Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State SFG1692 V21 Final Report NIGERIA EROSION AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROJECT (NEWMAP)- (IDA Assisted) Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) ( Final Report) for Reclamation, Channeling and Remediation Works At Ibore Flood and Gully Erosion Catchment Area in Edo State Prepared by State Project Management Unit, Edo State Nigeria September 2017 1 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report TABLE OF CONTENT PAGES Table of content TOC-i List of Tables TOC-iv List of Figures TOC-v List of Plates TOC-vi List of Abbreviations and Acronyms TOC-vii List of Prepares TOC-ix Exec. Summary TOC-x CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction 1-1 1.2 Overview of the Nigeria Erosion and watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) 1-2 1.3 Environmental and Social Safeguards Concerns 1-3 1.4 Objectives of the proposed Intervention Project in Ibore Gully Site 1-3 1.5 Rationale for the ESMP 1-4 1.6 Objectives of the ESMP 1-5 1.7 Specific Tasks 1-5 1.8 Scope of Work 1-7 1.9 Deliverables 1-7 CHAPTER TWO – INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2.1 Introduction 2-1 2.2 Legal and Administrative Framework 2-1 2.2.1 Administrative Structure for Environmental Management at the Federal (National) Level 2-1 2.2.1.1 Federal Ministry of Environment 2-1 2.2.1.2 National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) 2-4 2.2.1.3 Other Relevant National Policies and Regulations 2-5 2.2.2 Edo State Regulations relating to Environmental Management 2-8 2.2.3 International Regulatory Framework 2-10 CHAPTER THREE – DESCRIPTION OF BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 3.1 Introduction 3-1 3.2 Overview of the Project State 3-1 3.2.1 Location of the Erosion Gully in Edo State 3-2 3.3 Physical Environment of Edo State 3-4 i Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report 3.4 Biological Environment of Edo State 3-12 3.5 Description of Ibore Gully Erosion 3-13 3.5.1 Slope of the Land in Ibore 3-18 3.5.2 Topographical Survey of Ibore Gully 3-18 3.5.3 Geomorphology and Landscape 3-20 3.5.4 Surface and Groundwater Hydrology 3-20 3.5.5 Watershed and Discharge Capacity of the Gully 3-21 3.6 Physical environment of Ibore Erosion Gully Site 3-21 3.7 Biological Environment of Ibore erosion Gully Site 3-25 CHAPTER FOUR – SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS AND COMMUNITY CONSULTATION IN IBORE TOWN 4.0 Introduction 4-1 4.1 Historical Background and Authority Structure 4-1 4.2 Methodology 4-2 4.2.1 Data Collection Approaches 4-2 4.2.2 Socio-Economic Data Analysis 4-3 4.3 Socio-economic Results 4-4 4.3.1 Demographic Characteristics 4-4 4.3.2 Sex Distribution of Respondents 4-5 4.3.3 Age Characteristics of Respondents 4-6 4.3.4 Marital Status 4-6 4.3.5 Religion, Tradition and Culture 4-7 4.3.6 Ethnic Composition in Ibore Town 4-8 4.3.7 Educational Attainment 4-8 4.3.8 Occupational Structures 4-9 4.3.9 Income Distribution among the Respondents 4-10 4.4 Housing characteristics in the Ibore Town 4-11 4.5 Amenities and Facilities in the Ibore Community 4-15 4.5.1 Sources of Energy 4-15 4.5.2 Sources of Domestic Water 4-15 4.5.3 Schools, Health and Public Water Facilities 4-17 4.5.4 Household Waste Disposal 4-18 4.6 Human Health 4-19 4.6.1 Environmental Concern in the Community 4-21 4.6.2 Perceived Environmental Impacts of the Gully Erosion 4-21 4.7 Assessment of Existing Formal and Informal Grievances Redress Mechanism 4-23 4.7.1 Stakeholder Engagement Plan 4-25 4.7.2 Consultations with Relevant Stakeholders 4-26 4.7.3 Anticipated Impacts of the Gully Erosion Intervention Project 4-28 CHAPTER FIVE – ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL ADVERSE IMPACTS AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 5.1 Introduction 5-1 5.2 Impact Assessment Methodology 5-1 ii Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report 5.3 Associated and Potential environmental and Social Impacts 5-4 5.3.1 Potential Positive Impacts of the Project 5-5 5.3.2 The Potential Adverse Impacts 5-5 5.3.2.1 Soil and Erosion Impacts 5-6 5.3.2.2 Impacts on Vegetation and Wildlife 5-6 5.3.2.3 Air Quality and Noise Impacts 5-7 5.3.2.4 Hydrology and Hydrogeology 5-8 5.3.2.5 Socio-economic Impacts 5-8 5.2.3 Residual and Cumulative Impacts 5-17 5.4 Analyses of Project Options and Alternatives 5-17 5.4.1 Project Options 5-18 5.4.1.1 No Project Option 5-18 5.4.1.2 Delayed Project Option 5-18 5.4.1.3 Implement Project Option 5-19 5.4.2 Project Alternatives 5-19 5.4.2.1 Alternative Location 5-19 5.4.2.2 Alternative Technology 5-19 5.4.2.3 Summary 5-21 CHAPTER SIX – ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 6.1 Introduction 6-1 6.2 Mitigation Measures 6-3 6.2.1 Mitigation Measures for Identified Project Impacts 6-4 6.3 Environmental Management Plan 6-12 6.3.1 Institutional Arrangement for ESMP and Monitoring Plan 6-12 6.4 Capacity Building and Training Plan 6-21 6.5 Public Consultation Plan 6-27 6.6 Grievance Redress Mechanism 6-29 6.7 Environmental and Social Management/Monitoring Plan 6-29 6.7.1 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) 6-30 6.7.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan 6-73 6.7.2.1 Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation 6-73 6.7.2.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan 6-75 6.7.2.3 Implementation Approach for the Environmental Monitoring 6-76 6.8 ESMP Budget and Schedule of Work 6-79 6.8.1 ESMP Budget 6-79 6.8.2 Schedule of Work for ESMP Implementation 6-80 6.9 Contractual Award Measures 6-84 CHAPTER SEVEN – SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 7-1 REFERENCE ANNEXES iii Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report LIST OF TABLES Tables Pages 2.1 Summary of IFC Performance Standards and their Applicability to the Proposed Project 2-14 3.1 Summary of Air Quality and Noise Measurements around Edo State 3-7 3.2 Nigerian Ambient Air Quality Standard 3-7 3.3 Air Quality Classification Based on TSP Values 3-8 3.4 Geologic Units of the Niger Delta 3-10 3.5 Typical Grain Size distribution of the Surface 2-M Depth of Soils within and around the Gully Erosion Site in Ibore 3-31 3.6 Average Composition of the Grain Size Distribution of Soils within and around the Gully Erosion site in Ibore, Edo State 3-25 3.7 Vegetation Species around the Ibore Area 3-26 3.8 List of Wildlife Species in the Ibore Area 3-29 4.1 Population Distribution in the Esan Central Local Government Area 4-4 5.1 Project activities at the four phases of the proposed NEWMAP Intervention project in Ibore 5-3 5.2 Potential Negatives Impacts of the Proposed Intervention Project on Environmental and Social Media 5-10 6.1 Mitigation Measures recommended for the Impacts of Ibore Gully Erosion Site Rehabilitation 6-5 6.2 Capacity Building Training Program Proposed for the Implementation of the ESMP 6-24 6.3 Environmental and Social Management Plan for Ibore Gully Erosion Site Rehabilitation 6-31 6.4 Environmental, Social and Health Components and Impact Indicators 6-74 6.5 Environmental Components, Monitoring Parameters and Frequency of Monitoring for the Project 6-78 6.6 Summarized Cost Estimates for the Implementation of the Ibore NEWMAP ESMP 6-80 6.7 ESMP Implementation Schedule of Work 6-81 iv Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report LIST OF FIGURES Figures Pages 3.1 Administrative Map of Nigeria showing Edo State 3-1 3.2 Administrative Map of Edo State showing Ibore Community 3-2 3.3 Satellite Imagery of Gully Erosion Site at Ibore Town 3-4 3.4 Pattern of the Mean Monthly Maximum Temperatures in Edo State 3-5 3.5 Pattern of Rainfall Distribution in Edo State 3-6 3.6 Mean Monthly Relative Humidity in Edo State 3-6 3.7 Structural Elements of the Niger Delta 3-9 3.8 Structural Elements of the Niger Delta 3-10 3.9 Top-down or Sub-aerial view of Ibore Gully Site 3-14 3.10 Catchment areas of Ibore, Edo State 3-16 3.11 Digital Elevation Model of the Topography around Ibore Gully Site 3-20 3.12 Water Shed Catchment of the Gully Head at Ibore 3-21 3.13 Landuse and Landcover of the Gully Erosion Site in the Ibore3-23 3.14 General Geological Map of Nigeria 3-24 4.1 Sex Distribution among the sampled Respondents in Ibore Community 4-5 4.2 Distribution of Respondents by Age 4-6 4.3 Distribution of Respondents by Marital Status 4-7 4.4 Distribution of Respondents by Religious Affiliations 4-7 4.5 Ethnic Composition of Respondents in Ibore Community 4-8 4.6 Educational attainments among the sampled Respondents in Ibore Community 4-9 4.7 Occupational Groups of Respondents in Ibore Community 4-10 4.8 Income Distribution among the sampled Respondents in Ibore Community 4-11 4.9 Distribution of Respondents by House Ownership 4-12 4.10 Floor Materials used in Houses in Ibore Community 4-13 4.11 Wall Materials used in buildings in Ibore Community 4-13 4.12 Types of Roofing Materials used in the Ibore Community 4-14 4.13 Sources of Water in Ibore Community 4-16 4.14 Water Storage Device used by Respondents in Ibore Community 4-17 4.15 Distribution of Public Facilities in Ibore Community 4-18 4.16 Waste Disposal Methods Adopted by Respondents in Ibore Community 4-18 6.1 Risk Based Design Strategy 6-4 v Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report LIST OF PLATES Plates Pages 3.1 A Section of the Gully in Ibore, Esan Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria 3-3 3.2 Gully at Ibore showing the broken Stormwater pipeline that contributes to the Gully erosion and the affected tarred road as at February 2017 3-3 3.3 View of Ibore gully at North-north-western end 3-14 3.4 A collapsed building at Ibore Gully Head 3-15 3.5 Step-case made on the Gully wall at Ibore 3-15 3.6 A make-shift Bridge constructed over the Gully at Ibore 3-16 3.7 Rainwater Harvest at Ibore 3-20 3.8-11 Vegetation and Crops observed around Project Site 3-27 3.12 Vinaceous Dove observed on site 3-30 3.13 Cattle Egrets around the Project Site 3-30 4.1 Detached Bungalow in Ibore Community 4-12 4.2 Typical Wall Materials used in building in the Ibore Community 4-14 4.3 Typical Roofing Materials used in Building in the Ibore Community 4-15 4.4 Rainwater Harvesting Device in Ibore Community 4-16 4.5 Waste Deposited inside the Gully Site 4-19 4.6 Gully encroaching into Road in Ibore Community 4-22 4.7 Building being threatening by the expanding Gully in Ibore Community 4-22 4.8 Domestic Animal Roaming in the Vicinity of the Gully Erosion Site 4-23 4.9-12 View of the Stakeholder Engagement held at Ibore Community 4-27 vi Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACCRONYMS AIDS = Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome BEME = Bill of Engineering Measurement and Evaluation BOD = Biological Oxygen Demand CITES = Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species CO = Carbon-Monoxide DO = Dissolved Oxygen EA = Environmental Assessment EHS = Environment, Health and Safety EIA = Environmental Impact Assessment EMP = Environmental Management Plans EIS = Environmental Impact Statement ESA = Environmentally Sensitive Area ESMF = Environmental and Social Management Framework ESO = Environmental Safeguard Officer ESMP = Environmental and Social Management Plan FMEnv = Federal Ministry of Environment FEPA = Federal Environmental Protection Agency FRSC = Federal Road Safety Corps GEF = Global Environmental Facility GRMs = Grievance Redress Mechanisms HIV = Human Immune Virus HSE = Health Safety and Environment IFC = International Finance Corporation ITCZ = Inter Tropical Convergence Zone ITDZ = Inter-Tropical Discontinuity Zone IMM = Impact Mitigation Monitoring LGA = Local Government Area MDA = Ministries Department and Agencies NAST = Nigerian Advanced School of Theology NESREA = National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency NEWMAP = Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project NIMET = Nigeria Meteorological Agency NPC = National Population Commission NW = North Westerly PPP = Polluter Pay Principle PAP = Project Affected People PPC = Public Compliant Commission PCF = Prototype Carbon Fund PAD = Project Appraisal Document PID = Project Implementation Manual PM = Particulate Matter QA = Quality Assurance QC = Quality Control RH = Relative Humidity RPF = Resettlement Policy Framework SPMU = State Project Management Unit vii Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report STD = Sexually Transmitted Disease SW = South Westerly TDS = Total Dissolve Solid THC = Total Hydrocarbon ToR = Terms of Reference TSS = Total Suspended Solid TSP = Total Suspended Particulate USCS = Unified Soil Classification System USEPA = United States Environmental Protection Agency VOC = Volatile Organic Compound WB = World Bank “WSW -ENE” = West South West – East North East viii Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report LIST OF PREPARERS BABATUNDE .Y. OSHO -Team Leader/ Environmental Management Specialist PROF. A.AMUSAN - Soil Scientist / Erosion Expert Dr M. ADABANIJA - Geology/Geophysics ADEOLU. OJO - Environmental Ecologist Dr. O.J. TAIWO -Socio-economics/Stakeholder Engagement Specialist OLAJIRE. ALAO - Environmental Management Specialist ix Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION Ibore, Edo State, gully site is one of the ten gully erosion sites that had been selected by the SPMU of NEWMAP for Engineering Design and Construction Works in a bid to control the erosion, inhibit the advancement of the gully from causing further damage and rehabilitate the gully. The project is financed by the World Bank (WB), Global Environment Facility, the Special Climate Change Fund, and the Government of Nigeria. The Consultant (Team leader) was engaged to prepare the ESMP for the project in line with standard procedures for environmental assessment including the applicable WB Environmental and Social Safeguard policies and Nigerian environmental assessment guidelines Objectives of the Proposed Intervention Project in Ibore Gully Site The aims of the Ibore gully Intervention project are:  To route the catchment flow around the gully head so as to bypass the head of the gully and to discharge the flow back into the gully at a safe distance downstream;  To manage the energy of the flowing waters in such a way that the flow discharges back into the gully in a controlled manner;  To manage the flow in the downstream section of the gully so as to limit velocities, reduce lining requirements and to ensure that extensive vegetation cover is established as part of the river protection and reinstatement;  To reinstate the backfilled gully head with suitable vegetative measures combined with appropriate landscaping;  To provide facilities with sufficient capacity to intercept surface flows into the gully bypass system;  To rehabilitate the damaged rural tarred road; and  To reroute the channel to protect the gas pipeline at the downstream section of the gully. x Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Scope of the Project Work in Ibore The scope of the work is as follow:  Desk studies, a field investigation and a site assessment;  A detailed topographical survey of the affected area;  Hydrological studies to determine storm water runoff;  The engineering design of all structures including:  Hydraulics  Reinforced concrete  Slope stability  Layout and earthworks  Design for risk and safety;  Preparation of a Bill of Engineering Measurement and Evaluation (BEME), priced and unpriced;  Tender documentation; and  The final design report. Objectives of the ESMP Specific objectives of this ESMP are to:  Set out the measures to be taken in addressing the identified adverse impacts of the various components and activities of the project;  Develop procedures and plans to ensure that the mitigation measures will be implemented throughout the phases for the remediation work at the Ibore Gully Erosion site; and  Address the adequacy of the monitoring and institutional arrangements for the upper and lower watersheds in the intervention site. Terms of Reference and Scope of Work of the ESMP  The consultant is expected to work in close collaboration with the SPMU project team, and the various other Agencies involved in the projects;  The consultant shall visit the intervention sites, to have a first-hand overview of the situation on ground at the site, so as to have adequate knowledge of the requirements for the ESMP; and xi Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report  Identify the proposed management strategies to ensure the environment is appropriately protected and environmental issues are appropriately mitigated. Specific scope of work is that the Consultant:  Prepares ESMP, taking into consideration the activities in the intervention sites at Ibore community;  The ESMP should contain an environmental and social checklist, to be used as a screening mechanism for the identified activities of the project; and  Identifies any regulations and guidelines, which will govern activities of the nature contemplated by the proposed project including National and State legislation and regulations. Deliverables The deliverables are Inception, Draft and Final ESMP Reports, acceptable to the Edo –NEWMAP SPMU, Edo State, and to the World Bank. INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK A number of relevant international, national and state environmental policies, guidelines, legal and administrative framework applicable to the operation of the NEWMAP were reviewed as they relate to the proposed NEWMAP project at Ibore, Edo State. Specifically, World Bank OP/BP 4.01: Environmental Assessment (EA), one of the 10+2 Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies of the WB, employed by the bank to examine the potential environmental risks and benefits associated with Bank lending operations was reviewed. A detailed listing of national statutory documents put in place by the FMEnv to aid in the monitoring, control and abatement of industrial wastes and natural disasters was produced in this chapter. Similarly, Edo State Regulations Relating to Environmental Management was also reviewed. xii Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report DESCRIPTION OF BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Overview of the Project State Edo State with its administrative headquarter in Benin City was created out of former Bendel state in August 27, 1991. The state is is located in the South- South geopolitical zone of the country and it is bounded in the north and east by Kogi State, in the south by Delta State and in the west by Ondo Stat e. The State occupies an area of about 17,802 km². The State has over 123 gully sites and this makes it one of the states with the highest numbers of gully erosion sites in Nigeria. The Ibore gully erosion site is one the gully erosion sites that have been identified in Edo State. Location of Ibore Gully Site in Edo State: The Ibore gully erosion site is located in the Esan Central District, approximately 6 km to the east of Ekpoma-Auchi Road. A large erosion gully has grown to a depth of approximately 20 m and has caused the collapse of a main road and several buildings in the residential area of Ibore settlement. The gully extends over a distance of approximately 1.8 km. The depth of the gully decreases as it moves into a more gently sloping topography and the erosive forces reach a state of equilibrium with the resistance of the natural soil. The depth of the gully decreases to approximately 3 m. The gully is about 5 m wide at the lower end before it crosses the gas pipeline. A major gas pipeline traverses the natural drainage route. Markings on the pipes indicate that the pipeline belongs to the Nigerian Gas Company Ltd. Three significant catchment areas were identified upstream of the erosion gully at Ibore as follow:  Upper catchment (approximately 17 km²);  Middle catchment (approximately 19 km²); and  Lower catchment (approximately 5 km²). From the recent hydrological study in Ibore, it was found that only the lower catchment presently contributes to the runoff in the gully. xiii Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Physical environment of Edo State: Climate and Meteorology: Edo State has two principal seasons, rainy and dry, driven by the seasonal oscillations of the Inter-Tropical Discontinuity Zone (ITDZ) movement. Temperature and Sunshine: Maximum temperatures typically range between 280C and 340C. The higher values are recorded in the dry months between December and March, which also coincide with periods of high sunshine. Mean sunshine hours per month vary from 53 hours in July to 176 hours in January. The low sunshine hours in the region are associated with the thick cloud cover that prevails in this climatic belt for most of the year. Rainfall: Rainfall in Edo State is generally high, due to the relative proximity to the coast. Rain falls all through the year with the peak between June and October and the highest number of rain days also occurred within the same period. Lowest amount of rainfall occurs in the month of December, while the lowest rain days are recorded in February. Total annual rainfall is typically in excess of 2,500mm. Relative Humidity: The highest relative humidity (RH) in the morning (0900 hrs.) in Edo State is about 84.0% and this often occurs in July, while the lowest is obtained in January with a value of about 59.0%. The RH record is higher for 0900hrs than for 1500hrs throughout the months. Wind System: The climatic conditions of the state are influenced by two wind systems related to a global passat system; south-westerly (SW) and the north-easterly (NE). The SW winds, which predominate from April to August, have a speed range of 5.7 to 9.0 knots (mean 7.4 ± 1.4 knots), but over the annual cycle, the overall mean is 5.7 ± 2.2 knots, and this corresponds to light breeze on the Beaufort scale. Gentle and moderate breezes occur mostly from June to September. xiv Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Air Quality and Noise Levels: Total suspended particulates in ambient air around Edo State are generally low, ranging between 25µg/m 3 and 74µg/m3. This is far below the FMEnv limit of 250 µg/m 3, hence, the air quality in the state is of high quality. Noise level ranged between a low of 40 dB(A) and a high of 84 dB(A), with mean values at 51dB(A). In general, noise levels in the state complied with the 8-hr exposure limit of 90 dB(A) set by the FMEnv. Geology and Geomorphology of Edo State: Edo State lies within the Niger Delta thereby making its geology typical of the Niger Delta Basin. The area forms part of a geological sequence of the Quaternary and Tertiary formations of the Niger Delta. Biological Environment of Edo State Vegetation: Vegetation in Edo state consists of mangrove swamps, freshwater swamps, rainforests and savanna grasslands. The savanna grasslands however occur in the northern reaches of the state. Wildlife: Generally wildlife in Edo state consists of mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians. Many parts of the state have been substantially modified by human activities, such that only very few original forests remain, and by extension, wildlife species composition and abundance have been seriously modified. The savanna grasslands in the state play host to rodents such as Grass-cutters, Porcupines, Snakes, etc. Avian species, because of their mobility, are ubiquitous across the state. Description of Ibore Gully Site Environment Findings from recent hydrological survey of Ibore and its surrounding within and around the gully site indicate as follow: Upper Catchment: The upper portion of the catchment, which includes the town of Irrua, drains into a large natural wetland. The upper catchment (approximately 17 km²) forms part of the greater catchment area, it currently drains into a natural wetland and does not appear to contribute any runoff to the Ibore gully. xv Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Middle Catchment Middle catchment (approximately 19 km²) forms part of the greater catchment area that drains towards the Ibore gully. However, due to undulating flat gradients, a poorly defined watercourse and luxuriant vegetation, the runoff from this area also appears to dissipate before it reaches Ibore. The peak runoff from the middle catchment has been calculated to be in the order of 110 m³/s. However, this runoff does not currently contribute to the flow at Ibore gully site. Lower Catchment Lower catchment (approximately 5 km²) drains directly to the Ibore gully. It consists of rural and urban areas with roads and includes formalized storm water channels. It was found that only the lower catchment presently contributes to the runoff in the gully. Slope of the Land in Ibore Although the upper and middle catchments are fairly flat, the lower catchment forms a basin with moderate gradients towards the lowest point, where flows are concentrated at the head of the gully. The elevation at the highest point of the lower catchment is approximately 380 m above mean sea level (MSL), while the elevation at the lowest point is about 280 m above MSL. The middle catchment, which includes the settlements of Eidenu and Udowa, does appear to slope towards the Ibore gully. Geology, Geotechnical and Soil Types at Ibore According to the published 1:2 000 000 Geological Map of Nigeria, the site is underlain by Bende Ameki Group lithologies consisting of clay, clayey sands and shale of the Ilaro Formation. The presence of clayey sands was confirmed by the geotechnical investigation and laboratory test results. A geotechnical investigation was conducted on 14 March 2016 at the Ibore Erosion Gully Site (D3), Edo State, Nigeria, where six soil samples were taken and tested in the laboratory. The laboratory results indicated that the site is underlain by clayey sands and are classified as ‘SC’ by the unified soil classification system (USCS). xvi Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Field soil investigation, sampling and analysis of the surface 200-cm soil depth at the lower and upper reaches of the gully erosion site in Ibore indicated predominance of fine to medium sized sand particles. No evidence of lithologic discontinuity was observed. Soils within and around the Ibore gully site are highly ferruginized, commonly dark brownish to dark reddish in colour, and often with ochric epipedon. The sand particles ranged from a minimum of 77% to 78% sand. SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS AND CONSULTATION WITH STAKEHOLDERS The socio-economic baseline information gathering on the two communities straddling the gully site documented the social risks associated with the rehabilitation and restoration of the gully. Furthermore, existing livelihoods opportunities, income, gender characteristics, age profile, health, transport access, existing community structures were also investigated. In addition, existing formal and informal grievance redress mechanisms in the communities were also investigated. Community consultation was also held at the community leader premises. The consultation was with a view to sensitizing the community on the government’s plan to address the challenges posed by the gully through the rehabilitation of the damaged road infrastructure as a consequence of the gully erosion. Findings indicated that youth accounted for 69% of the sampled respondents. This is an indication of the availability of able-bodied people that can provide labour needed during the construction phase of the project. Four major environmental concerns of the community identified during the consultation meeting are (a) irregular rainfall, (b) excessive rainfall, (c) soil loss and degradation, and (d) excessive heat. It was also documented that there is no existing formal institutional framework specifically setup to handle grievances that might arise from the gully erosion rehabilitation project in the community. xvii Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL ADVERSE IMPACTS AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES Associated and Potential Project Impacts In order to effectively assess the associated and potential impacts of the project on the environment, a 4-step procedure was adopted. The first step was to undertake a detailed description/evaluation of the planned project activities and the existing environmental conditions around the project area. This was followed by a general screening of impacts, to determine the significance level, such that negligible/insignificant impacts were screened out. After this, we undertook a detailed Impact Analysis and Elaboration of Corrective Measures: On the basis of the screening stage, the main impacts were analyzed, in order to quantify them, whenever possible and to elaborate specific measures to cancel, reduce or compensate the most detrimental ones. On conclusion of the impact analysis, the details of the positive and negative effects of the proposed developments on the environment were outlined and appropriate solutions or mitigation measures to minimize any undesirable effects resulting from the proposed project were determined. Based on the assessment, positive and negative impacts were identified. The positive impacts of the proposed gully site restoration in Ibore include: Employment opportunities, restoration of hitherto degraded areas, leading to availability of more land for agricultural purposes, community development programs, provision of improved drainage in the area, control/reduction of sedimentation of waterbodies, increased business/commerce opportunities during project implementation, etc. Key negative effects of proposed project activities include: deterioration of air quality during construction activities, loss of vegetation and wildlife during construction, soil compaction, possible effect on hydrology, leading to flooding in upstream areas, possible conflicts between communities and project team, etc. In all, no major negative impact is anticipated, although a few moderate and several minor impacts are identified and anticipated. xviii Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) This chapter presents the specific objectives of the ESMP, the environmental and social impacts of the intervention identified, a discussion of the mitigation measures recommended to address the adverse project impacts, the institutional responsibilities and accountabilities, the capacity building requirements, the public consultation plan, the mechanism for resolving community conflicts and disagreements regarding the project activities in line with the ESMF, RPF, RAP, and Project Implementation Manual. The mitigation measures are presented in relation to specific project activities that would cause them. The usual practice is to ensure the implementation of these measures as part of the overall operational plans and procedures that will be used by the Edo State Project Management Unit of NEWMAP and its Contractors. The two monitoring that will be undertaken consists of: (a) Environmental Auditing (Environmental impact monitoring), and (b) Environmental and social impact mitigation compliance monitoring. Also addressed in this chapter is the Institutional Arrangement for Monitoring Plan and the monitoring and evaluation strategies to be adopted for the proposed intervention project. The roles, responsibilities and institutional arrangements for the implementation of the mitigation measures and the monitoring activities outlined for the Ibore intervention project are clearly documented. Roles and responsibilities of the key stakeholders in the implementation of the ESMP are also clearly presented. Capacity building training is essential for ensuring that the ESMP requirements are implemented. To this end, the relevant training and capacity building programs have been identified as pre-requisite for effective implementation of the Ibore gully erosion site rehabilitation project. The training course content, duration, target participants and the estimated cost are clearly documented. xix Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report The total cost for the implementation of the Ibore Gully Rehabilitation ESMP add up to US$ 146,573. This cost also include Monitoring and Evaluation, as well as the Capacity Building Activities. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION Concise summary of each of the preceding chapters was presented here, and it was concluded that with careful implementation of this ESMP, the various phases of the proposed intervention project in Ibore Gully site would be realized with minimal residual impacts to the physical, biological and social environment of the project affected communities. xx Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Erosion is one of the surface processes that sculpture the earth’s landscape and constitutes one of the global environmental problems. Soil erosion is perhaps the most serious mechanism of land degradation in the tropics (El- Swaify et al., 1982). However, gully erosion is visually the most impressive of all types of erosion (El-Swaify, 1990), highly visible and affects soil productivity, restricts land use and can threaten roads, fences, buildings and human life (Afegbua et al 2016). It has been described as a well-defined water worn channel (Monkhouse and Small, 1978); a recently extended drainage channel that transmits ephemeral flow, steep side, steeply sloping or vertical head scarf with a width greater than 0.3 m and a depth greater than 0.6 m (Brice, 1966); a V or U-shaped trench in unconsolidated materials with a minor channel in the bottom, but not necessarily linked to a major stream (Graf, 1983); as well as a relatively deep, vertical-walled channel recently formed within a valley where no well-defined channel previously existed (Bettis III 1985). Gully erosion is an advanced stage of rill erosion where surface channels have been eroded to the point where they cannot be smoothened over by normal tillage operations (Hilborn, 1985). Like in other parts of the world, gully erosion is one of the major environmental challenges facing Nigeria. The menace is more predominant in the eastern, southeastern and some parts of southwestern part of the country with Southeastern part regarded as gully erosion region (Igbokwe et al 2008) probably due to susceptibility of the soils in southern part of the country to erosion as well as varied underlying geology. Whilst Edo and Kogi states are most affected in southwestern Nigeria; Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu, and Imo states are most affected in the southeast. In Edo state which is geologically underlain by sedimentary terrain, crystalline basement as well as sedimentary/crystalline basement contact; Ibore gully site is one of the ten gully erosion sites that has been selected by the State Project Management Unit (SPMU) of the Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) for Engineering design and construction works in a bid to control 1 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report the erosion, inhibit the advancement of the gully from causing further damage and rehabilitate the eroded gullies. 1.2 Overview of the Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) The Government of Nigeria is implementing the multi-sectoral Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP), which are financed by the World Bank, Global Environment Facility, the Special Climate Change Fund, and the Government of Nigeria. NEWMAP finances activities implemented by States and activities implemented by the Federal government. The project currently is currently benefitting 19 States. Some of the States include Abia, Anambra, Cross River, Delta, Ebonyi, Edo, Enugu, Gombe, Kano, Kogi , Imo, Oyo and Sokoto. The lead agency at the Federal level is the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv), Department of Erosion, Flood and Coastal Zone Management. State and local governments, local communities and CSOs are or will be involved in the project, given that the project is a multi-sector operation involving MDAs concerned with water resources management, public works, agriculture, regional and town planning, earth and natural resources information, and disaster risk management. The development objective of NEWMAP is: to rehabilitate degraded lands and reduce longer-term erosion vulnerability in targeted areas. At State level, NEWMAP activities involve medium-sized civil works such as construction of infrastructure and/or stabilization or rehabilitation in and around the gullies themselves, as well as small works in the small watershed where gullies form and expand. These works trigger the World Bank’s Safeguard Policies including Environmental Assessment OP 4.01; Natural Habitats OP 4.04; Cultural Property OP 11.03; Involuntary Resettlement OP 4.12 Safety of Dams OP 4.37; Pest Management Safeguard Policy OP 4.09; and Projects on International Waterways OP 7.50. 2 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report 1.3 Environmental and Social Safeguards Concerns The World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguards concerns for the NEWMAP are addressed by the policies that provide guidelines for the identification, preparation, and implementation of projects. These several policies are used to address environmental and social safeguards concerns for projects and these include but not limited to EA (OP/BP 4.01), Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04), and Forests (OP4.36) etc. Other documents already prepared under the project include an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF), Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF), the Project Appraisal Document (PAD) and the Project Implementation Manual (PIM). Specifically engineering designs are also prepared for the site-specific gully sites. This report therefore focuses on the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) developed for the Ibore Gully Erosion Site in Esan Central Local Government Area of Edo State. The NEWMAP intends to reclaim and rehabilitate the gully erosion site so as to reduce the environmental impacts created in the targeted area. The proposed activities will employ some civil works such as channelization, remediation works of the gully site. The drainage systems upstream of the gully and possible ways of stabilising the gully have previously been examined in the Stormwater Master Planning and Concept Design Study. Details of the study and the approved conceptual designs are included in the Stormwater Master Planning and Conceptual Design Report – Part 1, revision 02 dated 30 November 2015. This ESMP is prepared in accordance with standard procedures for environmental assessment including the applicable World Bank (WB) Environmental and Social Safeguard policies and Nigerian environmental assessment guidelines. 1.4 Objectives of the Proposed Intervention Project in Ibore Gully Site The Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) aims to reduce vulnerability to soil erosion in targeted sub-catchments. This eight-year innovative, multi-sectoral project will finance state-led interventions to prevent 3 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report and reverse land degradation and will initially focus on gully erosion sites that threaten infrastructure and livelihoods. The aims of the Ibore gully project are:  To route the catchment flow around the gully head so as to bypass the head of the gully and to discharge the flow back into the gully at a safe distance downstream;  To manage the energy of the flowing waters in such a way that the flow discharges back into the gully in a controlled manner;  To manage the flow in the downstream section of the gully so as to limit velocities, reduce lining requirements and to ensure that extensive vegetation cover is established as part of the river protection and reinstatement;  To reinstate the backfilled gully head with suitable vegetative measures combined with appropriate landscaping;  To provide facilities with sufficient capacity to intercept surface flows into the gully bypass system;  To rehabilitate the damaged rural tarred road; and  To reroute the channel to protect the gas pipeline at the downstream section of the gully. 1.5 Rationale for the ESMP A project's environmental and social management plan (ESMP) consists of the set of mitigation, monitoring, and institutional measures to be taken during implementation and operation to eliminate adverse environmental impacts, offset them, or reduce them to acceptable levels. The plan also includes the actions needed to implement these measures. The ESMP is an essential safeguard element for Category B projects, such as the planned gully erosion rehabilitation works in Ibore, Edo State. This Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is therefore an important project management strategy that will manage the proposed Ibore gully erosion site rehabilitation project activities such that the potential 4 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report environmental and social impacts arising from the project implementation will be mitigated, avoided or eliminated. The ESMP outlines Edo State NEWMAP Project Management Unit’s corporate commitment to managing the project implementations in a sustainable manner. The ESMP will also ensure compliance with applicable environmental standards all through the life span of the projects. The Bank will disclose the ESMP document publicly, in Nigeria before project implementation. 1.6 Objectives of the ESMP The objective of the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is to set out the measures to be taken in addressing the identified adverse impacts of the various components and activities of the project. In addition, the ESMP is meant to develop procedures and plans to ensure that the mitigation measures will be implemented throughout the phases for the Remediation work of Ibore Gully Erosion site. Specific objectives of this ESMP include the following: Specifically, as indicated in the Terms of Reference (ToR) document provided as part of the contractual process for the project, the following objectives are outlined: 1) ESMP will include the measures needed to implement these actions, addressing the adequacy of the monitoring and institutional arrangements for the upper and lower watersheds in the intervention site. 1.7 Specific Tasks The consultant is required to carry out the following tasks:  Describe biophysical and social environment including the existing status of the sub-watershed (Upper/Lower) and gullies;  Identify the potential environmental and social issues/risks associated with the intervention; 5 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report  Drawing on the feasibility and engineering report and site design, appropriate baseline indicators (for example, m 3/sec of runoff collected in the sub-watershed during a heavy hour-long rainfall).  Develop a plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with construction and operation in the gully intervention in consultation with the relevant public and government agencies;  Identify feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels;  Develop a time-bound plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with the specific intervention in the designated sub- watershed management in consultation with the relevant public and government agencies;  Identify feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels;  Identify monitoring objectives and specifies the type of monitoring, with linkages to the impacts assessed and the mitigation measures described above (in bullets 1-5);  Provide a specific description of institutional arrangements: the agencies responsible for carrying out the mitigation and monitoring measures (e.g., for operation, supervision, enforcement, monitoring of implementation, remedial action, financing, reporting, and staff training) and the contractual arrangements for assuring the performance of each implementing agency;  Define technical assistance programs that could strengthen environmental management capability in the agencies responsible for implementation;  Provide an implementation schedule for measures that must be carried out as part of the project, showing phasing and coordination with overall project implementation plans; and  Provide the expected capital and recurrent cost estimates and sources of funds for implementing the ESMP and inform accordingly the design 6 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report consultants so that these costs are duly taken into consideration in the designs.  Other tasks: The consultant shall assist the SPMU to: i. Register the ESMP with the environmental assessment (EA) departments at Federal and State levels; and ii. Disclose the finalized ESMP at National, State, LGA and Community levels. 1.8 Scope of Work Based on the terms of reference provided as part of the contract for this ESMP, it is expected that the consultant shall work in close collaboration with the SPMU project team, and the various other Agencies involved in the projects. The consultant shall visit the two intervention sites, to have a first- hand overview of the situation on ground at the sites, so that he will have adequate knowledge of the requirements for the ESMP, and identify the proposed management strategies to ensure the environment is appropriately protected and environmental issues are appropriately mitigated. The specific scope of work will include the following: A. The consultant is expected to prepare the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) taking into consideration the activities in the intervention sites at Ibore community. B. The Consultant will prepare an ESMP, which will contain an environmental and social checklist, to be used as a screening mechanism for the identified activities of the project. C. The consultant will identify any regulations and guidelines, which will govern activities of the nature contemplated by the proposed project including National and State legislation and regulations. 1.9 Deliverables The deliverable will include the preparation of Inceptions, draft and final ESMP Report, which will be acceptable to the Edo –NEWMAP SPMU Edo State, and to the World Bank. 7 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report CHAPTER TWO INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2.1 Introduction This section presents an overview of relevant regulations, treaties and conventions that apply directly or remotely to the proposed intervention project. The presentation here is essentially a brief summary of the relevant/applicable provisions of each guideline. 2.2 Legal and Administrative Framework A number of national and international environmental guidelines are applicable to the operation of the NEWMAP. In Nigeria, the power to enforce all activities that might impact the environment is vested in the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv). Internationally, agencies such as the World Bank, IFC and other financial organizations usually set environmental criteria for projects, which must be met by project proponents before the agencies could invest in them. 2.2.1 Administrative Structure for Environmental Management at the Federal (National) Level Power for the management of the biophysical and socio-economic environment in Nigeria was vested in the now defunct Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA), which was absorbed into the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) in 1999. Specific guidelines and regulations of the FMEnv are highlighted below: 2.2.1.1 Federal Ministry of Environment The act establishing the Ministry places on it the responsibility of ensuring that all development and industry activities, operations and emissions are within the limits prescribed in the National Guidelines and Standards, and ensure compliance with the relevant regulations for environmental pollution management in Nigeria as may be specified by the Ministry. To fulfill this mandate, a number of regulations/instruments are available (see “section on 1 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report National Legal Instruments on Environment”), however, the main instrument in ensuring that environmental and social issues are mainstreamed into development projects is the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act No. 86 of 1992. With this Act, the FMEnv prohibits public and private sectors from embarking on major prospects or activities without due consideration, at the early stages, of environmental and social impacts. The act makes an EIA mandatory for any development project, and prescribes the procedures for conducting and reporting EIA studies. As part of the effective utilization of the EIA tool, the Ministry has produced ‘Sectoral Guidelines’ detailing the necessary requirements of the EIA process for each Sector. One of these Sectoral Guidelines that is applicable to the proposed project is the ‘Sectoral Guidelines on Infrastructure Development’. Within the FMEnv, there is the Environmental Impact Assessment Division, headed by a Director; to take all responsibilities for EIA related issues. Still within the EIA division in FMEnv, is the Impact Mitigation Monitoring (IMM) unit, with the special responsibility for monitoring the implementation of Environmental Management Plans (EMP) contained in the approved EIAs. As contained in FEPA Acts 58 of 1988 and EIA of 1992 (Amended as EIA Act Cap 12, LFN 2004), FMEnv has put in place statutory documents to aid the monitoring, control and abatement of industrial wastes. The statutory documents currently in place include though are not necessarily limited to: i. National Policy on the Environment, 1999; ii. National Environmental (Soil Erosion and Flood Control) Regulations, 2010 (S.I.12); iii. National Environmental Protection (Effluent Limitations) Régulations (S.1.8) 1991 ; iv. National Environmental Protection (Pollution Abatement in Industries and Facilities Generating Wastes) (S.1.9) 2004; v. National Environmental Protection (Management of Solid and Hazardous Wastes) Regulations (S.1.15) 1991; vi. Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria 1991; 2 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report vii. Sectorial Guidelines for EIA 1995; viii. Harmful Wastes (Criminal Provisions) Decree No. 42, 1988; ix. National Policy on the Environment, 1989; x. Environmental Impact Assessment Procedural Guidelines, 1995; xi. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act No. 86 of 1992; and xii. Environmental Impact Assessment (Amendments) Act, 1999. xiii. National Guidelines and Standards for Water Quality, 1999 xiv. National Guidelines on Environmental Management Systems (EMS), 1 999 xv. National Guidelines on Environmental Audit in Nigeria, 1999 These statutory documents clearly state the restrictions imposed on the release of toxic substances into the environment and the responsibilities of all industries whose operations are likely to pollute the environment. Such responsibilities include provision of antipollution equipment and adequate treatment of effluent before being discharged into the environment. FMEnv also has put in place procedural and sectorial guidelines detailing the EIA process including a categorization of environmental projects into Categories I, II and III (referred to by the World Bank as categories A, B and C respectively). The guidelines require that a complete EIA be performed for category I projects, Category II projects may not require an EIA depending on the screening criteria, while Category III projects do not require an EIA. In addition to the guidelines for EIA, Decree No. 86 contains provisions for the screening of projects according to impact potential, including listed activities for which mandatory EIA preparation is required: a. Category I projects will require a full Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) b. Category II projects may require only a partial EIA, which will focus on mitigation and environmental planning measures, unless the project is located near an “Environmentally Sensitive Area” (ESA) in which case full EIA is required. c. Category III projects are considered to have “essentially beneficial 3 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report impacts” on the environment, for which Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) will be prepared. 2.2.1.2 National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) NESREA Act 27 of 2007 established the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA), and the Agency works under the FMEnv. NESREA is saddled with the responsibility of the protection and development of the environment, biodiversity conservation and sustainable development of Nigeria’s natural resources in general and environmental technology, including coordination and liaison with relevant stakeholders within and outside Nigeria on matters of enforcement of environmental standards, regulations, rules, laws, policies and guidelines. The functions of the Agency include:  Enforcement of compliance with laws, guidelines, policies and standards on environmental matters;  Coordinate and liaise with stakeholders, within and outside Nigeria, on matters of environmental standards, regulations and enforcement;  Enforce compliance with the provisions of international agreements, protocols, conventions and treaties on the environment including climate change, biodiversity conservation, desertification, forestry, oil and gas, chemicals, hazardous wastes, ozone depletion, marine and wild life, pollution, sanitation and such other environmental agreements as may from time to time come into force;  Enforce compliance with policies, standards, legislation and guidelines on water quality, environmental health and sanitation, including pollution abatement;  Enforce compliance with guidelines and legislation on sustainable management of the ecosystem, biodiversity conservation and the development of Nigeria’s natural resources;  Enforce compliance with any legislation on sound chemical management, safe use of pesticides and disposal of spent packages thereof; 4 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report  Enforce compliance with regulations on the importation, exportation, production, distribution, storage, sale, use, handling and disposal of hazardous chemicals and wastes, other than in the oil and gas sector;  Enforce through compliance monitoring, the environmental regulations and standards on noise, air, land, seas, oceans and other water bodies other than in the oil and gas sector;  Ensure that environmental projects funded by donor organizations and external support agencies adhere to regulations in environmental safety and protection;  Enforce environmental control measures through registration, licensing and permitting systems other than in the oil and gas sector;  Conduct environmental audit and establish data bank on regulatory and enforcement mechanisms of environmental standards other than in the oil and gas sector;  Create public awareness and provide environmental education on sustainable environmental management, promote private sector compliance with environmental regulations other than in the oil and gas sector and publish general scientific or other data resulting from the performance of its functions; and  Carry out such activities as are necessary or expedient for the performance of its functions. 2.2.1.3 Other Relevant National Policies and Regulations National Environmental (Soil Erosion and Flood Control) Regulations, 2010 (S.I.12) The overall objective of this regulation is to check all earth-disturbing activities, practices or developments for non-agricultural, commercial, industrial and residential purposes. Natural Resources Conservation Council Act 286 of 1990 This provision is aimed at establishing the Natural Resources Conservation council to be responsible for the conservation of natural resources of Nigeria and to formulate national policy for natural resources conservation. 5 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report The National Policy on the Environment 1989 The National Policy on Environment, 1989 (revised 1999), provides for “a viable national mechanism for cooperation, coordination and regular consultation, as well as harmonious management of the policy formulation and implementation process which requires the establishment of effective institutions and linkages within and among the various tiers of government – federal, state and local government”. The objective of the policy is to achieve sustainable development in Nigeria and, in particular to:  Secure a quality environment adequate for good health and well-being;  Conserve the environment and natural resources for the benefit of present and future generations;  Raise public awareness and promote understanding of the essential linkages between the environmental resources and development, and encourages individual and community participation in environmental improvement efforts;  Maintain and enhance the ecosystems and ecological processes essential for the functioning of the biosphere to preserve biological diversity; and  Co-operate with other countries, international organizations and agencies to achieve optimal use and effective prevention or abatement of trans-boundary environmental degradation. Proposed Nigerian Environmental Management Act No. 20 of 2004 This act was drafted following the amalgamation of FEPA and FMEnv (see section 2.1.2) but was never ratified. The proposed Act sought to repeal the 1988 FEPA Decree No.58 (amended No.59 and No.14). It does not repeal any other environmentally related legislation. As well as the general environmental provisions, which include environmental sanitation and occupational health, it specifies the powers of authorized officers, penalties and fines. The Act gives the Minister the authority to grant 6 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report environmental permits for prescribed activities that include sand mining but not any other mining activities. Land Use Act 1978 The legal basis for land acquisition and resettlement in Nigeria is the Land Use Act 1978 and modified in 1990. The followings are the selected relevant sections: Section 1: Subject to the provision of this Act, all land comprised in the territory of each state in the Federation are hereby vested in the Governor of each state, and such land shall be held in trust and administered for the use and common benefit of all Nigerians in accordance with the provisions of this Act. Section 2: (a) All land in urban areas shall be under the control and management of the Governor of each State; and (d) all other land shall be under the control and management of local government within the area of jurisdiction in which the land is situated. Therefore, according to the Land Use Act, all land in Nigeria is vested in the Governor of each State, and shall be held in trust for the use and common benefit of all people. The administration of land area is divided into urban land, which will be directly under the control and management of the Governor of each State; and nonurban land, which will be under the control and management of the Local Government. The Governor of each State will have the right to grant statutory rights of occupancy to any person or for any purpose; and the Local Government will have the right to grant customary rights of occupancy to any person or organization for agricultural, residential and other purposes. The Act gives the government the right to acquire land by revoking both statutory and customary rights of occupancy for the overriding public interest. In doing so, the Act specifies that the State or Local Government should pay compensation to the current holder or occupier with equal value. 7 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report 2.2.2 Edo State Regulations Relating to Environmental Management Edo State Sanitation and Pollution Management Law No. 5 of 2010 The statutory responsibility of protecting and/or ensuring the protection of the environment in Edo State rests on the Edo State Ministry of Environment. Relevant sections of this provision are as follows: Section 8 is a provision on Disposal of Refuse. Subsection 1 prescribes that ‘No person shall dispose of refuse or waste except through a Waste Manager approved by the Board or appropriate authority for the area where he resides or carries on business’. Subsection 2 states that it shall be an offence for any person to bury; burn or dispose waste in drains or moat. Section 13 provides for Maintenance of Drains, Sewage and Septic Tanks. Subsection 1 prescribes that every person shall: a. Clean and maintain any drain in the frontage, sides or rear of his tenement or building; and b. Provide suitable holding tank for liquid waste or sewage and ensure regular evacuation and disposal of it. Subsection 2 provides that no person shall cause or knowingly permit any sewage effluent or liquid waste to be discharged into any drain or drainage system, road, gorges, water courses or any part thereof except at such place as may be authorized by the appropriate authority. Section 16, subsection 1 prohibits throwing or burying of industrial or commercial waste on any tenement or open space. Subsection 2 prohibits erection or construction of or use of an incinerator without prior approval or permit of the appropriate authority or its designate and Subsection 3 prohibits the setting of fire to the contents of any owned litterbin. 8 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Section 34 subsections 1 stipulates the periodic payment of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Management Levy for environmental remediation, management and pollution related activities in the State by all industrial or commercial establishment in the State. Subsection 7 stipulates the right of the appropriate authority to seal-up any business or commercial organization that refuses to obey the Environmental Remediation and Pollution Management. Subsection 9 provides a penalty of two million naira (N2, 000,000) for any corporate organization that breaks the seal and open such sealed premises. Section 36 is Dumping of Toxic waste and electrical or electronic waste in the State. Subsection 3 stipulates that electronic/electrical waste generated within the State may be disposed off in manner as may be specified by the appropriate authority, with emphasis on recycling of useful components. Subsection 4 prohibits the translocation, disposal or dumping of radioactive waste in any part of the State. Subsection 5 provides a penalty of fine as prescribed in the schedule to the State or a term of imprisonment of 10 years or both fine and imprisonment. Section 45 is Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Related Matters in the State. Subsection 1 provides that all development projects in the State shall undergo EIA process before commencement under the supervision of the appropriate authority. Subsection 4 provides a fine of not less than Five Million Naira (N5, 000,000) and/or closure of such facility of any company, establishment, corporate organization etc. who contravenes this section and is convicted. Section 45 is Environmental Auditing of all Industrial Facilities. This section mandates the conduct of periodic (every 2 years) Environmental Audit on facilities and operations of all industrial establishments whose activities have or are likely to have environmental impacts. It also mandates such audit to be 9 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report carried out by Federal and State Ministry of Environment accredited Consultant. The section also prescribes a fine to any defaulter. Section 47, subsection 1, prescribes the establishment of Environment, Health and Safety (EHS) units in each corporate organization or company. Subsection 2 prescribes a minimum fine of ten thousand naira (N10, 000) and a maximum of One million naira (N1, 000,000) and/or closure of such facilities of any corporate organization or group who fails to establish or create EHS units with relevant personnel with required basic qualifications, experience and training. Section 52, subsection 1 provides that it is the sole responsibilities of all who impact negatively on the environment to provide adequate and timely funding for the remediation of all impacted sites and ecosystems in the State; including the logistics for rapid response to distress calls/signals from the impacted/degraded zone(s). Subsection 4 prescribes a fine of not less than Ten million naira (N10, 000,000) for corporate organization that contravenes provisions of section 52. Section 59 provides the creation of Special Environmental Protection court for the purpose of trying cases relating to degradation, pollution and abuses of land, air and water, environmental remediation and pollution management levy and payment of compensation, claims and all other environmental quality management related matters. Section 60 prescribes the polluter pay principle (PPP). Subsection 1 stipulates that owners and/or operators of facilities shall be responsible for confirmatory test/experiments that shall be carried out from time to time to ascertain their various claims as to the status of their immediate impacted environment. 2.2.3 International Regulatory Framework A number of international regulations apply to this project. Some of these regulations and guidelines include but not limited to the following: 10 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report World Bank OP/BP 4.01: Environmental Assessment (EA) This is one of the 10+2 Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies of the World Bank. It is used in the Bank to examine the potential environmental risks and benefits associated with Bank lending operations. Under OP/BP 4.01, Bank lending operations are broadly defined to include investment lending, sector lending, rehabilitation, lending through financial intermediaries, and investment components of hybrid lending. Prototype Carbon Fund (PCF) and Global Environmental Facility (GEF) co-financed projects are also subject to the provisions of OP/BP 4.01. Under this guideline, The Bank requires environmental assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus to improve decision making. EA evaluates a project's potential environmental risks and impacts in its area of influence; examines project alternatives; identifies ways of improving project selection, siting, planning, design, and implementation by preventing, minimizing, mitigating, or compensating for adverse environmental impacts and enhancing positive impacts; and includes the process of mitigating and managing adverse environmental impacts throughout project implementation. The Bank favours preventive measures over mitigatory or compensatory measures, whenever feasible. EA takes into account the natural environment (air, water, and land); human health and safety; social aspects (involuntary resettlement, indigenous peoples, and physical cultural resources); and trans-boundary and global environmental aspects. EA considers natural and social aspects in an integrated way. It also takes into account the variations in project and country conditions; the findings of country environmental studies; national environmental action plans; the country's overall policy framework, national legislation, and institutional capabilities related to the environment and social aspects; and obligations of the country, pertaining to project activities, under relevant international environmental treaties and agreements. The Bank does not finance project activities that would contravene such country obligations, as identified during the EA. EA is initiated as early as 11 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report possible in project processing and is integrated closely with the economic, financial, institutional, social, and technical analyses of a proposed project. The Bank undertakes environmental screening of each proposed project to determine the appropriate extent and type of EA. The Bank classifies the proposed project into one of four categories, depending on the type, location, sensitivity, and scale of the project and the nature and magnitude of its potential environmental impacts. Category A: A proposed project is classified as Category A if it is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are sensitive, diverse, or unprecedented. These impacts may affect an area broader than the sites or facilities subject to physical works. EA for a Category A project examines the project's potential negative and positive environmental impacts, compares them with those of feasible alternatives (including the "without project" situation), and recommends any measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts and improve environmental performance. For a Category A project, the borrower is responsible for preparing a report, normally an EIA (or a suitably comprehensive regional or sectorial EA) that includes, as necessary, elements of the other instruments referred to in paragraph 7. Category B: A proposed project is classified as Category B if its potential adverse environmental impacts on human populations or environmentally important areas--including wetlands, forests, grasslands, and other natural habitats--are less adverse than those of Category A projects. These impacts are site-specific; few if any of them are irreversible; and in most cases mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for Category A projects. The scope of EA for a Category B project may vary from project to project, but it is narrower than that of Category A. Like Category A EA, it examines the project's potential negative and positive environmental impacts and recommends any measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts and improve environmental performance. The findings and results of Category B EA are described in the project documentation (Project Appraisal Document and Project Information Document). 12 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Category C: A proposed project is classified as Category C if it is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. Beyond screening, no further EA action is required for a Category C project. Category FI: A proposed project is classified as Category FI if it involves investment of Bank funds through a financial intermediary, in subprojects that may result in adverse environmental impacts. For projects that require Banks funding, the borrower is responsible for carrying out the EA. For Category A projects, the borrower retains independent EA experts not affiliated with the project to carry out the EA. For Category A projects that are highly risky or contentious or that involve serious and multidimensional environmental concerns, the borrower should normally also engage an advisory panel of independent, internationally recognized environmental specialists to advise on all aspects of the project relevant to the EA. The role of the advisory panel depends on the degree to which project preparation has progressed, and on the extent and quality of any EA work completed, at the time the Bank begins to consider the project. Depending on the project, a range of instruments can be used to satisfy the Bank's EA requirement: environmental impact assessment (EIA), regional or sectorial EA, environmental audit, hazard or risk assessment, and environmental management plan (EMP). EA applies one or more of these instruments, or elements of them, as appropriate. When the project is likely to have sectorial or regional impacts, sectorial or regional EA is required. Other Banks guidelines and procedures that were considered in this study include: Natural Habitats (OP 4.04), Pest Management (OP 4.09), Physical Cultural Resources (OP 4.11), Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12), Safety of Dams (OP 4.37), and Projects on International Waterways (OP 7.50). An overview of the specific World Bank Ops that are triggered by the current projects in Ibore are shown in Table 2.1 below. 13 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Table 2.1: Summary of IFC Performance Standards and their applicability to the proposed Project Operational Requirements Rationale EIA Reference Policy OP 4.01: The OP requires that the The Project has Chapter 3 – Environmental Project initiate regular environmental and social Existing Assessment assessment of the potential aspects1, which may pose Biophysical social and environmental potential E&S risks and/or Environment of risks and impacts and impacts. These include for the Project Area consistently tries to mitigate example, land clearing, and manage these civil work activities, and potential impacts on an on- engagement of labour. going basis. Best practice suggests Chapter 6 – that all projects, as long as Project Impacts E&S aspects exist, should and Mitigation possess systems for Measures assessing and managing the potential risks and impacts resulting from Chapter 7 – such E&S aspects. Environmental Therefore OP 4.01 is and Social applicable. Management Plan (ESMP) OP 4.09: Pest In assisting borrowers to In the event that swamps Chapter 6 – Management manage pests that affect develop in the areas Impacts and either agriculture or public where diverted Mitigation health, the Bank supports a floodwaters are strategy that promotes the channeled, pest issues use of biological or may arise, especially environmental control disease pathogens and methods and reduces thus require pest reliance on synthetic management. Therefore, chemical pesticides. In OP 4.09 is applicable to Bank-financed projects, the this project. borrower addresses pest management issues in the context of the project’s environ-mental assessment OP 4.12: The Project is required to There will be need to Chapter 3 – Involuntary develop a resettlement acquire some land and Existing resettlement action plan so that property, including Biophysical physically or economically farmlands, to create room Environment of displaced individuals have for the diversion as well as the Project Area their living conditions and to arrest the continued livelihoods restored or development of the improved. existing gullies. Therefore OP 4.12 is applicable to Chapter 6 – this project Project Impacts and Mitigation Measures Chapter 7 – 1An environmental or social aspect is defined as an element of a project’s activities, operations, products, or services that can or does interact with the environment, people, surrounding communities and/or the larger society. 14 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Operational Requirements Rationale EIA Reference Policy Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) Other International Conventions In her responsiveness and responsibility in regional and global efforts towards sustainable development particularly in the safeguard of the environment and natural resources, Nigeria has entered into a number of international treaties and conventions. Being signatory to the conventions, Nigeria pledges to uphold the principles of such conventions. Some of the conventions considered in this project are as follows: African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Algiers, 1968 This convention came into force in Nigeria on 7th May 1974. The objectives of the convention is to encourage individual and joint action for the conservation, utilization and development of soil, water flora and fauna for the present and future welfare of mankind, from an economic, nutritional, scientific, educational, cultural and aesthetic point of view. Convention on Wetland of International Importance, Especially as Water Fowl Habitat, Ramsar, Iran, 1971 This provision came into force in Nigeria on 2nd February 2001 with the objective to stem the progressive encroachment on and loss of wetlands now and in the future, recognizing the fundamental ecological functions of wetlands and their economic, cultural, scientific, and recreational value. Convention on Biological Diversity, Rio de Janerio, 1992 This convention came into force in Nigeria on 27th November 1994. The objectives are to conserve biological diversity, promote the sustainable use of its components and encourage equitable sharing of the benefit arising out of the utilization of genetic resources. Such equitable sharing includes 15 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report appropriate access to genetic resources as well as appropriate transfer of technology, taking into account existing rights over such resources. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) of Wild Fauna and Flora, Washington, D.C., on 3 March 1973; Amended at Bonn, on 22 June 1979 This convention identifies floral and/or faunal species that are threatened with extinction and in which trade and exportation may play a part in accelerating their extinction. It also places restrictions on trade in such species and stipulates measures to be taken by parties to the convention, which include penalties for trade in listed species and options for confiscation and/or return to original place the species were taken from. 16 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report CHAPTER THREE DESCRIPTION OF BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 3.1 Introduction This section presents the detailed description of the gully erosion site at Ibore in Edo State and the various catchments of the gully erosion are presented in this section of the report. This section also presented an overview of the general biophysical environment setting of Edo State, along with some specific environmental information on the proposed project site. Information presented here was obtained from a combination of sources, including literature (published and unpublished), recent environmental studies around the project site and field sampling and laboratory analyses conducted specifically for this project. 3.2 Overview of the Project State Edo State with its administrative headquarter in Benin City was created out of former Bendel state in August 27, 1991 by the then regime of General Ibrahim Babangida. The state is one of the thirty-six (36) states in Nigeria. Edo state is located in the South-South geopolitical zone of the country and it is bounded in the north and east by Kogi State, in the south by Delta State and in the west by Ondo State ( Figure 3.1). The State occupies an area of about 17,802 km². Apart from Benin City (capital of the ancient Benin kingdom), which provides administrative and industrial functions, some other major towns in the state include Ubiaja, Auchi, Ekpoma and Uromi. There are several other settlements within the state. 4°0'0"E 6°0'0"E 8°0'0"E 10°0'0"E 12°0'0"E 14°0'0"E Sokoto  Katsina Yobe 12°0'0"N 12°0'0"N Jigawa Zamfara Borno Kebbi Kano Gombe Kaduna Bauchi 10°0'0"N 10°0'0"N Niger Adamawa Plateau Kwara Abuja Nassarawa 8°0'0"N 8°0'0"N Oyo Taraba Ekiti Kogi Osun Benue Ogun Ondo Lagos Edo Enugu Anambra Ebonyi 6°0'0"N 6°0'0"N Cross River Delta Imo Abia Legend 0 70 140 280 420 560 Edo State Bayelsa Rivers Akwa Ibom Kilometers Nigeria 4°0'0"E 6°0'0"E 8°0'0"E 10°0'0"E 12°0'0"E 14°0'0"E Figure 3.1: Administrative Map of Nigeria Showing Edo State 1 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Generally, it is a low-lying area except in the north where it is marked by undulating hills. Thus, the combinations of topography, climate condition, soil condition and unregulated land use have brought about high numbers of gullies in the State. The State has over 123 gully sites and this makes it one of the states with the highest numbers of gully erosion sites in Nigeria. The Ibore gully erosion site is one the gully erosion sites that have been identified in Edo State. 3.2.1 Location of the Erosion Gully in Edo State The Ibore gully erosion site is located in the Esan Central Local Government Area, approximately 6 km to the east of Ekpoma-Auchi Road (Figure 3.2). A large erosion gully has grown to a depth of approximately 20 m and has caused the collapse of a main road and several buildings in the residential area of Ibore settlement ( Plate 3.1). The gully extends over a distance of approximately 1.8 km. The depth of the gully decreases as it moves into a more gently sloping topography and the erosive forces reach a state of equilibrium with the resistance of the natural soil. The depth of the gully decreases to approximately 3 m. The gully is about 5 m wide at the lower end before it crosses the gas pipeline. 5°0'0"E 5°30'0"E 6°0'0"E 6°30'0"E  7°30'0"N 7°30'0"N Akoko-Edo Etsako East 7°0'0"N 7°0'0"N Owan East Etsako Central Etsako West Owan West " Esan"Central Esan North-East Esan West Ovia North-East Esan South-East 6°30'0"N 6°30'0"N Uhunmwonde Igueben Ovia South-West Egor Legend Oredo " Ibore Town Ikpoba-Okha Edo LGAs Orhionmwon 6°0'0"N 6°0'0"N 0 12.5 25 50 75 100 Kilometers 5°0'0"E 5°30'0"E 6°0'0"E 6°30'0"E Figure 3.2: Administrative Map of Edo State Showing Ibore Community A major gas pipeline traverses the natural drainage route. Markings on the pipes indicate that the pipeline belongs to the Nigerian Gas Company Ltd. The natural watercourse traverses the gas pipeline at the lower end of the erosion gully. An inspection of aerial photographs has revealed that the route of the gully has altered 2 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report in the vicinity of the gas pipe crossing, with the watercourse deviating parallel to the pipeline for a few hundred meters before breaking away and returning to the natural drainage route (Figure 3.3). This is possibly because the material surrounding the gas pipe is more susceptible to erosion than the natural soils alongside it, possibly due to the inadequate compaction of backfilling at the time of construction. Plate 3.1: A section of the Gully head in Ibore, Esan Central Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria Plate 3.2: Gully at Ibore showing the broken stormwater pipeline that contributes to the gully erosion and the affected Tarred Road as at February 2017 3 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report  6°17'0"E 6°17'30"E 6°18'0"E Legend Roads Gully Site 6°47'0"N 6°47'0"N High Resolution Satellite Image of Ibore Town Showing the Gully Erosion Site 6°46'30"N 6°46'30"N Akoko-Edo Etsako East Owan EastEtsako Central Owan WestEtsako West Esan North-East Esan WestEsan Central Ovia North-East Esan South-East Ovia South-WestUhunmwondeIgueben Egor Oredo Ikpoba-Okha Orhionmwon Sokoto Katsina Jigawa Yobe Zamfara Borno Kebbi Kano 0 0.15 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 Niger Kaduna BauchiGombe Adamawa Kwara Abuja Plateau Nassarawa Kilometers Oyo OsunEkiti Kogi Benue Taraba Ogun Ondo Lagos Edo EnuguEbonyi 6°17'0"E 6°17'30"E 6°18'0"E Delta Cross River Abia BayelsaRiversAkwa Ibom Figure 3.3: Satellite imagery of Gully Erosion Site at Ibore Town. 3.3 Physical Environment of Edo State Climate and Meteorology The climate of Edo State, as in other parts of Nigeria is driven by the seasonal oscillations of the Inter-tropical Discontinuity Zone (ITDZ) movement. ITDZ separates two principally different air masses: Atlantic equatorial hot and humid tropical maritime air mass, and tropical warm and dry air mass of the Sahara desert. The north – south oscillation of ITDZ determines the seasonal variations in the weather and climatic conditions in Nigeria, where the two principal seasons are rainy and dry. 4 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Temperature and Sunshine The temperature characteristics observed in Edo State correspond to what is typically obtained in most part of the middle belt of Nigeria. Temperature here is moderated by the effect of the two dominant wind systems in the country. Maximum temperatures typically range between 280C and 340C (Figure 3.4). The higher values are recorded in the dry months between December and March, which also coincide with periods of high sunshine. Mean sunshine hours per month vary from 53 hours in July (the wettest month) to 176 hours in January (the driest month). The low sunshine hours in the region are associated with the thick cloud cover that prevails in this climatic belt for most of the year. 35 30 Mean Monthly Maximum Temperatures 25 20 Max Temp 15 10 5 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Months Figure 3.4: Pattern of the Mean Monthly Maximum Temperatures in Edo State (Source: NIMET Historical Data 2000 - 2014) Rainfall The hydrological cycle depends fundamentally on the inter-relationship between the circulation of the ocean and the atmosphere. Water is withdrawn from the oceans into the atmosphere by the process of evaporation, which is dependent on factors such as air/sea temperatures, wind strength and humidity. In addition, there is usually a dry spell on rainfall distribution annually. Rainfall in Edo State is generally high, due to the relative proximity to the coast. Rain falls all through the year with the peak between June and October and the highest number of rain days also occurred within the same period. However, the lowest amount of rainfall occurs in the month of December, while the lowest rain days are recorded in February. The mean monthly rainfall in Benin synoptic station is shown in Figure 3.5. Total annual rainfall is typically in excess of 2,500mm. 5 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report 400 350 300 250 Rainfall (MM) 200 Rainfall (MM) 150 100 50 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month Figure 3.5: Pattern of Rainfall Distribution in Edo State (Source: NIMET Historical Data 2000 - 2014) Relative Humidity The relative humidity (RH) in Edo State is high. The highest relative humidity in the morning (0900 hrs.) is about 84.0% and this often occurs in July, while the lowest is obtained in January with a value of about 59.0%. Figure 3.6 show that RH increases gradually from January through to September when it reaches its peak and after which it starts to decline until January. Typically, there is a direct correlation between rainfall and humidity, such that the lower humidity values coincide with the periods of low rainfall (December to March), while the higher values occur in the peak of the rains, between June and October. The RH record is higher for 0900hrs than for 1500hrs throughout the months. 90 80 70 Mean Monthly Relative Humidity 60 50 40 Relative Humidity 30 20 10 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Months Figure 3.6: Mean Monthly Relative Humidity in Edo State (Source: NIMET Historical Data 2000 - 2014) Wind System The climatic conditions of the state are influenced by two wind systems related to a global passat system; south-westerly (SW) and the north-easterly (NE). The former (SW) is due to the influence of the Atlantic Ocean air mass, and reversed passat system of the southern hemisphere, while the latter (NE) arises from the passat 6 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report system of the northern hemisphere blowing from the Sahara desert. The SW winds, which predominate from April to August, have a speed range of 5.7 to 9.0 knots (mean 7.4 ± 1.4 knots), but over the annual cycle, the overall mean is 5.7 ± 2.2 knots, and this corresponds to light breeze on the Beaufort scale. Gentle and moderate breezes occur mostly from June to September. Air Quality and Noise Levels No specific air quality sampling was undertaken for this ESMP. Thus, the information presented here is taken from previous studies around Edo State, including a recent EIA for proposed MTN BTS Stations around Edo State (2015). The summary of air quality and noise measurements around Edo State is presented in Table 3.1. At present, air quality is being increasingly assessed against legally adopted standards, as shown in Table 3.2. Table 3.1: Summary of Air Quality and Noise Measurements around Edo State Values Suspended Noise CO NO2 SO2 THC H2S NH3 Particulate Level 3 Matter (µg/m ) dB(A) (PPM) Minimum 25 40 0.1 ND ND ND ND ND Maximum 74 84 2.5 ND ND ND ND ND Mean 49.5 51 1.5 ND ND ND ND ND Source: MTN Base Station EIA (2015); ND = not detected Table 3.2: Nigerian ambient air quality standard Air Pollutants Limits Particulates 250 (g/m3) SO2 0.1 (ppm) Non-methane Hydrocarbon 160 (g/m3) CO 11-4 (g/m3) or 10 (ppm) NOX 0.04-0.06 (ppm) Photochemical Oxidant 0.06 (ppm) Source: FMEnv, 1991 In Nigeria, the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) has adopted the standards of WHO and other developed countries as the national interim standards for gaseous emissions against which air quality parameters monitored are compared in order to ascertain its “cleanliness”. 7 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Total suspended particulates in ambient air around Edo State were generally low ranging between 25µg/m3 and 74µg/m3. This is far below the FMEnv limit of 250 µg/m3 and is probably reflective of the fact that the data presented here were collected in the rainy season. Typically, rainfall contributes substantially to scrubbing the atmosphere of suspended particulates through wet deposition. When compared with the air quality standards of Jain et al. (1976), shown in Table 3.3, it can be seen that air quality in the state is of high quality. Table 3.3: Air Quality Classification Based on TSP Values Range of TSP Values (g/m3) Class of Air Quality 0 – 75 High Quality 76 – 230 Moderate Quality 231 – 600 Poor Quality Source: Jain, et. al (1976) Noise level ranged between a low of 40dB (A) and a high of 84dB (A), with mean values at 51dB (A). To a large extent, high noise emissions arose from anthropogenic activities such as vehicular movement, generators, trading activities and even music blaring either from religious houses or from Music Recording Stores. In general, noise levels in the state complied with the 8-hr exposure limit of 90dB (A) set by the FMEnv. Geology and Geomorphology of Edo State Edo State lies within the Niger Delta thereby making its geology typical of the Niger Delta Basin. The area forms part of a geological sequence of the Quaternary and Tertiary formations of the Niger Delta. The Tertiary section of the Niger Delta is divided into three formations, representing prograding depositional phases that are distinguished mostly on the basis of sand-shale ratios. 8 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Figure 3.7: Structural Elements of the Niger delta. Source: Odoh et, al., 2012. The Akata Formation at the base of the delta is of marine origin and is composed of thick shale sequences (potential source rock), turbidite sand (potential reservoirs in deep water), and minor amounts of clay and silt. Beginning in the Paleocene and through the recent, the Akata Formation formed during low stands when terrestrial organic matter and clays were transported to deep-water areas characterized by low energy conditions and oxygen deficiency. The formation underlies the entire delta, and is typically over-pressured. Turbidity currents likely deposited deep-sea fine sands within the upper Akata Formation during development of the delta. Deposition of the overlying Agbada Formation, the major petroleum-bearing unit, began in the Eocene. The formation consists of paralic-silicic-clastics over 3700 meters thick and represents the actual deltaic portion of the sequence. The clastics accumulated in delta-front, delta-top set, and fluvio-deltaic environments. In the lower Agbada Formation, shale and sandstone beds were deposited in equal proportions. However, the upper portion is mostly sand with only minor shale inter- beds. The Agbada Formation is overlain by the third formation, the Benin Formation. A continental latest Eocene to Recent deposit of alluvial and upper coastal plain sands that are up to 2000 m thick. 9 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Figure 3.8: Structural Elements of the Niger delta. Source: Odoh et, al., 2012. The younger sediments (Holocene) found near the present shoreline consist of barrier beaches, coastal-barrier sands and river mouth sand bars which merge into laminated sandy and silty clays and eventually into fine clays on the continental shelf, edge and continental slope seaward (Allen, 1965). In terms of superficial deposits, the litho-stratigraphy shows brown silty clay to a depth of 6m overlain by medium and fine silty sands at Akoku-Uno, and the southern part of the field. Table 3.4: Geologic units of the Niger Delta Geologic unit Lithology Age Alluvium (General) Gravel, sand, clay, silt Freshwater back swamp, meander belt Sand, clay, some silt, gravel Saltwater mangrove swamp and back Medium-fine sands, clay and some silt Quaternary swamp Active/abandoned beach ridges Sand, clay, and some silt Sombreiro-Warri deltaic plain Sand, clay, and some silt Benin formation (Coastal Plain Sand) Coastal to medium sand; subordinate silt and Miocene-Recent clay lenses Agbada formation Mixture of sand, clay and silt Eocene-Recent Akata formation Clay Paleocene Source: Akpokodje, 1989 Overlying these sequences in most of the basin are Quaternary deposits. Four geomorphologic units characterize these deposits (Wigwe, 1975). These are: (i) The Deltaic Plain Belt (Sombrlero-Warri): This is an extensive low- lying area dominated by fluvial systems, some with braided characteristics, although a few meander belts are developed. The flood plains are 10 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report vegetated with raffia palms while the inter-fluvial settings are characterized by oil-palm. The typical lithology is fine-coarse grained sand. (ii) The Freshwater Swamps and Meander Belts: These are represented by abandoned meander loops (ox-bow lakes) and extensive point bars. It is capped by natural levees with the crevasse splay deposits typifying flood plains. The stratigraphy in places consists of a top grey-black organic clay or silty clay overlying a predominantly sandy lithology with intercalating clay. (iii) The Saltwater Mangrove Swamp Belt: These areas surround the estuaries, creeks and lagoons, and are dominated by a system of interconnecting fairly rectangular meandering tidal creeks, cut-off meander loops surrounded by centrally depressed tidal flats in places. Thick undergrowth’s and rich mangrove vegetation characterize this belt. The stratigraphy is highly variable, made up of a top layer of black silty clay/clay underlain by a predominantly sandy lithology intercalated (iv) Coastal Islands and Beach Ridges: This belt includes both the active and abandoned ridges facing Tile Sea, separated by the various river mouths which dissect them into small islands - 5 - 47 Km long and approximately 12 Km wide. The upper layer is made up of fine to medium grained sand below which is an organic peaty silty clay or clay. A predominantly sandy lithology with some gravely characteristic is found deeper below Tectonics of the Niger Delta The tectonic framework of the continental margin along the West Coast of equatorial Africa is controlled by Cretaceous fracture zones expressed as trenches and ridges in the deep Atlantic. The fracture zone ridges subdivide the margin into individual basins, and, in Nigeria, form the boundary faults of the Cretaceous Benue-Abakaliki trough, which cuts far into the West African shield. The trough represents a failed arm of a rift triple junction associated with the opening of the South Atlantic. In this region, rifting started in the Late Jurassic and persisted into the Middle Cretaceous. In the region of the Niger Delta, rifting diminished altogether in the Late Cretaceous. 11 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report After rifting ceased, gravity tectonics became the primary deformational process. Shale mobility induced internal deformation and occurred in response to two processes. First, shale diapirs formed from loading of poorly compacted, over- pressured, and pro-delta and delta-slope clays (Akata Fm.) by the higher density delta-front sands (Agbada Fm.). Second, slope instability occurred due to a lack of lateral, basin ward, support for the under-compacted delta-slope clays (Akata Fm.). For any given eco-belt, gravity tectonics were completed before deposition of the Benin Formation and are expressed in complex structures, including shale diapirs, roll-over anticlines, collapsed growth fault crests, back-to-back features, and steeply dBTSing, closely spaced flank faults. These faults mostly offset different parts of the Agbada Formation and flatten into detachment planes near the top of the Akata Formation. Topography Some areas in the southern fringes of Edo State are swampy mangrove forests with numerous creeks and rivers dissecting the land area. In the southwest, there are sandy plains with many rivers and streams. This portion, which is the Benin Lowlands, has a few hills and the land is drained by the lkpoba, Orhionmwon and Osse Rivers. Going northwards is the Esan Plateau, which is an extension of the plateaux and ranges that are found in the far north areas of the state. They are mainly sandstone plateaux whose heights range from 200 to 300 metres above sea level. There is a gradual fail into the Orle and Niger Valleys from the north and south, while the landmass in the south and west descends gradually to the Benin Lowlands. A river that cut a ridge in the sandstone sub-strata of the Northern and Esan Plateaux formed the Orle Valley, which runs from the west to east. The Owan and Orle rivers drain the area. The Northern Plateau has ranges that are between 180 and 300 meters of basement rock. Granite peaks are found at random, sometimes rising above 600 meters. The southern portion of this plateau is mainly sandstone. 3.4 Biological Environment of Edo State Vegetation Vegetation is a general term for the plant life of a region; it refers to the ground cover provided by plants. It is a general term, without specific reference to particular taxa, life forms, structure, spatial extent, or any other specific botanical or geographic 12 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report characteristics. It is broader than the term flora, which refers exclusively to species composition. Perhaps the closest synonym is plant community, but vegetation can, and often does, refer to a wider range of spatial scales than that term does, including scales as large as the global. Primeval redwood forests, coastal mangrove stands, sphagnum bogs, desert soil crusts, roadside weed patches, wheat fields, cultivated gardens and lawns; all are encompassed by the term vegetation, rainforest, mangrove forest and rich biodiversity. Vegetation in Edo state consists of mangrove swamps, freshwater swamps, rainforests and savanna grasslands. The mangroves and freshwater swamps occur in the southern end of the state, especially around its frontier with Delta State, where the water bodies get periodic inflow of saltwater from proximity to the sea and saline creeks flow. The savanna grasslands however occur in the northern reaches of the state, around Okpella and Igarra, which have frontiers with Kogi State. Wildlife As is typical of any area with such a wide range of vegetation, wildlife also varies greatly in species composition and abundance. Generally however, wildlife in Edo state consists of mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians. Many parts of the state have been substantially modified by human activities, such that only very few original forests remain, and by extension, wildlife species composition and abundance have been seriously modified. The forest zones host large mammals such as Mona monkeys, Duikers, Warthogs, etc. Swamps play host to reptiles such as Crocodiles, Swamp Turtles, Monitor lizards and Buffaloes, while the savanna grasslands play host to rodents such as Grass cutters, Porcupines, Snakes, etc. Avian species, because of their mobility, are ubiquitous across the state, and range from birds of the waterside such as Pelicans, Hammerkops, Egrets and Herons to birds of the gardens such as Doves, Wild Pigeons, Robins and Weaverbirds. 3.5 Description of Ibore Gully Erosion Ibore gully site is about approximately 2 km long trending WSW-ENE as revealed by top-down or sub-aerial view of the site (Figure 3.9). It varies in depth and width with distance away from the gully head ranging about 20 m deep at the gully head to 13 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report about 5.2 m deep on relatively flat plain at northern end of the gully (Plate 3.3). It has led to the collapse of a building (Plate 3.4) with some other buildings located southwestern end of the gully head as well as those on the southern side of the gully towards northeastern part under immediate threat. The gully has separated the community thus necessitating the construction of a make-shift bridge (Plate 3.5) and step-case on the side of the gully (Plate 3.6) as a means of reaching each other. Figure 3.9: Top-down or Sub-aerial view of Ibore Gully site (The area delineated by oval shape is as a result of data gap as that portion of the gully site was in accessible as at the time of field visit in February 2017) Plate 3.3: View of Ibore gully at north-north-western end 14 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Plate 3.4: A collapsed building at Ibore gully head. Plate 3.5: Step-case made on the gully wall at Ibore 15 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Plate 3.6: A make-shift bridge constructed over the gully at Ibore A combination of factors has been identified as responsible for the problem including steeply sloping catchment area, resulting in more surface runoff and less infiltration, removal of natural vegetation for urban development, which previously absorbed water, urban development resulting in hardened surfaces, less infiltration and increased surface runoff etc. Three significant catchment areas (Figure 3.10) were identified upstream of the erosion gully at Ibore as follow:  Upper catchment (approximately 17 km²);  Middle catchment (approximately 19 km²); and  Lower catchment (approximately 5 km²). Figure 3.10: Catchment Areas of Ibore, Edo State 16 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Findings from recent hydrological survey of Ibore and it’s surrounding within and around the gully site indicate as follow: Upper Catchment: The upper portion of the catchment, which includes the town of Irrua, drains into a large natural wetland. The upper catchment (approximately 17 km²) forms part of the greater catchment area, it currently drains into a natural wetland and does not appear to contribute any runoff to the Ibore gully. Runoff from this portion of the catchment accumulates in the wetland and is disposed off through the mechanisms of infiltration, evaporation and transpiration by the vegetation. Since the upper portion of the catchment drains towards the existing wetland near Irrua and has no effect on the Ibore gully, the hydrology of this area has not been studied. It is nevertheless recommended that this area receive further consideration in the future, since ongoing development within the catchment area will result in increased volumes of water being discharged into the wetland and this could result in elevated water levels and flooding of the surrounding areas. Middle Catchment Middle catchment (approximately 19 km²) forms part of the greater catchment area that drains towards the Ibore gully. However, due to undulating flat gradients, a poorly defined watercourse and luxuriant vegetation, the runoff from this area also appears to dissipate before it reaches Ibore. The peak runoff from the middle catchment has been calculated to be in the order of 110 m³/s. However, this runoff does not currently contribute to the flow at Ibore gully site. It is recommended that any future increased volumes of runoff that may develop within this catchment be managed by providing a large detention/infiltration pond in the vicinity of Udowo so as to reduce the runoff discharged to the lower catchment as far as possible. The design that follows is based on the assumption that the middle catchment will not contribute to flows at Ibore gully site. Any overflow to the lower catchment would then need to be managed through the provision of additional ponding in that area. 17 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Lower Catchment Lower catchment (approximately 5 km²) drains directly to the Ibore gully. It consists of rural and urban areas with roads and includes formalized storm water channels. It was found that only the lower catchment presently contributes to the runoff in the gully. If one assumes that the catchment area is free draining, the peak flows determined by using the rational method for this catchment area are as follows: ears) 3.5.1 Slope of the Land in Ibore Although the upper and middle catchments are fairly flat, the lower catchment forms a basin with moderate gradients towards the lowest point, where flows are concentrated at the head of the gully. The elevation at the highest point of the lower catchment is approximately 380 m above mean sea level (MSL), while the elevation at the lowest point is about 280 m above MSL. The middle catchment (approximately 19 km²), which includes the settlements of Eidenu and Udowa, does appear to slope towards the Ibore gully. However, due to undulating but flat gradients, a poorly defined watercourse and luxuriant vegetation, the runoff from this area would appear to dissipate before it reaches Ibore. This situation could, however, change over time, since development in the catchment area would result in increased runoff. The watercourse may also be formalized to reduce flooding and, if this is done, it is conceivable that runoff may be directed towards the Ibore gully. The design that follows is based on the assumption that the middle catchment will not contribute to flows at Ibore. It will therefore be necessary to manage any future increases in the volumes of runoff within the middle catchment area. Providing a large detention/infiltration pond to serve this portion of the catchment in the vicinity of Udowo can do this. Any overflow to the lower catchment would need to be managed through the provision of additional ponding in that area. The lower catchment discharges directly into the gully that has grown to enormous proportions. The head of the gully has a depth of approximately 20 m. It has caused the collapse of a main road and several buildings within the residential area of Ibore and poses a great danger to the community. 18 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report 3.5.2 Topographical Survey of Ibore Gully The surveys of existing storm water infrastructure and erosion gullies included the following:  The gully invert and rim (main gully and sub-gullies, locally referred to as “fingers”) from the start point (inlet) to the discharge point (outlet);  The gully surveys indicate the nature of the stage of gully development (i.e. whether V- or U-shaped) and where local slope stabilization may be needed to prevent damage to assets, etc. near the gully rim;  The determination of the existing road / carriageway / storm water infrastructure centerline and edges;  Fixing the infrastructure alignment by using a combination of traversing and tachometry with total stations and GPS will be used for the control of directions and bearings;  Cross section surveys of roadways at intervals not exceeding 20 m and not less than 15 m outside the existing right of way (ROW), if applicable;  The establishment of benchmarks in permanent concrete posts (at 500 m intervals). All benchmarks were plotted and referenced regarding X, Y and Z values on the drawings. Secondary beacons, as required, will also be installed;  The positions and levels of cross drainage structures, drainage channels and larger drainage structures such as culverts;  The details of all utilities and services, trees with a girth larger than 0.3 m, buildings, huts, fencing, etc. within the ROW, if applicable; and  The outline of critical structures that are located near erosion gullies that need to be protected against loss or damage. The above information was used to generate digital terrain models (DTMs), on which the proposed design was based. Topography of Ibore Area The gully is very deeply incised and towards the outlet, becomes shallower. The length of channel in the gully, according to the proposed future alignment, will be about 1,850 m. 19 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report 3.5.3 Geomorphology and Landscape The topography around Ibore gully dips south-ward towards the gully with elevation ranging from 880 ft. to 1050 ft. above sea level (Figure 3.11). Figure 3.11: Digital Elevation model of the topography around Ibore gully site (The area delineated by oval shape is as a result of data gap as that portion of the gully site was in accessible as at the time of field visit in February 2017) 3.5.4 Surface and Groundwater Hydrology There were neither hand dug wells, water bore hole, nor surface water as at the time of field visit in February 23 through 25 2017. The major source of water is through rain harvest (Plate 3.7) suggesting the water table is very deep and might be below the gully bottom thus lending credence to the facts that the gully was caused rather by surface flow and not subsurface flow. Plate 3.7: Rainwater harvest at Ibore 20 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report 3.5.5 Watershed and discharge capacity of the gully Since there were no hand-dug wells and boreholes; the groundwater flow pattern and hence recharge and discharge area could not be delineated. Furthermore; the absence of hand-dug wells suggests the water table is very deep and might be below the gully bottom. Hence the local watershed of the gully could not be determined. This suggests the high run-offs are contributions from local run- offs/surface flow as well as run-offs from the lower watershed, which is about 5.1 km2 in area (Figure 3.12). The discharge capacity of the gully could not also be established as there were no rainfalls during field visit. However, the storage capacity of the gully varies as its length, average width and depth increases and decreases/increases respectively from the gully head. Figure 3.12. Water shed catchment of the gully head at Ibore 3.6 Physical Environment of Ibore Erosion Gully Site Land Use Land use/cover in the Ibore and adjourning communities can be described as a mixture of human settlements and bush fallow occasionally interspaced by forest (Figure 3.13). 21 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Bush fallow: Areas classified as bush fallow are land areas that farmers had cultivated for some years and later left for some years with the aim of restoring the fertility of the soil naturally. During this fallow period, the farmer cultivates another piece of land. Visible of evidence of a fallow land include relics of ridges and in some cases leftover crops that were not completely harvested. Area classified as bush fallow in the map are mostly at the outskirt of the Ibore town and are more in the northwestern and southwestern section of the town. Bush fallow / farmland: These are areas where it is difficult to distinguish between fallow and farmland because of the size of farmlands and fallow. Fallow areas and farmlands are interwoven in this area given rise to broken land use pattern. This type of land cover appears to be the second most dominant land cover in the delineated area. Cassava, cocoyam and yams were relics of crops sighted in such areas during the field survey. It should also be noted that the size of farm holding by individual farmer is relatively small. Forest: These are areas occupied by thick forest. Forests are found mainly in the immediate vicinity of the Ibore town. They have been broken into patches mainly by urban development. The Ibore gully traverse a section of forest in the eastern section of the town. Plantation: Three patches of plantations were observed within the delineated portion around the Ibore Town. Two were in the northeastern while one is in the western section of the delineated area. Palm tree is the dominant crop planted in these plantations. Palm tree is one of the economic tree crop in the study area. It provides consistent income and employment for the people. 22 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report  6°17'0"E 6°17'30"E 6°18'0"E Legend Roads Gully Site Bush Fallow Bushfallow/Farmland Forest Ibore Town Plantation 6°47'0"N 6°47'0"N Landuse / Landcover Map of Ibore Town Showing the Gully Erosion Allignment 6°46'30"N 6°46'30"N Akoko-Edo Etsako East Owan EastEtsako Central Owan WestEtsako West Esan North-East Esan WestEsan Central Ovia North-East Esan South-East Ovia South-WestUhunmwonde Igueben Egor Oredo Ikpoba-Okha Orhionmwon Sokoto Katsina Jigawa Yobe Zamfara Borno Kebbi Kano 0 0.15 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 Niger Kaduna Bauchi Gombe Kwara Abuja Plateau Adamawa Nassarawa Kilometers Oyo OsunEkiti Kogi Benue Taraba Ogun Ondo Lagos Edo EnuguEbonyi 6°17'0"E 6°17'30"E 6°18'0"E Delta Cross River Abia BayelsaRivers Akwa Ibom Figure 3.13: Landuse and Land cover of the Gully Erosion Site in the Ibore Geology, Geotechnical and Soil Types at Ibore According to the published 1:2,000,000 Geological Map of Nigeria (see Fig. 3.14: Geological Survey of Nigeria, 1994), the site is underlain by Imo Clay-Shale Group lithologies consisting of clay and shales with limestone intercalations of the Ewekoro Formation. The presence of clays was confirmed by the Atterberg test results. A geotechnical investigation was conducted on 14 March 2016 at the Ibore Erosion Gully Site Edo State, Nigeria, where six soil samples were taken and tested in the laboratory. The laboratory results indicated that the site is underlain by clayey sands and are classified as ‘SC’ by the unified soil classification system (USCS). 23 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Figure 3.14: General geological map of Nigeria (Geological Survey of Nigeria, 1994) By 24th February 2017, field soil investigation and sampling of the surface 200-cm soil depth at the lower and upper ridges of the gully erosion site in Ibore was carried out. Following the particle size (grain size) analysis of the six soil samples collected using Dutch Soil Auger (see Tables 3.5 & 3.6), results indicated predominance of fine to medium sized sand particles in the surface (0 – 200cm) substratum at Ibore site. No evidence of lithologic discontinuity was observed as the formation, as observed from the gully-exposed surface, shows uniform lithology. Geo-morphologically, very long gentle slopes, with slopes not steeper than 4 - 6–%, characterize the study area. The very long slope length of the drainage catchments and the loose, incoherent, sandy nature of the soil, along with the hardened surface soils occasioned by human influence readily predispose the soils to intensive water erosion that led to gully formation in the downstream part of the study area. Soils within and around the Ibore gully site are very highly ferruginized, commonly brownish to reddish in colour, and often with ochric epipedon (i.e. light coloured surface soil horizon). In addition, the soils are highly weathered with diffuse genetic horizon boundaries, well sorted, well drained, and high in fine to medium sand content, with low content of clay and silt. Tables 3.5 and 3.6 show the grain size distribution of the soils as at 24th of February 2017. From the various soil samples collected at various locations in the area, the sand particles ranged from a minimum of 77% sand to 78% sand. The implication of this high sand content is that the soils 24 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report in all parts of the area are sandy, porous and hence would be readily permeable to aqueous materials and or contaminants. The pattern of distribution of the various soil particles (i.e. sand, silt and clay) within the subsoil horizons in soils of the area was not significantly different from those of the surface soil horizons, thus further justifying the absence of lithologic discontinuity. Table 3.5: Typical Grain Size Distribution of the Surface 2-m Depth of Soils within and around the Gully Erosion Site in Ibore, as at 24th February, 2017 Soil Sampling Genetic Soil Physical Properties Depth (cm) Horizon Soil Sampling Genetic Soil Physical Properties Depth (cm) Horizon Grain Size Analysis Sand Silt Clay Texture 0–20 A 78 4 18 SL 20 – 60 AB 77 3 20 SCL 60 - 120 B 77 3 20 SCL 120 - 200 B 77 4 19 SCL SL = Sandy loam; SCL = Sandy clay loam Table 3.6: Average Composition of the Grain Size Distribution of Soils within and around the Gully Erosion Site in Ibore, Edo State (24th February, 2017) Statistics 0 – 100cm 100 – 200 cm (n = 6) Grain Size Analysis (%) Sand Silt Clay Sand Silt Clay Min 77 3 18 77 3 18 Max 78 4 20 78 4 20 Mean. 77.5 3.5 19 77.5 3.5 19 Sd 0.63 0.45 0.76 0.63 0.45 0.76 3.7 Biological Environment of Ibore Erosion Gully Site Vegetation As part of field studies for this ESMP, observations on the vegetal composition and situation around the intervention site at Ibore were recorded. Generally, the project 25 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report site and immediate surrounding consists of secondary forests with a generous presence of oil palm, and a mosaic of forest, farmland and buildings. Within and around homesteads that are close to the gullies, there is a preponderance of mango trees. In addition, quite a few small holding (subsistence level) farms occur, with cassava being the key crop, along with yams, cocoyam and, during the rainy season, maize. Vegetables such as bitter-leaf okra and peppers are also planted around homesteads. Table 3.7 presents an overview of the vegetation species observed within and around the Ibore project site, while Plates 3.8 to 3.11 shows some of the vegetation observed in the course of field studies for this ESMP. Table 3.7: Vegetation Species around the Ibore Area Scientific Name Common English Name Habit Anthocleista vogelii Cabbage tree Tree 1. Anthostema aubryanum Tree 2. 3. Asystasia gagentica Herb Azadirachta indica Neem Plant Tree 4. Panicum spp 5. 6. Calamus decratus Rattan palm Climber Commelina benghalensis Wandering Jew Herb 7. Chromolaena odorata Siam Weed herb 8. 9. Dissotis erecta Herb Elaeis guineensis Oil palm Tree 10. Parinari excelsa Tree 11. 12. Dinophora sphennerioides Shrub Sacoglottis gabonensis Tree 13. Caalotropis procera Shrub 14. 15. Chrysobalanus icaco Shrub Cleistopholis patens Tree 16. Aframomum sp. Grain of paradise Herb 17. Cocus nucifera Tree 18. 26 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Scientific Name Common English Name Habit 19. Mangifera indica Tree Carica papaya Paw paw Tree 20. Musa spp Plantain and banana Tree 21. 22. Alchornea cordifolia Christmas tree Shrub Alstonia boonei Stool wood Tree 23. Hallea ciliata Abura Tree 24. 25. Ipomoea mauritiana Climber Lycopodium cernum Climber 26. Palisota hirsuta Herb 27. 28. Uapaca heudelotii Tree 29. Raphia hookeri Wine palm Tree 30. Nephrolepis sp. Herb 31. Scleria sp Razor grass Herb Syzygium guineensis Tree 32. Tetracera alnifolia Climber 33. 34. Parkia biglobosa Locust bean tree Tree Adansonia digitata Tree 35. Source: Fieldwork (February, 2017) 27 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Plates 3.8 to 3.11: Vegetation and crops observed around project site In terms of biomass productivity, the productivity of the area, as assessed during field studies for this project were found to range between 215g/m 2 and 438g/m2. These values are relatively low, compared to values recorded from previous studies around the state. However, the low records are attributed to the fact that this field study was undertaken in the dry season, when general productivity is impaired due to unfavourable climatic and edaphic factors. It is expected that productivity will be much higher in the rainy season. The values recorded agree with Al Mufti et.al. (1976) for areas with similar conditions. Wildlife and Endangered Species Based on field observations and literature information, three main groups of wildlife occur in the area. These are: Mammals, birds and reptiles. Table 3.8 presents a list of the wildlife species observed in the area. Mammals were mostly small rodents, antelopes and duikers and some bats. Various birds were seen in the project area during fieldwork, but were too far off to be clearly captured with the Camera taken to the field. However, these birds ranged from those of the waterside such as kingfishers, egrets and herons, to garden and forest species such as the doves and weaver-birds. Their number and variety suggests that the avian population of the area is very rich and near pristine. Plates 3.12 and 3.13 show some of the birds caught on camera. 28 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Table 3.8: List of Wildlife Species in Ibore Area Common Name Biological Name Status Mammals Red-legged Sun Squirrel Heliosciurus rufobrachium Uncommon Fire-footed Tree-Squirrel Funisciurus pyrrhopus Common Blotched Genet (“Bush cat”) Genetta tigrina “ Marsh Mongoose (“Fox”) Atilax paludinosus Uncommon Sitatunga (“Antelope”) Tragelaphus spekei Common Brush-tailed porcupine Alterurus africanus Common Bush pig (warthog) C. sylviculton Common Grass cutter Thyronomys swindeianous Common African palm squirrel Epixerus ebii Common Fruit bat Eidolon heluum Common Giant Rat Cricetomy gambianus Very common Grimm’s Duiker Sylvicarpa grimmi common Birds Cattle Egret Ardeola ibis Common Palm-nut Vulture Gypohierax angolensis Common Black Kite Milvus migrans Common Red-eyed Dove Streptopelia semitorquata Common Blue-breasted Kingfisher Halcyon malimbicus Common Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis Common Square-tailed Rough-winged Swallow Psalidoprocne nitens Common Plain-backed Pipit Anthus leucophyrs Common Carmelite Sunbird Nectarinia fuliginosa Common Olive-bellied Sunbird Nectarinia chloropygia Common Common Bulbul Pycnonotus barbaetus Common Grey-headed Sparrow Passer griseus Common Village Weaver Ploceus cucculatus Common Pied (white collared) crow Corvus torquatus Common Reptiles and Amphibians 29 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Common Name Biological Name Status Kinixys erosa Serrate Hinge-backed Tortoise Common Varanus niloticus Nile Monitor Lizard (“Iguana”) Common Python sebae African Python Common Dasypeltis fasciata Egg-eating Snake Common Dendroaspis jamesoni Green tree viper Common Naja nigricollis Spitting Cobra Common Rainbow lizard Agama agama Chameleo gracilis Common Chameleon Common Dicroglossus occipitalis Bullfrog (“Jumping Chicken”) Plate 3.12: Vinaceous dove observed on site Plate 3.13: Cattle egrets around the project site 30 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report CHAPTER FOUR SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS AND COMMUNITY CONSULTATION IN IBORE TOWN 4.0 Introduction The socio-economic characterization of the Ibore town provides baseline information on the social, economic, occupation and infrastructural development in the town. The various socio-economic indicators that might likely be impacted by the proposed gully erosion rehabilitation were assessed. Data used in characterizing the socio- economic baseline of the Ibore town was obtained using questionnaire, key informant interviews and secondary data obtained from archival materials. 4.1 Historical Background and Authority Structure Ibore is an ancient city located in northern part of Esan an ethnic group in Edo state, Nigeria. It is one of the major towns in the present day Esan Central Local Government Area of Edo State. The original name is Ibhole, which was later anglicised to Ibore by the Portuguese (Source: Wikipedia and Public Consultation). Unlike most Esan villages and towns whose roots are from Bini, Ibore the 1st son of his father migrated originally from Otuo (Owan) area of Edo state in the 15th and 16th century along with two younger brothers called Atuagbo and Ugbalo and their uncle, Obiabi. They had a collective family surname known as Uneah and they settled in close proximity to each other. Ibore and his uncle Obiabi lived in the same vicinity, his youngest brother (Ugbalo), were a bit further at the center and Atuagbo, his immediate younger, and were at the tail end of the locality. They co-existed and engaged themselves in common goals, as one family. They were all hunters by profession. Ibore is divided into eleven (11) quarters, and these are Afuokhuaria, Afonza, Afuomemen, Afuanko, Idumegbor, Idinegbon Udugei, Obiabi, Idunoko, Ikekihiala and Aferejoudu (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibore). The oldest person in the community is vested with the highest authority in the community and the person is referred to as Odionwele. At the time the survey was conducted, Iboi John is the present Odionwele in Ibore; town while Mr. S.I Okaka is 1 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report his spokesperson. In addition to the Odionwele, the town also has a council of elders that assist in the day-to-day management of the town. 4.2 Methodology 4.2.1 Data Collection Approaches The socioeconomic survey of the gully erosion environment was conducted between 10 -14th February 2017. The assessment was with a view to have first-hand information on the gully erosion that has caused untold hardship to the people of the community. In addition, the assessment was also with a view to obtain socio- economic baseline information on Ibore town. The socio-economic baseline information also assessed the social risks associated with the rehabilitation and restoration of the gully erosion site. Furthermore, existing livelihoods opportunities, income, gender characteristics, age profile, health, transport access, existing community structures were also investigated. In addition, existing formal and informal grievance redress mechanisms in the communities were also investigated. A reconnaissance to the sites provided opportunities to obtain both still and motion pictures of the gullies. The present land use/cover around the gullies were also captured. Some of the local efforts at addressing the gullies expansion were observed and recorded, while the effects gully development on nearby buildings (such as cracks and exposure of building foundations) were captured. A major part of the socio-economic survey was the community consultation held in Ibore town. The consultation was held at the house of the Spokesperson for the Odionwele. The consultation was with a view to sensitise the community on the government’s plan to address the challenge posed by the gully through the rehabilitation of the damaged road infrastructure consequence of the gullies. In attendance at the consultation were the council of elders and chiefs, women and youth groups. Various community development associations (youth, women and development) were also in attendance. Apart from intimating the community on the preparedness of the government to address the gully erosion challenge, the consultation provided opportunity to understand cultural issues that may affect the proposed project. In addition, community organization and conflict resolution mechanisms in the community were also discussed. 2 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Key informant interviews were also held with some residents most especially, those that live close to the gully site. Essentially, the interviews were to obtain information on their perception of the cause(s) of the gullies and the various challenges they have encountered as a result of their proximity to the gully site. Finally, questionnaire administration was used in complementing the information obtained from the community (See Annex). Questions regarding access to essential services (health, education and water) were framed differently when interviewing respondents. A systematic random sampling was used in administering the questionnaire to household heads in the immediate corridors of the gullies. A total of 61 questionnaires were administered with more emphasis placed on the residents living in the immediate vicinity of the gully erosion site. The sample size was purposively selected because the focus was on the people living in the immediate vicinity of the gully site. This approach was adopted since the people are the direct beneficiaries (positive and or negative) of the gully erosion in the community. To ensure quality control in data collection, only adults were interview. In addition, information obtained through the questionnaire were in tandem with the results obtained from personal interviews held with some residents. Respondents to the questionnaires during the public consultation indicated that they have filled some in the recent past, nevertheless, were willing to fill the questionnaire after repeated assurance that government is ready to address their plight. 4.2.2 Socio-Economic Data Analysis Questionnaire obtained during the field survey were analysed using IBM SPSS (V22), while non-questionnaire related data collected were content analysed. Questionnaire were serially numbered and coded appropriately before being entered into the SPSS spread sheet. Thereafter, variables were defined including missing values. Frequency tables of responses were generated and these tables form the basis of description of the socioeconomic baseline characteristics of Ibore town. In addition, graphs were used to reinforce the visual impression of variables. 3 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report 4.3 Socio-Economic Results 4.3.1 Demographic Characteristics Data on demographic characteristics of small towns has always been very scarce in Nigeria. The last population census was in 2005 and till date, the breakdown of the census by towns and localities is not available yet. The present study utilised the population estimated from the same population census that is available at the State and Local Government Area (LGA) levels to provide the demographic characterization of the population of Edo state and also by extension the Esan Central Local Government Area of Edo State. Based on the 1991 population figure from the National Population Commission, Edo State had a population of 2,172,005 in 1991 comprising of 1,147,746 Males and 1,185,980 Females and this increased to 3,233,366 comprising of 1,633,946 Males and 1,599,420 Females in 2006 (Table 5.1). Hence there was a 48.87% increase in the population over a 15-year period. At annual growth rate of 3.18%, Edo state is expected to have a population of 3,285,209 in 2007, 3,373,909 in 2008, and 3,465,005 in 2009 and 4,294,727 in 2021. The cosmopolitan nature of the Edo state may have been responsible for the slightly higher percentage of female population in the 1991, but this changed in 2006, as there were more males than females in the state. Therefore, with an area extent of 17,802km2 and a population of 3,233,366, the state has a population density of 181.63 persons per square kilometre. Table 4.1: Population Distribution in the Esan Central Local Government Area LGA Name 1991 Population 2006 Population Male Female Total Male Female Total Edo State 1,085,156 1,086,849 2,172,005 1,633,946 1,599,420 3,233,366 Esan Central LGA 53,646 56,518 110,164 53,017 52,225 105,242 Source: Annual Abstract of Statistics, 2012 Similarly, the population of Esan Central Local Government increased from 110,164 comprising of 53,646 Males and 56,518 Females in 1991 to 105,242 comprising of 53,017 Males and 52,225 Females in 2006 and a project population of 120,450 in 4 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report 2011 (Table 4.1). The population of the LGA declined by 4.47% between 1991 and 2006, while it is expected to increase by 2.74% between 2006 and 2011. Female population in 1991 dominated the population, while there were more males in 2006. The age group between 15-64 years dominated the population in 2006 accounting for about 60,604 of the entire population. With an area estimate of 253 km 2 and a population of 120,450 in 2011, the LGA has a population density of 476.1 person/km2 in 2011. 4.3.2 Sex Distribution of Respondents Sex distribution of respondents provides information on the composition of the population in the community. Based on the survey, male respondents accounted for 51.0%, while female respondents accounted for 49.0% in Ibore town ( Figure 4.1). This is in tandem with the sex distributional pattern observed based on the National Population figure of 2006 for the Esan Central Local Government Area of Edo State. The higher number of male compared to the female in the population of Ibore town could be due to prevailing occupational activity which is farming. This occupation in largely dominated by men. The large number of male in the population stream may also be an indicator of the availability of manpower that can be deployed during the erosion rehabilitation work provided the rehabilitation work does not coincide with the peak of the planting season. Female Male 49% 51% Figure 4.1: Sex Distribution among the Sampled Respondents in Ibore Community 5 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report 4.3.3 Age Characteristics of Respondents The distribution of the surveyed population into different age brackets is consistent with the typical demographic structure of the population in developing countries with high fertility and mortality rates. The age distribution of the respondents showed that 5.8 per cent of the respondents were between the ages of 18 and 24 years, 25 per cent were within the ages of 25 and 34 years, 49.8 per cent fell within the ages of 35 and 44 years, 16 per cent were within the ages of 45 and 60 years, while 4 per cent were more than 60 years (Figure 4.2). This implies that majority (90.2%) of the respondents are in the active age (18–45yrs.). This shows that the larger percentages of the respondents are in their active years. > 60 45-60 Age Categories 18 -24 35-44 25-34 35-44 25-34 45-60 > 60 18 -24 0 10 20 30 40 50 Percentage Figure 4.2: Distribution of Respondents by Age 4.3.4 Marital Status Marital status is an important socio-demographic indicator of any population. Marital status indicated by respondents included married, divorced, widowed and single. Based on the result of the survey, 69.0% of the respondents indicated that they are married, 26.9% are single, 2.8% divorced and 1.3% widowed ( Figure 4.3). Thus, majority of the respondents are married and this has consequence for population growth in the town. 6 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report 70 60 50 40 Percent Married 30 Single Divorced 20 Widows 10 0 MARRIED SINGLE DIVORCED WIDOWS Marital Status Figure 4.3: Distribution of Respondents by Marital Status 4.3.5 Religion, Tradition and Culture Respondents in Ibore town reported three principal religions. These are Christianity Islam, traditional religion and others. The Christians accounted for 85.4% of the respondents, 8.0% were traditional believers, 4.3% indicated that they are Muslim while other religion groups accounted for the remaining 2.3% (Figure 4.4). Several churches of different denominations are located in Ibore town. The people practicing African Traditional Religion mostly combined it with Christianity. Clearly, Christians dominate the town. It should be noted that Ibore is one of the most culturally endowed towns in Esanland. Particularly unique among its numerous cultural heritage is the Iruen, Elbolo and Igbikhio festivals celebrated annually in the town. OTHERS Religious Affiliations TRADITIONAL Christian Islam ISLAM Traditional Others CHRISTIAN 0 20 40 60 80 100 Percent Figure 4.4: Distribution of Respondents by Religious Affiliations 7 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report 4.3.6 Ethnic Composition in Ibore Town The community is almost ethnically homogenous as 92.6% indicated that they are dominantly Esan ethnic group based on broad ethnic nationalities survey and public consultation conducted. Other ethnic groups noted included Hausa (3.2%), Yoruba (2.8%) and Igbo (1.4%) (Figure 4.5). People from other ethnic origin are mostly traders and artisans. This implication of this is that the social stratification, issue of compensation (if any) and resettlement plan should take cognisance of the culture and tradition of the Esan people most especially those relating to land allocation. IGBO Ethnic Groups YORUBA Esan Hausa HAUSA Yoruba Igbo ESAN 0 20 40 60 80 100 Percent Figure 4.5: Ethnic Composition of Respondents in Ibore Community 4.3.7 Educational Attainment The basis of assessing the level of literacy in Ibore town was based on whether the people have at least primary school leaving certificate. The percentage of respondents who indicated that they have at least primary school leaving certificate in Ibore town was 94.0% while the remaining 6.0% indicated otherwise. A breakdown of the percentage of respondents who indicated that they do not have primary school leaving certificate shows that greater percentage of female compared to males do not have at least primary school leaving certificate. In addition, greater percentage of the respondents who do not have at least primary school leaving certificate were among people who are above the age of 60 years. A breakdown of the percentage of the respondents with educational qualifications greater than or equal to primary school leaving certificates shows that 18.4% have only primary school certificate, 29.3% have secondary school leaving certificate while 46.3% were either 8 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report undergraduates or graduates from tertiary institutions (Figure 4.6). It was observed that gender variations exist in educational attainment between male and female with male having higher educational attainment compared to females. This educational level is therefore very high when compared with other part of the country and even other LGAs in the State. Therefore, education-wise, there are enough human resources that can be employed during the construction phase of the project. However, it is imperative that the occupational structure should also be examined. This is with a view to understand the various carrier pathways that exist in the neighbourhood. 6% 19% 46% No formal Education Primary School Secondary School 29% Graduates/Undergraduates Figure 4.6: Educational Attainments among the Sampled Respondents in Ibore Community 4.3.8 Occupational Structures Expectedly, farming is the dominant occupation in the Ibore town. It is an age long occupation and farmers largely produced food crops and few cash crops. The percentage of respondents who indicated that they are farmers was 44.7%. Although actual population of farmers may likely be more than this figure when we consider the percentage of those who engage in farming as part-time activity. Shifting cultivation is the dominant farming methods. Women mostly engage in trading, although few men also trade. The percentage of respondents who engage in trading was 23.4%. Items of trade include raw and semi processed agricultural produce and daily needs. A number of women also sell clothing materials and household utensils 9 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report etc. The percentage of respondents who indicated that they are artisans and craftsmen was 12.3%. These include those who are barber, tailor, mechanics, graphic artists, bricklayers etc. Furthermore, 8.4% of the respondents indicated that they provide labour to people who are in need. Their service is mostly utilised by people who want to farm, build a house or move things from one place to another. Those that were self-employed accounted for 6.6%, while who are unemployed were 4.6% (Figure 4.7). UNEMPLOYED Occupational Groups SELF EMPLOYED Farming LABOURERS Traders ARTISANS Artisans Labourers TRADERS Self Employed FARMING Unemployed 0 10 20 30 40 50 Percent Figure 4.7: Occupational Groups of Respondents in Ibore Community 4.3.9 Income Distribution among the respondents In terms of monthly income earned by respondents, 35.7% indicated that they earn below the national minimum wage of N18, 000, while 20.1% earn between N18, 000 and N36, 000. Furthermore, 18.6% earn monthly salary of between N37, 000 and N54, 000, 12.4% earn between N55, 000 and N72, 000, 8.1% earn between N73, 000 and N90, 000, 3.3% earn between N91, 000 and N108, 00 while 1.8% earned more than N108, 000. Based on the foregoing, more than 50% of the respondents earn below N36, 000 monthly. Therefore, income earnings can be described as generally low as more than 50% of the respondents earn less than twice the national minimum wage monthly (Figure 4.8). 10 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report MORE THAN N108,000 N91,000-N108,000 Less than N18,000 Income categories N73,000-N90,000 N18,000-N36,000 N55,000-N72,000 N37,000-N54,000 N37,000-N54,000 N55,000-N72,000 N18,000-N36,000 N73,000-N90,000 N91,000-N108,000 LESS THAN N18,000 More than N108,000 0 10 20 30 40 Percent Figure 4.8: Income Distribution among the Sampled Respondents in Ibore Community 4.4 Housing Characteristics in the Ibore Town This section focuses on the characteristics of buildings in Ibore town. Some of the characteristics examined include floor, wall and roof material. Based on the response obtained from the questionnaire, 36.0% of the respondents live in their own houses while 51.0 % live in rented houses. Respondents who indicated living in rent-free accommodation were 10.8% and these are people who live in houses owned by member of their nuclear or extended family who reside outside of the community (Figure 4.9). Sometimes, some of the people living in rent- free houses are aged people who cannot afford paying rents and temporarily sheltered in houses that belong to their respective relatives, through the consent of the owners. This is a reflection of the endurance of the traditional social obligation demanding from the relatively better-off sectors of the society to assist disadvantaged categories of the population, mostly through kinship networks of reciprocal solidarity. 11 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report 60 50 40 Percent Owned 30 Rented 20 Rent-Free Others 10 0 OWNED RENTED RENT-FREE OTHERS House Ownership Types Figure 4.9: Distribution of Respondents by House Ownership More than 80% of the buildings are bungalow (Plate 4.1), while storey buildings are fewer in Ibore town. Most of the buildings are also of the Brazilian type (face me I face you). Nevertheless, there are modern buildings in the community. There were few isolated huts sighted during the survey. Plate 4.1: Detached Bungalow in Ibore Community Floor materials used in buildings include earth/mud/mud brick (46.8%), wood/bamboo (2.7%) cement/concrete (36.6%), ceramic/ Mable tiles, (0.9%) ( Figure 4.10). Thus, majority of the household used earth/mud/mud floor, although some put carpet or rug on such floor to make it look decent. In some of the houses visited, the sitting room was tilled while concrete flooring was used in other rooms in the building. 12 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report 4% 36% Earth/Mud/Mud Brick 57% Wood/Bamboo Cement/Concrete 3% Ceramic/Mable tiles Figure 4.10: Floor Materials Used in Houses in Ibore Community Mud (68.3%) is the most dominant wall material used in buildings in the Ibore town and this is followed by block (37.7%) (Plate 4.2). Respondents who indicated use of other materials such as palm fronts, wood or zinc accounted for the remaining 4.6%. The use of mud/reed is still common in Ibore community perhaps because of the abundance of red soil (clay). Some of the makeshift shops in the town used metal/iron as their wall material (Figure 4.11). 60 50 40 Mud Percent 30 Block 20 Wood/Zinc 10 0 MUD BLOCK WOOD/ZINC Wall Materials Figure 4.11: Wall Materials Used in Buildings in Ibore Community 13 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Plate 4.2: Typical Wall Materials Used in Building in the Ibore Community The roof material used varied from house to house. The use of corrugated metal/Zinc sheet appeared to be the most dominance (90.4%) and this was followed by the use of slate/asbestos (7.2%). The percentage that used roofing tiles was 2.4% and this is common in newer buildings in the town (Figure 4.12 and Plate 4.3). Thatch/palm leaves/raffia were sighted outskirt of the town although they are few. Most of the people that use Cement/Concrete are those who are still hopeful of putting another structure on their building. 100 90 80 70 60 Percent 50 Metal/Zinc 40 Slates/Asbestors 30 Roofing Tiles 20 10 0 METAL/ZINC SLATES/ASBESTORS ROOFING TILES Roofing Materials Figure 4.12: Types of Roofing Materials Used in the Ibore Community 14 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Plate 4.3: Typical Roofing Materials Used in Building in the Ibore Community 4.5 Amenities and Facilities in Ibore Community 4.5.1 Sources of Energy: Source of energy used in lighting houses is derived from electricity. Electricity is obtained from the national electricity grid of the Electricity Distribution Company (Plate 4.3). Apart from lighting house, electricity is used to power household electrical appliances that make life more comfortable for the people. Many households for cooking use kerosene, a bye product from crude oil, although its scarcity and escalated cost has forced residents to switch to alternatives such as charcoal and firewood. Charcoal is sometimes imported from the south-western and northern part of the country while firewood is obtained from nearby forest. 4.5.2 Sources of Domestic Water: Water used for drinking and domestic purposes are obtained from rainwater, streams and sometime boreholes from outside the community through the water vendors. In rainy season, residents depend on rainwater for their household domestic chores. Almost all the houses have a rainwater-harvesting device, which is used to harvests and stores water during rainy season (Plate 4.4). However, obtaining water during the dry season is more challenging. Scarcity of quality water may have been responsible for the high incidence of typhoid fever and other water related diseases in the community. 15 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Plate 4.4: Rainwater Harvesting Device in Ibore Community Respondents who indicated that their major source of water is rainwater obtained through rainwater harvesting were 46.9%. Virtually every house in the town has rainwater harvesting device and associated underground tank. The percentage of respondent who indicated that 15.7% obtain water from shallow wells (Figure 4.13). In addition, 11.7% indicated that they obtain water from stream/river in the vicinity of the community, while 25.7% indicated that they obtain water from water vendors. WATER VENDORS Sources of Water RIVER/STREAM RAIN HARVESTING SHALLOW WELLS 0 10 20 30 40 50 Percent Figure 4.13: Sources of Water in Ibore Community In terms of water storage methods adopted by respondents, 25.6% indicated that they store water underground and this is particularly for those who depend on 16 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report rainwater harvesting method. Furthermore, 23.9% indicated that they store water in overhead plastic tanks (Figure 4.14). Those who store their water on tank place on ground were 13.4% and some of the people in this category have pumping machines to pump the water into their house. Some of the people in this category also depend on water vendors for their water supply. Respondents who indicated that they store water in drums inside their house were 31.1%, while 6.0% store water in jerry cans. 35 30 25 Percent 20 15 10 5 0 UNDERGROUND ELEVATED ABOVE GROUND DRUMS INSIDE JERRY CANS TANK WATER TANK TANK HOUSE Water Storage Methods Figure 4.14: Water storage device used by respondents in Ibore Community 4.5.3 Schools, Health and Public Water Facilities Ibore has a total of five (5) schools made up of four (4) public and one (1) private school. The breakdown of these schools shows that there are two public primary schools (Ugbokhare Primary School Irrua and Ibore Primary School), one private primary school (Ojieabu Nursery and primary school), one senior secondary school (Uneah Senior Secondary School, Ibore - Irrua) and one Junior secondary schools (Uneah Junior Secondary School Ibore - Irrua) in the town. Pupils come from not only the Ibore town but also from nearby communities. Almost all these schools do not have toilet facility except one. In terms of health care facilities, there are two prominent primary health care facilities in the town and these are the Ugbokhare primary health Centre and Ibore primary health Centre. Furthermore, public tap water were also observed in the community (Figure 4.15). 17 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report  6°17'0"E 6°17'30"E 6°18'0"E Legend " Schools v ® PHC ! C Water Point Roads " Gully Site Bush Fallow Bushfallow/Farmland 6°47'0"N 6°47'0"N Forest Ibore Town v ® Plantation ! C " " ! C Distribution of Public Facilities in Ibore Town v ® 6°46'30"N 6°46'30"N " Akoko-Edo Etsako East Owan EastEtsako Central Owan WestEtsako West Esan North-East ! C Ovia North-East Esan WestEsan Central Esan South-East Ovia South-WestUhunmwonde Igueben Egor Oredo Ikpoba-Okha Orhionmwon Sokoto Katsina Jigawa Yobe Zamfara Borno Kebbi Kano 0 0.15 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 Niger Kaduna Bauchi Gombe Plateau Adamawa Kwara Abuja Nassarawa Kilometers Oyo OsunEkiti Kogi Benue Taraba Ogun Ondo Lagos Edo EnuguEbonyi 6°17'0"E 6°17'30"E 6°18'0"E Delta Cross River Abia BayelsaRivers Akwa Ibom Figure 4.15: Distribution of Public Facilities in Ibore Community 4.5.4 Household Waste Disposal Respondents who indicated that they deposit waste in their backyard where they ultimately burn it were 58.3%, while those who indicated that they deposit in the drainage gutter were 30.3% and 12.4% stated that they deposit in the gully because they were attempting to fill the gully (Figure 4.16 and Plate 4.5). Methods of Waste Disposal DEPOSITED IN GULLY DEPOSITED IN DRAINAGE DEPOSITED AND BURN 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Percent Deposited and Burn Deposited in Drainage Deposited in Gully Figure 4.16: Waste Disposal Methods Adopted by Respondents in Ibore Community 18 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Plate 4.5: Waste Deposited Inside the Gully Site 4.6 Human Health The health services in Ibore community are precarious, like other essential services, and are dispensed by modern and traditional service providers. Modern health service is provided by different categories of health facilities operated by health personnel of different qualifications and training backgrounds, while traditional treatment ranges from faith healing to traditional medicine. Traditional healing systems fall into three categories, which are namely, traditional medicine, spiritual healing and exorcism and out of these two are widely embraced in Ibore town. The first type of treatments consists of package of knowledge transmitted through father and mother by generations, through oral tradition and by observation of practices (traditional indigenous medical knowledge). Therapists of this kind include herbalists, bonesetters and surgeons. Cauterisation and incision of ailing parts of body are included in the traditional treatment practices. It has been noted that some of these practices have little curative value, despite their costs on the families and lapse of time. Often patients are taken to modern medicine facilities after the disease reached an advanced stage, because the appropriate time has been spent on non-effective traditional medicine. Faith healing is more spiritually based treatment conducted by religious devotee, who serve as judge, scribe and 19 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report healer and possesses spiritual power, which is partly divine gift and partly transmitted by elders on his investiture following completion of pupillage training. The health seeking population in Ibore town resort to various health facilities in the town, however, some travel as far as Benin City and sometimes Lagos to seek treatment. The total numbers of primary Health Care (PHC) units that operate in Ibore town were two. Primary health care centres are intended to provide, at district and sub-district levels, antenatal and post-natal care, delivery services immunization, growth monitoring, treatments for diseases for children under five, and health education. In addition, they are expected to provide treatment for minor ailments (common diseases found in the area), first aid services and health education for the population as a whole, while also dispensing drugs. The PHCs ensure basic preventive and minimum curative health care services are delivered to the most vulnerable. The availability of these facilities does not mean access to adequate health service delivery is guaranteed in the community. Also, both private and public health provide service providers in the community referral treatments. Other privately owned hospitals admit needy clients against payment of the cost of case treatment. Some of these facilities are fairly gaining reputation, while others are small dispensaries with few beds and with fewer facilities. Some of the doctors in Ibore town have established private clinic, while some also manage hospitals and public health activities. Since public sector does not offer reasonable salaries, this is a pragmatic arrangement through which doctors manage to make a livelihood. Private clinics provide consultation to their clients, against payment of fee. Depending on the case, doctors prescribe drugs for common ailments or advice the patients to make laboratory tests and return with results, before taking decision on the case. Doctors may also refer patients to a secondary facility. There has been an upsurge of retail trade in drugs in recent years. Even the most remote areas that are not served by a PHC clinic or a health post would have at least one pharmacy selling basic drugs. Opening pharmacy is no longer different from opening a kiosk or a corner shop selling cigarettes and drinks. Most pharmacies exist solely to sell as many drugs as possible, and therefore to maximize profit. The 20 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report apparent profit drive for mushrooming of private pharmacies is encouraged by frequent health seeking clients who either self-prescribe drugs or approach respective pharmacy operators for advices, without consulting with medical doctor or any other senior health staff member. This has certainly improved access to medication in Ibore town, but it has also contributed to widespread abuse by dispensing drugs without doctor’s prescription. Determining which medications are prescribed for which problems, and who can prescribe and dispense them is one of the key areas where policy intersect with practice. 4.6.1 Environmental Concern in the Community Four major environmental concerns of the community identified during the consultation meeting are (a) irregular rainfall (b) excessive rainfall (c) soil loss and degradation and (d) excessive heat. It was noted during the consultation that rainfall patterns have become highly irregular and unpredictable in the recent time. This to a large extent has affected their agricultural practise. This challenge could be linked to the global climate change issue. Furthermore, when the rains come, it is always in excess leading to issue of flooding and subsequent widening of the gully site in the community. Also, the excessive rainfall is also responsible for soil loss and degradation in soil quality leading to low agricultural yield. Prolonged dry season and excessive sunshine in dry season combined to produce excessive heat. Some of the respondents indicated that the increasing number of children with chickenpox could be linked to exposure to excessive heat, while a number of adults indicated inability to sleep at night due to excessive heat. Some of the adults indicated that they sleep outside of their house to get enough air at night. However, this has increased the vulnerability to mosquito bites and subsequent malaria fever. 4.6.2 Perceived Environmental Impacts of the Gully Erosion The consequences of the gully erosion in the community include the destruction of road infrastructure (Plate 4.6), buildings (Plate 4.7) and threat to human and animal safety (Plate 4.8). One of the major concerns, which have been raised by the community people over the existence of the gully site in their community, is the effect of the gully on a major road in the community. The road has caved-in thereby making commuting between one part of the town and another difficult. The widening of the 21 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report gully head is also a major concern to the community people because large amount of soils is washed away every year. Residents in the vicinity of the gully hardly sleep anytime it rains in the town because of the fear that their house may cave into the gully. There are relics of washed away and abandoned buildings in and near the gully heads (Plate 4.7). Therefore, the cost of the gully site to residents of Ibore community is too much for them to bear and that is why they have been calling on government at various levels over the years to come to their aid and assist with rehabilitating the gully site to ensure safety of lives and properties in the community. Plate 4.6: Gully Encroaching into Road in Ibore Community Plate 4.7: Building being threatening by the Expanding Gully in Ibore Community 22 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Plate 4.8: Domestic Animal Roaming in the Vicinity of the Gully Erosion Site 4.7. Assessment of Existing Formal and Informal Grievances Redress Mechanism Grievance Redress Mechanisms (GRMs) are defined as organizational systems and resources established by national government agencies (or, as appropriate, by regional municipal agencies or local traditional institutions) to receive and address concerns about the impact of their policies, programs and operations on external stakeholders. The stakeholder input handled through these systems and procedures may be called “grievances,” “complaints,” “feedback,” or any other functionally equivalent term. GRMs act, as recourse for situations in which, despite proactive stakeholder engagement, some stakeholders have a concern about a project or program’s potential impacts on them. GRMs can therefore be seen as part of institutional framework to redress perceived injustice or marginalisation arising from project implementation. GRMs are intended to be accessible, collaborative, expeditious, and effective in resolving concerns through dialogue, joint fact-finding, negotiation, and problem solving. They are generally designed to be the “first line” of response to stakeholder concerns that have not been prevented by proactive stakeholder engagement. GRMs are intended to complement, not replace, formal legal channels for managing 23 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report grievances (e.g., the court system, organizational audit mechanisms, etc.). Stakeholders always have the option to use other, more formal alternatives, including legal remedies. It is important to emphasize that national GRMs are not intended to replace the judiciary or other forms of legal recourse. The existence of a GRM should not prevent citizens or communities from pursuing their rights and interests in any other national or local forum, and citizens should not be required to use GRMs before seeking redress through the courts, administrative law procedures, or other formal dispute resolution mechanisms. Based on the foregoing, it is clear that there is no existing formal institutional frameworks specifically setup to handle grievances that might arise from the gully erosion rehabilitation project in the community. Public Complaint Commission (PCC) perhaps is the only formal agency saddled with such responsibility. The agency has its presence in virtually all the state capitals in Nigeria. Complaints about the project can therefore be lodge at their office in Benin, Edo State. This office appeared to be the closest to the project site. In conjunction with stakeholders, the Edo state NEWMAP nevertheless will develop and implement a Grievance Redress Mechanisms (GRM) that will include the following: i. Anyone may contact the NEWMAP, in person, by mail, or by telephone to submit a grievance; ii. Contacts about grievances may be initiated by the affected person, through an agreed local liaison committee or through the Ibore community; iii. All complaints will be documented by Edo State NEWMAP and tracked to resolution, and information on the status will be available to the person making the complaint; iv. The Edo State NEWMAP will investigate the complaint and determine the response including, if applicable, proposed actions; v. The Edo State NEWMAP will inform the person making the complaint, either verbally or in writing; vi. Prior to rehabilitation of the Ibore gully erosion site, Edo State NEWMAP will work with stakeholders to develop arbitration system for resolving complaints; vii. The grievance mechanism will inform complainants of their options if the complaint cannot be resolved; viii. The Edo State NEWMAP will strive to investigate and resolve complaints promptly; 24 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report ix. There will be no cost to the person presenting the complaint; x. All complaints will be treated with appropriate confidentiality; xi. Complaints will be investigated and resolved without retribution to the complainant or other persons; and, xii. Project personnel, especially those who have contact with the public, will be briefed/trained about the grievance procedure, including whom to contact within the Edo State NEWMAP or the Edo State Government about a complaint. Ibore traditional council has been identified, as the only informal grievance redress mechanism that can be employed be residents in Ibore community. Over the years, the council has amicably resolved grievances among warring factions, families and individuals in the community. The achievement was made possible because of the high regard accorded traditional institution in the community. The council is made up of the paramount ruler and council chief. Perceived grievances arising from the gully erosion project implementation can be reported to the council. During the stakeholder engagement, the council assured that any grievance (as long as it is not criminal and is within the purview of the council) reported to them would be amicably settle. Anticipated grievances that may arise during the gully erosion project and which might be amicably resolved include trespasses on land, property and farmland by the contractor. 4.7.1 Stakeholder Engagement Plan The Edo State NEWMAP has been implementing its Stakeholder Engagement Plan since the project inception in the state and it includes the following: i. Identification of Project stakeholders; ii. Summary of past consultation efforts; iii. Planned consultation efforts to prepare for construction activities; iv. Stakeholder engagement during construction; v. Stakeholder engagement during operations; vi. Resources for stakeholder engagement; vii. Monitoring and reporting on stakeholder engagement; and viii. Formation of the Ibore gully erosion site monitoring committees 25 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report 4.7.2 Consultations with relevant stakeholders Community consultation with residents of the Ibore community on the gully erosion site rehabilitation was with a view to inform them about government readiness to intervene in the project. In addition, it served to secure community buy-in on the project while at the same time identifying issues that can generate grievances between the community and contractor during the construction activity. Consultation on the gully erosion was held at Ibore and in attendance were various community groups and individuals (See Plate 4.9 - 4.12 for the stakeholder engagements held at Ibore community and Appendix 1.0. for list of individuals in attendance). The project team leader introduced the project to the community and thereafter, questions and the team entertained concerns. It was gathered that the erosion started about 22 years ago as small sheet erosion but has since becomes a massive gully in the community. Topography of the gully site was identified as being responsible for the emergence of the gully and it was sustained by vegetation clearance. Residents have attempted to reduce the effect of associated flood through the use of sand bags as embankment around their house however, while the initiative helped to reduce the amount of floodwater that entered their house, it did not reduce the widening of the gully. Digging of small retention ponds and clearing of drainage channel and opening up of new drainage channels were among the efforts embarked upon to reduce the speed of storm water entering into the gully site. 26 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Plate 4.9 -4.12: View of the stakeholder engagement held at Ibore community Some of the untoward consequences of the gully erosion identified include; i. Some of the residents have been carried away by the flood water and later found dead ii. Some died when their house collapsed during the flood water iii. Some have equally lost domestic animals into the flood. iv. Not less than 10 houses have been destroyed by the flood water, while a number of building have suffered structural defects as a result of the flood and gully erosion It was also reported that: i. Issues of compensation for properties that are likely to be affected during construction phase should be properly discussed ahead of the construction to forestall conflict ii. The community frowns at stealing and would not want any of the contractor staff to trespass into resident’s farmland iii. The community has not witnessed any major conflict in the last 20 years. Neither communal nor ethno-religious conflicts have been experienced in the community. iv. The project would not in any way impinge on the cultural values of the residents 27 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report v. The contractor should employ sizeable number of the residents for its various activities vi. The communities assured their cooperation with the Edo state NEWMAP, contractors and consultants. They promised adequate security / protection of lives, properties and equipment during construction and other related activities. vii. Towards a successful implementation of the NEWMAP project, the community has setup various committees to assist the contractor that would be handling the construction work 4.7.3 Anticipated Impacts of the Gully Erosion Intervention Project Residents in the Ibore community are quite aware of the government’s intention to assist them in addressing the challenge posed by the gully erosion. During the questionnaire administration and consultations, residents claimed that they have been seeing different kinds of people coming to inspect the gully erosion site and that they have helped in conducting them round the community so that they will have a first-hand view of the challenge posed by the gully erosion. Virtually all the adults in the community seems to be aware of NEWMAP intervention as they often ask strangers they see whether they are in the community because of the NEWMAP project. Based on the consultations held with the residents, their expectation is very high although some of them are sceptics whether government will address the problem immediately or deferred it till another time when money would be available. They however pleaded that in view of risks posed by the gully site to human lives, government should urgently rise to their aid to address the problem of gully site immediately. As parts of the community preparation, various committees have been inaugurated to interface with the consultant that would handle the erosion site rehabilitation. The committee meets regularly to educate residents on what government is doing or planning to do to address the gully erosion issue in the community. Hence, the consultant might not likely face any challenge with regard to the rehabilitation of the gully erosion site because it is a top priority project in the community. Some of the issue that the residents think could engendered crisis included; violation of customs and tradition of the community, none engagement of the community people during 28 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report the construction phase of the project, improper handling of issues relating to compensation and theft of agricultural produce by workers on site. The community is committed to the rehabilitation of the gully erosion sites and therefore not willing that anything disturb the project. It was also noted that since there would always be community people with the contractor, the contractor would be adequately guided on the local cultures and taboos. The community people would also be happy if they are engaged in the rehabilitation work. It was notice that there are able-bodied men that can provide labour for different aspect of construction during the construction and operational phase of the project. Another issue of concern relates to compensation and modalities for allocation of compensation among the projected affected people (PAP). The issue of what to pay, and who to pay as well as how much to be paid were extensively discussed during the consultations. It was clear that if the issue of compensation is not properly addressed it could result in conflict between residents and the contractor. Being an agricultural society, the residents in the Ibore community frown at theft of their produce. They therefore encourage construction workers to adhere strictly to their rule of engagement during their work in the community. 29 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report CHAPTER FIVE ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL ADVERSE IMPACTS AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 5.1 Introduction This chapter presents an overview of the identified impacts of the proposed NEWMAP gully erosion site rehabilitation intervention project in Ibore, Esan Central LGA of Edo State, Nigeria and analyses of the options and alternatives to the project. The associated and potential impacts of the NEWMAP intervention in Ibore was identified based on the interaction of specific project activities with the biophysical and social characteristics of the project environment as well as the health/safety requirements of the Ibore Esan community and the construction workers. Details of the methodology adopted for impact analysis; the associated and potential impacts of the project; the residual impacts identified for the proposed NEWMAP interventions are presented herein. As much as possible, the recommendations of the Global NEWMAP environmental and social management framework (ESMF), in terms of impact assessment and analyses, were adhered to. 5.2 Impact Assessment Methodology The impact assessment methodology approach adopted for this project followed a four- step approach, which consists of: Step One: The first step is a detailed description of the Ibore project area prior to implementation of the proposed NEWMAP gully erosion site rehabilitation. Based on this, the impact analysis focus on all components, which are anticipated to affected or modified by the project; Step Two: The next step is a general screening of potential impacts: The aim of the screening is to identify as exhaustively as possible all impacts, beneficial or detrimental which can reasonably result from the gully erosion site rehabilitation project implementation. A matrix approach is utilized, crossing all the parameters of the social and biophysical 5-1 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report environment with each project activity involved in project, during the site clearing and preparation, construction, operation and maintenance, and decommissioning phases. The impact identification and prediction approach utilizes elements of various impact identification and prediction methods such as checklists, matrices and flowcharts. To effectively perform these general screening of potential environmental impacts of the projects, the following approach was followed: Identification and description of project phases, associated activities and their possible interaction with the components of the environment Preliminary identification of potential impacts on environmental components Screening for impact importance, elimination of activity environment interactions producing no effect; selection of focus impacts for further assessments Step Three: Impact Analysis and Elaboration of Corrective Measures: On the basis of the screening stage, the main impacts were analyzed, in order to quantify them, whenever possible and to elaborate specific measures to cancel, reduce or compensate the most detrimental ones. This step was performed by the following tasks: Detailed assessment of selected focus impacts in terms of:  Nature – positive or negative, direct or indirect impact;  Magnitude – qualitative and quantitative  Areal extent – qualitative and quantitative  Frequency  Resource sensitivity  Duration including reversibility  Cumulative effects Final assessment and assignment of overall impact significance levels based on the result of the previous step and application of objective impact severity criteria and likelihood, and identification of impact mitigation measures 5-2 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Step Four: On conclusion of the impact analysis, the details of the positive and negative effects of the proposed developments on the environment are outlined and appropriate solutions or mitigation measures to minimize any undesirable effects resulting from the proposed Type of Impacts and their Consideration for the Proposed Ibore Intervention Project For the purpose of this work, identified impacts that are likely to be associated with the proposed project have been classified to occur in four (4) phases for the lifespan of the works. The phases include:  Pre-construction phase  Construction phase  Operational phase  Decommissioning phase The analysis of project impacts of the NEWMAP gully erosion site rehabilitation project involves the identification of environmental media that could be potentially affected by all project activities in the three phases of the project listed above. For the purpose of impact identification, the respective project activities to be undertaken for each phase of the project are highlighted in Table 5.1 below: Table 5.1: Project activities at the four phases of the proposed NEWMAP Intervention project in Ibore S/No Project Phase Project Activities 1 Pre-construction Contractor’s Site Clearing and Preparation Activities and Logistics; General clearing and preparation of the project site for gully erosion site engineering solution construction works Surveying and setting out of the new storm water drainage infrastructure (Culverts); Utilization of existing access roads to the proposed project site; Construction of sheds and equipment lay down areas for the storage of materials. 2 Construction  Construction of drainage conduits upstream of the gully head to contain and direct overland flows into the new diversion culverts;  Demolition of two existing buildings to make way for the construction of the main bypass culvert;  Construction of gully bypass system, a 2.5m by 1.5m closed box diversion drainage culverts to collect and direct storm water flows from existing roadside channels and overland flows into a 5-3 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report S/No Project Phase Project Activities Chute (drop down structure)  Construction of a Baffled Chute to the bottom of the gully (a drainage infrastructure for discharging storm water into the gully downstream of the gully head);  Construction of Stilling Basin;  Filling of the gully head  Reshaping of the gully as an earth channel by a cut-and-fill civil works whereby the earth removed from the gully sides slopes is used to compact the gully floor.  Placement and positioning of nine (9) regularly spaced gabion drop structures over every 500m of the gully channel to reduce the longitudinal gradient to 0.05% (with a 2m drop) and slow down the flow velocity to 1.4m/s to prevent further incidence of erosion  Erosion protection of the banks by cutting and sloping the sides of the gully banks to a gradient of 1:2  Use of gully bank soil materials to fill the gully bed a few meters and the to fill the gully head  Re-construction of the damaged road;  Reconstruction of all associated road drainage infrastructure  Reshaping the gully and installation of erosion protection facilities to enable safe conveyance of storm water downstream of the gully head;  Transportation of Heavy Equipment, Construction Materials and Workers to the Project Site;  Operation of Heavy Construction Equipment;  Fuel Storage and Dispensing to Heavy Equipment and Vehicles. 3 Operation and  Utilization and operation of the rehabilitated gully erosion site channel and; Maintenance  Maintenance of the drainage infrastructure of the Ibore gully erosion site  Monitoring of the Ibore gully erosion infrastructure to ensure full functionality 4 Decommissioning  Dismantling and Removal of Equipment; and Vehicles  Restoration of the Project Site to its natural state and  Waste Management. 5.3 Associated and Potential Environmental and Social Impacts The potential impacts of the proposed gully erosion intervention project on the environmental and social components of the project area are discussed below. For ease of comprehension, the positive impacts of the various phases are first discussed generally, followed by a sub-section that highlights the significant potential adverse impacts of project activities and phases are discussed based on environmental components, rather than on project activities. At the end of this sub-section, a summary table presenting ALL impacts (positive, negative, minor and moderate) on a phase-by- phase basis is presented. 5-4 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report 5.3.1 Potential Positive Impacts of the Project The project is envisaged to have a range of positive environmental and social impacts. Some of these are a function of the objectives of the project, while others are a function of the way in which the project is designed to meet its objectives. Some of the benefits impacts associated with the project include:  Provision of employment  Reduction in hunger through the harnessing of previously degraded land for agricultural purposes  Improved agricultural productivity  Community development programs  Reintegration of community and diversification of sources of livelihood  Minimization of flooding and control of erosion  Provision of proper and well-designed road drainage systems  Rehabilitation of affected lands, vegetation and forests  Reduced fear perception of loss of property, inhabitation and ancestral origins of the communities  Control and Reduction of water body sedimentation rates due to erosion  Reduction in siltation of rivers due to improved land vegetation covers and decreases in slope  Reduction in mortality/morbidity from landslides  Increase in business/commerce during and after the construction works  Job creation opportunities. In spite of these positive impacts however, a number of potential adverse effects could attend the proposed intervention, and these are highlighted in the following sub-section. 5.3.2 The Potential Adverse Impacts Implementation of Ibore Gully Rehabilitation could exert some negative impacts on the social and physical environment. The crucial ones are discussed below. For ease of comprehension, they are discussed based on the affected environmental attributes. 5-5 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report 5.3.2.1 Soil and Erosion Impacts Generally, most of the impacts of the proposed interventions on soil are positive, since the aim is to stop the advancement of the Ibore gully, and to undertake restoration of affected soil. However, the process of undertaking the activities will lead to some minor effects on soil. Most of these effects are during the construction stage and are elucidated below:  There will be movement of heavy-duty vehicles and machinery to the site during mobilization. If these vehicles and machinery are moved over open soil surfaces, they could cause compaction and alteration of soil structure  Site clearing during site preparation could expose new soil surfaces to denudation and the consequent erosion.  Accidental spills of hazardous materials such as fuels and oils could be leached into the soil, thus leading to contamination/pollution of the soil. 5.3.2.2 Impacts on Vegetation and Wildlife The key impacts of the proposed intervention on vegetation and wildlife are as follows:  During construction, campsites for construction workers and equipment/machinery laydown areas will have to be cleared. This could lead to destruction of vegetation within such sites. By extension, this could lead to wildlife kill and destruction of their habitats;  Accidental spills of fuels and oils for machinery and vehicles, which would normally be stored on site could toxify vegetation. If herbivorous animal species feed on such vegetation, this could also poison them, or lead to bioaccumulation of toxins in wildlife species, with the possibility of bio-magnification up the food chain;  There is a possibility for project workers to poach on wildlife species, especially burrowing rodents such as grass-cutters, ground squirrels, and larger mammals like duikers, during site preparation;  During operations, the flood runoff diverted from the existing Ibore gully could lead to ecological modifications, as it is emptied into undeveloped areas of the 5-6 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report vicinity, as planned. Swamps could develop, leading to introduction and possible invasion of the area by exotic vegetation species, and by extension, wildlife species;  The development of swamps in undeveloped area of the project vicinity as a result of floodwater diversion could serve as habitat for disease vectors, especially those that are waterborne, such as malaria, bilharzia and schisctosomiasis. 5.3.2.3 Air Quality and Noise Impacts A number of impacts are likely to be expressed on air quality and noise levels during the project. Virtually all of the impacts will be expressed during the construction phase of the project. They include the following:  Generally, various vehicles, machinery and equipment will be used during project construction phase. These vehicles will run on fossil fuels and will therefore produce gaseous and particulate emissions, which could contrive to negatively alter ambient air quality around the site;  Noise from vehicles and machinery could elevate ambient noise levels around the site;  Dust and particulates from trenching activities could be suspended in the atmosphere, leading to elevation of suspended particulate matter (SPM) levels in the ambient air around the project site;  No impacts are anticipated during operations except for maintenance activities, during which maintenance vehicles and machinery could release emissions into the air, leading to fouling of ambient air quality;  During decommissioning, the same impacts anticipated during construction are likely to recur. Specifically, various vehicles, machinery and equipment will be used during project decommissioning will run on fossil fuels and will therefore produce gaseous and particulate emissions, which could contrive to negatively alter ambient air quality around the site;  Noise from vehicles and machinery used for decommissioning could elevate ambient noise levels around the site. 5-7 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report 5.3.2.4 Hydrology and Hydrogeology  During construction, stockpiling of excavated materials, equipment and machinery as well as creation of construction camps could obstruct natural drainage routes. This could lead to flooding in upstream areas, and drying up in downstream areas;  Construction of diversion route could alter the existing hydrological layout of the area, leading to significant changes;  Accidental spills of fuels and other hazardous materials such as lube oils could percolate into groundwater, altering the existing quality of hydrogeological resources;  During operation, the diversion of floodwaters from the existing Ibore gully could create microclimatic modifications, leading to hydrological modifications. 5.3.2.5 Socio-economic Impacts Quite a lot of positive impacts are expected to arise from the proposed intervention, including the restoration of affected areas, possible employment opportunities on a temporary basis during construction, and increase in value of properties around the gullies, following the restoration of the gully area. However, a number of adverse effects are also expected. These are iterated below:  During mobilization and construction activities, Interference with day-to-day community activities could result in conflicts and complaints  As part of construction activities, land may need to be acquired and existing structures demolished to give room for the alternative drainage channel. This will generate project affected people (PAPs) and could lead to conflicts if adequate compensation is not paid for acquired land, including structures and economic crops on the land;  In the event that compensation is to be paid to people who have lost property to the gully, and/or loved ones (PAPs), conflicts could arise between community members and NEWMAP project team, if there are disputes about how much is to be paid, and to whom; 5-8 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report  During mobilization and construction activities, project associated vehicular movement could lead to traffic congestion and increased risk of occurrence of traffic accidents and fatalities;  During construction, apart from the gully itself, some additional space may need to be acquired adjacent to the site, for materials stockpile, stilling ponds, and construction buffer, etc. This could encroach on nearby farmlands, leading to loss of crops and the resultant economic displacement and loss of income.  Conflicts could arise over loss of agricultural lands due to gully erosion rehabilitation civil works downstream of the gully head in Ibore community;  During operations, there is the risk of increase in occurrence of waterborne diseases such as malaria, bilharziasis and schistosomiasis due to emptying of diverted runoff into undeveloped areas of the community;  Runoff from project area could enter surface waters in downstream areas, leading to contamination of receiving water bodies, especially by fertilizers, and pesticides as well as creation of excessive bare soils by herbicides if used for the establishment of the recommended plant species seeded to control soil erosion; If community people use these receiving waters as a source of potable water, they could either be subjected to ill health associated with poisoning, or they may suffer bioaccumulation of toxins in their body.  Risks from debris and sediment accumulation in the drainage channels in upstream catchment area of the gully head, Diversion Culvert, Baffle Chute, Gabion Drop Structures and Stilling Basin resulting in performance failure of the drainage infrastructure and flooding in upstream areas. A summary of the anticipated impacts of each of the identified key project activity over the various project phases and a rating of the impact significance are as shown in Table 5.2. Positive impacts are desirable and are thus not presented in this table 5-9 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Table 5.2: Potential Negative Impacts of the Proposed Intervention Project on Environmental and Social Media PROJECT PHASE PROJECT ACTIVITY AFFECTED ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECT IMPACT PROJECT RANK AND/OR /SOCIAL COMPONENT Pre-Construction: General clearing and Socio-economics  Interference with day-to-day community Moderate preparation of project activities resulting in conflicts and complaints site for gully erosion site rehabilitation and construction works Pre-Construction Land Acquisition and Socio-economics  Conflict over loss of land and resettlement Moderate demolition of existing benefits if payment is restricted to owners of buildings the two buildings to be demolished for the construction of the diversion culvert Socio-economics  Conflict between the NEWMAP project and Moderate the resident community over relocation benefits due to those families whose buildings, land, and lives of loved ones were lost to the gully erosion at Ibore Pre-Construction Physical presence of Soil  Contamination of soil and downstream water Minor construction workers on resources of the project area from the Ibore Gully erosion indiscriminate disposal of untreated sewage intervention project site and environ Pre-Construction: Transportation of Air Quality  Ambient air quality deterioration from Minor equipment, materials airborne dust particulates, fugitive emissions, and workers to the exhaust of equipment/automobiles project site Noise Levels  Noise and vibration from vehicular Minor movement Transportation/infrastructure  Traffic congestion and increased risk of Moderate occurrence of traffic accidents and injuries Construction Construction of sheds, Air Quality  Increase in ambient noise levels and Minor equipment lay down vibration areas, temporary office and sanitary facilities 5-10 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report PROJECT PHASE PROJECT ACTIVITY AFFECTED ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECT IMPACT PROJECT RANK AND/OR /SOCIAL COMPONENT etc. Construction Construction of Socio-economics  Social and cultural structure interference and Minor drainage conduits complaints; upstream of the gully Community/Public Health  Marginal increase in population within the Moderate head and other settlements in close proximity to the project associated road site will lead to an increase in negative vices drainage infrastructure such as prostitution (commercial sex work) and crime which would affect social and cultural systems through a negative value system; Socio-economics  Conflicts between the project and the Moderate community as well as the pressure of the influx of potential job seekers into the project area and associated risks; Socio-economics  New wealth among the youth would threaten Moderate the existing authority structure; Construction Disruption and Socio-economics  Conflict over loss of agricultural lands due to Moderate encroachment into gully erosion rehabilitation civil works agricultural lands in downstream of the gully head in Ibore close proximity to the community gully erosion Transportation of Soil and Groundwater  Accidental release of fuels, oils, chemicals, Minor equipment, materials hazardous materials etc., to ground in the and worker to project construction laydown area during delivery of site materials and equipment to project site Construction Construction of 2.5m by Socio-economics  Conflict over loss of land and resettlement Minor 1.5m gully bypass benefits for demolition of two existing closed box diversion buildings obstruction the construction of the drainage culverts diversion culvert Socio-economics  Conflict between the NEWMAP project and Minor the resident community over relocation benefits due to those families whose 5-11 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report PROJECT PHASE PROJECT ACTIVITY AFFECTED ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECT IMPACT PROJECT RANK AND/OR /SOCIAL COMPONENT buildings, land, and lives of loved ones were lost to the gully erosion at Ibore community Socio-economics  Disruption of community activities and Moderate movement around the gully head Construction Construction of Baffle Soil and Erosion  Risk of chute failure by flow undermining Moderate Chute to the bottom of gully head, overtopping or bypassing. The the gully failure occurs when storm runoff fails to enter the baffle chute properly especially when the runoff leaks and flow bypassing occur at the chute entrance Soil and erosion;  Occurrence of risks associated with large Moderate storm events that exceeds the design Health and Safety; capacity of the Chute Socio-economics Soil and Agriculture  Loss of fertile top soil for infertile sub-surface Moderate soil that would not enhance vegetation establishment Socio-economics; health and  Risk of loss of life and damage of the Moderate safety proposed gully drainage infrastructure Construction Construction of Stilling Soil and Agriculture  Loss of agricultural lands and increase in the Minor Basin exposure of erodible soil Soil and Agriculture  Loss of valuable topsoil that the could be Minor used for seeding vegetation Health and Safety  Workers exposure to risk of falls into Minor excavated pit and occurrence of accident or injuries Socio-economics;  Risk of stilling basin failure and occurrence Moderate of flooding, overtopping resulting in stilling Health and Safety basing sweep out and downstream channel erosion Construction Filling and reclamation Health and Safety  Occurrence of accident and safety risk Moderate incidents 5-12 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report PROJECT PHASE PROJECT ACTIVITY AFFECTED ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECT IMPACT PROJECT RANK AND/OR /SOCIAL COMPONENT of the gully head Health and Safety  Waste handling and disposal Minor Water Quality  Increase in turbidity and sediment load in Minor downstream receiving water bodies Construction Reshaping of the gully Soil and Erosion  Increase in the amount of disturbed areas Minor channel by cutting earth created by earthmovers used in reshaping from gully side slopes to the gully side slopes fill the gully channel Water Quality  Contamination of downstream receiving Minor floor water bodies by fertilizers, and pesticides as well as creation of excessive bare soils by herbicides if used for the establishment of the recommended plant species seeded to control soil erosion Soil and Erosion  Exacerbated gully erosion channel bed Minor undermined and washing away of fill materials resulting in increased sediment load in receiving water bodies downstream Increase in the amount Soil and Erosion  Risk of erosion of exposed gully side slopes Minor of disturbed areas and erosion of ground area above the gully created by earthmovers channel divide used in reshaping the Soil and Agriculture  Loss of fertile top soil that could be used for Minor gully side slopes seeding vegetation Soil and Erosion  Occurrence of bank erosion along reshaped Moderate gully channel slopes Construction Placement of Gabion Soil and Erosion;  Disturbance of unnecessary large land areas Minor Drop Structures in gully for transportation of materials and heavy channel to reduce Vegetation and Wildlife earthmovers longitudinal gradient to 0.05% Construction Erosion protection of Soil and Agriculture  Loss of fertile top soil which could be used Minor for seeding vegetation 5-13 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report PROJECT PHASE PROJECT ACTIVITY AFFECTED ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECT IMPACT PROJECT RANK AND/OR /SOCIAL COMPONENT gully banks by cutting Health and Safety  Risk of occurrence of accident or injury Minor and sloping the sides of the gully bank to a 1:2 gradient Construction Reconstruction of Air Quality  Ambient air quality deterioration from Minor damaged road airborne dust particulates, fugitive emissions, exhaust of equipment/automobiles Noise Level  Noise and vibration from vehicular Minor movement Construction Reshaping the gully and Water Quality  Water quality deterioration Minor installation of erosion protection facilities to Health and Safety  Risk of hearing impairment from increased Moderate enable safe conveyance noise and vibrations of storm water Vegetation and Wildlife  Loss of wildlife Minor downstream of gully head Soil and Agriculture  Loss of valuable topsoil that could be used Minor for seeding vegetation Construction Transportation of heavy Air Quality  Ambient air quality deterioration from Minor equipment, airborne dust particulates, fugitive emissions, construction materials exhaust of equipment/automobiles and workers to the Noise Level  Noise and vibration from vehicular Minor project site movement Transportation and  Traffic congestion and increased risk of Minor Infrastructure occurrence of traffic accidents and injuries Soil and Groundwater  Accidental release of fuels, oils, chemicals, Minor hazardous materials etc., to ground in the construction laydown area during delivery of materials to project site Operation Utilization of the Socio-economics;  Risk of failure of the gully erosion installed Moderate rehabilitated gully site drainage infrastructure to safely route storms and installed storm Infrastructure of 1 in 50 years 5-14 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report PROJECT PHASE PROJECT ACTIVITY AFFECTED ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECT IMPACT PROJECT RANK AND/OR /SOCIAL COMPONENT water drainage Soil and Erosion;  Risks from debris and sediment Minor infrastructure accumulation in the drainage channels in Flooding and Infrastructure upstream catchment area of the gully head, Diversion Culvert, Baffle Chute, Gabion Drop Structures and Stilling Basin resulting in performance failure of the drainage infrastructure Infrastructure  Risk of undermining and occurrence of Moderate scouring in the Baffle Chute could result in deteriorating performance of the structure Operation Maintenance of the Soil and Erosion  Risk of failure of the gully intervention from Moderate gully drainage poor maintenance of the drainage infrastructure Health and Safety infrastructure to achieve the desired project objectives such as (Creation of new gullies within the channel; breeding of vectors in the settling basin, undermining of the drainage infrastructure and scouring of the drainage structure, etc.) Soil and Erosion  Disruption of the side slopes during routine Minor maintenance of the gully channels Decommissioning Dismantling and Air Quality  Ambient air quality deterioration from Minor removal of civil airborne dust particulates, fugitive emissions, engineering equipment exhaust of equipment/automobiles Noise levels  Noise and vibration from vehicular Minor movement Decommissioning Waste handling and Waste Management  Solid Waste generation, handling and Minor disposal disposal Health and Safety  Poor housekeeping and environmental Minor sanitation Decommissioning Transportation of solid Transportation and  Traffic congestion and increased risk of Minor waste, equipment and Infrastructure occurrence of traffic accidents and injuries workers out of the project site. Air Quality  Ambient air quality deterioration from Minor airborne dust particulates, fugitive emissions, exhaust of equipment/automobiles 5-15 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report PROJECT PHASE PROJECT ACTIVITY AFFECTED ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECT IMPACT PROJECT RANK AND/OR /SOCIAL COMPONENT Noise Levels  Noise and vibration from vehicular Minor movement 5-16 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report 5.2.3 Residual and Cumulative Impacts Residual impacts are those that remain even after implementing recommended mitigation measures. Cumulative Impacts, on the other hand, are those that occur in addition to existing impacts. For instance, when a construction project is to happen close to a quarry that is already emitting particulates into the ambient air, then the particulate impact is cumulative. If, on the other hand, an impact is rated major, but applying mitigation measures can reduce the significance to minor, then the minor impact is the residual impact. For the current project, no major impacts were identified. The application of mitigation measures, as recommended in the next chapter of this report will effectively reduce the moderate impacts to minor residual impacts, while the minor impacts are completely eliminated (no residual impact) or leave only negligible impacts. In terms of cumulative impacts, no cumulative impacts are expected from the planned project activities. However, some of the impacts elucidated above require fit-for-purpose mitigation measures, which can either completely eliminate or at least reduce the impacts to tolerable levels. These measures are discussed in the next chapter of this report. 5.4 Analyses of Project Options and Alternatives For any project, there are usually a series of options and alternatives that can be considered during the planning stage of the proposed project. In the selection process, due consideration is usually given to:  The cost effectiveness,  Environmental performance,  The suitability for the particular project area. The options typically considered for a development project, based on several premises, including environmental, social and economic considerations include:  The “No project” option;  Delayed project option; and 5-17 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report  Implement project option When a decision has been made to implement the project, then several alternatives can be considered. Such alternatives include: alternative locations, alternative materials; alternative sources and delivery methods, as well as alternative project technology. This sub-section of the report considers the various options and alternatives considered for the current project, with a highlight of the pros and cons of each alternative and option. 5.4.1 Project Options A number of options were considered for this project, including the following: No project option; delay project option, and implement project option. An overview of the considerations for each option is presented below 5.4.1.1 No Project Option The no-action or no-project option indicates that the project activities will not be undertaken. This option will mean that the site will remain as they currently are. The implication is that the site will continue to pose threat to life and property, especially those houses on the verges of the gullies. In addition, it would mean that all the expenses that have been committed to for the project, including engineering design, feasibility studies and even this ESMP would be wasted and inconsequential. Thus, the no project option is regarded as unattractive and eliminated from further consideration. 5.4.1.2 Delayed Project Option The delay project option implies postponing the project activities until a later date. Such options are usually adopted when prevailing conditions are unfavourable to project implementation, such as during a war, when host communities are deeply resentful of the project, or if the economics of the project are unacceptable or unattractive, then a delay may be feasible. But none of these conditions are applicable, on the contrary, both the economics and the political environment are favourably disposed towards the 5-18 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report project. The implication, therefore of delaying the project will mean that all processes that have been put in place for the project design and implementation, contractors and/or workers that have been mobilised for this project will have to be demobilised. Also, because of the inflationary trends in the Nigerian economy, such a delay may result in unanticipated increases in project costs, leading to a non-feasibility of the project. These, and other related problems make it unattractive to adopt the delayed project option. 5.4.1.3 Implement Project Option For this option, the project will be implemented as planned. This option is most attractive in the sense that it ensures that project activities can be implemented in a timely fashion, without the risk of variation in project cost. It also ensures that the possibility of further loss of property, especially those close to the gully as well as possible lost of lives would be completely avoided and thus ameliorated. This option is clearly desirable. However, even for this option, a number of alternatives were considered. In the next sub-section, an overview of the alternatives considered under this option is discussed. 5.4.2 Project Alternatives 5.4.2.1 Alternative Location Normally, the site in which a project is to be located can be determined by a number of factors, including availability of land, suitability of the land for the purpose, accessibility, etc. In the case of this project, the issue of alternative location is not applicable, since the essence of the project is restoration, there would be no point in restoring an unaffected site. Therefore, alternative location is not feasible for this project. 5.4.2.2 Alternative Technology The technology alternatives consideration for this project is primarily in terms of control of flows. As indicated in the detailed design document, the key issues under 5-19 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report consideration are: Discharge into the gully; and managing flows within the vicinity of the gully head.  Discharge into the gully Two options for dealing with the drainage from the lower catchment were considered in the concept design phase of this project as follows:  Option 1: Direct discharge  Option 2: Reducing peak flows through ponding The draft Conceptual Design report recommended Option 2 (above) i.e. reduction of peak flows by provision of detention ponds. The costs of this scheme were however fairly high and thus necessitated consideration of other alternatives. The option of omitting the detention ponds and associated conduits upstream of the gully was then considered (Option 1 above). Although this option requires the provision of somewhat larger conduits into the gully and a larger flow capacity within the gully itself due to the flows not being attenuated, the omission of the upstream detention ponds and associated conduits did reduce costs somewhat.  Managing flows in the vicinity of the gully head The 50-year peak flow reaching the head of the gully will be approximately 44 m³/s. The flow can be conveyed into the gully in one of two ways:  Option A: Direct discharge into the gully head  Option B: Diversion of flows around the gully head Option A would ordinarily be considered, but would present an almost impossible challenge for construction due to the difficulty that the contractor would face in dealing with runoff during construction. Flows would have to be diverted away safely from the site during the filling of the gully head and the construction of a permanent discharge channel would be extremely difficult, as based on the design engineers’ previous experience, such activities could cause the gully that had already developed to become even bigger. 5-20 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Option B is therefore the only practical solution. This will allow for the construction of the diversion channel, discharge chute and stilling basin in relative safety away from the gully head, while the flow continues to be discharged into the gully head, as is currently the case. Once completed, the flows could be diverted into the new channels to allow for rehabilitation of the gully head and reconstruction of the road in relative safety, without having to deal with floods. 5.4.2.3 Summary In summary, the currently selected project option and alternative is the most optimal, which allows the project to be successfully implemented in relative safety and at reasonable costs. Thus, this is highly recommended for implementation. 5-21 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report CHAPTER SIX ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 6.1 Introduction The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the NEWMAP rehabilitation of Ibore gully erosion site identifies the procedures, methods and measures that will be used to mitigate, control and minimize the environmental and social impacts of the construction and operation project activities associated with the project. The ESMP is a project management strategy designed to ensure that all the impact mitigation measures recommended for implementation in the NEWMAP gully rehabilitation project are effectively implemented and complied with during the construction and operation phases of the project. The primary goal is to assure that all the identified environmental and social project impacts of the NEWMAP gully erosion rehabilitation project activities are actually mitigated, minimized, avoided or eliminated. This chapter presents the specific objectives the ESMP shall achieve, the mitigation measures recommended to address the adverse project impacts, the institutional responsibilities and accountabilities, the capacity building requirements, the mechanism for resolving community conflicts and disagreements related to the project in line with the ESMF, RPF, RAP, and Project Implementation Manual, the Environmental Monitoring Plan indicating the suitable monitoring indicators for the project and the costs of implementation of the ESMP. In order for the ESMP to address the environmental and social issues that would arise from the implementation of the civil engineering works and gully erosion control infrastructure development, this ESMP shall achieve the following specific objectives:  Ensure that all social and environmental considerations that assure compliance with sustainable development tenets are incorporated at all phases of the gully erosion intervention;  Proactively initiate strategies to identify any sign of environmental stress, deterioration or degradation within the Ibore gully watershed arising from the 6-1 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report proposed gully erosion site rehabilitation through scientific investigation of specific environmental monitoring parameters and comparing them to regulatory stipulated standards and limits;  Provide assurance that the environmental impact mitigation measures recommended for implementation during the construction and operation/maintenance project phases are adequate for effective amelioration of the project impacts and indicate whether the respective impact monitoring parameters investigated are within the stipulated environmental limits of regulatory agencies;  Provide early warning of environmental damage so that actions may be taken during the construction phase of the NEWMAP intervention to reduce such harmful impacts;  Ensure that regulatory standards for pollutants are not exceeded;  Assure adequate stakeholder engagement and consultation in the implementation of the NEWMAP gully erosion rehabilitation project;  Verify the compliance of the project Contractors and NEWMAP Edo SPMU with regulatory requirements and the Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan proposed in this ESMP;  Establish and explicitly indicate the roles and responsibilities of all pertinent stakeholders in the implementation of the proposed Ibore, Edo State NEWMAP ESMP;  Establish the required reporting procedures, the appropriate line of communication of complaints and for managing and monitoring the environmental and social concerns of the gully erosion rehabilitation intervention project;  Ensure that all the impact mitigation measures recommended for the NEWMPA gully erosion site rehabilitation interventions project works are effectively implemented;  Ensure that all project contractors and relevant stakeholders comply with the recommended impact mitigation measures in the proposed ESMP and other relevant regulatory requirements; 6-2 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report  Determine the training, capacity building and technical assistance needed to successfully implement the provisions of the Ibore, Edo State NEWMAP ESMP;  Verify NEWMAP’s compliance with the recommended Environmental and Social Management Plan; and  Estimate the cost and budget for the implementation of the Ibore, Edo State NEWMAP gully erosion rehabilitation project. 6.2 Mitigation Measures Mitigation measures are options that can be used to either completely eliminate or minimize identified negative impacts of a development project to levels that can be acceptable. The traditional approach to design and operations is to ensure compliance with the applicable safety codes and standards during design. However, compliance with regulations, codes and standards may not be sufficient to achieve an appropriate level of Health Safety and Environmental (HSE) performance in design. Design codes are generic and applicable to facilities in a number of geographical areas that face a wide range of technical challenges unique to the project. The design of the proposed gully intervention project in Ibore, Edo state is based on the strictest of international codes and best-practices. The HSE objective with respect to the design and construction plan is to implement all cost effective measures to reduce the risk and effects from major hazards, including accidents. The approach has been to use this as a goal rather than a prescriptive objective that cannot be achieved without following a documented process of identification, assessment, reduction and continuous monitoring. Thus the steps taken in the HSE process for the project included the following:  Design based on Codes, Standards and Regulations.  Improved design based on Quantitative Risk Assessment and Environmental Impact Assessment  Improved design from human factors evaluation 6-3 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report The hierarchical order of importance of these HSE design elements is illustrated in Figure 6.1 below. Improved Design from Human Factors Risk Reduction Evaluation Improved Design Based on QRA and EIA Design Based on Codes / Standards & Regulations Figure 6.1: Risk Based Design Strategy 6.2.1 Mitigation Measures for Identified Project Impacts The mitigation measures discussed here are designed to reduce, avoid or eliminate the negative project impacts to acceptable levels. The mitigation measures are presented in relation to specific project activities that would cause them. The usual practice is to ensure the implementation of these measures as part of the overall operational plans and procedures that will be used by the Edo State Project Management Unit of NEWMAP and its Contractors. To engender a holistic presentation of the mitigation strategy, The key environmental and social impacts of the various phases of the project, and the recommended impact mitigation measures (by environmental media) as well as the residual impacts after implementation of the mitigation measures are outlined in Table 6.1. This constitutes the impact mitigation measures the project Contractor will comply with and implement under the supervision and monitoring of NEWMAP Edo State Project Management Unit (SPMU) and the Federal Ministry of Environment under close supervision of the World Bank. 6-4 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Table 6.1: Mitigation measures recommended for the impacts of Ibore Gully Erosion site rehabilitation S/N ENVIRONMENTAL IDENTIFIED IMPACTS RECOMMENDED MITIGATION RESIDUAL ATTRIBUTE IMPACT 1. Soil There will be movement of heavy-duty vehicles and As much as possible. Vehicles and NEGLIGIBLE machinery to the site during mobilization. If these vehicles machinery shall be moved to site and machinery are moved over open soil surfaces, they following existing roads and routes, so could cause compaction and alteration of soil structure as to minimize the possibility of soil compaction by heavy duty machinery Site clearing during site preparation could expose new soil Care shall be taken to ensure that MINOR surfaces to denudation and the consequent erosion. erosion does not occur in cleared areas. To this end adequate erosion protection measures shall be provided around areas cleared for project activities. Accidental spills of hazardous materials such as fuels and Adequate protection shall be provided MINOR oils could be leached into the soil, thus leading to around fuel and hazardous materials contamination/pollution of the soil storage, to prevent accidental spills into soils. Such measures will include the paving of storage areas, and the provision of bund walls around stored products. 2. Vegetation and During construction, campsites for construction workers Clearing of sites for construction shall NEGLIGIBLE Wildlife and equipment/machinery laydown areas will have to be be limited to needed areas only. cleared. This could lead to destruction of vegetation Cleared but unused spaces shall be within such sites. By extension, this could lead to wildlife promptly revegetated using fast growing kill and destruction of their habitats species that are native to the area All project workers shall be strictly prohibited from killing wildlife species on site, except when there is danger to 6-5 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report S/N ENVIRONMENTAL IDENTIFIED IMPACTS RECOMMENDED MITIGATION RESIDUAL ATTRIBUTE IMPACT human life, Accidental spills of fuels and oils for machinery and Care shall be taken in handling fuels NEGLIGIBLE vehicles, which would normally be stored on site could and hazardous materials, to prevent toxify vegetation. If herbivorous animal species feed on accidental spills. such vegetation, this could also poison them, or lead to bioaccumulation of toxins in wildlife species, with the possibility of biomagnification up the food chain. Adequate emergency response plans shall be provided, to promptly handle accidental spills, if they occur. There is a possibility for project workers to poach on All project workers shall be strictly NEGLIGIBLE wildlife species, especially burrowing rodents such as prohibited from killing wildlife species on grasscutters, ground squirrels, and larger mammals like site, except when there is danger to duikers, during site preparation human life, During operations, the flood runoff diverted from the Diverted runoff from the gully site shall MINOR existing Ibore gully could lead to ecological modifications, be sent to an existing watercourse, to as it is emptied into undeveloped areas of the vicinity, as prevent ecological modifications to the planned. Swamps could develop, leading to introduction project site and possible invasion of the area by exotic vegetation species, and by extension, wildlife species The development of swamps in undeveloped area of the All diverted drainage from the project MINOR project vicinity as a result of floodwater diversion could site shall be channeled to appropriate serve as habitat for disease vectors, especially those that receptive channels to prevent are waterborne, such as malaria, bilharzia and development of swamps in the project schisctosomiasis. area and associated proliferation of waterborne diseases 3. Air Quality and Generally, various vehicles, machinery and equipment will All vehicles and machinery to be used NEGLIGIBLE Noise Levels be used during project construction phase. These for the project shall be regularly vehicles will run on fossil fuels and will therefore produce maintained to ensure that emissions 6-6 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report S/N ENVIRONMENTAL IDENTIFIED IMPACTS RECOMMENDED MITIGATION RESIDUAL ATTRIBUTE IMPACT gaseous and particulate emissions, which could contrive from these vehicles and equipment to negatively alter ambient air quality around the site comply with international emission standards Noise from vehicles and machinery could elevate ambient Noise attenuation measures shall be NEGLIGIBLE noise levels around the site effectively provided for all vehicles and machinery to be used for the project. Project workers will be provide with hearing protection so that their hearing will not be affected by noise from the vehicles and machinery Dust and particulates from trenching activities could be Open soil surfaces and stacks of MINOR suspended in the atmosphere, leading to elevation of excavated materials shall be sprinkled suspended particulate matter (SPM) levels in the ambient with water to prevent suspension of dust air around the project site from there During decommissioning, the same impacts anticipated All vehicles and machinery to be used NEGLIGIBLE during construction are likely to recur. Specifically, for the project shall be regularly various vehicles, machinery and equipment will be used maintained to ensure that emissions during project decommissioning will run on fossil fuels and from these vehicles and equipment will therefore produce gaseous and particulate emissions, comply with international emission which could contrive to negatively alter ambient air quality standards around the site Noise from vehicles and machinery used for Noise attenuation measures shall be NEGLIGIBLE decommissioning could elevate ambient noise levels effectively provided for all vehicles and around the site machinery to be used for the project. 6-7 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report S/N ENVIRONMENTAL IDENTIFIED IMPACTS RECOMMENDED MITIGATION RESIDUAL ATTRIBUTE IMPACT Project workers will be provide with hearing protection so that their hearing will not be affected by noise from the vehicles and machinery 4. Hydrology and During construction, stockpiling of excavated materials, Stockpiles of materials and creation of NEGLIGIBLE Hydrogeology equipment and machinery as well as creation of construction camp will be done with due construction camps could obstruct natural drainage cognizance for existing drainage routes routes. This could lead to flooding in upstream areas, and in the area, so that there will be no drying up in downstream areas. obstruction of the natural hydrology of the project area Construction of diversion route could alter the existing In selecting the diversion route for the MINOR hydrological layout of the area, leading to significant erosion gully at Ibore, due cognizance changes will be paid to the existing hydrological layout in the area, to avoid unwholesome alterations to the natural hydrology of the area. Accidental spills of fuels and other hazardous materials Care shall be taken in handling fuels MINOR such as lube oils could percolate into groundwater, and hazardous materials, to prevent altering the existing quality of hydrogeological resources accidental spills. Adequate emergency response plans shall be provided, to promptly handle accidental spills, if they occur. During operation, the diversion of floodwaters from the In selecting the diversion route for the MINOR existing Ibore gully could create microclimatic erosion gully at Ibore, due cognizance will be paid to the existing hydrological 6-8 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report S/N ENVIRONMENTAL IDENTIFIED IMPACTS RECOMMENDED MITIGATION RESIDUAL ATTRIBUTE IMPACT modifications, leading to hydrological modifications layout in the area, to avoid unwholesome alterations to the natural hydrology of the area. 5. Socio-economics During mobilization and construction activities, Mobilization activities shall be properly MINOR Interference with day-to-day community activities could planned to avoid undue interference result in conflicts and complaints with normal/routine community activities in the project area As part of construction activities, land may need to be Adequate compensation shall be paid MINOR acquired and existing structures demolished to give room for any land and/or property acquired for for the alternative drainage channel. Conflicts may arise if the project. Payments shall only be adequate compensation is not paid for acquired land, made after proper agreements have including structures and economic crops on the land been reached with the communities. In the event that compensation is to be paid to people who Compensation for losses shall only be MINOR have lost property to the gully, and/or loved ones, conflicts paid after proper agreements have been could arise between community members and NEWMAP reached with community members, to project team, if there are disputes about how much is to avoid conflicts and disputes be paid, and to whom. During mobilization and construction activities, project Project associated vehicular MINOR associated vehicular movement could lead to traffic movements shall be timed to avoid peak congestion and increased risk of occurrence of traffic periods in the area, in order to avoid accidents and fatalities traffic build up All project drivers will be given adequate training on defensive driving to avoid accidents occurring during mobilization Conflicts could arise over loss of agricultural lands due to As part of compensation for land MINOR gully erosion rehabilitation civil works downstream of the acquisition, provision shall be made for 6-9 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report S/N ENVIRONMENTAL IDENTIFIED IMPACTS RECOMMENDED MITIGATION RESIDUAL ATTRIBUTE IMPACT gully head in Ibore community the inclusion of owners/operators of agricultural lands that may be affected by rehabilitation works for the erosion gully in Ibore During operations, there is the risk of increase in In selecting the diversion route for the MINOR occurrence of waterborne diseases such as malaria, erosion gully at Ibore, due cognizance bilharziasis and schistosomiasis due to emptying of will be paid to the existing hydrological diverted runoff into undeveloped areas of the community layout in the area, to avoid unwholesome alterations to the natural hydrology of the area Contingency plans and emergency response plans shall be put in place to prevent the proliferation of waterborne diseases. This will include adequate public enlightenment. Runoff from project area could enter surface waters in The stilling basin shall be properly MINOR downstream areas, leading to contamination of receiving constructed and regularly monitored to water bodies, especially by fertilizers, and pesticides as ensure that it functions effectively for well as creation of excessive bare soils by herbicides if the reduction of suspended particulates, used for the establishment of the recommended plant which can be carried into recipient species seeded to control soil erosion surface waterbody downstream, thus effectively reducing the possibility of contamination/pollution of downstream waterbodies As much as possible, biodegradable 6-10 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report S/N ENVIRONMENTAL IDENTIFIED IMPACTS RECOMMENDED MITIGATION RESIDUAL ATTRIBUTE IMPACT organic fertilizers will be used for this project. Pesticides/herbicides usage for this project shall be kept to a barest minimum, to avoid excessive contamination/pollution of downstream recipient waterbodies. Risks from debris and sediment accumulation in the Adequate enlightenment shall be MINOR drainage channels in upstream catchment area of the provided to upstream communities, to gully head, Diversion Culvert, Baffle Chute, Gabion Drop prevent indiscriminate disposal of refuse Structures and Stilling Basin resulting in performance and debris, which could clog drainage failure of the drainage infrastructure and flooding in channels and lead to flooding in upstream areas upstream areas 6-11 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Generally, the bulk of mitigation measures recommended revolve around good housekeeping and compliance with maintenance requirements. Although mitigation measures have been recommended for significant adverse effects, as presented in the Table above, there is a need to ensure that these measures are implemented, and that they are effective in mitigating the impacts. This can only be done through the institution and implementation of a sound and cost-effective monitoring program. The monitoring program provided for this project is presented in subsequent sections of this report. 6.3 Environmental Management Plan In this sub-section of the chapter, an overview of the environmental and social management plan recommended for this project is presented. In presenting it, the required institutional arrangements, capacity building needs, as well as budgetary estimates for implementing the various programs are indicated. In addition, a cost- effective monitoring and evaluation plan to see the effectiveness of the overall management plan is also presented. 6.3.1 Institutional Arrangement for ESMP and Monitoring Plan The roles, responsibilities and institutional arrangements for the implementation of the mitigation measures and the monitoring activities outlined in the Ibore NEWMAP ESMP are presented in this section. NEWMAP involves many Federal and State Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs), Local Governments, Communities and Civil Societies. These in addition to the private sector and independent Consultants constitute the stakeholders. Effective implementation of the NEWMAP intervention project requires the participation of inter-ministerial and inter-State coordination, collaboration, and information sharing. The MDAs responsible for planning, the economy and finance, works, water resources, agriculture, power, transportation, forestry, emergency response, climate and meteorology, hydrological information and river basin development all have roles and responsibilities in the NEWMAP intervention. It is imperative that all stakeholders involved in the implementation of the NEWMAP intervention projects to explicitly understand their roles and responsibilities. 6-12 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Edo State NEWMAP finances the Ibore gully erosion site rehabilitation while Edo State Government is primarily responsible for land management and land allocations requirement of the project. The Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) is the lead- implementing Agency for NEWMAP. The Federal Project Management Unit (FPMU) headed by a Federal Project Coordinator hosted by FMEnv is responsible for the overall coordination of NEWMAP interventions at the national level. The Edo State Project Management Unit (Edo SPMU) headed by the State Project Coordinator hosted by the Edo State Ministry of Environment and Public Utility is responsible for coordinating activities of the Ibore gully erosion NEWMAP intervention project and the required implementation of the proposed ESMP. Environmental Officers are provided for the NEWMAP intervention from both the Federal and State Coordinating Units with responsibility for mainstreaming environmental issues into the NEWMAP project interventions. Edo State Environmental Officer is responsible for coordinating the implementation of the Ibore gully erosion site ESMP on behalf of the State Project Coordinator. At the community level, an Ibore Gully Erosion Site Monitoring Committee will be established to participate on ensuring full compliance with all cooperative alliances during the implementation of the gully rehabilitation construction works project activities. An explicit understanding of the roles and responsibilities of all stakeholders and the establishment of sound institutional arrangements is highly essential for the implementation of the proposed Ibore NEWMAP ESMP. The execution of the environmental and social safeguard measures recommended requires the involvement of relevant Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) at Federal and State administrative levels, public and private sectors, Community Associations and Community Based Organizations (CBOs), community based committees, and the Development Partners (World Bank). The specific institutional arrangements, the roles and responsibilities of the stakeholders involved in the implementation of the ESMP during the pre-construction, construction, and operation and maintenance project phases are presented as follow: 6-13 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Pre-Construction Phase The stakeholders with roles in the implementation of the ESMP during the pre- construction phase consist of:  The Federal NEWMAP Project Monitoring Unit (PMU);  Edo State NEWMAP-PMU;  Edo State Ministries, Departments and Agencies in Environment, Water Resources Management, Information, Health, Lands, Finance, Physical Planning and Urban Development; Agriculture,  Community Based Organizations in Ibore;  Ibore Gully Erosion Site Committee and  The World Bank.  The Global Environment Facility and  The Special Climate Change Fund Roles of Agencies and Stakeholders Involved in the ESMP Implementation Monitoring of the implementation of the ESMP during the pre-construction phase:  Site Engineer;  Federal Ministry of Environment  Edo State Ministry of Environment  Edo State Ministry of Health Implementation and Reporting of the ESMP:  The Construction Contractor (Service Provider/Contractor) Pre-construction Community Engagement and Consultation Meetings:  Ibore Gully Erosion Site Committee;  Community Associations in Ibore;  Ibore Central Based Community Based Associations.  Relevant Edo State NGOs, and  Concerned members of the Ibore Community in the area 6-14 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Liaising with the Federal PME NEWMAP-FPMU and Edo SPMU on issues during the Community Engagement and Consultation in order to satisfy international safeguard policies of the World Bank shall be the sole responsibility of:  The Construction Contractor and  The Independent Environmental Consultant Communication of the concerns of the resident communities to the appropriate Edo State Ministries and their respective Departments and Agencies (MDAs) for prompt actions on the issues raised shall be the sole responsibility of:  Edo State Project Monitoring Unit (Edo SPMU) Responsibility for Reporting and Follow-Up Submission of Minutes of Meetings of Community held at the local level on the project to Edo NEWMAP SPMU shall be the sole responsibility of the appointed Secretary of the following community groups:  Ibore Gully Erosion Site Committee;  Community Associations in Ibore;  Ibore Community Based Associations; and  Concerned members of the Ibore Community in the area The Community Secretary shall perform all follow-up actions to ensure feedback, prompt reporting and sound follow-up mechanisms are in place for the issues raised and monitor their implementation. Issues raised shall be forwarded with the recommendations of Edo State NEWMAP based on the outcome of their review of the comments raised within the scope of the project and compliance with the World Bank requirements to Federal NEWMAP-PMU and the World Bank. The Construction Contractor shall ensure that the comments are promptly implemented as agreed with the communities and feedback should be communicated to Edo State NEWMAP-PMU. This cycle of community engagement/consultation – reporting – 6-15 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report feedback – follow-ups – response mechanism actions shall continue until the completion of the pre-construction phase of the proposed Ibore NEWMAP intervention. Construction Phase Stakeholders responsible for ESMP implementation during the Construction Phase are:  The Independent Environmental Consulting Firm;  The Construction Contractor and any other relevant Service Provider Contractor;  Edo State NEWMAP-PMU;  Federal NEWMAP-PMU;  Edo State Ministries, Departments, and Agencies (Works and Infrastructure, Environment, Water Resources, Health, Agriculture and Forestry, and Physical Planning and Urban Development)  Environmental Officers of Federal NEWMAP-PMU;  Environmental Officers of Edo State NEWMAP-PMU;  Federal Ministry of Environment  NESREA;  World Bank. Roles of the stakeholders during the Construction Phase implementation of the ESMP is as follows: NEWMAP Edo State Project Monitoring Unit (SPMU) Environmental and Safeguard Officer Responsible for the provision of feedbacks to the Project Coordinator of Edo SPMU, on the implementation of the ESMP and other environmental issues. He shall be responsible for carrying out the supervision, control and monitoring of the implementation of the ESMP and the NEWMAP gully erosion intervention project. The Edo NEWMAP SPMU Environmental Officer shall perform daily inspection of the gully erosion rehabilitation intervention works and monitor the implementation of the ESMP. 6-16 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Independent Environmental Consultancy Firm’s Environmental Supervisor and Safeguard Specialist The sole responsibility for the implementation of the ESMP during the Construction Phase shall be given to an Environmental Supervisor and Safeguard Specialist appointed by an Independent Environmental Consulting Firm under Contractual Agreement with NEWMAP Edo SPMU to actually carryout the implementation of the ESMP on its behalf. Site Engineer and Construction Contractors The Environmental Supervisor will be present on weekly basis to implement the ESMP during the construction phase. However, the Construction Contractor and its Site Engineer shall be responsible for:  monitoring and reporting on weekly basis to Edo State NEWMAP-PMU the ESMP implementation activities of the independent Environmental Consultant;  provision of adequate support, information and logistics requirements for the monitoring of the compliance of the Construction Contractor and other service provider contractors with the implementation of the recommended mitigation measures and the impact monitoring otherwise called environmental auditing processes;  regular supervision and reporting of the ESMP implementation to Edo State PMU Edo State MDAs Edo State MDAs, especially the Ministries of Environment, Works and Infrastructure, Health, Agriculture and Forestry should monitor the ESMP implementation to ensure that the internal mechanisms, policies, established laws of the State are complied with in the Ibore gully erosion site rehabilitation works. The MDAs shall carry out periodic site visits with the representatives of Federal NEWMAP SPMU and Edo State NEWMAP SPMU during the construction phase implementation of the ESMP. The report of their findings should be submitted to the World Bank. 6-17 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Federal Ministry of Environment, NESREA and Edo State Ministry of Environment Environmental Officers from Federal Ministry of Environment and NESREA as well as Officials of Federal NEWMAP shall periodically visit the project site to observe the level of implementation of the ESMP and the compliance of the Construction Contractors with the recommended mitigation measures. Operation and Maintenance Phase The responsibility for the implementation recommendations of the ESMP during the operation and maintenance phase of the Ibore gully erosion site drainage infrastructure belongs to the relevant Edo State MDAs such as the Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Water Resources, Ministry of Physical Planning and Urban Development. These MDAs of Edo State shall work in collaboration on behalf of Edo State Government to ensure relevant Project Officers are transferred to the Edo State NEWMAP Office to supervise the operations, daily inspection and monitoring the operations of the drainage infrastructure and maintenance works during the operation phase. Edo State NEWMAP SPMU framework will have to be transferred to the Edo State Government composed government officials and professionals that will handle the day-to-day operations of the gully erosion site infrastructure, maintenance operations and implementation of the requirements of the ESMP at the operation and maintenance phase. Key MDAs in Edo State Government During the operation and maintenance phase, the major ministries the Edo State NEWMAP will interface with include:  Edo State Ministry of Environment;  Edo State Ministry of Water Resources;  Ministry of Works and Infrastructure  Edo State Ministry of Transportation  Edo State Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry  NIMET 6-18 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report  NEMA  Nigerian Police;  Ministry of Health and  The Ibore Esan Central Local Government Administrative Council Roles of the Relevant MDAs The roles of the respective ministries and their professionals / specialists in the operation and maintenance of the Ibore Gully Erosion site drainage infrastructure are as follows:  Edo State Ministry of Health and their relevant departments and agencies shall carry out regular site visits to the rehabilitated gully erosion site and channel to check and confirm that the operation and maintenance of the infrastructure is adequate and does not constitute any threat to public health.  The Ministry of Environment shall conduct regular inspection to the gully erosion infrastructure to ensure its functionality, the adequacy of its maintenance, the status quo of the different storm water drainage infrastructure to ensure there is no form of performance failure and to ensure prompt remedial actions is taken in case of any occurrence of performance failure.  Edo State Ministry of Transportation shall be responsible for checking the status of vehicular traffic and road transportation in the area to ensure safety and ensure adequate road detours and signs are in place to protect vehicular accidents around the gully erosion channel.  Edo State Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry shall conduct periodic inspections to ensure compliance with Watershed Management Plans for the establishment of vegetation cover in the upstream watershed areas of the gully head and the channel stabilization downstream of the gully head.  Nigerian Police shall ensure that crime and criminal activities are monitored and minimized as much as possible to prevent the association of such activities with the operation of the gully erosion infrastructure; 6-19 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report  NEMA shall be responsible for all emergency response requirements in case of any incidence of performance failure in advent of the arrival of flood greater than the anticipated 1 in 50 year recurrence interval.  NIMET shall be responsible for provision of climatic alerts on the occurrence of heavy rainfall events during the operation phase of the rehabilitated gully erosion site. Responsibility for the Implementation of the ESMP at the Local Level The responsibilities of the local government in the implementation of the ESMP during the operation and maintenance phase includes:  Provision of oversight function across the LGAs for ESMP compliance  Participate in awareness campaign for the effective operation of the Ibore gully erosion drainage infrastructure amongst the various relevant grass root interest groups to ensure people does not dump refuse and solid waste into the gully drainage channel.  Organize, coordinate and ensuring safe use of volunteers in a response action, and actually identifying where these volunteers can best render services effectively and  Providing wide support assistance helpful in the effective operation of the drainage infrastructure and ensure that implementation of the operation and maintenance phase ESMP mitigation measures Responsibility for Financing the Implementation of the ESMP at all the Project Phases The financing of the ESMP during the pre-construction and construction phases shall be the responsibility of Federal NEWMAP under the financial provisions made available for the project in Edo State by the World Bank and the other financial institutions. However, upon the completion of the rehabilitation construction phase, during the operation and maintenance phase, the financial responsibility for ESMP financing shall be given to the Edo State Government and any assistance available from development partners on the 6-20 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report project. The Edo NEWMAP SPMU during the operation phase shall consist of NEWMAP Staffs and relevant Edo State MDAs Government Officials. This new Edo State NEWMAP structure shall be responsible for the supervision of the operation of the infrastructure, the enforcement of all ESMP measures, monitoring of the performance of the drainage infrastructure, initiation and implementation of remedial actions, reporting and staff training as required. Contractual Arrangement for Assuring the Performance of each Implementing Agency Schedule of Monitoring is mostly ongoing and on daily basis as indicated in Table 6.4. However, the Environmental Impact Monitoring (Environmental Auditing) shall be performed on quarterly basis for effective monitoring of the profile of the impact mitigation and occurrence if predicted project impacts actually occur. . 6.4 Capacity Building and Training Plan Giving consideration to the composition of stakeholders in public and private sector, the resident communities, community based organizations and the development partners that will perform key roles and responsibilities in the implementation of the proposed NEWMAP gully erosion rehabilitation and the ESMP, capacity building and training of the relevant stakeholders is imperative. Capacity building training is essential for ensuring that the ESMP requirements are implemented. To this end, the relevant training and capacity building programs have been identified and recommended to NEWMAP Edo SPMU and other stakeholders as prerequisite for effective implementation of the Ibore gully erosion site rehabilitation project and the recommended ESMP: The training will enhance their capability to function effectively and perform their roles on the project. They will be aware of the environmental and social policy and safeguards regulating their areas of responsibilities; the potential adverse environmental and social impacts of various project activities; their roles and responsibilities in the achievement of conformance with the policy and procedures, and with the requirements 6-21 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report of this ESMP. The World Bank procedure ensures that any person performing tasks on a World Bank financed project that have the potential to cause significant adverse environmental or social impact identified should have the requisite competence on the basis of appropriate education, training or experience. NEWMAP personnel having responsibility of performing site inspections will receive training on how to do so with the help of external resources Consequently, Edo State NEWMAP will develop and institute training for SPMU, community and other relevant stakeholders with defined roles and responsibilities on the project that will raise their awareness and competence in the following areas:  The environmental and social impacts that could arise from the project activities;  The necessity of conforming to the requirements of the NEWMAP Ibore ESMP in order to avoid or reduce the identified project impacts; and  The roles and responsibilities that NEMAP personnel must assume to achieve the desired ESMP Conformity and impact compliance  Safeguard training for the entire SPMU on World Bank safeguard policy triggered by the NEWMAP;  GIS Analysis and Image Processing training for the Safeguard Officers to enhance their capability to interpret gully erosion site imagery that will be delivered along with the ESMP as contained in the TOR;  Training of SPMU on emergency response procedures for handling emergency incidence during phases of the NEWMAP gully erosion intervention. The training of Contractor personnel and workforce shall be designed to enhance their awareness of the various aspects of the ESMP in relations to their roles and responsibilities in its implementation. The training will be specified as a requirement Contactor personnel must fulfill to fully qualify to possess full work permit to participate in the project and a requirement of contract for the Contractor. Moreover, related specific training shall be provided to workers with responsibilities related to the implementation of the ESMP. The Contractor personnel training shall include but not limited to: 6-22 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report  Training on environmental management, monitoring and conservation, project impact mitigation and Environmental and Social Management Plan implementation;  Induction Courses on Environmental Management and Safety Management;  Safety Briefing and the relevance of Daily Tool Box Talks The capacity building training program proposed for the implementation of the ESMP is as shown in Table 6.2. 6-23 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Table 6.2: Capacity Building Training Program Proposed for the implementation of the ESMP CAPACITY DESCRIPTION OF COURSE CONTENT REQUIRED PARTICIPANTS DURATION COST BUILDING TRAINING MODULE (Naira) Module One: Basic Environmental Awareness Training:  Edo State NEWMAP Staff; 2 Days N5,000, 000:00 Sensitization and  The Principal Contractor; Induction Training (a) Definition of key word such as Environment,  Site Personnel of the Environmental Management, Protection and Principal Contractor; Conservation; Environmental Awareness;  Host Community Environmental and Social Management Plan; Representatives and the NEWMAP Gully Erosion Site Remediation; Integrated General Public Watershed Management; etc. (b) The Potential Impacts and hazards of the interaction of gully erosion site rehabilitation project activities with biophysical and social components of the environment; (c) Need for impact mitigation for protection of the environment and livelihood of the host communities; (d) Training on Ibore NEWMAP rehabilitation Environmental and Social Management Plan and its implementation (e) Safety induction course; (f) Emergency and spill response preparedness and drill; (g) Social responsibility during the construction phase and the modalities for community communication, interaction and relations; (h) Basic First Aid Training and In-depth Training for selected personnel; (i) The importance of Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) as a safety measure in occupational safety; (j) The Permit to Work System (k) Environmental and Safety Awareness Training Module Two: Training  Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Process in FMEnv Staff; Edo SPMU 2Days N2, 950, 000:00 on Environmental and Nigeria Officials; Edo State Ministry Social Management  The NEWMAP Project Environmental and Social Impacts of Environment Officer;  The Impact Control and Mitigation Measures for the Ibore Officials of relevant MDAs; 6-24 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report CAPACITY DESCRIPTION OF COURSE CONTENT REQUIRED PARTICIPANTS DURATION COST BUILDING TRAINING MODULE (Naira) Plan Implementation NEWMAP Intervention; Local Government Officers;  Ibore NEWMAP ESMP; NGOs and CBOs; Principal  ESMP Implementation Approach, Contractor Personnel;  Environmental Impact Monitoring  Mitigation Measures Compliance Monitoring  ESMP Communications and Reporting Module Three:  Primer on Construction Best Management Practices and FMEnv Staff; Edo SPMU 2Days N2,950,000:00 Training on HSE Officials; Edo State Ministry Construction HSE  Health and Safety Hazards in Gully Erosion Drainage of Environment Officer; Infrastructure Construction Works Officials of relevant MDAs;  Incidence, Causation, Investigation and Reporting Local Government Officers;  Excavation Safety NGOs and CBOs; Principal  Construction Site Inspection Contractor Personnel;  Personal Protection Equipment Module Four: Integrated Watershed Management in Gully Erosion Site FMEnv Staff; Edo SPMU 2 Days N5, 000,000:00 Integrated Watershed Rehabilitation: Officials; Edo State Ministry Management of Environment Officer; Approach in NEWMAP  Primer on Integrated Watershed Management; Officials of relevant MDAs; Intervention  Watershed Delineation in ArcHydro - ArcGIS 10.3 Local Government Officers;  Gully Erosion Drainage Infrastructure in NEWMAP NGOs and CBOs; Principal intervention Contractor Personnel;  Gully Erosion Slope Stabilization and Erosion Control Using Vegetation  Erosion and Sediment Control - A Field Guide for Construction Site Managers  Dispute Resolution Mechanism Total Cost of Training N15,900,000.00 6-25 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report NOTES ON COSTING FOR CAPACITY BUILDING It has been assumed that the capacity building trainings will be undertaken by a team of 4 consultants for module 1, 2 consultants for module 2, 4 consultants for module 3 and 4 consultants for module 4. The costs for each training module will typically consist of consultants’ costs and costs of participation by regulators (SPMU and State Ministry of Environment). A breakdown of the costs is presented below: MODULE 1:  Honorarium for Consultants N800,000.00  Per diem for consultants and training secretariat (Assuming 10 people for 3 days each @N75, 000/day) N2, 250,000.00  Transportation costs for training team N250, 000.00  Cost of venue (including lunch and tea breaks each day) N1, 500,000.00  Course materials and certificates N250, 000.00  Cost of participation by Regulators N1, 500,000.00  Total cost for module 1 N6, 550,000.00 MODULE 2:  Honorarium for Consultants N400, 000.00  Per diem for consultants and training secretariat (Assuming 6 people for 2 days each @ N75, 000/day) N900, 000.00  Transportation costs for training team N250, 000.00  Cost of venue (including lunch and tea breaks) N500, 000.00  Course materials and certificates N150, 000.00  Cost of participation by Regulators N750, 000.00  Total cost for module 2 N2, 950,000.00 MODULE 3:  Honorarium for Consultants N400, 000.00  Per diem for consultants and training secretariat (assume 6 people for 2 days each @N75, 000/day) N900, 000.00 6-26 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report  Transportation costs for training team N250, 000.00  Cost of venue (including lunch and tea breaks) N500, 000.00  Course materials and certificates N150, 000.00  Cost of participation by Regulators N750, 000.00  Total cost for module 3 N2, 950,000.00 MODULE 4:  Honorarium for Consultants N800, 000.00  Per diem for consultants and training secretariat (Assuming 10 people for 3 days each @N75, 000/day) N2, 250,000.00  Transportation costs for training team N250, 000.00  Cost of venue (including lunch and tea breaks) N1, 000,000.00  Course materials and certificates N250, 000.00  Cost of participation by Regulators N1, 500,000.00  Total cost for module 4 N6, 050,000.00 The total costs for the 4 modules come to N16, 900,000.00. Converting this to US$ at an official rate of US$1: N350, this gives US$45,428.57.00 for the 4 modules.. All estimates are based on an assumption that all trainings will take place in Benin City, and has assumed that the training team will be coming from Lagos. 6.5 Public Consultation Plan Public consultation is highly essential for effective implementation of the proposed ESMP. It constitutes the basis for social inclusion and assuring public participation in decision-making regarding the gully erosion site rehabilitation project. In compliance with the regulatory requirement of the Federal Ministry of Environment and the World Bank, the proposed ESMP shall ensure that all the stakeholders hitherto identified shall be mobilized, consulted and actively participate in the implementation of the ESMP. 6-27 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Public consultation shall be performed at two distinct levels: Stakeholders identified at State level and Stakeholders at Community level. Stakeholders Consultation at the State Level At the State level of consultation, the following stakeholder shall be consulted right from the commencement of ESMP implementation at the pre-construction phase through the construction, operation and the decommissioning phases:  Edo State NEWMAP-PMU;  Edo State Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) in Environment, Water Resources Management, Information, Health, Lands, Finance, Physical Planning and Urban Development; Agriculture,  The Construction Contractors and any other Service Provider Contractor and  Relevant State Focal NGOs The consultation at State level shall afford the project the opportunity to engage and clearly discuss with the various MDAs and other stakeholders, their roles in the ESMP implementation, the areas where collaboration is needed in the implementation of the ESMP shall be discussed and responsible stakeholder representatives and line of communicate with shall be defined. Responsibility for reporting, the frequency of reporting, responsibility for report review and communication line in cases of non- compliance with mitigation measures and the relevant stakeholder to enforce corrective action or formulation of new mitigation measure for immediate implementation shall be defined at the State level of consultation. Stakeholders Consultation at Community Level At the Community level of consultation, the following stakeholder shall be mobilized and consulted before the commencement of the pre-construction phase of the project:  Ibore Gully Erosion Site Committee;  Community Associations in Ibore ;  Relevant State Focal NGOs; and  Concerned members of the Ibore Community in the area 6-28 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report In essence, the community consultation shall be performed to inform the resident community of the intended gully erosion rehabilitation project activities, the details of the pre-construction project activities and the roles of the community in the process. The opportunities for employment of the community members will be discussed as well as the details of the ESMP mitigation measures implementation as it relates to the resident community. The roles and responsibilities of the community in the ESMP implementation process shall be explicitly discussed to ensure the communities are adequately informed a mobilized for the ESMP implementation and the proposed gully erosion site rehabilitation project. 6.6 Grievance Redress Mechanism The grievance redress mechanism allow NEWMAP project affected persons or the general public to file complaints and receive adequate timely response from NEWMAP SPMU. Land acquisition is an inevitable issue in the project that raise grievances from the community. The grievance address mechanism that shall be utilized on the Ibore NEWMAP gully erosion site rehabilitation shall be consistent with the Grievance Redress Mechanism outlined in the NEWMAP Environmental and Social Framework document of NEWMAP. 6.7 Environmental and Social Management/Monitoring Plan This section presents the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) and the Environmental Monitoring Plan proposed for implementation during the pre- construction, construction, operation and maintenance and decommissioning phases of the proposed NEWMAP gully erosion site rehabilitation intervention in Ibore, Edo State. The implementation approach for the proposed ESMP involves the performance of two types of monitoring that constitutes surveillance and monitoring techniques that shall be used to detect if any negative impact has occurred during the life cycle of the project. The approach offers a quantitative estimate of the magnitude of the identified environmental and social impacts. The proposed monitoring will provide information on 6-29 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report the occurrence of the identified impacts. The monitoring explicitly indicate the specific monitoring indicators that shall be investigated, the sampling location and the frequency of monitoring that shall be performed. The two monitoring that will be undertaken consists of:  Environmental Auditing (Environmental impact monitoring), and  Environmental and social impact mitigation compliance monitoring. The environmental impact monitoring involves sample collection as well as laboratory analysis. The field plan and parameters to be monitored are detailed below: 6.7.1 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) The proposed ESMP for specific project activities constituting the gully erosion site rehabilitation intervention are presented in Table 6.6 below. 6-30 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Table 6.3: Environmental and Social Management Plan for Ibore Gully Erosion Site Rehabilitation IMPACT PROJECT PROJECT ACTIVITY MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY COST (N) ID PHASE Indicator Frequency Implementation Monitoring 1 Pre- General clearing and Daily observation of Daily  Contractor  FMEnv 1,300,000 Constructio Preparation of laydown area employment records  Site Manager;  Edo State Ministry of n for equipment/materials,  Site Engineer Environment office, workshop, storage  SPMU Project Coordinator  Edo State NEWMAP facilities and other utility area; Sighting of the Once before  Contractor  Esan Central Local 0 following: commencement of pre-  Site Manager; Govt Area; construction works, say  Site Engineer  CDAs / CBOs  Number of three (3) months before  SPMU Project Coordinator  Community Rep. consultation held Construction starts  Edo State NEWMAP  Minutes of  FMEnv meetings held;  World Bank Visual Observation of Weekly Contractor Site Manager; NEWMAP ESO; 0 the general Contractor HSE Manager SME; FMEnv environmental World Bank sanitation of the site Site inspection for the adequacy and placement of sanitary facilities and solid waste storage bins onsite Sighting the Waste Tracking Logbook Review the Project Waste Management Plan and Contractor’s HSE Plan to assess the compliance of the 6-31 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report contractor 2 Pre- Physical presence of Adequacy of sanitary Ongoing or Daily  Contractor Edo State NEWMAP; 0 Constructio construction workers on the facilities available on  Site Manager; n Ibore Gully erosion site  Site Engineer Edo State Ministry of intervention project site and  SPMU Project Coordinator Environment ; environ Total costs for Item 1-2 1,300,000 3 Pre- Transportation of In-situ measurement Once in the first month  Independent Edo State Ministry of Constructio equipment, materials and of ambient air quality and then once midway, Environmental Consultant Environment n workers to the project site parameters: and once at the end of  Contractor FMEnv  CO, NOx, SOx VOC construction work  Site Manager; and Particulate  Site Engineer Matter, SPM, THC,  SPMU Project Coordinator VOC, CH4; Vehicle exhaust measurement;  Records of maintenance for all machinery, equipment and vehicles. Ambient noise and Ongoing  Contractor FMEnv vibration level  Independent Environmental Edo SME monitoring; Consultant ESO NEWMAP Comparison of ambient noise level to Daily regulatory limit of 90dB(A) Daily Observation of large equipment operating onsite Examine the number 6-32 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report of complaints in the complaint register Sight the records of equipment maintenance Daily observation of Ongoing  Contractor FMEnv traffic volume and level  Site Manager; Edo State Ministry of of congestion  Site Engineer Environment  NEWMAP-Edo SPMU  SPMU Project Coordinator 4 Pre- Land Acquisition and Number of consultation Once before  Contractor  Edo State NEWMAP Constructio demolition of existing held; commencement of pre-  Site Manager;  FMEnv n buildings construction works, say  Site Engineer  World Bank three (3) months before  SPMU Project Coordinator Construction starts Sighting of the following:  Number of consultation held  Minutes of meetings held;  Report of implementation of RAP with signatures showing community participation  Compliance with RAP provisions 5 Constructio Disruption and Sighting of the Once every two  Contractor  Edo State NEWMAP n encroachment into following: months  Site Manager;  FMEnv agricultural lands in close  Site Engineer  World Bank proximity to the gully erosion  Number of  SPMU Project Coordinator channel consultation held  Minutes of meetings held; 6-33 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report  Report of implementation of RAP with signatures showing community participation  Compliance with RAP provisions 6 Constructio Transportation of Soil quality sampling, Quarterly Contractor Environmental and n equipment, materials and visual inspection, in- Safety Officer worker to project site situ / lab NEWMAP; measurements of soil physico-chemistry FMEnv; (pH, Nitrates, Heavy Metals, etc) SME; World Bank Evidence of Contractor’s compliance with HSE Plan, Protocol for material delivery and handling to prevent occurrence of any form of spillages; Records of incidence of leakages of oil and fuels Evidence of oil and fuel leakage or spillage like oil sheen on topsoil 6-34 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Sighting and Inspection of the storage facility for hazardous materials, fuel, Photographs of storage facility taken with dates In-situ measurement Once in the first month  Independent Edo State Ministry of of ambient air quality and then once midway, Environmental Consultant Environment parameters: and once at the end of  Contractor FMEnv  CO, NOx, SOx VOC construction work  Site Manager; and Particulate  Site Engineer Matter, SPM, THC,  SPMU Project Coordinator VOC, CH4; Vehicle exhaust measurement;  Records of maintenance for all machinery, equipment and vehicles. Ambient noise and Ongoing  Contractor FMEnv vibration level  Independent Environmental Edo SME monitoring; Consultant ESO NEWMAP Comparison of ambient noise level to Daily regulatory limit of 90dB(A) Daily Observation of large equipment operating onsite Examine the number of complaints in the complaint register Sight the records of 6-35 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report equipment maintenance Daily observation of Ongoing  Contractor FMEnv traffic volume and level  Site Manager; Edo State Ministry of of congestion  Site Engineer Environment  NEWMAP-Edo SPMU  SPMU Project Coordinator 7 Constructio  Demolition of existing Daily observation of Ongoing  Contractor  FMEnv n: road side drainage employment records  Site Manager;  Edo State Ministry of channel, excavation  Site Engineer Environment Storm water and construction of new  SPMU Project Coordinator  Edo State NEWMAP drainage road side rectangular conduit open drainage channel Visual Observation of Weekly Contractor Site Manager; NEWMAP ESO; the general Contractor HSE Manager SME; FMEnv  Excavation works and environmental World Bank installation of Box sanitation of the site Culverts to connect road side channel flows Site inspection for the into the adequacy and 2500mmx2000mm placement of sanitary Culverts facilities and solid waste storage bins  Construction of onsite Rectangular 2500mm x 2000mm Culverts to Sighting the Waste channel storm water Tracking Logbook flows into the Primary Channel Review the Project Waste Management  Construction of Plan and Contractor’s 1000mm x 1000mm HSE Plan to assess Closed Culvert at road the compliance of the crossing contractor Daily observation of Ongoing  Contractor FMEnv traffic volume and level  Site Manager; Edo State Ministry of of congestion  Site Engineer Environment  NEWMAP-Edo SPMU  SPMU Project Coordinator 6-36 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report  Daily observation of Daily during the Site Engineer; Site Manager; Edo State SPMU Project the suitability of construction of stilling Contractor Coordinator equipment used on basin site and the competence of all equipment operators;  Contractor’s compliance with HSE Plan and Design Specifications  Warning Signs;  Number of Accident incidents;  Daily observation of Daily during the Site Engineer; Site Manager; Edo State SPMU Project the suitability of construction of stilling Contractor Coordinator equipment used on basin site and the competence of all equipment operators;  Contractor’s compliance with HSE Plan and Design Specifications  Warning Signs;  Number of Accident incidents; 8 Constructio  Excavation and Daily observation of Daily  Contractor  FMEnv n: Construction of employment records  Site Manager;  Edo State Ministry of Rectangular 2500mm  Site Engineer Environment x 2000mm Culverts to  SPMU Project Coordinator  Edo State NEWMAP channel flows into the Constructio 4000mm x 1500mm n of Main Main Rectangular Visual Observation of Weekly Contractor Site Manager; NEWMAP ESO; Diversion Concrete Channel the general Contractor HSE Manager SME; FMEnv Channels south of the gully environmental World Bank 6-37 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report around the head sanitation of the site Gully Head  Excavation and Site inspection for the Construction of the adequacy and 4000mm x1500mm placement of sanitary Main Rectangular facilities and solid Concrete Channel waste storage bins (The Southern onsite Primary Diversion Channel) south of the Sighting the Waste gully head Tracking Logbook Review the Project Waste Management Plan and Contractor’s HSE Plan to assess the compliance of the contractor Daily observation of Ongoing  Contractor FMEnv traffic volume and level  Site Manager; Edo State Ministry of of congestion  Site Engineer Environment  NEWMAP-Edo SPMU  SPMU Project Coordinator  Daily observation of Daily during the of the Site Engineer; Site Manager; Edo State SPMU Project the suitability of excavation operation Contractor Coordinator equipment used on and drainage system site and the construction competence of all equipment operators;  Contractor’s compliance with HSE Plan and Design Specifications  Warning Signs;  Number of Accident incidents; Daily observation to Daily during the of the Site Engineer; Site Manager; Edo State SPMU Project ensure all safety excavation operation Contractor Coordinator measures are and drainage system 6-38 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report complied with and construction make adequate documentation of the process with photographic evidences Site inspection of the Daily during the Site Engineer; Site Manager; Edo State SPMU Project construction of the construction of the Contractor Coordinator drainage infrastructure drainage system to ensure compliance with design basis and specifications Site inspection of the Daily during the Site Engineer; Site Manager; Edo State SPMU Project construction of the construction of the Contractor Coordinator drainage infrastructure drainage system to ensure compliance with design basis and specifications Site inspection of the Daily during the Site Engineer; Site Manager; Edo State SPMU Project all excavation works to construction of the Contractor Coordinator ensure compliance drainage infrastructure with design basis and specifications and safety requirements Site inspection of the Daily during the Site Engineer; Site Manager; Edo State SPMU Project all excavation works to construction of the Contractor Coordinator ensure compliance drainage infrastructure with design basis and specifications and safety requirements Construction of 10,000mm x Site inspection of the Daily during the Site Engineer; Site Manager; Edo State SPMU Project 5000mm Stilling Basin all excavation works construction of the Contractor Coordinator and monitoring drainage infrastructure workers movement and public access to the work area to ensure compliance with design basis and 6-39 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report specifications and safety requirements Site inspection of the Daily during the Site Engineer; Site Manager; Edo State SPMU Project all excavation works construction of the Contractor Coordinator and monitoring drainage infrastructure workers movement and public access to the work area to ensure compliance with design basis and specifications and safety requirements  Daily observation of Daily during the Site Engineer; Site Manager; Edo State SPMU Project the suitability of construction of stilling Contractor Coordinator equipment used on basin site and the competence of all equipment operators;  Contractor’s compliance with HSE Plan and Design Specifications  Warning Signs;  Number of Accident incidents; Site inspection of the Daily during the Site Engineer; Site Manager; Edo State SPMU Project construction of the construction of the Contractor Coordinator drainage infrastructure drainage system to ensure compliance with design basis and specifications Sighting of the Once every two  Contractor  Edo State NEWMAP following: months  Site Manager;  FMEnv  Site Engineer  World Bank  Number of  SPMU Project Coordinator consultation held  Minutes of meetings held;  Report of 6-40 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report implementation of RAP with signatures showing community participation  Compliance with RAP provisions Daily site inspection, Daily during the  Contractor Edo State Ministry of supervision and operation and  Site Manager; Environment monitoring by an maintenance phase of  Site Engineer experience the drainage and  SPMU Project Coordinator construction engineer sediment control during the construction infrastructure phase of the gully drainage and sediment control infrastructure installation to ensure that the design specifications are achieved Daily inspection of the drainage and sediment control infrastructure to ensure sound functionality and check for any form of scouring or undermining of any of the structures installed Inspection of the infrastructure within 24 hours of occurrence of any major storm or rainfall event to assess the integrity of the infrastructure and functionality 6-41 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Sighting and review of weekly reports on the status of the infrastructure especially during the wet season as well as during the dry season Installation of Main Daily site inspection, Daily during the  Contractor Edo State Ministry of Rectangular Concrete supervision and operation and  Site Manager; Environment Channel Baffled Chute monitoring by an maintenance phase of  Site Engineer experience the drainage and  SPMU Project Coordinator construction engineer sediment control during the construction infrastructure phase of the gully drainage and sediment control infrastructure installation to ensure that the design specifications are achieved Daily inspection of the drainage and sediment control infrastructure to ensure sound functionality and check for any form of scouring or undermining of any of the structures installed Inspection of the infrastructure within 24 hours of occurrence of any major storm or rainfall event to assess the integrity of the 6-42 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report infrastructure and functionality Sighting and review of weekly reports on the status of the infrastructure especially during the wet season as well as during the dry season Daily inspection of the Daily inspection during  Contractor Edo State Ministry of drainage and sediment the operation and  Site Manager; Environment control infrastructure to maintenance phase of  Site Engineer ensure sound the drainage and  SPMU Project Coordinator functionality and check sediment control for any form of infrastructure scouring or undermining of any of the structures installed Inspection of the infrastructure within 24 hours of occurrence of any major storm or rainfall event to assess the integrity and functionality of the infrastructure Visual observation to determine if there is any placement of debris or sediment accumulation in the gully erosion control infrastructure 6-43 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Sighting and review of weekly reports on the status of the infrastructure especially during the wet season as well as during the dry season Daily observation of Daily observation and  Contractor Edo State Ministry of the placement of documentation with  Site Manager; Environment stockpiles of topsoil photo gallery and video  Site Engineer and how they are recording if necessary  SPMU Project Coordinator finally used in the Ibore gully erosion site rehabilitation Daily inspection of the Daily inspection during  Contractor Edo State Ministry of drainage and sediment the operation and  Site Manager; Environment control infrastructure to maintenance phase of  Site Engineer ensure sound the drainage and  SPMU Project Coordinator functionality and check sediment control for any form of infrastructure scouring or undermining of any of the structures installed Inspection of the infrastructure within 24 hours of occurrence of any major storm or rainfall event to assess the integrity and functionality of the infrastructure Visual observation to determine if there is any placement of 6-44 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report debris or sediment accumulation in the gully erosion control infrastructure Sighting and review of weekly reports on the status of the infrastructure especially during the wet season as well as during the dry season Installation of Stone Pitching in the entire Main Rectangular Concrete Channels south of the gully head 9 Constructio Construction of 1000mm x Daily site inspection, Daily during the  Contractor Edo State Ministry of n of 1000mm Closed Culvert at supervision and operation and  Site Manager; Environment Secondary road crossing north of the monitoring by an maintenance phase of  Site Engineer Diversion gully head north of the gully experience the drainage and  SPMU Project Coordinator Channels head construction engineer sediment control around the during the construction infrastructure Gully Head phase of the gully drainage and sediment control infrastructure installation to ensure that the design specifications are achieved Daily inspection of the drainage and sediment control infrastructure to ensure sound functionality and check 6-45 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report for any form of scouring or undermining of any of the structures installed Inspection of the infrastructure within 24 hours of occurrence of any major storm or rainfall event to assess the integrity of the infrastructure and functionality Sighting and review of weekly reports on the status of the infrastructure especially during the wet season as well as during the dry season Construction of 1000mm x Daily site inspection, Daily during the  Contractor Edo State Ministry of 1000mm Secondary supervision and operation and  Site Manager; Environment Rectangular Concrete monitoring by an maintenance phase of  Site Engineer Channel north of the gully experience the drainage and  SPMU Project Coordinator head construction engineer sediment control during the construction infrastructure phase of the gully drainage and sediment control infrastructure installation to ensure that the design specifications are achieved Daily inspection of the drainage and sediment 6-46 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report control infrastructure to ensure sound functionality and check for any form of scouring or undermining of any of the structures installed Inspection of the infrastructure within 24 hours of occurrence of any major storm or rainfall event to assess the integrity of the infrastructure and functionality Sighting and review of weekly reports on the status of the infrastructure especially during the wet season as well as during the dry season Construction of Secondary Site inspection of the Daily during the Site Engineer; Site Manager; Edo State SPMU Project Rectangular Concrete all excavation works construction of the Contractor Coordinator Channel Stilling Basin north and monitoring drainage infrastructure of the gully head workers movement and public access to the work area to ensure compliance with design basis and specifications and safety requirements  Daily observation of Daily during the Site Engineer; Site Manager; Edo State SPMU Project the suitability of construction of the Contractor Coordinator equipment used on drainage infrastructure site and the 6-47 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report competence of all equipment operators;  Contractor’s compliance with HSE Plan and Design Specifications  Warning Signs;  Number of Accident incidents;  Site inspection of the all excavation works and monitoring workers movement and public access to the work area to ensure compliance with design basis and specifications and safety requirements  Daily observation of Daily during the Site Engineer; Site Manager; Edo State SPMU Project the suitability of construction of stilling Contractor Coordinator equipment used on basin site and the competence of all equipment operators;  Contractor’s compliance with HSE Plan and Design Specifications  Warning Signs;  Number of Accident incidents;  The culverts Daily site inspection, Daily during the operation  Contractor should be supervision and and maintenance phase of  Site Manager; designed and monitoring by an the drainage and sediment  Site Engineer constructed to experience control infrastructure  SPMU Project avoid excessive construction engineer Coordinator ponding at the during the construction 6-48 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report entrance and phase of the gully screen out drainage and sediment material that will control infrastructure not pass through installation to ensure the culvert. that the design  The culvert specifications are alignment should achieved be such that water enters and exists it freely and directly Daily inspection of the without causing drainage and sediment any abrupt control infrastructure to changes in flow ensure sound that could cause functionality and check ponding, and for any form of buildup of debris scouring or at the culvert undermining of any of entrance the structures installed Inspection of the infrastructure within 24 hours of occurrence of any major storm or rainfall event to assess the integrity of the infrastructure and functionality Sighting and review of weekly reports on the status of the infrastructure especially during the wet season as well as during the dry season Sighting of the Once every two  Contractor  Edo State NEWMAP following: months  Site Manager;  FMEnv  Site Engineer  World Bank 6-49 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report  Number of  SPMU Project Coordinator consultation held  Minutes of meetings held;  Report of implementation of RAP with signatures showing community participation Compliance with RAP provisions Daily site inspection, Daily during the  Contractor Edo State Ministry of supervision and operation and  Site Manager; Environment monitoring by an maintenance phase of  Site Engineer experience the drainage and  SPMU Project Coordinator construction engineer sediment control during the construction infrastructure phase of the gully drainage and sediment control infrastructure installation to ensure that the design specifications are achieved Daily inspection of the drainage and sediment control infrastructure to ensure sound functionality and check for any form of scouring or undermining of any of the structures installed Inspection of the 6-50 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report infrastructure within 24 hours of occurrence of any major storm or rainfall event to assess the integrity of the infrastructure and functionality Sighting and review of weekly reports on the status of the infrastructure especially during the wet season as well as during the dry season Stabilization of Gully edges Daily site inspection, Daily during the  Contractor Edo State Ministry of to prevent undercutting of supervision and operation and  Site Manager; Environment side slopes by the monitoring by an maintenance phase of  Site Engineer construction of D50 = experience the drainage and  SPMU Project Coordinator 500mm Rip Rap construction engineer sediment control during the construction infrastructure phase of the gully drainage and sediment control infrastructure installation to ensure that the design specifications are achieved Daily inspection of the drainage and sediment control infrastructure to ensure sound functionality and check for any form of scouring or undermining of any of the structures installed 6-51 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Inspection of the infrastructure within 24 hours of occurrence of any major storm or rainfall event to assess the integrity of the infrastructure and functionality Sighting and review of weekly reports on the status of the infrastructure especially during the wet season as well as during the dry season Installation of St one Daily site inspection, Daily during the  Contractor Edo State Ministry of Pitching in the entire supervision and operation and  Site Manager; Environment Secondary Rectangular monitoring by an maintenance phase of  Site Engineer Concrete Channels experience the drainage and  SPMU Project Coordinator construction engineer sediment control during the construction infrastructure phase of the gully drainage and sediment control infrastructure installation to ensure that the design specifications are achieved Daily inspection of the drainage and sediment control infrastructure to ensure sound functionality and check for any form of scouring or 6-52 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report undermining of any of the structures installed Inspection of the infrastructure within 24 hours of occurrence of any major storm or rainfall event to assess the integrity of the infrastructure and functionality Sighting and review of weekly reports on the status of the infrastructure especially during the wet season as well as during the dry season 10 Constructio Channelization of the water Site inspection of the Daily during the Site Engineer; Site Manager; Edo State SPMU Project n within the course to flow along the all excavation works construction of the Contractor Coordinator vicinity of natural drainage route away and monitoring drainage infrastructure the Gas from the pipeline workers movement Pipeline and public access to the work area to ensure compliance with design basis and specifications and safety requirements  Daily observation of Daily during the Site Engineer; Site Manager; Edo State SPMU Project the suitability of construction of the Contractor Coordinator equipment used on drainage infrastructure site and the competence of all equipment operators; 6-53 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report  Contractor’s compliance with HSE Plan and Design Specifications  Warning Signs;  Number of Accident incidents;  Site inspection of the all excavation works and monitoring workers movement and public access to the work area to ensure compliance with design basis and specifications and safety requirements  Daily observation of Daily during the Site Engineer; Site Manager; Edo State SPMU Project the suitability of construction of stilling Contractor Coordinator equipment used on basin site and the competence of all equipment operators;  Contractor’s compliance with HSE Plan and Design Specifications  Warning Signs;  Number of Accident incidents; 11 Constructio Filling and compaction of Check the HSE Daily HSE Manager of the ESO-NEWMAP n: gully head to enable the Statistics in the HSE Contractor; construction of the damaged Report; SME; FMEnv; Rehabilitati road Site Manage and Engineer on of gully head Number of Accidents 6-54 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report and Injuries; Evaluate the worker\s use of PPE Carry out Routine Inspection on the project site Visual Observation of Weekly Contractor Site Manager; NEWMAP ESO; the general Contractor HSE Manager SME; FMEnv environmental World Bank sanitation of the site Site inspection for the adequacy and placement of sanitary facilities and solid waste storage bins onsite Sighting the Waste Tracking Logbook Review the Project Waste Management Plan and Contractor’s HSE Plan to assess the compliance of the contractor In-situ measurement Monthly Independent Environmental NEWMAP ESO; and lab analyses of Consultant; water quality SME parameters: (pH, TDS, Contractor; TSS, BOD5, COD, FMEnv; Turbidity, THC Heavy Metals) World Bank 6-55 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Site investigation and visual observation Check Contractor’s compliance with Storm Water Management Plan Construction of the In-situ measurement . Once in the first  Independent damaged road of ambient air quality month and then once Environmental Consultant parameters: midway, and once at  Contractor Site Manager;  SPMU Project  CO, NOx, SOx the end of construction  Site Engineer Coordinator VOC and work Particulate Matter, SPM, THC, VOC, CH4; Vehicle exhaust measurement;  Records of maintenance for all machinery, equipment and vehicles  Ambient noise and Daily Observation of  Contractor  FMEnv vibration level large equipment  Independent Environmental  Edo SME monitoring; operating onsite Consultant  ESO NEWMAP  Comparison of ambient noise level to regulatory limit of 90dB(A)  Examine the number of complaints in the complaint register  Sight the records of equipment maintenance 6-56 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Reshaping the gully head     side slope to 1 in 2 slope  Daily observation of Daily during the Site Engineer; Site Manager; Edo State SPMU Project the suitability of construction of the Contractor Coordinator equipment used on drainage infrastructure site and the competence of all equipment operators;  Contractor’s compliance with HSE Plan and Design Specifications  Warning Signs;  Number of Accident incidents;  Site inspection of the all excavation works and monitoring workers movement and public access to the work area to ensure compliance with design basis and specifications and safety requirements 12 Constructio Installation of 16 Gabion Daily site inspection, Daily during the  Contractor Edo State Ministry of n: Drop (Check Dams) supervision and operation and  Site Manager; Environment Structures within the monitoring by an maintenance phase of  Site Engineer Installation downstream gully earth experience the drainage and  SPMU Project Coordinator of Gully channel to reduce construction engineer sediment control erosion longitudinal gradient of the during the construction infrastructure control gully channel, slow down phase of the gully infrastructur flow velocity and prevent drainage and sediment e within the further channel bed erosion control infrastructure existing installation to ensure 6-57 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report downstrea that the design m gully specifications are earth achieved channel Daily inspection of the drainage and sediment control infrastructure to ensure sound functionality and check for any form of scouring or undermining of any of the structures installed Inspection of the infrastructure within 24 hours of occurrence of any major storm or rainfall event to assess the integrity of the infrastructure and functionality Sighting and review of weekly reports on the status of the infrastructure especially during the wet season as well as during the dry season Daily site inspection, Daily during the  Contractor Edo State Ministry of supervision and operation and  Site Manager; Environment monitoring by an maintenance phase of  Site Engineer experience the drainage and  SPMU Project Coordinator construction engineer sediment control during the construction infrastructure phase of the gully 6-58 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report drainage and sediment control infrastructure installation to ensure that the design specifications are achieved Daily inspection of the drainage and sediment control infrastructure to ensure sound functionality and check for any form of scouring or undermining of any of the structures installed Inspection of the infrastructure within 24 hours of occurrence of any major storm or rainfall event to assess the integrity of the infrastructure and functionality Sighting and review of weekly reports on the status of the infrastructure especially during the wet season as well as during the dry season Daily observation of Daily observation and  Contractor Edo State Ministry of the placement of documentation with  Site Manager; Environment stockpiles of topsoil photo gallery and video  Site Engineer and how they are  SPMU Project Coordinator 6-59 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report finally used in the Ibore recording if necessary gully erosion site rehabilitation Daily site inspection, Daily during the  Contractor Edo State Ministry of supervision and operation and  Site Manager; Environment monitoring by an maintenance phase of  Site Engineer experience the drainage and  SPMU Project Coordinator construction engineer sediment control during the construction infrastructure phase of the gully drainage and sediment control infrastructure installation to ensure that the design specifications are achieved Daily inspection of the drainage and sediment control infrastructure to ensure sound functionality and check for any form of scouring or undermining of any of the structures installed Inspection of the infrastructure within 24 hours of occurrence of any major storm or rainfall event to assess the integrity of the infrastructure and functionality Sighting and review of 6-60 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report weekly reports on the status of the infrastructure especially during the wet season as well as during the dry season Reshaping the entire length Daily site inspection, Daily during the  Contractor Edo State Ministry of of the downstream gully supervision and operation and  Site Manager; Environment channel to a base width of monitoring by an maintenance phase of  Site Engineer 15m to align with the Gabion experience the drainage and  SPMU Project Coordinator Drop Structures construction engineer sediment control during the construction infrastructure phase of the gully drainage and sediment control infrastructure installation to ensure that the design specifications are achieved In-situ measurement Monthly Independent Environmental NEWMAP ESO; and lab analyses of Consultant; water quality SME parameters: (pH, TDS, Contractor; TSS, BOD5, COD, FMEnv; Turbidity, THC Heavy Metals) World Bank Site investigation and visual observation Check Contractor’s compliance with Storm Water Management Plan 6-61 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Daily site inspection, Daily during the  Contractor Edo State Ministry of supervision and operation and  Site Manager; Environment monitoring by an maintenance phase of  Site Engineer experience the drainage and  SPMU Project Coordinator construction engineer sediment control during the construction infrastructure phase of the gully drainage and sediment control infrastructure installation to ensure that the design specifications are achieved Daily site inspection, Daily during the  Contractor Edo State Ministry of supervision and operation and  Site Manager; Environment monitoring by an maintenance phase of  Site Engineer experience the drainage and  SPMU Project Coordinator construction engineer sediment control during the construction infrastructure phase of the gully drainage and sediment control infrastructure installation to ensure that the design specifications are achieved Daily observation of Daily observation and  Contractor Edo State Ministry of the placement of documentation with  Site Manager; Environment stockpiles of topsoil photo gallery and video  Site Engineer and how they are recording if necessary  SPMU Project Coordinator finally used in the Ibore gully erosion site rehabilitation Daily inspection of the Daily inspection during  Contractor Edo State Ministry of drainage and sediment the operation and  Site Manager; Environment control infrastructure to maintenance phase of  Site Engineer ensure sound the drainage and  SPMU Project Coordinator functionality and check sediment control for any form of infrastructure scouring or undermining of any of 6-62 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report the structures installed Inspection of the infrastructure within 24 hours of occurrence of any major storm or rainfall event to assess the integrity and functionality of the infrastructure Visual observation to determine if there is any placement of debris or sediment accumulation in the gully erosion control infrastructure Sighting and review of weekly reports on the status of the infrastructure especially during the wet season as well as during the dry season Stabilization of the entire gully bed and edges through lining the trapezoidal channel with 500mm Rip Rap to prevent water undercutting the side slopes and the channel bed 6-63 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report 13 Operation Utilization of the  Ensure that the Daily site inspection,  Contractor Edo State Ministry of rehabilitated gully site and design basis and supervision and  Site Manager; Environment installed storm water specifications of monitoring by an  Site Engineer drainage infrastructure the proposed Edo experience  SPMU Project Coordinator State NEWMAP construction engineer gully erosion during the construction rehabilitation phase of the gully project is drainage and sediment accurately control infrastructure followed and installation to ensure achieved during that the design the construction specifications are implementation achieved Daily inspection of the drainage and sediment control infrastructure to ensure sound functionality and check for any form of scouring or undermining of any of the structures installed Inspection of the infrastructure within 24 hours of occurrence of any major storm or rainfall event to assess the integrity of the infrastructure and functionality Sighting and review of weekly reports on the status of the infrastructure especially during the 6-64 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report wet season as well as during the dry season Daily inspection of the Daily inspection during  Contractor Edo State Ministry of drainage and sediment the operation and  Site Manager; Environment control infrastructure to maintenance phase of  Site Engineer ensure sound the drainage and  SPMU Project Coordinator functionality and check sediment control for any form of infrastructure scouring or undermining of any of the structures installed Inspection of the infrastructure within 24 hours of occurrence of any major storm or rainfall event to assess the integrity and functionality of the infrastructure Visual observation to determine if there is any placement of debris or sediment accumulation in the gully erosion control infrastructure Sighting and review of weekly reports on the status of the infrastructure especially during the wet season as well as during the dry season 6-65 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Daily inspection of the Daily inspection during  Contractor Edo State Ministry of drainage and sediment the operation and  Site Manager; Environment control infrastructure to maintenance phase of  Site Engineer ensure sound the drainage and  SPMU Project Coordinator functionality and check sediment control for any form of infrastructure scouring or undermining of any of the structures installed Inspection of the infrastructure within 24 hours of occurrence of any major storm or rainfall event to assess the integrity and functionality of the infrastructure Visual observation to determine if there is any placement of debris or sediment accumulation in the gully erosion control infrastructure Sighting and review of weekly reports on the status of the infrastructure especially during the wet season as well as during the dry season 14 Operation Maintenance of the gully Daily inspection of the Daily inspection during  Contractor Edo State Ministry of drainage infrastructure drainage and sediment the operation and  Site Manager; Environment control infrastructure to maintenance phase of  Site Engineer 6-66 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report ensure sound the drainage and  SPMU Project Coordinator functionality and check sediment control for any form of infrastructure scouring or undermining of any of the structures installed Inspection of the infrastructure within 24 hours of occurrence of any major storm or rainfall event to assess the integrity and functionality of the infrastructure Visual observation to determine if there is any placement of debris or sediment accumulation in the gully erosion control infrastructure Sighting and review of weekly reports on the status of the infrastructure especially during the wet season as well as during the dry season 15 Decommiss Dismantling and removal of In-situ measurement Once in the first month  Independent Edo State Ministry of ioning civil engineering equipment of ambient air quality and then once midway, Environmental Consultant Environment parameters: and once at the end of  Contractor FMEnv  CO, NOx, SOx VOC construction work  Site Manager; 6-67 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report and Particulate  Site Engineer Matter, SPM, THC,  SPMU Project Coordinator VOC, CH4; Vehicle exhaust measurement;  Records of maintenance for all machinery, equipment and vehicles. Ambient noise and Ongoing  Contractor FMEnv vibration level  Independent Environmental Edo SME monitoring; Consultant ESO NEWMAP Comparison of ambient noise level to Daily regulatory limit of 90dB(A) Daily Observation of large equipment operating onsite Examine the number of complaints in the complaint register Sight the records of equipment maintenance 16 Decommiss Waste handling and Visual Observation of Weekly Contractor Site Manager; NEWMAP ESO; ioning disposal the general Contractor HSE Manager SME; FMEnv environmental World Bank sanitation of the site Site inspection for the adequacy and placement of sanitary facilities and solid waste storage bins onsite Sighting the Waste 6-68 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Tracking Logbook Review the Project Waste Management Plan and Contractor’s HSE Plan to assess the compliance of the contractor Visual Observation of Weekly Contractor Site Manager; NEWMAP ESO; the general Contractor HSE Manager SME; FMEnv environmental World Bank sanitation of the site Site inspection for the adequacy and placement of sanitary facilities and solid waste storage bins onsite Sighting the Waste Tracking Logbook Review the Project Waste Management Plan and Contractor’s HSE Plan to assess the compliance of the contractor 17 Decommiss Transportation of solid Daily observation of Ongoing  Contractor FMEnv ioning waste, equipment and traffic volume and level  Site Manager; Edo State Ministry of workers out of the project of congestion  Site Engineer Environment site.  NEWMAP-Edo SPMU  SPMU Project Coordinator In-situ measurement Once in the first month  Independent Edo State Ministry of of ambient air quality and then once midway, Environmental Consultant Environment parameters: and once at the end of  Contractor FMEnv  CO, NOx, SOx VOC construction work  Site Manager; and Particulate  Site Engineer Matter, SPM, THC,  SPMU Project Coordinator VOC, CH4; Vehicle 6-69 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report exhaust measurement;  Records of maintenance for all machinery, equipment and vehicles. Ambient noise and Ongoing  Contractor FMEnv vibration level  Independent Environmental Edo SME monitoring; Consultant ESO NEWMAP Comparison of ambient noise level to Daily regulatory limit of 90dB(A) Daily Observation of large equipment operating onsite Examine the number of complaints in the complaint register Sight the records of equipment maintenance Cost for Items 3-17 N31,500,000.00 Grand Total N32,800,000.00 6-70 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report NOTES ON COSTING ABOVE: 1. Items 1 and 2 on the table above can be covered with a single monitoring visit. Thus, the assumption is that 2 representatives each from the SPMU, the State Ministry of Environment as well as 2 community representatives (2 from each communities i.e. Eguare and Enhanle communities) will be involved in the monitoring visit. The costs provided here include: per diem for project personnel from SPMU and the State Ministry of Environment, logistics costs (transportation, etc.). Transportation is put at N300, 000.00, per diem for the 4 personnel (2 each from the SPMU and the State Ministry of Environment) is put at N75, 000 /person for 2 days, equalling N600, 000.00. In addition, provision is made for allowances for community representative’s @N25, 000/person (N100, 000.00). Entertainment of guests at consultation meetings and gifts for community heads is put at N300, 000.00 (N150, 000/community). This gives a total of N1, 300,000.00. At an exchange rate of US$1: N350, this comes to US$3,714.00 2. Impact mitigation and compliance monitoring are covered in items 3-17 in the table above. Generally, two sets of costs are covered here: The cost of impact mitigation monitoring, and compliance monitoring. Impact mitigation monitoring will be carried out by, a third party (independent) consultant, to be appointed by the SPMU. Monitoring will be carried out during pre-construction, construction and first 3 years of operations. There will be two monitoring visits during the pre-construction and construction phases, while there will be two monitoring visits per annum for the first 3 years of operation. Altogether, there will be eight monitoring visits. For each monitoring visit, a team of the consultants will work in conjunction with representation from the SPMU, State Ministry of Environment and the project contractors. The cost of each monitoring will consist of N2, 500,000.00 for consultant’s costs, and N1, 000,000.00 for regulatory (SPMU and State Ministry of Environment costs). Thus, the total costs for items 5-24 as highlighted above, comes to N28, 000,000.00 (Twenty-eight million naira only). Converted to US$ at an exchange rate of US$1: N350, this comes to US$80,000.00. 3. The participation of SPMU and the State Ministry of Environment is what comprises to monitoring and evaluation aspect of this project 6-71 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report A summary of the costs for each of the components is also presented in the Table below: S/N PROJECT PHASE AND ACTIVITIES COSTS (N) Pre-construction monitoring 1,300,000.00 Construction Monitoring (2 times @ N3,500 each time) 7,000,000.00 Operations Monitoring (6 times over a c-year period @ N3,500 each time) 21,000,000.00 Decommissioning Monitoring (one off) 3,500,000.00 Grand Total 32,800,000.00 6-72 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report 6.7.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan 6.7.2.1 Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation The Monitoring and Evaluation proposed for implementation in the ESMP for the Ibore NEWMAP gully erosion intervention is designed to monitor specific indicators of the biophysical and social environments for the achievement of the following objectives:  Proactively initiate strategies to identify any sign of environmental stress, deterioration or degradation within the Ibore watershed arising from the gully erosion site rehabilitation civil engineering works by scientific investigation of specific environmental monitoring parameters and comparing them to established background values stipulated by regulatory agencies;  Provide assurance that the environmental impact mitigation measures recommended for implementation during the project phases are adequate for effective amelioration of the project impacts and indicate whether the respective impact monitoring parameters investigated are within the stipulated environmental limits of regulatory agencies;  Provide early warning of environmental damage so that actions may be taken during the implementation of the NEWMAP intervention to reduce such harmful impacts;  Ensure that regulatory standards for pollutants are not exceeded;  Assure adequate stakeholder engagement and consultation in the implementation of the NEWMAP gully erosion rehabilitation project; and  Verify the compliance of the project Contractors and NEWMAP Edo SPMU with regulatory requirements and the Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan proposed in this ESMP. Consequently, the overall monitoring proposed for the Ibore NEWMAP intervention sets out to determine the effectiveness of the environmental and social impact mitigation measures in minimizing, ameliorating or preventing the occurrence of the project impacts. This will enable NEWMAP to establish that the mitigation measures adequately 6-73 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report and benignly reduced the project impacts. To this end, the environmental and social indicators that shall be mainstreamed into the overall monitoring and evaluation process for the Ibore NEWMAP intervention are as shown in Table 6.4, on the Environmental, Social and Health Impact Indicators. Table 6.4: Environmental, Social and Health Components and Impact Indicators Components Impact Indicators Biophysical Geology Changes to geology, geomorphology, topography Soil Changes to physical and chemical properties and soil ecology Surface Water Changes to water quality indices, (physicochemical properties, hydrocarbons, metals); Vegetation Changes in vegetal cover due to excessive land disturbance during movement and operation of heavy equipment and vehicles; Changes to vegetation population, health, species abundance and diversity and impact on endangered and economic species, etc. Wildlife Changes to wildlife assemblages, impact on endangered and economic species Air Emissions of NOx, SOx, PM, CO, VOC, greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, and N2O), ozone and changes to ground level concentrations of pollutants Vibration and Noise Change in ambient noise or vibration levels at sensitive receptors Aesthetics Physical presence of drainage and erosion control infrastructures, Social Population Changes in population indices, total population, gender ratio, age distribution Infrastructure Improvement or pressure on existing urban/rural infrastructure including waste handling facilities Macro and Micro economy Change in macro and micro economy, employment, standard of living, occupation Social and Cultural Structure Disruption in local authority and governance structure; change in social behaviours; intra and inter-ethnic clashes; Physical and Economic Permanent physical displacement from residence as a result of project land Displacement take, or activities; permanent or temporary displacement from land or water based livelihood activities; partial or whole severance from social and cultural networks Cultural and Archaeological Physical disturbance of shrines, burial grounds, archaeological resources or resources other desecration Transportation Alteration in means of transportation or ability to move efficiently Health Determinants Pollution Related Health Effects Increase in concentration of, and exposure to air pollutants of concern (NOx, SOx, VOC, CO, PM), contamination of surface waters and potable ground water, increased vibration and noise beyond regulatory limits, increased night time light beyond acceptable limits. Communicable and Non Change in incidence of communicable and non-communicable diseases or Communicable Diseases disease causing factors Morbidity and Mortality Changes in health of workers and of general public, change in security of the area Health Care/Recreational Changes in availability of and access to health care and recreational facilities Facilities 6-74 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Table 6.4: Environmental, Social and Health Components and Impact Indicators Components Impact Indicators Psychosocial factors Drug use/abuse, communal violence, crime, suicide, depression and prostitution; changing expectations of quality of life Fertility Changes to fertility levels, changes in birth rates Accidents/Fires/Explosions Changes to rate of occurrence and severity of accidents/fires/explosions Upon completion of the field data collection, sampling and monitoring of selected parameters guided by appropriate Instrumentation, Standard Operating Procedures and Quality Control and Quality Assurance, laboratory analysis of field samples shall be performed. The evaluation of the resulting scientific data shall be based on the comparison of monitoring data with baseline data and recommended regulatory background standards to determine if the Ibore NEWMAP intervention has resulted in any form of environmental damage, stress, deterioration or degradation within the Ibore watershed or exacerbation of the background values of specific monitoring parameters considered. 6.7.2.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan The proposed environmental monitoring plan shall provide the platform for measuring the effectiveness of the proposed impact mitigation measures and the means for evaluating environmental performance of the NEWMAP Gully Erosion Remediation intervention in Ibore – Esan Central Local Government Area, Edo State. The monitoring plan intends to document, track and report temporal changes in specific environmental monitoring parameters that could be associated with the proposed construction and installation of the drainage and erosion control infrastructure in the Ibore gully erosion site. In principle, positive or negative changes are expected in the environmental monitoring parameters over time, both in magnitude and direction, which would result in either positive or negative consequences. Hence the monitoring plan proposed herein seeks to identify the variations in the monitoring parameters engendered by the construction project activities and also the nature of the consequences of such changes whether beneficial or detrimental. 6-75 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Visual inspections, field note writing, photograph records, environmental sampling, and in-situ measurements of environmental monitoring parameters for soil, water and air quality samples etc., are all the methods that will be employed during the monitoring and inspection activities. Thus the empirical sampling during environmental impact monitoring and qualitative analysis shall be distinct from the non-empirical monitoring and visual inspection activities (qualitative monitoring) for mitigation measure compliance. The outcome will clearly show the effectiveness of the impact mitigation measure implemented and lead to the evolution of more efficient control measures that will guarantee the environmental sustainability of the project throughout its lifecycle. 6.7.2.3 Implementation Approach for the Environmental Monitoring The two types of environmental monitoring will be undertaken in the process of implementation of this ESMP consists of: 1) Impact Mitigation Compliance Monitoring; The mitigation measure-monitoring component of the ESMP shall focus mainly on monitoring the compliance of the Principal Contractor and NEWMAP Edo SPMU with the impact mitigation measures recommended for implementation during the site preparation and construction phase project. The inspection activities to be performed is the non-empirical monitoring or qualitative monitoring involving visual inspection and documentation through photography and regular self-reported inspection and monitoring activities conducted by the Contractor and an Independent Environmental Consultant under the supervision of NEWMAP Edo Sate SPMU, FMEnv and Edo SME on daily basis to ensure compliance with the recommended mitigation measures. The Contractor’s Site Manager must make the results of these inspections and monitoring activities available to NEWMAP Edo SPMU’s Project Coordinator on a weekly basis. 6-76 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report 2) Environmental Impact Monitoring The Environmental Impact Monitoring process shall involve on-site investigation of the project area, adoption of scientific methodologies for key indicators of environmental and social impacts of the site preparation and construction project activities and laboratory analyses. In all cases, standard methods approved by the regulatory bodies (Federal Ministry of Environment, NESREA and World Bank) shall be followed. Adequate quality control and quality assurance measures shall be taken at every stage of the ESMP implementation. Data obtained shall be subjected to relevant statistical analyses to show general trends and the extent of spatial variations in the parameters The environmental impact monitoring component shall adopt scientific methodologies and standard operation procedures to monitor and capture, among other things, the occurrence of predicted and fresh unpredicted environmental impacts as well as effectiveness of the impact mitigation measures adopted. The field sampling and collection of environmental data shall cover the following areas:  Environmental Characterisation o Air Quality Studies o Noise and Vibration Studies o Water (Surface water and Groundwater) Quality Studies o Vegetation and Wildlife Studies (Ecology) o Soil Studies o Sewage and Wastewater Management o Solid Waste Management o Landscape and Visual Effect/Aesthetics  Socio-economics Survey o This survey will cover Ibore community in the project area. The survey will focus on issues and concerns of the Ibore community and address other socio-economic issues that could result in Community strive and conflict with NEWMAP Edo SPMU and the site preparation and construction project activities. 6-77 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report o Occupational Safety and Public Health Studies The environmental monitoring plan proposed for the Ibore NEWMAP gully erosion site rehabilitation ESMP is as stated in Table 6.5 below. Table 6.5: Environmental components, monitoring parameters and frequency of monitoring for the project S/N Environmental Empirical Parameters Target Regulatory (FMEnv) Monitoring Frequency and Component /Non-Empirical Standards/Limits Responsible Parties Observations 1 Air Quality Combustion efficiency CO2 NS Once in the first month and Air Quality: then once midway, and once  Ambient Air Quality at the end. within Ibore CO Daily average of daily values 1 Community upstream hour:10 ppm Two air quality sampling per of the Gully Head day for 4 stations for 2 field  Ambient Air Quality TSP Daily average of daily values 1 visits at 2 days per visit (32 within Ibore Gully hour:250µ/m3 Samples) Channel downstream of the Gully Head at 3 NOX Daily average of hourly values: locations: (C lose to 0.04 - 0.05 ppm (75 -113 µ/m3) the gully head; midway of the whole gully SO2 Daily average of hourly values: channel and farthest 0.1 ppm (260 µ/m3) reach of the channel THC 5 µ/m3 close to the receiving water body) CH4 5 µ/m3 VOC 160 µ/m3 Noise 8 Hours Exposure limit: 90.0dB Noise monitoring 2 times in four (4) locations per day in 2 field visits 2 Water Quality: Temperature pH, < 8.5 Once at the beginning of construction works and once Water quality samples NS at the end should be collected from Salinity the receiving water body TDS 500 mg/l downstream of the gully head and groundwater TSS 500 mg/l wells close to the project 5 mg/l site Turbidity Conductivity NS Calcium 10/l0mg Magnesium 5 mg/l Iron 0.2 mg/l Manganese 0.2 mg/l Copper NS Aluminium 0.5 mg/l DO NS BOD NS TOC NS THC NS TPH NS 6-78 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report S/N Environmental Empirical Parameters Target Regulatory (FMEnv) Monitoring Frequency and Component /Non-Empirical Standards/Limits Responsible Parties Observations NO3, 10 mg/l PO4 NS Chloride, 250 mg/l Sulphate 250 mg/l Bicarbonate NS Organic Matter NS Grain size/Textures, Soil Three times at the beginning, Physico-Chemistry; midway and the end of 3 Soil TOC; Heavy Metals construction works Microbiology: NS Monitoring will cover Once before site clearing and vegetation health status, preparation and re-instatement criteria; survey and verify the 4 Vegetation presence of any endangered or protected plant species and disturbed areas within the project site before site clearance and preparation Not Required Employment status during Three times at the beginning, construction works, public midway and the end of 5 Socio-economics complaint and community construction works relations Not Required Waste handling and Weekly 6 Waste Management disposal Practices Not Required Sewage and Wastewater Sewage disposal and Once in the first month and 7 Management wastewater treatment then once midway, and once /management practices Not Required at the end. Land scape, Visual Monitoring will cover Once in the first month and Effect/Aesthetics changes in topography, soil then once midway, and once erosion, trenching activities at the end. 8 and general compliance with applicable mitigation measures Not Required Transportation Alteration in means of Once in the first month and transportation or ability to then once midway, and once move efficiently at the end. Not Required General Compliance Monitor on weekly basis for Monitor general compliance Monitoring to check three day per week of contractor with all required compliance with mitigation measures including mitigation measures Waste Handling. Not Required Note: NS = Not Specified 6.8 ESMP Budget and Schedule of Work 6.8.1 ESMP Budget The implementation of the mitigation compliance monitoring and the environmental /social impact monitoring recommended in this ESMP will inevitably require adequate funding. The cost implication for the implementation of the ESMP has been estimated and it’s presented in this section. As indicated above, there are two key components of the ESMP that require funding. These are: Capacity Building costs, and Impact 6-79 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Mitigation and Compliance Monitoring Costs. The total cost for the implementation and monitoring, as well as the Capacity Building Activities add up to US$ 146,573.The details of the cost estimation is as shown in Table 6.6. Table 6.6: Summarized Cost estimates for the implementation of the Ibore NEWMAP ESMP S/No ESMP Supervisory/Participating Implementation Estimated Budget Implementation Stakeholder Stakeholder US Dollars Naira Activity 1 Capacity Building  Edo State NEWMAP Independent 52,857.00 18,500,000.00 Costs Staff; Consultant  The Principal Contractor;  Site Personnel of the Principal Contractor;  Host Community Representatives 2 Impact Mitigation Edo SPMU NEWMAP; Independent 93,714.00 32,800,000.00 and Compliance SME; FMEnv; NESREA; Environmental Monitoring FRSC; Edo State Waste Consultant Management Authority; appointed by Nigerian Police; World Edo SPMU - Bank NEWMAP Total 146,573.00 53,500,000.00 6.8.2 Schedule of Work for ESMP Implementation The tasks to be performed in the ESMP is integrated in the overall construction work schedule as shown in Table 6.7. 6-80 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Table 6.7: ESMP Implementation Schedule of Work S/No Activity Responsible Stakeholder for Monitoring Pre- Construction Operation Construction ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 (Months) Contract Award and Formal Disclosure of NEWMAP ESMP Inclusion of Environmental and Social NEWMAP Management Requirements in the Bid Documents Inclusion of ESMP in Contract Documents NEWMAP Review and Approval of Contractor’s ESMP FMEnv and SME Implementation of the RAP NEWMAP ESMP Capacity Building and Training Contractor; NEWMAP; SME; FMEnv Program Implementation ESMP: Mitigation Measures Contractor; Independent Environmental Compliance Monitoring Consultant Environmental Auditing: Environmental and Contractor; Independent Environmental Social Impact Monitoring Aspect of ESMP Consultant Implementation 6-81 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report S/No Activity Responsible Stakeholder for Monitoring Pre- Construction Operation Construction Supervision of ESMP Implementation NEWMAP ESMP Implementation Report Compilation Contractor; Independent Environmental Consultant; NEWMAP; SME; FMEnv CONSTRUCTION Competitive Bidding for Contract Contractor Contract Award and Signing NEWMAP Preparation and Submission of Construction Contractor Schedule Contractor Mobilizes to Site* Contractor Finalizing Size Layout Plan Construction Contractor Site Clearing Contractor Installation of Equipment and Contractor Drainage/Erosion Control Infrastructures Excavation, Borrowing, Filling, Backfilling Contractor and Compaction Civil Engineering Works Contractor 6-82 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report S/No Activity Responsible Stakeholder for Monitoring Pre- Construction Operation Construction Transportation of Construction Materials Contractor Operation of Gully Site Drainage and Contractor Erosion Control Infrastructure Installations Gully Erosion Site Stabilization with Contractor Vegetation Seeding Maintenance of Erosion Control Structures Contractor *Construction works cannot begin until the RAP is implemented 6-83 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report 6.9 Contractual Award Measures The implementation of the recommended impact mitigation measures is a mandatory obligation of the Principal Contractor. For this reason, it is pertinent that the mitigation measures as described in this ESMP should be incorporated in the tender document with appropriate flexibility given to the Contractor to modify these mitigation measure to suite site characteristics. Consequently, the Contractor shall be legally committed to comply with all the requirements of the mitigation measures as indicated in this ESMP. To enhance the compliance of the Contractor, the mitigation measures should be translated into a suite of environmental and social specifications that are included in the contract award document. This will ensure that the obligations and commitment to implement the recommended mitigation measures is clearly communicated to the Contractor. It should be explicitly stated in the tender documents that non-inclusion of the mitigation measures in the Contractor’s proposal will lead to a disqualification of the proponent. Furthermore, the Contractor should demonstrate his understanding of the need for the implementation of an ESMP in the proposed NEWMAP gully erosion rehabilitation intervention. Hence, the contract to be drawn with the successful bidder should contain the environmental management measures as the regulatory requirements to be complied with. 84 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report CHAPTER SEVEN SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION This Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) has provided an effective approach for the implementation of the proposed intervention projects for the Ibore gully erosion site in Esan Central Local Government Area in Edo State. The ESMP also provided the action plans for the environmental and safeguards consideration. In addition to the various biophysical and anticipated project impact evaluations, Generally, for problems such as erosion and flooding, proactive measures are substantially preferable to reactive measures, therefore basic preventive measures and watershed management activities are required. As indicated earlier, soil in Ibore area are easily eroded, therefore preventive management is required. Basically, the following are necessary:  Storm water flows need to be managed so that they do not cause unwanted erosion problems, like the gully that has formed. Bad landuse practices in the catchment can lead to the erosion of soil from fields, which will then cause sedimentation of the channels downstream. This sedimentation leads to flooding in the areas downstream due to the reduced capacity of the downstream channels. Thus, settlement basins, which reduces sediment load in runoff need to be provided around the area, thus reducing the chances of gullies developing  Erosion can be reduced by routing storm water around fields, contour ploughing, planting crops and minimizing the clearing of natural forest and bush that hold the soils and reduce peak flows effectively.  Proper watershed management will include managing the peak flows in the catchment through maintaining natural watercourses and wetland areas that currently attenuate flows naturally. Thus the planning of future development needs to include the protection of these natural features.  Where required, peak flows can be further reduced through the construction of detention ponds. These ponds are constructed to compensate for the unnatural increase in hardened areas, such as roofs and roads. Corridors and areas should 1 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report be reserved for future and existing watercourses and detention facilities to prevent future flooding problems on properties that are currently undeveloped, but may be developed in the future.  It is very useful and practical to use vegetation to improve the soil’s resilience to erosion. The grass species to be planted are Vetiveria zizanioides and Pueraria sp. as approved by NEWMAP. The tree species is Acacia sp. This species, which has a wide distribution, can be a tree or a shrub. It is also used as a pioneer species in land rehabilitation, as it is very resilient and able to tolerate extreme temperatures and rainfall. In addition to the foregoing, the following environmental and safety considerations are recommended in the course of Implementation of the Proposed Intervention Project in Ibore Community: 1. To arrest further damage to life and properties within the area of influence of the proposed intervention project in Ibore Community, there would be need to relocate the inhabitants of the houses bordering the gully head. The alternative to their relocation to safe distance is to carry out “Resettlement Action Plan – RAP” for the people and their livelihood. Following well-coordinated RAP program, the project-affected people would need to be adequately compensated. This is envisaged to create conducive project implementation environment, ensure the safety of the project workmen and at the same time engendering the cooperation of the project affected people and indeed that of the entire Ibore community residents. 2. Within the mid-reach and lower end of the gully on both sides are crops/plants of economic, medicinal and cultural values. Proper enumeration and appropriate costing of these plants are desirable to ensure the payment of commensurate compensation prior to the commencement of the intervention project. These crops form part of the livelihood of the project affected people and therefore, the loss of the peoples’ livelihood to the project implementation would need to be carefully compensated for to enhance conducive project implementation 2 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report environment, guarantee the safety of the project workmen and gain the support of the project affected people and indeed that of the entire Ibore community residents. 3. Engagement of Locals (skilled and unskilled), especially the youths cutting across the gender divides, as workmen for the intervention project is a panacea for peaceful, hitch free and successful intervention project implementation in the community. This is envisaged to encourage residents’ support for the project and a means of economic empowerment/improvement to the community especially during the construction phase of the intervention project. 4. As much as it is possible and provided the desired goods and or services meet up the required standards meant for the intervention project’s implementation, sourcing and procurement of some of the materials and services required at the intervention project’s site during the intervention project’s construction should be sourced and procured locally to further improve and or bring about economic empowerment of the locals. This will further ensure greater support for the project by the residents. Thus the safety of life and properties of the p roject’s facilities would further be enhanced. 5. During the construction phase of the intervention project, significant increase is envisaged in traffic density into and out of Ibore community especially along the route leading into and out of the gully site. Adequate traffic planning and management arrangement should be put in place to reduce the possibility of road traffic accidents. The use of appropriate traffic warning signs, caution signs and related speed regulatory measures are required. The project drivers need to be carefully trained on defensive, safe and cautious driving to avoid accidents. 6. There is need to hire and retain at the intervention project site, particularly during the project construction phase, a competent and certified Health, Safety and Environmental (HSE) manager, who will ensure the safety of workmen, project’s sub-contractors and visitors to the project’s site at all time. He is expected to maintain the log of project’s workers on daily basis, keep records of injury, near - 3 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report misses, man-hour utilized for the project, maintain First Aid Box at the project site that are well stocked of necessary medicals and also be in constant touch with the Retainer Clinic secured for emergency cases that may arise from time to time especially during the project construction phase. 7. Daily safety pet-talk (also called tool box discussion) should also be regularly held prior to the commencement of daily project activities with all the project workers on the need to ensure their safety, those of the project affected people and the project’s contractors/sub-contractors and visitors alike. It is the duty of the site HSE Manager to arrange and present the daily safety briefing prior to the commencement of daily project activities. 8. The project construction site should be very carefully condoned off with conspicuous caution tape to warn non-project workers. This is necessary to reduce work site accidents, falls and related hazards. 9. The project campsite needs to be adequately secured with gate properly manned to ensure that non-authorized individuals are not allowed into the campsite. 10. Project construction works should be restricted to daylight so as not to disturb the residents through significant increase in the ambient noise and vibration levels that may emanate from the project construction activities. This is more so that the project site is located within built up area of the community. 11. A Manual detailing what should be done and what should not be done within the project camp site and at the project construction site should be prepared and made readily available to all the project workers, the sub-contractors and the visitors to the project site. 12. A clearly identified Mustering Station or Point should be created especially during the construction phase of the project. The appropriate use of the mustering point should be made known to all the project workers. 4 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report While Edo State and the SPMU have existing capability for environmental management, it is obvious that there is a need for capacity building, especially in terms of project monitoring and evaluation, as well as preventive/proactive environmental management. Thus, in addition to the recommended training in the ESMP section of this report, there is a need to make provision for additional capacity building for personnel of State Ministry of Environment and the SPMU environmental management unit. This will enhance their capability to manage the current project, as well as others that may emanate. In addition, the ability to undertake preventive environmental management can be enhanced through these. If the ESMP and the general conclusion above are carefully implemented, it is envisaged that the pre-construction, construction, and commissioning phases of the planned intervention project will be devoid of accidents, while the possible project impacts will be greatly reduced. The successful implementation of the intervention project could then be envisaged. 5 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report REFERENCES Afegbua, U.K., Uwazuruonye, J. and Jafaru B. 2016. Investigating the Causes and Impacts of Gully Erosion in Auchi, Nigeria. Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International 4(4): 1-13. Bettis III, E. A., 1983. Gully Erosion of Western Iowa. The Lowa Department of Natural Resources, Iowa Geological and Water Survey, 1983. Brice, J.C., 1966. Erosion and Deposition in thin the Loess-Mantled great plain, Medicine Creek Drainage Basin, Nebraska. Washington Dept. of the Interior Geological Survey Professional Papers, 352-H. El-Swaify, S. A., Dangler, E. W. and Armstrong, C. L., 1982. Soil Erosion by Water in the Tropics, University of Hawaii/HITAHR-CTAHR Research and Extension Series 24, 173. El-Swaify, S. A., 1990. Research needs and applications to reduce erosion and sedimentation in the tropics, IAH-AISH Publication, No. 192, 3-13. Gavett, S. H. and koren, H. S (2001). The role of particulate matter in exacerbation of atopic asthma. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 124(1-3):109-12. Graf, W. L., 1983. The Arroyo problem-palaehydrology and palaeohydraulics in the short term. In: K. J. Gregory (ed). Background to palaeohydrology: A perspective (Chihester, Wiley), 279-302. Hilborn, D., 1985. Gully Erosion Control, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, 1985. Igbokwe, J. I., Akinyede, J. O., Dang, B., Alaga, T., Ono, M. N., Nnodu, V. C. and Anike, L. O., 2008. Mapping and Monitoring of the Impact of Gully Erosion in Southeastern Nigeria with Satellite Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System, The International Archives of the R1 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. Vol. XXXVII. Part B8. Beijing 2008. Pope C. A. 2000). Particulate Matter-Mortality Exposure-Response Relations and Threshold. Amer J Epidemiol. 152 (5): 407-412 Monkhouse, F. J. and Small, J., 1978. A Dictionary of the Natural Environment, London: Arnold Short, K.C. and Stauble, A.J. (1967) Outline of the Geology of Onitsha, Owerri and Benue Provinces. Geological Survey of Nigeria, Bulletin No. 21. United States Department of Agriculture. (2007). National Engineering Handbook Part 654, Stream Restoration Design. Washington D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Whiteman, A.J. (1982) Nigeria: Its Petroleum Geology, Resources and Potential, 1 & 2. Graham and Trtman Ltd., London, 26-110. Wikipedia (2017), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esan_Central, March 2017 R2 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report ANNEXES A1 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report ANNEX 1 LIST OF ATTENDANCE AT THE STAKEHOLDERS ENGAGEMENT HELD AT IBORE COMMUNITY A2 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report A3 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report ANNEX 2 PICTORIAL EVIDENCE OF EXISTING FEATURES AND THE FIELDWORK ACTIVITIES AND SOCIOECONOMIC QUESTIONNAIRE USED AT IBORE GULLY EROSION SITE A4 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report A5 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report A6 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report QUESTIONNAIRE ON THE SOCIO –ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF IBORE GULLY SITE Introduction: This questionnaire seeks to investigate the socio-economic characteristics and impact of gully erosion sites on residents of Ibore community. (A) PERSONAL INFORMATION 1. Name of Town/Village……………………………………………………….... 2. Name of LGA……………………………………………………………………. 3. Age of respondents: below21;________21 - 40;____41 – 60; more than 60_____ 4. Ethnic origin……………………………………………………………………….. 5. Religion affiliation (a)Christians (b)Moslems (c)Traditionalist (d)Others 6. Sex: Male…………… Female…………………………………………… 7. Educational Status (a)No formal education (b) Primary (c)Secondary (d)Tertiary 8. Total No. of people in household: Male…………. Female……………Total………….. 9. Proximity of house to gully erosion site (in meters) ……………………………………….. 10. Name the major cultural festivals observed in this community……………………………… 11. Name the cultural sites of importance to this community…………………………………… 12. Primary occupation…………………………………………………………………………. 13. Secondary occupation…………………………………………………………………… 14. What is your estimated monthly income (N): (a) Less than N 20,000; (b) N 21,000- 50,000 (c) N 51,000 to 100,000 (d) More than N 100,000 15. Which of the following types of houses is common in this community (Enumerator to note)? (a) Earth block/Thatch (b) Earth block/Zinc (c) Cement block/Zinc (d)Cement block/Asbestos (e) Timber Wall/Thatch (f) Timber Wall/Zinc 16. Sources of water supply? (a)Rain, (b) River (c) Well (d) Pipe borne (e) borehole (f) others 17. How is solid waste disposed? (a) Burning (b) Burying (c) Dumping (d) Throwing in running/stagnant water (e) Others…………………………. 18. How is human waste disposed off? (a) Pit latrine (b) Defecation into water channels (c) Defecation into surrounding bushes (d) Pail systems (e) Toilet (f) VIP-ventilate latrine (g) Any other (specify)…………………………… 19. What is the most common disease in this community……………………… 20. Where do people suffering from various disease normally go for cure? (a) Churches (b)Alfa (c) Native doctors (d) Dispensary/Health centre/Hospital (e) Self medication (f) Others A7 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Ibore, Edo State Final Report 21. Type of House (a) Bungalow (b) Blocks of Flat (c) Duplex (d) Huts (e)Others……... 22. No of Rooms in the House………………………………………… 23. Type of roofing materials used in the house (a) Thatch (b) Iron Sheet (c) Asbestos (d) Long Span Aluminum (e) Tile (f) Others (specify) …………………………. 24. Type of Building Materials Used in the house (a) Thatch/Bamboo (b) Mud (c) Cement (d) Burnt Brick (e) Wood (f) Others Specify………………………… 25. Type of Toilet (a) None (b) Pit (c) Bucket (d) Hand flush (e) Others…………………. 26. Are you aware of this project? Yes ( ) No ( ) 27. If yes, what are the sources of information--------------------------------------------- 28. If no, interviewer should tell the respondent about the project 29. How do you think this project will benefit this community? Item Very Minimal Minimal Great Don’t Know Increase in in-migration Increased income Job opportunities New/ Improved Facilities (road, schools etc) Improvement in living standards Changes in style of dressing Improved social life Thanks for your assistance. A8