 13.32 Active SADC Project administration NELSAP: Regional Rusumo Falls AFR Africa Renewable energy 118.00 180.00 Pipeline Hydroelectric and Multipurpose Project Zambezi Basin Multi-Sector Investment AFR Africa General energy sector 0.00 0.00 Active Opportunity Study Eastern Nile Strategic Basin Assessment and AFR Africa General water, sanitation 0.00 0.00 Active Investment Strategy and flood protection sector 3A-Africa Irrigation Initiative AFR Africa Irrigation and drainage 0.00 0.00 Active SVP-Additional Grant Financing Regional AFR Africa Power 4.11 4.11 Active Power Trade - II Sanitation Project AFR Cameroon General water, sanitation 50.00 50.00 Pipeline and flood protection sector Irrigation and Drainage Project AFR Ethiopia Irrigation and drainage 100.00 115.00 Active Ethiopia Water Supply and Sanitation Project AFR Ethiopia Water supply 100.00 120.00 Active Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project AFR Ethiopia Water supply 100.00 119.00 Active Tana & Beles Integrated Water Resources AFR Ethiopia General water, sanitation 45.00 70.00 Active Development and flood protection sector Disaster Preparedness and Watershed AFR Ghana Flood protection 0.00 0.00 Active Management (GFDRR ) KE-Water Resources Assessment AFR Kenya Water supply 0.00 0.00 Active Water Sector Improvement APL Phase II: AFR Lesotho Water supply 25.00 31.80 Active Metolong Dam and Water Supply Third National Fadama Development Project AFR Nigeria Crops 250.00 425.00 Active (FADAMA III) Nigeria Scaling Up Sustainable Land AFR Nigeria Public administration- 6.80 6.80 Active Management Practice, Knowledge, and Agriculture, fishing and Coordination forestry Lower Kihansi Environmental Management AFR Tanzania General agriculture, fishing 3.50 3.50 Active Project 2 and forestry sector Dar es Salaam Water Supply and Sanitation AFR Tanzania Water supply 61.50 164.60 Closed Project Water Sector Support Project AFR Tanzania Water supply 200.00 951.00 Active Small Town Water and Sanitation Systems AFR Zimbabwe Water supply 0.00 0.00 Active b) For Bank projects, up to five sectors can be specified in the project database. In cases where the primary sector as indicated in the project database does not clearly specify a sector related to water, the secondary sector is indicated. 69 Project name Region Country Primary sectorb Bank Total Project lending / project Status grants costs ($ M) ($ M) Shanghai Urban Environment APL Phase 2 EAP China Sewerage 180.00 434.00 Active Jiangxi Shihutang Navigation and EAP China Ports, waterways and 100.00 319.00 Active Hydropower Complex Project shipping Water Conservation Project II EAP China Irrigation and drainage 80.00 160.00 Pipeline Jiangsu Wuxi Lake Tai Environment Project EAP China General water, sanitation 150.00 306.00 Pipeline and flood protection sector Revision of National Guidelines on Dam EAP China Flood protection 0.00 0.00 Active (Reservoir) Safety Management and Risk Informed Dam Safety Management China: Rural Wastewater Management Study EAP China Sanitation 0.00 0.00 Active Study on Consumption-based Water Rights EAP China General water, sanitation 0.00 0.00 Active Administration System in Turfan Basin of and flood protection sector China Study on Water Pricing for WUA Sustainable EAP China Irrigation and drainage 0.00 0.00 Active in China Benchmarking of WS Utilities Peformance in EAP China Water supply 0.00 0.00 Dropped China China Country Water Resources Partnership EAP China General water, sanitation 0.00 0.00 Active Strategy and flood protection sector Review/Update National Design Codes WSD EAP China General water, sanitation 0.00 0.00 Active and flood protection sector China: Establishment of Groundwater EAP China General water, sanitation 0.00 0.20 Active Management Center and flood protection sector Update of Economic and Financial Review on EAP East Asia Sub-national government 0.00 0.00 Active China's WSS Sector and Pacific administration (secondary: General water, sanitation and flood protection sector) Health Services Improvement Project EAP Laos Health 15.00 15.00 Active Second Ulaanbaatar Services Improvement EAP Mongolia Water supply 18.00 22.98 Active Project South Gobi Infrastructure & Environment EAP Mongolia General energy sector 0.00 0.00 Closed AAA MN-Mining Infrastructure Investment Supp EAP Mongolia General transportation 25.00 25.00 Pipeline sector (secondary: Water supply) Making Small Scale Providers Work for the EAP Philippines General water, sanitation 0.00 0.00 Active Poor and flood protection sector VN-Trung Son Hydropower Project EAP Vietnam Power 330.00 411.57 Pipeline VN - Mekong Delta Water Management for EAP Vietnam General water, sanitation 150.00 400.00 Pipeline Rural Dev and flood protection sector Project name Region Country Primary sectorb Bank Total Project lending project Status / grants costs ($ M) ($ M) Water Sector Investment Project ECA Albania Water supply 40.00 65.50 Pipeline Disaster Risk Mitigation and Adaptation ECA Albania Flood protection 9.16 10.17 Active Project Hovsan Wastewater Outfall Project ECA Azerbaijan Sewerage 92.00 109.00 Pipeline Bosnia Herzegovina Integrated Water-Energy ECA Bosnia and Renewable energy 0.00 0.00 Active Development Study Herzegovina Energy & Water Dev. Framework ECA Central Asia Power 0.00 0.00 Active 70 Project name Region Country Primary sectorb Bank Total Project lending / project Status grants costs ($ M) ($ M) Dam Safety Assessment In Amudarya Basin ECA Central Asia General water, sanitation 0.00 0.00 Active and flood protection sector Central Asia Hydrometeorology ECA Central Asia Flood protection 20.70 27.70 Pipeline Modernization Project EU Natura 2000 Integration Project ECA Croatia General public 28.80 32.60 Active administration sector (secondary: General agriculture, fishing and forestry sector) Regional Seas Program ECA Europe and Solid waste management 0.00 0.00 Active Central Asia SEE Water and Climate Adaptation ECA Europe and General public 0.00 0.00 Active Central Asia administration sector (secondary: General water, sanitation and flood protection sector) Regional & Municipal Infrastructure ECA Georgia Water supply 40.00 65.40 Active Development Project Comprehensive Water Sector Assessment ECA Kosovo General information and 0.00 0.00 Active communications sector (secondary: General energy sector) Comprehensive Water Sector Assessment ECA Macedonia General information and 0.00 0.00 Active communications sector (secondary: General energy sector) Disaster and Climate Risk Management ECA Moldova Public administration- 10.00 10.00 Active Project Water, sanitation and flood protection :Sustainable Tourism Development Additional ECA Montenegro Water supply 5.00 43.00 Dropped Financing Municipal Infrastructure Development Project ECA Tajikistan Water supply 15.00 16.50 Active Project name Region Country Primary sectorb Bank Total Project lending project Status / grants costs ($ M) ($ M) Water-Related Adaptation to Climate Change LCR Bolivia General agriculture, fishing 0.00 0.00 Active and Variability and forestry sector Lake Titicaca Local Sustainable Development LCR Bolivia Other industry (secondary: 20.00 23.01 Active Sewerage) Ceara Integrated Water Resources LCR Brazil Water supply 136.00 247.20 Active Management Project Rio Grande do Norte Integrated Water LCR Brazil Water supply 35.90 59.80 Active Resources Management BR (FBS)Concession Pub.Irrig. Perimeters - LCR Brazil Irrigation and drainage 0.00 0.00 Closed Baxio do Irece II BR Federal Integrated Water - Interaguas LCR Brazil Public administration- 97.58 130.10 Pipeline Water, sanitation and flood protection BR Municipal APL: Sao Luis Enhancing LCR Brazil Flood protection 35.64 59.40 Active Municipal Governance and Quality of Life Project 71 Project name Region Country Primary sectorb Bank Total Project lending / project Status grants costs ($ M) ($ M) Pernambuco Sustainable Water LCR Brazil Sewerage 190.00 410.00 Active Central America Disaster Risk Management LCR Central Non-compulsory pensions, 0.00 0.00 Closed and Reduction Strategy America insurance and contractual savings (secondary: Flood protection) Water Resources Management Assessment LCR Chile General water, sanitation 0.00 0.00 Active Study and flood protection sector CO Sustainable Development Inv Project LCR Colombia Central government 7.00 8.05 Active administration (secondary: Water supply) Rio Bogota Environmental Recuperation and LCR Colombia Sewerage 250.00 487.00 Active Flood Control Project Disaster Vulnerability Reduction First Phase LCR Colombia Flood protection 260.00 401.00 Active APL DO Emergency Recovery & Disaster Mgmt LCR Dominican General water, sanitation 80.00 80.00 Active Republic and flood protection sector Haiti Rural Water and Sanitation Project LCR Haiti Water supply 5.00 5.25 Active Rural Water and Sanitation Project - SPF LCR Haiti Water supply 5.00 5.00 Active Environmental Protection and Sustainable LCR Latin Central government 13.40 26.76 Closed Development of the Guarani Aquifer System America administration (secondary: Project Other social services) Environmental Services Project LCR Mexico General agriculture, fishing 45.00 141.56 Active and forestry sector Adaptation to Climate Change in the Water LCR Mexico General water, sanitation 450.00 450.00 Closed Sector Development Policy Loan and flood protection sector Nicaragua Rural Water Supply and Sanitation LCR Nicaragua Water supply 20.00 23.10 Active Project (PRASNICA) OECS Disaster Vulnerability Reduction LCR OECS Flood protection 20.00 95.00 Pipeline Project Countries Water Supply and Sanitation in Low-Income LCR Panama Water supply 32.00 39.40 Active Communities Sierra Irrigation Subsector LCR Peru Irrigation and drainage 20.00 48.33 Active Water Resources Management Modernization LCR Peru Public administration- 10.00 23.67 Active Water, sanitation and flood protection National Rural Water Supply And Sanitation LCR Peru Sanitation 50.00 80.00 Active Project Project name Region Country Primary sectorb Bank Total Project lending project Status / grants costs ($ M) ($ M) Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project MNA Yemen Sanitation 130.00 150.00 Closed Sana'a Basin Water Management Project MNA Yemen Irrigation and drainage 24.00 30.00 Closed EGYPT-Integrated Irrigation Improvement MNA Egypt Irrigation and drainage 120.00 303.00 Active and Management Project MA-Modernization of Irrigated Agriculture in MNA Morocco Irrigation and drainage 70.00 115.50 Active the Oum Er Rbia Basin Integrated Sanitation& Sewerage MNA Egypt Sanitation 120.00 201.50 Active Infrastructure Project IQ-Emergency Water Supply Project MNA Iraq Water supply 109.50 109.50 Active Morocco Oum Er Rbia Sanitation MNA Morocco Sanitation 43.00 75.10 Active 72 Project name Region Country Primary sectorb Bank Total Project lending / project Status grants costs ($ M) ($ M) Yemen-Water Sector Support MNA Yemen Irrigation and drainage 90.00 340.55 Active First Development Policy Loan in support of MNA Morocco General agriculture, fishing 206.38 206.38 Pipeline the Plan Maroc Vert and forestry sector Egypt-Farm-level Irrigation Modernization MNA Egypt Irrigation and drainage 100.00 180.00 Active Regional Water Outlook MNA Middle East General information and 0.00 0.00 Active and North communications sector Africa (secondary: General energy sector) Project name Region Country Primary sectorb Bank Total Project lending project Status / grants costs ($ M) ($ M) Dhaka Environment and Water Project (DEW) SAR Bangladesh General water, sanitation 100.00 110.00 Pipeline and flood protection sector Bangladesh Rivers Information and SAR Bangladesh General water, sanitation 180.00 180.00 Active Conservation Project and flood protection sector Sundarbans Climate Change Adaptation, SAR Bangladesh General agriculture, fishing 0.00 0.00 Active Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable and forestry sector Development Uttar Pradesh Water Sector Restructuring SAR India Irrigation and drainage 149.20 173.70 Active Project Hydrology Project Phase II SAR India Irrigation and drainage 104.98 135.05 Active Maharashtra Water Sector Improvement SAR India Irrigation and drainage 325.00 393.77 Active Project Tamil Nadu Irrigated Agriculture SAR India Irrigation and drainage 485.00 566.00 Active Modernization and Water-Bodies Restoration and Management Project AP Rural Poverty Reduction Additional SAR India General agriculture, fishing 65.00 1,701.00 Active Financing and forestry sector West Bengal Accelerated Development of SAR India Irrigation and drainage 250.00 340.00 Pipeline Minor Irrigation Andhra Pradesh Pilot Drought Adaptation SAR India General agriculture, fishing 0.00 0.00 Active Initiative and forestry sector National Ganga River Basin Project SAR India Public administration- 1,000.00 1,100.00 Pipeline Water, sanitation and flood protection Maharashtra Rural Water Supply and SAR India Sub-national government 181.00 268.60 Closed Sanitation "Jalswarajya" Project administration (secondary: Water supply) Karnataka Municipal Water Energy Efficiency SAR India Water supply 1.32 1.32 Active Project Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and SAR India Water supply 150.00 180.00 Active Sanitation Punjab Province - Gujarnwala WASA SAR Pakistan Water supply 0.00 0.00 Active Corporatization Study Regional Cooperation Dialogue on Rivers of SAR South Asia General water, sanitation 0.00 0.00 Active Greater Himalayas and flood protection sector 73 74 75 76