Rport ;o. 7777-YAR Yemen Arab Republic Country Economic Memorandum Agenda for Sustainable Growth during the Oil Era (In Two Volumes) Volume II Noven*e 7, 1989 Country Operations Division Country Departmnent IlIl Europe, Middle East and North Africa Region FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Documea of the World Bank This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE GROWTH DURING THE OIL ERA VOLUME II Table of Contents ANNEX III .T E LABOR MARKET: ISSUES AND PROSPECTS ANNEX IV . £HE MANUFACTURING SECTOR STATISTICAL APPENDIX This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. ANNEX III Page 1 of 10 ANNEX III: THE LABOR MARKET: ISSUES AND PROSPECTS A. MIGRATION, EMPLOYMENT AND WAGE TRENDS 3.01 According to the 1986 census, the YAR population, including Yemenis at home and abroad, was about 9.3 million. Considering that in 1975 the population was 6.5 million, this means that population growth over the inter-censal period was 3.3 percent a year. Such a rapid growth is due to (a) improved health and nutrition and subsequent declines in mortality rates; and (b) the high fertility rate. Based on the 1986 census, the Yemeni population residing outside the country is 1.2 million, most of whom are migrant workers in Saudi Arabia, which because of its proximity and the availability of job opportunities in the late 1970's and early 1980's, was the destination for the vast bulk of Yemeni emigrants. 3.02 It is not easy to get precise information on the number of Yemeni workers in Saudi Arabia where they are not required to obtain "iqamas" (work permits/residence visas). A recent report oiu migration in the Gulf examiaed a variety of indicators, such as data on border crossings, and estimated the number of Yemeni workers in Saudi Arabia in 1985 at about 400,000. However, the Yemeni Migrants Association (YMA) estimate is around 600,000. In addition, YMA estimated the net return flow at about 30,000 per year in 1986 and 1987. Using census data, the mission's estimate of the number of Yemeni workers abroad in 1986 is around 560,000, which is only about 7 percent different from the YMA's estimate. 3.03 According to the two most recent population censuses, the number of Yemeni migrants fell 227,000 (16 percent) between 1981 and 1986. Male migration declined (374,000, 32 percent), while female migration increased 147,000 (68 percent), signaling a larger share of long-term migration in total. Although no distribution by age or work status of the migrant population is available, it is possiDie to estimate the number of male workers, assuming that on average the size and sex structure of the migrant family is no different from those of the resident family. Such assumptions result in the number of migrants male workers declining 43 percent between 1981 and 1986, from 988,000 to 561,000. Remarkably, between 1982 and 1986, there was a corresponding 44 percent fall in private transfers from abroad in current US$. 3.04 Total domestic employment has been estimated by CPO to have grown at a rate of 2.7X over the period 1981-86 and at 3.2b over 1975-81. (Table 19 shows the trends in sectoral employment over the past ten years). Unemployment has traditionally been limited in YAR, about 6 percent of the domestic labor force according to the 1975 census and 4 percent according to the much more limited in scope 1981 Demographic Survey. At present, there is no official estimate of unemployment, but in view of the relatively large number of returning migrants, unemployment may well exceed 7 to 8 percent. In addition, there may exist considerable disguised unemployment and under-employment, which could quickly translate into open unemployment. ANNEX III - 2 - ?age 2 of 10 3.05 To facilitate the reinsertion of returning migrants, the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs (MOLSA), with UNDP/ILO assistance, has instituted a "crash training" program directed at unskilled and semi-skilled returning migrants. This "crash program" adapts the modular training system developed by the ILO and uses those skill modules most immediately in demand in the Yemeni labor market. However, not many migrants have enrolled in the program, mainly because the latter, still in its pilot phase, is located in the three main cities, while most of the returning migrants are going back to their home villages. Most of these returnees become self-employed, financing their small enterprises with savings accumulated during their stays abroad, which is indicative of YAR's labor market flexibility. 3.06 The mission visited some rural areas and discussed the employment situation with agricultural extension agents. While the migrants, who are usually males, were absent, the agricultural work was performed by the women and children. However, despite the return of the men, the women and children are still performing the bulk of the agricultural tasks. The males set up small shops or services, but whether they are fully employed in these ventures is questionable. It is likely that returning migrants go to their home villages because they believe that there are not many employment opportunities in Sana'a or other urban areas. There has already been a fairly large amount of rural-urban migration, and there appears to be a significant amount of open and disguised unemployment in the urban areas. The mission visited one of Sana'a informal labor markets and noted a significant amount of unemployment, while the same market was rapidly cleared a few years ago. Table 19: EMPLOYMENT BY SECTORS 1975-1986 Annual Numbers (000) Relative Dist. (%) Growth Rates Sector 1975 1981 1986 1975 1981 1986 1975-81 1981-86 Agriculture 875.2 925.2 933.5 75.5 65.9 58.1 0.9 0.2 Mining & Extract 0.6 2.8 6.4 0.i 0.2 0.4 29.3 18.0 Manufacturing 35.8 44.9 57.8 3.1 3.2 3.6 3.9 5.2 Elect., Water, Gas 1.6 15.4 51.4 0.1 1.1 3.2 45.9 27.3 Construction 55.3 91.3 110.7 4.8 6.5 6.9 8.7 3.9 Trade 72.7 98.3 125.3 6.3 7 7.8 5.2 5.0 Transp. & Commun. 26.0 33.8 45.0 2.2 2.4 2.8 4.5 5.9 Finance 2.1 7.0 20.8 0.2 0.5 1.3 22.2 24.3 Public Adm. & Other Serv. 90.4 185.3 255.3 7.7 13.2 15.9 12.7 6.6 All Sectors 1159.7 1404.0 1602.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 3.2 2.7 Source: Population Census 1986. CPO TFYP Establishment Survey in 1986. ANNEX III Page 3 of 10 3.07 Since official statistics on wages are unavailable, it is hard to be precise about trends of nominal and real wages. The recent census will not help in this respect, because, although it included commercial establishments and employment, no information on wages was included in the questionnaire. However, informed observers think that real wages have fallen in VAR, just as they have in Saudi Arabia. Interviews with workers at the above-mentioned informal labor market and with business.men indicate that the daily wage for the unskilled worker in Sana'a is about YRIOO, versus about YR70 three years ago. In view of the 90 percent price increase between 1984 and 1987, this is tantamount to a 25 percent decline in real terms. 3.08 It is clear that real wJages in the public sector have declined since there has been a wage and salary freeze from 1983 to 1987. The perception of most public officials and private businessmen is that public sector pay lags behind that of the private sector for comparable skills. This does appear to be creating a morale problem in the civil service, although it is acknowledged that private sector employees work longer and harder hours. Some officials admit that the public sector has begun to lose some technically skilled staff to the private contractors working in the oil sector. 5. EMPLOYMENT PROSPECTS IN THE THIRD FIVE-YEAR PLAN PERIOD AND BEYOND 3.09 CPO estimates that employment over the Third Five-Year Plan (TFYP) period (1987-1991) will grow at an average rate of 3.3% per annum, and that unemployment can be lowered to about 3% of the labor force by the end of this period. While the estimate for employment growth seems attainable, unemployment forecast needs to be reassessed. Given the demographic momentum already built into domestic labor force growth, it seems all too likely that labor force growth could exceed employment growth in the five-year plan period, and even beyond. Given the rapid population growth and the return of migrants, a labor force growth rate of 4% or more is not out of the question over the period of the TFYP. 3.10 Table 20 shows the employment projections of the TFYP based on CPO's assumptions of sectorial GDP growth and labor productivity growth. The base year (1986) employment in each sector is derived from a preliminary analysis of 1986 census data and special surveys by the Manpower Planning Unit of CPO. Overall, this plan assumes a labor productivity growth of 2.2%, compared to 4.0% in the previous plan. The high productivity increase (27.7% per annum) projected for mining and quarrying reflects the contribution of oil, which has a high value added-to-labor ratio. Relatively high productivity growth (10%) is projected for the utilities sector, based on expe.:ted improvements in distribution. Otherwise, although the derivation is not discussed in the TFYP document, the labor productivity growth assumptions for the remaining sectors do not appear unduly high. In fact, the labor productivity growth in manufacturing (0.5%) appears low by international standards. 4AMEX III Page 4 of 10 3.11 In order to assess potential manpower imbalances and unemployment, the mission has prepared preliminary manpower projections. In particular, the demand projections assume certain value-added and labor productivity growth rates, which is the same methodology CPO has used for the current five year plan. In order to project the occupational composition of manpower demand by skills, the sector-occupation matrix used in the manpower projections for the Second Five-Year Plan was slightly revised to anticipate some upgrading of the skill level in the mining and quarrying sector. On the supply side, projections of flows through the education and training system, and the expected patterns of labor force participation, are used to assess the contribution of the education system to incremental manpower. In addition, age distribution is applied to the current population to obtain rough indications of the school age population not currently enrolled, so that its contribution to labor force growth is taken into consideration. There are two different scenarios with respec_ to net return migration: one in which there is a zero net return of migrants; and another in which a net return flow of 30,000 migrants per annum is assumed. In the absence of an official estimate of the base year unemployment rate, projections use the rough estimate of 72 to 82 mentioned previously. Given the preliminary nature of data in the base year data set, these projections of potential manpower imbalances should be regarded as provisional. 3.12 The scenario with zero net return migration (Table 21) indicates a continuing shortage of high level manpower in the scientific and technical categories (A-1 and B-1) throughout the TFYP. However, for liberal arts graduates, there is the potential of a surplus appearing in 1991. There is also the potential for increased unemployment in the lower level categories by 1991. The aggregate potential unemployment rate in this scenario increases slightly by 1991. This indicates that the TFYP plan objective of lowering unemployment to 3Z by 1991 is going to be difficult to achieve. 3.13 The results of the scenario with return migration of 30,000 workers per year (see Table 22) indicate serious potential unemployment of Yemeni workers in the C (Skilled/Intermediate skilled office occupations), E (semi-skilled) and F (unskilled) occupational groups by 1991. However, there is likely to be a shortage of D level manpower (skilled manual workers). Occupational groups requiring post-secondary and university training are also projected to have shortages that will need to be filled by expatriate manpower. However, a potential surplus of non-science based university graduates is projected. These projections indicate a likely pattern of manpower surpluses and shortages, but again, in view of data limitations and because of likely market self-adjustments, they must not be interpreted too mechanically. 3.14 These preliminary manpower projections should be updated as soon as possible, when detailed census data tabulations become available. The sector-occupation matrix from the 1982 manpower report will require the analysis and regrouping of occupational data at the 3 digit level to see if any changes in production methods or, relative wages or factor pric z have resulted in large changes in the sector-occupation matrix used in this preliminary exercise. The most likely change in the sector-occupation matrix is a shift away from the lower skill levels to the upper ones; this reinforces the concern about potential unemployment at the lower skill-levels. The population census could also be useful in updating many of the supply-side _ 5 _ANNEX III Page 5 of 10 parameters to see whether these prelimiuary results are overstating the likely growth of the Yemeni labor force during the plan and beyond. The results of the more recent household survey undertaken by CPO would also help in better assessing the likely growth of the Yemeni labor force. C. GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND RECOMMENDATIONS 3.15 Listed below are the measures the Government has altea4y taken (or is considering) to address structural imbalances in the manpower situation: * a. Upgrading the capabilities of the local employment offices operated by MOLSA and coordinating with existing agencies on training programs to upgrade the skills of the unemployed. (The UNDP/ILO project with MOLSA is an example). b. The Government will review its policy concerning the employment of foreign experts with a view to maximizing the transfer of skills and knowledge to Yemeni counterparts. c. Periodic surveys of training requirements in the public sector are to be undertaken jointly by CPO and MOCSAR. MOCSAR has already started a project to train its staff in the techniques of conducting and analyzing such training surveys. d. A survey of Yemeni workers (such as was done in Kuwait) will be undertaken to assess their skills and to plan for their re-entry intO the Yemeni labor market. (The mission was informed that such a survey is now in progress for Yemeni workers in Saudi Arabia.) e. The Government envisages a program to acquaint intermediate and secondary school students with job opportunities, required qualifications and expected wages. This, however, presupposes a good system of collecting regular labor market information which is not in place at present. f. The Government is examining the possibility of establishing a Vocational Training Agency with financial and administrative autonomy. This agency would be responsible for training in the private sector and would help in retraining job seekers, both first-time and unemployed. It would also undertake field studies on manpower and training issues. g. The Government is coutemplating ways to use the tendering system to get private companies to hire and train more nationals. Using more nationals may become a requirement for Government financed-projects. 3.16 The potentiai unemployment among the lower skill level groups (categories C through F, except for category D where there is a shortage of Yemeni), is a serious problem. The unemployment situation should be closely monitored and programs for alleviating unemployment should be available. "Crash training" or the transfer of expatriate skills to Yemenis are examples of programs that could provide training and enhance the employmen-t prospects of unskilled and semi-skilled workers. However, these are small pilot projects which need to be evaluated for their effectiveness. TABLE 20: PROJELTED MANPOJWER DISTRIBUTION BY ECONOM.C ACTIVITY GOP AND LABOR PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH RATES, 1987-1991 (In 1986 Prices) Additional. Relative Labor Emplymt. Relative Emplymt. Distri- Produc- Due to Labor Relative Due to button GOP tivity Economn & Force Empl7ymt. Econom. & of Job Growth Growth Labor Prodctvty Distri- Distri- Prodctvty. Opportu- ECONOMIC G D P Rate Rate Force Growth tution button Growth nities ACTIVITY -----__ __ ____ ----------------------- 1986 1991 1987-91 1987-91 1986 1991 1986 1991 1987-91 1987-91 1. Agriculture 10,680 12,381 3.0 1.7 933.5 995.3 58.1 52.6 46.6 18.3 2. Mining & Quarrying 606 5,254 59.6 27.7 6.4 19.6 0.4 1.1 13.2 5.2 3. Manufacturing Indus. 4,620 7,109 9.0 0.5 57.8 86.7 3.6 4.1 17.6 6.9 4. Electricity Water Gas 220 644 15.0 10.1 51.4 64.1 3.2 2.4 11.1 4.4 5. Construction 1,285 1,656 5.2 1.4 110.7 133.3 6.9 6.7 14.4 5.6 1 6. Trade/Restaurant/Hotel 4,896 6,480 5.7 1.9 125.3 150.9 7.8 7.9 ki.9 8.6 ca Transport/Storage 7. Communications 4,106 5,813 7.2 2.0 45.0 57.6 2.8 3.1 12.5 4.9 8. Finance, Insurance, 4,166 5,728 6.5 1.0 20.8 27.2 1.3 1.4 5.8 2.3 Real Estate 9. Services 4,746 6,990 8.1 1.1 255.3 356.3 15.9 19.7 112.0 43.9 TOTAL 35,225 52,055 8.1 2.2 1606.2 1891.0 100.0 99.0 255.1 100.0 (I)LESS FINANCIAL SERVICES AT 719 AND 1367 MILLION R14: FOR 1986 AND 1991 RESPECTIVELY. (2)GROWTH RATE FOR ALL ACTIVITIES, INCLUDING MINING AN QUARRYING. (3)NOT INCLUDING MINING AND QUARRYING. Source: THIRD FIVE-YEAR PLAN, CPO tD 0 TABLE 21: Estimated Manpower Requirements and Supplies by Occupation (1986-1990) (Zero net return migration scenario) 1986 1991 1996 professional and technical occupations(A-1) Manpower Requirements 12679 17298 23887 Yemeni Manpower Supply 9630 9801 10460 Non-Yemeni Manpower 3049 7497 13427 Potential Yemeni Unemployment 0 0 0 other professional occupation(A-2) Manpower Requirements 11845 16351 22817 Yemeni Manpower Supply 8800 19928 32766 Non-Yemeni Manpower 3045 0 0 Potential Yemeni Unemployment 0 3577 9949 science technician(B-1) Manpower Requirements 21559 28490 38194 Yemwni Manpower Supply 19461 22022 30620 Non-Yemeni Manpower 2097 6468 7574 Potential Yemeni Unemployment 0 0 0 non-science sub-professional(B-2) Manpower Requirements 31122 42628 5B542 Yemeni Manpower Supply 11066 23200 45657 Non-Yemeni Manpower 20056 19428 12885 Potential Yemeni Unemployment 0 0 0 1 skilled/intermediate-skilled office occupation(C) Manpower Requirements 117328 152546 199812 Yemeni Manpower Supply 114982 195702 336887 Non-Yemeni Manpower 2346 0 0 Potential Yemeni Unemployment 0 43156 137075 skilled/Intermediate-skilled manual occupation(D) Manpower Requirements 47795 63965 86669 Yemeni Manpower Supply 46838 45583 43211 Non-Yemeni Manpower 956 18381 43459 Potential Yemeni Unemployment 0 0 0 semi-skilled:primary/literacy plus job training(E)Manpower Requirements 89241 111995 142633 Yemeni Manpower Supply 159241 219534 323336 Non-Yemeni Manpower 0 0 0 Potential Yemeni Unemployment 70000 107539 180703 unskilled occupatlon(F) Manpower Requirements 1274632 1456739 1705123 Yemeni Manpower Supply 1339632 1320307 1726362 Non-Yemeni Manpower 0 136432 0 Potential Yemeni Unemployment 65000 0 21239 total Manpower Requirements 1606200 1890012 2277676 Yemeni Manpower Supply 1709650 1856077 2549300 Nosn-Yemeni Manpower 31550 188206 77344 °° Potential Yemeni Unemployment 135000 154272 348966 4 Potential Unemployment Rate 7.9% 8.32 13.7% O AWNNX III Page 8 of 10 TABLE 22: Estimated Manpower Requirements and Supplies by Occupation (Scenario with net return migration of 30.000 migrants per year) 1986 1991 1996 Professional and technical occupations(A-l) Manpower Requirements 12679 17298 23887 Yemeni Manpower Supply 9630 9801 10460 Non-Yemeni Manpower 3049 7497 13427 Potential Yemeni Unemployment 0 0 0 other professional occupation(A-2) Manpower Requirements 11845 16351 22817 Yemeni Manpower Supply 8800 16351 22817 Non-Yemeni Manpower 3045 0 0 Potential Yemeni Unemployment a- 3577 9949 science technician(B-1) Manpower Requirements 2559 28490 38194 Yemeni Manpower Supply 19461 22022 30821 Non-Yemeni Manpower 2097 6468 7373 Potential Yemeni Unemployment 0 0 0 non-science sub-professional(8-2) Manpower Requirements 31122 42628 58542 Yemeni Manpower Supply 11066 23200 45839 Non-Yemeni Manpower 20056 19428 12703 Potential Yemeni Unemployment 0 a o skilled/intermediate-skilled office occupation(C) hanpower Requirements 117328 152546 199812 Yemeni Manpower Supply 114982 152546 199812 Non-Yemeni Manpower 2346 0 0 Potential Yemeni Unemployment 0 43156 170333 skilled/intermediate-skilled manual occupation(D) Manpower Requirements 47795 63965 86669 Yemeni Manpower Supply 46838 45583 46703 Non-Yemeni Manpower 956 18381 39966 Potential Yemeni Unemployment 0 0 0 semi-skilled:primary/literacy plus job training(E) Manpower Requirements 89241 111996 142633 Yement Manpower Supply 89241 111995 142633 Non-Yemeni Manpower 0 0 0 Potential Yemeni Unemployment 70000 182539 309582 unskilled occupation(F) Manpower Requirements 1274632 1456739 1705123 Yemeni Manpower Supply 1274632 1391351 169i570 Non-Yemeni Manpower 0 65388 7553 Potential Vemeni Unemployment 65000 0 0 total Manpower Requirements 1606200 1890012 2277676 Yemeni Manpower Supply 1574650 1772849 2196654 -Non-Yemeni Manpower 31550 117163 81021 Potential Yemeni Unemployment 135000 229272 489865 Potential Unemployment Rate 7.9w 11.4r 18.2Z .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I ANNEX III - 9 - Page 9 of 10 3.17 If return migration continues (scenario 2), "crash training" and on-the-job training programs wodld not be enough to cope with the large increase in the domestic labor force. Given YAR's relatively unregulated labor market, a large increase in the labor force would probably affect the wages of the unskilled and semi-skilled. Returning emigrants are expected to use their savings to protect their standard of living, and to start small erterprises. In the event of downward pressure on the wages of the unskilled/semi-skilled workers, the Government should resist the temptation to enforce minimum wages, while considering well-targeted social programs for those genuinely forced into poverty. But overall it should focus its efforts on macro-policies that promote investment and job creation. Encouraging self-employment and smell-scale industries should be part of the effort to absorb surplus labor. 3.18 Another problem is the shortage of manpower with a background in scientific and technical disciplines and the projected surplus of liberal arts graduates. University admissions policies, the distribution of students in fields of study, and the factors behind the limited numbers of students in science and engineering need to be examined. Mission discussions with university professors and administrators indicate that the university is limited in its capacity to teach science and engineering. But secondary school pupils also appear to be weak in mathematics and science, and eithe'r fail, drop or avoid courses requiring an adequate level in mathematics and science. 3.19 Witth respect to skilled manpower requiring secondary level education and training, there is likely to be a shortage in the categories needed for industrial development and a surplus of secondary graduates oriented to clerical occupations. This issue should be a top priority for the envisaged Vocational Training Agency. It is not clear if revenues will be earmarked for this agency, e.g., some training levy on the payroll of private firms. This has been tried in many countries, and the Government w3uld do well to examine the experience these countries have had with this system. It is also essential that the needs of the private sector be taken into account in formulating vocational training programs. 3.20 Although it is still too early to have a long-term picture of the oil sector's manpower and training needs, discussions with oil sector officials indicate that emphasis will be given to training. Yemen oil companies will set aside a sizeable, but yet-to-be-determined, fund for training purposes. It is recognized that, initially, expatriate expertise in specialized skill will be needed. Skilled Yemenis from other sectors have already moved to the oil sector, as should be expected, in response to higher pay. In view of the relative short duration of the oil era, it is not advisable to start up large and expensive training facilities. Emphasis should be on shorter on-the-job training for skilled and technical workers with a general, but not-oil specific, background. Scholarships to study in countries with already established training facilities for the oil sector should be made available. The situation with respect to the gas sector is different; gas reserves are substantial and justify a long term training effort. Still, in considering initial training programs, it is probably more cost-effective to have on-the-job training by experienced expatriate personnel along with short to medium-term training courses abroad. - 10 - ANNEX III Page 10 of 10 3.21 Finally, human resource policies would be much more effective with a better data base. Shortages of staff have hampered the timely processing of the 1986 Census and the processing of some of the follow up household sample surveys. Regular surveys of at least the medium and large scale establishments in major urban areas would help in establishing wage trends in the private sector. A computer analysis of the labor permits issued by MOLSA would help determine which sectors and occupations are short of local skills and what wages must be paid to induce expatriates to work in YAR. CPO, in conjunction with MOLSA for the private sector and MOCSAR for the public sector, sbould establish a labor information system which could give the concerned authorities an up to date picture of the manpower situation on a regular basis. - 11 - ANNEX IV Page 1 of 10 ANNEX IV: THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR 1/ 4.01 The diversification of the economy requires the g2owth of the non-oil sectors, notably the manufacturing sector, which has grown rapidly since 1970. This annex focuses on the growth potential of the industrial subsectors, reviews the policy framework, and suggests ways to improve it. A. SUBSEC,ORAL DEVELOPMENTS AND PROSPECTS a) Food Processing 4.02 Food processing industries (FPI) are primarily engaged in processing and packaging local farm and dairy products as well as a large variety of edible imports. Like all other subsectors, FPIs are very import-dependent, as few products use only local raw materials. However, FPIs have begun to exploit the potential for import substitution; for example, flour milling capacity increases have reduced imports of flour. Despite healthy growth in the past (17 percent per year during 1982-86), about 40b of installed capacity remains idle in this subsector due to restrictions on the importation of inputs. 4.03 According to the TFYP strategy, import substitution is a key criterion in evaluating projects for licencing, and applications under review contain quite a few such projects. However, there is a paucity of information on potential linkages with the agricultural sector, on which import substitution in FPI depends. There are already cases where FPIs have been compelled to start agricultural production on an experimental basis with expatriate agronomic technical assistance to assess the potential for using domestic raw produce. This suggests that the Government should support adaptive research and extension activities geared to producing local agricultural raw materials. Intersectoral linkages through supply contracts should also be explored. 4.04 Specific action to integrate FPIs with the agriculture sectcr is needed in the following areas: (i) dairy, poultry and livestock: Fodder of good quality needs to be developed; mixing raw feedstuff locally could also reduce import dependence; leather industries need to be better linked to slaughter houses to improve the supply of hides and skins. (ii) ghee and edible oils: Research and development support is needed to study the feasibility of seed oil production (cotton, sesame, sunflower, etc.); 1/ This annex is based on an informal Working Paper on the manufacturing sector which has already been discussed with the YAR Government. -12 -ANNEX IV Page 2 of 10 (iii) flour: Unmilled cereals which are polished locally could also provide some feedstock . High quality milling could ultimately substitute for bakery and confectionery import requirements; and (iv) fruits and Vegetables: Tomato paste, potato chips and snacks, beans, raisins and pickles, all hold import-substitution or export potential. However, the cost of import-substitution must be examined carefully before undertaking investments. 4.05 The TFYP growth target of 3.32 per annum appears somewhat conservative, but this ic perhaps related to the projected agricultural growth. An initial set of investments in shrimp, honey, baby food and feta cheese processing now being considered by IBY and NEST would diversify and expand the production base. Planned investments of approximately YRLs 650 million (192 of total manufacturing investment) seem reasonable in light of recent performance, unused capacity and the moderate growth projected. b) Building Materials 4.06 Building materials industries (BMI) currently produce cement, red bricks, gypsum plaster, floor tiles, stone and concrete blocks, tiles, slabs, marble facade blocks, etc. It is estimated that in 1986 BMIs produced 700,000 tons of cement; 7.5 million red and concrete bricks; 10 million tiles; plus several other concrete and pottery products. This output, valued at YRLs 2.0 billion, is estimated to correspond to a 502 capacity utilization rate. The overall growth rate of output is estimated at about 502 p.a. over 1982-86, despite the recent slowdown due to reduced government and private expenditures for construction. 4.07 The BMI subsector is dominated by small and medium-sized firms, geographically well dispersed throughout YAR. The return of migrant labor and the demand for housing gave a boost to these enterprises. Larger enterprises concentrate on cement, concrete, integrated stone crushing and red brick production. Capital intensity, as measured by the capital output ratio, varies very widely in this subsector, from 3.8 for larger firms to 0.25 for medium-sized operations (as estimated in the Industrial Survey of 1985). 4.08 Regarding the potential for diversification of BMI products, a list of IBY projects under consideration at MEST indicates a newer and more directly useable product mix. For example, a licence to produce concrete poles (30,000 pcs/year) costing YRLs 5 million (362 foreign) to be largely used by the Yemen General Electricity Company (YGEC) is under consideration. Other licences are for producing pre-cast concrete building frames, welding rods and roofing felt. In all four projects, an estimated YRLs 50 million outlay (50% foreign), with rates of return to equity between 20-402, is projected. 4.09 The TFYP anticipates that the BMI sector will grow at 122 p.a, which is a plausible target in view of the expected increase in incomes and in investment during the oil era. Moreover, the ongoing product diversification in the subsector may result in even higher growth. The plan also contemplates the expansion of the Amran and Bajil cement plants and the construction of a new plant at Mafrak. All this would increase the total installed capacity from an existing 800,000 tons per year (tpy) of cement to a planned 2.5 million tpy. The total cost of planned investments are estimated at about -13 - ANNEX IV Page 3 of 10 $400 million in 1988 prices, or about $235 per ton capacity; this is significantly above the worldwide average cost of about $170 per ton capacity. Therefore, before investments are launched, the size and cost of cement expansion should be assessed carefully. c) Textiles 4.10 Currently, 1,000 tons of ginned material; 8,000 yds of woven material; 45,000 woollen garments; 730,000 blankets; and an assortment of other garments constitute the annual output of the textiles and garments industry (TGI). The subsector is constrained by a low skill level and by low capacity use. The proportion of expatriate skilled labor in dyeing, cutting and stitching is as high as 952 in larger production lines, although Yemeni workers have begun replacing expatriates in medium production lines. Restrictive and somewhat uncertain import policies and procedures have lowered capacity use even further, inducing larger and vertically integrated firms to experiment with differert dyeing and processing schemes. A clear and stable import policy is necessary for efficient planning and management in this and other subsectors. TGIs have recently attempted to enter export markets recently, but they failed because of a lack of marketing skills. 4.11 Prospects for import substitution are minimal because of high domestic costs and mediocre quality. Unlike some FPI firms that have begun investing in research and development to improve the quality of agricultural inputs, large TGI firms have not found it practical to improve the quality of domestically-produced cotton. On the other hand, the potential downstream processing of oil does augur well for selected import substitution in the long run, as some oil derivatives could eventually be used for making belts, elastic materials for diapers, and packaging material. However, the feasibility of such import substitution does not appear likely in the medium term. 4.12 The overall performance of TGI is not encouraging. YAR has limited textile experience, and its recent entry into textile production has faced stiff competition from imports. Par Eastern producers use labor-saving high technologies, while YAR has large inflexible installations that are relatively labor-intensive, pay high wages and have a limited domestic market. Thus, both public and private sector firms are currently struggling. Larger firms need to be restructured and rehabilitated if they are to survive. The TFYP growth target for this subsector (12% per year) seems ambitious and could be achieved only by fully utilizing existing installed capacity and promoting exports to neighboring countries. d) Light Engineering 4.13 The output of the light engineering (LE) subsector consists of utensils, water tanks, and metal furniture for households; metal scrubbers for industrial workshops; barrels and tins for packaging; frames; nails, wires and other materials used for construction; and, more recently, the repair of machinery and spares ancillary to manufacturing. During the Second Five Year Plan, the production of household and consumable products grew rapidly, while that of durable products for the construction industry declined after 1985; in all, there was a healthy 17 percent annual growth for the subsector. 14 - ANNEX IV Page 4 of 10 4.14 Most LE entrepreneurs are returned migrants, with some light engineering and maintenance-related skills, who set up basic lathe turning, sheet metal fabrication operations. With technical/institutional support, LE small-scale enterprises could achieve viability quickly, while larger scale operations, due to their capital intensity and higher skill requirements, may not have a good comparative advantage in the near-term. Indeed, this subsector is unique in that no large private groups or public enterprises are actively involved in it. LE needs support in the areas of standards, product design, technical co.laboration and the efficient management of multiple product processes. Formal technical training and assistance is clearly required to further develop skills. A technical assistance program, together with the effective utilization of existing training institutes, could greatly benefit the subsector. 4.15 As in other sectors, restrictions on the importation of inputs have been a constraint, although they have encouraged import substituting repair and maintenance operations, e.g., rewinding transformers and motors, repairing damaged spare parts, frames, etc. Partly because of this, the private sector has shown interest, through licensing application, in the assembly of consumer durables. Plans to produce transformers, switch gear, and exhaust systems are an encouraging sign of diversification of the subsector. The TFYP growth target (4 percent per year) is rather conr'rvative, especially in the light of the anticipated relaxation of imports and the increased demand for LE products. With a carefully designed small-szale promotion strategy, this subsector's potential can be better exploited, and its growth target easily exceeded. e) Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals 4.16 The chemicals and pharmaceuticals (CPH) subsector has the third largest value-added next to FPI and BMI, though the volume of production has remained more or less constant since 1982. Currently, it produces a limited number of items, mainly household consumer goods and some intermediates out of PVC, but in light of the oil discovery, there is a potential for expansion in the long-term. Most of the firms in this subsector have developed from traders who imported equipment and technical expertise to produce what they were importing earlier, and family management is particularly strong in this subsector. 4.17 The most significant development in this subsector over the last five years has been the start in 1982 of a mixed (private-public) pharmaceuticals enterprise, which now produces 25 different drugs including antibiotics, aspirin and vitamin pills. The high demand for medicines, along with import restrictions, played a significant role in the launching of the project. Other large increases in output between 1982 and 1986 came in household products, mainly soap and detergents. Soap production is very import-dependent; in the short-run, packaging presents an opportunity for import substitution. Exports hold limited potential, mainly for neighboring Ethiopia, Somalia and PDRY. This subsector also faces limitations of technical and management skills, as CPH processes tend to involve high technology. 4.18 The TFYP projects a relatively high growth of 142 for CPH. Private sector investment is three times that of the public sector -- nearly YRLs 350 million. Some projects under consideration would use oil derivatives, and -15- ANNEX IV Page 5 of 10 large projects in pesticides, medicines, resins and fillers, paraffin derivatives and rubber tire retreading are also under consideration at MEST. The viability of these projects must be clearly demonstrated, including the availability of inputs at competitive prices, before investments are sanctioned or promoted. Small-and-medium-sized enterprises have lesser scope in this subsector. While the growth target and investment allocation for this subsector appears attainable, there is also the risk that some enterprises will face financial difficulties. f) Other Industries (i) Leather 4.19 There are two large entreprises, both started around 1985 by firms traditionally trading in hides and skins, in addition to several small traditional tanneries. The two large tanneries process domestic hides and skins to different stages of finishing, with most unfinished leather being exported by one of them. However, due to a shortage of domestic materials, one tannery operates at one-third of its capacity. This problem is partly being addressed through a slaughter house project and through the financing of hides and skin collectors. The other firm, whtich processes imported leather into shoes, operates at 502 of its capacity due to import constraints on leather and other inputs. The shortage of imported spare parts and tanning chemicals also creates operational bottlenecks for both entreprises. Local repair is now possible for some equipment, and it is expected that in the future, oil derivatives may provide degreasing agents and chemicals which can replace currently imported inputs. The TFYP projects an annual growth of seven percent for the leather industry, which is achievable, provided the potential for exports is exploited and raw material constraints are lifted. (ii) Wood Processing 4.20 There is only one large enterprise and about 50 small-scale enterprises in this subsector, which grew in parallel to the construction sector. However, craftsmanship is poor and the processing of imported plywood has been on the decline. Apart from manufacturing 10,000 sets of kitchen furniture and brooms and brushes, there are no plans to expand activity. The industry does have some potential in rural areas to support construction, and to meet the demand for packaging agricultdral output in wooden crates. The TFYP growth target of one percent a year seems rather modest in view of the expected development of the construction industry. (iii) Paper and Publishing 4.21 The output of this subsector consists of school books, paper tissues, cartons and printing services and is estimated to have increased between 17 to and 60Z per annum, depending on the product. High quality printing jobs were, until now, contracted out to foreign presses, but a multi-colored offset printing press has recently started operations in Sana'a. By far, the greatest potential for import substitution in this subsector is in the production of packaging materials, cardboard and corrugated paper wrappers and labels. Despite the past and potential growth, neither the public nor the private sector is planning for significant investments in this subsector, and because of that, the TFYP growth target of 54Z a year appears rather optimistic. ANNM IV - 16 - Page 6 of 10 B. POLICY FRAMEWORK (a) Tariffs 4.22 The YAR protects its industry through relatively moderate tariffs and quantitative restrictions. A comprehensive tariff reform was introduced in 1981 when several rates were unified and redundant categories eliminated. At the same time 10 to 15 percentage points were added to existing duties on import substitutes of locally manufactured goods. Duty increases applied to such items as edible oils, paints, detergents, confectionaries, etc. Other minor tariff adjustments were made in 1984. Consequently, most duty rates now range from 201 to 501 on manufactured products, 1Z to 101 on raw materials and intermediate goods, and 51 to 201 on capital goods. In addition to the basic tariff, imports are subject to a 52 "defense tax," a 12 "earthquake tax", and a 21 "statistical tax". These taxes were introduced for revenue purposes. Futhermore, a "cooperative tax" of 21 is allocated to local development associations. Table 25: TARIFFS ON SELECTED RAW MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS a/ Raw Materials Manufactured Products Item Duty Rate S Item Duty Rate X Cotton and yarn 75 Fabrics and garments 40 - 50 Man-made fibers 10 - 20 Confectionary 40 Woollen yarn 10 - 20 Edible oils 15 - 20 Woollen fabrics 40 Soft drinks & mineral water 40 Pulp and paper 10 - 20 Milk and products 20 Packaging materials 5 - 30 Fish and Meats 25 - 30 Hides and skins 10 - 25 Ice cream 70 Non-industrial Tobacco 70 - 150 chemicals 20 - 30 Plastic Products 25 Plastics 5 - 25 Chemical products 20 - 30 Aluminum bar Perfumes 40 and sheets 10 Metal products 15 - 25 Aluminium sables, Leather products 5 - 25 pipes, and tubes 10 - 25 Wood products 10 - 40 Aluminium articles Cement and bricks 30 - 50 and parts 35 Toys and sporting goods 15 - 40 a/ duty rate of 1001 is applied to the following items: poppy seeds, coffee, alcoholic drinks, and salt. The 100% duty rate also applies to pork which can be imported only on an exceptional basis. A maximum duty rate of 3001 is applied to firearms. Many industrial raw materials carry a duty rate of 1S: oils and fats, mineral ores, chemicals, rubber, cork, threads, glass, raw and scrap metals. Duties on vehicles and transport equipment range from 5 - 751. 4.23 There have been no significant changes in the tariff structure since 1984. (Tariffs on selected raw materials and manufactured products are shown in Table 25.) Although the burden of tariffs on imported goods in YAR appears to be relatively moderate (import duties as a percentage of import values ANNEX IV Page 7 of 10 averaged about 251 during 1980-87), the effective protection resulting from moderate nominal tariffs and low value-added may be quite high. Further quantitative analysis would be required to assess the extent of effective protection. Recently, a committee was set up to review tariff exemptions, and it is recommended that this committee expand its agenda to: (i) assess the combined effect of tariffs, taxes and exemptions on incentives; (ii) consolidate all duties into a single tariff _tructure and reduce the number of tariff subclassifications and rates; and (iii) establish an appropriate band of duty rates, imposing a minimum duty rate of 5% and reducing the maximum to a level which is commensurate with an appropriate level of effective protection. (b) Quantitative Restrictions 4.24 Import bans on industrial products for protective purposes are almost non-existent in YAR, but since 1983, import licensing has been vigorously enforced for the purpose of allocating the country's dwindling foreign exchange resources. During 1984 and 1985, import licenses for consumer and capital goods were issued separately by the Ministries of Commerce and Supply, and Economy and Industry. There was not much coordination, which often resulted in licenses exceeding available foreign exchange, and prompted the merging of the two ministries into a new Ministry of Economy, Supply and Trade (MEST). As the foreign exchange situation deteriorated further, import licensing became tighter and the industrial sector in particular was hard hit by severe import restrictions which significantly lowered capacity use: (capacity use is estimated to have stood at a meager 302-401 during 1986-1987). Although, the foreign exchange allocation for import licensing in 1988 ($1.5 billion) is about 50% higher than in 1987, no major improvement has been observed in the first half of the year. It is recommended that, in addition to increasing allocation for imports, licensing procedures be streamlined to encourage efficient utilization of foreign exchange resources. Priority should be given to providing foreign exchange for increasing capacity utilization and for viable new investments. Import licensing should be liberalized and rationalized. (c) Export Promotion 4.25 Non-oil exports of goods increased from US$8 million in 1985 to US$16 million in 1986 and to US$31 million in 1987, thanks to a weaker rial and to the efforts of a few firms which export a limited range of products to neighboring countries. Incentives available for manufactured exports currently include a duty drawback scheme which is seldom availed, and an export earnings retention scheme for the importation of inputs, which is inconsistently applied. An elaborate system of export promotion does not seem necessary at present, but it is important to implement the duty drawback scheme and consider its extension to indirect ex-'frts. (Some technical assistance may be required in this area). It ib also important to clarify the policy on the retention of export earnings and to ensure its consistent application. 18 ANNEX IV Page 8 of 10 (d) Price Controls 4.26 Price controls apply to some products, including certain industrial ones. The purpose is to curb inflation and curtail monopolistic practices. Prices of imported foodstuffs (flour, sugar, milk products, edible oils, and canned food) are controlled by fixing the profit margins allowed to importers, wholesalers and retailers. When imports take place through the Board of Tenders, prices of flour, sugar and cement are subject to direct fixing on a cost-plus basis. In the case of certain locally made products (soft drinks and mineral water), retail prices are subject to direct fixing. Price controls have not been a serious practical issue until recently, as they tended to apply mainly to imports administered by the Board of Tenders. However, in-March 1986, the Government set up a department in MEST to study the cost structure of various industrial products (as well as agricultural commodities) and to administer price controls. In view of this trend, it should be emphasized that, based on experience in YAR and other countries, price controls are seldom effective in achieving desired results. In addition, effective price controls would require a large staff which could be better used elsewhere. Therefore, enlarging the scope of price controls is not recommended, but replacing existing controls with a system of ex-post monitoring to identify cases of abuse or profiteering is ;uggested. For the purpose of controlling inflationary pressures, attention should focus on macroeconomic policies. (e) Industrial Licensing 4.27 In accordance with Law No. 20 of 1976, a license is required for all private industrial enterprises with fixed assets exceeding YRLs 30,000 and also for any change in the capacity, purpose or location of an existing project. The rationale for licensing is to avoid installation of excess capacity, to guide the spatial distribution of industry, and to ensure that all projects are compatible with the sector's development strategy. There is another set of licensing rules (Law No. 18 of 1975) tnat covers investments exceeding YRLs 250,000. Only these investments are eligible for fiscal incentives; smaller investments are subject to licensing requirements but cannot benefit from incentives. 4.28 Overall, the licensing system in YAR is cumbersome, difficult to administer, and has little value-added. In general, the private sector and financial institutions can be relied upon to judge the potential viability of planned investments and their associated risks. It is proposed, therefore, that industrial licensing be re-examined. However, if licensing must continue, the following set of measures would simplify and improve its administration: (i) industrial licensing rules should be merged into a single set of clear and published rules; (ii) all licensing applications should be made to a single authority which would also issue the licenses. Information required may vary on the basis of size of investment, e.g., projects below YRLs 1 million investment should be required to fill simpler and shorter applications; Applicants may apply for fiscal incentives at the same time they apply for a licence. - 19 - ANNEX IV Page 9 of 10 (iii) a reasonable deadline (of say, 45 days) should be set for communicating the decision to the applicant. For licensing only, unless otherwise informed (within say, 30 days), all applications should be considered accepted; and (iv) procedures for expansion projects and annual reporting should be simplified. (f) Investment Incentives 4.29 Applications for investment incentives are reviewed by a permanent Investment Exemption Committee chaired by the Minister of MEST. Decisions are made by majority vote, but the final authority, in case of disputes, rests with the Council of Ministers. The Committee meets periodically and determines, on a case-by-case basis, the incentives to be granted to each project. Incentives awarded to industry-as well as to agriculture and tourism--are contained in Law No. 18 of 1975, which states that: (i) the minimum investment should be YRLs 250,000 for a national project, US$ 250,000 for a foreign project and US$ 125,000 for a joint-venture; (ii) approved investments are exempted from taxes on profit and from import duties on imported equipment, machinery and spare parts for a five-year period, with a possibility of a three-year extension; (iii) profit repatriation is permitted after the payment of taxes and other liabilities, and the repatriation of proceeds from liquidation is permitted; (iv) for expansion projects exceeding one-half of the original investment, the entire investment permit and registration procedures shall reapply; and (v) Products must be sold in local markets at prices stated by law. 4.30 The incentives provided are quite liberal and involve a heavy loss of revenue. Although reliable data on lost customs revenue are not available, the total amount could be YRLs 200-300 million annually. The decision-making process is burdensome and tends to be discretionary. Over the past few years, certain revisions to the investment code have been proposed including: an eight-to-tenfold increase in the minimum investment required for eligibility; a priority ranking of projects by type in order to vary the package of incentives to be provided; a domestic content requirement for certain projects; and variations in the level of incentives on the basis of the size and location of enterprises. Such revisions, if carried out, would make the investment code unduly discriminative of certain types of investments and extremely complex to administer. Instead, it is recommended, that: (i) the investment code clearly state the criteria for incentives and that this list of criteria be made be available to investors. The Exemptions Committee should develop a proformat outline of the feasibility report to be supplied by applicants; ANNEX IV -20 - Page 10 of 10 (ii) the Investment Exemptions Committee have a small secretariat to review applications and recommend decisions. A reasonable timetable (say, 45 days) should be established for processing applications and notifying applicants; (iii) the distinction between new and expansion projects be eliminated by laying down explicit conditions under which expansion would automatically qualify as an approved investment; (iv) in view of the moderate taxation of profits (25 percent, among the lowest in developing countries), tax credits replace exemptions from profits tax and be limited to five years. Exemption from import duties on capital goods should be limited to two years. (v) the code clearly state that the repatriation of both the original capital and capital gain, upon payment of appropriate taxes, is allowed; and (vi) the code's price fixing requirement, although generally not implemented, be eliminated (it could act as a strong disincentive to the investors, notably foreign ones). -21 - YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC STATISTICAL APPENDIX TABLE OF CONTENTS Table 1.1 Fopulation, Labor Force and Eaploaymfnt, 1975, 1981, and 1986 Table 2.1 Major Economic Aggreates, current prices, 1974/75-19aU Table 2.2 Gross Domestic Product by Origin, 1981 prices, 1974/75-19U8 Table 2.3 Gross Domestic Product by origin, current prices. 1974/75-1988 Table 2.4 aIplicit Sectoral Price Deftlators, 1981t100, 1974/75-IS88 Table 2.5 Resources and Uses, constant 1981 prices, 1974/75-1988 Table 2.6 Resources and Uses, current prices, 1974/75-1988 Table 2.7 Yeneni Rial Deflators of Resources end Uses. 1981=100, 1974/75-1988 Table 3.1 Gross Fixed Capital Formation by Sector and Cawership, 1981 prices, 1974/75-1987 Table 3.2 Gross Fixed Capital Formtian by Sector and Ownership, current prices, 1974/75-1987 Table 3.3 Composition of Gross Fixed Capital Formation by Sector, 1981 prices, 1974/75-1987 Table 3.4 Coaposition of Gross Fixed 'apital Formation by Sector, current prices, 19'74/75-1987 Table 3.5 Financing of Investment, 1981 prices, 1981-1987 Table 3.6 Financing of Investment, current prices, 1981-1987 Table 4.1 Balance of Payments, current Yemeni Rials, 1974/75-1988 Table 4.2 Balance of Pay'nents Growth Rates, 1974/7S-1988 Table 5.1 Imports by Comnodity, current Yemeni Riats, 1978/79-1987 Table 5.2 Camposition of imports, 1978/79-1987 Table 5.3 Growth of Inports, 1978/79-1987 Table 5.4 Exports by Comodity, current Yemeni RiaLs, 1981-1987 Table 6.1 Sumry of Governtt Budpt, current Yemn Rials, 1983-1988 Table 6.2 Goverment Current Revenes, current Ymeni Rios, 1983-198a Table 6.3 Government Current Expenditures, current Yeeni Rials, 1983-1988 Table 7.1 External Debt: Disbursements and Repayments, current US Doltlars 1982-1987 Table 7.2 External Debt: Interest and Debt Outstnding, current US Dollars, 1982-1987 Table 8.1 Money Supply and Public Finance, current Yemeni Rials, 1982-1988 Table 9.1 Production of Major Crops. '000 metric tons, 1974/75-1987 Table 9.2 Growth Rate of Crop Pro&mction, 1975/76-198? Table 9.3 Total Cropped Area of Major Crops, '000 hectares, 1974/75-1987 Table 9.4 Yield of Mjor Crops, metric tores per hectare, 1974/75-1987 Table 9.5 Output of Major Industrial Products, 1978-1987 Table 10.1 Sana* a Consimcer Price :ndex, 1977/78100, 1973/74-1987 -22- STANDARD TABLES for YEMEN ARAM REPtULIC Table 1: National Accounts Stuary at Current Prices (In millions of Yemeni Rilsa) 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 . _... ....____.___.............................................. ..........E.......... Origin and Use of Resources ..... ....... ..... ......... .. . . A.1. GDP at market prices 19932 21870 24756 30969 38258 44337 57722 2. Net indirect taxes 2071 2433 2420 2912 3881 3255 4590 3. GOP at factor cost 17861 19437 22336 28057 34377 41082 53132 4. Agriculture 5035 5224 6236 8033 11136 11922 13556 5. Industry 3241 3876 4486 5504 6632 8389 15048 a. auwfacturing 1720 2258 2683 3465 4467 5899 6718 b. Nining and quarrying 168 190 210 241 237 278 298 c. Crude Of111/ 260 390 5970 d. Other (by difference) 1353 1428 1593 1798 1668 1822 2062 6. Services, etc. 9585 10337 11614 14520 16609 20771 24528 9.1. Resource balance -9439 -8449 7782 -8480 -8243 -14290 -7264 2. Exports of GRFS 958 1126 1149 1164 1269 1684 9274 3. Inports of GNFS 10397 9575 8931 9646 9512 15974 16537 C.1. Domstic absorption 2937t 30319 32538 39449 46501 58627 64986 D.1. Total consdwption. etc 23433 26074 28227 .4977 41513 52289 S7591 2. Private, etc 18644 20849 23154 29457 35427 43971 46301 a. Statistical discrepancy 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3. General goverment 4789 5225 5073 5520 6086 8318 11290 E.1. Gross domaestic investment 5938 4245 4311 4472 4988 6338 7395 2. fixed investment 5698 4393 4401 4547 4938 6016 7041 3. Increase in stocks 240 -148 -90 -75 50 322 354 Memorandum Items: G.1. Net factor income 2364 2298 2347 2748 3183 3453 552 2. Net current transfers 4336 3840 3871 3576 47 5486 2452 3. Gross notional product 22296 24168 27103 33717 41441 47790 58274 H.1. Gross do m tic saving -3501 -4204 -3471 -4008 -3255 -7952 131 2. Gross national saving 3200 1934 2748 2315 4698 987 3135 1.1. Exports of G0fS as per SOP 1171 1140 1134 1153 1218 1684 9232 a. Dffference with MA (Z 122 101 99 99 96 100 100 2. liports of GRFS as per BOP 10574 97m 9029 9797 10117 15974 16463 a. Difference with MA (X) 102, 102 101 102 106 100 100 3. Net factor Inc. as per SOP 2364 2301 2347 2748 3183 3453 549 a. 0fff. WI MA (% of 1.1) 100 100 100 80 68 100 100 4. not current transf.as per SOP 2198 2973 3104 2828 2506 3851 2452 a. Dlff. w MA (% of 1.1) 10 100 100 100 100 100 100 Exchange rates: J.1. IFS conversion rate Rls/S 4.S63 4.579 5.353 6.414 8.800 8.990 8.990 2. IEC Conversion rate 4.563 4.579 5.353 7.268 9.416 10.206 9.760 Memorandun Item ...... .. ..... GOP at MP (Current Mill USS) 4368 4716 4625 4261 4063 4344 5914 .......... ...................... ,__ .......................................................................... ......................... 1/ Includes Contractor's share of oil. The CPO's presentation includes only the 09/25/89 Governm2nt's share of oil. cemstan8 - 23 - STANDARD TABLES for YENEN ARAB REPUBLIC Table 2: National Accounts Sumry at Constant 1981 Prices (In millions of Yemeni RIat) ............... ....... .... . ... ... .... ........ ... . . .. . . .. .. 1902 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 I ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,..,_....................................................................... -.-..----------...... Origin and Use of Resources ....................... .......................... ., A.1. GOP at market prices 17523 17951 18558 19402 21217 22240 26632 2. ket indirect taxes 2061 2261 2350 2371 2736 2230 2572 3. GDP at fac^or cost 15462 15690 16208 17031 16481 20010 24060 4. Agriculture 3854 3418 3414 3704 4126 4221 4447 5. Industry 3095 3515 3769 3916 4229 4649 7484 a. Panufacturing 1627 2005 2153 2406 2662 2875 2932 b. Mining and quarrying 163 178 18? 172 424 556 3271 c. Other (by difference) 1305 1332 1429 1340 1143 1218 1281 6. Services, etc. 8513 8757 9025 9411 10126 11140 12129 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.1. Resource balance -9010 -774S -6061 -5202 -4128 -5362 -931 2. Exports of GIFS 939 1023 8a5 711 560 748 5169 3. lqeprts of GNFS 9949 8768 6956 5913 468B 6110 6101 C.1. Domestic absorption 26533 25696 24619 24604 25345 27602 27564 D.1. Total eonsumptian, etc 20825 21779 20790 21260 22237 24130 23838 2. Private, etc 16897 17738 16293 17669 18452 20373 19147 a. Statistical discrepancy 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3. General goverrment 3928 4041 4497 3791 3785 3757 4690 E.1. Gross dammsaic investment 5708 3917 3829 3344 3108 3472 3726 2. Fixed investment 5473 4057 3910 3386 3085 3418 3680 3. Increose in stocks 235 -140 -81 -42 23 53 46 Memorandn Items: G.1. Met factor income 2079 1887 1760 17n 1765 1732 255 2. Net current transfers 3812 3152 2902 2240 264S 2752 1131 3. Gross national product 19602 19838 20318 21123 22982 23972 26887 M.1. Gross do istic saving -3302 -3828 -2232 -1858 -1020 -1890 2794 2. Gross nationat saving 2589 1210 2430 2104 3390 2594 4180 1.1. CapacitY to import 917 1031 895 714 625 644 3421 2. Terus of trade adjustment -22 8 0 3 65 -104 -1748 3. Grass damustic income 17501 1795 18558 19405 21282 22136 24884 4. Gross iational Ineom 19579 19846 20318 21126 23048 23868 25139 J. GOP at current NP 19932 21870 24756 30969 3825t 44337 57722 ................................................................................................... Source: CPO Statistical Yearbook 1987 and INF RED April 24. 1989. cemstan4.9/25/89 - 24 - STANDARD TAKlES for EN5 ARtA REPU8LIC Table 3: Natienal Acomts Dof tltors 1981-OO (In ltLoas of memo i RIlts) 1982 1993 1984 19W 1986 1987 1988 .. , _ .... , , . ............................ .................................. ................ Origin and Use of Resources ........................... A.t. GDP at mrket prices 113.? 121,8 133.4 159.6 180.3 199.4 216.7 2. Net indirect taxes 100.5 107.6 103.0 122.6 141.6 146.0 178.S 3. CDP at factor cost 115.5 123.9 137.8 14.7 186.0 205.3 220.8 4. Agriculture 130.6 152.6 182.7 216.9 269.9 282.4 304.9 5. Industry 104.7 110.3 119.0 140.6 156.8 180.4 201.1 a. Nwftaeturflng 105.7 112.6 124.6 144.1 167.8 205.2 229.1 b. Mining and qsmrrying 103.1 106.7 112.3 140.1 117.2 120.1 191.6 c. Other tby difference) 103.7 107.2 111.5 134.2 145.9 149.6 160.9 6. Services. etc. 112.6 116.0 128.7 154.3 164.0 186.5 202.2 B.1. Term of Trade 97.6 100.8 100.0 100.4 111.7 86.1 66.2 2. Exports of GWFS 102.0 110.1 128.4 163.7 226.6 225.2 179.' 3. tmports of ONFS 104.5 109.2 128.4 163.1 202.9 261.4 271.i C.1. Daomstic absorption 110.7 118.0 13L2 160.3 183.5 212.4 23S.8 D.1. Total consumption, etc 112.5 119.7 135.8 164.5 186.7 216.7 241.6 2 Private, etc 110.3 117.5 142.1 166.6 192.0 215.8 241.8 3. General goversient 121.9 129.3 112.8 145.6 160.8 221.4 240.7 E.1. Gross dInstic investment 104.0 108.4 112.6 133.7 160.5 182,6 198.5 2. Fixed investment 104.1 108.3 112.6 134.3 160.1 176.0 191.3 3. Increase in stocks 102.1 105.7 111.1 178.6 217.4 604.0 771.7 Meurandu Items: ... ... .......... G.1. Not factor income 113.7 121.8 133.4 159.6 180.3 199.4 216.7 2. Net current traofers 113.7 121.8 133.4 159.6 180.3 199.4 216.7 3. Grous naticiut product 113.7 121.8 133.4 1S9.6 180.3 199.4 216.7 H.1. Gros domsetic sawing 106.0 109.8 1S5.5 215.7 319.1 420.7 4.7 2. Gross natforat saving 123.6 1S9.9 113.1 110.1 138.6 38.1 73.0 ................................................................................................... - 25 - STANDAlD TAKLES for YEMEN ARM REPU8LIC Table 4: Balence of Payments at Current Prices (In millions of U.S. Dolaors) ............. .........................._.. ,_.......................... .......... ..................... __*........... .. 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 ... ... ............... ___.......................... ...... ........... ........................................... A.1. Exports of GNUS 257 249 212 159 129 165 946 2. MerChandise (FOB) 5 10 9 8 16 ST 853 a. of iieh: Nuafecture 37 25 8 8 14 no na 3. Non-factor services 2S2 239 203 151 113 108 93 B.1. Imorts of CUfS 2317 2134 1687 1348 1075 156 1687 2. Nroh ddise (FOB) 1952 1796 1414 1106 868 1260 1311 a. of Aich: namitacture 696 936 1005 893 7m0 no no 3. Non-factor services 365 338 273 242 207 305 376 C.t. Resource blaence -2061 -1885 -1475 -1169 -94S -1400 -741 D.I. Net factor income Sis 502 439 378 338 338 56 2. Factor receipts 529 515 4S4 397 388 413 261 a. oft hich labor Incom 442 4SS 414 358 329 340 153 3. Fctor paymwnts 11 13 16 19 S0 75 204 a. of th. LT interest (DRS) 11 13 16 18 42 45 55 E.1. Net current transfers I/ 950 839 723 492 507 538 2S1 2. Transfer receipts (9 grants) 1218 979 796 5S4 S81 582 280 a. of h. worker remit, 749 790 653 41' 340 421 190 3.Transfer paywents Zo7 141 73 74 44 29 F.1. Current Account Balanee -'92 -545 -313 -319 -101 -524 -433 G.1. Long-term capitat inflow 193 283 115 137 96 263 256 2.Net diret investmmnt 5 72 -48 18 1S 2 0 3. Net official tr ansfers 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4. Net LT loans (ORS) 218 294 1S8 133 154 1S 174 a. disbursements 263 324 209 189 214 115 312 b. rep sunts 46 30 51 56 60 100 138 S. Other LT nftlows (net) -30 -83 5 -13 -74 0 0 H.1. Other item (Net) 89 46 77 21 199 208 -97 2. Net short-term capital 0 0 0 11 130 142 231 3. Capital fiows n.a.i. 0 0 0 0 -12 -38 -261 4. Errors andomissions 89 46 77 10 81 105 -67 i.i. Changes in net reserves 310 216 121 161 -194 53 275 2. Use of INF credit 0 10 2 2 -4 0 0 3. Other reserve changes 310 206 120 159 -190 53 275 Nanorandi I ten: ... ................. J.1. Holdings of Reserves (IFS lirn t1.d.old at mkt pr.) 555 S99 523 539 689 688 400 2. Reserves as Months of Imports 2.9 3.3 3.7 4.7 7.4 5.0 2.S K.1. Official Grants 469 189 143 103 241 160 91 1/ Offeical grants are incLuded in net current transfers. cemstan4. 9/25/89 - 26 - Table 1.1 YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC POPULATION, LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT ......................... ................................................ ,.,,,.................,....,,, , ..................,,.,, ......... ._....... .. 1973 1981 1981 1986 (CYDA Census) (P1tot Demographic Study) (Census) ........ ......... ........... .... ...... .... ...... ... .... _......... ,_,,,,,,,.................._._.............. ... .... ......... Resident Population 5,258,530 7,14S,341 29,786 8,105,974 of which:recorded 4,540,230 6,439,363 7,729,231 Migrants outside YAR 1,234,000 1,394,778 376,743 Total Population 6,492,530 8,540,119 9,274,173 Manpowe, ( over 10 years) 2,816,393 n.e. 17,911 n.a. of which : Mate 1,281,732 8,639 Femate 1,534,661 9,272 Labor Force 1,127,572 n.s. 7.246 n.e. of which : Male 995,560 6,371 Female 132,012 875 Employment 1,057,566 n.a. 6,999 1,602,200 of which : Mate 932,640 6,155 Femle 125,126 844 Unemployment 70,006 n.a. 247 n.a. of which : Male 63.120 216 Female 6,886 31 . . .... . .^. ...................... ........... . ... .. ..... ._... .. .. . ...... .__. ..... ....... ....... ............__ ESTIMATES OF BASIC DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIAL INDICATORS OF YAR POPULATION (concluded from the 1981 survey) .. ...... ..... ......... .... ........ .. __............................................... ......... ............................................... . INDICATOR VALUE tNDtCATOR VALUE .................. .. I.................................................................................................. .........._........................._ Percent of population under 15 yrs. 50.1X Crude death rate: males 25.3X Sex ratio 96.4 fenales 27.4X Age at first marriage0femles 17.6 both 26.4X males 22.2 Anmual rate of natural Incresse 25.5S Total fertility rate 7.88 Intrinsic rate of groe h 25.51 Gross reproduction rate 3.83 Average ftaily size 5.6 Net reproduction rate 2.05 Illiteracy rate: males 57.91 Crude birth rate 51.9X females 92.5X Life expectancy at birth: male 43.3 yrs. both 7;.91 female 40.8 yrs Labor force/total manpower 38.5% both 42.1 yrs Electrically lighted houses 63.51 Infant death rate: males 176.7/1000 Houses having piped water 29.01 females 170.1/1000 Houses having toilet 63.9X both 173.5/1000 ..................................... ........ ........................... Source: Central Planning Organization; Population census 1986 n.a. : not available Table 2.1 YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC MAJOR El JiOIIC AGGREGATES 1974/75 - 1988 (YRIs million; current prices) ... ............ ................. ...... .. ... .................................................................... .................................................... ................................................ ... ..... ......... 1974/75 1975/76 1976/77 1977/78 1978/79 1979/80 1980/81 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987p 1988p ..... ............. ...................................................................... .. ... ............... ........................... _...... _........ GDP (at merket prices) 3745 4888 6436 9803 12165 14146 15291 15980 19932 21870 24756 30969 38258 44337 57722 less Cornuption 4197 5640 8453 10834 14471 16448 17702 18502 23433 26074 28227 34977 41513 52289 57591 Gross Domestic Savings -452 *752 -2017 -1031 -2306 -2302 -2411 -2522 -3501 -4204 -3471 -4008 -3255 -7952 131 Net Factor Income and get Current Transfers 1788 3850 5494 5497 7179 7702 5261 5824 6700 6138 6218 6324 7953 8939 3004 Gross National Savirgs 1336 3098 3477 4466 4873 54io 250 3302 3199 1934 2747 2316 4698 987 3135 Investment 637 900 1210 3210 3994 5361 5830 6125 5938 4245 4311 4472 4988 6338 7395 Foreign Savings -207 -776 -768 757 -115 -48 983 1643 1241 1337 920 1006 1909 4734 1577 N rhange in Reserves (- * increase) -492 -1422 -1499 -2013 -764 9 1997 1180 1499 974 64 1150 -1619 617 268 l1ports (9+nfs) 1251 1866 3506 4483 6774 8465 9046 9646 10397 9575 8931 9644 9512 1597#s 16537 Exports (S#nfms 162 214 279 242 474 803 805 999 958 1126 1149 1164 1269 1684 9274 Memo Items: Current Account Balance 699 2198 2267 1256 879 40 -2980 -2823 -2739 -2311 -1564 -2156 -290 -5351 -4259 Investment less GUS -699 -2198 -2267 -1256 -879 -39 2980 2823 2739 2311 1564 2156 290 5351 4260 ,.................................... . . ...... .. ... ............................... ............................................................................... .... ..... ..................... ....................... -........... . Source: Yemen Arab Republic Central Plamning Organization. Statistics Department. lNote: Due to a break in data and changes In data definitions, data for 1974/75 through 1976/77 may not be consistent with the later data. Table 2.2 YEMEN ARAB REFULIC CROSS DOMESTIC PRCtUCT BY ORIGIN, 1974/75-1988 (R(Is million: 1981 constant prices) .. . .................................................................................................................................................................... 1974/75 1975/76 1976/77 1977/78 1978/79 1979/80 1980/81 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987p 1988e ........................................................................................................................................................................ A riculture and Fisheries 3311 3409 3136 2802 3265 3404 3578 3685 3854 3418 3414 3704 4126 4221 4447 17ning and uarrying S8 67 8S 134 154 163 154 156 163 178 187 172 424 556 3271 Mauufacturing 385 425 453 842 9864 1134 1222 1352 1627 2005 2153 2404 2662 2875 2932 Electricity and Water 29 35 35 46 59 78 91 117 138 173 216 239 286 340 380 Constru:tlon 383 591 796 1276 1473 1238 1196 1098 1167 1159 1213 1101 857 878 904 Itolesste and Retail Tr;Ade 1376 1660 1653 1762 1804 1991 2131 2188 2289 2241 2300 2380 2548 2627 2895 Restarants nd Motels 104 111 118 125 134 138 139 163 164 167 173 180 189 208 Transport and Commication 312 323 344 1474 1533 1553 1598 1708 2048 2038 2131 2406 2549 260 3056 Financial Institutions 116 209 234 207 228 351 407 361 433 555 558 627 690 759 Real Estate 4 Business Services 743 440 408 1043 1065 1136 1154 1263 1506 1651 1744 1878 1993 2326 2500 Socal £ Persenal Services 85 89 105 117 123 127 157 184 185 194 201 228 243 267 9 less:Ilpted Bank Service Charge 76 98 129 142 133 155 19? 211 245 248 367 512 353 361 379 Subtotal 6521 7157 7193 9694 10653 11027 11543 12059 13255 13397 13907 14704 16127 17388 21241 Govertnnt Services 1005 1100 975 1265 1453 1643 1963 1996 2180 2262 2269 2291 2314 2578 2M Private Mon-profit Services 14 17 19 21 23 24 24 27 31 32 36 40 4 49 Import Duties 649 852 1593 2001 1732 1976 1975 1901 2061 2261 2350 2371 2m 2230 25s2 GDP at Producer's Prices 8175 9123 9778 12979 13859 14669 1SSOS 15980 17523 17951 18558 19402 21217 22240 26632 UP Deflator 1981=100 45.8 53.6 65.8 75.5 87.8 96.4 98.6 10.0 113.7 121.8 133.4 159.6 180.3 199.4 216.7 Source: Vemn Arab Repubtic Cent al Plamning Organization, Statistics Departaent. Note: Due te a break in data and changes in data definitions, data for 1974/75 through 1976/77 may not be consistent with the later data. Table 2.3 YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC GROSS DOMESTIC PR0 uCT BY ORiGINI 1974/75-1988 (RIls million: current prices) ........ .............................................................................................. ................................................................................................................... 1974775 1975/76 1976/77 19t7/78 1978/79 1979180 1980/81 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987p 198Bp .......................................... ..................................................................................... ... ... .... ..... ... ... .............. ................ ........... ... .......................................... Agriculture and Fisheries 1645 2011 2313 2409 3049 3458 3579 3685 5035 5224 6236 8033 11136 11922 13556 Nining and Quarrying 25 32 53 100 133 149 149 156 168 190 210 241 237 278 298 oil andGs -Gm 26 390 5970 Naaaacturing 211 257 301 628 831 1080 1204 1352 1720 2258 2683 3465 4467 5899 6718 Electricity q d Water 13 17 1? 23 38 66 80 117 138 173 226 257 383 44 508 Contruction 149 236 407 795 1060 1033 1110 1098 1215 125S 1367 1541 1285 1376 1554 WHolesale and Retail Trade 676 948 1185 1548 1803 1930 2133 2188 2349 2458 2866 3911 3958 5197 5975 osteurants and lotels 64 72 83 104 129 136 139 165 172 184 258 323 382 420 , Transport ad Conmication 138 1SO 215 1058 1272 1481 1584 1708 2209 2346 2781 3489 4228 5165 579? s Finanal In titutlen 51 119 158 170 210 341 407 363 440 582 m 930 109? 1255 Resl Estatc * Busines Services 294 207 260 780 1036 1288 1230 1263 1536 1811 2178 281? 3270 3418 3s52 Social 4 Personl Services 42 54 78 101 121 130 157 186 194 218 242 286 321 360 less:Imputed Sonk Srvice Charoe 29 44 73 9 108 138 183 211 246 260 406 651 524 540 648 Subtotal 3122 3971 4923 7565 9489 10807 11493 12059 14838 16261 19125 24376 30239 3S3S1 45335 ... .... ... .. ..... ....... . ... .. ..... ..... .. ... Gover ent Services 401 509 S67 858 1202 1505 1906 1996 2996 3145 317? 3643 4088 5673 730 Private Mon-profit Services 14 17 19 21 23 24 24 27 31 34 38 SO 58 67 I^eort Duties 222 394 929 1361 1453 1811 1868 1901 2071 2433 2420 2912 3881 325S 4590 CDP at Producer's Prices 3745 4888 6436 9803 12165 14146 15291 15980 19932 21870 24756 30969 38258 44337 5M2 ........................................................................................................................................................................ Source: emen Arab Reubhic Central Plaming Organization, Statistics Deprtment. lote: Oum to a break in data and changes in data definitions data for 1974/75 through 1976/77 amy not be consistent with the later data. Table 2.4 YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC IMPLICIT SECTORAL PRICE DEFLATORS (Current/Constant) 1974/75 1975/76 1976177 1977/78 1978/79 1979/80 1980/81 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987p 1988e .... .... .................................... .......................................................................... ...... .......... ........ .............. .............. ..................................................... ...................... Agriculture and Fisheries 49.7 59.0 n.8 86.0 93.4 101.6 100.0 100.0 130.6 152.8 182.7 216.9 269.9 282.4 304.9 Mining and Ouarrying 43.1 47.8 60.2 74.6 86.4 91.4 96.8 100.0 103.1 106.7 112.3 140.1 117.2 120.1 191.6 lanufacturing 54.8 60.5 66.S 74.6 84.5 9S.2 98.5 100.0 105.7 112.6 124.6 144.1 167.8 205.2 229.1 Electricity and Water 44.8 48.6 48.6 50.0 64.4 84.6 87.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 104.6 107.5 133.9 131.2 133.6 Construction 38.9 39.9 51.1 62.3 72.0 83.4 92.8 100.0 104.1 108.3 112.7 140.0 149.9 156.7 171.9 Wholesale and Retail Trade 49.1 57.1 71.7 87.9 99.9 96.9 100.1 100.0 102.6 109.7 124.6 164.3 15S.3 197.8 206.4 Restaurants and Notels 61.5 64.9 70.3 83.2 96.3 98.6 100.0 101.2 104.9 110.2 149.1 179.4 202.1 202.0 Transport and Communication 44.2 46.4 62.5 71.8 83.0 95.4 99.1 100.0 107.9 115.1 130.5 145.0 165.9 184.2 189.7 Finansial Institutions 44.0 56.9 67.5 82.1 92.1 97.2 100.0 100.6 101.6 104.9 138.5 148.3 159.0 165.4 iteal Estate & Business Services 39.6 47.0 63.7 74.8 97.3 113.4 106.6 100.0 102.0 109.7 124.9 150.0 164.1 146.9 142.9 iocial & Personal Services 49.4 60.7 74.3 86.3 98.4 102.4 100.0 101.1 104.9 112.4 120.4 125.4 132.1 134.7 0 less:Ilputed lank Service Charge 38.2 44.9 56.6 66.9 81.2 89.0 92.9 100.0 100.4 104.8 110.6 127.1 148.4 149.6 171.0 Subtotal 47.9 55.5 68.4 78.0 89.1 98.0 99.6 100.0 111.9 121.4 137.5 165.8 187.5 203.3 213.4 Government Services 39.9 46.3 58.2 67.8 82.7 91.6 97.1 100O0 137.4 139.0 140.0 159.0 176.7 220.1 279.0 Private Non-profit Services 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 106.3 105.6 125.0 131.8 137.3 leport Duties 34.2 46.2 S8.3 68.0 83.9 91.6 94.6 100.0 100.5 107.6 103.0 122.8 141.8 146.0 178.5 GOP at Producer's Prices 45.8 53.6 65.8 75.5 87.8 96.4 98.6 100.0 113.7 121.8 133.4 159.6 180.3 199.4 216.7 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. ......................... ... ....................................................................... ............. ................................... . ........................... ............. ......... Source: Yemen Arab Rephblic Central Plaming Organization, Statistics Department. note: Due to a break In data end changes In data definitions. data for 1974/75 through 1976/77 nay not be co-- stent with the later data. Table 2.5 YEMEN ARAB REPUtlIC RESOURCES AND USES 1974/75 - 1988 VIIts million, i981 Prices) .. .. . . ... ....... .............. ............... ......... .................... ................... ..................................... ........ ............... . ......... .................. ................ ... ............... .. .. 1974/75 1975/76 1976/77 1977/78 1978/79 1979/80 1980/81 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987p 1988e .. ................ ............................... ................................................ ..................................................................................... ................................... .. ... . .. ... . ............... Resources: GDP at producers prices 8175 9123 9778 12979 13859 14669 15505 15980 17523 17951 18558 19402 21217 22240 26632 Iqports of goods and services 3984 S261 6899 7556 9374 9760 9529 9646 9949 8769 6956 5913 4688 6110 6101 Total resources 12159 1384 1677 20535 23233 24429 25034 25626 27472 26720 25514 25315 25905 28350 32733 Uses: Goverment consUGption 1365 1516 1525 1986 2341 2596 3270 3434 3928 4041 4497 3791 3785 3757 4690 Privale corsueption 8694 10288 12189 12830 1466 13737 13442 15068 16897 1739 16293 17469 18452 20373 19147 Gross fixed capital formation 1447 1862 2689 4853 5943 682 7388 5906 S473 4057 3910 3386 3085 3418 3680 1 Change in stocks 285 301 -163 542 35 377 110 219 235 -140 *81 -42 23 53 46 w Exports of goods and services 368 417 437 324 548 847 824 999 939 1023 895 711 560 748 5169 - Statistical Oiscrepany 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Total Uses 12159 14384 16677 20535 23233 24429 25034 25626 27472 26720 25514 253 5 25905 28349 32732 ........... ................... .......... .................. ...... ....... ...... ....... ... ... ....... ......... ..... ....... ....... ......... ....... ............ ... ... .... ... . .. ...... ....................... ..... Source: lemen Arab Republic Central Planning Organization, Statistics Department. Note: Due to a break in data and changes in data definitions. data for 1974/75 through 1976/77 may not be consistent with the later data. Table 2.6 YEiII ARS REPUKLIC RESOURCES AND USES. 1974/73 - 1988 (Vits miliion, Current Prices) .... ........ ..... ....... ........................................................................................................................................................ 1974/75 1975/76 1976/77 1977/8 1978/79 1979/80 1980/81 1981 1982 198 1984 1985 19 198p 1988p .......................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................... .... ... Resourcet; GOP at prodicers prices 3745 48S8 6436 9803 12165 14146 15291 15980 19932 21870 24756 30969 38258 U337 5m2 Itrorts of goods and services 1251 1866 3506 4483 6774 8465 9046 9646 10397 9575 8931 96" 9512 15974 16537 Total Resources 4996 6754 9942 14286 18939 22611 24337 25626 30329 31445 33687 40613 47770 60311 74259 Uses: woverment consumption 535 701 886 1348 1938 2377 3169 3434 4789 5225 so53 5520 6086 8318 11290 Private consuiption 3662 4939 7567 948 12S33 14071 14533 15068 18644 20849 23154 29457 35427 43971 46301 6ross fixed cpltal formatlon 511 745 1315 2803 3964 5006 5723 5906 S68 4393 4401 4547 4938 6016 7041 Chag In stocks 126 155 -105 407 30 355 107 219 240 -148 -90 -75 50 322 354 Exports of goods and services 162 214 279 242 474 803 805 9 958 1126 1149 1164 1269 1684 9274 Total Uses 4996 6754 9942 14286 18939 22612 24337 25626 30329 314S 33687 40613 47770 60311 74260 t ..................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................... ....... . ................. Source remn Arab Republic Central Plaming Organization, Statistics Department. lote: ;ke to a break in data and chang in date definitions, data for 1974/73 through 1976/77 may rtot be consistent with the later data. Table 2.7 YEMEN ARAB REPU8LIC YENEXI RIAL DEFLATORS OF RESWURCES AND USES (1981a100) ............................................................. ..................................................................................................................... ......................... ................................................... 1974/7S 1975/76 1976m77 1977/78 1978a79 1979/80 1980/81 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 198a ....................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................ ... . .......... ........... Resources: GDP at proReers prices 45.8 53.6 65.8 75.5 87.8 96.4 98.6 100.0 113.7 121.8 133.4 159.6 180.3 199.4 216.7 imports of goods ond services 31.4 35.5 S0.8 59.3 72.3 86.7 94.9 100.0 104.S 109.2 128.4 163.1 202.9 261.4 271.1 Totat resources and uses 41.1 47.0 59.6 69.6 81.5 92.6 97.2 100.0 110.4 117.7 132.0 160.4 184.4 212.7 226.9 UseS: Govermmnt consuTption 39.2 46.2 58.1 67.9 82.8 91.6 96.9 100.0 121.9 129.3 112.8 145.6 160.8 221.4 240.7 Private conaQption 42.1 48.0 62.1 73.9 87.2 102.4 108.1 100.0 110.3 117.5 142.1 168.6 192.0 215.8 241.8 t Gross fixed capital formation 35.3 40.0 48.9 S7.8 66.7 .8 77.s 100.0 104.1 108.3 112.6 134.3 160.1 176.0 191 3 Change in stocks *4.2 51.5 64.4 75.1 85.7 94.2 97.3 100.0 102.1 105.7 111.1 178.6 217.4 607.5 769.6 Exports of goos and services 44.0 51.3 63.8 74.7 86.5 94.8 97.7 100.0 102.0 110.1 128.4 163.7 226.6 225.1 179.4 Total Uses 41.1 47.0 59.6 69.6 81.5 92.6 97.2 100.0 110.4 117.7 132.0 160.4 184.4 212.7 226.9 ...................... ........................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ........ Source: fean Arab Repshlic Central Plaming Organization. Statistics Department. Note: ODM to a break in data end changes in data definitions, data for 1974/75 through 1976/77 my not be consistent uith the later data. TABLE 3.1 TENEN ARAB REPUBLIC CROSS FIXED CAPITAL FOUSATION Bt SECTOR AID aWNERSHIP 1974/75-197778 (TRIs mitlion: 1981 prices) ............/75......... --------- .9....6......... ..................-†-.........19778.-------- Public Private Total Public Private Total hblic Private Total P"ltic Private total Ariculture 60 213 275 80 61 141 10S 60 16S 204 208 412 Afnin ad uarrying 100 7 107 Nam acturln9 1/ 64 40 104 74 55 129 186 336 522 67 391 4S5 Electricity 3 water 20o S0 253 Construction 20 20 25 25 22 83 105 170 163 333 isla. b Retl. Trade Transport A C unic. 215 204 419 285 265 550 383 120 503 1168 222 1390 Financial Instit. Resl Estate 437 437 778 778 1098 1098 1068 1068 Otber 166 26 194 196 43 239 256 40 296 762 70 832 Total 507 940 14? 635 1227 1862 952 1737 2689 2674 2179 48S3 ................................................................................................................................. Source: Central Plaming Orgnization 1/ Before 1977/78. includs mining. qurrying. electricity and uater. TABLE 3.2 4. EIN ARAB REPUBLIC CROSS FIXED CAPITAL FORNATIOU BT SECTOR AND OWNERSHIP 1974/75-1977/78 (TRIs million: current prices) ................................................................................................................................ . --- 1974/.75--- .... ...1975/76 ........ -------1976/-------- ---------19/78-------- Public Private Total Puhtic Private Total Pub lic Private Total Pubtic Private total Agriculture 22 68 90 32 25 57 41 19 60 120 111 231 Mining and Quarrying 54 4 SO Nwaufacturing 1Y 22 13 35 30 22 52 85 150 235 35 193 228 Electricity * Water 105 25 130 Cosrtruetion 7 7 10 10 10 37 47 8S 80 165 HlAs. a ButI. Trade Transport £ Comuic. 79 68 147 114 105 219 195 53 248 721 110 831 Finanital Instit. Real Estate 164 164 311 311 570 570 700 700 Other 59 9 68 78 Is 96 137 18 155 426 34 460 Total 182 329 511 254 491 745 468 847 1315 1546 1257 2803 ................................................................................................................................. Source: Central Pltning Organization 1/ Before 1977/78. inelu*es mining. quarrying. electricity and water. TABLE 3.1, cont d. .. .................. YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC GROSS FIxED CAPITAL fORNATION BY SECTOR AND OWERSIIP 1978/79-1982 (TRIs million: 1981 prices) .................... ........................................ ..................................................................... .......................................................................................... ......................... ..- - * 1978/79 . . - 1979/80 . . - 1980/81 - .-.---- -----.-.--- 1981 -.- -.-.-.-.-- - 1982. ------ Public Private Total Publlc Private Total Public Private Total Public Private Total Public Private lotal .. ............. .......................... ... ... ................ ................................ ...... .......... ...... .......... ......... ................. ...... ............................................... Agriculture 303 258 561 291 273 564 458 253 711 301 135 436 281 127 408 Ninigond Ouarrying 39 7 46 36 S 41 52 5 s5 54 s 59 62 7 69 tanuacturing 1/ 204 501 705 141 346 487 168 312 480 176 200 376 69 138 227 Etectricity * Water 278 42 320 682 38 720 1161 39 1200 1079 32 1111 966 34 1000 Construction 202 153 355 89 281 370 134 258 392 60 8o so so 11is. & Retl. Trade 111 415 526 44 187 Transport & Cmnic. 1471 317 17e 8 1986 491 2477 1953 448 2401 512 345 A5 744 321 1069 F.wancial Instit. 29 15 44 20 13 Real Estate 1110 1110 1248 1005 1246 930 79 790 651 651 Otber 804 254 1058 656 309 965 618 283 901 1566 61 1627 1668 67 173S Totat 3301 2"2 5943 31 2991 6872 4S44 2844 7 3828 2078 5906 3878 1595 5473 ................................................................. .................................................................................................... ............................................................... ........ Source: Centtal Plamving Organization c 1/ Before 1977/78. inciudes miningo qLarrying. electricity and water. La TABLE 3.2. cont'd. .................... YEWS AA EEPUllIC 1978/79-1962 GROSS FIXED CAPITAL FONATION BY SECTOR AND OWNERSNIP (TRIo million: current priceo) ................................................................. ......................................................................................................... ..... ........ ......................................... ............ .. .--- . 1978/79 . . - 1979/80 . . - .-.-.-.1980/81 . --.-.---.1981. .-.-- --------- 1982-------- Public Prvnate Total Public Private Total Public Private total Public Private Total Public Private Total ................ ..................................................................... ...................................................................................................................... #............ ............ Agriculture 163 154 317 212 199 411 35S 196 s51 301 13S 436 292 152 424 NIninmndu aOrrying 25 4 29 26 4 30 40 4 U S4 5 59 6S 7 72 1h1ufecturing if 125 293 418 103 252 355 130 242 3n 176 200 376 93 144 237 Electricity & Water 168 25 193 496 28 524 899 30 929 1029 32 1061 1006 3S 1041 Canruction 120 °0 210 65 20S 270 104 200 304 S0 B0 S2 S2 llbl. & lett. Trade 111 415 526 46 19S 241 Tramport 4 Comnic. 831 185 1016 1447 357 1804 1513 347 1860 512 34S is? n 234 1013 finanmcal Instit. 29 15 4 21 13 34 lel Estate 841 841 909 9uv 965 965 790 790 7?8 778 Otber 793 147 940 478 22S 70 479 219 o98 1616 61 167T 1736 ro 1806 Total 2225 1739 394 2827 2179 500$ 3520 2203 5723 S82 2078 5906 4030 1660 S698 Source: Central Pl8 ing Organination 1/ Beore 19n77/U Inclues mining, qiarrying, olectricity and water. IlBSS 3.1, eaat'd. .................... GROSS *ISE4 CAPITAL _WTI K 614* A h 6I1h6SRIP RIls million: 1981 prcees) .......... .................. ^.................................... ............. ......................... ................................................................ ................................................... .............._ Pubti Prtivate totat twt1c Priveto total P"tic Private Total Public Private lotl Public Private total .................................... ................................................ ...................................................................................... .................... ........................................................... Acultute 367 IS0 547 391 143 S34 373 8 461 209 120 39 354 1S8 512 4nodCrrting N 7 I S 132 9 U1 21 s 24 28 4 12 55 6 61 "Frm ft1stIf* II 54 139 193 27 144 17t 259 171 430 121 161 282 117 211 328 Electricity I Dater 4S3 34 497 466 33 499 591 34 625 469 St 50 452 41 493 tonatruction 0 S0 50 0 1 1 7 72 72 5 95 Wile. 6 *etl. Trade 16 198 214 13 188 201 11 189 200 21 140 161 6 184 190 Tronsport I Coewaic. 417 347 764 3n 114 486 194 46 240 314 43 357 736 S? 793 firanloIl Intit. 44 14 58 23 18 41 10 22 32 28 21 49 24 25 49 teat Estate 0 713 713 0 814 814 612 6t2 5s7 srt 7S6 756 Other 876 as 94 893 59 952 655 26 683 700 26 776 834 3S 872 Total 2287 1770 4057 2317 1593 3910 2114 1272 3386 1890 119S 3S 2578 1571 4149 .... .......... ............................................. ............................................................................................... .............................. ,* Source: Centrol Plaming Organiztion 11 sefore 197175, inctmuas mining, qarrying. electricity arid water. TABLE 3.2, cont'd. .................... TEhII ARA EPUIIIC 1963-199? CROSS FIXED CAPITAL FPOATUlN 8r SECTOS AMO OWN2ESIIP (lRts millions turrent pricae) ............................................................................................................ ................................ ................................................................................. .. .1983.194. -8 ..1986.198 -?------.19 - ------- . .- ....... ........... 198 - . .... I"? ------ "tlit Private lotat P"blic Private Total Pubtic Private Total Public Private total Public Private Total ..................................... ............................................................................ *...................................................................................................................... Agriculture 397 195 592 436 160 S96 501 1O 619 334 192 526 S29 236 765 Nilning end rrwiny 54 a 62 147 10 15? 28 7 35 45 7 52 82 9 9 Ibnutfcturln4 1/ 59 150 209 30 161 191 346 230 570 194 25? 4S1 7?S 315 490 Electricity a tter 501 37 538 519 37 556 794 45 639 1s SO 001 67S 41 736 tOmtrtimn 54 54 79 79 104 204 116 116 142 142 Whlt. & Pet. Trade 17 215. 232 14 210 224 1S 254 269 33 224 257 9 275 284 transport & Comic. 451 376 527 414 127 541 260 62 322 502 9 51S 1101 8S 1186 fUinnaul Inatit. 48 1S 63 26 20 46 14 30 4 4 33 ?8 36 40 76 lost este:. m m 905 90S 820 820 923 923 1132 1132 Other 949 95 1044 1040 66 1106 879 38 917 1121 42 1163 1246 52 l1 Total 2416 1917 4393 2626 1m 4401 2339 1708 4S47 3025 1913 4938 3853 2347 6200 ,....I............................................ ................................................. ......... ................. ................................................... .............................................................. Source: Central Plaming Organization 11 Before 19770l. includes mining, quarrying, electricity and water. Table 3.3 YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC COMPOSITION OF GROSS FIXED CAPITAL FORMATION BY SECTOR 1974/7-1977/78 (t981 prices; percentages) ..... ................................................................................................................................. 17/S........ ....I.... 17/6........ ......... 96 ........ ............ gl ........ -----19 74/7- - - - --1975J7----- -----1976 177 - -----1977/78---- Ptic Private Total Pubile Private Total Public Private Total Public Private Total ........................................................... ................................................................................................... Agriculture 11.8 22.7 18.9 12.6 5.0 7.6 11.0 3.S 6.1 7.6 9.5 8.5 NlTnI end Quarrying 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.7 0.3 2.2 Nwmufacturing 1/ 12.6 4.3 7.2 11.? 4.S 6.9 19.5 19.3 19.4 2.5 17.9 9.4 Electricity A Water 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.6 2.3 5.2 Construction 0.0 2.1 1.4 0.0 2.0 1.3 2.3 4.8 3.9 6.4 7.S 6.9 Ihls. & Retl. Trade 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Transport * Conimic. 42.4 21.7 29.0 44.9 21.6 29.5 40.2 6.9 18.7 43.7 10.2 28.6 Financial Instit. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Reol Estate 0.0 46.5 30.2 0.0 63.4 41.8 0.0 63.2 40.8 0.0 49.0 22.0 Other 33.1 2.8 13.4 30.9 3.5 12.8 26.9 2.3 11.0 28.5 3.2 17.1 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 source: Central Planingt Organi tat Ion 1/ Before 1977/78. includes mining, quarrying, electricity end water. Table 3.4 EMEN AtRAB REPUBLIC COMPOSITION OF GROSS FIXED CAPITAL FORIATION BY SECTOR 1974/?5-19/178 (current pricos; percentages) ......... ................. ................. .9.6.-------- .........1974.19.76.1976/77.19. . Pub"ic Private lotal Pubilc Private total Public Printe Toal Public Private Total A iculture 12.1 20.7 17.6 12.6 5.1 7.7 8.8 2.2 4.6 7.8 8.8 6.2 Nining ad Quarrying 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.5 0.3 2.1 ManueacturIng 1/ 12.1 4.0 6.8 11.8 4.5 7.0 18.2 17.7 17.9 2.3 15.4 8.1 Electricity S Water 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.8 2.0 4.6 Contruction 0.0 .'. 1.4 0.0 2.0 1.3 2.1 4.4 3.6 5.5 6.4 S.9 Ibis. & Retl. Trade 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Transport a Comeic. 43.4 20.7 28.8 44.9 21.4 29.4 41.7 6.3 18.9 46.6 8.8 29.6 Financial Inatit. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Real Estate 0.0 49.8 32.1 0.0 63.3 41.7 0.0 67.3 43.3 0.0 55.7 25.0 Other 32.4 2.7 13.3 30.7 3.7 12.9 29.3 2.1 11.8 27.6 2.7 16.4 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Central Plamning Organization 1/ Before 19/78, Includes mining. quarrying, electricity and water. Table 3.3, cont'd. YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC CWIOSITION Of CROSS FIXED CAPITAL FORMATION BY SECIOR 19?8/79-1982 (1981 prices; percentages) ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.......,,,19,9,80......... .........,,, .....,,,.,,-- -----------, 9..---------............1 9 .... ......... Public Private total Pubife Private Total Public Private Total Public Private Total Public Private Total ... ........................................................................................................................................................ Agriculture 9.2 9.8 9.4 7.S 9.1 8.2 10.1 8.9 9.6 7.9 6.5 7.4 7.2 8.0 7.5 lining and Quarrying 1.2 0.3 0.8 0.9 0.2 0.6 1.1 0.2 0.8 1.4 0.2 1.0 1.6 0.4 1.3 "na ataeturing I/ 6.2 19.0 11.9 3.6 11.6 7.1 3.? 11.0 6.5 4.6 9.6 6.4 2.3 8.7 4.1 Electricity A Water 8.4 1.6 5.4 17.6 1.3 10.5 25.6 1.4 16.2 28.2 1.5 18.6 24.9 2.1 18.3 Construction 6.1 5.3 6.0 2.3 9.4 5.4 2.9 9.1 5.3 0.0 3.8 S '. 0.0 3.1 0.9 Whis. A Rott. Trade 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 n.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.9 20.0 ..9 1.1 11.7 0.0 Transport a Cmmuic. 44.6 12.0 30.1 51.2 16.4 36.0 43.0 1S.8 32.5 13.4 16.6 14.5 19.3 20.1 19.5 Finaisal Instit. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0. 0. 0.5 0.8 0.0 Seat Estate 0.0 42.0 18.7 0.0 41.7 14.6 0.0 43.8 12.6 0.0 38.0 13.4 0.0 40.8 11.9 Other 24.4 9.6 17.8 16.9 10.3 14.0 13.6 10.0 12.2 40.9 2.9 27.5 43.0 4.2 31.7 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 nurce: Central Plaming Organizatln 1/ Aefore 1977/782 includes mining, quarryin. electricity and water. Table 3.4, cont4d. YEMEN ARM REPIMLIC CONsiI!OM OF GROSS FIXED CAPITAL FOurATIOI BY SECTOR 1978/79-U8 (current prices: percentages) . ...................................................................................... ............... ............................. .. ............. ....................... ........................ .......... I........................ ....... . ----- .1978/79 ------ ---*----1979/80-........ ------ 1980/1 - .11--- ----------- 191 ---- -- ---------1982.-------- Public Private Total Public Private Total Public Private Total Public Private Total Public Private total ..... ........ .... ... ................... ..................................... ....... .................. .................................. ...... I.............. ......... ... ................... ........ ... ................ Ariculture 7.3 8.9 8.0 7.5 9.1 8.2 10.1 8.9 9.6 ,'.9 6.5 7.4 ?.2 8.0 7.4 Zlning mi rarrying 1.1 0.2 0.7 0.9 0.2 0.6 1.1 0.2 0.8 1.4 0.2 1.0 1.6 0.4 1.3 Nagwfacturlng It 5.6 16.8 10.5 3.6 11.6 7.1 3.7 11.0 6.5 4.6 9.6 6.4 2.3 8.7 4.2 Electricity ' Water 7.6 1.4 4.9 17.5 1.3 10.5 25.5 1.4 16.2 26.9 1.5 IB.0 24.9 2.1 10.3 tCotruction 5.4 5.2 5.3 2.3 9.4 S.4 3.0 9.1 5.3 0.0 3.8 1.4 0.0 3 * 0.9 hl*. A RetI. Trade 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.9 20.0 8.9 1.1 11.7 4.2 Tranport A Cemmic. 37.3 10.6 2S.6 51.2 16.4 36.0 43.0 15.8 32.5 13.4 16.6 14.5 19.3 14.1 17.8 Financial Instit. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 - 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.6 SRet Estate 0.0 48.4 21.2 0.0 41.7 18.2 0.0 '/3.8 16.9 0.0 31.0 13.4 0.0 46.9 13.7 Other 3S.6 8.5 23.7 16.9 10.3 14.0 1S.6 9.9 12.2 42.2 2.9 28.4 43.0 4.2 31.7 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ...... ........ ..... ....... ............. ......................... ........ .............. ........ .............. ..... ....... ... ... .. .... ... ....... ......... ............... ........ ................ ........... ......... Source: Central Planing Organization J/ Sefore 197/78. includes mining, quarrying, electricity and water. Table 3.3. conted. YEMEN ARAB REPtlBLIC COMPOSITION OF GROSS FIXED CAPITAL fORMATIOW BY SECIoR 1983-1987 (1981 prices; percentages) ...................... .................. ..... .... ................. .................... ........... ..................................... ................................... .......................................... ....... .. .-------1983.--------- --.---- 1984. .19-. ........... lm . ----- --- 1986 ......... ----------- 1987 ------- Public PrivEt. Total PubliC Private Total Public Private Total Public Private Tntal Public Private Iotal ... .. ............... ......... ................ ................ ............................... ..... ........ ........... ..................... . ....... ....................... ....... ...................... ............. . .... Agriculture 16.0 10.2 13.S 16.9 9.0 13.7 17.6 6.9 13.6 11.1 10.0 10.7 13.7 10.1 12.3 Mining and Quarrying 2.2 0.4 1.4 5.7 0.6 3.6 1.0 0.4 0.8 1.5 0.3 1.0 2.1 0.4 1.5 Nanufacturing 1/ 2.4 7.9 4.8 1.2 9.0 4.4 12.3 13.4 12.7 6.4 13.5 9.1 4.5 13.4 7.9 Electricity 8 Water 20.2 1.9 12.3 20.1 2.1 12.8 28.0 2.7 18.5 24.8 2.6 16.2 17.5 2.6 11.9 Construction 0.0 2.8 1.2 0.0 4.5 1.8 0.0 6.1 2.3 0.0 6.0 2.3 0.0 6.0 2.3 Whls. & Rett. Trade 0.7 11.2 5.3 0.6 11.8 5.1 0.5 14.9 5.9 1.1 11.7 5.2 0.2 11.7 4.6 Transport I Ctmic. 18.2 19.6 18.8 16.1 7.2 12.4 9.2 3.6 7.1 16.6 3.6 11.6 28.5 3.6 19.1 Financial Instit. 1.9 0.8 1.4 1.0 1.1 1.0 0.5 1.7 0.9 1.5 1.8 1.6 0.9 1.6 1.2 Real Estate 0.0 40.3 17.6 0.0 51.1 20.8 0.0 48.1 18.1 0.0 48.3 18.7 0.0 48.1 18.2 Other 38.3 5.0 23.8 38.5 3.7 24.3 31.0 2.2 20.2 37.0 2.2 23.5 32.4 2.4 21.0 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.C Source; Central Pltaning Organization I/ Before 1977/78. includes mining, quarrying, electricity and water. Table 3.4, conted. YEMEN ARAB REPtLIC COMOSITION Of GROSS FIXED CAPITAL FORMATION BY SECTOR 1963-1987 (current prices; percentages) . ... ... . . . . . . .. . . . . . ............. .. ..................... .. . .*..--. . . .. .......... *----------*----------- ------*---*-*-- ---*------ ---*-- -- . ......1983.----- ------1984.----- ------1985.----- ------ 1986.1987 . ------ "?----- Public Private Total Public Private Total Public Private Total Public Private Total Public Private Total . ........................ ................................................ ................ ........................................................................... .......... .... .. .............. ........... ......... . ..... Agriculture 16.0 10.2 13.5 16.6 9.0 13.5 17.6 6.9 13.6 11.0 10.0 10.7 13.7 10.1 12.3 Minin and Quarrying 2.2 0.4 1.4 S.6 0.6 3.6 1.0 0.4 0.8 1.5 0.4 1.1 2.1 0.4 1.5 Mnaufactswinr 1/ 2.4 7.8 4.8 1.1 9.1 4.3 12.3 13.5 12.7 6.4 13.4 9.1 4.S 13.4 7.9 Electricity I Uater 20.2 1.9 12.2 19.8 2.1 12.6 28.0 2.6 18.5 24.8 2.6 16.2 17.5 2.6 11.9 Contruction 0.0 2.8 1.2 0.0 4.5 1.8 0.0 6.1 2.3 0.0 6.1 2.3 0.0 6.1 2.3 Wll.s & 9ett. Trade 0.7 11.2 5.3 0.5 11.8 5.1 0.5 14.9 5.9 1.1 11.7 5.2 0.2 11.7 4.6 Transport A Commic. 18.2 19.6 18.8 15.8 7.2 12.3 9.2 3.6 7.1 16.6 3.6 11.6 28.6 3 A 19.1 Finnelial Insti 1.9 0.8 1.4 1.0 1.1 1.0 0.5 1.8 1.0 1.5 1.7 1.6 0.9 1.7 1.2 Real Estate 0.0 40.3 17.6 0.0 51.0 20.6 0.0 48.0 18.0 0.0 48.2 18.7 0.0 48.2 18.3 Other 38.3 5.0 23.8 39.6 3.7 25.1 31.0 2.2 20.2 37.1 2.2 23.6 32.3 2.2 20.9 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Central Planming Organization t/ Before 1977/78, includes mining. quarrying, electricity and water. - 40 - Table 3.5 YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC FINANCING OF INVESTMENT (CRts million; 1981 constant prices 1/) .............................................................................................. 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 Gross Nationat Savings 3136 3143 1657 2501 1684 2393 1123 Net Capital Transfers 418 384 235 445 146 485 -705 Net Incurance of Liabilities 1390 833 1129 518 643 1250 3526 Change in Reserves (-ainerease) 1181 1344 899 608 856 -1011 269 Total Financing a Irvestment 6125 5704 3920 4071 3330 3116 4213 Investment Oeflator 1981=100 100.0 104.1 108.3 105.9 134.3 160.1 150.7 .............................................................................................. Source: Central Planning Organization 1/ Deflated by the Investment Deflator. Table 3.6 YEMEN AMA REPUBLIC FINANCING OF INVESTMENT (YRts million; current prices) .............................................................................................. 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 ~~~~... ... .... ......._._.... .................................... Gross Nationat Savings 3136 3272 1794 2648 2262 3830 1692 Net Capital Transfers 418 400 254 471 196 776 -1062 Net Inureance of Liabilities 1390 867 1223 548 8a 2001 5314 Change in Reservwe (-increase) 1181 1399 974 644 1150 -1619 406 Total Finncing a Investment 6125 5938 4245 4311 4472 4988 6350 .............................................................................................. Source: Central Planning Organization 1 - TABLE 4.1 TEENII AB REPULIC OALANCE OF PAYIENTS (YRIs mitlion) ............ ..................... .................................................... ............................................................................................. . . ................................................. ... ........... ..... End of Period 1974/75 1975/76 1976/77 1977/78 1978/79 1979/80 1980/81 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 ........................................................................ ................................................................................................................................... ....................................... Current Accomt: 307 1100 1251 1473 *621 -1480 -3111 -2989 -2666 -2452 *1663 -2210 -1159 -4677 -6781 Eports of goods 58 55 84 32 13 32 S8 47 22 44 48 61 1S3 498 4372 I ports of seeds 1163 - 1 -3284 4U -S626 -6958 - -7868 -8786 8S082 -7507 7973 n -oo -12300 -1275 Privat* -low 1452 -2W2 -3529 -4419 -S571 6296 -0230 -6441 -6120 -S921 -6361 -5956 -8216 -9002 Goverreent -163 -269 -m -60S -1207 -138 -2324 -1638 -234S -1962 -1586 -1613 -1743 -4084 -374 Exports (nts) 224 343 422 590 998 1S26 lSS0 1607 1S22 1348 1290 1368 148S 1781 1957 lqorts (tfs) -89 -147 -226 -371 -1158 -1527 -1643 -1839 -1690 1S81 -1533 -18 -2117 -3434 -4262 Private transfers (net) 859 2057 3791 4904 3750 4944 480 3547 4158 4968 5278 S561 5182 7319 306S Recelpts 1013 2363 4561 6351 559S 6118 6034 4444 5361 560 50666 6021 S867 769 3350 PaVWets -154 -306 -770 -1446 -1845 -1175 -1155 -897 -1202 -633 -388 -460 -686 -450 -28_ Official transfers 419 513 470 452 1403 503 665 1516 2108 852 761 661 1838 1460 as3 Ca¶ital Accoat: 147 199 18* 340 933 1302 2679 1390 867 1224 548 864 2002 3813 4750 raving an toams 16 213 208 367 512 559 2099 1179 1043 1007 1139 1076 1108 3240 3474 *epayo t of toans -17 -14 -19 -26 4S 34 -69 -259 -197 -106 -338 -308 -459 -2149 -2305 Others (Short-temn Loomw) 0 0 0 0 465 77 648 470 22 323 -254 96 1353 272 3582 Errors and Issaions 38 123 54 200 453 169 255 418 401 254 471 196 76 249 -652 Overall Betaue: 492 1422 1499 2013 764 -9 -177 -1181 -1399 -974 644 -1150 1619 -615 -203 9....................................................................................................................................... Sao e: Central Bank of Yawen yarbep. 9/89 TA8LE 4.2 YEMEN AA8 REPUBLIC SALANCE OF PAYMENTS GROITM RATES (percent per annu ) . ,............ .. .. ... ... ......... ................ .............................. ............................................................. ...... ......... .. .. .................................. ..................... ............ End of Period 1975/76 19?6177 1977/78 1978/79 1979/80 1980/81 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 . ........... ................... .............. ...... .......... ....... ............ ..... ....... .... ..... ................................................................................. Current Account: 258.8 14.3 17.1 -142.2 138.2 110.1 -3.9 -10.8 -8.1 -32.2 32.9 -47.6 303.7 45.0 Exports of goods -4.7 S1.7 -62.1 -58.5 143.2 79.1 -17.6 -S4.4 103.7 8.0 28.4 150.6 225.4 7M.2 Iarts of goads 48.0 90.8 25.9 36.1 23.7 23.9 -8.? 11.7 -8.0 -1.1 6.2 *3.4 59.7 4.0 Private 45.2 106.0 18.0 25.2 26.1 13.0 -1.1 3.4 -5.0 -3.3 T.4 -6.4 37.9 9.6 Government 64.6 8.5 107.S 99.5 14.9 67.6 -29.5 43.1 -16.3 -19.1 1.7 8.1 134.3 -7.1 Exprts (nfl) 53.3 23.2 39.6 69.2 53.0 1.6 3.7 -5.3 -11.4 -4.3 6.0 8.6 19.9 9.9 I yorts (nfe) 65.1 53.6 64.4 212.2 31.9 7.6 11.9 -8.1 -6.5 -3.0 23.1 12.2 62.2 24.1 Private transfers (net) 139.6 84.3 29.4 -23.5 31.6 -1.3 -27.3 17.2 19.5 6.3 5.4 -6.8 41.2 -58.1 Reeipts 133.3 93.0 39.2 -11.9 9.4 -1.4 -26.3 20.6 4.S 1.2 6.3 -2.6 32.4 -56.9 P y ents 98.2 1S1.8 87.7 2?.6 -36.3 -1.7 -22.3 34.0 -47.3 -38.7 18.5 49.1 -34.4 -36.7 Official transfers 22.5 -8.4 -3.7 210.1 -64.1 32.2 127.9 39.1 -S9.6 -10.6 -13.3 178.3 -20.6 -39.5 Capital Account: 35.0 -5.4 80.9 173.9 39.6 105.8 -48.1 -37.6 41.1 -55.2 57.6 131.7 90.5 24.6 Onar ing an loans 29.7 -2.6 76.S 39.6 9.2 275.7 -43.8 -11.6 -3.4 13.2 -5.6 3.0 192.S 7.2 Rapsr ent of loans -16.6 37.6 34.5 69.7 -24.4 105.4 276.2 -23.8 -46.0 217.4 -8.9 49.3 367.8 7.3 Others 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 67.0 -16.5 -27.5 -95.4 1403.3 -178.5 -137.9 1309.7 101.1 31.6 Errors and Omissions 228.0 -56.5 272.9 127.0 -62.6 50.5 64.0 -4.1 -36.7 85.8 -58.4 295.9 -67.9 -361.4 Overall B lance: 189.3 S.4 34.3 -62.0 -101.2 1864.4 568.1 18.4 -30.3 -33.9 78.7 -240.8 -138.0 336.5 .................... .. .... ............................ .................................................. ........................ ...................... .......... Sou rees Central Bank of Yemen -43 - Table 5.1 YEMEN ARAB REP9UBLIC INMPTS BY COSUORITY GRW.WS (Miltions of current YRts) 1978/79 1979/80 1980 1981 1982 1983 1qF34 1985 1986 1987 Food and Live Animals 1305 1894 2213 2864 2033 1673 1912 2708 . 2886 Live animals 24 41 61 89 102 163 .. 310 .. 465 Meat and meet products 177 223 208 351 26 7? .. 95 .. 38 Dairy products 196 34.1 474 289 254 34 .. 402 .. 356 Fish and fish products 25 31 36 21 27 23 .. 17 .. 21 Cereals and flour, etc. 220 400 396 567 570 495 . 871 .. 997 Fruits and vegetables 307 504 539 482 452 205 .. 271 170 Sugar and sweets 21.5 235 363 920 229 167 .. 257 .. 43 Coffee, tea, and spices 56 73 60 64 59 67 .. 139 .. 62 Other 53 46 77, 80 80 140 .. 346 .. 334 CoLumn Discrepancy 0 0 0 0 234 303 .. 0 .. 0 Beverages and Tobacco III 115 104 104 121 237 271 223 .. 676 Beverages 21 66 7 13 9 11 .. 4 .. 459 Tobacco 90 49 97 91 112 226 .. 219 .. 217 Cotumn iscrepancy 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0. 0 Raw Materials 16 35 43 38 34 40 46 362 .. 113 Hides &Skins .. . . 0 0 0 .. 0. 0 Oits &Seeds .. . . 16 9 156 .. 25 .. 2 Wood &Cork . . . . . Cotton Yarnm . . 1 1 . 0 . Nat. Fertitizer & Crude Nat. .. . . 6 17 5 .. 19 .. 33 Metal Ore &Scrap .. . . 0 .. I . 0 .. 0 Other Crude Materials .. . . 14 6 17 .. 17 .. 68 Column Discrepancy .. . . 0 0 -140 .. 22 . 0 Mineral Fuels and Lubricants 1/ 140 370 609 608 828 642 743 64O . 260 Coke I* * . 1 . 0 Petroleum Products Si;... 59 815 628 . 637 .. 257 Gas is 1 13 22 .. 2. 3 CotumnDiscrepancy .. . . 0 0 *8 . 0 .. 0 Animal, Vegetable Oils and Fats 32 43 66 45 56 43 49 191 .. 189 Animal Fats . . . .. Vegetable Oils . . . 4 56 4 . 11 . 17 Animal Oilsta. .. . . . 22 CotumnDiscrepancy . . . 0 0 0 . 0. 0 Ch~emicals 302 474 432 413 455 614 701 870 844 medicines 103 173 160 136 187 283 .. 302 .. 359 Cleaning materials, cosmetics 59 81 87 83 79 108 .. 162 .. 37 Fertilizer' 25 21 8 45 21 12 .. 46 .. 15 Tanning and dyeing materials 27 42 35 24 20 23 .. 23 .. 37 Plastic materials 26 96 82 60 89 86 .. 150 .. 238 Other 62 61 61 65 59 101 .. 186 .. 159 Column iscrepancy 0 0 0 0 0 1 .. 0. 0 Manufactures, class, by material 1270 1780 2140 1633 1499 1603 1831 2085 ..3073 Leather products 3 4 3 7 4 3 .. 5 a. Rubber products 105 109 133 70 130 99 III1 . 91 wood and wood products 288 307 400 382 359 345 .. 359 .. 127 Pap P. produt 42 28 58 63 79 103 I"16 . 286 Text.tes 154 242 269 156 161 199 I"19 . 170 onmastalfc mineral (cemant 177 431 418 297 255 187 . 312 .. 257 tron andsteet 191 315 521 307 272 368B . 562 .. 709 Nonferrous metals 50o 4 28 34 28 47 .. 100 .. 80 metat manufactures 261 299 309 318 212 252 .. 271 . 1345 CoLLm Discrepancy 0 0 0 -2 0 0 .. 0. 0 -44 - Table 5.1 continued YEN AR REPIULIC INMRTS BY COINOCITY GROPS ("Milions of current YRts) ............... .............................................................. .. .. _.................................. 1978/79 1979/80 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1983 1986 1987 ........ ................................. ..... ........._. .. _........... .......... .................. ................... Machinery and Equipmnt 1581 2475 2348 1866 1342 1818 2778 2209 2010 Nonelectrical machinery 771 875 819 784 762 Electrical mchinery 250 567 532 324 580 Trasport equipment 560 1033 997 758 0 SITC ReV2 categories: Pomer generating mchinery 185 83 201 239 60 Nachinery spee for industry 309 230 256 345 428 Ketat work mdeinery 22 4 7 24 53 General ind. mach. & equip. 263 131 163 250 357 Office & data processinr mh 4 5 9 IS 42 Telecnmm& sourd reprockcing 59 82 113 51 182 Electric machinery II£C 265 23 286 342 249 Road vehicles 758 558 779 926 55 Other transport equipment 21 S 17 85 Colum Discrepacy 0 0 0 0 204 0 -1 499 Miscelltaous anufactures: 313 466 457 389 505 507 580 470 570 Sanitary. lighting fixtures 1S 18 17 10 18 24 38 19 Furniture 50 66 75 47 55 51 33 S1 Clothing 7T 124 110 84 174 161 115 131 Footur 65 64 71 5S 70 84 81 . 63 Other 108 19S 184 193 188 188 204 306 Colum 0iscrepancy 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Goods not Classified elseiere 20 54 43 61 69 107 123 34 6 TOTAL 5090 7704 84S4 8020 6941 7285 9034 979 10624 ......._. Source: Central Plaming Offtee. i/ Values of mineral fuels and lubricants have been adjusted to reftect price changes since 1973. - 45 - TabLe 5.2 YEMEN ARAB REPUSLIC CQEPSITIOII OF IMPORTS 1978/79 1979/80 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 ........................... .. ......... ............. .... ..... ......................................................................................... Food ana Live Animals 2S.6 24.6 26.2 35.7 29.3 23.0 21.2 27.7 . 27.2 Beverages and Tobacco 2.2 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.7 3.3 3.0 2.3 .. 6.4 Raw Materiats 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 3.7 .. 1.1 Minerat Fuels and Lubricants 2.7 4.8 7.2 7.6 11.9 8.8 8.2 6.S .. 2.4 Animat ane VegetabLe Oilts anei Fats 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.5 1.9 .. 1.8 Cheiiicals 5.9 6.1 5.1 5.1 6.5 8.4 7.8 8.9 .. 7.9 mamnfactures.ctassified by materiat 25.0 23.1 25.3 20.4 21.6 22.0 20.3 21.3 .. 28.9 Machinerv anc Equipment 31.1 32.1 27.8 23.3 19.3 25.0 30.8 22.6 .. 18.9 Miscellaneous manufactures 6.2 6.0 5.4 4.9 7.3 7.0 6.4 4.8 .. 5.4 Goads not Classified eisewmere 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.4 0.4 .. C.1 TOTAL 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 ......... ............................................................................................ Source: CPO. - 46 - Table 5.3 YEMEN ARAB REPU8LtC GROWTH RATE OF IMPORTS ................... ........................................... ....................................... 1979/80 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1985-87 .............................................................................................................. Food and Live Animals 45.13 16.84 29.44 -29.02 -17.70 14.27 41.63 3.23 Beverages and Tobacco 3.71 -9.60 0.26 16.02 96.85 14.24 -17.53 73.87 Raw Materials 122.01 22.38 -12.09 -9.91 17.64 14.28 687.98 -44.29 Mineral Fuels and Lubricants 164.68 64.87 -0.20 36.25 -22.51 15.74 -13.88 -36.29 Animal and VegetaDte Oils ana Fats 31.99 53.06 -31.71 24.10 -22.47 13.17 289.19 -0.55 Chemicals 56.82 -8.76 -4.52 10.17 35.01 14.24 24.06 -1.49 Manufactures,classifled by material 40.17 20.20 -23.70 -8.18 6.90 14.25 13.89 21.33 Machinery and Equipment 56.48 -5.11 -20.55 -28.08 35.52 52.80 -20.50 -4.60 Misceltaneous manufactures 48.66 -1.95 -14.74 29.57 0.51 14.36 -18.94 10.09 Goods not Classified elsewhere 167.49 -21.36 42.75 12.97 55.85 14.61 -72.00 -58.61 TOTAL 51.35 9.73 -5.13 -13.46 4.96 24.01 8.40 4.16 ........... ......................................................................................... - 47 - Table 5.4 YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC EXPORTS OF COMODlTY GROUPS (Thousands of current YRts) .................... .......................................... __......... ..... ...... .... ...... _.... ........ ...... 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 . ............................................... ..................... ........................................ ..... _.... Live Animats 18 Fish 128 32 164 2,282 Biscuits 28.812 37,283 39,142 16,325 50,146 Potatoes 1,270 1,154 1,588 1.020 Fruits and Vegetables 146 3,016 622 21,776 58,M Coffee 1,988 2,796 2,454 13,795 59,388 margerine Oat 59 127 Mineral Water 1,86 Tobacco 46,996 Hides and Skins 2.007 6,708 5,531 2,794 9,877 Leather Cotton Seeds 10,352 Sesame Cotton 11,465 3,681 Gypsun 3,558 Salt 7 31 225 156 Cotton Yarn 204 57 Cotton Fabrics Rubber Pipes 31,232 4,689 4,570 915 Cotton Sheet Others 8,908 19,371 22,187 20,326 88,071 Total Exports 43.399 113,172 85,876 96,704 316,288 Statisticat Discrepancy 1/ -89 0 5598 0 0 0 -159 ... .._. .. ...................... ............................................_. .. .... .... ...... ... ...._. ....... ..........__.. _.. Source: Central Bank of Yemen. 1/ difference between total exports and sum of parts. - 48 - Table 6.1 YEMEN ARMB APUBLIC SUISARY OF GOVERNMENT FINANCE 1983 - 1988 tYRLs millon) .................................... ................................................................_ 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988p .................................................................................... Revenues and Grants 5259.9 5438.9 6001.9 9026.9 9090.9 13759.4 Revemues 4408.3 4677.5 5341.4 7188.9 7630.8 12876.2 International trade taxes 2213.2 2121.4 2540.6 3101.8 2227.1 2706.0 Other tax (excluding oil) 1446.6 1641.4 1813.3 2549.9 3155.6 3649.9 Olt - tax .. .. .. . 1403.9 Nontax (excluding oil) 748.5 914.7 987.5 1147.2 1523.0 2198.1 Oil - government share .. .. .. 390.0 725.1 2918.3 Grants 851.6 761.4 660.5 1838.0 1460.1 883.2 Expenditure 10067.3 10047.5 11031.7 12886.0 18036.5 21243.6 Current Expenditure 6393.4 6188.6 6894.2 7800.6 9413.4 13479.5 Wages and salaries 2146.9 2272.8 2716.6 3113.3 3854.4 5187.1 Defense 1/ 3253.7 2784.8 2856.3 3057.9 3373.9 5537.8 Current transfers 552.0 557.2 659.2 793.5 1152.1 1180.6 Other 2 440.8 573.8 662.1 835.9 1033.0 ;74.0 Capital Expenditure 3/ 2751.7 2881.7 2463.6 2922.5 5682.2 lo747.1 Budgeted Development Exp. 1324.4 1216.3 1135.3 1259.4 1373.2 1911.6 Capital Transfers 548.4 601.9 438.4 654.8 1157.2 714.2 Financed by External Loans 878.9 1063.5 889.9 1008.3 3149.8 3121.3 Extrabudgetary Expenditures 922.2 977.2 1673.9 2162.9 2940.9 2017.0 Overall Balance -4807.4 -4608.6 -5029.8 -3859.1 -8945.6 -7484.2 Financing 1/ 4807.5 4608.6 5029.8 3860.2 8945.6 7484.2 External Financing (net) 900.4 801.6 767.3 649.3 2346.5 2199.9 ProJect and commodity loans 878.9 1063.5 889.9 1008.3 3149.8 3121.3 Cash loans 127.9 75.8 185.2 99.4 90.4 352.3 Less: repaments -106.4 -337.7 -307.8 -458.4 -893.7 -1273.7 Domestic Ffnancing (net) 3907.1 3807.0 4262.5 3210.9 6599.1 5284.3 Central Bank 3912.7 3982.5 4119.8 3301.5 6657.5 5287.2 Commercial Banks -5.6 -175.5 142.7 -90.6 -58.4 -2.9 .............. .............................................. Source: Ministry of Finance and Central Bank of yemen. 1/ Includes defense capital spending and defense capital trasfers. 2/ Materials and services and unclassified. 3/ Differs from capital budget presentation by excluding defense capital spending and defense capital transfers and the inclusion of externally financed capital outlays. - 49 - Tablt 6.2 YEU ANRAB REPUILIC GOVERNMENT REVENUES 1983 198- (YRLs millin) ................................... ................................................................ 191P' 1984 1985 1985 1987 1986p Tax Revenue 36S9.8 3762.8 4353.9 5651.7 5382.7 779.8 Taxes on net incem and profits 516.4 584.9 718.3 922.9 1067.5 2629.2 wages and Salaries 312.0 374.4 422.5 ss9.6 641.1 782.5 Conmercial and industrial profits 165.6 173.1 248.8 308.4 359.4 363.3 Oil coipenies income . . . 1403.9 Rental income 23.4 24.9 36.3 43.7 5S.1 64.7 Other 15.4 10.5 10.7 11.2 11.9 14.8 Taxes on real estate transfers 13.3 21.7 37.4 44.3 57.1 58.4 Taxes on goods and services 285.1 350.6 417.8 831.7 998.6 133B.7 Tobacco and cigarettes 8.9 7.2 22.1 246.7 316.8 541.0 Petroleum products 60.0 59.1 147.2 154.4 228.0 Soft drinks 38.0 44.7 57.6 70.6 103.5 128.3 Oat 127.3 120.4 147.9 209.9 259.9 276.2 Cinena 3.1 3.4 3.4 3.5 4.1 4.0 Motor vehicle taxes 107.8 114.9 127.7 153.8 159.9 161.2 Taxes on internationat trade 2213.2 2121.4 2540.6 3101.8 2227.1 2706.0 Customs duties 1601.5 1524.8 1862.5 2276.6 1531.1 1858.8 Defense tax 377.1 407.0 432.7 481.7 388.2 509.2 Statistical tax 151.3 162.9 173.2 193.0 155.1 203.8 Other 83.3 26.7 72.2 150.5 152.7 134.2 Other taxes 631.8 684.2 639.8 751.0 1032.4 1027.5 Religious taxes (Zaqat) 109.4 166.4 211.3 253.3 299.9 333.2 Stamp taxes 522.4 517.8 428.5 497.7 732.5 694.3 Staop duties 44.5 58.0 74.7 84.5 96.2 102.6 Consular fees 477.9 459.8 353.8 413.2 636.3 591.7 lantax revenues 748.5 914.7 987.5 137.2 2248.1 5116.4 Property incawe 512.7 504.1 476.7 690.6 1008.6 1577.6 o04 profits .. .. .. 390.0 725.1 2918.3 Adeiniatrative fees and charges 167.3 182.1 228.7 286.6 331.7 404.0 Fines and fcrfeitures 47.8 187.1 165.4 87.5 127.5 155.5 Other 16.9 31.7 106.6 70.4 26.2 35.0 Capital revenue 3.8 9.7 10.1 12.1 29.0 26.0 Total 4408.3 4677.5 5341.4 7188.9 7630.8 12876.2 .................................................................................... Source: Nfnistry of finance. - so - Table 6.3 YEEN ARAB REPUBLIC GOVERMENT EXPENDITURES 1983 - 1988 (YRLB million) ... .. ................................................................................ 1983 1984 198S 1986 198? 1988p Current expenditures 1/ 6393.4 6188.6 6894.2 7800.6 9413.4 13479.5 Salaries and benefits 2146.9 2272.8 2716.6 3113.3 3854.4 5187.1 Materials nd services 438.2 44S.3 526.1 688.0 864.8 1367.2 Current transfers 552.0 557.2 659.2 793.5 1152.1 1180.6 of which: interest 59.5 50.3 84.4 123.0 358.8 497.1 Unclassified 2.6 128.S 136.0 147.9 168.2 206.8 Defense 3253.7 2784.8 2856.3 3057.9 3373.9 5537.8 Current 3041.1 2436.7 2485.3 2644.0 2747.1 4096.7 Capital 42.6 148.1 131.0 163.9 376.8 839.1 Capital transfers 150.0 200.0 240.0 250.0 250.0 600.0 Capital expenditures 2/ 2731.7 2881.7 2463.6 2922.5 5682.2 5747.1 Financed extermnlly 878.9 1063.5 889.9 1008.3 3149.8 3121.3 Budgeted development 1324.4 1216.3 1135.3 1259.4 1375.2 1911.6 Capital transfers 548.4 601.9 438.4 654.8 1157.2 714.2 Extrabudgetary 922.2 977.2 1673.9 2162.9 2940.9 2017.0 Total 3/ 10067.3 10047.5 11031.7 12886.0 18G36.5 21243.6 ....................................... ................. _...... _ _. ......... Source : Ministry of Finance 1/ Adjusted to include all of defense expenditures as current expenditure. In the official budget presentations, defense capital is included with sbudget deelopment expenditure", while defense capital transfers are included with cther capital transfers. 2/ Differ from the official budget presentation by excluding defense capital spnding and defense capital transfers end the inclusion of externally financed capital outlays. 3/ These totals exceed the official budget presentation by the inclusion of externally-financed development spending and extrabudgetary outlays. - 51 - TABLE 7.1 YEMEN ARAB REPU9LIC EXTERNAL DEBI: DISDURSEMENTS AND REPAYNENTS (In mitlions of U.S. Dollars ot Current Prices) ......... ................................................................................. 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 ......................................................................................... DISBURSEMENTS A. Public & Pubticly Guar. LT 263 324 209 189 214 115 1. Official Creditors 260 323 206 188 144 11S a. Multilateral 72 48 81 80 63 S8 aa of which IBRD 0 0 0 0 0 0 ab of which IDA 18 33 26 31 28 30 b. Bilateral 188 274 125 108 81 57 2. Private Creditors 3 1 3 1 70 0 a. Suppliers 0 0 0 0 0 0 b. Financial Markets 3 1 3 1 70 0 S. Private Non-Guaranteed LT 0 0 0 0 0 0 C. Total LT Disbursements (A+B) 263 324 209 189 214 115 D. IMF Purchases 0 10 0 0 0 0 E. Net Short-Term Capital .. .. .. F. Total Disbursements (C+D+E) .. .. .. REPAYMENTS ,.......... A. Public & Publicly Guar. LT 46 30 51 56 60 101 1. Official Creditors 44 29 49 54 S7 9t a. Multilateral 4 8 18 17 20 S5 aa of which IBRD 0 0 0 0 0 ab of which IDA 0 0 0 1 1 1 b. Bilateral 40 21 31 37 38 42 2. Private Creditors 1 1 3 3 3 3 a. Suppliers 0 0 0 0 0 0 b. Financial Markets 1 1 3 3 3 3 B. Private Non-Gurant exiT 0 0 0 0 0 0 C. Total LT Repayments (A+B) 46 30 51 56 60 101 D. IMF Repurchases 0 0 0 0 4 6 E. Total LT Repay + IMF Repur. 46 30 51 S6 65 10t emoraetWaw I tem: Arrears (Principal) .. .. .. .. COMMITMENTS ........... IBRD comitments of which fast Disbursing .. .. .. IDA commitments 51 49 4 24 4t 41 of which fast Disbursing .. .. .. ................................................ Source: World Bank Debt Reporting System. -52 - Table 7.2 YEMEN ARAM REPUBLIC EXTERNAL DEST: INTEREST AND DEBT OUTSTANDING (In millions of U.S. Dollars at Current Prices) ~~~~~~~~~~~~,,,,............................-.-....................... 1982 1983 1986 198i 1986 198? .......................................................................................... INTEREST A. Public 8 Publicly Guar. LT 10.4 13.4 16.4 18.1 42.0 44.9 1. officiel Creditors 9.5 12.5 15.8 17.3 39.6 38.8 a. multilaterst 4.8 6.9 7.9 8.8 11.5 12.9 aa of Which IBRD 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ab of which IDA 0.9 1.1 1.5 2.0 2.4 2.7 b. Bilateral 4.? 5.6 7.9 8.5 28.1 23.9 2. Private Creditors 0.9 0.9 0.6 0.8 2.4 6.1 a. Suppliers 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 b. Financial Markets 0.# 0.9 0.6 0.8 2.4 6.1 S. Private onn-Guaranteed LT 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 C. Total LT Interest (A+B) 10.4 13.4 16.4 18.1 42.0 44.9 0. INF Service Charges 0.0 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.4 E. Interest Paid an ST Debt .. .. .. F. Total Interest Paid (C+D+E) .. .. .. Mmra" a Item: Arrears (Interest) .. .. .. DEBT OUTSTAND & DISB (DOD) A. Public & Publicly Cuar. LT 1315.7 1577.3 1694.6 1868.8 2051.7 2154.5 1. Official Creditors 1302.5 1566.2 1685.0 1858.6 1973.6 2078.3 a. Multilateral 278. 315.6 369.7 452.6 514.0 558.3 an of which IBID 0.0 0.0 0.U 0.0 0.0 0.0 ob of which IDA 137.5 169.5 193.0 229.3 264.1 309.7 b. Blatera! 1024.0 1250.6 1315.3 1406.0 1459.6 1520.0 2. Private Creditors 13.2 11.1 9.6 10.2 78.1 76.2 a. Siluters 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 b. financil Markets 13.2 11.1 9.6 10.2 78.1 76.2 B. Private Man-Guaranteed LT 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 C. Total LT OWD WAS0) 1315.7 1577.3 1694.6 1868.8 2051.7 2154.5 0. Use of IMF Credit 0.0 10.2 9.6 10.? 7.5 1.7 E. Short-Term Debt 98.0 155.0 2S9.0 180.0 249.2 232.3 F. Total External Debt (C+D*E) 1413.7 1742.5 1963.2 2059.5 Z308.4 2388.5 Nemradu I tam: X an Concessional Terms 95.9 97.2 95.0 91.2 82.9 81.3 X at Variable Int. Rates 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.4 3.2 Source: World Bank Oebt Reporting System. 11/14/88 - 53 - tAKLE 8.1 YEME ARMS REPU8LIC ONETARY INDICAToRs (in millions of Yemeni Riols at Current Prices) . ........... ..... -..................... .. . .......... ........... ....................... ................ 1982 1983 1984 1965 1986 198? 1988 ........................... ..........................................................._._......................................._....... MONEY AND CREDIT A. NoI ai Mney (IFS 34.35) 12915 1596? 20365 24431 30652 33743 35832 B. Total Met Damstic Credit(32) 12230 15952 20895 2599M 29776 35477 41509 1. To Govenuwnt Cnet)X32 an) OM4 12332 16134 20431 23642 30241 35682 2. To Official Entities (32b) 734 898 119S 1572 1257 1033 1080 3. To Private Sector (32d) 2613 2722 356 3969 4879 4203 4747 C. oet Foreign Asseto (31n) 3177 2267 2325 1461 4150 3865 1376 0. Other Itm (net)C37r) 2492 2252 2855 3022 3277 5599 7053 ... ... .................................. . ... ................. ................................ ... .... .___.................. PUBLIC FIMCE A. Total Reven 5714 5260 5439 602 9027 9091 13759 B. Total Expenditure 10975 10067 10048 11032 12886 18037 21244 C. Overall Balce -5262 -4807 -4609 -5030 -M389 -8ff6 -7484 1. Official Capital Grants 2200 2. External Bormceings 84 900 802 ?N 649 2347 2200 3. Donastic Finaning 4"S 3907 3807 4263 3211 6599 5284 .................................................................................. ................. cemstan. 9/25i/89 table 9.1 ENEI ARAt REPUILIC PRODUCTION OF NAJOR CRoPs ('000 aetric tam) ..... ...... .... ...... .............. ......................... ........... ................... ..... ........ ..... ...... . ............................................................ .......................................................... vwear 1t9/l I92/73 1973/74 1974/75 195/76 1976/77 1977/78 1975/79 1979/00 1980/6 1901 1912 193 1984 19J86 198 .... ..... .. ... .. ..................................................................... ................................. ........................................................... ............................................ ... Sergbo *n oIllet 573 639 548 921 785 613 585 627 632 636 635 581 268 268 281 491 47 Usia. a 34 n 35 44 43 43 46 48 49 53 59 31 38 43 49 48 2et 30 59 84 67 62 61 45 63 63 65 70 67 34 37 63 e5 100 ftetey 10 94 66 62 56 42 39 42 4S 48 so 53 30 28 32 41 40 Total tereas 720 82 737 lo8 949 759 712 77 78 798 816 760 363 372 419 666 6S Tobacco S 5 5 S 6 6 S 6 7 7 6 7 6 4 5 S 5 Cotten 1S 19 20 27 14 S 4 5 3 S 5 7 7 4 4 4 4 Dry top=$ 60 56 71 76 82 77 79 0 84 75 40 3 44 4? 39 else" 5 4 4 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 S 5 4 3 4 4 4 Potatoes so ?4 04 71 76 100 107 116 127 131 138 150 163 19 196 20 110 vegetables 137 150 150 168 183 210 226 230 2S4 261 291 305 326 347 370 432 4S5 Alfalfe (odder) 37 38 38 39 40 41 41 42 43 44 45 9 49 49 S3 60 68 Fruits 28 60 60 60 65 72 7 73 76 81 85 as 8 92 104 121 Or" 35 35 31 40 42 4 4S 49 55 56 64 68 72 U 81 103 129 sate" (st. 100 trAi) 5 5 S 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 i3 13 n.s. n.s. Settestlmtae n.a. n.a. n.a. n.e. n.a. n.e. n.e. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.s. n.a. n.a. n.e. n.s. n.e. n.e. .coffee 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 4 .................. ................................... o................................................................................................................ Soure:s Central Pln ming oroanizatfcn. 4 Table 9.2 TEVEN ARA REPUBLIC ORWIW RATES Of PCUClTIOU (I p.&.) .... .... .... ,....................... ............... ................................ ,0.................................................................................................................. ... ................. leow 192/n7 1973/74 19741f5 1973176 1976/1 1977/76 1978/19 1979/80 1980/81 1981 1982 198 1984 1985 1986 198Z .................... ................ ................................... ...... ...................................................._. .......................................................................... ..... ............................................... Sor tm and aillet 11.52 -14.24 68.0? -14.? 21.91 -4.7 7.18 0.80 0.63 -0.16 -8.50 -S3.87 *0.04 4.89 74.73 -2.85 Itlae 32S.00 14.71 -10.26 2S.71 -2.21 0.00 6.93 4.35 2.08 8.16 11.32 -47.46 22.S 13.41 U3.64 -2.0l ie"t 96.67 42.37 -20.24 -7.6 -1.61 -26.23 40.00 0.00 .17 7.69 -4.29 -49.25 9.59 70.16 34.0? 17.65 betly -13.76 -29.t9 -6.06 -6.45 -2?.59 -7.14 T.69 7.14 6.6N 20.3 -3.62 -43.40 -5.1i 11.J 26.93 -2.44 Total Cereals 14.72 -1O.7 47.22 -12.S3 -20.02 -6.19 9.27 1.29 1.27 2.26 -6.86 -2.24 2.37 12.84 5.83 -0.15 Tobcco 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.00 14.29 -23.44 30.61 9.37 0.00 -10.00 6.35 -14.93 -24.39 4.41 11.11 0.00 Cotten 23.33 8.11 3S.00 -50.00 -60.74 -26.42 23.08 -41.67 78.S 0.00 30.00 0.00 -3.O8 0.11 0.00 0.00 - Dry legama -6.67 14.29 10.94 704 7.89 -6.10 2.60 1.27 5.00 -4.76 -4.25 -46.67 -S.00 16.32 6.33 -17.02 1S1 am -20.00 0.00 25.00 20.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -16.67 0.00 -20.00 -17.50 21.21 0.00 0.00 Pttotes 10.34 0.00 1 s.94 7.O4 31.S 7.00 8.41 9.46 3.1S 5.34 8.70 8.6? 19.4S 0.51 6.29 -4.12 egetoames 9.49 0.00 12.0 8.9 14.7S .62 1. 10.43 2.76 11.49 4.81 6.89 6.29 6.92 16.61 5.32 Atoalfa iVuMer) 2.70 0.00 2.63 2.56 2.50 0.00 2.4 2.36 2.33 2.27 6.89 0.00 0.00 8.16 13.21 13.33 fruit 114.29 0.00 0.00 8.33 10.77 -90.28 942.86 4.11 1.32 5.19 4.94 0.00 3.84 4.24 13.04 16.35 Or-e 0.00 -11.43 29.03 5.00 11.90 -4.26 6.89 12.24 1.82 14.29 6.2S 5.0 13.33 -1.35 27.95 25.24 Oates (est. 100 tr/be) 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.00 g) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 123.33 0.00 n.e. n.e. Oat n.e. n.m. n.e. n.e. n.e. n.e. n.o. n.e. n.o. n.o. n.s. n.s. n.e. n.s. n.e. n.o. Coffee 0.00 0.00 -14.29 0.00 13.33 14.71 -7.69 -2.78 2.86 -2.78 -5.71 0.00 27.27 -4.76 0.00 0.00 ........ ....................................................................................................................................................... source: Control Pleming rOmizatiotn. Table 9.3 VEENE ARAS REMLIC TOTAL CROPmE AAE OF NAJ CR0PS 1/ ('000 hectares) ........... .................... ............................................................................................................................................. ..................................................... ... Toe 1977nin 1972n 19n314 1974n m9 19im 1977/1r 197/79 1979/80 1980/81 1981 1982 19i3 196 198 198 1987 .......... ............................ .................................................................................................................................................. Sor w.m,Id mllet M0 070 870 1056 1060 782 44 63 6n 61 697 689 69 69S 690 690 6S3 maln 10 24 25 23 24 30 31 31 31 31 34 36 36 34 38 41 41 beat 30 59 83 60 60 65 60 62 63 6 61 61 so 59 65 67 woly 9a 86 60 5r 23 4? 48 46 47 52 So 50 446 46 4 Totad Cereals 977 1039 1038 1196 1167 924 783 826 812 822 819 836 836 8S 833 844 808 Tobacco 4 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 3 3 3 3 Cotten 15 20 20 28 15 6 5 6 3 5 5 7 7 6 6 6 6 ry legums 60 60 6S 71 76 72 76 74 n n5 74 70 70 23 25 27 24 1S _10 8 a 8 9 10 l0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 t0 11 Potatoes 5 6 6 6 ? 9 9 10 11 11 11 12 12 8 9 9 9 V etables IS 16 16 18 20 22 24 27 26 27 29 30 34 1 19 22 24 Athalt (Fodder) 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 11 11 12 14 Fruits 5 10 1G 12 12 13 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 16 16 17 Grapes 7 8a 9 9 10 10 10 11 12 12 13 14 14 14 IS IS Oatee (set. 100 tr/a ) 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 18 18 n.e. n.o. Oatt(etimte) IT 13 19 20 21 22 23 25 30 34 38 43 45 45 n.a. n.s. n.s. Coffee 9 9 9 8 ? 7 8 a 8 a 8 8 8 16 16 16 1I? Total Area Haln Crop 1137 1213 1218 1396 1364 111S 983 1031 1019 1040 1073 1066 1073 1021 978 979 948 ..................................................................................................................................... .................. Source: Central PlmmIng Orgmalatirn. 11 Area estlbtes mer rewleed In 1904 without adjusting earlier years. Tabte 9.4 YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC YIELD OF NAJOR CROPS (metric tons per hectare) ... ... . ..... ..... ............ ...................... .... ... .... ... .. ..... ....... ............. ...................... .. ........... .................. ............... .................. ......... . . .. Year 1971/fm 1972/ 19 i9n/74 1974/75 1975176 197617 1977/78 197En t9 1979/80 1980/81 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 ................ .............................. . ........................... ..... .. ..... ........................................ ..... ........................ ...... .... ............ Sorgbt wd millet 0.68 o.3 0.67 0.87 0.74 0.78 0.91 0.92 0.94 0.93 0.91 0.85 0.39 0.39 0.41 0.71 0.73 Hai"e 0.80 1.42 1.56 1.70 1.46 1.47 1.39 1.48 1.55 1.58 1.56 1.63 0.84 1.13 1.14 1.20 1.19 Winat 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.12 1.03 0.94 0.75 0.95 1.02 1.03 1.06 1.10 0.57 0.64 1.08 1.31 1.50 Barley 1.12 1.09 1.10 1.09 2.52 0.89 0.81 0.91 0.98 1.02 1.04 1.02 0.60 0.59 0.69 0.85 0.86 Tobacco 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.12 1.28 0.77 1.07 1.17 1.17 1.05 1.05 0.89 1.54 1.55 1.55 1.54 Cotton 1.00 0.93 1.100 0.96 0.90 0.88 0.78 0.80 0.93 1.00 1.00 0.88 0.88 0.66 0.71 0.75 0.75 Ory tegwmes 1.00 0.93 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.14 1.01 1.07 1.11 1.12 1.08 1.08 o.s5 1.67 1.77 1.73 1.63 Sesam 0.63 0.S0 0.S0 0.56 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.50 0.55 0.42 0.33 0.42 0.43 0.35 Potatoes 11.60 10.6? 10.67 11.83 10.86 11.11 11.89 11.60 11.55 11.91 12.55 12.36 13.43 24.34 24.47 24.50 12.79 Vegetables 9.13 9.38 9.38 9.33 9.15 9.SS 9.42 8.52 9.7? 9.67 10.03 10.00 9.71 19.25 19.50 19.65 18.94 Altfalfa odder) 12.33 12.67 12.67 13.00 13.33 13.67 13.67 14.00 10.73 11.00 11.25 12.30 12.30 4.32 4.69 4.85 5.03 Other Fruits 5.60 6.00 6.00 5.00 5.42 5.4 5.50 S.21 5.43 5.50 5.40 S.64 5.64 5.86 5.95 6.50 7.33 Grapes 5.00 4.38 3.88 4.44 4.70 4.70 4.50 4.90 5.00 4.67 5.33 5.18 5.25 5.83 S.75 7.10 8.86 Dates (est. 100 tr/ha) 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.70 0.70 n.a. n.a. Sat(estimte) n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.o. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.e. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. Ln Coffee 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.38 0.43 0.49 0.49 0.45 0.44 0.45 0.44 0.44 0.42 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.24 .................. .................................. ......... ................ .............................. ........................................................... Source: Centrat PtannIng Organization. - 58 - Table 9.5 VENEN ARAN NEPUILIC OUTPUT OF MAJOP IWAJSTRIAL PACOUCTS ..................,_..................................... ....................................................................................... 1976 1979 1960 1981 1962 1903 1984 1985 1986 1967 Extractive Inrdstries Salt (thousand tons) Ss 73 154 64 70 151 167 169 133 137 Quarried stone (thousnd cubic meter) 19 78 76 567 529 540 509 478 360 364 GYpus (thousnid tons) 0 0 0 4 S 23 59 91 69 71 Food,S verage and Tebacco Indutries Brcad (tons) 0 0 0 1506 214 2123 2161 2417 2849 n.a. Biscuits and confectionries (thousnd tons) 1S 19 20 22 26 32 38 so 53 55 Ghee and Edible oils (thousand tons) 5 6 13 14 17 21 22 37 41 49 Bans (canned) 0 0 0 0 0 0 2195 6111 3409 n.a. Tonto Pests 0 0 0 0 0 0 554 0 1376 n.a. Soft drinks (milaion liters) 9 63 74 74 a3 97 108 101 68 71 Mineral mater (theosand cubic meters) 0 14 27 34 60 83 100 119 113 115 Vitao drinks (thous.id lIters) 0 0 207 562 745 863 1307 1686 4773 4780 Ice (thoursnd tns) 0 11 11 13 20 35 48 51 57 59 Milk and iced products (thousand liters) 0 0 213 977 3817 10307 18167 22145 68106 70100 ice Cro (taem) 0 314 368 379 448 622 765 701 1049 1100 Cigarettes 10 12 17 24 21 39 122 236 438 457 Gimning 0 0 0 0 2712 1824 110 865 94S n.a. Spiming( tons) 0 0 0 0 27 24 26 n.a. n.s. n.e. Underwear (thousand pieces) 0 0 0 298 1782 2000 934 967 700 740 Uoolen pullover (thousand pieces) 0 0 0 0 42 98 67 113 45 n.a. Taming (thAuid skins) 306 393 2990 0 0 0 0 0 n.a. n.a. Weaving (thousand yards) n.a n.s. 5410 3423 6989 6459 7680 8175 8063 8170 Wood Industries Industrial lius (piecs) 95 64 277 600 765 2295 473 203 172 178 Metallic Industries Nousehold Utencils (tons) S58 703 703 1910 166S 1407 1506 1034 151T 1570 Barrels (thousands) 17 42 115 102 107 110 99 66 58 60 Tins (thousands) 0 431 459 207 143 102 61 69 41 48 Doors and windows (sq. moetrs) 0 6000 6000 4958 4578 18855 16158 15769 9913 10000 Metallic scrubbers (tons) 36 30 29 72 91 110 87 75 94 n.a. Stationary (thousands) 0 0 0 65 1 0 0 0 n.e. n.s. Metat suitcases (thousands) 0 0 0 6 34 34 40 37 23 n.e. Beds (thousands) 0 0 0 0 19 8 6 14 7 n.s. NonestalItc Indutries Cemsnt (thousand ton) 66 68 81 8S 243 623 708 698 708 720 Red bricks (thousands) 0 0 4800 1500 1420 6104 5173 6328 5776 5835 Cement bricks (thousands) 0 0 1290 1916 3599 2863 2021 1835 1466 1570 Tiles (thousands) 0 0 0 4479 6749 6174 8509 8200 9555 9846 Cement blocks end tiles (thous.cubic meters) 0 12 22 31 32 81 87 90 64 71 Arches (thousands) 0 0 0 0 14 5 4 3 2 n.a. Pottery industry (thousand pieces) 0 0 0 0 20 30 72 87 89 n.a. Marbte (thous ndsq. meters) 0 0 0 0 0 0 69 .a. 10 n.a. .: ___..........._____,.......................................................................... ...................... - 59 - Table 9.5 (cant.) YEM ARAI RPEWLIC OJPut OF MNAJ INMTu*AL PROUTS 1978 1979 1980 1981 19J2 196 19 1965 1966 1987 ............................ . .......................................__..__. ......_.. _........... ......................... Chmical Industrius Medicine InstrY Peraol Tab.(500 qu) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1634 2460 4795 n.a. Oolorine Tab.100) 0 0 0 0 0 0 477 309 267 n.s. Penbritin Caps.00 ql) 0 0 0 0 0 0 474 379 363 n.a. P~ritin Caps.(100 q) 0 0 a 0 0 0 5s 72 62 n.&. MakIween Tab.(250g) 0 0 0 0 0 0 53 28 18 n.S. Stuevit Caps.04200) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 249 6?1 n.s. Penbritin Syrup(250) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1085 835 n.n. Penbritin Syrup(125g) ° 0 0 0 0 0 357 423 283 n.s. Parmol Syrup (120) 0 0 0 0 0 0 221 324 38 n.s. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 440 946 n.S. Pltatic footwer (million pairs) 0 0 4 4 4 4 4 5 6 6 Spones (tons) 1500 1908 1667 1750 1931 2006 2839 1740 1295 1354 Haoehold utensils (tons) 0 0 141 488 50 543 470 277 326 n.e. Suckets (tos) 0 0 112 318 1169 1041 1717 2029 1946 2015 Uater tubt (tans) 0 0 378 443 702 1196 58 485 325 332 Rtber rings or llusiL (tam) 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 n.e. Ptltic sheets (tons) 300 316 364 529 104 1630 2351 3056 3640 3685 Beverage boxes (thousands) 300 316 277 20 428 185 162 72 105 112 Plastic tubes (tons) 1300 2400 3687 3574 3324 3S08 4651 5520 4953 5200 Polyethylene bags (tas) 0 171 213 224 0 0 0 0 0 n.&. Cardboard (thousand tarns) 1 I 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 n.s. Paint (thouswnd liters) 1400 1800 2222 2679 305 07t 5063 6855 6893 7100 Soap and detergents (taons) 0 0 900 1999 3706 4163 5851 M6 18600 19300 Perfues (thousand aouces) 360 438 563 314 448 341 411 541 362 400 oxygen gas (thouSnd cylinders) 0 1 4 5 10 11 18 31 27 27 Carbon dioxide (tons) 180 735 755 491 368 0 68 141 40 46 fountnin pens (thousands) 4000 2400 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 n.e. Stringss (tans) 0 0 72 52 15 28 68 122 146 n.s. Hair oil bottling (thousand cartorns) 0 0 0 14 19 47 74 63 33 n.s. Weat insulator (tons) 0 0 9 S2 11 7 12 18 20 n.e. Oecoration (sq. metrs) 0 0 6163 4852 4927 3557 2294 4213 1605 n.e. Fuel gas (Thousand cylinders) 0 0 0 0 990 1302 1823 3369 5085 n.e. main Cities water (thousand cubie meters) 0 0 0 7m 9040 11233 12390 13415 14880 n.s. Pper and Printing Pper tissues (tons) 0 74 72 0 47 155 248 269 284 289 School books (thousands) 0 0 0 533 974 1500 1667 239 3518 n.s. other printings (thousnd sheets) 0 0 0 204 1226 2236 1913 2967 2275 n.a. Cartons (tons) 0 0 1000 0 1769 4778 6144 10599 11635 n.a. . . ......................................................................................................................... Source: CPO Yearbooks. Table 10.1 YEMEN ARAM REPU8LIC SA'A CONSIuER PRICE INDEX, 1973/74 - 1988 (1977/78 * 100) . ... .. ... .... ... ...... ....... ...... ......... .... ..... ....................................... . ..... ..... . ..... ....................... Weights 1973/74 1974/73 1975/76 196/Jn 1917/78 1978/79 1979/80 1910/81 1981 1982 19 1903 1984 15 1986 1987 1988 ..... ...... . ................. ............................... .*............ ....... ............ ............... ............................. ........................ ........................ ...... ........ .... .......... .......... Overall Index 10W00 44 S9 68 86 100 122 135 144 147 151 159 179 228 295 359 418 Food stuffs 6103 48 62 70 86 100 117 127 138 147 147 160 185 225 279 328 346 Cereals 6S2 99 115 105 106 100 109 126 145 150 1S 179 205 272 335 36 379 Legms 102 38 56 74 87 100 1I 133 17 ls 236 251 302 38S 493 53S SS6 Neat,fish,egs 1463 33 43 S7 78 t1o 113 116 117 114 120 124 136 16S 209 232 241 Vegetables 575 35 43 53 80 100 109 11i 134 135 117 137 166 167 184 338 352 Milk & dairy products 203 40 47 S1 77 100 120 140 165 170 ISO 152 172 235 355 s05 S25 Edible oil d fate 203 52 6S 86 94 100 116 128 131 132 161 168 175 236 265 375 390 Fruits 444 47 6 8 54 95 100 107 110 106 108 109 143 23S 31S 360 497 S17 Sugar and sweets 13S 76 136 114 102 100 101 128 209 200 170 170 180 180 239 303 315 Soft drinks 63 46 59 67 83 1oo 1o0 115 122 122 122 122 122 157 17 238 248 Tobaeo 1833 43 4S S1 74 100 129 141 156 1S5 184 184 206 239 290 327 340 Others 430 47 69 81 80 100 130 132 144 147 162 178 198 202 333 381 397 Clothing 447 44 65 75 90 100 122 143 146 148 154 166 194 390 637 760 966 Rousing 2836 34 48 63 84 100 133 151 l5S 15T 151 154 167 212 278 355 482 furniture 6 utensils 14S s5 63 75 90 100 122 131 132 132 133 132 133 161 249 425 ss7 Durable goods 154 53 69 81 90 100 119 124 126 126 123 113 113 138 214 331 363 Rent and water 1927 27 40 56 74 100 139 157 156 153 145 145 150 1a 231 315 435 Fuel awd lighting 610 34 48 62 88 100 110 130 167 185 183 199 242 319 449 474 643 Others 614 54 64 74 88 100 122 147 133 166 167 168 175 213 299 397 434 Iransportatiot 194 43 56 67 89 100 145 167 180 185 185 185 192 192 256 302 314 Eduation and culture 67 58 69 83 91 1oo 148 181 184 lss 187 168 188 282 298 327 345 Medical expenditures 115 62 68 70 85 100 117 130 138 142 177 177 177 228 422 757 898 lousehold cleaning Items 117 69 78 86 94 100 106 122 127 128 130 130 158 186 213 261 271 Personal hygiene items 121 58 68 79 87 100 119 129 133 133 133 1S6 lss 218 329 378 393 ..................................................................... ........................................................................................... Source: Central Planning Organization