FOR MORE INFORMATION CONTACT THE STATISTICAL INFORMATION OFFICER AT THE: National Statistical Office (NSO) P O Box 337 Waigani National Capital District Papua New Guinea Telephone: +675 325 0244 Facsimile: +675 325 1869 ISBN: 978-9980-87-037-7 Cover photo: Locally built houses on Goodenough Island, Milne Bay Province. (G Gibson) C ON TEN TS CONTENTS .......................................................................................................................................III FOREWORD.......................................................................................................................................VI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................... VII ABBREVIATIONS...............................................................................................................................IX GLOSSARY ......................................................................................................................................... X INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. XIV Background and objectives of the survey xiv 2009-2010 HIES Questionnaires xv The 2009-2010 PNG HIES sample design xv Table I. Number of clusters and households selected for the HIES ..................................................... xvi Table II. Household and person weights by stratum ........................................................................ xvii Standard errors and confidence intervals xvii Table III. Payment for medicines in the last month by regional rural and urban areas, by sex ..............xviii Survey organization xviii Training and fieldwork xviii Future uses of the 2009-2010 HIES data xix SECTION 1. DEMOGRAPHICS .......................................................................................................... 20 Table 1.1 Population structure by region, rural and urban areas, and by sex and age groups ............... 22 Table 1.2 Population structure by regional rural and urban areas, and by sex and age groups ............... 24 Table 1.3 Marital status by regions, rural and urban areas, and by sex ................................................ 26 Table 1.4 Marital status by regional rural and urban areas, and by sex ................................................ 26 Table 1.5 Type of household and household size by rural and urban areas, and by regions ................... 27 Table 1.6 Type of household and household size by regional rural and urban areas .............................. 27 Table 1.7 Orphans among children by rural and urban areas, by regions, and by sex ........................... 27 Table 1.8 orphans among children, by regional rural and urban areas, and by sex ............................... 27 SECTION 2. EDUCATION ................................................................................................................. 29 Table 2.1 Highest educational attainment by rural and urban areas, by regions, and by sex ................. 31 Table 2.2 Highest educational attainment by regional rural and urban areas, and by sex ...................... 32 Table 2.3 Ability to read and write among population aged 8 and older by rural and urban areas, by regions, and by sex .................................................................................................................. 33 Table 2.4 Ability to read and write among population aged of 8 and older by regional urban and rural areas, and by sex ........................................................................................................................ 34 Table 2.5 Ability to read and write by major age groups, regions, by rural and urban areas, and by sex .35 Table 2.6 Ability to read and write by major age groups, by regional rural and urban areas, and by sex .36 Table 2.7 School enrolment rates, by rural and urban areas, and by sex............................................. 37 Table 2.8 School enrolment rates by regions, and by sex .................................................................. 38 Table 2.9 Population that never attended school by rural and urban areas, by regions, and by sex and age groups ............................................................................................................................ 39 Table 2.10 Reasons for never attending school by rural and urban areas, by regions, and by sex......... 40 CONTENTS Table 2.11 Population that never attended school by regional rural and urban areas, and by sex and age groups ........................................................................................................................... 42 Table 2.12 Reasons for never attending school by regional rural and urban areas, and by sex ..............43 Table 2.13 Reasons for stopping to attend school by rural and urban areas, by regions and by sex ........ 45 Table 2.14 Reasons for stopping to attend school by regional rural and urban areas, and by sex ........... 48 Table 2.15 Time travel time to school by rural and urban areas, by regions, and by sex ....................... 50 SECTION 3. DWELLING ................................................................................................................... 51 Table 3.1 Main characteristics of the dwelling by rural and urban areas, by regions, and by sex ............52 Table 3.2 Main characteristics of the dwelling by regional rural and urban areas, and by sex ................. 55 Table 3.3 Access to dwelling-related facilities by rural and urban areas, by regions, and by sex .............59 Table 3.4 Access to dwelling related services by regional rural and urban areas, and by sex .................64 Table 3.5 Ownership dwelling and land by rural and urban areas, by regions, and by sex ..................... 70 SECTION 4. OWNERSHIP OF DURABLE HOUSEHOLD GOODS ............................................................ 71 Table 4.1 Ownership of durable goods by rural and urban areas, by regions, and by sex ...................... 72 Table 4.2 Ownership of durable goods by regional rural and urban areas, and by sex ........................... 74 SECTION 5. HEALTH ........................................................................................................................ 77 Table 5.1 Use of mosquito nets by rural and urban areas, by regions, and by age groups .................... 79 Table 5.2 Incidence of malaria by rural and urban areas, by regions, and by sex and age groups ...........80 Table 5.3 Population reporting health complaints in the last month by rural and urban areas, and by regions ....................................................................................................................................... 82 Table 5.4 Incidence of diarrhoea among children under 6 years by rural and urban areas, by regions, and by sex ......................................................................................................................................... 82 Table 5.5 Use of health care facility in the last month, by rural and urban areas, and by regions ........... 83 Table 5.6 Medicine purchases without prescription by rural and urban areas, by regions, and by sex ..... 84 Table 5.7 Medicine purchases without prescription by regional rural and urban areas, and by sex ........ 85 Table 5.8 Payment for medicines in the last month by rural and urban areas, by regions, and by sex ..... 86 Table 5.9 Payment for medicines in the last month by regional rural and urban areas, and by sex .........86 table 5.10 population hospitalized in the last 12 months by rural and urban areas, and by regions ........ 86 Table 5.11 Population hospitalized in the last 12 months by regional rural and urban areas .................. 87 Table 5.12 Consumption of tobacco, betelnuts and alcohol by rural and urban areas, by regions, and by sex ......................................................................................................................................... 88 Table 5.13 Consumption of tobacco, betelnuts, and alcohol by regional rural and urban areas, and by sex .................................................................................................................................. 89 Table 5.14 prevalence of stunting, underweight and wasting by rural and urban areas, by regions, and by sex and age groups .......................................................................................................... 90 Table 5.15 Prevalence of stunting, underweight, AND wasting, by regional rural, and urban areas, by sex and age groups ................................................................................................................. 91 Table 5.16 Disabilities by rural and urban areas, by regions, and by sex ............................................. 92 Table 5.17 Disabilities by regional rural and urban areas, and by sex ................................................. 93 SECTION 6. EMPLOYMENT ............................................................................................................... 95 Table 6.1 Employment status by rural and urban areas, by regions, and by sex................................... 96 Table 6.2 Employment status by regional rural and urban areas, and by sex ....................................... 97 iv 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey CONTENTS Table 6.3 Unemployment rate in the last 7 days by rural and urban areas, by regions, and by sex and working age groups ...................................................................................................... 98 Table 6.4 Unemployment rate by regional rural and urban areas, and by sex and working age groups ... 99 Table 6.5 Employment type by rural and urban areas, by regions, and by sex ................................... 100 Table 6.6 Employment type by rural and urban areas, by regions, and by age groups ........................ 101 Table 6.7 Profile of wage employees by rural and urban areas, by regions, and by sex ....................... 102 Table 6.8 Profile of wage employees by regional rural and urban areas, and by sex ........................... 103 Table 6.9 Profile of informal sector activities by rural and urban areas, by regions, and by sex ............ 104 Table 6.10 profile of informal sector activities by regional rural and urban areas, and by sex .............. 106 Table 6.11 Profile of casual labor activities by rural and urban areas, by regions, and by sex .............. 108 Table 6.12 Profile of casual labor activities by regional rural and urban areas, and by sex ................... 110 Table 6.13 Profile of non-agricultural business activities by rural and urban areas, by regions, and by sex ................................................................................................................................. 112 Table 6.14 Profile of non-agricultural business activities by regional rural and urban areas, and by sex 114 Table 6.15 Profile of agriculture-related business activities by rural and urban areas, by regions, and by sex ................................................................................................................................. 116 SECTION 7. LOANS AND PRIVATE TRANSFERS .............................................................................. 119 Table 7.1 Receipt of private transfers in cash or kind by rural and urban areas, by regions, and by sex 120 Table 7.2 Receipt of private transfers in cash or kind, by regional rural and urban areas, and by sex ... 120 Table 7.3 Receipt of private transfers by rural and urban areas, by regions, and by sex ..................... 120 Table 7.4 Receipt of private transfers by regional rural and urban areas, and by sex ......................... 120 Table 7.5 Loan incidence by rural and urban areas and by regions, and by sex .................................. 121 Table 7.6 Loan incidence by regional rural and urban areas, and by sex ........................................... 121 Table 7.7 Average loan size among borrowers by rural and urban areas, by regions, and by sex ........ 121 Table 7.8 Average loan size among borrowers by regional rural and urban areas, and by sex .............. 121 SECTION 8. DISPUTES ................................................................................................................... 123 Table 8.1 Incidence of disputes of various types by rural and urban areas and by regions ................... 124 Table 8.2 Iincidence of disputes of various types by sex, household size, and by family type............... 125 Table 8.3 Adversaries in dispute by rural and urban areas and by regions ......................................... 126 Table 8.4 Adversary in dispute by sex and age groups ................................................................... 130 Table 8.5 Property damage caused by the dispute, by rural and urban areas and by regions ............... 133 Table 8.6 Property damage caused by the dispute, by sex and by age groups ................................... 133 Table 8.7 Injury caused by the dispute, by rural and urban areas, and by regions ............................. 134 Table 8.8 Injury caused by the dispute by sex and by age groups ................................................... 134 Table 8.9 Death caused by the dispute, by rural and urban areas, and by regions............................. 135 Table 8.10 Death caused by the dispute, by sex and age groups ..................................................... 135 Table 8.11 Dispute resolution by rural and urban areas, and by sex and age groups .......................... 136 SECTION 9. PERSONAL SECURITY.................................................................................................. 137 Table 9.1 Assessment of security issues, by rural and urban areas, by sex and by age groups ............ 138 Table 9.1 Assessment of security issues, by rural and urban areas, by sex and by age groups ............ 139 Table 9.2 Assessment of security issues, by regions ....................................................................... 140 Table 9.3 Assessment of security issues, by regional rural and urban areas ...................................... 141 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey v F O RE WO RD The 2009-2010 Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) is the third household expenditure survey conducted in Papua New Guinea (PNG), and is the second HIES conducted by the National Statistical Office (NSO) of PNG. The previous survey, the Household Survey of PNG, was conducted in 1996 by Unisearch and the Institute of National Affairs. The first household expenditure survey (the ‘HES’) was conducted in 1975-1976 by the NSO. It remains the source of the expenditure weights of the Consumer Price Index. The 2009-2010 PNG HIES involved close consultations with the representations from the Department of National Planning and Monitoring, Department of Treasury (DT), Bank of Papua New Guinea (BPNG), Department of Education, National Research Institute (NRI), University of Papua New Guinea (UPNG), National Department of Health (NDH), Department of Labour and Industrial Relations, the Independent Consumer and Competition Commission (ICCC) and other Development Partners. The 2009-2010 HIES collected information on key topics such as family demography, education, health, employment and consumption. The scope of 2009-2010 HIES was broader than the previous survey, with more indicators and more households surveyed, including questions on living standards and other related subject areas. One key goal was to collect data on income and expenditure, and to enable a rebasing of the Consumer Price Index (CPI). This will assist future policy decisions and analysis to be better based on reliable evidence, such that they can better support improvements in the living standards of Papua New Guinea’s people. This report summarizes many of the key results of the survey, in areas ranging from educational attainment, health status, housing conditions, access to employment and the effects of disputes and crime. It summarizes these indicators by whether respondents are living in urban or rural areas, by region and, as appropriate, by age group and gender. Accompanying this collection of summary tables is a CD-ROM, containing the full survey data, the questionnaires, information on the areas surveyed and some of the material used to train the surveyors. Alongside this set of summary indicators, the 2009/10 PNG HIES will also enable an assessment of living standards in PNG, a rebasing of the consumption basket underlying the PNG Consumer Price Index, and the construction of household consumption measures in the PNG National Accounts. JOSEPH AKA FRANCESCA DRAPULUVIK-TINABAR NATIONAL STATISTICIAN 2009-2010 HIES DIRECTOR 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey vi A CKNO W LE DG EM ENTS The 2009-2010 Household Income & Expenditure Survey (HIES) would not have been successfully completed without the input and support of individuals and various institutions. The survey was conducted by the Population and Social Statistics division (PSSD) of the National Statistical Office (NSO). The 2009-2010 HIES was jointly funded by the Government of Papua New Guinea (GoPNG), AusAID, the World Bank and UNICEF. Provision of Technical Assistance (TA) was from the World Bank, bringing together World Bank expert staff and International Consultants who provided technical assistance from planning stage to the reporting of findings. I acknowledge with gratitude the initial support from the Department of National Planning and Monitoring Secretaries, Mr. Joseph Lelang and later Ms. Ruby Zarigga for the effort and support for funding for the 2009-10 HIES. I am indebted to Mr. Anthony Yauieb, Deputy Secretary, Economics and Financial Policy, Department of Treasury for the advice and the support he gave towards the funding of the project. Let me also thank all the Provincial Governments and Administrations for the full support in assisting the NSO to complete the survey. The 2009-2010 PNG HIES required extensive resources, especially given the difficulties of conducting such a rich and robust a survey of PNG’s disbursed population through challenging terrain and limited infrastructure. It was only possible through the significant funding from the Government of Papua New Guinea and its development partners, in particular AusAID, complemented by the resources of the World Bank and UNICEF. My sincere gratitude is extended to the experts from the World Bank who provided technical assistance in the survey. I wish to thank Juan Munoz who provided advice on the sampling, and Valerie Evans, Victor Canales and Alvaro Canales who supported in the questionnaire design, development of field manuals, training of field personnel and other support in the course of the survey. Mr. Manohar Sharma must also be acknowledged for his support and time on the project and the assistance provided in putting together this set of Statistical tables. The HIES National Steering Committee (NSC) Members, the User’s Advisory Committee (UAC) and the Financial Committee is not forgotten here for your contributions. Let me extend my appreciation to the HIES Project Director, Ms. Francesca Drapuluvik-Tinabar for her overall advice and management of the project. The HIES Quality Assurance Team (QAT) who also made sure that data quality was maintained at all times must also be thanked for their inputs. Support for the project from the Population and Social Statistics Divisional Head, Mr. Alohai Pochapon must also be acknowledged. I would like to thank the PSSD staff, the provincial staff and especially the Provincial Survey Coordinators (PSCs), all field personnel, data processing staff and household respondents who assisted at various levels to the successful completion of this survey. My sincere thanks to the tireless efforts of the Project Director Ms. Tinabar for overseeing the compilation of the Statistical Tables. JOSEPH AKA NATIONAL STATISTICIAN 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS NSO Core team: ALOHAI POCHAPON Division Head (PSSD) FRANCESCA TINABAR Project Director BONIFACE KUK Project Accountant SERRAH NAO Data Analyst MICAH KANENG Data Analyst JOSHUA TORE Asst. Data Analyst NELSON CHAROPE Field Coordinator ELLISON KAVALON Asst. Field Coordinator WAVIRO YEHIWARA Accounts Officer TUIYO KUNNY Project Driver Technical Assistance: Alvaro Canales Victor Canales Valerie Evans Juan Munoz Manohar Sharma and other World Bank staff Financial Assistance: Government of Papua New Guinea AusAID World Bank UNICEF 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey viii AB BRE VIA TI ONS AusAID Australian Aid for International Development BPNG Bank of Papua New Guinea CAFE Computer Assisted Field Entry CPI Consumer Price Index CU Census Unit DEO Data Entry Operator DOE Department of Education DOT Department of Treasury FOC Financial Operations Committee GoPNG Government of Papua New Guinea HCF Household Control Form HIES Household Income & Expenditure Survey ICCC Independent Consumer Competition Commission LLG Local Level Government NA National Accounts NDOH National Department of Health NDPM National Department of Planning and Monitoring NGI New Guinea Islands NRI National Research Institute NSC National Steering Committee PD Personal Diary PN Personal Notepad PNGNSO Papua New Guinea National Statistical Office PS Personal Schedule PSCs Provincial Survey Coordinators PSU Primary Sampling Unit QAT Quality Assurance Team TA Technical Assistance UAC Users Advisory Committee UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UPNG University of Papua New Guinea 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey ix G LO SSARY Adult Person aged 18 or older. Average Travel Time The average amount of time it takes to travel between the place of residence and the destination (school, health centre, work place, etc). Census Unit (CU) A statistical unit or area with its own identifiable physical boundary. It is the smallest geographical unit used in data collection for censuses and surveys in PNG, and so are the “building blocksâ€? of all higher level geographical divisions. Computer Assisted Field Computer application to enter and manage survey data in the Entry (CAFE) field. Confidence Interval An estimated range of values which is likely to include an unknown population parameter, the estimated range being calculated from a given set of sample data. Construction Material The materials with which a building is made. Consumer Price Index A price index constructed by taking the weighted prices of a basket of commodities typically consumed by consumers. Data Entry Operator Person responsible for entering raw data collected in the survey or (DEO) census into computer flat form. Dwelling The building or structure in which a person or household lives. Educational Attainment The highest level of schooling completed. Elementary From school year ‘P’ through school year ‘2’. Female-headed Household A household headed by a woman. Financial Operations Committee responsible for the financial operations of the project. Committee (FOC) Gross Enrolment Rate The gross enrolment rate for a certain school level is the ratio of the number of students attending school at that specified level, irrespective of age, to the total number of children in the relevant school age group. 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey x GLOSSARY Highlands Highlands is one of the four geographical regions of Papua New Guinea, and is comprised of the provinces of Southern Highlands, Enga, Western Highlands, Chimbu, and Eastern Highlands (at the time of the Survey, Hela and Jiwaka had not become separate provinces). These are located on the interior of PNG’s mainland. Household A group of people living together, sharing resources and having common arrangements for cooking and eating. Household Head A person recognized by the members of a household as the head of that household who typically makes the major decisions on behalf of the household. Household Size Number of individuals who are members of a household and living together. Interviewer Person who asks questions and collects responses in survey interviews. Islands The Islands Region is one of the four geographical regions of Papua New Guinea, and is comprised of all the five islands Provinces, of Manus, New Ireland, East New Britain, West New Male-headed Household A household that is headed by a male member of the household. Marital Status Personal status of individuals in relation to the marriage laws or customs of PNG. Indicates whether a person is being never married, married, separated, divorced or widowed. Metro Metropolitan areas are larger urban areas, and include the areas within the municipal boundaries of Port Moresby and Lae. Momase Momase is one of the four geographical regions of Papua New Guinea, and is comprised of the provinces of Morobe, Madang, East Sepik and West Sepik. These are located on the northern part of PNG’s mainland. National Steering The Board at the national level that ensures that the agenda of the Committee project (survey) is followed, and manages strategic and technical issues around the survey implementation. 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey xi GLOSSARY Net Enrolment Ratio The net enrolment rate for a certain school level is the ratio of the number of students in the relevant school age group attending that level of education to the total number of children in the relevant school age group. While the denominators for the gross and net enrolment rates are the same, the numerator for the net enrolment rate is smaller as it excludes both under-age and over-age pupils for any given level of education. Non-relative A person who is not related to the household head but is residing in the household at the time of the enumeration. Orphan Children that have lost one or both parents. Primary Sampling Unit A PSU or a cluster is the set of all housing units contained in a well defined geographic area. In the 2009-10 HIES, census units from the 2000 census are used as PSUs. Primary (Education) School Grade 3 through Grade 8. Provincial Survey Person appointed to coordinate a survey or a census within a Coordinator (PSC) Province. Quality Assurance Team A team of experts responsible for ensuring that survey information (QAT) is correctly elicited and recorded in data files. Reference period The period of time over which survey respondents are asked to report or recall a certain type of activity, behavior or events, with less frequent events generally recalled from a longer reference period. xii 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey GLOSSARY Relative A person who is associated and connected to another person birth or by marriage. Rural Rural areas are areas outside of urban centres, characterized by significant agricultural activity and often with greater reliance on subsistence agriculture rather than cash-based transactions. Sampling Frame The set of 2000 Census enumeration areas and its population structure is used sample PSUs and households for the 2009-2020 HIES. Sampling Weight Weight assigned to a sample unit to account for unequal probabilities of selection. The weight of a sampled unit is the reciprocal of its probability of selection into the sample and acts as the inflation factor to represent the number of units in the survey population that are represented by the sample unit to which the weight is assigned. Secondary (Education) School Grade 8 through Grade 12. Sex The gender of a person (male or female). Southern Southern is one of the four geographical regions of Papua New Guinea, and is comprised of the provinces of Western, Gulf, Central, Milne Bay and Northern Province. These are located in the southern parts of PNG’s mainland. Geographically, Southern Region also includes the National Capital District that houses Port Moresby. However, for the purposes of this report, Southern region does not include NCD. Standard Error A statistical term that measures the accuracy with which a sample represents a population. It is computed as the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of a statistic. Strata (stratum) In the context of the HIES, a stratum is a geographical area within which an independent sample if collected. Supervisor A person in charge of supervising a team of interviewers and data entry operators. Tertiary (Education) Formal education in colleges or universities after completion of Grade 10 or 12. Urban Urban areas are areas of extended settlements forming towns and cities, characterized by extended areas of concentrated human dwellings and infrastructure development. Urban areas have a minimum population of 500 and a minimum population density of 195 persons per square kilometer. Users Advisory Committee Committee made up of the end users of the data or statistics generated by a survey. 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey xiii IN TR OD UCT I ON The Statistical Tables presents key tabulations from the 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey (2009-2010 PNG HIES). It uses the final cross-section sample of 4,191 households. The sample of households was selected from a nationally representative sample frame and a comprehensive set of multi-topic questionnaires was designed to elicit information on key topics such as family demography, education, health, employment, and consumption. The final dataset contains important information on the socioeconomic conditions of the population. This information will be crucial to informing policy in the country. The main objective of this report is to highlight selected key results of the survey in a standard tabular format such that these can be quickly referenced by all stakeholders. The summary tables present various indicators at the national level, regional level, and with disaggregated by urban and rural areas. A copy of the full set of questionnaires and a fully labeled electronic copy of the 2009-2010 HIES dataset are published on the CD-ROM enclosed with this report. Background and objectives of the survey The 2009-2010 HIES is the first comprehensive and nationally representative survey of the socio- economic status of PNG households since the 1996 Household Survey of PNG conducted by Unisearch from the University of Papua New Guinea (UPNG) and the Institute of National Affairs (INA). In 2008, the Government of Papua New Guinea began planning a Household Income and Expenditure Survey in urban areas with the primary objective to generate household consumption data that could be used to rebase the Consumer Price Index (CPI) which is currently based on a weighting diagram from a 1975-76 household expenditure survey. While the updating of the CPI was an important objective, discussions between the government and development partners also noted that the prevailing situation presented an important opportunity to expand the scope of the survey, so that it could provide national (and not just urban) level data on important living standards indicators and behaviors that would be crucial to informing policy making in the country. Collection of such data had been long overdue as PNG had not had a national household survey for poverty monitoring and analysis since 1996. Recognizing this opportunity, the National Statistics Office of PNG agreed to expand the scope of the household survey to address the information gap in social statistics in PNG. The 2009-2010 HIES database will now be an important public good available to all stakeholders both within and outside the government to monitor a wide range of development indicators as well as facilitate the formulation of informed macro and sectoral policies. Specifically, it will facilitate: 1. Development of a system of poverty monitoring and poverty mapping, 2. Better analyses of sectoral issues for development planning and formulation of poverty reduction policies in PNG, 3. Monitoring of human development indicators in the context of the Millennium Development Goals, 4. Updating the weighting diagram for the Consumer Price Index, and 5. More accurate estimation of the System of National Accounts. . 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey xiv INTRODUCTION 2009-2010 HIES Questionnaires As the 2009-2010 HIES was a multi-topic survey, planning and development of questionnaires involved close consultations with the HIES Users Advisory Committee (UAC) comprising of representatives from the Department of National Planning and Monitoring (DNPM), Department of Treasury (DoT), Bank of PNG (BPNG), National Research Institute (NRI), University of Papua New Guinea (UPNG), National Department of Health (NDOH), Department of Education (DoE), Department of Labour and Industrial Relations (DoLIR), the Independent Consumer and Competition Commission (ICCC), and several development partners. The following types of information were collected: 1. Household level information on housing characteristics, ownership of consumer durables, non- food consumption, access to various types of public services, and incidence and resolution of different types of disputes. 2. Person-level information on age, sex, education, health, employment status, receipt of remittances, and personal security. This was supplemented by anthropometric data for children aged six years or younger. 3. Personal record of all food and nonfood purchases for 14 consecutive days for all household members 15 years and older. Information was collected using the following questionnaires that were initially piloted for fine tuning flow and content: a) Form A: Household Control Form b) Form B: Household Schedule Form c) Form C: Personal schedule d) Form D: Personal Diary e) Form E: Personal Notepad This report summarizes information collected primarily in Forms A and B. Copies of the questionnaire are contained in the CD-ROM accompanying this publication): The 2009-2010 PNG HIES sample design PNG is the largest nation in the South Pacific in both land area and population. It is comprised of around 600 islands, and the interior of the country is mountainous. Administratively, the country is divided into 22 provinces, within four geographic regions: Southern Region comprising of the following provinces: Western, Gulf, Central, Milne Bay, Northern Oro, and the National Capital District Highlands Region comprising of the following provinces: Southern Highlands, Enga, Western Highlands, Chimbu, Eastern Highlands, Hela, and Jiwaka Momase Region comprising of the following provinces: Moroboe, Madang, East Sepik, and West Sepik 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey xv INTRODUCTION Island Region comprising of Manus, New Ireland, East New Britain, West New Britain, and the Autonomous Region of Bougainville. A two-stage stratified cluster sample design was used in order to ensure independent estimates for the “ruralâ€?, “urbanâ€?, and “metroâ€? areas of each of these regions. “Metroâ€? denotes the two large urban centres of Port Moresby in Southern region and Lae in the Momase region. All the other urban areas in all regions were included in the “urbanâ€? stratum. The sample was thus divided into 10 strata (Table 1). Sample size in each cluster was set to ensure reliable strata-level representative estimates; in addition, the sample size in the metropolitan areas was set large enough to support the development of a new CPI expenditure basket. In each stratum, households were chosen in two stages. In the first stage, using the sampling frame of the 2000 Census, clusters (or Primary Sampling Units) (PSU) were chosen using probability proportional to size. A full listing of households was done in all chosen clusters and a pre-set number of households were then selected randomly from this list. In the non-metropolitan areas, 18 households were chosen per cluster whereas in the metropolitan areas, 6 households were chosen per PSU. The distribution of clusters and households across the 10 strata for the final sample is presented in Table I. Replacement census units or replacement households in each cluster are used in the case of emergencies1 or when selected households could not be interviewed because of refusal, absence, illness in the family etc, were also selected using the same methodology. TABLE I. NUMBER OF CLUSTERS AND HOUSEHOLDS SELECTED FOR THE HIES Metro Urban Rural Total Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of Region PSUs households PSUs households PSUs households PSUs households Southern 108 652 13 238 23 410 144 1300 Highlands 12 215 47 842 59 1057 Momase 25 174 25 432 32 575 82 1181 Islands 12 212 23 441 35 653 TOTAL 133 826 62 1097 125 2268 320 4191 For the 2009-2010 HIES sample, the selection probabilities and raising factors are determined in accordance with the sample design described above. The probability of selecting a PSUij in stratum i is pij = minij/ni where nij is the number of households in the PSU (as reported by the 2000 Census), ni is the total number of households in the stratum (also as per the 2000 Census) and mi is the number of clusters selected in the stratum. The probability of selecting household ijk in PSUij of stratum i (in non-metro areas) is pijk = pij (18/n’ij) where n’ij is the number of households in the PSU, following the household listing operation. The raising factor or weight wijk for household ijk is the inverse of the selection probability pijk. Raising factors at the household- and person-level are provided in Table II. 1 A number of Clusters in the country were designated “explicitly excluded stratumâ€? due to their security and accessibility. xvi 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey INTRODUCTION TABLE II. HOUSEHOLD AND PERSON WEIGHTS BY STRATUM Number of Household Average Region Strata observations weight person weight Southern Metro 622 66.79 446.30 Southern Urban 232 51.00 308.88 Southern Rural 399 319.34 1776.77 Highlands Urban 211 75.28 424.92 Highlands Rural 841 470.25 2091.25 Momase Metro 173 71.23 445.47 Momase Urban 425 58.26 333.13 Momase Rural 565 404.62 2274.49 Islands Urban 210 46.55 288.15 Islands Rural 403 311.87 1562.46 Noting the sample design above, whenever possible, tables in this report are provided in two formats: 1. The first group presents estimates at the national level, for rural and urban areas, and for each of the four regions. 2. The second set presents separate estimates for rural and urban areas within each of the four regions. Finally, all information presented in this report is disaggregated by sex. Standard errors and confidence intervals The statistics presented in this paper are based on a sample of the population and, for this reason, have sampling errors associated with them. For reasons of space, this publication does not report any standard errors or confidence intervals for the statistics. However, to illustrate the margin of error associated with the reported statistics, Table III shows the standard errors and 95% confidence intervals for payments of medicine (a table presented in Section 5, on Health indicators). In computing these standard errors and confidence intervals, the particular features of the 2009-2010 HIES sample design have been taken into account. As discussed above, the PNG-HIES is not a simple random sample of the population in PNG, but follows a stratified two-stage sampling design. Thus, the computation of standard errors and confidence intervals takes into account three key features of the survey design: strata, primary sampling units and sampling weights. These design features imply that the standard errors of PNG-HIES based statistics will be different to those that can be expected from a simple random sample. 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey xvii INTRODUCTION TABLE III. PAYMENT FOR MEDICINES IN THE LAST MONTH BY REGIONAL RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY SEX (Kina per person) Southern Highland Momase Island National Metro Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban All 15.6 24.8 10.5 18.7 20.2 25.1 15.0 21.6 7.3 20.1 [95% Conf. [12.01- [19.93- [6.32- [11.24- [10.99- [1.95- [2.95- [14.74- [5.09- [13.34- Interval] 19.28] 29.57] 14.71] 26.09] 29.42] 48.30] 27.05] 28.56] 9.42] 26.92] Male 14.0 24.5 10.1 16.7 18.0 15.0 12.8 18.0 6.8 18.1 [95% Conf. [11.08- [18.80- [5.98- [4.08- [10.56- [8.34- [3.09- [11.27- [5.13- [13.23- Interval] 17.01] 30.28] 14.18] 29.41] 25.36] 21.71] 22.45] 24.78] 8.56] 22.93] Female 14.9 25.1 11.2 20.5 23.5 37.1 6.1 23.5 7.7 22.3 [95% Conf. [11.25- [18.81- [6.57- [12.38- [8.64- [9.70- [3.16- [13.95- [4.84- [7.19- Interval] 18.50] 31.34] 15.84] 28.70] 38.33] 83.97] 9.03] 33.01] 10.65] 37.33] Survey organization The planning and implementation of the survey was undertaken by the NSO and survey work was supported by Provincial Survey Coordinators (PSCs) of the 19 provinces and a team of technical advisors and consultants. A HIES Core Team was established at the NSO headquarter to administer the project and qualified field personnel were recruited and trained in field enumeration. A total of 20 field teams were formed each consisting of a Supervisor (Team Leader), 3 interviewers, and a Data Entry Operator. There were 6 teams in the Southern region, 5 teams in the Highlands region, 6 teams in Momase, and 3 in the Islands region. In all, the HIES team included 200 personnel, including the PSCs, security staff, drivers/boat operators, village councilors, translators, porters and others. To ensure quality, each team carried a laptop, and computer-assisted field entry (CAFE) was performed concurrently in the field sites. CAFE enabled computer assisted data quality checks immediately, strengthened supervision, and provided the opportunity to revisit households in case rectification was needed. Further quality checks were performed by a designated Quality Assurance Team (QAT). Each month, completed questionnaires and soft copies (on flash drives) were sent to NSO headquarter for a final check by QAT and for storage. The project was jointly funded by the Government of Papua New Guinea (GOPNG), the World Bank, AusAID, and UNICEF with GOPNG providing the bulk of the funding. The HIES National Steering Committee (NSC), the Financial Operations Committee (FOC), and the Users’ Advisory Committee (UAC) were established to provide technical assistance and oversee the project implementation. Training and fieldwork Because of the complexity of the survey, training was conducted for a full month (end of February-end of March 2009) to allow interviewers, supervisors, and data entry operators to master techniques and processes. (Some of the manuals provided to interviewers, supervisors, and data entry operators are included on the CD-ROM attached to this publication.) The training covered all aspects of survey operations including household listing, interviewing techniques, good understanding of all sections of the questionnaire, and data entry. After classroom tests and field practical tests, 100 qualified persons were xviii 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey INTRODUCTION selected and allocated into 20 teams. Two additional training sessions and refreshers were conducted over the course of the survey for newly recruited team members. Data collection was conducted simultaneously in all provinces from July 2009 to January 2011. The survey was initially planned to be spread over 12 consecutive months to account for seasonality. However, because of funding delays, it took almost 18 months for survey completion. Annex 1 (on the CD-ROM accompanying this publication) provides the final list of PSUs surveyed. Future uses of the 2009-2010 HIES data Notwithstanding the large number of tabulations presented in it, this report only scratches the surface of the wealth of information that 2009-2010 HIES contains. It is hoped that the publication of these Summary Tables, along with the public release of the 2009-2010 HIES dataset and associated documentation, will spur the use of this dataset by policy makers, planners, social researches, students, and administrative officials and help in obtaining a clearer and better assessment of the lives of the people of PNG, and that this will ultimately lead to policies and actions that improve their quality of life. 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey xix S EC TI ON 1. D EM O GRAP HI CS This section describes selected characteristics of the population of PNG. The demographic profile includes the population structure by sex and age groups as well as the distribution of the population by marital status and household size. The prevalence of orphanhood is reported for all children under 15 years old. Orphans are defined as children that have lost one or both parents. The 2009-2010 HIES captures the population living in private households. A household is a group of persons (or a single person) who usually live together and have a common arrangement for food, such as using a common kitchen or a common food budget. The persons may be related to each other or may be non-relatives. 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 20 1. DEMOGRAPHICS TABLE 1.1 POPULATION STRUCTURE BY REGION, RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS (Percent of population) Age (years) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0-5 13.9 14.1 12.2 12.0 14.8 12.7 15.3 14.1 5-9 13.7 14.0 11.8 11.1 13.7 13.4 14.7 13.7 10-14 13.4 13.5 12.7 11.5 13.4 12.9 14.0 14.1 15-19 10.5 10.3 11.6 11.7 9.3 10.6 10.5 10.7 20-24 7.9 7.5 10.1 10.7 8.0 7.1 7.8 8.6 25-29 8.0 7.9 8.6 9.3 7.6 8.8 7.1 7.3 30-34 6.7 6.7 7.3 7.1 7.0 6.6 6.7 6.7 35-39 6.3 6.2 6.9 7.8 7.7 6.2 5.8 5.5 40-44 4.5 4.5 4.9 5.6 4.1 4.7 4.6 4.0 45-49 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.7 4.8 5.1 4.0 5.2 50-54 3.5 3.4 3.7 3.7 2.9 3.8 3.2 3.5 55-59 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.5 2.6 2.4 2.7 60-64 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.4 1.9 1.6 1.4 65 + 2.9 3.2 1.4 1.4 2.8 3.8 2.4 2.6 Male 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0-5 14.0 14.3 12.4 12.1 15.0 13.1 15.0 14.1 5-9 13.7 14.0 12.0 11.3 12.9 12.8 15.9 13.6 10-14 14.1 14.3 13.0 12.3 14.8 13.2 15.3 14.2 15-19 10.6 10.5 11.3 11.0 9.1 11.2 10.4 11.1 20-24 7.5 7.1 9.9 10.8 7.1 6.6 7.3 8.8 25-29 7.3 7.2 7.8 8.6 6.8 8.2 6.2 7.1 30-34 6.2 6.1 6.8 6.5 6.8 6.0 6.2 6.0 35-39 6.1 6.0 6.7 7.6 8.0 5.7 5.5 5.2 40-44 4.7 4.7 5.1 5.7 4.9 4.9 4.5 3.9 45-49 4.7 4.7 4.9 4.8 4.9 5.3 4.0 4.6 50-54 3.5 3.5 3.8 3.8 2.7 4.0 3.0 4.1 55-59 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.9 3.1 2.6 2.6 60-64 1.6 1.5 1.8 1.4 1.4 1.8 1.4 1.7 65 + 3.2 3.4 1.6 1.4 2.7 4.1 2.7 3.0 22 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 1. DEMOGRAPHICS TABLE 1.1 POPULATION STRUCTURE BY REGION, RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS Continued (Percent of population) Age (years) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands Female 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0-5 13.7 14.0 12.0 11.9 14.5 12.2 15.5 14.1 5-9 13.7 14.0 11.6 10.8 14.6 14.0 13.3 13.9 10-14 12.6 12.6 12.3 10.6 11.7 12.6 12.8 14.0 15-19 10.3 10.0 12.0 12.3 9.6 9.8 10.6 10.2 20-24 8.3 8.0 10.2 10.6 9.1 7.6 8.3 8.5 25-29 8.6 8.5 9.5 10.1 8.5 9.4 8.0 7.4 30-34 7.3 7.2 7.9 7.8 7.2 7.3 7.2 7.4 35-39 6.6 6.5 7.2 8.0 7.3 6.7 6.1 5.7 40-44 4.3 4.2 4.8 5.5 3.4 4.4 4.6 4.0 45-49 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.9 4.0 5.8 50-54 3.4 3.4 3.6 3.5 3.1 3.6 3.5 2.8 55-59 2.2 2.3 1.9 1.8 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.8 60-64 1.7 1.8 1.1 1.0 1.4 2.1 1.8 1.1 65 + 2.7 2.9 1.2 1.4 2.9 3.4 2.1 2.3 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 23 1. DEMOGRAPHICS TABLE 1.2 POPULATION STRUCTURE BY REGIONAL RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS (Percent of population) Southern Highlands Momase Islands Age (years) National Metro Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0-5 13.9 11.99 14.91 13.31 12.75 10.83 15.43 13.54 14.36 11.08 5-9 13.7 11.07 13.78 13.17 13.42 12.01 14.87 12.84 13.87 12.23 10-14 13.4 11.46 13.29 13.95 12.89 13.43 14.11 13.42 13.97 15.31 15-19 10.5 11.65 9.23 10.32 10.4 13.6 10.61 9.47 10.25 15.31 20-24 7.9 10.7 7.84 10.04 6.95 9.4 7.59 9.59 8.67 8.31 25-29 8.0 9.28 7.61 7.54 8.77 8.73 6.99 8.07 7.28 7.00 30-34 6.7 7.13 6.94 7.19 6.60 6.97 6.49 8.72 6.79 5.62 35-39 6.3 7.81 7.70 7.33 6.18 6.21 5.83 5.6 5.45 5.46 40-44 4.5 5.59 4.19 3.70 4.65 4.87 4.63 3.87 3.86 5.15 45-49 4.7 4.72 4.86 4.41 5.08 5.04 3.87 4.77 5.15 5.62 50-54 3.5 3.67 2.93 2.56 3.77 4.37 3.15 3.87 3.47 3.69 55-59 2.5 2.31 2.43 3.35 2.70 1.60 2.36 2.88 2.67 2.54 60-64 1.6 1.20 1.40 1.49 1.90 2.10 1.54 1.81 1.49 1.08 65 + 2.9 1.42 2.88 1.64 3.93 0.84 2.52 1.56 2.72 1.62 Male 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0-5 14.0 12.07 15.24 12.48 13.23 11.13 15.08 14.05 14.33 11.64 5-9 13.7 11.29 12.76 14.59 12.91 10.13 16.25 13.05 13.55 13.73 10-14 14.1 12.28 14.81 15.01 13.17 13.79 15.51 12.97 14.23 13.88 15-19 10.6 11.04 8.82 11.50 11.1 13.95 10.48 9.42 10.92 13.43 20-24 7.5 10.75 6.93 8.84 6.48 9.14 7.05 9.50 8.87 8.06 25-29 7.3 8.57 6.85 6.73 8.3 6.64 6.07 7.57 7.12 7.01 30-34 6.2 6.54 6.76 6.59 5.91 7.31 6.07 7.72 6.04 5.07 35-39 6.1 7.64 8.13 7.01 5.65 6.64 5.58 5.10 5.26 4.93 24 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 1. DEMOGRAPHICS TABLE 1.2 POPULATION STRUCTURE BY REGIONAL RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS Continued (Percent of population) Southern Highlands Momase Islands Age (years) National Metro Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban 40-44 4.7 5.65 4.97 3.65 4.93 5.15 4.54 4.25 3.80 5.00 45-49 4.7 4.75 5.05 3.79 5.24 5.65 3.86 4.86 4.48 5.97 50-54 3.5 3.77 2.74 2.24 3.94 4.82 2.88 3.55 4.09 4.48 55-59 2.8 2.78 2.83 3.79 3.11 1.83 2.58 3.63 2.53 2.84 60-64 1.6 1.42 1.37 1.54 1.71 2.99 1.29 2.32 1.75 1.64 65 + 3.2 1.44 2.74 2.24 4.3 0.83 2.76 2.01 3.02 2.24 Female 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0-5 13.7 11.90 14.54 14.16 12.25 10.53 15.8 12.95 14.4 10.48 5-9 13.7 10.83 14.92 11.71 13.96 13.92 13.41 12.6 14.2 10.63 10-14 12.6 10.56 11.6 12.86 12.58 13.07 12.63 13.92 13.7 16.83 15-19 10.3 12.31 9.70 9.10 9.66 13.24 10.75 9.52 9.57 17.3 20-24 8.3 10.63 8.84 11.27 7.45 9.68 8.16 9.69 8.46 8.57 25-29 8.6 10.07 8.46 8.38 9.27 10.87 7.97 8.63 7.45 6.98 30-34 7.3 7.78 7.13 7.80 7.34 6.62 6.93 9.87 7.55 6.19 35-39 6.6 7.99 7.22 7.66 6.73 5.77 6.09 6.17 5.64 6.03 40-44 4.3 5.53 3.33 3.76 4.36 4.58 4.73 3.44 3.93 5.24 45-49 4.7 4.69 4.66 5.06 4.91 4.41 3.89 4.67 5.84 5.24 50-54 3.4 3.55 3.14 2.89 3.59 3.9 3.43 4.23 2.82 2.86 55-59 2.2 1.79 2.00 2.89 2.26 1.36 2.14 2.03 2.82 2.22 60-64 1.7 0.96 1.43 1.45 2.10 1.19 1.81 1.23 1.21 0.48 65 + 2.7 1.40 3.04 1.01 3.53 0.85 2.27 1.06 2.42 0.95 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 25 1. DEMOGRAPHICS TABLE 1.3 MARITAL STATUS BY REGIONS, RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX (Percent of population) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Single 58.4 58.1 60.4 59.0 59.2 54.9 61.4 60.2 Married 36.1 36.3 34.8 36.2 35.9 38.0 34.2 35.3 Divorced/ Separated 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.2 3.7 1.6 1.8 Widowed 3.0 3.1 2.2 2.2 2.6 3.4 2.8 2.8 Male 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Single 62.8 62.6 64.3 63.2 63.5 59.3 66.5 64.1 Married 33.8 34.0 33.0 34.1 33.3 35.7 31.9 33.4 Divorced/ Separated 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.4 3.2 0.4 0.9 Widowed 1.6 1.7 1.2 1.1 1.8 1.9 1.2 1.7 Female 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Single 53.6 53.2 56.2 54.5 54.5 50.3 56.0 56.1 Married 38.6 38.8 36.8 38.5 38.8 40.4 36.6 37.4 Divorced/ Separated 3.5 3.4 3.7 3.5 3.1 4.3 2.9 2.7 Widowed 4.4 4.6 3.3 3.5 3.5 5.0 4.5 3.9 TABLE 1.4 MARITAL STATUS BY REGIONAL RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX (Percent of population) Southern Highlands Momase Islands National Metro Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban All Single 58.4 59.0 58.9 62.6 54.6 61.0 61.5 60.3 59.7 65.0 Married 36.1 36.2 36.3 32.5 38.2 32.8 34.1 35.6 35.8 30.7 Divorced/Separated 2.6 2.5 2.2 2.5 3.7 3.8 1.6 2.2 1.7 2.5 Widowed 3.0 2.2 2.7 2.5 3.5 2.4 2.9 2.0 2.9 1.9 Male Single 62.8 63.2 63.1 67.3 59.1 62.8 66.7 64.7 63.7 67.8 Married 33.8 34.1 33.6 30.3 35.8 33.1 31.8 32.9 33.7 29.6 Divorced/Separated 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.1 3.2 3.0 0.4 1.1 0.9 0.9 Widowed 1.6 1.1 1.9 1.3 2.0 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.7 1.8 Female Single 53.6 54.5 54.2 57.7 49.9 59.1 56.0 55.2 55.5 62.1 Married 38.6 38.5 39.3 34.7 40.8 32.6 36.4 38.6 37.9 31.9 Divorced/Separated 3.5 3.5 3.0 3.9 4.3 4.6 2.9 3.4 2.5 4.1 Widowed 4.4 3.5 3.5 3.8 5.0 3.7 4.7 2.7 4.1 1.9 26 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 1. DEMOGRAPHICS TABLE 1.5 TYPE OF HOUSEHOLD AND HOUSEHOLD SIZE BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY REGIONS (Percent of population) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands Type of household (%) Male-headed household 88.3 88.6 86.3 87.1 90.8 88.1 88.3 86.8 Female-headed household 11.7 11.4 13.7 12.9 9.2 11.9 11.7 13.3 Household Size All households 6.4 6.2 7.7 8.3 6.9 5.7 6.7 6.2 Male-headed household 6.6 6.4 7.8 8.3 7.1 5.8 6.9 6.3 Female-headed household 5.5 5.1 7.3 8.2 5.0 5.1 5.5 5.4 TABLE 1.6 TYPE OF HOUSEHOLD AND HOUSEHOLD SIZE BY REGIONAL RURAL AND URBAN AREAS (Percent of households) Southern Highlands Momase Islands National Metro Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Type of household (%) Male-headed 88.3 87.1 91.5 83.4 88.3 83.5 88.6 85.3 86.3 91.2 household Female-headed 11.7 12.9 8.5 16.6 11.7 16.5 11.4 14.7 13.7 8.9 household Household Size All households 6.4 8.3 6.8 7.5 5.7 7.1 6.7 7.0 6.0 7.6 Male-headed 6.6 8.3 7.0 7.7 5.8 7.3 6.9 7.1 6.1 7.8 household Female-headed 5.5 8.2 4.7 6.6 5.0 6.0 5.3 6.9 5.4 5.8 household TABLE 1.7 ORPHANS AMONG CHILDREN BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY REGIONS, AND BY SEX (Percent of population 15 years or younger) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands All 12.7 12.3 15.3 15.8 13.0 11.8 12.7 13.1 Male 12.9 12.5 15.1 15.4 13.4 11.6 13.5 13.3 Female 12.4 12.0 15.5 16.2 12.7 12.0 11.8 12.9 TABLE 1.8 ORPHANS AMONG CHILDREN, BY REGIONAL RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX (Percent of population 15 years or younger) Southern Highlands Momase Islands National Metro Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban All 12.7 15.8 12.5 18.0 11.8 11.8 12.4 14.7 12.9 15.38 Male 12.9 15.4 12.8 19.5 11.6 11.8 13.5 13.4 13.0 16.6 Female 12.4 16.2 12.3 16.5 12.0 11.9 11.3 16.2 12.8 14.1 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 27 28 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey S EC TI ON 2. E DU CAT IO N This section describes educational attainments of and various aspects of the use of educational services by the population above 6 years of age. A large number of topics are covered including the highest level of schooling attained, grade completion rates; reading and writing ability; elementary, primary and secondary enrolment rates; population that has never attended school and the reasons for non- attendance. The highest level of educational attainment refers to the most advanced grade level completed in the educational system. Levels considered are Elementary (Elementary P and Elementary 2), Primary (Grade 3 to Grade 8), Secondary (Grade 9 to Grade 12), and Tertiary (beyond Secondary). Reading and writing ability refers to the ability to read and/or write a letter in the language spoken in the household. Reading/writing ability is as self-reported by household members; no literacy tests were administered during the survey. 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 29 2. EDUCATION Net and gross enrolment rates are calculated for the three main educational levels: elementary, primary, and secondary. The relevant age group for elementary is those aged 6 to 8 years, for primary those aged 9 to 14 years, and for secondary those aged 15 to 18 years. The gross enrolment rate for a certain level is the ratio of the number of students attending that level irrespective of their age to the total number of children in the relevant age group for that level. The net enrolment rate for a certain level, on the other hand, is the ratio of the number of students in the relevant age group attending that level to the total number of children in the relevant age group for that level. In other words, while the denominators for the gross and net enrolment rates are the same, the numerator for the net enrolment rate is smaller as it excludes both under-age and over-age pupils for any given level of education. Over-age students are the most important reason for net enrolment rates to be smaller than the gross rates, and they reflect the problems of late starters, repeaters, and others who have had some interruption in their educational progression. All types of enrollment status reported are based on attendance in school reported by the survey respondents. Time to travel to school is also self-reported. 30 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey TABLE 2.1 HIGHEST EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY REGIONS, AND BY SEX (Percent of population age 6 and older) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Elementary 45.6 49.3 23.7 20.6 35.6 54.5 52.1 32.7 Primary 32.3 32.8 28.9 27.2 38.9 27.3 33.5 38.7 Secondary 14.8 13.0 25.6 26.4 17.2 13.4 10.2 19.1 Tertiary 7.3 4.8 21.8 25.7 8.3 4.8 4.1 9.5 Level not known 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 Male 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Elementary 40.2 43.5 21.0 17.6 33.5 46.3 46.4 31.0 Primary 33.9 34.9 28.2 26.8 38.1 31.2 35.6 36.9 Secondary 16.4 14.8 25.9 26.8 17.2 15.8 12.1 20.2 Tertiary 9.4 6.8 24.8 28.6 11.3 6.7 5.8 11.7 Level not known 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 Female 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Elementary 51.4 55.5 26.6 23.9 37.9 63.1 58.2 34.5 Primary 30.5 30.6 29.6 27.6 39.7 23.1 31.2 40.4 Secondary 13.1 11.1 25.3 26.0 17.3 10.9 8.1 17.9 Tertiary 5.0 2.7 18.5 22.4 4.9 2.8 2.3 7.3 Level not known 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 1 Unable to determine level of education completed from survey response. 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 31 2. EDUCATION TABLE 2.2 HIGHEST EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT BY REGIONAL RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX (Percent of population age 6 and older) Southern Highlands Momase Islands National Metro Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Elementary 45.6 20.6 36.9 23.3 55.8 28.7 54.6 30.5 34.1 18.8 Primary 32.3 27.2 39.7 31.3 27.2 28.6 33.7 31.5 39.5 30.1 Secondary 14.8 26.4 16.4 24.9 12.9 24.1 8.8 23.0 18.0 29.8 Tertiary 7.3 25.7 7.0 20.5 4.1 18.4 2.9 15.0 8.4 21.2 Could not be determined1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 Male 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Elementary 40.2 17.6 34.6 21.9 47.4 23.9 48.6 27.5 32.1 20.1 Primary 33.9 26.8 38.9 30.6 31.4 27.7 36.1 31.4 37.9 27.3 Secondary 16.4 26.8 16.4 24.3 15.3 26.5 10.9 22.7 19.4 28.7 Tertiary 9.4 28.6 10.1 23.2 5.9 22.0 4.3 18.4 10.5 23.8 Could not be determined1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 Female 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Elementary 51.4 23.9 39.4 24.7 64.7 33.7 60.8 34.0 36.2 17.4 Primary 30.5 27.6 40.5 32.1 22.8 29.6 31.2 31.6 41.2 33.0 Secondary 13.1 26.0 16.5 25.4 10.4 21.6 6.5 23.3 16.5 31.0 Tertiary 5.0 22.4 3.6 17.7 2.2 14.7 1.4 11.2 6.1 18.5 Could not be determined1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 1 Unable to determine level of education completed from survey response. 32 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2. EDUCATION TABLE 2.3 ABILITY TO READ AND WRITE AMONG POPULATION AGED 8 AND OLDER BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY REGIONS, AND BY SEX (Percent of population 8 years or older) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands All Can read and write 63.3 59.4 85.8 88.6 74.3 52.1 57.8 78.8 Cannot read and write 35.7 39.5 13.2 10.4 25.6 47.3 39.9 20.4 Could not be determined1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.1 0.7 2.3 0.8 Male Can read and write 68.9 65.6 88.4 91.0 76.4 61.2 63.8 79.8 Cannot read and write 30.1 33.5 10.5 7.7 23.6 38.3 33.9 19.5 Could not be determined1 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.4 0.1 0.5 2.3 0.7 Female Can read and write 57.3 52.9 82.9 85.9 72.1 42.4 51.4 77.8 Cannot read and write 41.6 45.9 16.1 13.3 27.9 56.7 46.3 21.4 Could not be determined1 1.1 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.0 0.9 2.3 0.9 1 Unable to determine level of education completed from survey response. 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 33 2. EDUCATION TABLE 2.4 ABILITY TO READ AND WRITE AMONG POPULATION AGED OF 8 AND OLDER BY REGIONAL URBAN AND RURAL AREAS, AND BY SEX (Percent of population 8 years or older) Southern Highlands Momase Islands National Metro Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban All Can read and write 63.3 88.6 74.8 89.4 51.4 81.7 56.8 79.9 79.4 91.6 Cannot read and write 35.7 10.4 25.2 9.5 47.9 11.2 41.0 18.0 19.9 7.2 Could not be determined 1.1 1.1 0.1 1.1 0.7 0.0 2.3 2.1 0.7 1.2 Male Can read and write 68.9 91.0 76.9 92.7 60.6 86.7 63.5 83.1 80.4 91.8 Cannot read and write 30.1 7.7 23.0 7.3 38.9 13.4 34.2 15.1 19.0 7.4 Could not be determined 1.0 1.4 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.0 2.3 1.8 0.7 0.8 Female Can read and write 57.3 85.9 72.4 84.8 41.5 76.5 49.7 76.4 78.3 91.4 Cannot read and write 41.6 13.3 27.6 15.8 57.6 23.5 48.0 21.1 20.8 7.0 Could not be determined 1.1 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 2.3 2.5 0.8 1.6 34 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2. EDUCATION TABLE 2.5 ABILITY TO READ AND WRITE BY MAJOR AGE GROUPS, REGIONS, BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX (Percent of population in age group) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands Adults over 50 years of age All 43.9 40.0 72.9 78.7 63.2 23.6 42.1 74.8 Male 55.3 51.4 80.9 86.1 70.0 35.3 58.3 82.0 Female 30.1 26.6 60.3 68.0 55.6 8.6 24.1 65.2 Adults 26-50 years of age All 65.7 61.7 88.3 90.6 79.6 48.8 65.9 83.6 Male 74.8 71.6 93.0 94.7 83.9 61.9 77.2 84.4 Female 56.8 52.1 83.6 86.5 74.7 36.2 55.2 82.8 Youths 14 to 25 years of age All 78.8 76.0 93.1 94.1 87.4 72.7 72.1 89.2 Male 82.8 80.6 94.0 94.4 87.6 79.5 77.3 90.1 Female 74.6 71.2 92.1 93.8 87.2 65.2 66.9 88.2 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 35 2. EDUCATION TABLE 2.6 ABILITY TO READ AND WRITE BY MAJOR AGE GROUPS, BY REGIONAL RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX (Percent of population in age group) Southern Highlands Momase Islands National Metro Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Adults over 50 years of age All 43.9 78.7 62.1 74.4 22.3 57.8 39.4 65.4 74.3 80.2 Male 55.3 86.1 68.0 89.2 33.6 74.1 56.6 70.3 81.9 83.3 Female 30.1 68.0 55.6 55.8 8.1 28.1 21.3 57.0 64.6 74.3 Adults 26-50 years of age All 65.7 90.6 78.6 90.7 47.3 79.6 63.6 84.2 82.6 93.1 Male 74.8 94.7 83.0 94.8 60.6 86.9 75.5 90.2 83.2 95.8 Female 56.8 86.5 73.4 86.9 34.4 72.6 52.4 78.1 82.0 90.5 Youth 14 to 25 years of age All 78.8 94.1 86.3 96.2 71.5 90.5 70.1 88.7 88.4 96.2 Male 82.8 94.4 86.2 98.7 78.6 92.7 75.6 90.8 89.6 95.4 Female 74.6 93.8 86.5 93.7 63.7 88.4 64.8 86.4 87.1 97.0 36 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2. EDUCATION TABLE 2.7 SCHOOL ENROLMENT RATES, BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX (percent) Indicators National Rural Urban Gross elementary enrolment ratio Total 83.3 81.0 85.8 Male 83.4 84.4 82.3 Female 83.2 77.6 90.0 Gross primary enrolment ratio Total 74.4 66.0 83.3 Male 77.3 70.2 85.0 Female 71.1 60.8 81.4 Gross secondary enrolment ratio Total 44.4 23.2 62.7 Male 49.7 26.7 70.1 Female 38.9 19.4 55.1 Net elementary enrolment ratio Total 35.9 26.9 45.9 Male 35.5 26.2 45.0 Female 36.2 27.5 47.0 Net primary enrolment ratio Total 50.9 38.2 64.1 Male 51.4 39.4 64.4 Female 50.2 36.8 63.7 Net secondary enrolment ratio Total 28.1 13.3 40.8 Male 29.2 13.3 43.3 Female 26.9 13.4 38.2 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 37 2. EDUCATION TABLE 2.8 SCHOOL ENROLMENT RATES BY REGIONS, AND BY SEX (percent) National Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands Gross elementary enrolment ratio Total 83.3 88.7 94.4 66.2 78.5 99.2 Male 83.4 85.6 97.5 73.2 79.8 84.9 Female 83.2 92.4 91.0 60.0 76.8 116.4 Gross primary enrolment ratio Total 74.4 84.8 75.0 76.1 62.4 78.6 Male 77.3 88.1 76.4 81.8 65.0 79.5 Female 71.1 80.6 73.3 69.8 59.4 77.7 Gross secondary enrolment ratio Total 44.4 63.7 39.2 42.2 25.9 49.5 Male 49.7 69.0 45.8 46.3 32.7 54.9 Female 38.9 58.6 32.4 37.3 18.4 44.2 Net elementary enrolment ratio Total 35.9 48.7 40.1 33.8 25.4 36.1 Male 35.5 47.6 39.6 35.1 26.0 33.1 Female 36.2 50.0 40.7 32.7 24.6 39.7 Net primary enrolment ratio Total 50.9 65.6 53.7 48.7 37.8 53.9 Male 51.4 68.2 53.0 50.1 37.7 52.9 Female 50.2 62.5 54.6 47.2 37.8 55.0 Net secondary enrolment ratio Total 28.1 41.7 25.4 28.4 12.6 31.4 Male 29.2 43.7 27.1 29.3 13.5 32.7 Female 26.9 39.8 23.7 27.3 11.7 30.1 38 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2. EDUCATION TABLE 2.9 POPULATION THAT NEVER ATTENDED SCHOOL BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY REGIONS, AND BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS (Percent of population in age group) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands All 31.3 34.5 12.7 10.7 20.8 41.3 36.0 17.5 6-11 48.3 51.2 28.0 25.3 41.7 44.8 62.7 43.7 12-14 19.2 21.3 5.8 4.9 11.2 23.7 24.6 11.1 15-17 11.8 13.1 4.6 3.2 5.4 14.9 15.5 7.2 18-24 15.9 18.2 4.9 4.7 7.9 24.5 18.3 6.0 25-34 24.2 27.0 8.5 5.7 12.8 36.2 25.8 10.1 35-44 28.5 31.8 10.7 8.5 15.2 43.3 30.3 12.8 45+ 49.3 53.6 20.2 18.3 31.5 70.5 50.2 17.1 Male 26.0 28.7 10.3 7.9 18.5 33.6 29.3 16.8 6-11 48.0 51.0 28.1 23.2 42.1 42.2 62.6 47.8 12-14 17.6 19.5 4.5 3.4 10.8 21.9 21.9 11.5 15-17 7.2 7.7 4.0 3.6 4.4 9.7 5.6 7.8 18-24 12.0 13.8 4.1 3.3 7.9 18.0 14.2 3.7 25-34 17.0 19.2 5.1 3.5 12.0 24.9 15.7 10.5 35-44 19.2 21.6 6.4 4.5 9.0 32.9 16.1 11.1 45+ 38.6 42.5 13.2 10.3 24.8 57.4 36.2 12.7 Female 37.0 40.6 15.4 13.6 23.2 49.4 43.2 18.2 6-11 48.5 51.5 27.9 27.8 41.3 47.5 62.8 39.6 12-14 21.3 23.4 7.5 6.6 11.7 25.7 28.2 10.7 15-17 16.8 19.1 5.1 2.8 6.3 20.9 25.7 6.4 18-24 19.8 22.7 5.7 6.3 8.0 31.4 22.3 8.4 25-34 30.7 34.2 11.5 7.7 13.6 46.6 34.6 9.7 35-44 38.4 42.6 15.2 12.8 23.4 53.9 44.5 14.5 45+ 61.7 66.1 29.2 28.3 39.1 86.4 65.3 22.1 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 39 2. EDUCATION TABLE 2.10 REASONS FOR NEVER ATTENDING SCHOOL BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY REGIONS, AND BY SEX (Percent of population in age group that never went to school) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands All 6 years and above 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Below school age 15.1 14.5 23.9 25.9 20.0 7.3 20.9 31.0 Cannot afford school fees 14.0 14.0 12.7 13.5 14.9 12.5 17.3 8.8 No interest 22.7 22.8 22.1 18.9 16.2 28.8 15.9 21.8 Family did not allow 14.4 14.3 16.5 13.9 15.5 16.7 12.1 7.5 School too far 12.3 12.7 6.4 5.7 15.1 12.8 11.0 13.0 School not functional 5.4 5.6 2.0 1.3 2.5 5.0 8.0 2.0 Working 2.6 2.5 4.2 5.1 1.0 2.6 2.2 5.9 Disability 1.2 1.1 1.5 1.7 2.2 0.8 1.1 1.8 Displaced 0.5 0.5 1.4 2.1 1.2 0.4 0.5 0.1 Safety, harassment issues 1.4 1.5 0.9 0.8 0.2 2.7 0.1 0.3 Illnesses and family death 1.6 1.6 2.4 2.8 2.7 1.3 1.8 0.7 Language 0.7 0.7 0.9 1.5 0.2 0.2 1.8 0.3 Others 8.1 8.3 5.2 6.9 8.3 8.9 7.4 6.8 Male 6 years and above 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Below school age 18.7 18.1 29.1 34.2 21.9 8.7 28.2 32.5 Cannot afford school fees 14.6 14.6 14.0 15.2 14.3 14.6 16.3 8.2 No interest 22.9 22.9 23.7 19.4 19.6 29.4 13.2 26.4 Family did not allow 10.1 10.1 10.1 5.4 12.3 11.7 8.0 7.4 School too far 12.3 12.7 5.8 3.8 12.7 13.8 10.5 12.4 School not functional 6.4 6.6 2.2 1.1 3.1 5.8 9.8 0.9 Working 1.9 1.8 3.0 4.4 1.7 1.6 1.6 3.8 Disability 1.4 1.3 2.8 3.8 2.7 1.3 1.0 1.6 Displaced 0.3 0.3 1.5 2.1 1.0 0.0 0.5 0.2 Safety, harassment issues 1.4 1.4 0.4 0.6 0.0 2.8 0.0 0.0 Illnesses and family death 1.9 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.0 1.6 2.8 2.9 Language 0.5 0.5 0.6 1.1 - - 1.7 - Others 7.6 7.8 4.7 6.7 8.6 8.7 6.5 3.9 40 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2. EDUCATION TABLE 2.10 REASONS FOR NEVER ATTENDING SCHOOL BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY REGIONS, AND BY SEX Continued (Percent of population in age group that never went to school) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands Female 6 years and above 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Below school age 12.3 11.9 20.2 20.6 18.3 6.3 15.7 29.6 Cannot afford school fees 13.5 13.6 11.7 12.5 15.3 10.9 18.0 9.3 No interest 22.6 22.7 20.9 18.5 13.3 28.4 17.8 17.4 Family did not allow 17.6 17.4 21.1 19.3 18.4 20.3 15.0 7.6 School too far 12.3 12.7 6.8 6.9 17.3 12.1 11.5 13.6 School not functional 4.6 4.8 1.8 1.4 1.9 4.5 6.7 1.2 Working 3.2 3.0 5.0 5.5 0.3 3.4 2.5 7.8 Disability 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.3 1.8 0.5 1.2 1.9 Displaced 0.7 0.7 1.4 2.1 1.3 0.8 0.4 0.1 Safety, harassment issues 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.0 0.5 2.7 0.1 0.6 Illnesses and family death 1.4 1.3 2.6 3.1 3.3 1.1 1.2 0.7 Language 0.9 0.8 1.2 1.7 0.4 0.3 1.9 0.6 Others 8.5 8.7 5.5 7.0 8.0 8.8 8.0 9.5 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 41 2. EDUCATION TABLE 2.11 POPULATION THAT NEVER ATTENDED SCHOOL BY REGIONAL RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS (Percent of population in age group) Southern Highlands Momase Islands National Metro Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban All 31.3 10.7 21.6 12.5 42.5 17.7 38.2 16.8 18.4 8.5 6-11 48.3 25.3 42.9 30.6 45.7 26.3 65.7 33.4 45.1 27.7 12-14 19.2 4.9 11.7 5.8 24.4 10.6 26.5 5.7 11.9 4.0 15-17 11.8 3.2 5.6 3.4 15.2 10.9 16.5 5.2 7.9 1.1 18-24 15.9 4.7 8.7 2.0 25.7 7.5 19.8 6.0 6.4 2.9 25-34 24.2 5.7 13.31 8.2 37.2 16.6 27.7 12.0 10.7 3.7 35-44 28.5 8.5 15.6 11.0 44.6 18.2 31.7 16.4 13.9 2.9 45+ 49.3 18.3 32.92 15.9 72.3 28.9 53.2 25.0 17.7 10.7 Male 26.0 7.9 19.4 10.5 34.7 13.2 31.0 14.3 17.5 10.3 6-11 48.0 23.2 43.3 31.0 42.9 25.6 65.2 35.1 48.8 37.2 12-14 17.6 3.4 11.2 6.1 22.8 5.5 23.6 4.7 12.1 6.1 15-17 7.2 3.6 5.0 0.0 9.7 10.4 5.8 2.8 8.3 2.3 18-24 12.0 3.3 8.9 0.0 18.8 6.6 15.2 7.1 3.8 3.0 25-34 17.0 3.5 12.6 6.3 25.6 10.7 17.1 6.1 11.3 2.5 35-44 19.2 4.5 9.2 6.6 34.2 11.3 16.7 10.9 12.0 3.0 45+ 38.6 10.3 26.2 9.3 59.1 18.6 38.5 19.4 13.0 9.7 Female 37.0 13.6 24.2 14.6 50.8 22.4 45.8 19.6 19.3 6.7 6-11 48.5 27.8 42.4 30.1 48.6 26.9 66.2 31.7 41.5 18.1 12-14 21.3 6.6 12.5 5.5 26.2 16.3 30.3 7.0 11.7 1.7 15-17 16.8 2.8 6.2 7.5 21.7 11.3 27.2 8.1 7.3 0.0 18-24 19.8 6.3 8.5 4.0 32.8 8.5 24.4 4.7 9.1 2.8 25-34 30.7 7.7 14.0 9.8 48.0 21.4 36.7 17.7 10.1 4.8 35-44 38.4 12.8 24.3 15.2 55.3 26.2 46.6 22.4 15.8 2.9 45+ 61.7 28.3 40.7 22.8 88.1 43.5 68.6 32.9 22.8 12.3 42 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2. EDUCATION TABLE 2.12 REASONS FOR NEVER ATTENDING SCHOOL BY REGIONAL RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX (Percent of population in age group that never went to school) National Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban All 6 years and above 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Below school age 15.1 25.9 19.4 29.5 7.2 14.1 20.8 23.5 30.9 33.0 Cannot afford school fees 14.0 13.5 14.9 14.8 12.5 12.5 17.5 11.9 8.9 6.4 No interest 22.7 18.9 16.1 18.1 28.7 37.0 15.7 19.6 22.0 17.0 Family did not allow 14.4 13.9 15.4 18.1 16.6 23.9 12.0 14.0 6.9 20.2 School too far 12.3 5.7 15.4 11.4 13.0 3.3 11.2 8.6 13.5 2.1 School not functional 5.4 1.3 2.5 1.3 5.1 3.3 8.3 2.1 2.0 3.2 Working 2.6 5.1 0.8 4.1 2.6 2.7 2.1 3.9 5.9 4.3 Disability 1.2 1.7 2.3 1.3 0.8 1.1 1.1 0.9 1.6 4.3 Displaced 0.5 2.1 1.2 0 0.5 0 0.4 1.5 0 3.2 Safety, harassment 1.4 0.8 0.2 0 2.8 1.6 0 1.2 0.3 0 Illnesses and family death 1.6 2.8 2.8 1.3 1.3 0 1.8 3.9 0.7 2.1 Language 0.7 1.5 0.3 0 0.1 0 1.9 1.2 0.3 0 Others 8.1 6.9 8.8 0 8.9 0.5 7.3 7.7 6.9 4.3 . 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 43 2. EDUCATION TABLE 2.12 REASONS FOR NEVER ATTENDING SCHOOL BY REGIONAL RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX Continued (Percent of population in age group that never went to school) Southern Highlands Momase Islands National Metro Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Male 6 years and above 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Below school age 18.7 34.2 20.9 40.6 8.6 15.7 28.3 25.7 32.7 29.3 Cannot afford school fees 14.6 15.2 14.4 12.5 14.6 14.3 16.4 14.5 8.2 8.6 No interest 22.9 19.4 19.8 15.6 29.2 40.0 12.7 23.0 26.5 24.1 Family did not allow 10.1 5.4 12.3 12.5 11.6 18.6 7.9 8.6 6.8 17.2 School too far 12.3 3.8 12.8 10.9 13.9 7.1 10.7 6.6 12.9 3.5 School not functional 6.4 1.1 3.2 1.6 5.9 2.9 10.2 2.6 2.7 5.2 Working 1.9 4.4 1.6 3.1 1.6 0 1.5 4.0 4.1 0 Disability 1.4 3.8 2.7 3.1 1.3 1.4 1.0 1.3 1.4 5.2 Displaced 0.3 2.1 1.1 0 0 0 0.5 1.3 0.0 3.5 Safety, harassment 1.4 0.6 0 0 2.9 0 0 0.7 0 0 Illnesses and family death 1.9 2.2 2.1 0 1.6 0 2.7 4.0 0.7 1.7 Language 0.5 1.1 0 0 0 0 1.7 0.6 0 0 Others 7.6 6.7 9.1 0 8.9 0 6.4 7.2 4.1 1.7 Female 6 years and above 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Below school age 12.3 20.6 18.1 21.2 6.2 13.2 15.4 21.7 29.3 38.9 Cannot afford school fees 13.5 12.5 15.2 16.5 10.9 11.4 18.4 9.8 9.6 2.8 No interest 22.6 18.5 12.9 20.0 28.2 35.1 17.9 16.9 17.8 5.6 Family did not allow 17.6 19.3 18.1 22.3 20.1 27.2 14.9 18.5 7.0 25.0 School too far 12.3 6.9 17.6 11.8 12.3 0.9 11.5 10.3 14.0 0 School not functional 4.6 1.4 1.9 1.2 4.5 3.5 6.9 1.6 1.3 0 Working 3.2 5.5 0 4.7 3.3 4.4 2.5 3.8 7.5 11.1 Disability 1.0 0.3 1.9 0 0.5 0.9 1.2 0.5 1.9 2.8 Displaced 0.7 2.1 1.4 0 0.8 0 0.3 1.6 0 2.8 Safety, harassment 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 2.7 2.6 0 1.6 0.7 0.0 Illnesses and family death 1.4 3.1 3.3 2.3 1.2 0 1.1 3.8 0.6 2.8 Language 0.9 1.7 0.5 0 0.3 0 1.9 1.6 0.6 0 Others 8.5 7.0 8.6 0 9.0 0.9 8.0 8.2 9.6 8.3 44 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2. EDUCATION TABLE 2.13 REASONS FOR STOPPING TO ATTEND SCHOOL BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY REGIONS AND BY SEX (Percent of population in age group that stopped attending school) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands All 6 years and above 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Completed studies 17.8 14.7 31.4 37.0 15.4 13.9 11.7 25.6 Too old 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.4 No school fees 20.0 21.3 14.3 13.2 19.6 22.4 25.0 12.2 No interest 11.6 12.4 7.9 7.7 9.0 13.3 11.0 14.4 Family did not allow 3.3 3.4 2.8 2.7 4.2 3.4 3.2 2.7 Did not pass exam 23.3 23.8 21.0 19.3 30.4 23.0 20.8 22.0 School too far 2.1 2.4 0.7 0.6 2.0 2.1 2.9 1.8 School not functional 1.3 1.5 0.4 0.5 1.8 2.1 1.0 0.5 Work 6.6 5.5 11.5 10.8 5.1 3.9 6.3 11.3 Disability 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.4 Displaced 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.3 Safety, harassment 1.6 1.8 0.8 0.4 0.3 4.1 0.6 0.9 Others 11.4 12.2 7.9 6.7 11.0 10.7 16.9 7.5 Male 6 years and above 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Completed studies 19.6 16.6 33.7 39.3 19.0 15.2 13.7 27.8 Too old 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.3 0.3 No school fees 19.6 21.0 13.4 12.1 19.5 23.9 23.0 9.8 No interest 12.1 13.0 8.3 7.7 11.0 12.1 11.8 16.6 Family did not allow 1.7 1.7 1.4 1.4 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.9 Did not pass exam 22.9 23.5 20.5 19.5 29.7 23.9 20.6 19.3 School too far 2.2 2.5 0.7 0.5 1.3 2.2 3.2 2.5 School not functional 1.5 1.8 0.3 0.4 2.3 2.2 1.1 0.5 Work 7.59 6.4 13.4 12.6 6.8 4.2 7.6 12.6 Disability 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.4 Displaced 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.3 0.0 0.4 Safety, harassment 1.6 1.8 0.9 0.6 0.4 3.8 0.6 1.0 Others 10.2 11.0 6.2 4.8 7.3 9.7 16.4 7.1 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 45 2. EDUCATION TABLE 2.13 REASONS FOR STOPPING TO ATTEND SCHOOL BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY REGIONS AND BY SEX Continued (Percent of population in age group that stopped attending school) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands Female 6 years and 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 above Completed studies 15.5 12.3 28.9 34.5 11.3 12.2 9.4 23.3 Too old 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.8 0.2 0.1 0.6 No school fees 20.4 21.7 15.3 14.4 19.7 20.3 27.5 14.6 No interest 10.9 11.7 7.6 7.7 6.9 15.0 10.0 12.0 Family did not allow 5.3 5.5 4.4 4.1 7.1 6.0 5.0 3.6 Did not pass exam 23.7 24.2 21.6 19.1 31.3 21.7 21.1 24.9 School too far 2.0 2.3 0.7 0.7 2.7 1.9 2.6 1.1 School not functional 1.1 1.3 0.5 0.6 1.2 1.9 0.9 0.5 Work 5.5 4.5 9.5 8.8 3.2 3.5 4.7 10.0 Disability 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.5 Displaced 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.2 Safety, harassment 1.6 1.8 0.6 0.2 0.2 4.4 0.6 0.9 Others 13.0 13.8 9.8 8.6 15.0 12.1 17.6 7.8 All in age 6-15 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.5 Completed studies 1.6 1.5 2.4 5.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.4 Too old 0.2 0.0 1.9 2.8 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 No school fees 35.1 35.5 31.6 27.2 16.9 38.9 43.3 19.6 No interest 22.5 21.2 32.1 34.4 25.5 19.6 19.8 34.5 Family did not allow 2.7 2.6 3.2 4.0 2.9 0.0 5.1 8.3 Did not pass exam 2.4 2.2 4.2 5.4 0.5 3.5 1.6 0.0 School too far 2.6 2.8 0.5 0.0 0.5 5.3 0 0.0 School not functional 8.0 8.9 1.7 1.4 26.2 8.5 2.1 4.1 Work 1.9 2.1 0.6 1.4 2.9 3.2 0.0 0.0 Disability 0.2 0.0 1.3 1.4 0 0.2 0.0 0.0 Displaced 0.2 0.0 1.6 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.5 Safety, harassment 5.5 6.2 0.6 1.4 0.0 10.6 1.6 0.0 Others 17.1 16.9 18.3 13.8 24.7 10.1 26.3 19.1 46 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2. EDUCATION TABLE 2.13 REASONS FOR STOPPING TO ATTEND SCHOOL BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY REGIONS AND BY SEX Continued (Percent of population in age group that stopped attending school) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands All aged 15 and above 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.5 100.0 99.8 Completed studies 18.6 15.4 32.4 38.0 15.9 15.1 12.4 25.9 Too old 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.5 No school fees 19.2 20.5 13.8 12.8 19.7 21.0 24.0 11.9 No interest 11.0 11.9 7.1 6.9 8.5 12.8 10.5 13.8 Family did not allow 3.3 3.5 2.8 2.6 4.3 3.7 3.0 2.6 Did not pass exam 24.4 25.0 21.6 19.7 31.4 24.7 21.9 22.7 School too far 2.1 2.4 0.7 0.6 2.0 1.8 3.1 1.8 School not functional 1.0 1.1 0.4 0.4 1.0 1.5 0.9 0.3 Work 6.9 5.7 11.9 11.1 5.2 4.0 6.6 11.6 Disability 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0 0.2 0.0 0.4 Displaced 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.3 Safety, harassment 1.4 1.5 0.8 0.4 0.3 3.5 0.5 1.0 Others 11.1 12.0 7.6 6.5 10.5 10.2 16.4 7.0 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 47 2. EDUCATION TABLE 2.14 REASONS FOR STOPPING TO ATTEND SCHOOL BY REGIONAL RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX (Percent of population in age group that stopped attending school) Southern Highlands Momase Islands National Metro Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban All 6 years and above Completed studies 17.8 37.0 14.1 27.1 12.6 31.8 10.5 19.9 25.5 26.3 Too old 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.1 0.6 1.0 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.3 No school fees 20.0 13.2 20.3 13.0 23.1 13.6 25.9 19.3 12.1 13.0 No interest 11.6 7.7 9.2 7.5 13.5 10.8 11.3 8.6 15.3 4.4 Family did not allow 3.3 2.7 4.4 2.7 3.4 3.3 3.2 2.8 2.7 2.9 Did not pass exam 23.3 19.3 30.5 29.2 23.4 18.1 20.4 23.7 22.2 19.9 School too far 2.1 0.6 2.1 0.9 2.2 0.6 3.2 1.2 1.9 0.5 School not functional 2.7 0.6 3.5 0.6 3.2 1.2 4.6 1.3 0.6 0.5 Work 6.6 10.8 4.4 11.8 3.5 9.7 5.6 10.6 10.4 20.6 Disability 0.2 0.3 0 0 0.2 0.2 0 0.3 0.5 0.2 Displaced 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.3 Safety, harassment 1.6 0.4 0.3 0 4.1 3.3 0.6 0.5 0.9 1.2 Illnesses and family death 3.2 2.2 3.8 2.6 2.3 1.6 4.4 4.0 3.4 2.7 Language 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 Got married/pregnant 2.5 2.1 3.4 2.5 3.0 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.9 2.7 Others 4.3 2.2 2.8 1.2 4.5 2.0 7.9 5.0 1.8 4.5 48 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2. EDUCATION TABLE 2.14 REASONS FOR STOPPING TO ATTEND SCHOOL BY REGIONAL RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX Continued (Percent of population in age group that stopped attending school) Southern Highlands Momase Islands National Metro Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Male 6 years and above Completed studies 19.6 39.3 17.8 31.1 14.0 33.0 12.3 22.7 27.9 27.1 Too old 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.8 1.5 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.6 No school fees 19.6 12.1 20.3 10.9 24.5 15.4 23.7 18.2 9.7 10.5 No interest 12.1 7.7 11.3 7.2 12.2 10.6 12.1 10.0 17.7 5.6 Family did not allow 1.7 1.4 1.8 1.3 1.5 2.2 1.7 1.2 2.0 0.6 Did not pass exam 22.9 19.5 29.9 27.4 24.3 17.2 20.4 22.2 19.3 19.3 School too far 2.2 0.5 1.4 0.6 2.3 0.7 3.5 1.3 2.7 1.0 School not functional 3.0 0.5 3.3 0.6 3.6 1.1 5.1 1.1 0.7 0.7 Work 7.6 12.6 5.9 15.9 3.9 9.5 6.9 12.5 11.5 22.9 Disability 0.1 0.4 0 0 0.0 0.4 0 0.5 0.4 0.0 Displaced 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.3 Safety, harassment 1.6 0.6 0.4 0 3.9 3.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.6 Illnesses and family death 2.9 1.6 2.9 2.8 2.3 0.4 4.0 2.5 3.3 3.9 Language 0.1 0 0 0 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 Got married/pregnant 0.8 0.6 1.2 0.0 0.8 1.8 1.1 0.2 0.2 0.0 Others 5.0 2.5 2.7 1.3 5.4 2.2 8.4 6.5 3.1 5.9 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 49 2. EDUCATION TABLE 2.14 REASONS FOR STOPPING TO ATTEND SCHOOL BY REGIONAL RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX Continued (Percent of population in age group that stopped attending school) Southern Highlands Momase Islands National Metro Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Females 6 years and above Completed studies 15.5 34.5 9.9 23.1 10.6 30.3 8.2 16.6 23.0 25.4 Too old 0.4 0.3 0.9 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.6 0.7 0.0 No school fees 20.4 14.4 20.3 15.0 21.0 11.6 28.6 20.6 14.5 15.7 No interest 10.9 7.7 6.8 7.8 15.3 11.1 10.4 7.0 12.9 3.1 Family did not allow 5.3 4.1 7.4 4.2 6.1 4.7 5.0 4.8 3.5 5.2 Did not pass exam 23.7 19.1 31.3 30.9 21.9 19.2 20.4 25.3 25.4 20.6 School too far 2.0 0.7 2.9 1.2 2.0 0.4 2.8 1.0 1.1 0.0 School not functional 2.4 0.7 3.6 0.6 2.7 1.3 3.9 1.6 0.5 0.4 Work 5.5 8.8 2.7 7.8 2.9 9.8 4.1 8.4 9.2 18.1 Disability 0.2 0.2 0 0 0.5 0.0 0 0.0 0.4 0.4 Displaced 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.9 0.5 0.4 0.7 1.0 0.2 0.3 Safety, harassment 1.6 0.2 0.2 0 4.5 3.4 0.7 0.4 0.9 0.7 Illnesses and family death 3.6 2.8 4.7 2.4 2.3 3.0 4.8 5.8 3.5 1.4 Language 0.0 0.1 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 Got married/pregnant 4.7 3.8 5.9 4.8 6.3 2.6 3.2 3.8 3.7 5.6 Others 3.4 1.9 2.9 1.2 3.2 1.7 7.2 3.2 0.5 3.1 TABLE 2.15 TIME TRAVEL TIME TO SCHOOL BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY REGIONS, AND BY SEX (Average time in minutes) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands Total 29.0 30.9 20.8 21.2 13.1 33.5 40.7 22.2 Male 29.0 30.8 20.7 22.4 13.5 36.9 34.3 21.8 Female 29.1 30.9 21.0 19.7 12.6 29.1 50.4 22.7 50 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey S EC TI ON 3. D WE LLING This section provides information on housing conditions in Papua New Guinea. The tabulations depict the type of existing dwellings, their main characteristics, the ownership status of the residence, availability of and access to utility services such as water, sewage, electricity, and cooking fuel, and ownership of phones. Dwellings are differentiated by the type of construction materials of external walls, construction material of roof, and major construction material of the floor. They are also distinguished by the type of building: traditional/non-traditional, overall permanence of structure, and whether it is attached i.e. a flat or duplex. All information on dwellings is reported by household respondents. All tables are further disaggregated by the sex of the household head. 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 51 3. DWELLING TABLE 3.1 MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DWELLING BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY REGIONS, AND BY SEX (Percent of population) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands Major construction materials of external walls All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Brick 1.9 0.6 8.5 11.7 1.1 1.1 0.7 1.0 Concrete 0.5 0.1 2.5 2.5 0.7 0.0 0.3 0.6 Fibro 8.5 4.7 21.7 24.5 15.7 3.8 3.0 12.3 Metal sheets/tin 6.5 4.0 16.8 17.9 10.4 2.8 4.5 7.0 Wood 20.1 15.3 41.3 42.3 24.4 11.2 14.5 34.7 Traditional bamboo/Matting 59.9 72.2 7.3 0.1 45.4 76.3 74.9 44.1 Mud 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.0 0.0 Other 2.4 2.9 1.9 1.0 1.9 4.1 2.1 0.3 Male-headed household 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Brick 1.8 0.7 7.6 10.3 1.1 1.2 0.8 1.1 Concrete 0.5 0.2 2.1 2.0 0.7 0.0 0.3 0.6 Fibro 8.4 5.5 23.5 25.3 15.7 3.7 2.9 11.8 Metal sheets/Tin 6.6 4.5 16.9 18.5 10.3 2.9 4.7 7.0 Wood 20.4 16.2 42.1 42.7 24.7 11.5 14.3 36.1 Traditional bamboo/Matting 59.7 70.2 5.9 0.1 45.3 76.0 74.9 43.0 Mud 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.7 0.0 0.0 Other 2.4 2.5 1.7 1.1 1.9 4.1 2.1 0.4 Female-headed household 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Brick 2.8 0.1 12.5 20.9 0.7 0.8 0.1 0.1 Concrete 0.7 0.0 3.2 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 Fibro 9.1 5.7 21.0 19.1 15.9 4.8 3.8 16.0 Metal sheets/Tin 5.5 4.0 10.9 14.1 12.5 2.2 2.3 7.3 Wood 17.7 11.1 41.3 39.3 20.4 8.6 15.7 23.8 Traditional bamboo/matting 61.6 76.0 10.4 0.0 46.9 79.2 75.7 52.9 Mud 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other 2.6 3.1 0.7 0.5 2.9 4.4 2.3 0.0 Major materials of the roof All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Concrete 0.5 0.3 1.4 2.3 0.4 0.1 0.0 1.4 Metal sheets/Tin 39.6 29.5 89.2 92.8 56.7 22.2 22.4 63.8 Tile 0.2 0.1 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.0 0.1 0.0 Wood 1.2 0.8 3.5 3.5 1.8 0.7 0.6 1.8 Traditional (kunai, 57.4 68.1 4.8 0.3 39.0 75.9 75.4 33.0 sago/coconut/pitpit leaves) Other 1.1 1.2 0.5 0.3 1.5 1.2 1.6 0.0 52 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 3. DWELLING TABLE 3.1 MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DWELLING BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY REGIONS, AND BY SEX Continued (Percent of population) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands Male-headed household 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Concrete 0.5 0.3 1.4 2.2 0.4 0.1 0.0 1.5 Metal sheets/Tin 39.4 29.5 89.7 93.4 56.0 22.0 22.6 63.1 Tile 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.9 0.7 0.0 0.1 0.0 Wood 1.2 0.8 3.0 2.7 1.9 0.6 0.6 2.0 Traditional (kunai, 57.5 67.8 4.8 0.4 39.5 76.0 75.0 33.4 sago/coconut/pitpit l, leaves) Other 1.2 1.4 0.6 0.4 1.6 1.3 1.7 0.0 Female-headed household 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Concrete 0.5 0.1 2.1 2.5 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.7 Metal sheets/Tin 41.8 29.5 85.9 88.7 67.3 23.7 20.4 68.7 Tile 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Wood 1.5 0.0 6.8 8.8 0.1 1.1 0.2 0.2 Traditional (kunai, 56.1 70.4 5.1 0.0 31.5 75.1 79.2 30.4 sago/coconut/pitpit l, leaves) Other 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 Major materials of the floor All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Marble/Ceramic 0.7 0.4 1.7 2.0 0.2 1.2 0.0 0.4 Floor tile 1.7 0.9 5.3 6.8 2.6 1.4 0.3 0.7 Concrete/Brick 4.8 3.2 12.3 11.5 3.7 2.5 3.2 10.3 Wood 30.1 21.2 73.9 76.7 46.1 13.3 17.0 49.5 Bamboo 47.1 55.9 3.6 0.7 44.9 48.3 70.9 24.8 Earth/Sand 13.2 15.4 2.4 1.4 1.7 27.2 7.5 14.2 Other 2.6 2.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 6.2 1.1 0.0 Male-headed household 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Marble/Ceramic 0.7 0.5 1.7 2.1 0.2 1.3 0.0 0.5 Floor tile 1.5 0.8 5.2 7.1 2.6 1.1 0.1 0.7 Concrete/Brick 4.4 3.0 11.6 10.2 3.6 2.4 3.3 8.8 Wood 30.2 21.5 74.6 77.4 46.6 13.3 16.5 50.2 Bamboo 47.3 55.9 3.5 0.8 44.8 48.4 71.0 24.9 Earth/Sand 13.7 15.9 2.5 1.5 1.5 28.1 8.1 14.9 Other 2.3 2.5 1.0 1.0 0.8 5.4 1.0 0.0 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 53 3. DWELLING TABLE 3.1 MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DWELLING BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY REGIONS, AND BY SEX Continued (Percent of population) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands Female-headed household 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Marble/Ceramic 0.4 0.0 1.6 1.0 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.0 Floor tile 2.7 1.8 5.8 4.7 3.3 3.2 1.7 1.0 Concrete/Brick 8.2 5.8 16.9 20.7 6.0 3.5 2.7 21.7 Wood 29.7 18.5 69.2 72.4 38.9 12.6 21.7 44.0 Bamboo 44.7 56.0 4.4 0.0 46.3 47.6 69.7 24.1 Earth/sand 9.2 11.4 1.7 0.9 4.4 19.6 2.0 9.3 Other 5.2 6.6 0.3 0.4 0.4 13.3 2.1 0.0 Type of dwelling All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Traditional house 60.2 71.5 4.6 0.9 45.1 76.1 79.2 37.4 Semi-permanent 12.6 10.8 21.6 22.1 22.2 6.8 6.2 22.9 Permanent house 16.7 10.4 47.9 48.9 18.2 9.1 10.3 26.2 Flat/Duplex 1.8 0.6 8.0 11.7 0.5 1.7 0.2 0.8 Other 8.7 6.8 18.0 16.4 14.0 6.4 4.1 12.8 Male-headed household 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Traditional house 60.5 71.4 4.6 1.1 45.8 76.2 79.1 37.6 Semi-permanent 12.6 10.8 21.4 22.8 22.1 7.1 5.8 22.3 Permanent house 16.5 10.3 47.8 48.1 17.9 8.9 10.6 25.9 Flat/Duplex 1.7 0.6 7.6 11.4 0.1 1.8 0.2 0.8 Other 8.8 6.9 18.6 16.6 14.1 6.2 4.3 13.5 Female-headed household 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Traditional house 57.8 72.7 4.6 0.0 34.8 75.7 80.1 36.0 Semi-permanent 13.0 10.4 22.3 17.2 23.8 4.4 9.9 27.2 Permanent house 18.8 10.5 48.4 53.8 22.0 10.9 7.6 28.6 Flat/Duplex 2.9 0.8 10.5 13.9 6.2 1.1 0.5 0.9 Other 7.6 5.7 14.2 15.1 13.2 8.0 1.9 7.4 54 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 3. DWELLING TABLE 3.2 MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DWELLING BY REGIONAL RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX (Percent of population) National Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Major construction materials of external walls All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Brick 1.9 11.7 0.7 4.7 1.0 2.8 0.4 3.2 0.1 8.3 Concrete 0.5 2.5 0.5 2.1 0.0 0.5 0.0 3.1 0.4 1.6 Fibro 8.5 24.5 13.8 33.1 2.6 22.2 1.8 13.6 10.7 25.7 Metal sheets/tin 6.5 17.9 11.1 4.4 1.9 16.3 2.6 20.8 6.9 7.8 Wood 20.1 42.3 22.2 44.6 9.8 32.5 11.3 42.1 32.8 50.4 Traditional bamboo/matting 59.9 0.1 49.6 8.1 79.7 22.9 81.8 15.1 48.9 4.5 Mud 0.2 0.0 0.2 1.2 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other 2.4 1.0 1.9 2.0 4.2 2.7 2.1 2.2 0.1 1.9 Male-headed household 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Brick 1.8 10.3 0.7 5.0 1.1 1.9 0.4 3.6 0.2 8.8 Concrete 0.5 2.0 0.6 2.5 0.0 0.6 0.0 3.5 0.5 1.7 Fibro 8.4 25.3 14.1 32.1 2.6 20.9 1.7 13.7 10.0 26.3 Metal sheets/tin 6.6 18.5 10.9 4.7 1.9 19.0 2.9 21.8 6.8 8.1 Wood 20.4 42.7 22.6 45.5 10.3 31.9 11.4 41.6 34.4 49.5 Traditional bamboo/matting 59.7 0.1 49.2 6.9 79.3 22.6 81.5 13.5 48.0 3.6 Mud 0.3 0.0 0.1 1.3 0.7 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other 2.4 1.1 1.9 2.0 4.1 3.2 2.1 2.4 0.2 2.0 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 55 3. DWELLING TABLE 3.2 MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DWELLING BY REGIONAL RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX Continued (Percent of population) National Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Female-headed household 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Brick 2.8 20.9 0.0 3.2 0.2 8.5 0.0 0.7 0.0 1.4 Concrete 0.7 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 Fibro 9.1 19.1 9.6 38.3 2.8 28.6 2.1 12.8 16.0 16.5 Metal sheets/tin 5.5 14.1 15.1 2.9 2.3 0.8 0.0 14.9 7.6 3.0 Wood 17.7 39.3 15.1 39.4 6.1 37.0 10.2 45.4 21.1 63.0 Traditional bamboo/matting 61.6 0.0 55.9 14.7 83.8 25.2 85.1 24.6 55.3 16.2 Mud 0.1 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other 2.6 0.5 3.3 1.6 4.8 0.0 2.5 1.2 0.0 0.0 Major materials of the roof All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Concrete 0.5 2.3 0.3 1.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 1.4 1.2 Metal sheets/Tin 39.6 92.8 52.8 92.0 18.5 79.4 15.7 80.5 60.1 94.8 Tile 0.2 0.8 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.2 Wood 1.2 3.5 1.9 0.6 0.2 9.1 0.3 2.6 1.9 1.2 Traditional (kunai, sago, leaves) 57.4 0.3 42.7 5.8 80.1 9.5 82.3 15.5 36.7 2.6 Other 1.1 0.3 1.6 0.5 1.2 1.5 1.7 0.7 0.0 0.0 Male-headed household 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Concrete 0.5 2.2 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 1.5 1.2 Metal sheets/Tin 39.4 93.4 52.2 93.3 18.5 80.1 16.4 79.8 59.0 95.2 Tile 0.2 0.9 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.2 Wood 1.2 2.7 2.0 0.6 0.2 8.3 0.4 2.9 2.2 1.1 Traditional (kunai, sago, leaves) 57.5 0.4 43.0 5.1 80.0 9.5 81.4 16.0 37.3 2.4 Other 1.2 0.4 1.7 0.5 1.3 1.7 1.8 0.7 0.0 0.0 56 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 3. DWELLING TABLE 3.2 MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DWELLING BY REGIONAL RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX Continued (Percent of population) National Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Female-headed household 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Concrete 0.5 2.5 0.0 4.8 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.4 0.6 1.4 Metal sheets/Tin 41.8 88.7 62.4 84.8 19.3 75.0 8.5 85.0 67.3 89.8 Tile 0.0 Wood 1.5 8.8 0.6 14.2 1.0 3.8 Traditional (kunai, sago, leaves) 56.1 0.0 37.6 9.9 80.7 10.1 91.5 12.7 32.1 5.1 Other 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Major materials of the floor All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Marble/Ceramic 0.7 2.0 0.0 1.9 1.0 3.9 0.0 0.2 0.5 0.0 Floor tile 1.7 6.8 2.0 7.7 1.2 4.3 0.1 1.7 0.7 1.4 Concrete/Brick 4.8 11.5 3.1 10.0 2.0 11.4 2.1 13.5 9.4 18.1 Wood 30.1 76.7 43.4 70.4 10.3 60.6 10.3 75.1 46.3 75.8 Bamboo 47.1 0.7 48.7 10.0 50.9 8.0 78.3 6.4 27.4 2.7 Earth/sand 13.2 1.4 1.9 0.0 28.3 9.7 8.1 2.2 15.7 2.0 Other 2.6 0.9 0.9 0.1 6.5 2.0 1.2 0.9 0.0 0.2 Male-headed household 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Marble/Ceramic 0.7 2.1 0.0 1.7 1.1 3.9 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 Floor tile 1.5 7.1 2.2 6.4 0.9 4.7 0.0 1.3 0.8 0.3 Concrete/Brick 4.4 10.2 2.8 11.4 2.0 9.1 2.2 13.7 7.5 19.0 Wood 30.2 77.4 44.0 72.6 10.4 60.9 10.2 75.1 46.9 76.6 Bamboo 47.3 0.8 48.5 7.8 50.8 8.8 78.0 6.4 27.7 2.3 Earth/sand 13.7 1.5 1.6 0.0 29.2 10.4 8.7 2.4 16.6 1.6 Other 2.3 1.0 0.9 0.1 5.6 2.2 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.2 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 57 3. DWELLING TABLE 3.2 MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DWELLING BY REGIONAL RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX Continued (Percent of population) National Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Female-headed household 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Marble/Ceramic 0.4 1.0 0.0 3.2 0.0 4.1 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Floor tile 2.7 4.7 0.0 15.2 3.4 1.7 1.3 4.0 0.0 16.0 Concrete/Brick 8.2 20.7 7.2 1.6 1.6 25.9 0.8 12.6 22.8 5.3 Wood 29.7 72.4 33.8 57.5 8.7 57.9 11.7 75.5 42.6 63.9 Bamboo 44.7 0.0 52.9 22.5 51.4 3.5 81.4 6.1 25.2 7.4 Earth/sand 9.2 0.9 5.6 0.0 20.7 6.1 2.2 0.7 9.4 7.5 Other 5.2 0.4 0.5 0.0 14.3 0.8 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 Type of dwelling All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Traditional house 60.2 0.9 49.5 5.2 80.1 13.9 87.1 10.6 41.7 1.3 Semi-permanent 12.6 22.1 23.4 12.1 6.0 19.0 3.4 31.1 24.1 12.4 Permanent house 16.7 48.9 12.8 66.5 6.8 45.3 7.5 34.7 23.1 51.8 Flat/Duplex 1.8 11.7 0.4 1.2 1.4 5.9 0.0 2.2 0.0 7.4 Other 8.7 16.4 13.9 15.0 5.7 16.0 2.1 21.5 11.0 27.2 Male-headed household 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Traditional house 60.5 1.1 50.0 4.2 79.9 14.1 86.4 11.1 42.3 0.7 Semi-permanent 12.6 22.8 23.0 13.2 6.3 19.5 3.5 27.8 23.6 11.9 Permanent house 16.5 48.1 12.9 67.6 6.7 44.8 7.9 35.6 22.5 52.6 Flat/Duplex 1.7 11.4 0.0 1.0 1.6 4.6 0.0 2.0 0.0 6.9 Other 8.8 16.6 14.1 14.0 5.5 17.0 2.2 23.5 11.6 27.9 Female-headed household 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Traditional house 57.8 0.0 41.4 10.9 81.2 12.5 93.5 7.5 37.8 8.9 Semi-permanent 13.0 17.2 28.9 5.8 3.5 14.3 2.4 50.3 27.7 19.8 Permanent house 18.8 53.8 11.3 60.4 7.6 48.9 3.6 29.3 27.8 40.0 Flat/Duplex 2.9 13.9 7.2 2.3 0.0 13.9 0.0 3.1 0.0 14.1 Other 7.6 15.1 11.2 20.6 7.7 10.5 0.5 9.8 6.7 17.2 58 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 3. DWELLING TABLE 3.3 ACCESS TO DWELLING-RELATED FACILITIES BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY REGIONS, AND BY SEX (Percent of population) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands Source of drinking water All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Bottled water from shop 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 Tap water piped into household 12.1 2.4 59.6 75.3 6.6 7.3 3.4 7.0 Tap water piped into community/village 13.7 13.5 14.7 21.3 19.1 10.0 14.5 9.0 Water cart/truck 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Protected well 2.5 2.8 1.4 0.0 1.5 1.2 5.9 1.5 Unprotected well 5.1 5.8 1.2 0.1 4.3 0.8 12.9 2.2 Protected spring 4.4 5.2 0.3 0.0 1.8 4.0 7.1 5.4 Unprotected spring 7.9 9.4 0.7 0.0 9.8 7.2 12.2 3.1 River, stream, lake, pond 41.0 48.5 4.2 0.1 34.3 62.7 33.8 40.3 Rainwater 11.8 11.3 14.5 1.4 19.5 6.0 9.0 30.2 Other 1.3 1.0 2.8 1.4 3.0 0.5 1.2 1.5 Male-headed household 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Bottled water from shop 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 Tap water piped into household 11.5 2.3 58.9 73.2 5.7 7.1 3.4 7.4 Tap water piped into community/village 13.9 13.6 15.6 23.2 19.5 10.7 13.9 8.4 Water cart/truck 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Protected well 2.6 2.9 1.2 0.0 1.1 1.3 6.3 1.1 Unprotected well 5.1 6.0 0.9 0.1 4.1 0.9 13.0 2.3 Protected spring 4.3 5.1 0.3 0.0 1.9 3.6 7.3 5.3 Unprotected spring 8.0 9.4 0.8 0.0 10.1 7.0 12.9 1.8 River, stream, lake, pond 41.4 48.6 4.4 0.1 35.4 62.7 33.5 42.0 Rainwater 11.7 11.0 14.8 1.6 19.0 6.0 8.4 30.3 Other 1.4 1.1 2.7 1.6 3.1 0.5 1.2 1.5 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 59 3. DWELLING TABLE 3.3 ACCESS TO DWELLING-RELATED FACILITIES BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY REGIONS, AND BY SEX Continued (Percent of population) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands Female-headed household 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Bottled water from shop 0.2 0.0 0.8 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tap water piped into household 16.8 3.4 64.5 89.8 18.7 8.7 3.2 3.9 Tap water piped into community/village 12.0 12.8 9.0 8.6 14.4 4.3 20.9 13.5 Water cart/truck 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Protected well 2.2 2.0 2.8 0.0 7.7 0.4 2.0 4.5 Unprotected well 4.5 4.8 3.3 0.0 7.7 0.0 12.1 1.6 Protected spring 5.2 6.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 8.1 5.5 5.7 Unprotected spring 7.2 9.3 0.0 0.0 5.1 9.4 5.2 13.1 River, stream, lake, pond 37.9 47.7 2.9 0.0 18.1 63.0 36.4 26.9 Rainwater 13.1 13.3 12.4 0.0 25.8 5.6 14.0 29.5 Other 0.9 0.1 3.6 0.0 2.5 0.4 0.9 1.4 Time needed to reach drinking water sources (in minutes) All 12.9 13.1 7.2 7.8 11.8 14.3 13.3 8.6 Male 13.1 13.3 7.4 7.8 12.2 14.6 13.5 8.4 Female 10.9 11.2 5.9 0 4.6 12.2 10.9 10.3 Type of toilet used All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Flush Toilet 11.7 2.8 55.3 64.9 13.9 5.5 2.6 8.1 Ventilated improved pit latrine 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.6 1.3 0.1 4.7 Pit Latrine with slab 10.7 10.4 12.3 10.9 13.4 7.5 8.0 21.3 Pit Latrine without slab 59.7 66.6 25.8 16.7 32.9 83.2 77.9 23.8 Closet over sea or water 3.4 3.6 2.5 3.3 13.3 0.2 0.4 5.7 Bowl/bucket 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 No Toilet 10.8 12.5 2.4 2.7 19.6 2.4 7.6 33.6 Other 2.1 2.5 0.3 0.2 4.5 0.0 3.4 2.9 60 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 3. DWELLING TABLE 3.3 ACCESS TO DWELLING-RELATED FACILITIES BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY REGIONS, AND BY SEX Continued (Percent of population) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands Male-headed household 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Flush Toilet 11.0 2.6 54.0 62.5 12.7 5.0 2.4 8.5 Ventilated improved pit latrine 1.2 1.1 1.5 1.3 1.7 0.5 0.1 4.7 Pit Latrine with slab 10.6 10.0 13.4 12.1 12.6 7.4 8.1 20.5 Pit Latrine without slab 60.5 67.1 26.3 18.5 33.3 84.7 78.7 21.9 Closet over sea or water 3.5 3.7 2.0 2.3 13.3 0.2 0.4 6.4 Bowl/bucket 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 No Toilet 11.1 12.8 2.5 2.9 20.6 2.3 7.2 35.2 Other 2.1 2.5 0.3 0.2 4.8 0.0 3.2 2.9 Female-headed household 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Flush Toilet 17.8 4.9 63.7 81.5 30.2 9.6 4.0 4.6 Ventilated improved pit latrine 3.8 4.8 0.4 0.6 0.1 8.6 0.0 5.1 Pit Latrine with slab 11.9 13.7 5.3 2.3 24.7 7.9 7.3 27.5 Pit Latrine without slab 53.3 61.9 22.9 4.2 26.0 71.0 70.8 38.1 Closet over sea or water 3.0 2.2 6.1 10.3 13.4 0.0 0.9 0.6 Bowl/bucket 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 No Toilet 8.2 10.0 1.5 1.1 5.5 2.9 11.1 21.9 Other 2.0 2.6 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 5.9 2.3 Source of light in the dwelling All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Electricity from grid 16.7 6.3 67.8 79.7 15.3 11.2 5.9 13.0 Private generated electricity 2.8 2.7 3.4 1.3 5.4 2.7 1.8 3.2 Coleman (Gas pressure lanterns) 5.1 5.3 4.4 3.6 10.4 3.5 4.6 5.0 Kerosene/Spirit lamp 45.1 51.0 15.9 8.4 55.5 50.7 40.0 54.4 Improvised Lamp 5.7 6.5 1.7 0.5 4.3 3.3 8.5 10.3 Candles/Battery flashlights 10.5 11.3 6.2 5.8 4.7 8.7 17.7 9.1 Other 14.2 16.9 0.8 0.7 4.4 20.0 21.5 5.1 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 61 3. DWELLING TABLE 3.3 ACCESS TO DWELLING-RELATED FACILITIES BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY REGIONS, AND BY SEX Continued (Percent of population) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands Male-headed household 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Electricity from grid 16.2 6.2 67.4 78.0 15.0 10.6 6.0 13.4 Private generated electricity 2.7 2.6 3.3 1.3 4.9 2.4 2.0 3.1 Coleman (Gas pressure lanterns) 5.1 5.2 4.4 4.1 10.5 3.5 4.3 4.1 Kerosene/Spirit lamp 45.7 51.5 16.0 8.9 56.2 52.0 39.4 55.2 Improvised Lamp 5.6 6.5 1.5 0.6 4.5 3.5 8.3 10.0 Candles/Battery flashlights 10.6 11.4 6.4 6.3 4.7 8.2 18.4 9.1 Other 14.2 16.8 1.0 0.8 4.2 19.8 21.7 5.1 Female-headed household 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Electricity from grid 20.8 7.0 69.8 91.3 19.8 15.6 4.9 9.5 Private generated electricity 4.1 4.3 3.5 1.0 12.7 5.5 0.6 3.7 Coleman (Gas pressure lanterns) 5.8 6.2 4.5 0.0 9.1 3.0 7.1 11.6 Kerosene/Spirit lamp 39.4 46.4 14.7 5.1 45.6 39.6 46.0 48.2 Improvised Lamp 5.7 6.6 2.8 0.0 2.2 1.5 10.9 12.7 Candles/Battery flashlights 9.5 10.8 4.7 2.6 3.9 12.9 10.6 9.0 Other 14.7 18.8 0.1 0.0 6.8 22.0 19.8 5.3 Fuel most often use for cooking All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Gas 4.2 1.2 19.0 25.1 3.2 1.9 1.7 2.5 Electricity 4.1 1.0 19.4 24.0 3.7 1.8 1.7 1.9 Firewood 87.5 94.7 51.8 38.9 88.3 92.9 93.6 92.6 Kerosene 3.8 2.7 9.1 11.3 4.6 3.2 1.9 3.1 Saw dust 0.1 0.0 0.6 0.7 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 Charcoal 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.9 0.0 Other 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.0 62 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 3. DWELLING TABLE 3.3 ACCESS TO DWELLING-RELATED FACILITIES BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY REGIONS, AND BY SEX Continued (Percent of population) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands Male-headed household 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Gas 3.8 1.1 18.0 23.2 2.7 1.6 1.8 2.6 Electricity 4.0 1.0 19.6 24.0 3.4 1.8 1.8 1.9 Firewood 87.7 94.6 52.2 40.5 89.0 92.8 93.2 92.2 Kerosene 3.9 2.8 9.4 11.5 4.6 3.5 2.0 3.4 Saw dust 0.1 0.0 0.6 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 Charcoal 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 1.0 0.0 Other 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.0 Female-headed household 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Gas 7.1 2.0 25.5 38.1 9.3 3.8 0.8 1.6 Electricity 4.5 0.7 17.8 24.0 8.2 1.0 0.8 1.7 Firewood 85.8 96.0 49.3 28.2 77.8 93.9 97.0 95.9 Kerosene 2.3 1.1 6.9 9.7 4.8 1.1 0.7 0.9 Saw dust 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Charcoal 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 63 3. DWELLING TABLE 3.4 ACCESS TO DWELLING RELATED SERVICES BY REGIONAL RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX (Percent of population) Southern Highlands Momase Islands National Metro Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Source of drinking water All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Bottled water from shop 0.1 0.3 0 1.0 0 0.0 0 0.8 0 0.1 Tap water piped into household 12.1 75.3 1.7 51.2 5.2 41.2 0.6 28.3 0.3 62.7 Tap water piped into community/ village 13.7 21.3 20.8 3.4 9.8 12.5 15.3 8.1 9.7 3.0 Water cart/truck 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.4 Protected well 2.5 0.0 0.9 6.7 1.2 0.0 6.2 2.9 1.4 2.5 Unprotected well 5.1 0.1 4.4 4.2 0.9 0.4 13.9 4.2 2.4 0.3 Protected spring 4.4 0.0 1.9 1.2 4.3 0.1 7.9 0.7 5.9 1.1 Unprotected spring 7.9 0.0 10.6 2.5 7.6 1.4 13.4 1.4 3.4 0.5 River, stream, lake, pond 41.0 0.1 38.0 0.8 65.7 16.4 36.6 8.8 44.2 7.4 Rainwater 11.8 1.4 18.8 25.4 4.8 24.2 5.4 39.6 31.7 17.6 Other 1.3 1.4 3.0 3.7 0.2 3.9 0.7 5.3 1.1 4.5 Male-headed household Bottled water from shop 0.1 0.2 0 1.1 0 0.0 0 0.9 0 0.1 Tap water piped into household 11.5 73.2 1.0 52.8 5.2 39.4 0.6 29.7 0.3 62.8 Tap water piped into community/ village 13.9 23.2 21.0 3.6 10.5 13.9 14.7 6.3 9.1 3.2 Water cart/truck 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.4 Protected well 2.6 0.0 0.7 4.2 1.3 0.0 6.6 3.3 1.0 2.1 Unprotected well 5.1 0.1 4.1 4.4 1.0 0.4 14.2 2.3 2.5 0.3 Protected spring 4.3 0.0 2.0 1.3 3.8 0.0 8.0 0.6 5.9 0.9 Unprotected spring 8.0 0.0 10.9 2.9 7.3 1.6 14.1 1.6 1.9 0.5 River, stream, lake, pond 41.4 0.1 38.9 1.0 65.4 18.1 36.1 9.1 46.5 7.0 Rainwater 11.7 1.6 18.3 26.1 5.0 22.9 4.9 41.2 31.7 18.7 Other 1.4 1.6 3.1 2.4 0.3 3.6 0.8 5.2 1.1 3.9 64 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 3. DWELLING TABLE 3.4 ACCESS TO DWELLING RELATED SERVICES BY REGIONAL RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX Continued (Percent of population) Southern Highlands Momase Islands National Metro Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Female-headed household Bottled water from shop 0.2 1.6 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 Tap water piped into household 16.8 89.8 12.3 41.6 5.1 50.7 0.0 20.3 0.0 61.6 Tap water piped into community/village 12.0 8.6 17.7 2.3 4.4 4.0 21.3 18.7 14.4 0.0 Water cart/truck 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 Protected well 2.2 0.0 4.1 20.9 0.4 0.0 2.1 1.0 4.3 8.0 Unprotected well 4.5 0.0 9.1 2.7 0.0 0.0 11.5 15.2 1.7 0.0 Protected spring 5.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.7 0.8 6.3 1.4 5.8 3.8 Unprotected spring 7.2 0.0 6.6 0.0 10.3 0.0 6.1 0.2 14.0 0.0 River, stream, lake, pond 37.9 0.0 23.1 0.0 67.9 6.7 41.8 7.4 27.9 12.9 Rainwater 13.1 0.0 27.1 21.1 3.2 32.4 11.0 30.2 31.4 1.4 Other 0.9 0.0 0.0 11.5 0.0 5.5 0.0 5.7 0.6 12.4 Time needed to reach drinking water sources (in minutes) All 12.9 7.8 12.0 6.3 14.5 5.8 13.4 9.4 8.7 3.6 Male 13.1 7.8 12.3 5.4 14.8 6.0 13.6 10.5 8.5 3.5 Female 10.9 0 3.7 8.9 12.3 3.6 11.3 5.0 10.5 4.6 Treatment of drinking water All 9.0 30.6 14.8 19.0 2.4 9.0 6.7 13.0 4.4 13.0 Male 9.0 30.3 14.7 19.5 2.6 7.8 7.0 11.4 4.1 12.2 Female 9.2 32.3 17.0 16.2 1.6 16.4 2.8 22.1 6.0 23.1 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 65 3. DWELLING TABLE 3.4 ACCESS TO DWELLING RELATED SERVICES BY REGIONAL RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX Continued (Percent of population) Southern Highlands Momase Islands National Metro Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Type of toilet used All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Flush Toilet 11.7 64.9 8.6 61.8 3.1 42.7 0.0 24.7 0.7 69.6 Ventilated improved pit latrine 1.4 1.2 1.4 3.4 1.4 0.4 0.0 0.8 5.0 2.5 Pit Latrine with slab 10.7 10.9 13.9 9.2 6.9 16.5 7.0 16.8 22.7 9.6 Pit Latrine without slab 59.7 16.7 33.9 23.0 86.2 36.9 80.5 54.9 25.5 9.6 Closet over sea or water 3.4 3.3 14.8 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.3 1.8 6.1 2.1 Bowl/bucket 0.2 0.2 1.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 No Toilet 10.8 2.7 21.7 0.7 2.4 1.5 8.4 1.1 36.9 6.6 Other 2.1 0.2 4.8 1.7 0.0 0.0 3.8 0.0 3.2 0.0 Male-headed household 100.0 100.0 117.6 100.0 102.3 100.0 104.4 100.0 135.6 100.0 Flush Toilet 11.0 62.5 7.7 62.5 2.9 40.2 0.0 24.6 0.7 70.0 Ventilated improved pit latrine 1.2 1.3 1.4 3.9 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.9 4.9 2.7 Pit Latrine with slab 10.6 12.1 13.0 9.2 6.7 18.6 7.0 18.4 22.0 8.4 Pit Latrine without slab 60.5 18.5 34.5 21.7 87.6 36.9 81.4 53.4 23.4 10.2 Closet over sea or water 3.5 2.3 14.7 0.0 0.1 2.3 0.3 1.5 6.9 2.2 Bowl/bucket 0.2 0.2 1.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 No Toilet 11.1 2.9 22.6 0.6 2.3 1.5 7.9 1.1 38.9 6.4 Other 2.1 0.2 22.6 1.8 2.3 0.0 7.9 0.0 38.9 0.0 66 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 3. DWELLING TABLE 3.4 ACCESS TO DWELLING RELATED SERVICES BY REGIONAL RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX Continued (Percent of population) Southern Highlands Momase Islands National Metro Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Female-headed household 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Flush Toilet 17.8 81.5 22.6 57.3 5.5 56.9 0.2 24.8 0.6 64.3 Ventilated improved pit latrine 3.8 0.6 0.0 0.6 9.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.4 0.0 Pit Latrine with slab 11.9 2.3 29.0 9.0 8.2 4.6 7.2 7.3 27.6 25.9 Pit Latrine without slab 53.3 4.2 24.7 30.4 73.9 37.2 72.2 63.4 40.6 0.6 Closet over sea or water 3.0 10.3 17.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 3.5 0.6 0.0 Bowl/bucket 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 No Toilet 8.2 1.1 6.6 1.6 3.0 1.4 12.9 1.0 22.8 9.2 Other 2.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.1 0.0 7.0 0.0 2.4 0.0 Source of light in the dwelling All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Electricity from grid 16.7 79.7 10.7 56.7 7.6 67.7 2.6 35.0 5.5 75.3 Private generated electricity 2.8 1.3 5.1 8.3 2.6 4.7 1.5 4.6 2.8 6.2 Coleman (Kerosene/Pressure lanterns) 5.1 3.6 10.8 7.0 3.6 1.2 4.1 9.0 5.4 1.0 Kerosene/Spirit lamp 45.1 8.4 59.4 20.5 52.9 15.9 40.3 37.1 59.5 11.9 Improvised Lamp 5.7 0.5 4.5 3.0 3.5 0.1 8.8 6.0 11.6 0.2 Candles/Battery flashlights 10.5 5.8 4.8 3.0 8.6 9.9 18.9 7.4 9.7 4.2 Other 14.2 0.7 4.7 1.5 21.2 0.6 23.8 0.9 5.6 1.2 Male-headed household 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Electricity from grid 16.2 78.0 10.5 60.0 7.3 66.2 2.8 36.0 5.4 76.2 Private generated electricity 2.7 1.3 4.6 8.0 2.3 4.1 1.7 4.7 2.7 6.7 Coleman (Kerosene/Pressure lanterns) 5.1 4.1 10.8 7.0 3.7 1.3 4.0 7.4 4.5 1.1 Kerosene/Spirit lamp 45.7 8.9 59.9 19.7 54.2 16.3 39.5 38.2 60.9 10.5 Improvised Lamp 5.6 0.6 4.7 2.0 3.7 0.1 8.6 5.5 11.3 0.2 Candles/Battery flashlights 10.6 6.3 5.0 1.6 8.0 11.3 19.6 7.3 9.7 4.1 Other 14.2 0.8 4.5 1.7 20.9 0.7 23.9 1.0 5.6 1.3 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 67 3. DWELLING TABLE 3.4 ACCESS TO DWELLING RELATED SERVICES BY REGIONAL RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX Continued (Percent of population) Southern Highlands Momase Islands National Metro Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Female-headed household 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Electricity from grid 20.8 91.3 14.8 37.7 10.4 76.0 0.5 29.0 5.9 63.0 Private generated electricity 4.1 1.0 13.3 10.3 5.2 8.3 0.0 4.0 4.0 0.0 Coleman (Kerosene/Pressure lanterns) 5.8 0.0 9.7 6.9 3.2 0.0 5.0 18.5 12.4 0.0 Kerosene/Spirit lamp 39.4 5.1 51.4 24.9 41.9 13.9 48.8 30.8 49.3 31.6 Improvised Lamp 5.7 0.0 0.5 8.5 1.6 0.0 11.2 9.4 13.5 0.0 Candles/Battery flashlights 9.5 2.6 1.8 11.2 13.8 1.9 11.1 8.2 9.3 5.4 Other 14.7 0.0 8.6 0.6 23.9 0.0 23.5 0.0 5.6 0.0 Fuel most often use for cooking All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Gas 4.2 25.1 2.5 9.0 0.8 18.1 1.2 5.4 0.1 22.4 Electricity 4.1 24.0 1.2 26.3 1.0 13.7 0.8 10.1 0.8 10.3 Firewood 87.5 38.9 91.6 58.2 94.8 62.2 95.5 76.6 96.6 58.9 Kerosene 3.8 11.3 4.4 6.0 3.1 5.5 1.3 7.0 2.4 8.4 Saw dust 0.1 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Charcoal 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Male-headed household 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Gas 3.8 23.2 2.1 9.2 0.7 17.6 1.4 5.4 0.1 22.2 Electricity 4.0 24.0 1.0 27.3 1.1 13.7 0.9 11.0 0.8 10.3 Firewood 87.7 40.5 92.3 56.6 94.6 62.4 95.1 75.1 96.4 59.3 Kerosene 3.9 11.5 4.4 6.4 3.3 6.3 1.5 7.4 2.7 8.3 Saw dust 0.1 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 Charcoal 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.5 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 68 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 3. DWELLING TABLE 3.4 ACCESS TO DWELLING RELATED SERVICES BY REGIONAL RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX Continued (Percent of population) Southern Highlands Momase Islands National Metro Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Female-headed household 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Gas 7.1 38.1 9.7 7.8 2.3 21.1 0.0 5.0 0.0 25.0 Electricity 4.5 24.0 4.6 20.8 0.0 11.9 0.0 5.0 1.1 10.9 Firewood 85.8 28.2 80.6 67.7 96.6 62.2 99.2 85.4 98.7 54.0 Kerosene 2.3 9.7 5.1 3.7 1.1 0.7 0.0 4.6 0.3 10.0 Saw dust 0.1 0.0 0 0.0 0 4.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 Charcoal 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other 0.2 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.8 0 0.0 0 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 69 3. DWELLING TABLE 3.5 OWNERSHIP DWELLING AND LAND BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY REGIONS, AND BY SEX (Percent of population) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands Owns dwelling All 87.7 93.0 61.4 67.2 80.9 91.3 95.0 84.7 Male-headed households 87.9 93.3 60.1 66.5 81.9 91.3 95.3 84.2 Female-headed households 85.9 90.3 70.2 72.2 66.9 91.0 91.6 88.1 Status of land dwelling is built on All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Traditional 55.2 59.7 21.3 16.4 70.6 49.9 59.8 60.0 Government 6.9 1.3 48.1 54.5 3.5 3.2 3.9 2.3 Church 0.5 0.5 1.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Private land owned by family 35.6 37.2 24.3 26.4 24.3 44.4 34.3 34.0 Land in dispute 0.2 0.0 1.4 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.3 Other 1.7 1.3 4.0 2.51 0.38 1.51 1.53 3.42 Male-headed household 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Traditional 55.8 60.1 21.9 17.1 71.2 50.2 60.6 59.4 Government 6.3 1.0 48.3 55.2 3.0 2.5 3.4 2.4 Church 0.5 0.5 1.0 0.0 1.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 Private land owned by family 35.5 36.9 23.9 25.3 24.2 44.5 34.2 34.0 Land in dispute 0.2 0.0 1.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.3 Other 1.7 1.5 3.7 2.26 0.41 1.69 1.49 3.89 Female-headed household 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Traditional 49.1 56.0 17.6 12.5 60.1 47.7 51.8 64.0 Government 11.9 4.2 47.5 50.5 11.6 8.6 8.9 1.8 Church 0.4 0.3 1.0 0.0 1.7 0.8 0.0 0.0 Private land owned by family 37.1 39.5 26.1 32.9 26.6 42.9 35.9 34.2 Land in dispute 0.5 0.0 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 Other 1.0 0.0 5.4 4.08 0.0 0.0 1.89 0.0 70 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey S EC TI ON 4. O WNE RSHIP O F DURA B LE H OUS EHO LD G O ODS This section provides information on a variety of durable goods owned by the population. Durable goods are restricted to those intended for household consumption, and not for business or production purposes. These consumer durables are expected to yield services and utility to the household over a number of years. The durable goods covered by the survey mostly consist of household appliances such as stoves, refrigerators, microwave oven, washing machines, fans, television, audio and video equipment, camera radio, personal computer and mobile phones. They also include transportation and automotive equipment such as bicycle, motorcycle, car/truck/bus, and boats. 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 71 4. OWNERSHIP OF HOUSEHOLD GOODS TABLE 4.1 OWNERSHIP OF DURABLE GOODS BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY REGIONS, AND BY SEX (Percent of population) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands All Stove 10.6 4.5 48.0 60.5 9.3 6.2 6.8 5.8 Refrigerator 8.8 2.7 46.1 57.6 7.6 3.4 4.5 8.6 Microwave oven 1.4 0.4 8.0 11.3 2.0 0.5 0.3 0.4 Washing machine 3.6 0.7 21.6 29.4 2.7 1.4 1.6 1.8 Fan (ceiling/portable) 6.0 1.2 35.4 48.1 4.8 0.5 2.9 6.6 Television 15.1 8.0 58.5 67.0 13.0 9.3 8.7 19.5 Cassette/CD Players 22.2 17.7 50.2 54.4 26.5 12.4 19.4 33.1 VCR 4.2 2.5 14.6 16.2 6.2 2.4 2.9 3.1 Camera 8.2 4.8 29.1 35.0 7.6 5.3 6.5 6.4 Radio 22.0 19.7 35.9 37.3 20.6 22.5 18.8 20.6 Personal computer 4.8 1.4 25.6 31.5 3.4 2.5 2.9 2.6 Mobile phone 49.1 42.5 89.2 91.6 44.2 50.6 37.6 52.3 Bicycle 5.9 4.1 16.5 17.3 4.9 2.3 7.8 6.8 Motorcycle 0.4 0.2 1.6 2.1 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.2 Car/truck/bus 3.7 1.8 15.4 22.7 1.8 2.1 2.3 3.4 Boat or dinghy 2.5 2.2 3.9 3.9 10.4 0.0 1.0 2.5 Male-headed households Stove 10.2 4.3 46.8 58.3 8.3 6.0 7.0 5.6 Refrigerator 8.4 2.5 45.6 56.4 6.7 3.2 4.4 8.5 Microwave oven 1.3 0.3 7.6 10.4 1.7 0.6 0.3 0.5 Washing machine 3.5 0.6 21.4 28.6 2.5 1.1 1.7 1.9 Fan (ceiling/portable) 5.6 0.9 35.2 47.2 4.0 0.3 2.7 6.6 Television 14.6 7.7 58.3 66.1 11.6 9.1 8.1 20.2 Cassette/CD Players 22.5 18.1 50.5 54.0 26.1 12.9 19.3 35.0 VCR 4.2 2.5 14.6 15.7 5.8 2.5 3.2 3.2 Camera 7.7 4.5 28.0 33.6 6.7 4.8 6.5 6.0 Radio 22.4 20.2 35.8 37.0 20.5 22.7 19.7 21.6 Personal computer 4.6 1.3 25.3 30.3 3.3 2.4 2.9 2.6 Mobile phone 49.1 42.7 89.3 91.4 44.6 50.9 36.8 53.4 Bicycle 5.9 4.3 16.4 16.9 4.7 2.2 8.3 7.0 Motorcycle 0.4 0.2 1.6 2.0 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.2 Car/truck/bus 3.9 1.9 16.1 23.0 1.6 2.3 2.5 3.9 Boat or dinghy 2.6 2.4 3.9 3.7 10.7 0.0 1.1 2.9 72 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 4. OWNERSHIP OF HOUSEHOLD GOODS TABLE 4.1 OWNERSHIP OF DURABLE GOODS BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY REGIONS, AND BY SEX Continued (Percent of population) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands Female-headed households Stove 13.5 5.3 55.0 74.9 19.2 7.9 5.1 7.0 Refrigerator 11.4 4.0 48.9 65.6 16.5 4.4 5.1 8.8 Microwave oven 2.1 0.5 10.4 17.1 5.0 0.3 0.3 0.2 Washing machine 4.9 1.3 23.1 34.5 4.7 3.4 0.9 1.1 Fan (ceiling/portable) 8.6 3.0 36.7 54.5 12.3 1.8 4.4 6.8 Television 18.5 10.4 59.6 73.3 26.6 10.7 12.8 14.4 Cassette/CD Players 20.1 14.5 48.7 57.0 31.3 8.5 20.3 20.6 VCR 4.4 2.4 14.6 19.8 9.6 2.4 1.4 2.8 Camera 11.8 7.1 35.5 44.2 16.4 9.0 6.5 8.6 Radio 18.9 15.5 35.9 39.3 21.7 20.8 12.2 14.2 Personal computer 6.1 1.7 28.0 39.5 4.9 3.0 3.2 3.0 Mobile phone 49.1 41.4 88.4 92.5 40.7 48.3 44.0 45.3 Bicycle 5.4 3.1 17.1 20.1 6.1 3.4 3.6 5.4 Motorcycle 0.2 0.0 1.5 2.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 Car/truck/bus 2.4 0.7 11.1 20.2 3.2 0.6 1.0 0.0 Boat or dinghy 1.3 0.8 3.9 5.1 7.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 73 4. OWNERSHIP OF HOUSEHOLD GOODS TABLE 4.2 OWNERSHIP OF DURABLE GOODS BY REGIONAL RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX (Percent of population) Southern Highlands Momase Islands National Metro Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban All Stove 10.6 60.5 6.8 34.3 4.8 33.8 4.0 32.2 1.7 48.9 Refrigerator 8.8 57.6 4.7 35.7 2.0 30.3 1.9 27.9 3.9 57.2 Microwave oven 1.4 11.3 1.3 9.0 0.3 4.2 0.0 2.7 0.0 5.1 Washing machine 3.6 29.4 1.0 18.8 0.7 13.9 0.7 10.2 0.3 17.0 Fan (ceiling/portable) 6.0 48.1 2.5 27.3 0.1 8.0 0.9 20.6 3.0 45.1 Television 15.1 67.0 8.5 58.1 6.9 55.3 6.0 33.7 14.5 71.4 Cassette/CD Players 22.2 54.4 23.8 53.3 10.9 40.6 17.3 39.1 30.3 62.5 VCR 4.2 16.2 4.8 19.4 1.8 15.9 2.5 7.4 2.1 13.7 Camera 8.2 35.0 5.8 25.6 4.1 28.0 5.2 18.2 4.6 25.2 Radio 22.0 37.3 19.5 32.3 21.4 43.5 17.9 27.3 18.7 40.4 Personal computer 4.8 31.5 1.7 20.3 1.2 27.7 1.9 12.4 0.4 25.5 Mobile phone 49.1 91.6 40.5 81.4 48.6 88.9 32.2 87.8 48.9 88.1 Bicycle 5.9 17.3 4.0 13.7 1.7 13.6 6.8 17.2 5.7 17.7 Motorcycle 0.4 2.1 0.1 0.6 0.3 2.8 0.2 0.0 0.0 2.0 Car/truck/bus 3.7 22.7 1.4 6.0 1.5 14.3 2.0 4.7 2.7 10.5 Boat or dinghy 2.5 3.9 10.4 10.5 0.0 0.0 0.9 2.2 2.2 5.9 74 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 4. OWNERSHIP OF HOUSEHOLD GOODS TABLE 4.2 OWNERSHIP OF DURABLE GOODS BY REGIONAL RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX Continued (Percent of population) Southern Highlands Momase Islands National Metro Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Male-headed households Stove 10.2 58.3 6.0 32.9 4.7 33.2 4.4 32.0 1.3 48.3 Refrigerator 8.4 56.4 4.1 34.2 2.0 29.2 1.8 28.3 3.6 57.9 Microwave oven 1.3 10.4 1.0 9.1 0.4 4.0 0.0 2.8 0.0 5.3 Washing machine 3.5 28.6 0.9 19.5 0.5 13.1 0.7 10.7 0.4 16.9 Fan (ceiling/portable) 5.6 47.2 1.9 27.0 0.0 7.5 0.7 20.8 2.7 45.6 Television 14.6 66.1 7.2 60.1 6.9 54.6 5.6 32.6 14.9 73.6 Cassette/CD Players 22.5 54.0 23.4 54.6 11.5 41.9 17.3 38.5 32.0 64.4 VCR 4.2 15.7 4.3 21.8 1.9 14.5 2.6 8.1 2.1 14.3 Camera 7.7 33.6 4.9 25.9 3.7 26.5 5.4 16.7 4.0 25.8 Radio 22.4 37.0 19.4 32.9 21.8 41.3 18.7 29.2 19.8 39.4 Personal computer 4.6 30.3 1.6 21.7 1.2 27.0 1.8 12.8 0.2 25.7 Mobile phone 49.1 91.4 41.2 81.1 49.0 90.2 31.4 87.8 49.9 88.2 Bicycle 5.9 16.9 3.8 14.3 1.6 13.1 7.3 18.1 6.0 16.7 Motorcycle 0.4 2.0 0.1 0.8 0.4 3.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 1.9 Car/truck/bus 3.9 23.0 1.2 6.5 1.7 15.5 2.2 5.5 3.2 11.6 Boat or dinghy 2.6 3.7 10.8 9.9 0.0 0.0 1.0 2.6 2.5 6.5 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 75 4. OWNERSHIP OF HOUSEHOLD GOODS TABLE 4.2 OWNERSHIP OF DURABLE GOODS BY REGIONAL RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX Continued (Percent of population) Southern Highlands Momase Islands National Metro Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Female-headed households Stove 13.5 74.9 14.9 41.2 5.9 35.2 1.1 33.0 4.0 55.7 Refrigerator 11.4 65.6 11.2 43.3 2.3 34.2 2.2 25.4 6.2 50.4 Microwave oven 2.1 17.1 4.3 8.6 0.0 5.1 0.0 2.2 0.0 3.5 Washing machine 4.9 34.5 2.7 15.0 2.3 18.4 0.0 7.3 0.0 18.3 Fan (ceiling/portable) 8.6 54.5 9.0 28.8 1.1 10.7 2.2 19.8 4.7 40.0 Television 18.5 73.3 22.3 48.1 7.3 57.7 8.8 40.2 12.3 48.7 Cassette/CD Players 20.1 57.0 28.2 46.8 6.6 35.2 17.1 42.7 19.2 43.5 VCR 4.4 19.8 10.1 6.9 0.9 23.0 1.1 3.4 2.5 7.8 Camera 11.8 44.2 14.9 24.0 7.1 36.2 3.6 26.8 8.0 18.3 Radio 18.9 39.3 20.2 29.2 18.5 53.1 11.6 16.5 12.0 50.4 Personal computer 6.1 39.5 3.2 13.3 0.9 32.1 2.2 9.8 1.8 22.6 Mobile phone 49.1 92.5 32.4 82.4 45.9 82.1 37.8 87.4 42.8 87.0 Bicycle 5.4 20.1 5.3 10.3 2.5 16.3 2.5 11.7 4.0 28.7 Motorcycle 0.2 2.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.5 Car/truck/bus 2.4 20.2 3.2 3.4 0.0 8.7 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Boat or dinghy 1.3 5.1 6.4 13.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 76 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey S EC TI ON 5. HEA LTH This section reports on the current status of both the population’s health and aspects of the coverage and performance of the health system in the country. It presents tabulations on a wide range of indicators and outcomes including: the use of mosquito nets as a means of preventing malaria, self-reported incidence of malaria, self-reported morbidity rates (the proportion of the population reporting health complaints in the last 30 days), visits to a health care facility in the last month and purchases of medicines without prescription, hospitalizations in the last year, and self reported consumption of betelnuts, tobacco, and alcohol. Self-reported incidence of disability (unable to provide self-care as washing or dressing) is also provided. It also reports prevalence of undernourishment among children 5 years old or younger. This is done by comparing children’s weight and height with the average of weight and height of well-nourished children 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 77 5.HEALTH of the same age. Following common practice, three anthropometric indices are used to compute prevalence based on weight and height measurements of children and their age. Low values of these indices indicate different aspects of child malnutrition. The three anthropometric indices are: 1. Height-for-age (H/A). This reflects achieved linear growth relative to age (how tall a child is relative to the average among children of that age). Low height-for-age, also called ‘stunting’, is indicative of long-term deficiencies in nutrition and/or poor health, for example poor micronutrient consumption and/or an inability to absorb micronutrients for health reasons. 2. Weight-for-age (W/A). Low weight-for-age, or being underweight, is an indicator of body mass relative to age, and is influenced by both sets of factors determining weight-for-height and height-for- age. 3. Weight-for-height (W/H). Low weight for height (ie, being excessively thin relative to height), also called ‘wasting’ is indicative of weight loss or insufficient weight gain relative to height, and may be the consequence of severe food deprivation or severe disease (in particular diarrhoea), but it can also be due to chronic conditions. These anthropometric indices are calculated, first, by comparing the age, sex, weight and height of each child with those of a reference population set by the World Health Organization. The reference population – the group against with those being surveyed are compared – is the distribution of height and weight for children of given ages and sex in a well-nourished population, with the well-nourished population defined with reference to many different countries, including some with population and economic characteristics and cultural practices similar to Papua New Guinea. Indices are calculated separately for each of the H/A, W/H and W/A indicator. These are expressed as z-scores, which are defined as the difference between the value of the indicator for an individual child from the median value for the reference population (for the corresponding gender and age), divided by the standard deviation for the reference population (for the corresponding gender and age). തതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതത à¢?࢔ࢊà¢?ࢉࢇ࢚࢕࢘à¢? − ଙ࢔ࢊଙࢉࢇ࢚࢕࢘ ࡾࡱࡲ ࢠ= ‫ܜܛ‬. ‫) ࡲࡱࡾ࢘࢕࢚ࢇࢉà¢?ࢊ࢔à¢?(ÜžÜ?܌‬ Where: indicatori is the value of the indicator for child i. തതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതത ଙ࢔ࢊଙࢉࢇ࢚࢕࢘ ࡾࡱࡲ is the median value of the indicator in the reference population REF st.dev is the standard deviation. Children who are more than two standard deviations below the reference population (z-score <-2) are considered undernourished (stunted, underweight or wasted), while those more than three standard deviations below the reference population (z-score <-3) are considered severely undernourished (severely stunted, severely wasted or severely underweight). The tabulations report the prevalence of child malnutrition in terms of the percentage of children 5 years of age or younger who are either undernourished or severely undernourished. 78 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 5.HEALTH TABLE 5.1 USE OF MOSQUITO NETS BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY REGIONS, AND BY AGE GROUPS (Percent of population in age group) Age (years) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands All 48.3 49.9 39.0 25.1 60.6 36.5 72.0 29.7 Below 5 57.3 58.5 49.2 33.1 68.8 42.7 80.4 38.9 5-9 50.5 51.7 42.0 27.1 59.2 38.1 74.3 31.5 10-14 47.8 49.4 37.3 22.3 61.6 35.1 72.1 24.7 15-19 42.5 44.7 30.9 18.1 54.6 32.5 67.5 21.3 20-24 47.9 51.1 33.5 20.7 63.4 40.6 70.1 24.2 25-29 46.9 48.5 37.7 24.6 60.0 36.8 69.6 33.0 30-34 51.9 53.1 45.0 28.9 62.1 39.5 74.9 37.5 35-39 48.8 50.3 40.5 26.8 60.5 35.7 72.7 34.3 40-44 43.0 44.8 32.9 21.2 58.0 29.2 65.4 30.6 45-49 44.6 45.8 37.7 27.0 56.5 33.9 69.1 30.8 50+ 42.8 43.3 39.1 27.1 54.5 33.2 65.2 24.4 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 79 5.HEALTH TABLE 5.2 INCIDENCE OF MALARIA BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY REGIONS, AND BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS (Percent of population in age group) Age (years) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands All 17.7 17.0 23.2 22.2 19.7 10.6 18.7 27.1 0-5 15.3 15.9 11.8 12.4 16.9 8.5 15.7 20.3 5-9 15.1 15.3 13.9 15.1 16.6 8.4 19.6 13.0 10-14 12.3 12.2 12.7 12.4 16.1 7.6 10.1 16.2 15-19 9.7 9.5 11.1 11.4 6.9 12.2 8.2 11.6 20-24 6.6 6.4 7.7 8.8 7.1 7.3 6.5 5.1 25-29 7.7 7.9 6.8 4.5 6.3 14.2 7.3 5.1 30-34 7.9 7.9 8.0 11.0 5.1 13.9 7.1 5.5 35-39 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.4 9.0 6.4 4.0 6.6 40-44 4.1 4.1 4.5 4.5 5.4 5.5 3.0 3.4 45-49 4.8 4.8 5.3 4.6 2.9 2.8 7.3 4.7 50-54 4.0 3.9 4.8 3.8 2.4 5.7 4.5 3.4 55-59 1.9 1.6 3.4 3.1 2.1 1.8 1.6 1.7 60-64 1.7 1.6 2.3 1.1 0.4 2.9 1.8 1.6 65 + 2.7 2.8 1.6 0.8 2.9 2.8 3.4 1.8 Male 17.9 17.2 23.8 22.8 19.4 11.2 18.5 27.6 0-5 14.4 15.0 11.4 11.2 15.9 10.8 13.1 19.1 5-9 14.0 14.2 12.8 14.1 14.8 7.0 21.1 9.9 10-14 13.9 13.9 14.0 14.1 19.9 10.8 10.8 16.0 15-19 9.6 9.7 9.0 10.5 5.2 12.8 8.0 12.3 20-24 7.1 7.1 7.6 9.7 4.3 10.5 6.9 6.1 25-29 7.6 7.7 6.6 3.8 5.8 18.0 5.1 4.4 30-34 8.6 8.9 7.4 9.7 5.8 8.7 13.3 4.4 35-39 5.5 5.3 6.3 6.7 11.1 3.5 1.7 7.4 40-44 3.8 3.7 4.9 4.4 6.7 3.5 2.1 4.1 45-49 6.0 5.8 6.8 6.0 4.3 3.5 8.7 5.8 50-54 4.9 4.8 4.9 3.8 4.3 5.5 4.8 5.1 55-59 0.8 0.3 3.5 3.9 0.0 0.0 0.7 1.1 60-64 1.9 1.8 2.7 1.5 0.2 3.8 2.5 1.1 65 + 1.9 1.9 2.2 0.8 1.9 1.8 1.2 3.3 80 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 5.HEALTH TABLE 5.2 INCIDENCE OF MALARIA BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY REGIONS, AND BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS Continued (Percent of population in age group) Age (years) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands Female 17.7 17.1 22.1 21.7 20.0 10.1 19.4 26.7 0-5 16.3 16.9 12.2 13.7 17.9 6.1 18.0 21.6 5-9 16.2 16.4 15.1 16.1 18.3 10.0 18.3 16.4 10-14 10.6 10.4 11.3 10.6 12.2 4.2 9.4 16.4 15-19 9.8 9.2 13.5 12.4 8.7 11.6 8.4 10.8 20-24 6.1 5.8 7.9 7.8 10.0 3.9 6.1 4.0 25-29 7.9 8.1 7.0 5.3 6.8 10.0 9.3 5.8 30-34 7.2 7.0 8.6 12.3 4.4 19.6 1.4 6.8 35-39 6.9 7.0 6.1 6.2 6.8 9.7 6.2 5.8 40-44 4.4 4.5 4.0 4.7 4.2 7.7 3.8 2.7 45-49 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.1 1.5 1.9 6.0 3.5 50-54 3.2 2.9 4.6 3.9 0.4 5.8 4.2 1.4 55-59 3.0 2.9 3.3 2.3 4.2 3.9 2.4 2.4 60-64 1.4 1.3 1.9 0.8 0.6 1.9 1.1 2.2 65 + 3.4 3.8 1.0 0.8 3.9 3.9 5.5 0.2 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 81 5.HEALTH TABLE 5.3 POPULATION REPORTING HEALTH COMPLAINTS IN THE LAST MONTH BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY REGIONS (Percent of population) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands Morbidity rate* (% of population) 29.7 30.7 23.2 22.9 31.9 26.2 33.5 32.1 Percent reporting that health problem disrupted 20.0 21.0 13.9 13.3 22.4 16.8 23.8 21.6 daily activities Average number of days of missed work 4.4 4.6 3.6 3.5 3.7 4.9 4.8 3.7 Percent reporting health problem who sought 54.8 54.7 55.4 54.7 61.6 54.8 54.1 48.2 treatment Reasons given for not seeking treatment among those that reported health problems (%) Not serious enough 25.7 25.1 30.6 32.8 28.3 32.9 15.0 23.2 Treated at home 38.2 35.6 59.9 60.1 37.2 26.6 37.6 57.0 Health facility too far 17.5 19.6 0.4 0.4 17.4 20.1 22.3 13.4 No transport 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.8 1.9 0.3 0.2 1.6 Health care too expensive 6.1 6.5 2.9 0.9 2.3 9.8 6.6 2.1 Transport too expensive 1.2 1.3 0.3 0.3 3.4 1.1 1.0 0.0 Health workers unfriendly 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.9 0.0 Health workers not present 5.3 5.9 0.2 0.3 4.3 2.8 12.5 0.3 Health care not good quality 0.9 0.9 1.3 0.6 0.2 1.9 0.4 0.8 Other 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.8 4.6 4.5 3.5 1.7 *Notes: Morbidity is defined as the rate of incidence of a disease TABLE 5.4 INCIDENCE OF DIARRHOEA AMONG CHILDREN UNDER 6 YEARS BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY REGIONS, AND BY SEX (Percent of population) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands All 13.3 13.6 8.4 9.3 11.1 21.9 12.3 4.7 Male 16.5 17.0 12.6 12.5 10.1 25.6 16.9 7.5 Female 9.6 9.7 8.9 5.8 12.1 16.5 8.1 1.4 82 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 5. HEALTH TABLE 5.5 USE OF HEALTH CARE FACILITY IN THE LAST MONTH, BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY REGIONS (Percent of population) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands Percent visiting health care 15.4 16.0 11.7 11.0 18.6 13.6 17.0 15.3 facility in the last month Type of facility visited (%) Govt hospital/clinic 27.6 24.5 51.9 44.0 13.7 34.2 24.9 30.6 Govt health centre 20.1 21.3 10.7 11.1 26.6 16.5 19.9 23.6 Govt aid post 18.1 20.1 2.1 0.4 12.6 11.9 30.2 17.7 Mobile Clinic 0.7 0.9 0.5 0.8 0.2 0.2 1.9 1.1 Community health worker 0.9 1.0 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.3 1.9 0.9 Church hospital 2.0 2.0 1.6 1.1 0.6 2.7 1.6 3.1 Church health centre 16.3 17.6 5.7 5.0 23.4 21.8 10.0 13.4 Church aid post 5.5 5.8 2.4 2.8 11.4 5.2 4.5 1.3 Private hospital 1.5 0.4 10.7 19.2 1.1 0.5 0.5 0.0 Chemist/Drug store 0.8 0.6 2.8 4.0 0.2 0.9 0.9 0.1 Public health post 0.7 0.8 0.3 0.6 2.7 0.0 0.5 0.3 Private Clinic/NGO 4.3 3.7 9.0 9.9 6.2 3.9 1.9 5.9 Traditional Practitioner 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.1 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.3 Other 0.9 0.9 1.4 1.0 0.7 1.3 0.4 1.7 Purpose of the visit (%) Immunization 2.6 2.3 4.6 4.8 3.6 2.3 2.2 2.2 Medical check-up 13.4 13.1 15.0 15.5 5.4 20.4 12.7 10.5 Consultation 11.1 10.8 13.9 16.7 16.9 13.5 6.8 3.9 Medication 38.5 39.2 35.4 31.8 23.1 34.8 47.2 39.6 Injections for illness 2.8 2.8 3.3 1.7 2.5 2.5 3.9 2.2 Testing 0.8 0.9 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.9 1.2 0.0 Treatment for injuries 1.5 1.4 2.3 1.9 1.7 1.7 0.6 2.7 Treatment for illness 25.9 26.4 20.2 22.4 43.3 22.2 20.6 35.5 Prenatal care 0.5 0.4 0.8 1.4 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.4 Delivery of baby 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.4 Post natal care 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.0 Counseling 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Family planning visit 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.3 Other 1.7 1.6 2.8 1.9 1.5 0.1 3.7 2.2 Means of transportation used (%) Walking 70.4 74.0 43.6 26.7 85.0 63.9 80.4 60.1 Car 25.0 21.6 51.6 67.4 6.4 34.6 14.2 36.6 Boat, canoe 1.5 1.6 0.0 0.0 2.1 0.0 2.7 1.3 Other 3.1 2.9 4.8 5.9 6.5 1.5 2.7 2.0 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 83 5.HEALTH TABLE 5.6 MEDICINE PURCHASES WITHOUT PRESCRIPTION BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY REGIONS, AND BY SEX (Percent of population) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands All Percent that purchased medicines without prescription 7.2 6.6 10.9 12.8 4.8 4.7 7.0 13.9 Type of medicine purchased (%) Antibiotics 28.5 29.0 26.8 28.8 21.6 31.9 31.6 24.7 Anti-malaria 22.5 23.4 19.3 15.2 20.8 16.8 25.0 29.3 Pain killer 33.6 33.2 34.8 39.1 48.2 35.3 26.4 31.1 Other modern 13.5 12.8 16.2 16.0 9.2 11.6 15.0 14.2 Traditional 1.3 1.0 2.3 0.6 0.3 2.8 1.2 0.7 Other 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.0 1.6 0.8 0.0 Male Percent that purchased medicines without prescription 7.6 7.1 10.7 12.2 5.4 5.3 7.5 14.4 Type of medicine purchased (%) Antibiotics 28.4 28.2 29.5 30.3 23.7 30.6 32.7 23.1 Anti-malaria 22.6 23.9 17.2 13.4 20.1 17.4 23.9 31.6 Pain killer 33.5 33.1 35.0 41.2 47.4 39.0 24.3 28.2 Other modern 13.7 13.2 15.8 14.3 8.7 8.5 17.8 16.5 Traditional 1.2 1.0 2.0 0.6 0.2 2.6 1.2 0.6 Other 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.0 1.9 0.2 0.0 Female Percent that purchased medicines without prescription 6.7 5.9 11.1 13.5 4.0 4.0 6.5 13.4 Type of medicine purchased (%) Antibiotics 28.5 29.8 24.4 27.7 18.4 34.2 30.8 25.6 Anti-malaria 22.7 23.0 21.6 17.2 21.9 16.2 26.4 27.1 Pain killer 33.6 33.4 34.2 36.8 49.5 29.3 29.0 34.8 Other modern 13.2 12.2 16.5 17.4 9.9 16.0 11.3 11.8 Traditional 1.4 1.0 2.7 0.6 0.3 3.0 1.3 0.8 Other 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.3 0.0 1.3 1.3 0.0 84 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 5. HEALTH TABLE 5.7 MEDICINE PURCHASES WITHOUT PRESCRIPTION BY REGIONAL RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX (Percent of population) Southern Highlands Momase Islands National Metro Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban All Percent that purchased medicines without prescription 7.2 12.8 4.6 6.8 4.6 6.8 6.6 10.7 14.2 11.1 Type of medicine purchased (%) Antibiotics 28.5 28.8 21.8 20.0 32.2 28.4 33.5 21.2 24.4 29.4 Anti-malaria 22.5 15.2 20.8 21.1 17.5 7.4 23.4 33.5 29.6 24.5 Pain killer 33.6 39.1 51.5 26.3 35.7 30.9 26.3 26.9 31.0 32.9 Other modern 13.5 16.0 5.9 30.5 11.1 17.3 15.3 13.5 14.3 12.6 Traditional 1.3 0.6 0.0 2.1 1.8 16.1 1.0 2.7 0.7 0.7 Other 0.6 0.3 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.5 2.3 0.0 0.0 Male Percent that purchased medicines without prescription 7.6 12.2 5.3 6.6 5.2 7.3 28.7 10.7 29.4 11.6 Type of medicine purchased (%) Antibiotics 28.4 57.8 10.7 3.9 31.4 11.0 34.3 18.5 23.6 8.8 Anti-malaria 22.6 43.8 10.9 4.5 22.2 4.4 27.6 33.5 39.3 13.7 Pain killer 33.5 66.3 18.8 4.4 35.7 6.0 20.7 15.2 24.8 8.1 Other modern 13.7 51.1 4.6 15.5 17.9 8.4 40.4 16.8 37.1 8.2 Traditional 1.2 17.3 0.0 6.4 56.8 47.1 24.4 29.2 18.8 0.0 Other 0.6 36.4 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 63.6 0.0 0.0 Female Percent that purchased medicines without prescription 6.7 13.5 3.7 6.9 3.9 6.3 6.1 10.7 13.7 10.5 Type of medicine purchased (%) Antibiotics 28.5 68.1 6.0 5.5 31.7 4.9 33.8 11.4 28.6 10.1 Anti-malaria 22.7 47.4 8.9 8.7 19.7 1.8 31.1 33.5 40.3 8.5 Pain killer 33.6 64.4 16.1 5.1 22.6 8.1 26.2 14.4 35.2 7.9 Other modern 13.2 63.2 6.3 8.2 34.1 8.4 26.7 14.9 32.9 5.2 Traditional 1.4 13.6 0.0 5.0 39.6 59.5 34.1 17.3 26.3 4.6 Other 0.7 27.7 0.0 0.0 53.8 0.0 46.3 72.4 0.0 0.0 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 85 5.HEALTH TABLE 5.8 PAYMENT FOR MEDICINES IN THE LAST MONTH BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY REGIONS, AND BY SEX (Kina per person) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands All 15.6 13.5 23.4 24.8 11.6 20.6 16.0 8.1 Male 14.0 12.2 21.4 24.5 10.8 17.8 13.5 7.6 Female 14.9 11.8 25.2 25.1 12.7 24.6 8.8 8.7 TABLE 5.9 PAYMENT FOR MEDICINES IN THE LAST MONTH BY REGIONAL RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX (Kina per person) Southern Highlands Momase Islands National Metro Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban All 15.6 24.8 10.5 18.7 20.2 25.1 15.0 21.6 7.3 20.1 Male 14.0 24.5 10.1 16.7 18.0 15.0 12.8 18.0 6.8 18.1 Female 14.9 25.1 11.2 20.5 23.5 37.1 6.1 23.5 7.7 22.3 TABLE 5.10 POPULATION HOSPITALIZED IN THE LAST 12 MONTHS BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY REGIONS National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.4 4.3 3.4 2.5 6.0 Percentage of population hospitalized at least once Percentage of population hospitalized in a public 73.2 71.0 86.5 82.0 70.2 76.0 71.8 70.1 hospital Average number of days spent in the hospital 10.6 10.8 8.8 9.0 9.9 10.6 12.4 9.8 Average cost of hospitalization per stay (Kina) 135.6 95.9 378.3 604.0 66.9 141.3 119.0 60.5 Means of transportation (%) Walking 29.9 32.5 14.5 2.3 36.3 25.8 34.3 35.3 Car 54.7 51.7 73.1 85.9 32.2 70.0 47.7 47.0 Boat, canoe 6.6 7.6 0.6 0.6 16.3 0.0 7.9 9.4 Other 8.8 8.3 11.8 11.3 15.3 4.3 10.1 8.3 86 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 5. HEALTH TABLE 5.11 POPULATION HOSPITALIZED IN THE LAST 12 MONTHS BY REGIONAL RURAL AND URBAN AREAS Southern Highlands Momase Islands National Metro Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban 3.6 3.4 4.4 3.8 3.4 3.5 2.4 3.8 6.1 4.49 Percentage of population hospitalized at least once Percentage of population hospitalized in a public 73.2 82.0 68.0 94.4 75.2 90.5 68.4 91.2 69.1 84.48 hospital Average number of days spent in the hospital 10.6 9.0 10.2 6.5 10.8 6.8 13.0 9.1 9.7 11.5 Average cost of hospitalization per stay (Kina) 135.6 604.0 64.5 94.5 139.0 184.0 91.5 278.4 58.6 88.3 Means of transportation Walking 29.9 2.3 35.1 50.0 25.6 28.6 38.2 12.1 36.4 20.7 Car 54.7 85.9 32.0 35.2 70.4 61.9 43.4 72.5 45.5 69.0 Boat, canoe 6.6 0.6 17.5 1.9 0.0 0.0 9.2 0.0 9.9 1.7 Other 8.8 11.3 15.5 13.0 4.0 9.5 9.2 15.4 8.3 8.6 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 87 5.HEALTH TABLE 5.12 CONSUMPTION OF TOBACCO, BETELNUTS AND ALCOHOL BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY REGIONS, AND BY SEX Percent of population) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands All Cigarettes, cigars or pipes Current smokers 26.3 26.9 22.6 21.7 24.1 26.7 28.8 25.0 Former smokers 3.9 4.1 3.2 2.8 3.3 4.3 4.2 3.5 Non-smokers 69.8 69.1 74.2 75.5 72.6 69.0 67.0 71.6 Currently chew betelnut on a daily basis 48.8 48.5 50.4 51.1 59.8 30.3 59.9 63.5 Consumed alcohol beverages in the past month 9.2 7.6 18.5 21.5 8.1 9.1 6.5 9.4 Male Cigarettes, cigars or pipes Current smokers 37.3 38.3 31.8 30.5 38.0 37.3 38.7 37.7 Former smokers 4.3 4.4 3.5 3.2 4.0 4.6 4.0 4.8 Non-smokers 58.4 57.3 64.7 66.3 58.1 58.1 57.3 57.5 Currently chew betelnut on a daily basis 50.7 50.6 51.0 51.3 59.9 36.2 58.1 64.2 Consumed alcohol beverages in the past month 15.8 13.5 29.1 33.0 14.4 15.6 11.3 17.9 Female Cigarettes, cigars or pipes Current smokers 14.5 14.8 12.8 12.2 8.9 15.5 18.4 11.6 Former smokers 3.5 3.7 2.8 2.3 2.5 4.1 4.4 2.2 Non-smokers 81.9 81.5 84.5 85.5 88.6 80.4 77.2 86.2 Currently chew betelnut on a daily basis 46.8 46.3 49.7 50.8 59.6 23.9 61.8 62.8 Consumed alcohol beverages in the past month 2.1 1.3 7.1 9.1 1.1 2.2 1.5 0.6 88 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 5. HEALTH TABLE 5.13 CONSUMPTION OF TOBACCO, BETELNUTS, AND ALCOHOL BY REGIONAL RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX (Percent of population) Southern Highlands Momase Islands National Metro Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban All Cigarettes, cigars or pipes Current smokers 26.3 21.7 24.7 18.7 27.0 20.5 28.8 29.4 25.4 20.6 Former smokers 3.9 2.8 3.3 3.4 4.4 2.8 4.2 4.2 3.5 3.4 Non-smokers 69.8 75.5 72.0 77.9 68.6 76.7 67.0 66.4 71.1 76.0 Currently chew betelnut on a daily basis 48.8 51.1 60.8 49.6 30.1 33.9 59.9 59.9 64.8 50.8 Consumed alcohol beverages in the past month 9.2 21.5 7.5 13.7 8.7 16.2 5.3 17.6 9.2 12.3 Male Cigarettes, cigars or pipes Current smokers 37.3 30.5 16.8 28.8 40.3 30.0 28.7 38.4 14.2 30.3 Former smokers 4.3 3.2 14.9 4.1 43.7 2.9 25.8 4.1 15.7 4.1 Non-smokers 58.4 66.3 16.5 67.1 41.2 67.2 28.3 57.5 14.0 65.6 Currently chew betelnut on a daily basis 50.7 51.3 60.9 50.0 36.2 37.8 58.0 59.1 65.6 50.9 Consumed alcohol beverages in the past month 15.8 33.0 13.5 23.0 15.1 26.0 9.4 27.2 17.5 22.3 Female Cigarettes, cigars or pipes Current smokers 14.5 12.2 9.6 8.3 43.7 10.8 35.3 19.2 11.4 10.4 Former smokers 3.5 2.3 10.9 2.6 46.1 2.8 34.7 4.2 8.3 2.6 Non-smokers 81.9 85.5 17.2 89.2 40.4 86.5 27.1 76.6 15.3 87.0 Currently chew betelnut on a daily basis 46.8 50.8 60.7 49.1 23.6 29.8 61.9 60.8 64.0 50.7 Consumed alcohol beverages in the past month 2.1 9.1 0.8 4.0 2.0 6.1 0.9 6.6 0.5 1.9 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 89 5.HEALTH TABLE 5.14 PREVALENCE OF STUNTING, UNDERWEIGHT AND WASTING BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY REGIONS, AND BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS (Percent of children aged 5 or younger) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands All Stunted 48.2 50.0 35.3 34.0 41.1 58.0 48.4 39.1 Underweight 27.2 28.3 19.6 20.0 27.2 23.8 30.5 31.2 Wasted 16.2 16.3 16.1 18.7 18.6 10.9 18.6 19.3 Age 0-5.9 months Stunted 33.1 35.4 17.0 14.1 19.2 60.8 23.7 24.8 Underweight 21.2 22.6 12.8 11.1 16.2 20.9 18.1 36.7 Wasted 15.7 26.1 28.5 39.4 37.1 11.9 24.8 34.1 Age 6-23.9 months Stunted 42.7 43.6 36.4 32.8 40.3 46.8 43.8 38.9 Underweight 27.5 29.0 16.6 15.3 30.8 20.4 33.6 30.3 Wasted 36.2 20.6 16.2 19.3 22.6 14.4 23.9 19.8 Age 24-60 months Stunted 53.4 55.5 38.0 38.6 45.4 62.2 55.3 42.2 Underweight 28.1 28.9 22.6 24.8 27.3 25.6 31.0 30.5 Wasted 48.2 12.7 13.9 14.1 13.1 9.4 14.8 16.1 Male Stunted 49.7 51.1 39.1 36.9 42.1 59.2 51.6 36.6 Underweight 28.2 29.0 21.7 21.4 27.8 24.4 33.4 29.4 Wasted 16.5 16.3 17.9 20.2 21.1 12.0 17.1 19.3 Female Stunted 46.6 48.8 31.4 31.1 40.1 56.6 45.1 41.9 Underweight 26.2 27.4 17.3 18.5 26.4 23.0 27.5 33.1 Wasted 16.0 16.3 14.2 17.1 15.8 9.6 20.4 19.4 Note: Children are classified as stunted if Z-scores of height-for-age are less than two standard deviations (SD) below the median of the WHO Child Growth Standards. Children are classified as underweight if Z-scores for weight-for-age are less than two standard deviations (SD) below the median of the WHO Child Growth Standards. Children are classified as wasted if Z-scores of weight-for-height are less than two standard deviations (SD) below the median of the WHO Child Growth Standards. 90 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 5. HEALTH TABLE 5.15 PREVALENCE OF STUNTING, UNDERWEIGHT, AND WASTING, BY REGIONAL RURAL, AND URBAN AREAS, BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS (Percent of children aged 5 or younger) Southern Highlands Momase Islands National Metro Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban All Stunted 48.2 34.0 42.8 23.5 58.1 55.8 49.5 37.3 40.1 26.6 Underweight 27.2 20.0 28.0 18.7 24.2 14.6 31.3 22.0 32.1 19.2 Wasted 16.2 18.7 18.8 16.6 11.0 10.3 19.1 14.2 19.8 13.5 Age 0-5.9 months Stunted 33.1 14.1 19.4 18.2 61.5 45.5 24.5 12.5 25.7 7.7 Underweight 21.2 11.1 15.6 20.8 21.4 8.3 18.4 14.3 37.8 15.4 Wasted 15.7 39.4 38.7 22.7 12.5 - 25.6 15.4 34.3 30.8 Age 6-23.9 months Stunted 42.7 32.8 41.7 21.4 46.2 62.5 43.8 43.0 40.0 25.0 Underweight 27.5 15.3 32.0 14.0 20.5 18.2 34.9 19.4 31.3 17.8 Wasted 36.2 19.3 23.4 11.9 14.2 18.8 25.0 12.9 20.8 8.9 Age24-60 months Stunted 53.4 38.6 47.5 25.2 62.5 54.6 57.0 37.7 43.1 30.2 Underweight 28.1 24.8 28.0 20.0 26.1 14.1 31.7 24.6 31.2 20.5 Wasted 48.2 14.1 12.7 17.1 9.5 8.0 14.8 14.8 16.3 13.3 Male Stunted 49.7 36.9 43.2 29.2 58.9 65.6 52.9 38.3 37.0 31.1 Underweight 28.2 21.4 28.1 23.9 24.6 19.1 34.4 22.9 30.0 21.1 Wasted 16.5 20.2 21.3 19.1 11.97 11.7 17.2 16.0 19.4 17.3 Female Stunted 46.6 31.1 42.4 18.1 57.1 45.8 45.9 36.1 43.4 21.7 Underweight 26.2 18.5 27.8 13.7 23.6 10.0 28.0 20.9 34.3 17.1 Wasted 16.0 17.1 15.9 14.1 9.7 8.8 21.1 12.0 20.1 9.1 Note: Children are classified as stunted if Z-scores of height-for-age are less than two standard deviations (SD) below the median of the WHO Child Growth Standards. Children are classified as underweight if Z-scores for weight-for-age are less than two standard deviations (SD) below the median of the WHO Child Growth Standards. Children are classified as wasted if Z-scores of weight-for-height are less than two standard deviations (SD) below the median of the WHO Child Growth Standards. 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 91 5.HEALTH TABLE 5.16 DISABILITIES BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY REGIONS, AND BY SEX (Percent of population) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands All Difficulty walking or climbing steps/slopes Cannot do at all 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 Yes, a lot of difficulty 2.8 3.1 1.2 1.0 1.4 3.8 3.2 1.5 Yes, some difficulty 6.5 6.9 4.3 3.9 5.9 6.4 8.7 4.5 No, no difficulty 90.2 89.6 94.1 94.8 92.2 89.3 87.6 93.4 Difficulty with self-care such as washing all over or dressing Cannot do at all 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Yes, a lot of difficulty 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.3 Yes, some difficulty 1.2 1.3 0.7 0.4 0.7 1.3 1.6 1.3 No, no difficulty 91.9 91.7 93.5 94.0 92.5 92.0 91.1 91.7 Too young (younger than 4 years) 6.3 6.5 5.5 5.3 6.5 6.2 6.6 6.5 Male Difficulty walking or climbing steps/slopes Cannot do at all 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 Yes, a lot of difficulty 2.4 2.7 0.9 0.8 1.4 3.5 2.5 1.5 Yes, some difficulty 6.2 6.5 3.9 3.1 4.8 6.0 8.7 4.7 No, no difficulty 91.0 90.3 94.7 95.8 93.4 90.1 88.3 94.5 Difficulty with self-care such as washing all over or dressing Cannot do at all 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Yes, a lot of difficulty 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.3 Yes, some difficulty 1.3 1.3 0.8 0.4 0.6 1.3 1.7 1.6 No, no difficulty 91.9 91.7 93.0 93.8 92.2 91.5 91.4 92.3 Too young (younger than 4 years) 6.4 6.5 5.9 5.5 7.0 6.7 6.2 5.7 Female Difficulty walking or climbing steps/slopes Cannot do at all 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.8 Yes, a lot of difficulty 3.2 3.4 1.5 1.2 1.5 4.2 4.0 1.6 Yes, some difficulty 6.9 7.3 4.8 4.7 7.2 6.9 8.7 4.3 No, no difficulty 89.4 88.7 93.4 93.8 90.9 88.4 86.8 93.3 Difficulty with self-care such as washing all over or dressing Cannot do at all 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 - 0.1 0.1 Yes, a lot of difficulty 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.7 0.4 Yes, some difficulty 1.2 1.3 0.6 0.4 0.9 1.3 1.6 1.0 No, no difficulty 92.0 91.7 94.0 94.2 92.9 92.6 90.8 91.0 Too young (younger than 4 years) 6.3 6.5 5.1 5.2 6.0 5.8 6.8 7.5 92 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 5. HEALTH TABLE 5.17 DISABILITIES BY REGIONAL RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX (Percent of population) Southern Highlands Momase Islands National Metro Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban All Difficulty walking or climbing steps/slopes Cannot do at all 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.2 Yes, a lot of difficulty 2.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 3.9 1.4 3.4 1.5 1.6 1.1 Yes, some difficulty 6.5 3.9 6.2 3.7 6.5 4.7 9.1 5.8 4.5 4.0 No, no difficulty 90.2 94.8 92.0 94.8 89.1 93.4 87.1 92.1 93.3 94.8 Difficulty with self-care such as washing all over or dressing Cannot do at all 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 Yes, a lot of difficulty 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.6 Yes, some difficulty 1.2 0.4 0.7 0.6 1.3 1.5 1.7 0.7 1.3 1.1 No, no difficulty 91.9 94.0 92.4 93.3 92.0 93.4 91.0 92.4 91.6 92.2 Too young (younger than 4 years) 6.3 5.3 6.6 6.0 6.3 5.0 6.6 6.3 6.7 5.2 Male Difficulty walking or climbing steps/slopes Cannot do at all 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.2 Yes, a lot of difficulty 2.4 0.8 1.5 0.7 3.7 0.5 2.7 1.3 1.5 1.3 Yes, some difficulty 6.2 3.1 5.0 3.1 6.1 4.8 9.0 5.8 4.7 4.1 No, no difficulty 91.0 95.8 93.2 95.6 89.9 94.0 87.8 92.1 93.4 94.5 Difficulty with self-care such as washing all over or dressing Cannot do at all 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.0 Yes, a lot of difficulty 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.6 Yes, some difficulty 1.3 0.4 0.6 0.6 1.3 1.9 1.8 0.8 1.6 1.4 No, no difficulty 91.9 93.8 92.1 93.4 91.5 92.1 91.4 91.6 92.4 92.0 Too young (younger than 4 years) 6.4 5.5 7.1 5.9 6.7 5.8 6.1 7.0 5.7 6.0 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 93 5.HEALTH TABLE 5.17 DISABILITIES BY REGIONAL RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX Continued (Percent of population) Southern Highlands Momase Islands National Metro Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Female Difficulty walking or climbing steps/slopes Cannot do at all 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.9 0.2 Yes, a lot of difficulty 3.2 1.2 1.5 1.4 4.2 2.3 4.2 1.8 1.7 1.0 Yes, some difficulty 6.9 4.7 7.5 4.2 7.0 4.6 9.0 5.8 4.4 3.9 No, no difficulty 89.4 93.8 90.6 94.0 88.2 92.7 86.3 92.0 93.1 95.0 Difficulty with self-care such as washing all over or dressing Cannot do at all 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 Yes, a lot of difficulty 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.5 Yes, some difficulty 1.2 0.4 0.9 0.6 1.3 1.1 1.7 0.6 1.1 0.7 No, no difficulty 92.0 94.2 92.8 93.2 92.5 94.8 90.6 93.3 90.7 94.5 Too young (younger than 4 years) 6.3 5.2 6.0 6.0 5.9 4.1 7.0 5.3 7.8 4.4 94 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey S EC TI ON 6. E MP LOYM EN T This section presents a number of indicators on employment conditions in Papua New Guinea. In the survey, employment-related questions were asked for all persons 15 years and older. The 7 days prior to the interview is used as the reference period. Those categorized as ‘employed’ comprises those working for wages, salaries, or for profit and/or growing food, catching fish, or making articles for own use or for sale. The category ‘unemployed’ comprises those that did not work in such ways and were looking for work, and excludes fulltime students, those having home duties, and those unable to work due to disabilities, bad health or age. Employment was further classified into formal wage jobs, informal sector activities, casual labor, non- agricultural business, and agricultural business. Sectoral breakdown is available for each for these categories. 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 95 6. EMPLOYMENT TABLE 6.1 EMPLOYMENT STATUS BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY REGIONS, AND BY SEX (Percent of population aged 15 or older) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Employed 61.6 64.5 44.8 42.8 57.7 65.6 65.3 57.8 Looking for work 0.7 0.4 2.3 2.8 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.7 Not working 3.5 3.2 5.6 5.6 2.8 3.5 3.9 2.5 Homemaker 12.1 10.7 20.3 22.1 15.4 9.2 10.4 14.3 Student 15.6 14.3 22.8 22.2 15.9 13.7 14.1 19.4 Dependant 3.7 3.8 2.7 2.8 3.2 3.5 4.0 4.3 Others 2.9 3.2 1.7 1.8 4.5 3.9 2.0 1.0 Male 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Employed 60.9 62.9 49.5 49.3 61.8 63.7 61.9 56.8 Looking for work 1.1 0.7 3.5 4.0 0.6 0.9 0.9 1.1 Not working 5.5 5.0 8.7 8.6 4.8 5.2 6.2 4.3 Homemaker 7.1 6.8 8.7 9.8 7.9 5.7 6.2 10.3 Student 18.0 16.9 24.5 23.4 17.2 16.6 17.4 21.2 Dependant 3.8 4.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 3.9 4.2 4.7 Others 3.6 3.8 2.2 2.2 5.0 4.1 3.3 1.6 Female 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Employed 62.2 66.1 39.7 35.9 53.2 67.7 68.7 58.7 Looking for work 0.2 0.1 1.0 1.4 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.2 Not working 1.4 1.2 2.2 2.4 0.7 1.6 1.6 0.6 Homemaker 17.4 14.8 32.7 35.3 23.7 13.0 14.7 18.6 Student 13.0 11.6 20.9 21.0 14.4 10.7 10.8 17.6 Dependant 3.5 3.7 2.4 2.9 3.9 3.2 3.7 3.9 Others 2.3 2.5 1.1 1.3 4.1 3.7 0.6 0.4 96 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Inc 6. EMPLOYMENT TABLE 6.2 EMPLOYMENT STATUS BY REGIONAL RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX (Percent of population aged 15 years or older) Southern Highlands Momase Islands National Metro Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Employed 61.6 42.8 59.1 44.6 66.6 47.5 67.3 47.7 59.0 46.1 Looking for work 0.7 2.8 0.3 1.3 0.5 1.5 0.2 2.2 0.5 1.8 Not working 3.5 5.6 2.7 4.5 3.4 4.5 3.4 8.2 2.6 2.4 Homemaker 12.1 22.1 14.5 23.7 8.7 19.2 9.7 16.3 14.2 15.8 Student 15.6 22.2 15.1 22.7 13.1 24.8 13.4 20.2 18.4 29.3 Dependant 3.7 2.8 3.4 1.7 3.6 1.5 4.0 3.5 4.5 2.6 Others 2.9 1.8 4.8 1.6 4.1 0.9 2.0 1.9 0.9 2.1 Male 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Employed 60.9 49.3 63.0 50.3 64.3 51.1 63.6 48.5 57.5 50.2 Looking for work 1.1 4.0 0.5 1.7 0.8 2.2 0.5 3.8 0.9 3.0 Not working 5.5 8.6 4.5 7.8 5.2 6.1 5.3 13.3 4.4 4.0 Homemaker 7.1 9.8 7.6 10.7 5.5 8.5 6.3 5.2 10.5 8.0 Student 18.0 23.4 16.3 26.6 15.9 29.2 16.9 21.8 20.4 28.7 Dependant 3.8 2.8 2.8 1.3 4.0 1.6 4.2 4.4 4.8 3.6 Others 3.6 2.2 5.3 1.7 4.3 1.4 3.3 2.9 1.5 2.5 Female 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Employed 62.2 35.9 54.8 38.8 68.9 43.7 71.0 46.8 60.5 41.8 Looking for work 0.2 1.4 0.1 0.8 0.2 0.7 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.7 Not working 1.4 2.4 0.6 1.3 1.5 2.9 1.5 2.3 0.6 0.7 Homemaker 17.4 35.3 22.3 36.7 12.0 30.7 13.1 29.0 18.0 23.9 Student 13.0 21.0 13.9 18.8 10.2 20.1 10.0 18.4 16.3 29.9 Dependant 3.5 2.9 4.1 2.1 3.3 1.4 3.8 2.5 4.2 1.6 Others 2.3 1.3 4.3 1.5 3.9 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.3 1.6 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 97 6. EMPLOYMENT TABLE 6.3 UNEMPLOYMENT RATE IN THE LAST 7 DAYS BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY REGIONS, AND BY SEX AND WORKING AGE GROUPS (Percent of population in age group) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands All 4.0 3.2 8.4 8.9 3.0 3.8 3.8 3.4 15-24 6.0 4.9 11.5 12.2 4.8 5.6 5.6 5.3 25-34 3.7 2.5 10.4 11.4 2.0 3.6 3.0 2.6 35-44 3.0 2.7 4.6 4.5 2.4 3.5 2.1 3.0 45-54 2.1 1.8 4.0 3.7 2.2 1.6 2.9 1.0 55-64 3.1 2.8 5.1 5.4 2.6 2.9 3.8 2.2 Male 6.6 5.3 13.3 13.5 4.9 6.1 6.5 5.9 15-24 9.7 8.1 18.1 18.5 8.0 8.7 9.8 8.6 25-34 6.2 4.3 17.0 17.9 4.0 6.0 4.8 5.2 35-44 4.8 4.2 7.9 7.5 3.5 5.4 3.7 5.1 45-54 3.4 3.0 5.8 4.8 3.2 2.8 5.0 2.0 55-64 5.1 4.8 6.8 7.8 3.9 4.3 7.0 4.1 Female 1.4 1.1 3.4 4.0 1.0 1.5 1.1 0.8 15-24 2.1 1.6 4.7 5.5 1.8 2.2 1.3 1.7 25-34 1.4 0.9 4.3 5.4 0.1 1.5 1.5 0.3 35-44 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.2 0.9 1.5 0.6 1.0 45-54 0.6 0.4 1.9 2.5 1.1 0.2 0.9 0.0 55-64 0.7 0.6 2.2 1.4 0.8 1.2 0.2 0.0 98 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 6. EMPLOYMENT TABLE 6.4 UNEMPLOYMENT RATE BY REGIONAL RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX AND WORKING AGE GROUPS (Percent of population in age group) Southern Highlands Momase Islands National Metro Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban All 4.0 8.9 2.7 6.1 3.7 6.8 2.9 11.3 3.2 4.5 15-24 6.0 12.2 4.2 9.4 5.4 8.0 4.3 16.2 5.2 6.2 25-34 3.7 11.4 1.9 3.4 3.3 10.2 1.9 11.6 2.1 8.5 35-44 3.0 4.5 1.9 7.7 3.5 3.8 1.8 5.2 3.2 1.5 45-54 2.1 3.7 2.3 1.0 1.5 3.6 2.2 8.1 1.2 0.0 55-64 3.1 5.4 2.4 4.4 2.9 2.3 3.2 7.9 2.4 0.0 Male 6.6 13.5 4.4 10.3 5.9 9.3 4.9 19.1 7.4 5.7 15-24 9.7 18.7 7.1 15.2 8.6 10.8 7.7 26.9 11.1 8.4 25-34 6.2 17.9 3.8 6.3 5.5 16.7 2.5 20.7 13.6 4.4 35-44 4.8 7.5 2.6 14.5 5.4 5.6 3.0 9.9 3.0 5.4 45-54 3.4 4.8 3.3 2.3 2.8 3.2 3.6 14.7 0.0 2.3 55-64 5.1 7.8 4.1 2.6 4.3 3.5 6.4 10.4 0.0 4.6 Female 1.4 4.0 0.9 2.2 1.3 4.1 0.9 2.5 1.6 0.7 15-24 2.1 5.5 1.5 3.6 1.9 5.2 1.0 4.2 1.8 1.7 25-34 1.4 5.4 0.0 0.9 1.3 4.9 1.3 2.9 3.6 0.0 35-44 1.1 1.2 0.9 1.3 1.5 1.6 0.6 0.0 0.0 1.1 45-54 0.6 2.5 1.2 0.0 0.0 4.1 0.9 1.0 0.0 0.0 55-64 0.7 1.4 0.0 6.7 1.3 0.0 0.0 2.7 0.0 0.0 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 99 6. EMPLOYMENT TABLE 6.5 EMPLOYMENT TYPE BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY REGIONS, AND BY SEX (Percent of those employed) Age (15 years and older) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Wage 59.0 50.4 78.5 79.9 75.3 51.9 36.8 59.3 Informal sector 23.2 27.7 13.1 10.9 16.7 28.0 32.9 20.1 Casual labor 6.1 7.4 3.4 2.1 3.3 8.4 4.1 12.8 Non-agriculture business 4.9 5.2 4.4 6.0 1.5 4.1 10.4 3.9 Agriculture-related business sector 6.8 9.4 0.8 1.1 3.3 7.6 15.8 3.5 Male 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Wage 66.3 57.8 87.2 85.4 85.5 58.7 44.2 67.7 Informal sector 15.2 19.3 5.0 5.4 8.5 19.8 23.5 11.4 Casual labor 6.3 7.3 3.7 2.8 3.9 7.5 4.8 12.9 Non-agriculture business 5.5 6.3 3.7 6.3 1.7 4.9 12.1 3.7 Agriculture-related business sector 6.7 9.3 0.4 0.1 0.4 9.2 15.5 4.3 Female 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Wage 37.9 27.0 57.9 68.0 46.8 32.4 14.6 23.8 Informal sector 46.1 53.8 32.1 22.7 39.6 51.6 61.3 56.8 Casual labor 5.8 7.5 2.5 0.6 1.5 11.2 1.9 12.3 Non-agriculture business 3.1 1.6 5.8 5.4 0.8 2.0 5.4 4.8 Agriculture-related business sector 7.0 9.8 1.8 3.2 11.4 2.7 16.9 0.3 100 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 6. EMPLOYMENT TABLE 6.6 EMPLOYMENT TYPE BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY REGIONS, AND BY AGE GROUPS (Percent of those employed) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands All (aged 15 years or older) Wage 59.0 50.4 78.5 79.9 75.3 51.9 36.8 59.3 Informal sector 23.2 27.7 13.1 10.9 16.7 28.0 32.9 20.1 Casual labor 6.1 7.4 3.4 2.1 3.3 8.4 4.1 12.8 Non-agriculture business 4.9 5.2 4.4 6.0 1.5 4.1 10.4 3.9 Agriculture-related business sector 6.8 9.4 0.8 1.1 3.3 7.6 15.8 3.5 Age group 15-24 Wage 30.02 12.2 68.7 56.1 41.3 22.7 24.6 36.5 Informal sector 40.09 50.3 18.0 19.1 40.6 33.5 67.1 39.8 Casual labor 21.3 30.1 2.1 0.0 18.1 35.3 1.5 23.8 Non-agriculture business 4.84 1.9 11.2 24.9 0.0 3.1 1.5 0.0 Agriculture-related business sector 3.76 5.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.4 5.3 0.0 Age group 25-34 Wage 49.54 42.3 68.7 73.3 70.9 33.8 31.0 64.4 Informal sector 26.1 28.8 19.0 17.6 12.8 32.0 38.8 19.5 Casual labor 6.78 6.8 6.6 2.1 5.0 12.4 3.1 5.8 Non-agriculture business 3.55 3.6 3.4 1.8 0.1 5.9 4.1 3.9 Agriculture-related business sector 14.02 18.5 2.2 5.2 11.3 15.9 22.9 6.3 Age group 35-44 Wage 65.71 58.2 80.6 79.0 76.4 53.8 47.5 75.2 Informal sector 21.5 26.1 12.3 12.6 18.8 31.4 24.8 11.9 Casual labor 4.68 6.1 1.9 2.6 1.9 6.5 5.6 8.7 Non-agriculture sector 5.03 5.1 4.9 5.9 2.3 6.3 7.5 3.2 Agriculture sector 2.97 4.3 0.3 0.0 0.6 2.0 14.6 0.0 Age group 45-54 Wage 61.72 49.6 87.1 94.2 82.2 57.6 38.6 35.4 Informal sector 21.29 28.0 7.3 1.7 14.2 25.0 28.8 33.7 Casual labor 4.67 5.4 3.1 1.4 2.6 4.2 3.4 18.6 Non-agriculture business 6.13 8.2 1.7 2.2 1.0 1.5 23.9 6.6 Agriculture-related business sector 6.19 8.8 0.7 0.6 0.0 11.7 5.4 5.8 Age group 55-64 Wage 64.53 62.2 72.3 69.9 72.2 77.0 20.2 38.0 Informal sector 18.84 19.7 16.1 8.2 18.1 18.3 30.7 16.8 Casual labor 6.16 7.2 2.8 2.7 3.6 2.5 5.6 38.9 Non-agriculture business 4.81 3.6 8.8 19.2 3.1 2.3 8.4 1.5 Agriculture-related business sector 5.65 7.4 0.0 0.0 3.1 0.0 35.1 4.9 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 101 6. EMPLOYMENT TABLE 6.7 PROFILE OF WAGE EMPLOYEES BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY REGIONS, AND BY SEX (Percent of all wage employees aged 15 or older) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Employer: Government, public sector, army 36.7 37.4 36.0 31.5 43.87 42.08 34.74 27.2 Private company 47.1 45.5 49.0 55.6 43.5 33.9 50.1 60.8 State-owned enterprise 1.9 1.6 2.4 3.4 1.4 1.4 3.2 0.2 Private individual 6.5 6.6 6.3 5.5 1.0 11.5 5.6 6.3 NGO 3.4 3.2 3.5 2.5 2.9 6.2 2.2 0.9 Other 4.5 5.8 2.8 1.5 7.4 4.9 4.2 4.6 Male 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Employer: Government, public sector, army 33.1 31.9 34.8 30.4 37.2 39.8 32.4 17.2 Private company 50.3 49.4 51.7 57.7 51.5 35.8 51.8 68.2 State-owned enterprise 2.2 2.0 2.5 3.4 1.7 1.7 4.5 0.2 Private individual 6.7 7.4 5.6 4.0 1.3 12.1 5.4 7.4 NGO 3.1 3.5 2.5 2.5 2.2 5.2 2.4 1.3 Other 4.6 5.7 3.0 2.03 6.07 5.36 3.54 5.7 Female 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Employer: Government, public sector, army 46.1 56.0 38.1 33.5 62.6 50.8 40.6 49.7 Private company 38.7 32.1 44.0 51.9 21.1 26.6 45.6 44.2 State-owned enterprise 1.2 0.0 2.1 3.3 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.37 Private individual 5.9 3.6 7.7 8.2 0.0 9.3 6.0 3.6 NGO 4.1 2.3 5.5 2.5 4.8 10.1 1.8 0.0 Other 4.1 6.0 2.5 0.6 11.2 3.3 6.0 2.2 102 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 6. EMPLOYMENT TABLE 6.8 PROFILE OF WAGE EMPLOYEES BY REGIONAL RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX (Percent of wage employees aged 15 or older) Southern Highlands Momase Islands National Metro Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Employer: Government, public sector, army 36.7 31.5 39.1 64.0 40.9 47.2 51.4 21.9 20.0 45.7 Private company 47.1 55.6 47.8 25.1 35.8 25.6 35.1 61.6 68.4 41.3 State-owned enterprise 1.9 3.4 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.0 5.4 1.5 0.0 0.8 Private individual 6.5 5.5 2.2 2.0 5.1 14.1 2.7 5.7 1.1 6.1 NGO 3.4 2.5 0.7 5.9 11.0 11.1 5.4 1.8 6.3 0.4 Other 4.5 1.5 8.7 2.0 5.8 1.0 0.0 7.5 4.2 5.7 Male 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Employer: Government, public sector, army 33.1 30.4 33.0 59.7 38.1 49.2 44.4 22.9 7.6 42.4 Private company 50.3 57.7 55.7 29.0 37.2 28.1 37.0 63.6 77.3 44.7 State-owned enterprise 2.2 3.4 1.9 0.8 1.8 1.6 7.4 2.1 0.0 0.6 Private individual 6.7 4.0 0.9 3.2 11.5 15.6 7.4 3.8 7.6 7.1 NGO 3.1 2.5 1.9 4.0 5.3 4.7 3.7 1.3 1.5 0.6 Other 4.6 2.0 6.6 3.2 6.2 0.8 0.0 6.4 6.1 4.7 Female 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Employer: Government, public sector, army 46.1 33.5 59.4 70.9 54.2 43.7 70.0 19.6 48.3 53.3 Private company 38.7 51.9 21.9 19.0 29.2 21.1 30.0 56.7 48.3 33.8 State-owned enterprise 1.2 3.3 0.0 1.3 8.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.5 1.3 Private individual 5.9 8.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.3 0.0 10.3 0.0 3.9 NGO 4.1 2.5 3.1 8.9 4.2 22.5 0.0 3.1 0.0 0.0 Other 4.1 0.6 15.6 0.0 4.2 1.4 0.0 10.3 0.0 7.8 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 103 6. EMPLOYMENT TABLE 6.9 PROFILE OF INFORMAL SECTOR ACTIVITIES BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY REGIONS, AND BY SEX (Percent of those employed in informal sector) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Sector: Agriculture 10.1 11.4 1.7 1.6 7.3 9.6 9.4 22.8 Mining 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.5 0.7 Industry 1.0 1.0 1.1 0.2 2.4 1.1 0.7 0.3 Wholesale trade, retail, restaurants and hotels 79.4 77.8 90.4 91.6 85.0 79.2 78.7 68.6 Transportation 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.6 Public administration, military 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 Health 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 Education 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other community, social and personal services 4.6 5.0 2.5 1.8 0.2 7.5 4.4 1.3 Other 4.1 4.2 3.5 4.2 4.7 2.1 6.1 5.3 Male 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Sector: Agriculture 12.7 14.0 2.9 3.2 16.6 12.4 6.8 34.9 Mining 1.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 1.5 2.0 Industry 1.3 1.3 0.9 0.0 2.8 1.5 0.9 0.3 Wholesale trade, retail, restaurants and hotels 75.6 73.8 87.8 87.4 77.9 73.6 83.0 48.9 Transportation 0.5 0.4 1.1 0.8 1.4 0.2 0.0 2.0 Public administration, military 0.2 0.2 0.3 - - - - - Health 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 Education 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other community, social and personal services 4.0 4.3 2.0 0.8 0.0 8.0 1.6 3.2 Other 4.5 4.6 4.7 7.1 1.4 3.6 6.3 6.7 104 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 6. EMPLOYMENT TABLE 6.9 PROFILE OF INFORMAL SECTOR ACTIVITIES BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY REGIONS, AND BY SEX Continued (Percent of those employed in informal sector) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands Female 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Sector: Agriculture 9.1 10.2 1.3 0.9 3.5 8.6 10.6 18.3 Mining 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.2 Industry 0.9 0.9 1.1 0.3 2.3 0.9 0.6 0.23 Wholesale trade, retail, restaurants and hotels 81.0 79.4 91.3 93.2 87.9 81.4 76.8 75.9 Transportation 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Public administration, military 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Health 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 Education 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other community, social and personal services 4.9 5.2 2.8 2.1 0.3 7.3 5.7 0.6 Other 3.9 4.0 3.1 3.1 6.1 1.5 6.0 4.8 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 105 6. EMPLOYMENT TABLE 6.10 PROFILE OF INFORMAL SECTOR ACTIVITIES BY REGIONAL RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX (Percent of those employed in informal sector) Southern Highlands Momase Islands National Metro Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Sector: Agriculture 10.1 1.6 8.0 0.0 9.9 4.4 10.5 0.9 25.5 2.8 Mining 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.5 0.3 0.6 1.4 Industry 1.0 0.2 2.7 0.0 1.1 2.2 0.5 1.7 0.0 2.1 Wholesale trade, retail, restaurants and hotels 79.4 91.6 83.9 95.6 79.0 83.7 77.0 92.2 66.5 84.5 Transportation 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 Public administration, military 0.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.3 0 0.0 0 Health 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.0 Education 0.0 0.2 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 Other community, social and personal services 4.6 1.8 0.0 2.2 7.6 5.9 4.9 0.9 0.6 6.3 Other 4.1 4.2 4.9 2.2 2.1 2.2 6.4 3.8 5.6 2.8 Male 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Sector: Agriculture 12.7 3.2 18.2 0.0 12.7 5.3 7.3 1.2 37.8 6.5 Mining 1.0 0 0.0 0 0.8 0 1.6 0 2.2 0 Industry 1.3 0.0 3.0 0.0 1.5 2.6 0.8 1.2 0.0 3.2 Wholesale trade, retail, restaurants and hotels 75.7 87.4 75.8 100.0 73.1 84.2 82.1 91.8 46.7 71.0 Transportation 0.5 0.8 1.5 0.0 0.0 5.3 0.0 0.0 2.2 0.0 Public administration, military 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Health 0.2 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.2 0.0 Education 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other community, social and personal services 4.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 8.2 2.6 1.6 1.2 2.2 12.9 Other 4.6 7.1 1.5 0.0 3.7 0.0 6.5 4.7 6.7 6.5 106 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 6. EMPLOYMENT TABLE 6.10 PROFILE OF INFORMAL SECTOR ACTIVITIES BY REGIONAL RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX Continued (Percent of those employed in informal sector) Southern Highlands Momase Islands National Metro Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Female 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Sector: Agriculture 9.1 0.9 3.8 0.0 8.8 4.1 11.9 0.8 20.7 1.8 Mining 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 1.8 Industry 0.9 0.3 2.5 0.0 0.9 2.1 0.4 1.9 0.0 1.8 Wholesale trade, retail, restaurants and hotels 81.0 93.2 87.3 93.8 81.3 83.5 74.6 92.4 74.1 88.3 Transportation 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Public administration, military 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 Health 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.4 0 0.0 Education 0.0 0.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 Other community, social and personal services 4.9 2.1 0.0 3.1 7.3 7.2 6.3 0.8 0.0 4.5 Other 3.9 3.1 6.3 3.1 1.5 3.1 6.3 3.4 5.2 1.8 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 107 6. EMPLOYMENT TABLE 6.11 PROFILE OF CASUAL LABOR ACTIVITIES BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY REGIONS, AND BY SEX (Percent of those employed in casual labor activities) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Sector: Agriculture 43.4 50.2 5.8 5.8 31.1 49.4 31.9 61.0 Mining 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 0.0 Industry 4.5 3.7 9.2 9.7 3.1 4.5 2.5 5.5 Wholesale trade, retail, restaurants and hotels 11.3 10.2 17.0 16.2 4.3 11.6 17.5 6.7 Transportation 5.2 4.5 8.9 10.5 4.3 5.9 6.6 0.6 Public administration, military 0.5 0.0 3.2 3.2 0.4 0.0 0.5 0.8 Health 1.4 1.0 3.5 3.2 3.1 0.1 2.7 1.3 Education 3.0 3.1 2.4 2.5 6.6 4.1 0.0 1.3 Other community, social and personal services 6.6 4.7 17.2 18.6 7.4 5.1 8.1 3.9 Other 23.4 21.9 32.0 30.3 39.9 18.3 28.3 19.0 Male 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Sector: Agriculture 40.2 46.9 5.0 4.5 23.5 47.8 32.8 55.2 Mining 0.6 0.6 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 2.6 0.0 Industry 4.5 3.1 12.1 13.1 1.1 3.4 2.6 7.6 Wholesale trade, retail, restaurants and hotels 9.6 8.6 14.9 13.1 4.9 10.0 12.9 6.9 Transportation 6.3 5.4 11.2 14.2 5.4 7.0 8.0 0.8 Public administration, military 0.5 0.0 3.0 3.2 0.5 0.0 0.7 0.3 Health 1.5 1.4 2.0 2.2 3.3 0.2 2.6 1.8 Education 3.1 3.5 1.3 1.2 4.3 5.4 0.0 1.8 Other community, social and personal services 4.7 3.5 10.5 8.8 4.3 4.1 7.1 1.9 Other 29.0 27.0 39.2 39.9 52.8 21.9 30.9 23.7 108 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 6. EMPLOYMENT TABLE 6.11 PROFILE OF CASUAL LABOR ACTIVITIES BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY REGIONS, AND BY SEX Continued (Percent of those employed in casual labor activities) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands Female 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Sector: Agriculture 50.2 56.8 8.0 9.6 50.5 51.8 29.1 75.9 Mining 1.2 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 0.0 0.0 Industry 4.6 5.0 2.1 0.0 8.4 6.4 2.1 0.0 Wholesale trade, retail, restaurants and hotels 14.8 13.6 22.3 25.2 2.7 14.0 32.3 6.2 Transportation 2.8 2.7 3.1 0.0 1.4 4.2 2.1 0.0 Public administration, military 0.5 0.0 3.8 3.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 Health 1.0 0.0 7.5 6.1 2.7 0.0 3.1 0.0 Education 2.7 2.3 5.3 6.3 12.5 2.1 0.0 0.0 Other community, social and personal services 10.7 7.0 34.1 46.6 15.2 6.7 11.5 9.0 Other 11.6 11.3 13.8 3.1 6.7 12.7 19.8 6.9 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 109 6. EMPLOYMENT TABLE 6.12 PROFILE OF CASUAL LABOR ACTIVITIES BY REGIONAL RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX (Percent of those employed in the casual sector) Southern Highlands Momase Islands National Metro Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Sector: Agriculture 43.4 5.8 37.1 2.2 50.4 16.7 38.3 5.1 66.7 2.2 Mining 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 4.2 2.1 1.3 0.0 0.0 Industry 4.5 9.7 2.9 4.4 4.3 12.5 0.0 12.8 5.8 2.2 Wholesale trade, retail, restaurants and hotels 11.3 16.2 2.9 10.9 11.1 25.0 17.0 19.2 5.8 15.6 Transportation 5.2 10.5 2.9 10.9 6.0 4.2 6.4 7.7 0.0 6.7 Public administration, military 0.5 3.2 0 2.2 0 0.0 0 2.6 0 8.9 Health 1.4 3.2 2.9 4.4 0.0 4.2 2.1 5.1 1.5 0.0 Education 3.0 2.5 5.7 10.9 4.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 Other community, social and personal services 6.6 18.6 5.7 15.2 5.1 4.2 6.4 15.4 1.5 28.9 Other 23.4 30.3 40.0 39.1 18.0 29.2 27.7 30.8 17.4 35.6 Male 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Sector: Agriculture 40.2 4.5 26.9 3.6 49.3 6.3 38.9 6.8 60.0 3.2 Mining 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.3 2.8 1.7 0.0 0.0 Industry 4.5 13.1 0.0 7.1 2.8 18.8 0.0 13.6 8.0 3.2 Wholesale trade, retail, restaurants and hotels 9.6 13.1 3.9 10.7 9.9 12.5 11.1 20.3 6.0 16.1 Transportation 6.3 14.2 3.9 14.3 7.0 6.3 8.3 6.8 0.0 9.7 Public administration, military 0.5 3.2 0 3.6 0 0.0 0 3.4 0 3.2 Health 1.5 2.2 3.9 0.0 0.0 6.3 2.8 1.7 2.0 0.0 Education 3.1 1.2 3.9 7.1 5.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 Other community, social and personal services 4.7 8.8 3.9 7.1 4.2 0.0 5.6 13.6 0.0 22.6 Other 29.0 39.9 53.9 46.4 21.1 43.8 30.6 32.2 22.0 41.9 110 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 6. EMPLOYMENT TABLE 6.12 PROFILE OF CASUAL LABOR ACTIVITIES BY REGIONAL RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX Continued (Percent of those employed in the casual sector) Southern Highlands Momase Islands National Metro Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Female 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Sector: Agriculture 50.2 9.6 66.7 0.0 52.2 37.5 36.4 0.0 84.2 0.0 Mining 1.2 0.0 0.0 0 2.2 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 Industry 4.6 0.0 11.1 0.0 6.5 0.0 0.0 10.5 0.0 0.0 Wholesale trade, retail, restaurants and hotels 14.8 25.2 0.0 11.1 13.0 50.0 36.4 15.8 5.3 14.3 Transportation 2.8 0.0 0.0 5.6 4.4 0.0 0.0 10.5 0.0 0.0 Public administration, military 0.5 3.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 21.4 Health 1.0 6.1 0 11.1 0 0.0 0 15.8 0 0.0 Education 2.7 6.3 11.1 16.7 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other community, social and personal services 10.7 46.6 11.1 27.8 6.5 12.5 9.1 21.1 5.3 42.9 Other 11.6 3.1 0.0 27.8 13.0 0.0 18.2 26.3 5.3 21.4 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 111 6. EMPLOYMENT TABLE 6.13 PROFILE OF NON-AGRICULTURAL BUSINESS ACTIVITIES BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY REGIONS, AND BY SEX (Percent of those engaged in non-agriculture businesses) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Sector: Agriculture 6.8 8.1 0.4 0.0 0.9 2.1 14.7 0.0 Mining 5.2 5.3 4.9 1.1 0.0 0.0 12.4 0.0 Industry 0.7 0.5 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.4 3.6 Wholesale trade, retail, restaurants and hotels 58.3 60.2 48.7 42.4 73.5 68.1 52.4 56.3 Transportation 4.0 3.6 5.8 5.2 23.7 0.7 0.6 11.3 Health 0.6 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 Other community, social and personal services 3.9 3.9 3.8 4.2 0.0 10.9 0.4 0.0 Other 20.6 17.7 34.8 47.1 1.9 17.9 17.8 28.9 Male 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Sector: Agriculture 5.5 6.4 0.7 0.0 1.7 0.0 13.3 0.0 Mining 6.7 6.4 8.3 1.9 0.0 0.0 16.2 0.0 Industry 1.0 0.8 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 5.3 Wholesale trade, retail, restaurants and hotels 53.9 56.1 42.1 37.3 55.2 61.2 53.5 47.3 Transportation 6.0 5.9 6.9 5.4 43.1 0.5 1.0 16.8 Health 0.9 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.2 0.0 Other community, social and personal services 6.1 6.2 5.5 5.5 0.0 17.2 0.6 0.0 Other 19.9 17.0 34.9 49.8 0.0 21.1 12.7 30.6 112 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 6. EMPLOYMENT TABLE 6.13 PROFILE OF NON-AGRICULTURAL BUSINESS ACTIVITIES BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY REGIONS, AND BY SEX Continued (Percent of those engaged in non-agriculture businesses) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands Female 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Sector: Agriculture 8.8 10.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.7 16.9 0.0 Mining 2.9 3.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.8 0.0 Industry 0.3 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 Wholesale trade, retail, restaurants and hotels 65.4 66.9 58.3 49.2 95.8 80.1 50.7 74.7 Transportation 0.8 0.0 4.3 5.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 Health 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other community, social and personal services 0.2 0.0 1.4 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other 21.7 18.9 34.6 43.5 4.2 12.4 25.6 25.3 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 113 6. EMPLOYMENT TABLE 6.14 PROFILE OF NON-AGRICULTURAL BUSINESS ACTIVITIES BY REGIONAL RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX (Percent of those engaged in non-agriculture businesses) Southern Highlands Momase Islands National Metro Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Sector: Agriculture 6.8 0.0 0.0 8.3 2.2 0.0 16.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mining 5.2 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.8 19.2 0.0 0.0 Industry 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.7 0.0 4.3 4.2 0.0 Wholesale trade, retail, restaurants and 58.3 42.4 73.3 75.0 68.9 53.3 52.9 46.8 54.2 69.2 hotels Transportation 4.0 5.2 26.7 0.0 0.0 13.3 0.0 6.4 12.5 3.9 Health 0.6 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0 1.5 0 0.0 0 Other community, social and personal 3.9 4.2 0.0 0.0 11.1 6.7 0.0 4.3 0.0 0.0 services Other 20.6 47.1 0.0 16.7 17.8 20.0 17.7 19.2 29.2 26.9 Male 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Sector: Agriculture 5.5 0.0 0.0 12.5 0.0 0.0 15.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mining 6.7 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 15.0 25.0 0.0 0.0 Industry 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.6 5.9 0.0 Wholesale trade, retail, restaurants and 53.9 37.3 50.0 87.5 62.1 33.3 55.0 41.7 47.1 50.0 hotels Transportation 6.0 5.4 50.0 0.0 0.0 16.7 0.0 8.3 17.7 8.3 Health 0.9 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0 2.5 0 0.0 0 Other community, social and personal 6.1 5.5 0.0 0.0 17.2 16.7 0.0 5.6 0.0 0.0 services Other 19.9 49.8 0.0 0.0 20.7 33.3 12.5 13.9 29.4 41.7 114 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 6. EMPLOYMENT TABLE 6.14 PROFILE OF NON-AGRICULTURAL BUSINESS ACTIVITIES BY REGIONAL RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX Continued (Percent of those engaged in non-agriculture businesses) Southern Highlands Momase Islands National Metro Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Female 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Sector: Agriculture 8.8 0.0 0.0 0 6.3 0 17.9 0 0.0 0 Mining 2.9 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0 7.1 0 0.0 0 Industry 0.3 0.0 0 0.0 0 11.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 Wholesale trade, retail, restaurants and 65.4 49.2 100.0 50.0 81.3 66.7 50.0 63.6 71.4 85.7 hotels Transportation 0.8 5.0 0 0.0 0 11.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 Health 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other community, social and personal 0.2 2.4 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 services Other 21.7 43.5 0.0 50.0 12.5 11.1 25.0 36.4 28.6 14.3 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 115 6. EMPLOYMENT TABLE 6.15 PROFILE OF AGRICULTURE-RELATED BUSINESS ACTIVITIES BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY REGIONS, AND BY SEX (Percent of those engaged in agriculture-related businesses) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Sector: Agriculture, Hunting and Related Service 82.3 82.5 64.7 53.4 79.7 58.6 88.8 98.9 Forestry, Logging and Related service 0.2 0.1 7.3 23.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 Manufacture of food products and beverages 0.5 0.5 2.6 0.0 0.0 2.1 0.0 0.0 Wholesale trade, retail, commission trade 6.2 6.1 18.5 7.8 13.5 21.2 1.1 0.3 Retail trade, except of motor vehicles 5.4 5.4 0.0 0.0 6.8 17.5 1.6 0.0 Water Transport 0.7 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 Other business activities 4.8 4.7 6.9 15.5 0.0 0.7 7.5 0.0 Male 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Sector: Agriculture, Hunting and Related Service 80.4 80.6 63.4 49.6 88.2 55.4 87.6 99.8 Forestry, Logging and Related service 0.1 0.0 8.2 25.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Manufacture of food products and beverages 0.6 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 0.0 0.0 Wholesale trade, retail, commission trade 8.0 7.8 24.2 12.6 11.8 24.7 2.0 0.2 Retail trade, except of motor vehicles 4.9 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.7 0.8 0.0 Water Transport 1.2 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 Other business activities 4.9 4.9 4.1 12.6 0.0 1.1 7.6 0.0 116 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 6. EMPLOYMENT TABLE 6.15 PROFILE OF AGRICULTURE-RELATED BUSINESS ACTIVITIES BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY REGIONS, AND BY SEX Continued (Percent of those engaged in agriculture-related businesses) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands Female 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Sector: Agriculture, Hunting and Related Service 84.9 85.0 66.6 59.5 68.4 63.7 90.3 97.7 Forestry, Logging and Related service 0.3 0.3 6.0 20.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 Manufacture of food products and beverages 0.4 0.4 6.3 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 Wholesale trade, retail, commission trade 3.7 3.7 10.2 0.0 15.8 15.6 0.0 0.3 Retail trade, except of motor vehicles 6.0 6.1 0.0 0.0 15.8 18.7 2.6 0.0 Water Transport 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other business activities 4.6 4.6 10.9 20.3 0.0 0.0 7.2 0.0 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 117 118 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey S EC TI ON 7. LOAN S AND PRI VATE T RANS FER S This section reports information on household financial transactions of households in two specific areas: remittances or receipts of cash or goods in kind from other households and individuals – whether living in the same vicinity or elsewhere – and loans, also both cash and in-kind, obtained from all private and public sources. The reference period for remittances is 12 months, while the reference period for loans is the last three months prior to the survey. 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 119 7. LOANS AND PRIVATE TRANSFERS TABLE 7.1 RECEIPT OF PRIVATE TRANSFERS IN CASH OR KIND BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY REGIONS, AND BY SEX (Percent of population receiving transfers during the 12 months prior to the survey) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands All 48.6 48.6 48.9 49.0 55.8 53.7 43.3 37.7 Male 48.3 48.4 47.4 48.2 56.9 53.1 42.8 36.3 Female 49.0 48.8 50.5 49.9 54.7 54.3 43.9 39.1 TABLE 7.2 RECEIPT OF PRIVATE TRANSFERS IN CASH OR KIND, BY REGIONAL RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX (Percent of population receiving transfers during the 12 months prior to the survey) Southern Highlands Momase Islands National Metro Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban All 48.6 49.0 56.9 45.3 53.5 56.5 43.0 46.5 36.8 46.5 Male 48.3 48.2 58.0 45.4 53.1 53.6 42.6 44.0 35.6 43.7 Female 49.0 49.9 55.7 45.2 54.0 59.3 43.4 49.4 38.1 49.5 TABLE 7.3 RECEIPT OF PRIVATE TRANSFERS BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY REGIONS, AND BY SEX (Among recipients, during the 12 months prior to the survey, in Kina per capita) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands All 445 322 1040 1337 462 386 250 320 Male 440 316 1019 1315 491 357 239 294 Female 450 313 1032 1354 450 374 250 307 TABLE 7.4 RECEIPT OF PRIVATE TRANSFERS BY REGIONAL RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX (in Kina per capita., during the 12 months prior to the survey) Southern Highlands Momase Islands National Metro Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban All 445 1337 425 1059 343 787 207 559 263 610 Male 440 1315 445 1099 337 756 202 551 257 598 Female 450 1354 401 1017 349 816 212 567 268 621 120 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 7. LOANS AND PRIVATE TRANSFERS TABLE 7.5 LOAN INCIDENCE BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS AND BY REGIONS, AND BY SEX (Percent of population with outstanding loans) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands All 16.9 16.5 19.3 18.0 13.5 17.9 17.8 15.2 Male 19.7 19.5 21.2 19.7 15.5 21.2 21.7 16.5 Female 14.0 13.4 17.5 16.4 11.4 14.6 14.0 13.9 TABLE 7.6 LOAN INCIDENCE BY REGIONAL RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX (Percent of population with outstanding loans) Southern Highlands Momase Islands National Metro Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban All 16.9 18.0 13.4 14.5 17.9 20.0 17.0 24.8 14.8 19.7 Male 19.7 19.7 15.4 16.5 21.2 21.5 21.1 26.8 16.0 22.0 Female 14.0 16.4 11.3 12.6 14.4 18.6 13.0 22.7 13.6 17.3 TABLE 7.7 AVERAGE LOAN SIZE AMONG BORROWERS BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY REGIONS, AND BY SEX (loans in Kina per capita obtained during the 3 months prior to survey) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands All 193.1 142.3 452.2 600.8 175.7 210.4 91.1 121.6 Male 238.8 180.5 562.1 734.0 208.3 268.9 111.9 162.2 Female 127.0 85.0 317.3 441.4 128.5 120.6 59.5 72.3 TABLE 7.8 AVERAGE LOAN SIZE AMONG BORROWERS BY REGIONAL RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX (loans in Kina per capita obtained during the 3 months prior to survey) Southern Highlands Momase Islands National Metro Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban All 193.1 600.8 117.6 729.5 208.6 243.9 76.1 182.1 82.5 433.6 Male 238.8 734.0 125.4 1065.1 269.2 263.9 93.9 230.4 111.8 547.7 Female 127.0 441.4 106.3 318.6 114.4 220.5 48.3 120.2 47.3 282.7 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 121 122 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey S EC TI ON 8. DI SPU TES This section presents information collected on the occurrence and nature of disputes. Questions on disputes were asked to the head of the household or his/her spouse. Specific information was collected on six broad types of disputes: disputes over resources, family related disputes, financial disputes, criminal disputes, disputes related to development projects, and disputes related to government decision making. For each type of dispute, questions were asked about who the adversary was, and whether the dispute resulted in property damage, injury or death. Information was also collected on how help was sought to resolve the dispute and costs related to dispute resolution. All responses are self-reported and un-verified. 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 123 8. DISPUTES TABLE 8.1 INCIDENCE OF DISPUTES OF VARIOUS TYPES BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS AND BY REGIONS (Percent of household heads or spouse reporting disputes) National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands Experienced at least one dispute 39.9 41.3 29.6 27.7 37.9 44.0 49.1 17.3 Type of dispute: Dispute over land /water 22.8 24.4 10.8 8.5 25.9 18.5 36.5 12.6 Dispute over domestic violence 9.0 9.0 8.9 8.9 7.7 12.3 8.1 2.0 Theft 8.5 9.1 4.1 3.5 2.5 14.6 6.4 2.3 Physical assault 7.3 7.3 7.0 7.1 2.9 10.5 7.5 1.8 Dispute over bride price 4.2 4.4 2.9 3.1 1.9 5.4 5.9 0.3 Dispute over agricultural production 3.3 3.7 0.9 0.5 2.5 3.5 5.1 1.8 Dispute over forestry 3.3 3.5 1.9 0.9 1.5 2.7 6.4 2.0 Other tribal disputes 3.0 3.2 1.3 0.9 0.8 4.9 2.9 0.5 Dispute over child custody/support 2.5 2.4 3.5 3.9 2.1 2.4 4.0 0.4 Village decision made by local authority 2.2 2.2 1.9 2.4 1.5 2.2 3.5 0.2 Election disputes 1.7 1.9 0.6 0.8 1.2 2.1 2.6 0.0 Dispute over contested inheritance 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.9 1.2 1.8 2.1 0.1 Repayment of loans 1.4 1.4 1.5 2.2 1.5 2.0 1.1 0.0 Distribution of aid 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.6 1.2 0.8 2.4 0.2 Access to development resources 1.1 1.0 2.3 3.0 1.5 0.3 2.4 0.0 Decision made by district or provincial authority 0.8 0.6 2.4 3.0 0.7 0.5 1.3 0.2 Compensation associated with a development program 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 1.6 0.6 1.0 0.0 Dispute over sea 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.1 0.3 0.0 1.0 0.8 Enforcement of business agreement 0.3 0.2 0.8 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.6 0.1 Other 1.2 1.1 1.7 1.1 2.5 1.2 0.9 0.3 124 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 8. DISPUTES TABLE 8.2 IINCIDENCE OF DISPUTES OF VARIOUS TYPES BY SEX, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, AND BY FAMILY TYPE (Percent of household heads or spouse reporting disputes) Family Type Household size National Male Female Nuclear Extended 1-4 5-8 9-15 >15 Experienced at one type of dispute 39.90 39.43 40.36 40.32 37.03 36.75 39.87 45.70 17.90 Type of dispute: Dispute over land /water 22.81 24.90 17.25 23.24 19.94 19.93 24.66 27.42 2.58 Dispute over domestic violence 9.01 8.90 9.38 8.84 10.26 8.00 9.21 13.14 11.29 Theft 8.53 8.91 7.46 8.62 7.87 9.30 8.23 6.15 3.16 Physical assault 7.30 7.81 6.01 7.23 7.73 6.94 7.02 10.80 0.00 Dispute over bride price 4.19 3.92 4.56 4.00 5.55 4.27 4.15 3.11 0.00 Dispute over agricultural production 3.34 3.75 2.07 3.51 2.09 2.89 3.80 2.67 0.00 Dispute over forestry 3.28 3.83 1.80 3.34 2.84 2.93 2.89 6.94 0.00 Other tribal disputes 2.99 3.33 2.07 2.99 3.01 3.27 2.79 2.61 0.00 Dispute over child custody/support 2.54 2.15 3.48 2.23 4.75 2.54 2.41 3.07 0.00 Village decision made by local authority 2.17 2.53 1.30 2.03 3.05 1.90 2.37 2.65 0.00 Election disputes 1.73 2.11 0.82 1.68 2.14 1.27 1.98 3.01 0.00 Dispute over contested inheritance 1.55 1.64 1.23 1.49 2.01 1.57 1.18 3.10 0.00 Repayment of loans 1.42 1.39 1.52 1.35 1.91 0.76 1.77 2.95 0.00 Distribution of aid 1.22 1.46 0.64 1.28 0.80 1.60 0.71 2.11 0.00 Other 1.17 0.84 1.88 1.08 1.76 0.89 1.28 1.58 0.00 Access to development resources 1.13 1.23 0.76 1.19 0.68 0.73 1.20 2.40 2.96 Decision made by district or provincial authority 0.81 0.84 0.73 0.83 0.63 0.89 0.70 1.00 0.00 Compensation associated with a development program 0.78 0.77 0.79 0.88 0.05 0.45 0.90 1.66 2.96 Dispute over sea 0.42 0.39 0.36 0.47 0.08 0.32 0.51 0.00 0.00 Enforcement of business agreement 0.26 0.25 0.29 0.28 0.09 0.24 0.20 0.67 0.00 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 125 8. DISPUTES TABLE 8.3 ADVERSARIES IN DISPUTE BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS AND BY REGIONS (Percent of household heads/spouses reporting dispute) Opposing party in conflict Provincial/ Family Other Other Company/ Local District National Dispute type member individual village business government government government Other National Dispute over land /water 41.3 35.5 18.6 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.2 3.3 Dispute over domestic violence 82.8 17.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 Theft 16.0 74.5 8.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 Physical assault 36.8 54.6 8.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 Dispute over bride price 49.7 35.7 11.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.2 Dispute over agricultural production 52.1 39.6 2.7 1.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 2.7 Dispute over forestry 25.5 47.0 22.8 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.6 Other tribal disputes 11.1 28.4 53.8 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 6.3 Dispute over child custody/support 72.6 24.4 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 Village decision made by local authority 12.8 33.0 2.2 2.5 23.5 14.7 1.3 9.9 Election disputes 11.3 29.6 20.3 0.0 5.1 5.6 5.5 22.7 Rural Dispute over land /water 42.1 35.3 18.8 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.0 2.9 Dispute over domestic violence 82.3 17.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Theft 16.2 74.1 9.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 Physical assault 37.8 53.0 9.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dispute over bride price 48.6 35.8 12.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.3 Dispute over agricultural production 53.3 38.9 2.4 1.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 2.5 Dispute over forestry 25.3 47.8 22.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.2 Other tribal disputes 11.0 28.2 54.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.2 Dispute over child custody/support 74.1 23.7 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Village decision made by local authority 14.0 33.8 2.4 2.4 23.9 13.1 0.0 10.4 Election disputes 11.0 29.2 20.8 0.0 5.3 5.8 4.4 23.6 126 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 8. DISPUTES TABLE 8.3 ADVERSARIES IN DISPUTE BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS AND BY REGIONS Continued (Percent of household heads/spouses reporting dispute) Opposing party in conflict Provincial/ Family Other Other Company/ Local District National Dispute type member individual village business government government government Other Urban Dispute over land /water 28.7 39.1 15.9 2.2 0.0 0.0 4.3 9.8 Dispute over domestic violence 86.7 11.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 Theft 13.3 81.6 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.8 Physical assault 29.0 67.2 1.4 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 Dispute over bride price 61.4 34.8 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 Dispute over agricultural production 16.4 63.4 11.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.7 Dispute over forestry 28.6 35.9 23.4 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.5 Other tribal disputes 13.2 32.5 37.4 4.6 4.0 0.0 0.0 8.4 Dispute over child custody/support 65.1 27.6 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.8 Village decision made by local authority 3.0 26.0 0.0 3.4 19.9 28.9 12.7 6.2 Election disputes 18.8 40.2 8.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 32.2 0.0 Regions: Metro Dispute over land /water 35.4 45.5 10.2 4.5 0.0 0.0 4.4 0.0 Dispute over domestic violence 85.9 14.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Theft 18.3 78.1 3.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Physical assault 35.7 64.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dispute over bride price 66.8 29.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.1 Dispute over agricultural production 25.8 50.0 24.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dispute over forestry 57.4 28.7 13.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other tribal disputes 28.0 43.9 14.0 14.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dispute over child custody/support 71.2 28.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Village decision made by local authority 5.3 16.2 0.0 0.0 16.9 28.2 22.5 10.9 Election disputes 16.1 32.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 51.6 0.0 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 127 8. DISPUTES TABLE 8.3 ADVERSARIES IN DISPUTE BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS AND BY REGIONS Continued (Percent of household heads/spouses reporting dispute) Opposing party in conflict Provincial/ Family Other Other Company/ Local District National Dispute type member individual village business Government government government Other Southern Dispute over land /water 47.7 37.6 14.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Dispute over domestic violence 88.1 11.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Theft 27.8 72.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Physical assault 65.0 35.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dispute over bride price 49.0 26.5 24.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dispute over agricultural production 54.8 17.9 0.0 9.1 0.0 18.3 0.0 0.0 Dispute over forestry 30.3 62.4 7.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other tribal disputes 0.0 45.0 55.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dispute over child custody/support 92.9 7.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Village decision made by local authority 0.0 39.8 0.0 0.0 30.1 30.1 0.0 0.0 Election disputes 0.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 60.0 20.0 0.0 Highlands Dispute over land /water 45.5 36.6 15.4 0.1 1.2 0.0 0.0 1.2 Dispute over domestic violence 82.5 17.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Theft 14.2 74.7 11.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Physical assault 34.6 54.3 10.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 Dispute over bride price 55.1 29.9 12.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 Dispute over agricultural production 56.4 40.3 3.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dispute over forestry 22.0 34.8 39.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.3 Other tribal disputes 9.4 18.7 66.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.1 Dispute over child custody/support 75.0 20.2 4.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Village decision made by local authority 20.9 15.7 5.2 6.1 26.1 20.9 0.0 5.2 Election disputes 16.5 39.4 16.5 0.0 5.5 0.0 0.0 22.0 128 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 8. DISPUTES TABLE 8.3 ADVERSARIES IN DISPUTE BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS AND BY REGIONS Continued (Percent of household heads/spouses reporting dispute) Opposing party in conflict Provincial/ Family Other Other Company/ Local District National Dispute type member individual village business government government governmemt Other Momase Dispute over land /water 38.4 31.1 22.5 0.9 0.0 0.4 0.3 6.5 Dispute over domestic violence 81.2 18.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 Theft 19.2 73.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.9 Physical assault 39.1 53.4 7.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 Dispute over bride price 38.8 47.3 8.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.4 Dispute over agricultural production 48.0 45.3 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.3 Dispute over forestry 26.5 53.8 13.6 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.7 Other tribal disputes 17.6 45.6 24.8 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 11.2 Dispute over child custody/support 67.0 30.1 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 Village decision made by local authority 9.2 52.6 0.0 0.0 21.1 3.3 0.0 13.8 Election disputes 7.0 19.1 31.3 0.0 6.1 0.0 6.1 30.4 Islands Dispute over land /water 24.1 49.1 24.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 2.7 Dispute over domestic violence 73.9 22.8 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 3.4 Theft 19.9 78.6 1.5 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Physical assault 14.8 85.2 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Dispute over bride price 88.5 11.5 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Dispute over agricultural production 54.6 41.5 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 3.9 Dispute over forestry 24.6 47.4 24.6 0.0 0 0 0.0 3.4 Other tribal disputes 0.0 93.1 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 6.9 Dispute over child custody/support 28.0 72.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Village decision made by local authority 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 100.0 Election disputes 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 129 8. DISPUTES TABLE 8.4 ADVERSARY IN DISPUTE BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS (Percent of population) Opposing party in conflict Provincial/ Family Other Other Company/ Local District National Dispute type member individual village business government government government Other Male Dispute over land /water 42.2 35.6 16.7 0.6 0.9 0.0 0.1 4.1 Dispute over domestic violence 81.5 18.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 Theft 13.4 75.0 10.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 Physical assault 33.6 57.4 9.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dispute over bride price 47.7 38.6 13.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 Dispute over agricultural production 51.0 33.6 4.7 1.9 0.0 3.9 0.0 4.9 Dispute over forestry 31.3 34.5 24.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.1 Other tribal disputes 12.1 19.2 63.1 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.1 Dispute over child custody/support 79.8 14.5 5.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 Village decision made by local authority 10.8 35.1 0.0 3.8 30.5 14.9 1.1 3.8 Election disputes 6.3 41.9 29.2 0.0 6.4 4.3 0.0 11.9 Female Dispute over land /water 40.5 35.4 20.4 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.4 2.5 Dispute over domestic violence 83.6 16.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Theft 18.8 73.9 7.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 Physical assault 40.0 51.8 7.7 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 Dispute over bride price 51.9 32.5 9.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.5 Dispute over agricultural production 53.1 45.6 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 Dispute over forestry 21.0 56.7 21.8 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 Other tribal disputes 9.4 43.0 38.9 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 8.2 Dispute over child custody/support 67.6 31.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 Village decision made by local authority 15.6 30.0 5.2 0.8 13.9 14.5 1.6 18.4 Election disputes 15.0 20.4 13.6 0.0 4.1 6.5 9.5 30.8 130 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 8. DISPUTES TABLE 8.4 ADVERSARY IN DISPUTE BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS Continued (Percent of population) Opposing party in conflict Provincial/ Family Other Other Company/ Local District National Dispute type member individual village business government government government Other Age groups in years: <31 Dispute over land /water 38.2 37.6 19.3 0.7 0.6 0.0 0.2 3.4 Dispute over domestic violence 86.2 13.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 Theft 18.9 72.3 8.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Physical assault 36.2 55.9 7.7 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Dispute over bride price 56.2 27.9 11.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.9 Dispute over agricultural production 54.8 36.5 3.9 1.4 0.0 1.4 0.0 2.1 Dispute over forestry 22.9 48.4 26.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.6 Other tribal disputes 10.1 26.8 55.1 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 7.5 Dispute over child custody/support 72.6 22.8 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 Village decision made by local authority 12.7 32.7 3.3 3.3 20.6 14.8 1.5 11.1 Election disputes 3.8 26.0 25.5 0.0 3.3 7.9 1.2 32.3 31-39 Dispute over land /water 46.7 27.6 24.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.2 Dispute over domestic violence 81.9 18.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Theft 15.4 72.7 11.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Physical assault 26.8 50.9 22.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dispute over bride price 44.6 47.2 8.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dispute over agricultural production 43.5 56.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dispute over forestry 17.2 58.0 24.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other tribal disputes 0.0 38.0 59.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 Dispute over child custody/support 83.8 16.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Village decision made by local authority 0.0 34.5 0.0 0.0 29.6 16.7 2.2 17.1 Election disputes 24.1 27.5 0.0 0.0 24.1 0.0 24.4 0.0 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 131 8. DISPUTES TABLE 8.4 ADVERSARY IN DISPUTE BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS Continued (Percent of population) Opposing party in conflict Provincial/ Family Other Other Company/ Local District National Dispute type member individual village business government government government Other 40-59 Dispute over land /water 52.4 26.9 14.9 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.4 4.2 Dispute over domestic violence 70.0 29.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 Theft 6.7 79.4 10.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.4 Physical assault 49.5 45.3 4.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 Dispute over bride price 40.1 48.5 11.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dispute over agricultural production 46.5 47.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.7 0.0 0.0 Dispute over forestry 49.5 38.7 10.6 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other tribal disputes 31.7 31.7 36.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dispute over child custody/support 57.8 42.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Village decision made by local authority 18.3 33.3 0.0 0.0 33.2 15.2 0.0 0.0 Election disputes 36.1 36.1 15.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.3 0.0 Dispute over land /water 39.8 48.1 8.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 3.5 Dispute over domestic violence 74.2 25.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Theft 9.0 91.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Physical assault 23.5 76.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dispute over bride price 3.0 72.8 24.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dispute over agricultural production 45.6 33.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 21.1 Dispute over forestry 0.0 33.0 3.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 63.3 Other tribal disputes 0.0 35.2 64.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dispute over child custody/support 75.8 24.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Village decision made by local authority 32.4 31.4 0.0 5.2 22.0 8.9 0.0 0.0 Election disputes 12.4 87.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Note: ‘-‘ indicates no entries for that category, while 0.0 indicates a very small number (smaller than 0.05). 132 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 8. DISPUTES TABLE 8.5 PROPERTY DAMAGE CAUSED BY THE DISPUTE, BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS AND BY REGIONS (Percent of population involved in each type of dispute) Type of dispute National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands Dispute over land /water 24.5 24.9 17.5 19.1 15.2 28.2 25.8 21.7 Dispute over domestic violence 20.7 20.1 25.3 19.9 27.7 20.8 15.8 29.5 Theft 16.9 16.9 16.5 14.5 0.0 13.7 31.7 19.9 Physical assault 27.0 27.1 25.7 25.0 52.9 22.4 29.1 51.6 Dispute over bride price 4.5 4.6 3.5 0.0 0.0 4.3 6.2 0.0 Dispute over agricultural production 21.8 22.4 6.2 24.2 0.0 6.6 44.3 26.3 Dispute over forestry 19.2 20.1 5.9 14.8 15.2 25.6 12.9 34.3 Other tribal disputes 55.0 56.3 28.5 43.0 27.5 68.5 23.2 46.5 Dispute over child custody/support 11.0 11.1 10.1 16.5 0.0 24.2 0.6 0.0 Village decision made by local authority 6.3 7.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.4 4.6 0.0 Election disputes 21.4 21.4 20.1 0.0 20.0 33.9 7.0 o TABLE 8.6 PROPERTY DAMAGE CAUSED BY THE DISPUTE, BY SEX AND BY AGE GROUPS (Percent of population involved in each type of dispute) Type of dispute National Male Female <31 31-39 40 - 59 60+ Dispute over land /water 24.5 28.7 20.8 24.5 23.7 22.4 30.8 Dispute over domestic violence 20.7 20.9 20.5 19.9 18.2 28.2 17.2 Theft 16.9 18.3 15.4 18.1 9.2 17.5 18.7 Physical assault 27.0 29.2 24.6 24.2 31.3 34.9 32.1 Dispute over bride price 4.5 3.2 5.5 5.8 0.0 0.0 23.5 Dispute over agricultural production 21.8 24.7 19.5 24.3 19.6 22.3 11.2 Dispute over forestry 19.2 19.1 19.2 12.0 45.7 38.1 0.0 Other tribal disputes 55.0 56.7 52.6 56.8 66.7 26.5 78.0 Dispute over child custody/support 11.0 17.5 7.1 13.2 18.9 3.4 0.0 Village decision made by local authority 6.3 6.5 5.9 3.6 14.4 9.7 0.0 Election disputes 21.4 27.2 15.2 21.3 38.4 14.4 0.0 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 133 8. DISPUTES TABLE 8.7 INJURY CAUSED BY THE DISPUTE, BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY REGIONS (Percent of population involved in each type of dispute) Type of dispute National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands Dispute over land /water 19.2 19.6 11.7 13.2 6.2 26.2 18.9 19.6 Dispute over domestic violence 26.8 25.3 38.4 41.4 27.7 27.1 23.6 16.5 Theft 8.0 8.0 8.0 3.6 1.5 8.9 8.2 0.0 Physical assault 48.1 48.2 47.0 48.4 22.3 54.5 38.5 53.6 Dispute over bride price 8.2 8.3 7.4 4.3 0.0 10.7 6.6 0.0 Dispute over agricultural production 12.4 12.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.0 19.0 13.2 Dispute over forestry 12.0 12.2 8.5 14.8 0.0 29.8 3.2 0.0 Other tribal disputes 57.4 58.2 41.1 57.0 27.5 73.2 19.2 46.5 Dispute over child custody/support 7.6 6.7 12.4 13.4 1.8 14.5 1.2 9.4 Village decision made by local authority 6.3 7.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.4 4.6 0.0 Election disputes 19.0 19.0 20.1 0.0 20.0 33.9 0.9 0 TABLE 8.8 INJURY CAUSED BY THE DISPUTE BY SEX AND BY AGE GROUPS (Percent of population involved in each type of dispute) Type of dispute National Male Female <31 31-39 40 - 59 60+ Dispute over land /water 19.2 20.5 18.0 21.9 13.0 11.8 20.0 Dispute over domestic violence 26.8 26.4 27.2 26.2 45.2 17.5 16.4 Theft 8.0 8.0 8.1 9.2 0.7 5.9 18.7 Physical assault 48.1 45.9 50.3 49.0 26.6 52.4 85.8 Dispute over bride price 8.2 8.0 8.3 10.1 0.9 6.0 23.5 Dispute over agricultural production 12.4 11.7 13.0 11.4 9.1 17.7 11.2 Dispute over forestry 12.0 13.6 10.6 8.5 20.8 27.2 0.0 Other tribal disputes 57.4 61.9 51.5 56.3 74.9 32.6 78.0 Dispute over child custody/support 7.6 18.6 1.2 9.8 0.0 7.5 0.0 Village decision made by local authority 6.3 6.5 5.9 0.0 14.4 21.0 0.0 Election disputes 19.0 17.4 20.9 21.3 20.6 14.4 0.0 134 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 8. DISPUTES TABLE 8.9 DEATH CAUSED BY THE DISPUTE, BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY REGIONS (Percent of population involved in each type of dispute) Type of dispute National Rural Urban Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands Dispute over land /water 6.8 7.1 1.4 2.9 2.7 6.8 9.2 3.9 Dispute over domestic violence 0.8 0.9 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 Theft 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Physical assault 1.3 1.2 1.8 3.7 0.0 1.1 0.0 12.9 Dispute over bride price 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dispute over agricultural production 3.6 3.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.5 0.0 Dispute over forestry 4.3 4.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.8 0.0 0.0 Other tribal disputes 48.9 50.4 18.4 28.0 0.0 63.5 17.6 46.5 Dispute over child custody/support 1.9 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.8 0.0 0.0 Village decision made by local authority 1.9 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.6 0.0 Election disputes 7.8 8.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.0 6.1 0 TABLE 8.10 DEATH CAUSED BY THE DISPUTE, BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS (Percent of population) Type of dispute National Male Female <31 31-39 40 - 59 60+ Dispute over land /water 6.8 7.3 6.4 6.6 7.3 5.7 11.1 Dispute over domestic violence 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Theft 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Physical assault 1.3 2.5 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dispute over bride price 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dispute over agricultural production 3.6 5.4 2.2 4.5 0.0 5.6 0.0 Dispute over forestry 4.3 0.0 8.0 4.1 10.4 0.0 0.0 Other tribal disputes 48.9 54.0 42.2 44.0 65.4 32.6 78.0 Dispute over child custody/support 1.9 5.1 0.0 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 Village decision made by local authority 1.9 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.7 0.0 Election disputes 7.8 10.6 4.9 8.0 20.6 0.0 0.0 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 135 8. DISPUTES TABLE 8.11 DISPUTE RESOLUTION BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, AND BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS (Percent of population involved in dispute) Age group in years National Rural Urban Male Female <31 31-39 40-59 60+ Sought help in resolving the dispute 56.0 56.7 49.9 56.0 55.9 52.2 55.1 59.5 56.3 Person/group from whom help was sought Family member/wantok/friend 18.4 18.5 17.4 16.8 23.8 21.0 18.6 17.8 13.6 Church leader/minister/priest 4.1 4.1 4.0 3.8 5.2 3.1 4.9 4.0 4.6 NGO/legal aid group 0.9 0.8 1.9 0.9 1.1 0.1 1.5 0.7 2.3 Community leader 32.5 33.5 21.6 33.4 28.5 35.2 33.0 30.6 33.0 Police 9.4 8.3 22.9 8.8 11.1 9.2 11.6 8.7 6.8 Local level government (LLG) official 3.5 3.4 4.4 4.0 2.0 3.6 4.2 2.7 4.4 District government official 2.7 2.7 2.2 3.3 0.8 0.8 4.0 2.9 2.5 Provincial/Government official 1.7 1.4 5.1 1.1 3.6 1.3 1.3 2.0 2.5 Village court 21.9 23.1 7.6 22.5 21.0 19.0 17.0 25.9 25.7 Other court 1.5 1.2 4.7 1.6 0.5 1.3 0.5 1.7 4.1 Other 3.5 3.1 8.3 3.9 2.3 5.4 3.3 3.0 0.6 Median cost of handling dispute (in PGK) 10.0 10.0 0.0 10.0 10.0 20.0 0.0 10.0 10.0 Median days taken for handling dispute 14.0 14.0 30.0 16.0 21.0 14.0 14.0 21.0 30.0 136 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey S EC TI ON 9. PER SONAL SE CUR ITY This final section presents information on perceptions about personal security the population 15 years and older. In the survey, all persons 15 years of age and above were asked about their perception on how the level of crime had changed in their area in last 12 months prior to the survey, the most common crimes committed in the area, the types of crime they were most “afraidâ€? of, and the types of activities that crime in their area stopped them from doing. 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 9. PERSONAL SECURITY TABLE 9.1 ASSESSMENT OF SECURITY ISSUES, BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY SEX AND BY AGE GROUPS (Percent of population 15 years or older) Age group National Rural Urban Male Female less than 31 31-39 40-59 60+ Perceived change in the level of crime at the time of the survey compared with 12 months previously More crime 28.8 28.1 29.9 27.0 29.8 29.2 26.5 27.5 32.7 Less crime 40.6 41.0 39.8 43.1 38.5 40.0 42.1 42.3 36.4 Stayed the same 24.6 23.4 25.9 24.4 23.2 23.5 24.8 23.9 21.4 Do not know 6.0 7.5 4.4 5.5 8.6 7.3 6.6 6.4 9.5 Most common crime reported Stealing 41.1 42.9 30.6 41.4 40.8 41.2 40.0 40.5 46.9 Assault (physical) 3.7 3.8 3.2 3.8 3.6 4.4 3.2 3.3 2.6 Robbery (stealing with violence) 3.3 2.2 9.6 3.5 3.1 3.5 4.1 2.7 1.7 Sexual assault 2.4 2.5 1.4 1.6 3.1 3.1 2.2 1.4 1.7 Violence outside the home 4.5 5.0 1.6 4.9 4.1 4.5 4.4 4.7 4.2 Domestic violence 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.7 3.1 2.5 3.3 3.3 2.4 Alcohol or drug related crime 33.1 30.9 46.1 33.2 33.0 32.3 34.2 34.4 29.1 Trespassing 2.0 2.1 1.3 2.3 1.6 1.4 1.8 3.2 1.8 Do not know 7.1 7.8 3.3 6.7 7.6 7.2 6.9 6.6 9.8 Type of crime most afraid of Stealing 15.2 15.9 10.5 17.3 13.0 14.5 15.2 14.9 19.9 Assault 11.0 11.2 9.6 14.6 7.3 11.2 10.5 11.0 11.3 Robbery (stealing with violence) 9.6 8.5 16.7 13.4 5.8 8.8 10.4 10.6 8.6 Sexual assault 17.0 16.4 20.3 2.3 31.9 21.7 17.2 12.2 4.3 Violence outside the home 7.1 7.4 5.2 9.3 4.8 6.3 7.6 6.9 10.7 Domestic violence 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.5 2.7 2.0 2.1 2.6 1.1 Alcohol or drug related crime 27.3 26.8 30.0 28.1 26.4 25.9 26.5 29.3 31.0 Trespassing 1.9 2.0 1.1 2.7 1.1 1.5 1.8 2.7 1.7 Do not know 9.0 9.7 4.7 10.8 7.1 8.2 8.7 9.8 11.3 138 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 9. PERSONAL SECURITY TABLE 9.1 ASSESSMENT OF SECURITY ISSUES, BY RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, BY SEX AND BY AGE GROUPS (Percent of population 15 years or older) Age group National Rural Urban Male Female less than 31 31-39 40-59 60+ Effect of crime on willingness to undertake an activity Using PMV 13.0 12.0 19.4 9.2 16.9 12.7 14.4 11.7 15.7 Walking in the shops/markets 11.7 9.6 24.0 7.6 15.9 12.1 11.4 10.4 14.9 Shopping in shops/markets 9.6 8.0 19.8 6.6 12.8 9.7 10.3 8.0 13.6 Walking to work/garden 12.8 13.0 11.9 6.9 18.8 13.3 14.0 11.4 11.4 Walking to fetch water 7.7 7.8 7.4 4.1 11.4 7.9 8.2 6.8 8.3 Allowing children to walk to school 9.6 8.3 17.6 8.3 11.0 7.9 11.1 10.8 11.1 Using open areas like parks or churches 4.1 2.9 11.4 2.7 5.5 3.6 5.3 3.6 4.6 Walking in the night 42.3 39.6 58.7 30.0 54.9 45.6 42.7 37.5 38.9 Investing in a house 6.3 5.8 9.3 5.4 7.2 5.8 7.2 5.6 9.1 Does not stop me from anything 51.3 54.0 35.2 63.0 39.5 49.1 50.0 55.9 52.8 Other 1.1 1.0 1.4 1.3 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.1 2.0 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 139 9. PERSONAL SECURITY TABLE 9.2 ASSESSMENT OF SECURITY ISSUES, BY REGIONS (Percent of population 15 years or older) National Metro Southern Highlands Momase Islands Perceived change in the level of crime at the time of the survey compared with 12 months previously More crime 28.8 22.8 24.6 32.4 28.8 23.8 Less crime 40.6 44.4 45.6 35.5 43.7 42.5 Stayed the same 24.6 28.0 21.9 25.4 20.9 24.7 Do not know 6.0 4.9 7.9 6.7 6.6 9.0 Most common crime reported Stealing 41.1 34.1 46.8 40.9 42.4 36.6 Assault (physical) 3.7 2.7 1.8 4.3 4.3 3.6 Robbery (stealing with violence) 3.3 12.1 2.7 3.0 2.1 2.5 Sexual assault 2.4 1.2 1.3 3.9 1.2 2.0 Violence outside the home 4.5 1.3 1.3 9.1 2.2 1.6 Domestic violence 2.9 2.8 3.4 4.2 1.7 1.2 Alcohol or drug related crime 33.1 40.1 33.7 26.9 35.5 40.8 Trespassing 2.0 1.7 0.7 3.1 1.6 1.2 Do not know 7.1 4.0 8.4 4.6 9.1 10.6 Type of crime most afraid of Stealing 15.2 11.6 19.7 13.4 19.8 8.0 Assault 11.0 8.5 5.9 10.3 12.7 16.3 Robbery (stealing with violence) 9.6 19.7 9.4 8.9 6.8 12.2 Sexual assault 17.0 21.0 17.3 18.1 11.5 22.0 Violence outside the home 7.1 5.1 7.1 11.0 3.9 3.3 Domestic violence 2.1 1.9 1.9 3.2 1.0 1.1 Alcohol or drug related crime 27.3 27.1 27.1 22.2 33.5 27.9 Trespassing 1.9 1.0 1.0 3.1 1.2 1.2 Do not know 9.0 4.2 4.2 9.9 9.7 8.0 Effect of crime on willingness to undertake an activity Using PMV 13.0 21.5 12.7 13.1 15.5 3.5 Walking in the shops/markets 11.7 24.8 13.5 8.9 14.8 4.0 Shopping in shops/markets 9.6 21.2 12.6 7.3 11.4 3.1 Walking to work/garden 12.8 12.2 15.0 8.0 18.9 12.1 Walking to fetch water 7.7 8.5 7.8 5.4 11.8 5.6 Allowing children to walk to school 9.6 20.4 7.0 7.7 11.4 8.6 Using open areas like parks or churches 4.1 13.8 2.7 2.0 5.6 2.7 Walking in the night 42.3 58.5 37.0 42.0 41.7 41.6 Investing in a house 6.3 9.7 5.1 4.6 8.7 5.9 Does not stop me from anything 51.3 34.8 56.1 52.3 51.2 53.0 Other 1.1 1.7 1.6 0.9 0.9 0.9 140 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 9. PERSONAL SECURITY TABLE 9.3 ASSESSMENT OF SECURITY ISSUES, BY REGIONAL RURAL AND URBAN AREAS (Percent of population 15 years or older) Southern Highlands Momase Islands National Metro Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Perceived change in the level of crime at the time of the survey compared with 12 months previously More crime 28.8 22.8 23.9 32.2 32.0 40.3 27.3 43.3 23.5 26.9 Less crime 40.6 44.4 46.7 34.3 35.7 32.9 45.0 32.3 42.4 43.3 Stayed the same 24.6 28.0 21.4 27.1 25.5 23.3 20.7 22.6 24.8 23.1 Do not know 6.0 4.9 8.0 6.4 6.9 3.6 7.1 1.8 9.3 6.6 Most common crime reported Stealing 41.1 34.1 48.6 29.1 41.1 36.3 44.9 20.5 37.8 24.0 Assault (physical) 3.7 2.7 1.5 4.9 4.3 4.4 4.5 2.5 3.6 3.8 Robbery (stealing with violence) 3.3 12.1 2.6 3.6 2.7 8.6 1.3 9.1 2.4 3.8 Sexual assault 2.4 1.2 1.3 1.8 4.0 2.9 1.3 0.5 1.9 2.5 Violence outside the home 4.5 1.3 1.1 2.7 9.4 3.2 2.4 0.5 1.6 2.1 Domestic violence 2.9 2.8 3.3 3.7 4.3 2.6 1.5 2.7 1.0 2.6 Alcohol or drug related crime 33.1 40.1 32.1 49.3 26.3 39.6 32.7 60.9 39.2 57.1 Trespassing 2.0 1.7 0.7 1.1 3.2 1.0 1.7 0.8 1.3 0.7 Do not know 7.1 4.0 8.9 3.8 4.7 1.5 9.8 2.5 11.3 3.4 Type of crime most afraid of Stealing 15.2 11.6 20.6 10.9 13.6 8.7 20.9 9.6 8.1 7.2 Assault (Physical) 11.0 8.5 5.7 8.7 10.2 13.3 13.1 9.4 16.7 12.9 Robbery (stealing with violence) 9.6 19.7 9.2 11.1 8.6 13.9 6.0 13.8 11.9 15.1 Sexual assault 17.0 21.0 17.1 20.0 17.9 23.5 11.1 15.1 21.9 22.8 Violence outside the home 7.1 5.1 7.2 6.2 11.1 8.6 4.0 3.2 3.2 4.7 Domestic violence 2.1 1.9 2.4 1.1 3.3 2.1 0.9 1.5 0.8 4.3 Alcohol or drug related crime 27.3 27.1 27.8 35.5 22.2 22.0 32.6 41.2 27.9 28.0 Trespassing 1.9 1.0 1.4 0.7 3.1 1.8 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.8 Do not know 9.0 4.2 8.8 5.9 10.1 6.2 10.3 5.0 8.4 3.4 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 141 9. PERSONAL SECURITY TABLE 9.3 ASSESSMENT OF SECURITY ISSUES, BY REGIONAL RURAL AND URBAN AREAS Continued (Percent of population 15 years or older) Southern Highlands Momase Islands National Metro Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Effect of crime on willingness to undertake an activity Using PMV 13.0 21.5 13.2 7.9 12.9 16.8 14.2 26.6 3.3 6.2 Walking in the shops/markets 11.7 24.8 13.9 8.9 8.3 20.4 12.2 38.9 3.7 7.6 Shopping in shops/markets 9.6 21.2 13.1 7.2 6.8 18.1 9.5 29.0 2.8 6.0 Walking to work/garden 12.8 12.2 15.3 12.2 8.1 5.5 19.2 16.4 12.4 9.2 Walking to fetch water 7.7 8.5 7.9 7.1 5.5 2.8 12.1 8.6 5.7 4.8 Allowing children to walk to school 9.6 20.4 6.7 10.0 7.6 11.0 10.2 22.0 8.6 8.4 Using open areas like parks or churches 4.1 13.8 2.6 4.2 1.8 6.6 4.8 13.1 2.3 7.0 Walking in the night 42.3 58.5 36.1 46.5 40.7 69.9 39.0 66.0 41.5 43.3 Investing in a house 6.3 9.7 5.3 2.9 4.4 8.3 8.2 12.9 5.8 7.3 Does not stop me from anything 51.3 34.8 56.7 50.0 53.5 26.9 53.9 26.3 52.9 53.6 Other 1.1 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.0 0.3 0.9 1.8 0.9 0.6 142 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey