lhe Johannesburg Declaration, 2002 The following is a summary of the declaration, which is available in full from the website of the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Division for Sustainable Development Consensus, in which developed, developing and transition economy The challenges we face -----..I Official Sustainable development requires achieved through increased access to Development Assistance and countries pledged to undertake reducing poverty, changing financial resources, opening of markets, 1972 - Stockholm, Sweden important actions in domestic, consumption and production patterns, capacity building, the use of modern The UN Conference on the Human Environment placed environmental international and systemic policy and managing the natural resource technology and the formation of issues on the international political matters. It stressed the importance of base. stronger regional groupings and agenda for the first time. The Official Development Assistance in alliances. supporting better governance. The A major threat to global prosperity, conference promoted the importance The summit reaffirmed the pledge to conference was a major milestone in security and stability is posed by the of environmental issues at a national focus on the fight against worldwide establishing the basis for the financing ever-increasing gap between the rich level, and encouraged the development diseases, to ensure women's of sustainable development. and the poor. Globalization has added of national policies. It gave birth to the empowerment and emancipation and a new dimension to these challenges, UN Environment Program (UNEP) and to recognize the vital role of the 2002 - Johannesburg, South Africa with a mixed set of opportunities and the Convention on International Trade indigenous peoples in sustainable The World Summit on Sustainable risks, while weak governance structures of Endangered Species (CITES). development. Development (WSSD) offered a major at the national level may cause citizens opportunity to develop understanding to lose confidence in their government 1992 - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Making it happen! of environmental issues, and have a representatives. The UN Conference on Environment Effective, democratic and accountable and Development, quickly renamed the mature debate on practical ways to Our commitment to sustainable international and multilateral "Earth Summit," was an unprecedented achieve progress. It produced the Johannesburg Declaration on development institutions are needed to achieve the event in terms of its size and scope. It established the fu ndamental principle Sustainable Development. The WSSD urges the promotion of goals of sustainable development. This dialogue and cooperation among the must be an inclusive process. that economic development can and must go hand in hand with world's civilizations and peoples, Only through our actions will our environmental protection. The parties irrespective of race, disabilities, children inherit a world free of the adopted Agenda 21 , a framework for religion, language, culture and indignity and indecency occasioned by action at the national and international tradition. poverty, environmental degradation and level. patterns of unsustainable development. It supports the implementation of targets, timetables and partnerships to 2002 - Monterrey, Mexico speedily increase access to basic The culmination of a four-year requirements such as clean water, preparatory process, the International sanitation, adequate shelter, energy, Conference on Financing for health care, food security and the Development adopted the Monterrey protection of biodiversity. This is to be THE WORLD BANK Washington, D.C . Contents Copyright© 2005 The International Bank for Preface 5 Reconstruction and Development I The World by Region 6 The World Bank Part one 1Bl8 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone 202-473-1000 Internet www.worldbank.org E-mail feedback@worldbank.org Part two Forests Forests All rights reserved. Deforestation ISBN 0-8213-5870-7 Part three Biodiversity Mammals 24 Published for the World Bank by Birds 26 Myriad Editions Limited Protected Areas 28 6-7 Old Steine, Brighton BNl 3EJ, UK www.MyriadEditions. com Part four Energy, Transport and Emissions 30 Energy Efficiency 32 Printed in Hong Kong Traditional Fuels 34 Electricity 36 The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein Carbon Dioxide 38 are those of the author(s) and do not necessari ly reflect the views Particulates 40 of the Board of Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee Part five Water and Sanitation the accuracy of the data included in this work. Availability of Fresh Water 44 Withd.rawa l of Fresh Water 46 The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information Access to Water 48 shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on Access to Sanitation so the part of the World Bank concerning the legal status of any Water Pollution 52 territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Data Table 54 Library of Congress cataloging-in-pub lication data has been Index 64 applied for. Preface The World Bank is pleased to bring you this guide to some of the most important environmental and natural resources issues facing the world today. It contains easy-to-read maps, tables, and graphs highlighting key environmental data for 200 of the world's economies. Based on the Worlf:t. Bank's World Development Indicators and the Little Green Data Book, the Green miniAtlas complements the miniAtlas of Global Development previously published by the World Bank. The information in the Green miniAtlas is a quick reference for monitoring environmental performance across countries. And it links the environment to the broader development chal lenges of improving health, raising productivity, and fighting poverty. Topics are organized into five themes which capture the environmental challenges facing rich and poor countries today. • Rural space • Forests • Biodiversity • Energy, emissions, and transport • Water and sanitation The World Bank has long been an advocate of environmentally and socially sustainable development. One of the great challenges facing both rich and poor countries is finding a path for development that improves the lives of people and preserves our environment. The Green miniAtlas seeks to raise awareness of the economic and social forces affecting the global, regional , and local environment. Only by acting with awareness and respect for the environment can we reduce poverty, protect ecosystems, and sustain our future. Ian Johnson Vice President for Sustainable Development The World Bank 5 THE WORLD BY REGION Low- and midd le-income he World Bank's main criterion for classifying economies is economies East Asia and Pacific High-income economies T gross national income (GNI) per capita. Every economy is classified as low income, middle income, or high income. Low- Europe and OECD income economies are those with a GNI per capita of $735 or Central Asia less in 2002. Middle-income economies are those with a GNI Latin America and other per capita of more than $735 but less than $9,076. High-income Caribbean economies are those with a GNI per capita of $9,07 -6 or more. • Middle East and North Africa no data Low- and middle-income economies are ·om times referred to • South Asia as developing economies . • Sub-Saharan Africa Russian Federat i on ------ Ca n i da Unite d S t a in . '· Aust r a Ii a Geographic regions used in this atlas include only low- and middle-income economies round 60 percent of the population of A the developing world - some 3 billion people - live in rural areas. Agriculture is still the main source of employment in many countries, and· for the poorest people it is also critical to subsistence. Most of the land suitable for food production is a lready in use. Expa nsion onto fragile and margi nal lands, or onto land cleared of forest, may present an immediate solution but is often unsustainable in the longer term, as poor-quality soil turns to dust and b lows away. Intensification of agricultu re - the use of ferti lizers, pesticid es, irrigation, and new plant varieties - can make the land more productive, and has been successful in the past. Between 1980 and 2001 agricultural prod uction in developing economies almost doubl ed, w hile the popu lation increased by 45 perce nt ove r the same period. But productivity inc reases come at a price, much o f it paid in soil degradation, pollution, water scarcity, a nd loss of biodiversity. Environmental degradation reduces food secu rity and the incomes of rural people, perpetuating the vicious cycle of poverty and leading to further degradation. Sustainable produ ction meth ods, based on environ- mental ly sound practices, are the key to improvi ng rura l li vel ihoods . ARABLE LAND As % of total land area 2001 he total area of arable land worldwide did not change • • 40% and over 20%-39% 5%-9% under 5% T significantly between 1980 and 2001. It increased slightly in developing economies and declined in high-income economies . • Russian Federation B~miuda{UK) • ........ -- Kiribati ~ ('.) 11"11J-'• ~"! 1 • .'ftf•itll and Bart>uda 'if>t~.t Samoa(US. St Lucia """"'•• n f$ :r ~ .. Yr ""r.1r l,il "*"' ~,.,.,.... Colombia l~ , v I 61t,.~~__:::::___J-..-"' Slo Tamt' (L;..c,, and Prfncipt ,.... Rqi. Congo ... , ··Cl~ Br a z i I [lo.ill<.. on ,·· EiC'"'JD 4. LJm . Islands • \ ' Bolivia . Mauritius Australia 467 55J 1990 2001 1990 2001 1990 2001 1990 2001 High-inc11me East Asia & Europe & Latin America Middle East & South Sub-Saharan 10 economies Pacific Central Asia North Africa Asia Africa 11 &Caribbean FERTILIZER USE Fertilizer per hectare of arable land 2001 100 grams • 2,000 and over 100-499 P roper use of fertilizers can help offset the natural process of soil degradation, but excessive use can generate pollution - reducing productivity and harming human health . • 1,000-1,999 under 100 • 500-999 no data Russian Federation Libya Samoa e ~01Jul1n .. Cape Verde ~i Tonga '6 ~ Mali Niger ~n.1u11 n..., • o Polyn cs7a(M• G.il•~-B~u Nt w Calcdonia(Fr) Sicrra ~~..J -' Q~ C'li..-:iit Lltnr\i- ,l'lNilf:I ~llliillro1J Cm MJ Cll'I R:, n...... - - I' nr~ I Rcp. e.:.i1t1·:.l"' r... urCtu"'P Angola . ' Mauritius • R~union(Fr) . Australia 1,327 Nm \.. 100 grams of fertilizer Zealand , per hectare of arable land b ~ Income group 1979-8 1, 1999-2001 1-'.r N r average 1979-81 1999-2001 ./ 1979-81 1999-2001 1979-81 1999-2001 Low-income Middle-income High-inc•d P'rm: · t Spain Energy efficiency in the Eu ropean Union Mexico in 2001 was 61 % higher than in developing economies Costa RJGil- 8 ra z i I Increasing d emand 62 % of the increase in world energy demand between 2000 and 2030 will come from developing ,, economies ENERGY USE 1,337 2,027 i,116 4,847 5,423 Amount of energy used per capita 1990-2001 tilograms of oil equivalent ~ 0 510 1) 1990 2001 1990 2001 1990 2001 1990 2001 Low-income Lower middle-income Upper middle:income High-incqme 32 economies economies economies economies 33 USE OF TRADITIONAL FUELS Use of combustible renewables Traditional Fuels and waste as% of total fuel 2001 • 60.0% and over 5.0%-9.9% T he use of traditional fuels such as wood, charcoal and dung for cooking creates indoor air pollution. This contributes to lung and eye diseases among women and children, and is a • 20.0% - 59.9% under 5.0% major cause of infant mortality in low-income economies . • 10.0% - 19.9% no data Canada Russian F~d~ration G United States ·' Spain .- slJ Mexico Algeria r..1Til"!K21r "'" Thailand Use of traditional fuels: 1990: 34% 2001:17% -c,'· Traditional fuel use declines with development Chad: 98% Costa Rica: 54 % Japan: 2% Use of combustible ren~wJtiles and waste as % of total fuel income group r 90-2000 34 Low-income economies BB 1990 Middle-income economies 2000 (i 2.9% 1990 00 3.o% 2000 High-inc'?me economies a) D 35 ELECTRICITY FROM COAL % of electricity produced from coal sources 2001 l B Electrici urning coal is an affordable, yet often polluting, way of • 60.0% and over under 10.0% t ~ay producing electricity. Most coal-fired electricity production takes place in high-income economies, but the low-income • 30.0% - 59.9% 10.0% - 29.5% no data economies' share is increasing. hrt~ Russian Federation Air pollution Burning coal releases twice as much carbon dioxide ,./ ___,' I J ~ 1 as burning natural gas J-'} ,..., -~- .r ::·· ~ ) Colombia ~ "'- . _-,. j~ Ptru l COAL-USE TRENDS 49% 35% 39% % of electricity produced from coal sources 1990-2000 1990 - 2000 - 2000 1990 2000 Low-income Middle-income High-inc'?me 36 economies economies economies 37 Emissions of carbon dioxide (C0 2 ) Carbon Dioxide per capita 2000 metric tons C arbon dioxide emissions, largely a b -produ l of energy production and use, account for the lmrge l share of the greenhouse ga e o fa ted with g,lob I warming. • 15.0 and over 1.0-4.9 • • 10.0-14.9 5.0-9.9 under 1.0 no data '" MongoHa Chi n a ~::.>I //-~·~:"\ ' ( G~m (US} Amenean \ ' '~Palau Samoa 0 S~moa {US1 anuatu O [!}1 Tonga J •FrcnchtAJ ,. .. N: Polynessa(~ ~ ...... Caledonia (Fr) / ~· {)~i Lanka :---::-:-/! ~:···:. ·. Maldivcs i Peru ~ C02 emissions Bolivia- by the United States are equivalent to the total emissions of East Asia, Latin America, and Sub-Saharan Africa I Argentina TRENDS IN EMISSIONS .,,170 9,129 Total C0 2 emissions ty income group 1990-2000 38 BJBJ 1990 2000 Low-income economies ~ 19~0 Middle-income economies moo High-inc'?me economies 39 n many towns and cities, exposure to particulate air pollution • 1 .0% and over 0.2%-0.3% t JIOrw1y I is the main environmental health threat. Prolonged exposure carries heavy e onomi , a~ we n s h11.1man, cos t , especially in • • 0.6%-0.9% 0.4%-0.5% 0.0%-0.1% no data the d v I • orld. c• n a d a United States Li lY!fl'P;.11 El'iMull!ir 1- ttl4".•fl9 1 Costa n ::': L Br a z i I ··~ Particulates Particulate matter (PM 10) per cubic meter is ten times higher in Cairo (Egypt) than in Aust r a Ii a Birmingham (UK) MOTOR VEHICLE TRENDS 505 668 N" per. 1,000 people 7 11 JlY income group 1990-2000 [ I 0 0 0 l) '.J 2000 1990 2000 1990 2000 1990 Low-income Middle-income High-inc11me 40 economies economies economies 41 Part five Water and Sanitation A s the world's population increases, and people use water at a faster rate, supplies of clean fresh water are diminishing. In addition, many peop le lack access to a safe and reliable source of water. Water shortage and poor water supplies limit the prospects for economic development. Countries with less than 1,700 cubic meters of fresh water per person are considered to be in "water stress." Where populations are increasing, this wil l only get worse. Water po llution and wasteful practices further reduce the available supply of water. When the level drops below 1,000 cubic meters per person, countries are in "water scarcity." Access to water and sanitation services is closely linked to human health. Even countries with abun dant water supplies may not do a good job of providing water services. Paraguay has more tha n 17 ,000 cubic meters of water per capita, but 40 percent of the rural popu lation lacks access to an improved source such as piped water or a covered well. And yet in water-scarce Jordan more than 95 percent of the population receive adequate water services. Providing potable water is often the simplest way to reduce Fresh water infant mortality in the world's poorest Only 2.5% of the world's water is fresh, coun tries. Yet in many African countries, and only a third of that less than half the population has access to is available for human safe drinking water. consumption 43 FRESHWATER RESOURCES Availability per person per year of Fresh 2000 cubic metres • 10,000 and over 1,000 - 1,699 M ore than 430 million people live in countries facing water stress or scarcity. Population growth will add to the demand for water. By 20 0 he numb r of p opl·e facing water stress • 3,000 - 9,999 under 1,000 could inu '.} ·vefold. no data 0 • eAntiguaandBarbuda 10;!125 per person per year by income group and region 2000 K:ubic metres 101 " 1,377 . •) 2,684 [::J) • --- ./ New " ! Ze:aland High·inc'?me East Asia & Europe & Latin America Middle East & South Sub-Saharan 44 economies Pacific Central Asia & Caribbean North Africa Asia Africa 45 ~ - FRESHWATER WIT HDRAWALS Withdrawal of F : " As a % of total water resources most recent available data 40% and over • under 10% 20%-39% no data • 10%-19% 0 East Asia & Europe & Latin America Middle East & South Sub-Saharan 46 Pacifi c Central Asia & Caribbean North Africa Asia Africa 47 WATER ACCESS % of population with access to Access t improved water source 2000 • 100% 40%-59% R eadily available water from the risk of disease. Some provision of impm\'ed · omce a reliable source greatly reduces progress has been made in the of w er, but man challenges 80% - 99% under 40% remain, es • I in rural area of Sub-Saharan A ·a. 60%- 79% no data ~i Tonga • ~--.~:(:.. :· ... 1990 urban f"'2000 1990 rural I 661 80 of population in low- and 'ddle-income economies with 1 urban rural urban ru ral eccess to improved water source ' East Asia Latin America & South Asia Sub-Saharan f990 and 2000 & Pacific Caribbean Africa 48 49 SANITATION ACCESS % of populatio n w ith access to improved sanitation facilities 2000 • 100% 40%-59% L ack of sanitation facilities is linked to the spread of diarrhea, to which children are especially susceptible. Despite progress since 1990, 2.4 billion people, especially those living in rural • 80%-99% un der 40% areas, still lack access to adequate sanitation. Mongolia Ch j n a , _-.. .. t·:._ Maldives i 1990 urban r=" 2000 1990 rura l r: ·I mpopulation in low- a nd lddle- income economies ,..,52 1 66 urban 11 B rural urban rural with access to improved faci lities Latin America & South Asia Sub-Saharan 1990 and 2000 Caribbean Africa 50 51 ORGANIC WATER POLLUTANTS Weight of pollutants emitted per worker 2000 or latest available data grams per day 2 SOg and over • under 150g .. E missions of organic pollutants f~om i~dustrial a~tiviti~s are a major cause of poor water qua.hi • High- and m1ddle-mc~me economies a ount or 87 percent of the world' water pollution. 200g-240g no data • 150g-190g t. lkrmudo{UK) • PWrtoRito (US} .j, . . Lanka Peru Br a z i I Low-income economies (excluding India) •. The food and ··~ beverage industry Mauritius is the most prolific • source of organic waler pollution 36% Of POLLUTION High-income o/o share of water pollution economies from organic waste l;Jy income and region ,1998 52 53 COUNTRY PROFILE R U RAL SPACE F ORESTS 610DIV fl.SHY ENERGY TRANSPORT WA TE R AN[) MISSIO Countries Population GNI Arable Fertilizer Forest area Nationally GDP ~ Fresh wattt- Access to ~ to per capita land 100g per as'lbof protmed jlltl(Wd !"' '9 CIDIS5IOl15 improved I~ as% of total hectare of total areas af lil~t per capiUI water ~ millions US$ land area arable land land area as 'lb of total 1()()1 2t.6 34.0 -0.30 7.9 7,8 7.4 3,2 81 Jamaica 2.6 2,690 16 672 8.8 30.0 1.53 84.6 2.1 4.2 3,592 92 99 Japsn 127.2 34,0 0 12 3,046 54.8 66.1 -0.01 -~ 5.8 9.~ 3J82 Jordan 5.2 ,?00 3 943 20.0 1-0 0.00 3.4 3.7 3.2 135 .. N'gative numbers signify reforestation 56 57 lCOUNTRY PROFILE GNI --~----- RURAL SPACE FORESTS BIODIVERSITY -- ENERGY, TRANSPORT ANO EMISSIONS ~~ Countries ;Population Arable Fertil~r Irrigated GDP ~ land 100g per land ~~ per capita as% of total htctaf'I! of as'lll of areas per.capita millions US$ land area arable land cropland as 'Ill of total 2001 2000 2002 2002 2007 2001 2001 land area 2003 1995 PPP $ mctril: tons Kazakhstan 14.9 8 23 10.8 4.5 -2.21 2.7 1.7 8.1 7,368 91 99 Kenya 31 .3 8 314 1.7 30.0 0.53 8.0 1.8 0.3 963 57 87 Korea, Dem. ~e~ 22.5 21 1,148 52.1 68.2 0.00 2.6 8.$ 3,428 100 99 Korea, Rep. 47.6 9,930 17 4,226 60.6 63.3 0.08 6.9 3.5 9.1 t,465 92 63 Kuwait 2.3 ~~.340 805 86.7 0.3 -5.24 .ll 2.2 21.9 Kyrgyz Republic 5.0 290 7 50 73.1 5.2 -2.61 15.0 3.2 0.9 9,293 77 100 Lao PDR 5.5 310 4 140 18.3 54.4 0.41 3.0 0.1 ~.3QZ_ 37 30 Latvia 2.3 3,480 30 348 1.1 47,l -0.45 13.4 .tt 2.5 15,141 Lebanon 4.4 3,990 17 3,2 11 33.2 3.5 0.27 0.5 1,081 100 99 I.fiat ho 1.8 550 1l 344 0.3 0.5 0.00 0.2 2,926 78 49 Liberia 3.3 140 4 0 ~ 36.1 1.96 l ,? 0.1 70,410 Libya 5.4 309 21.9 0.2 -l.42 0.1 10.9 110 72 97 Lithuania 3.5 3,6~0 45 553 0.2 30.8 -0.24 10.3 3.7 3.4 7,178 Macedonia, FYR 2.0 1.710 22 53!i 9.0 35.6 0.00 7.1 5.5 3,140 Madagascar 16.4 230 5 23 _]QI_ 20.2 _o"~5 4.3 0.1 20,503 47 42 Malawi 10.7 160 23 103 1.3 27.6 2.38 11.2 0.1 1,601 57 76 Malay~ia 24.3 3,540 5 6,282 ~ 58.7 1.16 5.7 3.6 6.2 23,863 Mali 11.4 240 4 90 2.9 10.8 0.72 3.7 O.t 8.79 2 6$ 69 Mauritania 2.11 I 280 0 41 9.8 0.3 .2.§~ I 1.7 1.2 4,093 37 33 Mauritius 1.2 3,860 49 3,720 20.8 7.9 0.60 2.4 1,815 100 99 Mexico 100.8 5,920 13 754 23.2 28.9 1.08 10.2 5.3 4.l 4,543 8~ 74 Moldova 4.3 460 55 28 14.1 9.9 -0.22 l.4 1.7 1. 5 2,750 92 99 Mongolia 2.4 430 1 27 7.(1 6.8 0.55 11.5 3.1 14,210 6Q 30 Morocco 29.6 1,170 20 412 13.8 6.8 0.04 0.7 9.0 13 979 80 68 Mozambique 18.4 200 5 62 2.5 39.0 0.21 8.4 0.1 11,390 57 43 Myanmar 48.8 15 164 18.7 52.3 1.39 0.3 0.2 21,432 72 64 Namibia 2.0 1,790 1 4 0.9 0.87 13.6 9.'.l 1.0 22,922 77 41 9.8 ' 1 Nepal 24,1 230 22 227 35.6 27.3 1.81 11..9 3.5 0.1 B,713 88. 28 Netherlands Hi. 1 23,390 27 4,519 60.2 11 .1 . -0.27 JE 5.2 8.7 5,637 100 100 New Zealand 3.9 13,260 6 5,928 8.5 29.7 -0.50 29.6 4.0 8.3 83,016 1 Nicaragua 77 2~:~ 5.3 710 16 117 4.4 _3.01 17.8 .Ql.. 35,511 85 Niger 11.4 180 4 11 J.5 Ii 3.74 7.7 0.1 2.845 59 20 Nigeria 132.8 300 ll ~ 0.7 14.8 2.55 3.3 1.1 0.3 2, 109 62 54 Norw;ry 4.5 38,730 3 2,1 70 28.9 -0.36 6.8 5.5 11.1 86,602 100 •Negative numbers signify rdorestation 58 59 COUNTRY PROFILE RURAL SPACE FO RESTS ENERGY TRAN POiH WATER ANI) MISSIO S pulation GNI Arable Fertilizer Irrigated Foltst area Nationally GDP ~ Fresh water Aa:ess to Aa:ess to Countries per capita land 100g per land average protectedprodu:al ll'l'llJ emisSIOllS available per improved imp!IM!CI as l!t> of total h~rtof ast\loof annual Ill! areas of al~ per capita persoo per water sanitation millions US$ land area arable land cropland ctia11yc· as 'ltJ of total 2001 2000 year 2000 llilJ of pop Ill> of pop 2002 2002 2001 2001 2001 ~~.,.r.ii~~!l!!.~~la~ nd~arta2