E2924 V6 FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA THE NIGERIA EROSION AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROJECT (NEWMAP) FINAL REPORT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) FOR EDIM OTOP GULLY EROSION SITE IN CALABAR MUNICIPALITY, CROSS RIVER STATE State Project Management Unit (SPMU) Cross River State, Calabar TABLE OF CONTENTS Cover Page i Table of Contents ii List of Tables vii List of Figures viii List of Plates ix Executive Summary xi CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Description of the Proposed Intervention 3 1.3 Rationale for the Study 5 1.4 Scope of Work 5 CHAPTER TWO - INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK 7 2.1 Background 7 2.2 World Bank Safeguard Policies 8 2.2.1 Environmental Assessment (EA) OP 4.01 9 2.2.2 Natural Habitats (OP 4.04) 9 2.2.3 Pest Management (OP 4.09) 10 2.2.4 Forest (OP 4.36) 10 2.2.5 Physical Cultural Resources (OP 4.11) 11 2.2.6 Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) 11 2.2.7 Safety of Dams OP 4.37 12 2.2.8 Projects on International Waterways OP 7.50 12 2.3 National Policy, Legal, Regulatory and Administrative Frameworks 13 2.3.1 The Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV) 13 2.3.2 The National Policy on the Environment (NPE) of 1989 14 2.3.3 Environmental Impact Assessment Act No. 86, 1992 (FMEnv) 14 2.3.4 The National Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria 14 2.3.5 The National Effluents Limitations Regulation 15 ii 2.3.6 The NEP (Pollution Abatement in Industries and Facilities Generating Waste) Regulations 15 2.3.7 The Management of Solid and Hazardous Wastes Regulations 15 2.3.8 National Guidelines on Environmental Management Systems (1999) 15 2.3.9 National Guidelines for Environmental Audit 15 2.3.10 National Policy on Flood and Erosion Control 2006 (FMEnv) 16 2.3.11 National Air Quality Standard Decree No. 59 of 1991 16 2.3.12 The National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency Act 2007 (NESREA Act) 16 2.3.13 The National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency Act 2005 (NOSDRA ACT) 16 2.4 Other Relevant Acts and Legislations at Federal and State Levels 16 2.4.1 Land Use Act of 1978 16 2.4.2 Forestry Act of the Nation 17 2.4.3 Criminal Code 18 2.4.4 Inland Waterways Authority (NIWA) 18 2.5 State Legislations 18 2.5.1 Rivers State Ministry of Environment 19 CHAPTER THREE - ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE CONDITION 21 3.1 Description of the Proposed Intervention Project Area 21 3.2 General Environment of the Project Location 26 3.2.1 Climate and Meteorology 26 3.3 Air Quality and Noise 29 3.3.1 Ambient Air Quality 29 3.3.2 Ambient Noise Levels 31 3.3.3 Geology and Hydrogeology of the Project Area 32 3.3.4 Soil Quality of the Proposed Project Area 34 3.3.5 Metal Content of the Soils 36 3.3.6 Surface Water 38 3.3.7 Ground Water 42 iii 3.4 Ecosystem 43 3.4.1 Vegetation 44 3.4.1.1 Plant Characterization / Identification 45 3.4.1.2 Plant Physiognomy 45 3.4.1.3 Inventory of economic crops 46 3.4.2 Fauna and wildlife resources 47 CHAPTER FOUR - SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS AND CONSULTATION 50 4.1 Background 50 4.2 Methodology 50 4.3 Settlement and Population Characteristics of the Proposed Project Area 54 4.3.1 Population Estimation and Projection 55 4.4 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Sampled Individuals and Households 57 4.4.1 Age and Gender Profile of Respondents 58 4.4.2 Current Marital Status of Respondents 59 4.4.3 Educational Status of Respondents 60 4.4.4 Occupation of Respondents 62 4.4.5 Residential Status and Duration of Residence of Respondents 63 4.4.6 Size of Sampled Households 65 4.5 Assessment of Health Status of Respondents 66 4.5.1 Health Management Records of Respondents 66 4.5.2 Ailments/Diseases Affecting Respondents in the Proposed Project Area 67 4.6 Standard of Living of Sampled Individuals and Households 68 4.6.1 Household Monthly Income 69 4.6.2 Housing Characteristics of Proposed Project Affected Communities 69 4.6.3 Solid Waste Management 71 4.6.4 Accessible Sources of Water 71 4.6.5 Assessment of Standard of Living 72 4.7 Assessment of Social and Environmental Issues 74 4.7.1 Impacts of Existing Gully 76 4.7.2 Potential Impacts of the Proposed Intervention Project 79 iv 4.8 Most Pressing Socio-Economic Concerns 81 CHAPTER FIVE - POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 82 5.1 Assessment of Potential Impacts of the Proposed Intervention 82 5.1.1 Potential Positive Impacts 82 5.1.2 Potential Negative Impacts 84 5.2 Social Impacts 87 5.2.1 Cultural Impacts 88 5.2.2 Impact on Agriculture, Settlements and Community Facilities 88 5.2.3 Solid Waste Management 89 5.2.4 Health Issues 89 5.2.5 Safety Issues 89 5.3 Analysis of Alternatives 90 5.3.1 No-Action Alternative 90 5.3.2 The Use of Civil Works 91 CHAPTER SIX - ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 94 6.1 Mitigation Measures 94 6.1.1 Mitigation Measures at the Pre-Construction Phase 94 6.1.2 Mitigation Measures at the Construction Phase 95 6.1.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 103 6.2 Institutional Responsibilities and Accountabilities 111 6.2.1 Pre-construction Phase 111 6.2.2 Construction Phase 112 6.2.3 Operational and Maintenance Phase 114 6.3 Environment and Social Monitoring Plan Measures 116 6.3.1 Flora and Fauna Management Plan 116 6.3.2 Waste Management Plan 118 6.3.3 Erosion and Sedimentation Management Plan 119 6.3.4 Employment, Training, and Awareness Management Plan 122 6.3.5 Water Management Plan 122 v 6.3.6 Air Quality Management Plan 123 6.3.7 Vegetation Clearing and Biomass Management Plan 123 6.3.8 Emergency Response and Incident Management Plan 124 6.3.9 Cultural Heritage Management Plan 125 6.3.10 Traffic and Vehicle Management Plan 126 6.3.11 Social Investment Plan 126 6.3.12 Health, Safety, and Security Management Plan 127 6.3.13 Community Health & Safety Plan 129 6.3.14 Stakeholders‟ Engagement Plan 130 6.3.15 Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) 131 6.3.16 Training Programmes 132 6.4 Monitoring and Evaluation 133 6.5 Implementation Schedule 135 6.6 ESMP Costing and Cost Analysis 136 CHAPTER SEVEN - SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION 138 7.1 Summary of Findings 138 7.2 Recommendations 140 7.3 Conclusions 141 References 142 Appendix I 146 Appendix I 152 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1: Some Precipitation and Temperature Characteristics of the Project Area 27 Table 3.2: Ambient Air Quality Results 31 Table 3.3: Physico-Chemical Properties of Top Soil (0 -15 cm) 34 Table 3.4: Physico-Chemical Properties of Sub Soils (15 -30 cm) 35 Table 3.5: Basic and Heavy Metal Concentrations of the Top Soil (0–15 cm) 37 Table 3.6: Basic and Heavy Metal Concentrations of the Sub Soil (15–30 cm) 37 Table 3.7: Physico-Chemical Parameters of Surface Water Samples from the Study Area in Calabar 40 Table 3.8: Concentrations of Cations and Anions in Surface Water Samples 40 Table 3.9: Heavy Metal Concentrations in Surface Water Samples 41 Table 3.10: Comparison of the Borehole Ground Water Quality with the World Health Organization (WHO) Standards for Potable Water 43 Table 3.11: List of crops and fruits planted in the project area 46 Table 3.12: List of Economic crops and trees 46 Table 3.13: List of bird species identified in the project area 48 Table 3.14: Butterfly taxonomy in the project area 48 Table 4.1: Details of the Sampling Methodology and the Questionnaires Administered 51 Table 4.2: Sickness/Ailment Affecting Sampled Households and Individuals 68 Table 4.3: Housing Characteristics of Proposed Project Affected Communities 70 Table 4.4: Accessible Sources of Water 72 Table 4.5: Impacts of Proposed Intervention Project 80 Table 5.1: Assessment of the „No Action‟ Alternative and Use of Civil Works 92 Table 6.1: Mitigation Measures for Pre-Construction Phase 98 Table 6.2: Mitigation Measures for the Environmental Impacts in the Construction Phase 99 Table 6.3: Mitigation Measures for the Biological Impacts in the Construction Phase 104 Table 6.4: Mitigation Measures for the Socioeconomic Impacts in the Construction Phase 105 Table 6.5: Mitigation Measures for the Public Health Impacts in the Construction Phase 107 Table 6.6: Mitigation Measures for Operation Phase 109 Table 6.7: Environment and Social Monitoring Plan Measures 131 Table 6.8: Institutional Capacity Strengthening Programme 132 vii Table 6.9: Monitoring and Evaluation Plan 135 Table 6.10: ESMP Implementation Schedule 136 Table 6.11: Cost Analysis of the Proposed Edim Otop Intervention Project 137 viii LIST OF FIGURES Fig.3.1: Cross River State Showing Calabar Municipality 22 Fig.3.2: Erosion and watershed Map of Calabar 23 Fig.3.3: Edim Otop Gully Topography 24 Fig.3.4: Private and Commercial Buildings and Public Infrastructure within the Edim Otop Gully and Watershed 25 Fig.3.5: Monthly Frequency of Occurrence of Sea Breeze Days 28 Fig.3.6: Air Quality Sample Points in the Study Area 30 Fig.3.7: Noise Level Sample Points in the Project Area 31 Fig.3.8: The Calabar Flank and Associated Formations 32 Fig.3.9: Soil Sample Points of the Proposed Project Area 39 Fig.3.10: Vegetation of the Project Area 45 Fig.4.1: Population Estimation and Projection of Cross River State 56 Fig.4.2: Population Estimation and Projection of Calabar Municipality LGA 57 Fig.4.3: Age of Respondents 58 Fig.4.4: Sex of Respondents 59 Fig.4.5: Marital Status of Respondents 60 Fig.4.6: Educational Status of Respondents 61 Fig.4.7: Occupation of Respondents 63 Fig.4.8: Residential Status of Respondents 64 Fig.4.9: Duration of Residence in the Area 65 Fig.4.10: Size of Sampled Households 66 Fig.4.11: Health Management Approach of Respondents 67 Fig.4.12: Household Monthly Income 69 Fig.4.13: Refuse (Solid Waste) Disposal Method 72 Fig.4.14: Change in standard of Living over the Year 73 Fig.4.15: Impacts of the Edim Otop Gully Erosion 80 ix LIST OF PLATES Plate 4.1: Chairman Edim Otop Site Monitoring Committee make a point during Town Hall Meeting while the Woman Leader flank him from right 51 Plate 4.2: FGD with Edim Otop Site Monitoring Committee at Community Town Hall 52 Plate 4.3: FGD with Women Representatives at Edim Otop Communities 52 Plate 4.4: FGD with Youth Representatives at Edim Otop Communities 53 Plate 4.5: In-depth Interview with Youth Leader at Edim Otop Community 53 Plate 4.6: Demarcation created by the Gully Erosion between Edim Otop and Satellite town 74 Plate 4.7: Upper Watershed of the Edim Otop Gully renovated by Arab Contractor 75 Plate 4.8: Sand Mining Activity along the Edim Otop Gully worsening the Scenario 75 Plate 4.9: Borrow Pit, a Community under threat dwelt at a Gorge beside Edim Otop Gully 76 Plate 4.10: Abandoned Houses, Severely under Threats by Gradual Expansion of the Gully 77 Plate 4.11: Building under threats influenced by Landslide and gradual Expansion Edim Otop Gully 77 Plate 4.12: Solid Waste dumped along the Edim Otop Gully 78 Plate 4.13: Expansion of the Edim Otop Gully at a Glance 78 Plate 4.14: Gradual Expansion and Deepen of the Edim Otop Gully 79 x EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Description of Project Activities This report provides the results for the Edim Otop Gully Erosion Site Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP). The report is part of the prerequisite requirements for the proposed intervention by Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP). Specifically, the report contains the account of the activities and findings of the biophysical environment and socioeconomic and the developments of ESMP to mitigate the adverse effects of the proposed Cross River State NEWMAP Intervention at the Edim Otop Gully Erosion site. The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is a site-specific social and environment assessment tool and it consists of a set of mitigation, monitoring, and institutional actions to be taken during the phases of the project implementation. The major developmental objective of the ESMP is to facilitate effective decision-making and to ensure that implementation processes during the execution of the proposed project activities are sustainable. The Edim Otop gully is located in Calabar Municipal Local Government Area (LGA) of Cross River State. In spite of initial measures to mitigate its menace, the gully has continued to develop, becoming a threat to the residents and the environment of the area. The scope of the consultancy services covers the preparation of an ESMP for the project area, detailing the impacts and the respective mitigation measures and to prepare a detailed ESMP cost analysis amongst others. Existing Safeguard Instruments and Rationale for the ESMP ESMF, PAD, PIM and RPF are the existing safeguard instruments that address the eight triggered safeguards policies of World Bank Environmental Assessment (EA) (OP 4.01), Natural Habitats (OP 4.04), Pest Management (OP 4.09), Forest (OP 4.36), Physical Cultural Resources (OP 4.11), Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12), Safety of Dams (OP 4.37) and Projects on International Waterways (OP 7.50). The ESMP is designed to guard the process of the proposed intervention projects with a view to enhancing project benefits and introduce standards of good environmental practice for sustainable development in the State. Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework The requirement for an Environmental Assessment and Social Management Plan is in compliance with the Federal Republic of Nigeria‟s (FRN) laws and World Bank policies that are xi geared towards achieving sustainable development goals through proper and adequate care for the environment, health and social well-being of her citizens. This report was prepared in accordance with NEWMAP provision of ESMF, PAD, PIM and RPF. Biophysical Environment The Assessment of the biophysical environment of the study area covers general climate and meteorology, air quality and noise level, topography, hydrology, water and soil quality, geology, ecosystem, vegetation, plant physiognomy, inventory of economic crops, and fauna and wildlife resources. Most parameters measured were in conformity with local and international standards mitigation measures were also provided where the environment will be affected. Specifically, SPM values recorded for 8-hour daily measurements were low with an average of 0.166µg/m3 – 0.186µg/m3; findings for Ambient Air Quality shows that SO2 ranged from 0.10 to 0.20 ppm with an average concentration of 0.120 ppm, 0.0 to 0.01 ppm for NH3 with mean of 0.006 ppm, and 0.10 to 0.24 ppm for volatile organic carbon VOC, while 0.0 ppm CO were obtained; ambient Noise Levels ranged from 55.2 to 72.5 dB (EO) with a mean value of 63.92 dB (EO). The most outstanding metal detected in the sample soils was Zn, with a mean concentration figure of 24.19mg/kg for the top soil and 25.11mg/kg for the subsoil Socio-Economic Characteristics  The PAP are less than 0.2million and they include the people living or working in following communities (Edim Otop, Etimbo, Esom Avanas, Boro Pit, Effiong Asi (AQua Ibom) and BOP off Satellite town);  The most vulnerable groups are women and children;  Most respondents fall between 18 years and 45years (38.0%). The implication of this is that there are youth and people in the working class group who are willing to participate in the proposed project;  A high proportion of working class respondents who have lived in the area for over five years and have a sound knowledge of the gully history;  Over 40% of the respondents had post-secondary education thus level of literacy is high with an average respondent having high school certificate; xii  14% of the respondents are unemployed;  Over 40% of households have more than eight persons. This described an environment with medium to large family.  Income level ranges between N10,000 and N50,000;  Malaria and Typhoid fever were the major health issues;  The proposed project affected communities depend primarily on borehole as a source of domestic water supply for drinking; Potential Environmental and Socio-Economic Impact and Analysis of Alternatives The potential environmental and social impacts of the project implemented are highly positive. There was a unanimous agreement among the respondents that the proposed project will enhance safety of lives and properties, provide employment opportunities, securing public infrastructures, minimize flooding, rehabilitate bad lands, vegetation and forests, lead to improved accessibility and encourage high productivity. However, few environmental concerns bordering around safety issues and loss of biodiversity were raised. Appraisal of the ‘No Action’ Alternative and Use of Civil Works Criteria No Action The Civil Work Overall Protection of This will not benefit the concerned The rehabilitation of the degraded Environment and stakeholders and community residents environment coupled with Human Health (General owing to the observed level of remediation of the biological life protection mechanisms) destruction the gully erosion has had on forms will lead to improvement of the area. Private properties and public life. Properties will be secured, infrastructures have been severely lives being saved, resources being affected leading to loss of lives and recovered, transportation facilities other landed properties, land enhanced and general restoration degradation, loss of agricultural fields, of livelihood. It will benefit the etc. Adopting this alternative will not community residents. benefit Project Affected People or improve the environment in anyway Compliance with This does not require ARARs The Cross River State NEWMAP- ARARs PMU will ensure that standards and permit requirements are met. xiii Criteria No Action The Civil Work Short-term The No-Action alternative does not add The timeline for the civil and other Effectiveness any specific input to the stated criteria. construction works is long term. Nevertheless, the benefits derivable are still better than a No- Action alternative. Long-term Effectiveness This alternative does not meet the long- Civil works will provide long-term and Permanence term effectiveness and permanence effectiveness for the roads and the criteria. watershed development. Environmental and Social Mitigation Measures Several impacts were identified at different stages of the project‟s lifecycle. Impacts at the pre- Construction Phase include: high expectation of improvement in livelihood, induced development and general perception of the people, especially as it relates to their past experience on government move towards the rehabilitation of the gully. Potential impacts during Construction Phase include; land slide, rock cave in, mudflow, soil compaction, topography alteration including borrow pit at the source of filling materials, Impacts on Flora and Fauna, Water and Water Resources, Biodiversity and Loss of Habitat, Soil/land Excavation, Noise, Disruption of Communication Routes, Disruption of Public Utilities, Disruption of Public Access and Workers‟ safety. Potential impacts during implementation phase include: Maintenance operations, Air quality issues, Water quality issues, Traffic and transportation. Measures were stated to mitigate the identified impacts. Other identifiable components of the environment, social sphere and health implications were considered with respect to the projects implementation. Mitigation measures provided includes amongst others; keeping heavy duty machinery and filling material at about 30 meters away from gully channels, avoid machines that can cause vibration, stabilization of overburden before construction works, lowering of the over hand before using escavator with a long boom or extended boom of at least 25 meters and uses of manual efforts to reduce overburden. Proper waste disposal systems, planting of fire-resistant trees, speed limit indications and speed breaker, controlled chemical application, integrated vegetation management, engagement of the community on health, safety and environment amongst others were amongst other mitigation measures. A cost estimate of One Hundred and Ninety Six Thousand and Three Hundred US dollars ($196,300 us dollars) was estimated for the implementation of this ESMP. xiv CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Soil degradation has a significant impact on the performance of the socio-economic and environmental components of an ecosystem. This is connected to essential trade-offs for sustainability, food security, biodiversity and the susceptibility of people and ecosystem to an overall change impact of soil degradation especially through gully erosion. Generally Nigeria, and Calabar in particular, has experienced observable soil degradation problem over the last two decades. The issue of soil erosion menace across the Calabar Metropolis is vital to the general degradation circumstances. The obvious disappearance of vegetation cover due mainly to anthropogenic activities, the sandy nature of the soil, high rainfall regimes as a result of the geographical location of Calabar are certainly associated with the vulnerability of soil to erosion. In order to address the issue, the Cross River State Government has received an advance on the proceeds of a credit through the World Bank Assisted Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP). This intervention project is under the responsibility of the Federal Ministry of Environment at the Federal level and the Cross River State Ministry of Environment at the state level. The chief objective of the project is to tackle the age long but worsening problem of erosion and degraded watershed in most affected states of Nigeria which include Cross Rivers. Consequent upon this, the NEWMAP is designed to support participating states and local government to reduce vulnerability to erosion and developed watershed in order to restore degraded lands and reduce longer-term erosion vulnerability in the affected areas. This project interventions and activities prompted the environmental assessment policy (OP.4.01) and many other safeguards policies of the World Bank. The impact of the proposed project has been classified as a Category A, although most of the activities are classified as Category B for the environmental assessment of the World Bank. The project also generated sections of Environmental Assessment Regulations of the Cross River State Environmental Protection Agency (RSEPA). It thus necessitates the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP). The ESMP takes into consideration the range of the project activities and 1 institutional arrangements for project implementation to safeguard the Environment. As a result of the anticipated impacts of the phases of the proposed Edim Otop gully erosion intervention project. In this regard, Cross River State has taken a gallant step towards finding a lasting solution to the age-long erosion malaise in the State necessitating Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) of the massive gully erosion known as the Edim Otop Gully Erosion Site. This assessment concerns with the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) of Edim Otop Gully Erosion Site in Calabar, Cross River State under the Cross River State Erosion and Watershed Management Project. The interventions will be at three stages of sub-watershed level: the first is creating conditions for gully and watershed rehabilitation and livelihood development, including community sensitization, social mobilization and capacity building to ensure ownership and a strong foundation for subsequent interventions. The second is the implementation of sub-watershed management plans including disaster response, and livelihoods development. Finally is continuous financial and technical support for gully and sub-watershed rehabilitation and livelihood activities as well as monitoring, while phasing out civil engineering activities. The civil engineering activities will involve the use of low, medium and heavy duty equipments including but not limited to Loader, Grader, Vibration Roller, Bulldozer, Generator, Impact Drill, Mixer, Concrete Pump, Pneumatic Hammer Specifically the program details for stabilizing the Edim Otop site will span for the period of seven months for phase I and phase II (pre-construction and construction). Cross River State NEWMAP will continue to support community sensitization, social mobilization and capacity building as part of operation and maintenance phase for eight years of NEWMAP to ensure proper community ownership for sustainability. During this period, re-orientation awareness will be intensified to consciousness of the people on the danger of unsustainable practices that promote gully expansion. Pre-construction activities include: Community sensitization on the commencement of civil works, construct facilities for storage of materials and equipments, construct site office for the Consultant and his staff, site preparation and clearance; haul all plants and equipments necessary for the works to the site: Purchase of Project Vehicle. 2 Construction activities include: carry out all demolitions identified by RAP, excavations, filling and compaction for all concrete structures, culvert construction, haulage of laterite to site, filling of the sides of the culvert and compaction, construction of the drainage channel, filling of the sides of the drainage channel and the area from the road level to the culvert to ensure slope stabilization, Planting of trees, site clean-up and removal of all equipment from the site. Operation and maintenance phase activities will include; Ensure free flow of water in the channel constructed, nurturing the grasses and plants used to stabilize gully and continuous awareness on negative attitude and behavious that can cause damage to the facilities provided. It is however, estimated that the expected (indicative) labor requirements for pre-construction, construction, operation and maintenance phases will be about 25, 115 and 15 people respectively. The construction camp will be located at the middle part of the watershed away from existing buildings. It will be about 30 to 50 meters from the gully setback. 1.2 Description of the Proposed Intervention The Government of Nigeria is implementing the multi-sectoral Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP), which is financed by the World Bank, Global Environment Facility, the Special Climate Change Fund, and the Government of Nigeria. NEWMAP finances activities implemented by States and those implemented by the Federal government. The project currently includes seven States namely, Anambra, Abia, Cross River, Edo, Enugu, Ebonyi, and Imo. The lead agency at the federal level is the Federal Ministry of Environment (FME), Department of Erosion, Flood and Coastal Zone Management. State and local governments, local communities and CSOs are involved in the project; the implication is that the project is a multi- sector operation involving MDAs concerned with water resources management, public works, agriculture, regional and town planning, earth and natural resources information, and disaster risk management. 3 The development objective of NEWMAP is: to rehabilitate degraded lands and reduce longer- term erosion vulnerability in targeted areas. At the State level, NEWMAP activities involve medium-sized civil works such as construction of infrastructure and/or stabilization or rehabilitation in and around the main gullies, as well as small works in the small watershed where gullies form and expand. These works triggered the World Bank‟ s Safeguard Policies including Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01); Natural Habitats (OP 4.04); Cultural Property OP (11.03); Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12); Safety of Dams (OP 4.37); Pest Management Safeguard Policy (OP 4.09); and Projects on International Waterways (OP 7.50). The environmental and social safeguards concerns are being addressed through national instruments already prepared under the project, which are: NEWMAP Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF), NEWMAP Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF), NEWMAP Project Appraisal Document (PAD) and NEWMAP Project Implementation Manual (PIM), Edim Otop Gully Erosion Intervention Design. These framework instruments need to be translated into specific cost, measurable, and monitorable actions for specific intervention sites through the preparation of site-specific management and action plans. In general terms, the ESMF specifies the procedures to be used for preparing, approving and implementing environmental/social assessments (ESAs, or alternately both SA and EA) and or environmental/social management plans (ESMPs, or alternately both an EMP and SMP) for individual civil works packages developed for a proposed project. ESMPs are essential elements for Category A and Category B projects. The RPF applies when land acquisition leads to the temporary or permanent physical displacement of persons, and/or loss of shelter, and /or loss of livelihoods and/or loss, denial or restriction of access to economic resources due to project activities. It sets out the resettlement and compensation principles, organizational arrangements and design criteria to be applied to meet the needs of Project Affected People (PAP), and specifies the contents of a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) for each package of investments. Thus, ESMP of the proposed intervention is site-specific and consists of a well documented set of mitigation, monitoring, and institutional actions to be taken before and during implementation 4 to eliminate adverse environmental and social impacts, offset them, or reduce them to acceptable levels. Besides, the ESMP includes the measures needed to implement these actions, addressing the adequacy of the monitoring and institutional arrangements for the upper and lower watersheds in the Edim Otop proposed project intervention site. 1.3 Rationale for the Study The Edim Otop gully is very active in an the area that is heavily populated with critical infrastructure located within the watershed. The run-off from the Margret Ekpo International Airport is very heavy causing major damage to infrastructure along its path with occasional drowning of children in the existing channels. Many houses have fallen into the gully and many more are in the verge of collapsing into it. The gully is located in a high density area thus, the social and economic losses and threat it poses gives much room for concern. Timely intervention to solve this menace will not only bring social relief but provide security of life and property. The gully location is very strategic, near the Edim Otop market, schools, Health centres and other social amenities that are threatened if nothing is done to arrest its advancing menace. It must be noted that the gully caused a major landslides in August 2013 that resulted in the loss of eight (8) lives and destruction of two buildings. This ESMP report will be used by the NEWMAP in Cross River State together with a separate report providing a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) for the proposed project on the rehabilitation of Edim Otop gully erosion site. In seeking to implement the proposed NEWMAP project, it is mandatory on the government of Nigeria to take into cognizance relevant state-owned laws, where the project will be executed and to comply with all national and international environmental requirements. This will make the Government to meet legal obligations and to ensure a sustainable project. 1.4 Scope of Work The objective of the consulting services is to prepare an environmental and social management plan (ESMP) for the proposed intervention project at Edim Otop Gully Erosion site in Calabar Municipality Local Government Area, Cross River State. 5 The specific tasks are: to; a) Describe the existing status of the sub-watershed and gullies; b) Identify the environmental and social issues/risks associated with the existing conditions; c) Select and measure appropriate baseline indicators (for example, m3/sec of runoff collected in the sub-watershed during a heavy hour-long rainfall); d) Develop a plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with construction and operation in the gully in consultation with the relevant public and government agencies; Also to identify feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels; e) Develop a time-bound plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with sub-watershed management in consultation with the relevant public and government agencies; Identify feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels; f) Identify monitoring objectives and specifies the type of monitoring, with linkages to the impacts assessed and the mitigation measures described above (in a-e); g) Provide a specific description of institutional arrangements: the agencies responsible for carrying out the mitigation and monitoring measures (e.g., for operation, supervision, enforcement, monitoring of implementation, remedial action, financing, reporting, and staff training) and the contractual arrangements for assuring the performance of each implementing agency; h) Define technical assistance programs that could strengthen environmental management capability in the agencies responsible for implementation; i) Provide an implementation schedule for measures that must be carried out as part of the project, showing phasing and coordination with overall project implementation plans; and j) Provide the expected capital and recurrent cost estimates and sources of funds for implementing the ESMP and inform accordingly the design consultants so that these costs are duly taken into consideration in the designs. 6 CHAPTER TWO INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Background The rising adverse environmental impacts of rapid industrial and infrastructural development in the contemporary time have made the environment a topical focus of discussion globally. As the exploitation of natural resources increased at unprecedented rates in human history, the value of the environment has also worsened while many of the development projects become flawed. The global threat to the environment has consequently imposes the enforcement of relevant environmental protection laws in Nigeria, with the objectives of safeguarding the Nigerian environment. The necessity of Environmental Assessment is in compliance with the World Bank policies and Federal Republic of Nigeria‟s (FRN) laws, which is geared towards accomplishing sustainable developmental goals in the course of appropriate and sufficient care for the environment (both physical and human aspects), health and social well-being of her citizens. In this regard, this report was prepared in reference to the provision of ESMF, RPF, PIM and PAD that were prepared and unveiled by the NEWMAP. The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (CFRN) of 1999 gives the general driving force of the nation‟s environmental policy through S. 20 which states that: “The State shall protect and improve the environment and safeguard the water, air and land, forest and wild life of Nigeria.” Accordingly, supplementary laws and regulations have been made and international conventions relating to environmental issues signed. Also, other policy instruments lay down environmental guidelines and regulations have been developed. Amongst of these are:  Laws and regulations, standards, policies, codes and recommended practices connecting with the Infrastructural Development by the Nigerian Government and its Agencies such as the Federal Ministry of Environment and the Cross River State Ministry of Environment,  International guidelines and conventions to which Nigeria is a signatory,  National Policy on Environment (1989) and as reviewed in 1999. 7 2.2 World Bank Safeguard Policies World Bank Safeguards Policies present a podium for the involvement of stakeholders in project design and have been vital instruments for building a sense of ownership among local populations. The World Bank‟s Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies are cornerstones of its support for sustainable poverty diminution. It has, thus, ensured that Environmental and Social issues are assessed in decision making so as to reduce and manage any proposed developmental project/programme risk. The process inherently gives mechanisms for Consultations and Disclosure of Information to the public and related stakeholders. The NEWMAP project activities have been categorized as B implying that the potential environmental impacts are chiefly site-specific, that few if any of the impacts are irreversible, and that mitigation measures can be designed relatively ready. The environmental assessment for a Category B project includes: to;  examine the project‟s potential negative and positive environmental impacts,  recommend measures to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts, and  recommend measures to improve environmental performance. The World Bank safeguard policies contains ten (10) Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies which are designed basically to enhance the adverse effects of development projects, and to improve decision making. The policies are:  OP/BP 4.01: Environmental Assessment;  OP/BP 4.04: Natural Habitats;  OP 4.09: Pest Management;  OP/BP 4.12: Involuntary Resettlement;  OD 4.20: Indigenous Peoples;  OPN 11.03: Cultural Property;  OP 4.36: Forests;  OP/BP 4.37: Safety of Dams;  OP/BP 7.50: Projects on International Waters; and  OP/BP 7.60: Projects in Disputed Areas. 8 The NEWMAP intervention project activities at Edim Otop gully site in Calabar triggered the World Bank Policy OP 4.01, which is Environmental Assessment (EA). ESMF and RPF are the instruments used to address the triggered policies by the NEWMAP proposed intervention project. As reflected in the ESMF and RPF disclosed and prepared by the NEWMAP, the proposed project triggered the World Bank‟s Safeguard Policies including Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01); Natural Habitats (OP 4.04); Cultural Property (OP 11.03); Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12); Safety of Dams (OP 4.37); Pest Management Safeguard Policy (OP 4.09); and Projects on International Waterways (OP 7.50). The Bank policies triggered by the NEWMAP activities are explained as follows: 2.2.1 Environmental Assessment (EA) OP 4.01 The assessment of the proposed NEWMAP Intervention project activities classifies the projects at the Edim Otop gully site as a Category A, while most of the project activities are classified as Category B for environmental assessment. The Bank Category A projects are those that call for full scale Environmental Assessment (EA) with and “without project situation”, and recommends measures required to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts. This is due to its extent, the sorts of problems it addresses, the possibilities of important adverse impacts if the interventions it supports are not properly planned and implemented, and the challenges offered by the need to toughen institutional capacities at all Government Levels, where the functions of environmental enforcement and NEWMAP implementation are closely allied. Basically, an Environmental Assessment is being carried out to certify that Bank-financed projects are environmentally sound and sustainable, and that decision-making enhanced through appropriate analysis of actions and of their potential environmental impacts. For World Bank project to have potential adverse environmental risks, it requires an EA that would signify the potential risks, mitigation measures and environmental management framework or plan. 2.2.2 Natural Habitats (OP 4.04) This Policy is triggered by the NEWMAP at the Edim Otop gully site because the project has the potential to cause significant conversion (loss) or degradation of natural habitats, whether directly (through construction) or indirectly (through human activities induced by the project). For any project with potential adverse impacts in the natural habitat, the Bank considers the 9 borrower's ability to implement the suitable conservation and mitigation measures. If there are potential institutional capacity issues, the project must then include components that develop the capacity of national and local institutions for effective environmental planning and management. If the environmental assessment depicts that the project and sub-project would significantly convert or degrade natural habitats, the proposed project will not be eligible for financing. 2.2.3 Pest Management (OP 4.09) The proposed NEWMAP intervention projects in Calabar Municipal as noted above will predictably lead to loss of natural habitats and forests. These two activities will at the long run essence culminate into the occurrence of pests and consequently the use of pesticides. This is what triggers the pest management policy of the Bank. The World Bank‟s position is that rural development and health sector projects have to shun using injurious pesticides. A preferable solution is to use Integrated Pest Management (IPM) techniques and encourage their use in the entire sectors‟ of concerned. Hence, if pesticides have to be used in crop safeguard or in the fight against vector-borne disease, the Bank-funded project should cover a Pest Management Plan (PMP), prepared by the borrower, either as a separate document or as a part of an Environmental Assessment. 2.2.4 Forest (OP 4.36) The proposed NEWMAP project at Edim Otop also triggered the forest operational policy of the World Bank. This is more so that the policy applied to the following kinds of the World Bank financed investment projects: a. Projects that affect the health and quality of forests; b. Projects that distress the rights and wellbeing of people and their level of dependence upon or interaction with forests; c. Projects that intend to bring about changes in the management, protection, or utilization of natural forests or plantations, whether they are publicly, privately, or communally owned. This policy is designed to ease deforestation, enhance the environmental contribution of forested areas, promote afforestation, reduce poverty, and encourage economic development. This 10 recognizes the role forests play in poverty alleviation, economic development, and for the local people as well as global environmental services. 2.2.5 Physical Cultural Resources (OP 4.11) The proposed NEWMAP intervention at Edim Otop also triggers the physical cultural resources policy. This policy concerns with the physical cultural resources, which are defined as permanent or impermanent objects, sites, structures, groups of structures, and natural features and landscapes that have archaeological, paleontological, historical, architectural, religious, aesthetic, or other cultural consequence. The proposed project will not be implemented in any culturally sensitive site. Sites of cultural significance will be avoided. In the case of a chance unearth, the policy states that this must be collected and protected. Physical cultural resources are imperative as sources of invaluable scientific and historical information, as assets for economic and social development, and as vital parts of a people‟s cultural uniqueness and practices. The World Bank uses this policy to support countries to manage their physical cultural resources and to evade or mitigate adverse impact of development projects on these resources. 2.2.6 Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) It is understood that, to effectively undertake the issues of soil erosion and land degradation specifically at the Edim Otop project site, the state NEWMAP should involuntarily resettle some people in the proposed project affected areas. This understanding is triggered by the policy on Involuntary Resettlement. The policy intends to assist displaced persons in the efforts to enhance or at least restore their incomes and standard of living after disarticulation. The chief objectives of the Bank‟s policy on involuntary land possession are to keep away from or to reduce Involuntary Resettlement where practicable, exploring all viable alternatives to project designs; support displaced people on the road to recovery their former living standards, income earning capacity, and production level, or at least in restoring them; encourage community partaking in planning and implementing resettlement; and give assistance to affected people regardless of the legality of land tenure. The policy includes not only physical relocation, but any other loss of land or assets consequential in relocation or loss of shelter; loss of assets or access to assets; loss of income sources or means of livelihood whether or not the affected people must move to 11 another location. In this policy, a Resettlement Action Plan or an abbreviated plan would usually be prepared when 200 people are affected by the project. In circumstances, where all the precise impacts cannot be assessed during project preparation, provision must be prepared for organizing a Resettlement Policy Framework. 2.2.7 Safety of Dams OP 4.37 It is recognized that the policy on the safety of dams is also triggered by the proposed intervention project at Edim Otop, Calabar Municipal by the NEWMAP. This is because some major dams such as the Shiroro and Jebba dams etc. receive their waters from the River Niger which also serves as the major river giving out directly or indirectly tributaries to the rivers in the proposed intervention project State, for instance, River Cross in the State. The safe operation of dams has important social, economic, and environmental importance. The proposed NEWMAP activities will require engaging dam expertise, more than ever, if watershed management activities may lead to foreseeable gradual overflow of dam reservoirs over the project time frame. 2.2.8 Projects on International Waterways OP 7.50 This policy as it reflected in Edim Otop gully area is triggered by the proposed intervention project. This is more so as the policy is pertinent to projects like flood control, navigation, drainage, water and sewerage, industrial, and similar projects that engross the use or the potential pollution of international waterways and water bodies that structure a boundary between two states or any other water body that is a part of these boundary water bodies. The projects on international waterways may affect relations between the World Bank and its borrowers and between States (whether members of the Bank or not). The Bank is aware that the cooperation and goodwill of riparians is essential for the efficient use and protection of the waterway. Thus, it attaches great importance to riparians' making appropriate agreements or arrangements for these purposes for the whole waterway or any part thereof. Therefore, the project‟s interests on watershed management triggers this policy. Hence, the NEWMAP‟s intervention project fundamentally affects the Niger River, a major river in the West Africa, which transverse Mali, Niger, Benin and Nigeria, discharging through the Niger Delta into the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean makes this policy crucial. 12 2.3 National Policy, Legal, Regulatory and Administrative Frameworks A number of Federal and Cross River State environmental guidelines are pertinent to the operations of the proposed intervention project at the Edim Otop gully erosion site coordinated by the State NEWMAP. A summary of these guidelines are presented as follows: 2.3.1 The Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV) The Act which established the Ministry places on it the responsibility of ensuring that all development project like the Edim Otop proposed intervention, industry activity, operations and emissions are within the prescribed limits in the National Guidelines and Standards, and that germane regulations for environmental pollution management in Nigeria as may be released by the Ministry are complied with. To accomplish this mandate a number of regulations/instruments are available FMENV. However the main instruments in ensuring that environmental and social problems are mainstreamed into development projects is the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act No. 86 of 1992. In this Act, the FMENV makes it illegal for public and private sectors to embark on major developmental projects or activities without due consideration, at early stages, of environmental and social impacts. This Act, thus, makes an EIA mandatory for any development project, and prescribes the procedures for conducting and reporting EIA studies. As part of efficient utilization of the EIA tool, the Ministry has also fashioned sectoral guidelines specifying the indispensable requirements of the EIA process for each Sector. One of these Sectoral Guidelines that applied to the proposed intervention project at the Edim Otop gully is the “Sectoral Guidelines on Infrastructure Development”. It is worthy of note that the procedure before commencement of an EIA in Nigeria specifies that the FMENV must issue a letter of intent on notification by the proponent, approve the terms of reference, ensure public participation, review and mediate these procedures. The potential technical activities expected for a proposed project include screening, full or partial EIA Study, Review of existing relevant documents as the case maybe, Decision-making, Monitoring, Auditing and Decommissioning/Remediation post-closure. The pertinent National Legal Instruments on Environment will be discussed as follows: 13 2.3.2 The National Policy on the Environment (NPE) of 1989 The Edim Otop gully erosion proposed intervention prompts the Federal, State and LGA policies on Environment. Thus, the National Policy on Environment, 1989 (revised 1999), provides for “a feasible national mechanism for cooperation, coordination and regular consultation, as well as harmonious management of the policy formulation and implementation process which necessitates the establishment of efficient institutions and linkages within and among the different tiers of government (federal, state and local government)”. The objective of the policy is to accomplish sustainable development in Nigeria pertaining to:  Securing a quality environment adequate for good health and well being;  Conserving the environment and natural resources for the benefit of present and future generations;  Raising public awareness and promoting understanding of the essential linkages between the environmental resources and developments as well as encouraging individual and community participations in environmental improvement efforts;  Maintaining and enhancing the ecosystems and ecological processes essential for the functioning of the biosphere to preserve biological diversity;  Co-operating with other countries, international organizations and agencies to achieve optimal use and effective prevention or abatement of trans-boundary environmental degradation. 2.3.3 Environmental Impact Assessment Act No. 86, 1992 (FMEnv) This Act gives guidelines for activities of development projects such as the proposed intervention project in which EIA is mandatory in Nigeria. The Act also details the minimum content of an EIA as well as a schedule of projects, which require mandatory EIAs. 2.3.4 The National Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria This was launched on March 12th 1991 and represents the basic instrument for monitoring and controlling industrial and urban pollution. As the Edim Otop proposed intervention project has a potential to initiate pollutants (Land, Water and Air) particularly at construction phase, the EIA becomes essential. 14 2.3.5 The National Effluents Limitations Regulation This instrument makes it obligatory for the proposed NEWMAP intervention activities at Edim Otop gully site to install anti-pollution equipment, make provision for further effluent treatment, prescribe maximum limit of effluent parameters allowed for discharge, and spell out penalties for contravention. It also provides, as it applicable for the Edim Otop proposed intervention by NEWMAP, that all industries in Nigeria, should be operated on the basis of Best Available Technology (BAT). 2.3.6 The NEP (Pollution Abatement in Industries and Facilities Generating Waste) Regulations Restrictions are imposed on the proposed NEWMAP activities at the Edim Otop gully site on the release of toxic substances and requirement of Stipulated Monitoring of pollution to ensure permissible limits are not exceeded; Unusual and accidental discharges; Contingency plans; Generator's liabilities; Strategies of waste reduction and safety for workers are also included. 2.3.7 The Management of Solid and Hazardous Wastes Regulations These regulate the activities of the proposed NEWMAP intervention at Edim Otop gully erosion and watershed, Calabar Municipal, Cross River on the collection, treatment and disposal of solid and hazardous waste and, thus, give the comprehensive list of chemicals and chemical waste by toxicity categories. 2.3.8 National Guidelines on Environmental Management Systems (1999) These guidelines establish the requirements for an Environmental Management System (EMS) in all organisations/facilities in Nigeria. They also state that this EMS should be audited annually or as deemed necessary. It is, therefore, essential for the proposed intervention activities by NEWMAP to consider periodic auditing of EMS. 2.3.9 National Guidelines for Environmental Audit These are planned to serve as an indication for compliance with the Environmental Audit requirements of the FMEnv. It illustrates that, it is mandatory for the NEWMAP to carry out an audit every 3 years or at the discretion of the Hon. Minister of the FMEnv. 15 2.3.10 National Policy on Flood and Erosion Control 2006 (FMEnv) This policy addresses the need to combat erosion in the country utilizing the procedures outlined in the National Action Plan for Flood and Erosion Control and Technical Guidelines, developed by the WIC Environmental Committee, which was set up to plan an operational platform for these issues. 2.3.11 National Air Quality Standard Decree No. 59 of 1991 The FMEH is the regulatory agency saddled with the responsibility of enforcing ambient air quality standards in Nigeria. The World Health Organization (WHO) air quality standards were adopted in 1991 as the national standards by the FMEH. These standards define the levels of air pollutants that should not be exceeded by the proposed intervention project at Edim Otop gully site in order to protect public health. 2.3.12 The National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency Act 2007 (NESREA Act) After the repealing of the Federal Environmental Protection Act of 1988, the NESREA Act, 2007 became the chief statutory regulation or instrument guiding environmental matters in Nigeria. It specifically outlines the provision for solid waste management and its administration and stipulates sanctions for offences or acts, which may be contrary to appropriate and adequate waste disposal procedures and practices. 2.3.13 The National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency Act 2005 (NOSDRA ACT) This statutory regulation gives adequate regulations on waste releasing from oil production and exploration activities and its potential consequences to the environment. This could indirectly be triggered by the proposed activities at the Edim Otop gully site particularly in respect of fuelling and servicing of machine to be deployed in the process. 2.4 Other Relevant Acts and Legislations at Federal and State Levels 2.4.1 Land Use Act of 1978 The land-use Act of 1978 states that: “It is in the public interest that the rights of all Nigerians to use and enjoy land in Nigeria and the Natural fruits thereof in sufficient quality to enable them to provide for the sustenance of themselves and their families should be assured, protected and 16 preserved‟. This implies that acts that could result in the pollution of the land, air, and waters of Nigeria negate this decree, and are therefore unacceptable in the proposed NEWMAP activities. In addition, the Land Use Act of 1978 (modified in 1990) remains the primary legal means to acquire land in the country. The Act vests all land comprised in the territory of each State in the Federation in the Governor of the State and requires that such land shall be held in trust and administered for the use and general benefit of all Nigerians in accordance with the provisions of the Act. According to this Act, administration of land area is divided into urban land, which will be directly under the control and administration of the Governor of each State; and non-urban land, which will be under the control and administration of the Local Government. State Governors also are given the right to grant statutory rights of possession to any person or any purpose; and the Local Government will have the right to grant customary rights of possession to any person or organization for agricultural, residential and other purposes. 2.4.2 Forestry Act of the Nation This Act of 1958 provides for the conservation of forests and the setting up of forest reserves. It is a crime, punishable with up to 6 months sentence, to cut down trees over 2ft in girth or to set fire to the forest excluding under special circumstances. Nigeria is at present a wood dearth nation. In order to revolutionize the situation, the policy on forest resources management and sustainable use is aimed at attaining self-sufficiency in all facets of forest production through the use of sound forest management techniques as well as the enlistment of human and material resources. The chief objectives of forest policy are to prevent further deforestation and to recreate forest cover, either for productive or for protective purposes, on previously deforested fragile land in all the States of the Federation. In particular, the National Agricultural Policy of 1988 in which the Forestry Policy is considered, provides for:  Consolidation and development of the forest estate in Nigeria and its management for persistent yield;  Revival of the forests at rates higher than exploitation; 17  Preservation and protection of the environment viz: forest, soil, water, flora, fauna and the safeguard of the forest resources from fires, cattle grazers and illegal encroachment;  Development of Forestry industry through the harvesting and exploitation of timber, its derivatives and the lessening of wastes;  Wildlife protection, management and development through the creation and efficient management of national parks, game reserves, tourist and recreational facilities, etc. 2.4.3 Criminal Code The Nigerian Criminal Code makes it an offence liable to be punished by imprisonment up to 6 months for any person who:  Violates the atmosphere in any place so as to make it toxic to the health of persons in general abode or carry on business in the neighbourhood, or passing along a public way: or  Does any action which is, and which he knows or has reason to believe to be likely to spread the infection of any disease hazardous to life, whether human or animal. 2.4.4 Inland Waterways Authority (NIWA) Nigeria Inland Water Authority (NIWA) Act 13 of 1997 instituted NIWA whose functions are among others are to:  Endow regulations for inland navigation;  Warrant the development of infrastructural facilities for a national inland waterways network linking the creeks and the rivers with the economic centres using the river-ports as nodal points for inter modal exchange;  Ensure the development of local technical and managerial skill to meet the challenges of contemporary inland waterways transportation; and  Execute Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of navigation and other dredging activities within the inland water and its right-of-ways. 2.5 State Legislations Some of the functions of the State Ministries of Environment as it is applicable in the proposed project State, Cross River State include: 18  Interacting with the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV) to accomplish a healthy or better management of the environment via development of National Policy on Environment;  Collaborating with the Ministry and other National Directorates/Agencies in the performance of environmental functions including environmental education/awareness to the citizenry;  Taking responsibility for monitoring waste management standards;  Taking responsibility for general environmental matters in the State; and  Monitoring the performance of ESIA studies and other environmental studies for all development projects at State level. 2.5.1 Rivers State Ministry of Environment The Rivers State Ministry of Environment is responsible for the promotion of a healthy and clean environment. It formulates, executes and reviews policies on environmental/ecological programmes and projects in the State. The Ministry of Environment was created in 2003 and subsumes the functions and activities of the Rivers State Environmental Protection Agency (RSEPA) established by the Rivers State Environment Protection edict No. 2 of 1994. The aim of the establishment was to cause a systematic environmental remediation through transparent pursuit of Sectorial policies, public engagement and equitable enforcement of green legislations. The functions of the organization among others include:  Flood and Erosion and Coastal Zone Managements which vested the Ministry with the duty to monitor and attend to Flood and Erosion related problems in the State;  Environment Planning, Research and Statistics which saddled with the responsibility of Planning the Ministry's activities including the supervision of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), and Environmental Audit Report (EAR) scoping workshop etc. of proposed projects. This is with a view to determining the potential environmental impact(s) of such project(s) on the human environment; 19  Environmental Health and Safety Inspection which deals with House to House Inspection and Sanitation Enlightenment on best practices on Environmental Sanitation, Enforcement and Legal duties;  Claims, Compensations and Relief function which serves as an eye of the State in receipt of petition/complaint and monitoring of Oil Spill Compensation and remediation matters.  Inspectorate and Enforcement function which carries out inspection on oil spillage, post clean-up/remediation, registration/renewal of environmental consultants;  The Pollution Control function which prevents and controls the Pollution of the Environment of Rivers State and advice on time to time as the need arises. In conclusion, it is significant to state that Nigeria‟s EIA laws are similar to World Bank safeguard policies. Nevertheless, in the event of conflict between the two, World Bank Safeguard Policies shall supersede. Likewise, the Federal laws overrule the Cross River State laws in case of any discrepancy with the Federal laws. 20 CHAPTER THREE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE CONDITION 3.1 Description of the Proposed Intervention Project Area The Edim Otop gully is located in Calabar Municipality Local Government Area of Cross River State. The LGA is located between latitude 04° 15' and 5° 10‟ N, longitude 8° 25' E and 80 57‟. The LGA is bounded in the north by Odukpani Local Government Area, in the North-East by the Great Qua River, in the south by the Calabar River and the Calabar South Local Government Area. The Edim Otop gully site, Calabar Municipality LGA, Cross River State of Nigeria, is located within Latitudes 4° 78‟ and 5° 09‟ N and Longitudes 8° 15‟ and 8° 26‟ E and lies between the valleys of two rivers: the Great Qua River on the eastern side, and the Calabar River on the west side. Edim Otop gully drains into the Great Qua River on the eastern side of Calabar Municipality Council. It slopes gently on both sides into these rivers, thus, it is well drained. The Cross River State Maps depicting Calabar Municipality LGA, the erosion and watershed of Calabar, and the topography and the satellite imagery of the site are shown in Figures 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4 respectively. The Edim Otop gully erosion site is located on the west side of Calabar between Atimbo-Akpabuyo Road and Teaching Hospital Road. It is about 1.0km from the Calabar Airport, which is part of the upper watershed. The area is a lively community with private and commercial buildings; roads and other public infrastructure. Most of these infrastructures are more under threat as a result of the gully (see Figure 3.4). The major gully starts from an existing concrete drain that was terminated abruptly and runs eastwards into the fresh water swamp of the Great Qua River. Topographical map of the Edim Otop gully site is shown in Figure 3.2. The Edim Otop gully comprises a main gully and a gully finger, both of which are still active in some sections. The main gully has an average width of 80m at the top and average height of 15m, while those of the gully finger are 70m width at the top and 15m high. It has the upper and lower watershed. The upper watershed comprises the Margret Ekpo International Airport, the adjoining CRS-ADP, Airport Police station, and upper Edim Otop community. In the lower watershed we have the Edim Otop community at the lower 21 level and the Unical Satellite Town community. Both watersheds are located within a heavily built-up area. Most part of the lower watershed (Edim Otop lower area) is a peri-urban community. The Edim Otop gully poses a serious threat to schools (Nursery, Primary and secondary), residential houses in the Satallite Town and borrow pit area, Edim Otop area, and government infrastructures. Fig 3.1: Cross River State Showing Calabar Municipality 22 Figure 3.2: Erosion and watershed Map of Calabar 23 Figure 3.3: Edim Otop Gully Topography 24 Figure 3.4: Private and Commercial Buildings and Public Infrastructure within the Edim Otop Gully and Watershed 25 3.2 General Environment of the Project Location The biophysical distinctiveness of the proposed project affected area and its surroundings were examined in respect of the historical and primary data obtained. This is in order to identify the susceptible tangible and intangible components of the environment, which are potentially to be impacted by the proposed intervention activities. In addition, related literature materials on the proposed intervention project area were examined. The information generated in addition to trips on the familiarity with the region embarked on by the ESMP team provides good insight on the basis for which the baseline information characteristics of the project affected area were analysed. The proposed project potential impacts at the construction and operation phases and the suggested remediation measures were formulated using relevant instruments. The presentations of the results were done with the aid of graphs and tables. 3.2.1 Climate and Meteorology Weather and climate are two of the most common atmospheric parameters that can affect any location. Climate is the characteristic of atmospheric conditions measured over a long period of time (about 25 years); while weather describes the daily characteristic of various elements of climate. An understanding of the characteristics of weather and climate in an around the project area is important as it provides information on the prevailing atmospheric conditions in and around the study area for most part of the year. This is also essential for all proposed rehabilitation works. The understanding of the climate conditions prevailing has showed how the proposed civil works might likely impact on the local climate and meteorology of the project area. The data used in this study were derived from the climate and meteorological data obtained from the Nigeria Meteorological Agency, Oshodi, Lagos State. The data provide information on the general climate and meteorology conditions such as the air temperature, rainfall, wind speed and direction. Detailed descriptions of these climatic parameters are provided in the subsequent subsections. 3.2.1.1 Explicit Climate and Meteorology Based on its geographic location, the project area is influenced by sub-equatorial climate. The temperature is moderately high and not fluctuating greatly. The maritime position of Calabar exercises considerable ameliorating influence on its climate. The mean temperature is about 26 250C with a range of about 80C. The annual rainfall exceeds 300 millimeters, most of which comes in the wet season from May to October. The relative humidity is high throughout the year, giving a mean annual figure of about 84%. (Thompson, 1975; Udo, 1975). Climate in this area is influenced by two air masses namely the South-East trade wind and the North-East trade wind. The South-East trade wind is hot and humid as it blows from Atlantic Ocean and carries a lot of rain to most part of Cross River State. The North-East trade wind on the other hand is hot, dry and dusty because it originates from the Sahara desert. The North-East trade wind prevails especially between the month of November and February and is often referred to as Harmattan. These two air masses are separated by a zone of discontinuity called Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). This zone moves north-south following the movement of the sun. This apparent movement of the ITCZ largely accounts for variations in weather and climate. The movement of these air masses results in the two weather seasons that is, the wet season from April to November and the dry season from December to March. This is typical of the project area, (Wischmeier and Smith, 1978). Annual precipitation and temperature summary of the project area is presented in Table 3.1 below. Table 3.1: Some precipitation and temperature characteristics of the project area Month Average rainfall (mm) Average Temperature (0C) Maximum Minimum January 41 28 27 February 69 29 28 March 157 29 28 April 216 28 27 May 292 28 27 June 394 27 26 July 445 26 25 August 394 25 24 September 409 26 25 October 310 26 26 November 175 27 26 December 50 28 26 27 3.2.1.2 Wind Speed and Direction The project area is proximate to the Bight of Benin (Atlantic Ocean). It is therefore geographically expected to be influenced by the impact of the sea breeze from the ocean (Soboyejo, 1975). According to Abayomi et.al (2007), the monthly frequency of occurrence of sea breeze, which is an annual climatological phenomenon, within the project area is less than 40% within the months of January, June to August and December (Fig. 3.5). The monthly variation of mean wind speed of the sea breeze in the project area shows that it has a minimum value of 1.5 ms-1 with a peak/maximum value of 2.0 ms-1. Annually, the wind velocity rises from about 1.64 ms-1 then fluctuates until it reaches the maximum value of about 2.0 ms-1 in June before it, then declines towards the end of the year. This defines a seasonality pattern in wind speed. The wind pattern is average in dry season within the average of 1.64 ms-1 and peaks in wet season with a velocity of 1.78 ms-1. In all, the wind direction reduces northwards with increasing distance away from the southwards and eastwards water body. Fig.3.5: Monthly frequency of occurrence of sea breeze days (adapted from: NIMET & Abayomi et.al, 2007) 28 3.3 Air Quality and Noise 3.3.1 Ambient Air Quality The ambient air quality of the proposed project affected area was ascertained by using digitalized air quality equipment for NH3, SOx, CO2 and NOx. Concentrations of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) were ascertained by means of photoionization detector. Concentrations of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) in the ambient air were examined with digitalized hand held air monitor (Microdust pro). For the project affected area, the SPM values recorded for 8-hour daily measurements were low with an average of 0.166µg/m3 – 0.186µg/m3. The concentrations of venomous gases were uniformly low and in a good number of cases below the recognition level of the equipment as depicted in Table 3.2. The value estimation illustrated that the air quality is within the limits of the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV). The concentrations prevailed for SO2 ranged from 0.10 to 0.20 ppm with an average concentration of 0.120 ppm, 0.0 to 0.01 ppm for NH3 with mean of 0.006 ppm, and 0.10 to 0.24 ppm for volatile organic carbon VOC, while 0.0 ppm CO were obtained. The Air Quality sample points are shown in Figure 3.6 below. 29 Figure 3.6: Air Quality Sample Points in the Study Area The results of the ambient concentrations recorded for SO2 at the five sampling locations EO 1 to EO 5 were all experimental to be within the range of the FMENV value. The observed impression for SPM, NO2, NH3 and VOC were at all points below the regulatory limit of 250 for SPM, 0.10 for SO2, and 004-0.06 ppm for NO2 as revealed in Table 3.2. 3.3.2 Ambient Noise Levels On the Other hand, the ambient noise levels obtained in the proposed project affected area ranged from 55.2 to 72.5 dB (EO) with a mean value of 63.92 dB (EO). The values obtained were at all sample locations below the FMENV recommended standard of 90 dB (A) for 8 hours exposure. The result of findings and the map of sample points are shown in the Table 3.2 and Figure 3.7. 30 Table 3.2: Ambient Air Quality Results S/N Sampling SPM SO2 NO2 NH3 CO VOC Noise Level Code 3 (µg/m ) ppm dB(EO) 1 EO 1 0.168 0.10 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.24 69.6 2 EO 2 0.186 0.10 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.21 72.5 3 EO 3 0.166 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.17 65.3 4 EO 4 0.166 0.00 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.10 55.2 5 EO 5 0.184 0.10 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.12 57.0 6 EO 6 0.185 0.10 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.22 72.6 7 Control Pt. 1 0.168 0.00 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.15 65.5 8 Control Pt. 2 0.167 0.00 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.11 59.5 FMENV Limits 0.251 0.10 0.04-0.06 NS 10.0 NS 90.0 (NS = Not Specified; EO = Edim Otop) Figure 3.7: Noise Level Sample Points in the Project Area 31 3.3.3 Geology and Hydrogeology of the Project Area 3.3.3.1 Geology of the Proposed Project Area The geology of the project area portrayed what is obtainable in the entire Cross River State. The assessment of the geology of the proposed project area revealed that it is characterized by two distinctive formations. These are the basement rock of the Oban Massif and the sedimentary basin which constitutes the Calabar Flank. The observed basement in the project area is the extension of the Cameroon basement. It is principally Precambrian in age, even though a small number of intrusive origin of the Paleozioc South Eastern Precambian basement complex of Nigeria is noted. It is flanked by Cretaceous and younger sedimentary rocks in the North, the Benue Trough in the West and the Calabar Flank in the South. Figure 3.8 shows Calabar Flank and associated formations of the area Fig. 3.8: The Calabar Flank and Associated Formations (Source: Amah et.al., 2012) 32 3.3.3.2 Hydrogeology of the Proposed Project Area The hydrogeology of the entire Cross River Basin is characterized by inconsistent permeability of the soil which comprises chiefly of sandy clay and clayey sand. The distinctive soil associations of this geological component are as follows:  Cambisols which are mostly sandy clay;  Cambisols and ferralsols by means of clayey sand grading to clay overlying iron crust; and  Acrisols and ferralsols which characterized by gradation of clayey sand to sandy clay and iron crust. 3.3.3.3 Hydrology of the Proposed Project Area This is characterized by a set of connections of River System. In consequence of the topography of the area, two major rivers namely; Calabar River and the Great Qua River drain through and receive contaminants from the Calabar Metropolis. The Great Qua River drains the Eastern part of Calabar, where it takes it source from the Precambrian Basement, gneisses and passes through the Cretaceous sediment of the Calabar flank, then falls between Mfamosing and Oban at Aningenye. The Calabar River on the other hand originates from the hilly regions of the Northern Cross River State flowing across several towns, villages and farmlands before eventually emptying into the Cross River estuary. It was realized that, all the existing rivers and streams in Cross River State empty their contents into the Atlantic Ocean (Bight of Benin) in the Southern part of the State. The drainage system of the entire Cross River State and proposed intervention project area in particular can be divided into two main groups as follows:  Cross River system; and  Independent rivers system. The Cross River system, which has been identified as the larger of the two river system, takes it source from the Cameroon Mountains where the majority of its tributaries coalesce before flowing into the Cross River State. The tributaries of the Cross River system consist of Calabar River, Aya and Afi rivers. Other identified tributaries consist of the Enyong River which flows 33 into the Cross River State at Itu, the Ikpa River, which flows into the State at Uyo, and Uya Oron Creek which enters the Cross River State instantaneously north of Oron. It is understood that, the geological formation and size of water sheds in the area determines the river discharge regime. The annual discharge and its long term fluctuations are primarily predisposed to the distinctiveness of the drainage basin. Factors such as climate, meteorology, hydrography, topography and hydrology of the area play major roles in the generation of a river discharge. The hydrology of the catchment area is affected by tides although seasonal influence which is interrelated with climatic regime is obvious. 3.3.4 Soil Quality of the Proposed Project Area 3.3.4.1 Physico-Chemical Characteristics of the Soils The results of findings of the physico-chemical analysis of the soils in the project area at Edim Otop, Calabar Municipal in Calabar are shown in Tables 3.3 and 3.4 for the topsoil and subsoil respectively. The map of the soil quality sample points of the proposed intervention project area are shown in Figure 3.9. Table 3.3: Physico-Chemical Properties of Top Soil (0 -15 cm) Sampling pH PO43- Cl- NO3- CO32- SO42- THC O&G Point (mg/kg) ES 1 5.1 6.4 16.0 0.71 0.003 4.0 ND 0.03 ES 2 5.2 6.8 15.0 0.74 0.001 5.0 ND 0.03 ES 3 5.2 7.5 15.0 0.72 0.002 4.0 ND 0.01 Min. 5.1 6.4 15.0 0.71 0.001 4.0 - 0.01 Max. 5.2 7.5 16.0 0.74 0.003 5.0 - 0.03 Mean 5.37 6.9 15.33 0.72 0.0 4.0 - 0.02 34 Table 3.4: Physico-Chemical Properties of Sub Soils (15 -30 cm) Sampling pH PO43- Cl- NO3- CO32- SO42- THC O&G Point (mg/kg) ET 1 5.2 6.2 15.0 0.82 0.005 3.0 ND 0.02 ET 2 5.2 6.5 14.0 0.89 0.001 4.0 ND 0.03 ET 3 5.3 6.9 15.0 0.83 ND 4.0 ND 0.02 Min. 5.2 6.2 14.0 0.82 0.000 3.0 - 0.02 Max. 5.3 6.9 15.0 0.89 0.005 4.0 - 0.03 Mean 5.41 6.53 14.67 0.85 0.002 3.67 - 0.02 Soil pH The result of findings of the pH values recorded for soil samples in the Edim Otop gully erosion area ranged from 5.1 to 5.2 with a mean of 5.17 for the top soils and 5.2 to 5.3 with an average of 5.23 for the sub-soils. The soil pH is reasonably acidic. This illustrates that the basic cations might have been leached away from the soil column by the high rainfall of the proposed project affected area. Total Nitrogen Soil samples in the study area have total nitrogen ranging from 0.71 to 0.74mg/kg with an average of 0.749mg/kg for the top soils; and 0.82– 0.89mg/kg (mean, 0.85mg/kg) in the sub- soils. The top soils recorded a higher total nitrogen content in comparison with what obtained for subsurface soils. This can be attributed to the fact that nitrogen mineralisation occurs in the top soil than in the sub-surface soils. Available Phosphorus Surface soils in the study area have available-phosphorus values ranging from 6.4 to 7.5 mg/kg (mean of 6.9mg/kg) and sub-soils have 6.2 to 6.9 mg/kg (average of 6.53mg/kg). Sulphate The top soils of the proposed project area have sulphate content which ranges from 4.0 to 5.0mg/kg, with an average of 4.5mg/kg. The sub soils of the study area have sulphate content 35 ranging from 3.0 to 4.0mg/kg, with an average of 3.67mg/kg. The sulphate contents of the soils are considerably lower than 500mg/kg which is often regarded as the level beyond which the soils are said to be chemically aggressive. 3.3.5 Metal Content of the Soils Data obtained from the proposed project affected area for the basic and heavy metal concentrations in the soil samples are presented in Tables 3.5 and 3.6, for the top-soils and sub- soils respectively. 36 Table 3.5: Basic and Heavy Metal Concentrations of the Top Soil (0–15 cm) Sampling Heavy Metals (mg/kg) Basic Metals (mg/kg) Locations Cr Cu Cd Fe Ba Hg Ni Pb V Zn Ca2+ K+ Mg2+ Na+ ES 1 ND 3.0 ND 0.05 ND ND ND ND ND 25.25 12.4 5.3 4.1 8.1 ES 2 ND 2.5 ND 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND 24.16 11.1 5.2 3.5 11.0 ES 3 ND 2.8 ND 0.03 ND ND ND ND ND 23.46 10.4 4.1 3.3 12.1 Min. 0 2.5 0 0.01 0 0 0 0 0 23.46 10.4 4.1 3.3 8.1 Max. 0 3.0 0 0.05 0 0 0 0 0 25.25 12.4 5.3 4.1 12.1 Mean 0.0 2.77 0 0.03 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 24.29 11.3 4.87 3.63 10.3 ND- Not Detected NA - Not Applicable Table 3.6: Basic and Heavy Metal Concentrations of the Sub Soil (15–30 cm) Heavy Metals (mg/kg) Basic Metals (mg/kg) Sampling Locations Cr Cu Cd Fe Ba Hg Ni Pb V Zn Ca2+ K+ Mg2+ Na+ ET 1 ND 2.0 ND 0.04 ND ND ND ND ND 25.02 10.4 5.0 3.1 8.3 ET 2 ND 2.4 ND 0.03 ND ND ND ND ND 22.36 8.5 4.3 2.4 10.1 ET 3 ND 2.3 ND 0.04 ND ND ND ND ND 28.16 11.1 3.4 2.4 7.7 Min. 0 2.0 0 0.03 0 0 0 0 0 22.36 8.5 3.5 2.6 7.7 Max. 0 2.4 0 0.04 0 0 0 0 0 28.16 11.1 5.0 3.4 10.4 Mean 0 2.30 0 0.04 0 0 0 0 0 25.21 10.00 4.13 2.67 8.63 37 Basic Metals The basic metals of the sample soils (K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+) with the exemption of Na are significant plant nutrients. It was noted that the basic metals were dominated by Na+, Ca2+, K+ and Mg2+. Mg2+ recorded a mean concentration of 3.63mg/kg for the top soil and 2.67mg/kg for the subsoil; Na+ had records of a mean concentration of 10.4mg/kg for the topsoil and 8.73mg/kg for the subsoil; K+ recorded an average of 4.87mg/kg for top soil and 4.23mg/kg for subsoil. The mean concentration of Ca2+ for the topsoil was 11.3mg/kg and 10.00mg/kg for the subsoil (see Table 3.5 and 3.6). Heavy Metals The concentration of the heavy metals of the sample soils in the proposed project site are shown in Tables 3.5 and 3.6 above. The most outstanding metal detected in the sample soils gathered from the proposed project affected area was Zn, with a mean concentration figure of 24.19mg/kg for the top soil and 25.11mg/kg for the subsoil. Other identifiable heavy metals detected were Fe and Cu. The mean concentration of Fe detected was 0.03mg/kg for the top soil and 0.04mg/kg for the subsoil. Cu recorded an average concentration figure of 2.77mg/kg for the topsoil and 2.30mg/kg for the subsoil. Ba, Pb, V, Ni, Hg were not detected in the area. The values recorded for heavy metal concentrations were within the limits expressed as the normal range in unpolluted soils by Allen et al. (1974) and Alloway (1991). 3.3.6 Surface Water 3.3.6.1 Physico-Chemical Analysis of the Surface Water Samples The concentrations recorded for the physico-chemical parameters, the cations and anions and heavy metals acquired in the proposed project area are presented in Tables 3.7 to 3.9. Electrical conductivity obtained varied between 259 and 312 S/cm with a mean concentration of 261.7S/cm. Therefore, the surface water within the proposed project affected area is fundamentally fresh water. The pH of the water samples ranged from 5.9 to 6.1 with an average figure of 6.0. The variations in the TDS and TSS levels across the sampling stations ranged from 101.0 to 151.0 mg/l with an average of 124.7mg/l, and 80.5 to 118.0 mg/l with an average of 105.8mg/l respectively. The 38 BOD and COD values ranged from 4.8 to 6.40 mg/l with an average concentration of 5.73mg/l and 7.50 to 12.40 mg/l with an average concentration of 9.73mg/l respectively. The cations and anions contents of the sample surface water are presented in Table 3.7. Sodium was the maximum with a mean figure of 32.40mg/l, followed by Magnesium with an average concentration of 14.6mg/l. Calcium and Potassium had average concentrations of 9.23mg/l and 0.008mg/l respectively. Chloride recorded the bulk of the anions while average nitrate and sulphate concentrations were below 1.00mg/l. The heavy metals concentrations are illustrated in Table 3.9. In all the sampling locations at the Edim Otop gully area, the individual and mean concentrations of other observed heavy metals examined were considerably lower than 1.00 mg/l and are thus not considered polluted with regards to the heavy metals. Figure 3.9: Soil Sample Points of the Proposed Project Area 39 Table 3.7: Physico-Chemical Parameters of Surface Water Samples from the Study Area in Calabar Sample pH Salinity EC Alkali- COD BOD DO TSS TDS THC Turbidity Total Code ppt µS/cm nity (NTU) anions mg/l E1 6.1 0.18 312.0 40.0 12.40 6.00 2.49 128.0 161.0 ND 0.29 0.27 E2 6.1 0.14 259.0 28.0 9.40 6.40 2.66 105.0 132.0 ND 0.30 0.22 E3 5.9 0.14 214.0 28.0 7.40 4.80 2.24 90.5 111.0 ND 0.29 0.22 E4 6.1 0.18 312.0 40.0 12.40 6.00 2.49 128.0 161.0 ND 0.29 0.27 E5 6.1 0.14 259.0 28.0 9.40 6.40 2.66 105.0 132.0 ND 0.30 0.22 E6 5.9 0.14 214.0 28.0 7.40 4.80 2.24 90.5 111.0 ND 0.29 0.22 Crl. Pt 1 6.1 0.14 259.0 28.0 9.40 6.40 2.66 105.0 132.0 ND 0.30 0.22 Crl. Pt 2 5.9 0.14 214.0 28.0 7.40 4.80 2.24 90.5 111.0 ND 0.29 0.22 Min 6 0.14 214 28 7.4 4.8 2.24 90.5 111 0 0.29 0.22 Max 6.1 0.18 312 40 12.4 6.4 2.66 128 161 0 0.3 0.27 Mean 6.0 0.15 261. 7 32.0 9.73 5.73 2.46 107.8 134. 7 0 0.29 0.24 ED 0.1 0.01 49.0 6.9 2.42 0.73 0.11 18.9 25.1 0 0.01 0.03 Table 3.8: Concentrations of Cations and Anions in Surface Water Samples Sample NH3 Ca CN- Mg Na K NO3- Cl- SO4- CO32- S2- Code mg/l E1 ND 8.0 ND 20.0 37.64 0.001 0.1 96.0 0.39 ND ND E2 ND 8.0 ND 16.0 29.78 0.006 0.39 76.0 0.40 ND ND E3 ND 12.0 ND 8.0 29.78 0.016 0.17 76.0 0.37 ND ND E4 ND 8.0 ND 20.0 37.64 0.001 0.1 96.0 0.39 ND ND E5 ND 8.0 ND 16.0 29.78 0.006 0.39 76.0 0.40 ND ND 40 Sample NH3 Ca CN- Mg Na K NO3- Cl- SO4- CO32- S2- Code mg/l E6 ND 12.0 ND 8.0 29.78 0.016 0.17 76.0 0.37 ND ND Crl. Pt 1 ND 8.0 ND 16.0 29.78 0.006 0.39 76.0 0.40 ND ND Crl. Pt 2 ND 12.0 ND 8.0 29.78 0.016 0.17 76.0 0.37 ND ND Min. 0 8 0 8 29.78 0.001 0.1 76 0.37 0 0 Max. 0 12 0 20 37.64 0.016 0.39 96 0.4 0 0 Mean 0 9.33 0 14.7 32.40 0.008 0.22 82.67 0.39 0 0 ED 0 2.31 0 6.11 4.54 0.008 0.15 11.55 0.02 0 0 Table 3.9: Heavy Metal Concentrations in Surface Water Samples Sample Ba Fe Cu Hg Cr Ni V Pb Zn Cd Code mg/l E1 ND 0.95 0.02 ND 0.01 0.04 ND ND 0.32 0.004 E2 ND 0.99 0.01 ND ND 0.02 ND ND 0.30 ND E3 ND 0.95 0.03 ND 0.02 0.03 ND ND 0.33 ND E4 ND 0.95 0.02 ND 0.01 0.04 ND ND 0.32 0.004 E5 ND 0.99 0.01 ND ND 0.02 ND ND 0.30 ND E6 ND 0.95 0.03 ND 0.02 0.03 ND ND 0.33 ND Crl. Pt 1 ND 0.95 0.02 ND 0.01 0.04 ND ND 0.32 0.004 Crl. Pt 2 ND 0.99 0.01 ND ND 0.02 ND ND 0.30 ND Min 0 0.95 0.01 0 0 0.02 0 0 0.3 0 Max 0 0.99 0.03 0 0.02 0.04 0 0 0.33 0.004 Mean 0 0.96 0.02 0 0.01 0.03 0 0 0.32 0.001 41 3.3.7 Ground Water Groundwater temperatures in the proposed project affected area ranged from 23.9oC to 31.3oC (mean 29.8oC). This range is peculiar to this part of the country and is an illustration of the physiographic conditions of the proposed project affected area. pH values (3.73 – 5.00, mean 4.51) for the study area shows that the water is between strongly to moderately acidic. High Dissolved Oxygen (DO) (mean; 77.5%), high Eh (mean; 95.0 (mv), low chemical oxygen demand (COD) (0.1-0.43 mg/l) as well as low biological oxygen demand (BOD5) (0.5 – 1.7mg/l) depicted low respiratory activity and low organic matter. The assessment of TDS, TSS and conductivity values are low and these were ranged from 11.5 – 23.4mg/l (mean; 17.3mg/l), 22.3 - 49.1mg/l (mean, 32.3mg/l), and 140.1 – 165µs/cm (mean, 145µs/cm) respectively. Low salinity (0.01 – 0.020%, mean, 0.015%) and low chloride (10.5 – 16.1mg/l, mean, 14.0mg/l) were also recorded in the study area. These low values are indicative of fresh water. The result of findings in respect of turbidity gives a high value ranging from 14.5 to 23.3 NTU, with a mean of 19.2NTU. This might be ascribed to the oxidation of ferrous ions in the water to generate insoluble residues. The obtained values for the assessment of sulphate (0.6-3.0 mg/l, mean; 1.65mg/l) phosphate (0.03 – 0.035 mg/l, mean, 0.028mg/l), Nitrate (2.0 – 3.6 mg/l, mean; 2.81mg/l) and nitrite (0.01 – 0.0 2mg/l, mean, 0.02mg./l) are generally low. Correspondingly, the values incurred for ammonium (0.11 – 0.19mg/l, mean, 0.14mg/l) silicate (0.01 – 05mg/l, mean, 0.03mg/l) carbonate (6.2 – 12mg/l, mean, 8.78mg/l) as well as bicarbonate (14 – 21.6mg/l, mean, 17.3mg/l) are all within the permissible limits of WHO. In addition, the values of the samples for sodium (14.2 – 27.4mg/l), mean, 20.70mg/l), calcium (14.8 – 20.6mg/l, mean, 17.2mg/l), potassium (17.5 – 30.5mg/l, mean, 19.6mg/l) and magnesium (11.6 – 24.4mg/l, mean, 17.2mg/l) were all low and normal for fresh water as it was obtained for the proposed intervention project area at Edim Otop gully erosion site. 42 A comparison of some of the parameters measured for the ground water with the World Health Organization (WHO) standard for potable water is presented in the Table 3.9. In general, most of the concentrations recorded were within the acceptable standard limits. Table 3.10: Comparison of the Borehole Ground Water Quality with the World Health Organization (WHO) Standards for Potable Water Parameter/Unit Borehole WHO Limit Odour Pleasant Pleasant pH 5.0 6.5-8.5 Conductivity, µS/cm 145 2000 0 Temperature, C 29.8 <40 Total Solids, mg/l 400 Total Dissolved Solids, mg/l 18.4 - Total hardness, mg/l CaCO3 100 Chloride, mg/l 14.0 200 Nitrate, mg/l 2.77 50 Sulphate, mg/l 1.65 200 Phosphate, mg/l 0.028 - Calcium, mg/l 18.3 75 Magnesium, mg/l 17.2 30 Iron (total), mg/l 0.3 Zinc, mg/l 0.0008 5.0 Lead, mg/l 0.01 0.01 Copper, mg/l 0.001 1 Manganese, mg/l <0.001 0.1 Oil and Grease, mg/l <1.00 Nil Total coliform count, MPN/100 ml Nil 3.4 Ecosystem The ecology of the project area could be viewed from its surrounding landscape. As a suburb of the city of Calabar, it is influenced by the built nature of the landscape. However, the gully- affected area is a nexus of the natural landscape and the rain-fed subsistence agricultural activity (Olaniyan, 1975) cum plantation. Apart from the upper section of the watershed which is completely built, the lower section is partly cultivated and further down is semi-pristine and 43 swamp. The semi-pristine ecosystem is a pointer to the disturbed natural ecosystem of the project area with disturbed forest strands and swathes of wetland proximate to the sinuous tributary of Kwa River. Within this milieu, a maze of palms can be observed with shrubs and herbaceous plants proximate to the wetlands bordering the tributary. In addition, there are flora life in form of plant regrowth and secondary formations such includes regrowth of grasses, shrubs and coastal marsh plants which are indicators of human alteration of the natural landscape to produce secondary ecological areas. Overall, the observed ecology of the project area suggests a suburb landscape with nascent structures built along strands of farmlands and natural ecology. 3.4.1 Vegetation Vegetation is an integral part of the terrestrial environment. It and performs several functions that are crucial to the sustenance of the environment. Some of these functions include: i. Protection of the fragile soils from the erosive impacts of rains and wind. ii. Maintenance of soil fertility through continuous nutrient recycling. iii. Conservation of water resources through shading iv. Preservation of water sheds. v. Regulation of air and soil temperatures. vi. Moisture balance. vii. Provision of habitat for countless terrestrial flora and fauna viii. Purification of the environment through the carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and the release of oxygen for human and animal respiration Vegetation in the study area consists of swampy species as well as upland species. The swampy species appears to be semi-permanent cum periodical yet swampy. 44 Fig. 3.10: Vegetation of the Project Area (Source: Fieldwork, November 2013) 3.4.1.1 Plant Characterization / Identification The general physiognomy of the plants presently existing within the study area is secondary vegetation, resulting from agricultural/ development within the study area. A description of the observations made on the vegetation of the area is described below: 3.4.1.2 Plant Physiognomy The vegetal composition within the project area is generally of a disturbed ecological zone albeit with trees, annual herbs and perennial species. These include Elaeis guineensis, Alstonia boonei, Musanga cecropioides, Terminelia superb, Anthocleistra vogelii, Harungana madagascariensis, Pandanus candelabrum, Nypa fruiticans, Albizia zygia amongst several other species and botanical families. Table 3.11 enlists the crops and fruits that typified the project area. 45 Table 3.11: List of crops and fruits planted in the project area Common name Botanical name Banana Musa Spp Oil palm Elaeis Guineensis Plantain Musa Paradisiaca Pineapple Ananas Sativus Mellon Cucumis Melo Garden eggs Solanum Melongena Maize Zea Mays Okra Abelmoschus Esclentus Pepper Capsicum Spp Cucumber Cucumis Sativis Flutted pumpkin Teifairia occidentalis Cocoyam Colocasia Esculenta Yam Dioscerea Spp Cassava Manihot Esculenta (Source: Fieldwork, November 2013) 3.4.1.3 Inventory of Economic Crops The prevalent economic crops in the general vicinity include Talinum triangulare (water leaf), Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane) Colocasia esculenta (cocoyam), Capsicum spp. (pepper), Lycopersicum esculetum (tomato), Manihot esculenta (cassava), Carica papaya (paw paw), Telfaria occidentales (Fluted pumpkin), Citrus spp. Magnifera indica (mango), Musa paradisiaca (plantain), M. sepientum (banana), Psidium guajava (guava), and Elaeis guineensis (oil palm) (See Table 3.12). Table 3.12: List of Economic crops and trees Common name(English/Traditional names) Botanical name Bush mango Irvingia Gaboneensis Mahogany Etandrophragra Spp Mimosup Baillonelia Toxisperma Iroko Melicia Excelsa Small leaf Piptadenistrum Africanum Achi Brachystegia Spp Native mango Mangifena Indica Silk cotton tree Ciba Pentandra Umbrella tree Musanga Cecropoides Locust bean Parkia Spp 46 Sheanut Poga Oleosa Wild palms Elacis Guineensis Native Kola Cola Acuminata Bitter Kola Cola Nitida Native pear Dacryodes Edullis Afang Gnetum Afriamum Editan Lasianthera Africanum Star apple or Udara Chrysophyllum Albidum Hot leaf/seed Piper Guineensis Pawpaw Carica Papaya Groundnut tree Ricinodendron Leudetii White Afara Teminalia Superba Mahogany Etandrophragma Spp Mimosup Baillonellia Toxisperma Bread fruit Triculia Africanum Atama Heinsia Crinata Ceda Lovoa Trichiloides Cane wood Pterocarpus Osun Opepe Nauclea Diderrichii Cedar Lovoa Trichiloides Ebony Diospyros Spp Sugar cane Saccharum Officinarum (Source: Fieldwork, November 2013) 3.4.2 Fauna and wildlife resources Available information on wildlife of the project area shows a degradation of wildlife and dominance of birds and butterfly species. Thus points to the possible migration of wild animals owing to human invasion of the area. Naturally, the area should have been a suitable habitat for wild animals such as wild rats, cats, Mona monkeys as well as other herbivores. Some of these animals might have migrated further down within the wetland to areas of ecological-fitting ambience. List of birds observed in the project area are documented in Table 3.13 below with their respective status. It should be noted that some of these birds are rare while most are very common. The rare species such as the Little Egreatta and Hadada black kite are seasonal. Others such as the laughing dove, lesser stripe sparrow, mourning dove are very common in the area (Mackworth-Praed and Grant, 1973). 47 Available information on butterfly shows that there five taxonomical categories available in the project area. The Nymhalidae family has the highest specie compared to other butterfly species. Details of these are presented in Table 3.14. However, none of the plant species and bird species recorded is in the vulnerable category of the FMEnv and IUCN. Table 3.13: List of bird species identified in the project area Scientific name Common Name Status Egretta garzetta Little Egretta Rare Bostrycgia hagedash Hadada Black kite Rare Abundant Milvis migrans migrans Hooded Vulture Common Common Necrosyrtes monachus Common Buzzard Rare Common Bueto bueto Helmeted Guinea Fowl Very rare Numida meleagris Little Button Quail Very rare Tunix sylvatica African Mourning dove Abundant Streptopelia decipiens Laughing dove Abundant Streptopelia selegalensis Lesser stripe swallow Abundant Hirundo cucullata Village (Black headed) Abundant weaver Ploceus cucullatus Compact weaver Abundant Ploceus superciliosus Parasitic weaver Abundant (Source: Fieldwork, November 2013) Table 3.14: Butterfly taxonomy in the project area N Family Genus/Specie 1 Pieridae Leptosia medusa Catopsilia florella Mylothris rhodope Mylothris chloris Colotis evippe 2 Nymhalidae Acraea eponina Précis oenone Hypolimnas missippus Hypolimnas sp Euriphene tadema Eunica amulia Byblia achellia 3 Lycaenidae Thermoniphas micylus 48 Zezeeria knyssna Spindasis sp Spindasis mozambica 4 Satyridae Ypthima doleta Bicycles asoctus Ypthima sp Bematistes vestalis 5 Acraeidae Acraeidae (Source: Fieldwork, November 2013) 49 CHAPTER FOUR SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS AND CONSULTATION 4.1 Background This chapter assesses the socio-economic characteristics and impacts of the proposed intervention project on the livelihood of the project affected people. The socio-demographic characteristics covered include amongst others; age, gender, education, income, occupation, residential and health status and standard of living rating. In addition to the basic information required, the assessment brings out the following details:  Project Affected People, Settlement and Communities  Statistical information on social group, education and prevailing livelihood of the dwelling  Vulnerability to the gully encroachment and the proposed intervention project activities. This assessment also provides an avenue for the perceptions and views of project affected persons and communities at large to be incorporated into the project planning. The information presented was obtained during desktop studies and primary data collection in the month of November, 2013. 4.2 Methodology Structured questionnaires (Appendix I) were used to elicit information from 200 randomly selected respondents across the affected communities within the gully erosion area. The questionnaire contained five sections of structured questions covering the required information on household socio-demographic information, health status, standard of living, cultural property and gully erosion/proposed intervention impacts. Besides, the questionnaire addressed the different aspects of the gully erosion menace such as the trend, regularity, causes, impacts and the management strategies employed by the affected individual and communities in the study area. Also, Key Informant Interviews with some notable stakeholders and leaders of thought in the affected communities including chairman Edim Otop Gully Intervention Site Monitoring Committee, Women Leader and Youth Leader were carried out (Plates 4.1 - 4.5). The assessment 50 also utilized personal observation methods and Focus Group Discussion. There was a town hall meeting Plate 4.1 where a large participation with high inclusiveness of community opinions was generated. Plate 4.2-4.5 shows some activities during information gathering. Table 4.1 shows details of the sampling methodology and the questionnaires administered. Finally, the analysis uses inferential statistics to draw conclusion on which the mitigation measures were based on. Table 4.1: Details of the Sampling Methodology and the Questionnaires Administered Categories of Stakeholders Questionnaire Questionnaire FGD IDI Town Hall Sampled Administered Returned Meeting Direct Project Affected 60 60 3 3 1 Persons (PAPs) Key Stakeholders 20 20 1 1 Other members of the 120 120 community Total 200 200 4 4 1 Plate 4.1: Chairman Edim Otop Site Monitoring Committee make a point during Town Hall Meeting while the Woman Leader flank him from right. 51 Plate 4.2: FGD with Edim Otop Site Monitoring Committee at Community Town Hall Plate 4.3: FGD with Women Representatives at Edim Otop Communities 52 Plate 4.4: FGD with Youth Representatives at Edim Otop Communities Plate 4.5: In-depth Interview with Youth Leader at Edim Otop Community 53 4.3 Settlement and Population Characteristics of the Proposed Project Area The Edim Otop gully is located in Calabar Municipality Local Government Area of Cross River State. The community members traced the origin of the Edim Otop gully erosion to 1997 when the drainage system from Margaret Ekpo International Airport was channeled towards the Edim Otop axis as part of the renovation and expansion project of the Airport. In realization of the problem, the Cross-river State government in 2005 intervened through an erosion control project handled by Arab Contractors. The project, which was expected to cover about 1.5km in length, was abandoned at 300 meters. The magnitude of the present situation was thus traced to abandoned erosion control project which has led to more damages than salvaging the situation. Calabar Municipality is located between latitude 04° 15' and 5° N and longitude 8° 25' E. In the North of the LGA, it is bounded by Odukpani Local Government Area and in the North-East by the great Qua River. Its Southern shores are bounded by the Calabar River and the Calabar South Local Government Area. It has an estimated landmass of 331.551 square kilometers. Calabar Municipal as a LGA plays a dual role. Aside from being the Capital city of the State, it is also the headquarters of the Southern Senatorial District. As it was identified, there are ten wards in the local government. The LGA is also unique for the following reasons:  It is the home of the oldest school in East of the River Niger, that is Hope Waddel Training institute established in 1895;  It is the first Mayoralty East on Niger;  The Governor‟s office and Governor‟s residence are located in the LGA  All Federal and State Government offices are located in the LGA  The Premier Export Processing Zone is located in the LGA  The Margaret Ekpo International Airport is located in the LGA  The Home of Malabites and Malabreses (UNICAL) is located in the LGA  The headquarters of the 13 Brigade Nigerian Army  The headquarters of zone 6 police command  The great marina resort is located in the LGA  The upcoming mono-rail project is also located in Calabar Municipality. 54 Basically, two ethnic groups form the indigenous population. These are the Quas and the Efiks. However, because of its cosmopolitan status, there abound people from all parts of the State and Nigeria in the city. In this regard, a study of the project affected people illustrated that the vicinity is occupied by diverse ethnic groups which, aside from those mentioned above include Ibibio, Annang, Igbo, Ikono and Bakor. The study also identified the following as proposed affected communities: Edim Otop, Etimbo, Esom Avanas, Boro Pit, Effiong Asi (AQua Ibom) and BOP off Satellite town. By virtue of its location alongside the waterfront, the Efiks embraced Western culture and thus, carried on successful trade. Fishing is another famous occupation among them. On the other hand, the Quas occupy the vast of the hinterland of Calabar where farmers, hunters, traders and blacksmiths are found. The people of Calabar Municipality are blessed with a rich culture and they celebrate festivals such as hunting, fishing games etc. They specialise in artworks such as painting, wood work, weaponry and the maintenance of museums and monuments. In choreography, they are specialist in dances such as Ekombi, Aban, Ntok, Monikim, Obon, Ekpe etc, they are also specialists in traditional games like Ekak, Okpo ewo, Mbuba Ubom, Ata Nsiyak, Timabo-Timabo, Ekpe oduk Ufok etc. 4.3.1 Population Estimation and Projection It has been stated ealier that the proposed intervention project at Etim Otop gully erosion site falls within Calabar Municipality Local Government Areas (LGA) in Cross River State. It is understood that the identified communities in the area are possibly to be impacted by the activities of the proposed intervention positively and or negatively. The demographic profile of the settlement was examined in the context of the profile of the LGA. Available information revealed that, the project affected communities did not have a given population record. Thus, the overall population of the entire LGA in which they are sited were used. In other words, the population size was estimated using the population of Calabar Municipalty Local Government Area of the Cross River State in which the proposed project situated. 55 Population estimates for the State and the proposed project affected LGA are presented in Figure 4.1 and Figure 4.2 respectively. The Figures depict population estimates by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) in the 2006 National population census. This gives an annual growth rate of 3.0 %. As presented in the Figures, the population estimates for the State and the affected LGA were projected till 2020. In this respect, the population estimates for Cross River State and its Calabar Municipality LGA, are projected to be approximately 4.11 million, 0.26 million respectively. In addition, the figures present the sex ratio as projected for the State and the LGA. The sex ration for both the State and the LGA is expected to be maintained at approximately 1:1observed in the previous census. Basically, a high population density is expected in the LGA as a result of natural growth rate and influx of people due to the functionality of the LGA. A detailed result of the analysis is presented in the Figures. 4,108,043 4,500,000 2,892,988 4,000,000 2,090,193 3,500,000 2,017,850 3,000,000 1,471,967 1,421,021 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 500,000 0 Male Female Total Male Female Total 2006 2020 Figure 4.1: Population Estimation and Projection of Cross River State Source: National Bureau Statistics (NBS), 2010 56 300,000 260,827 250,000 200,000 183,681 150,000 132,191 128,636 93,092 90,589 100,000 50,000 0 Male Female Total Male Female Total 2006 2020 Figure 4.2: Population Estimation and Projection of Calabar Municipality LGA Source: National Bureau Statistics (NBS), 2010 However, it must be noted that the 2020, 0.26million projection for Calabar Municipality far outnumbers the actual PAP as the gully site watershed only covered parts of the LGA. Thus the actual PAP are less than 0.2million and they include the people living or working in the already identified communities (Edim Otop, Etimbo, Esom Avanas, Boro Pit, Effiong Asi (AQua Ibom) and BOP off Satellite town). On the average, each of these communities will have less than ten thousand (10,000) people. 4.4 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Sampled Individuals and Households This sub-section concerns with socio-demographic features of sampled individuals and households through the administration of structured questionnaires within the proposed NEWMAP Gully Erosion Intervention project area at Edim Otop, Calabar Municipality in Cross River State. The socio-demographic assessment of the respondents included their age, gender, education, marital status and monthly income etc. In this regard, the distribution of responses with the above variables illustrates the attitudes towards several other desirable attributes related 57 to the information rendered. The socio-demographic information measured gives an insight into the socio-demographic characteristics of the Project Affected People (PAP) in the area. 4.4.1 Age and Gender Profile of Respondents Gender characteristics give comparative proportion of males and females in the sample frame while age distribution provides a reflection of age structure of the in-scope individuals and households of the project affected persons. The sex distribution of the respondents as contained in Figure 4.3 depicts that, 62.0% (124 respondents) of sampled individuals are male while 38.0% (76 respondents) are female. Female, 38.0 Male Female Male, 62.0 Figure 4.3: Age of Respondents Source: Field Survey, 2013 58 40.0 38.0 35.0 32.0 30.0 25.0 22.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 8.0 5.0 0.0 Below 18 yrs 18-45 yrs 46-65 yrs Above 65 yrs Figure 4.4: Sex of Respondents Source: Field Survey, 2013 With respect to age, the distribution of the in-scope individuals and households in accordance with encoded age groups is contained in Figure 4.4 above. As depicted in the Figure, the foremost respondents fall between 18 years and 45years (38.0%) and this was followed by those between 46 and 65 years which account for 32% of the sampled frame. Overall mean result shows that 70% of the respondents are between 18 and 65 years. The least responses (8.0%) are below 18 years but not less than 15 years. The responses above 65 years who are mainly retirees account for 22.0% (44 individuals). The overall pictures of gender and age though with returns for women shows a good quality representation necessary in a field survey. 4.4.2 Current Marital Status of Respondents Marriage in this context is concerned with established „couples‟ irrespective of the level of official consciousness. In-scope individuals were examined to understand if they had ever been married or lived with a man, and if yes, whether they were currently married, living with a man, widowed, divorced or separated. However, among all the age groups mentioned in sub-section 4.3.1 above, none of the respondents reported themselves as living with a man without formal marriage. For this rationale, the categories "married" and "living with a man" were pooled and indicated as "married" in the assessment. 59 In this view, Figure 4.5 depicts the marital status of respondents as at the time of the survey. Of all the responses from the sampled frame, 25.5% indicated that they had never been married, 68.0% were married, 4.0% were widowed and 2.5% were divorced or separated. The high volume of „couples‟ has inferences for which there is a potential population increase. This high proportion also determines the household type, the consumption power and the infrastructure needs of the project affected people. Marriage is a way in which the level of responsibility can be examined. It also influences the amount of risk an individual can take. It may in some way minimise issues connecting with violence in the area. 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Single Married Divorsed/Separ Widowed ated 25.5 68.0 2.5 4.0 Figure 4.5: Marital Status of Respondents Source: Field Survey, 2013 4.4.3 Educational Status of Respondents The distribution of educational status of the respondents is shown in Figure 4.6 below. As illustrated in the Figure, the highest proportion of 43.5% respondents reported to have Senior Secondary School Certificate. The percentage distribution of other educational qualifications of the in-scope individuals can be considered as follows:  None (0.0%) 60  Primary school (7.5)  Tertiary excluding University (24.0%)  University Graduate (22.5%)  University Post Graduate (2.5%) It is therefore evident from the study that, Senior Secondary School Certificate holders had the high proportion of the responses among the affected communities in proposed project area. Also significant are those who attained tertiary education (46.5%). Zero percentage of the respondent did not go to school. 50.0 43.5 40.0 30.0 24.0 20.0 22.5 10.0 7.5 0.0 0.0 2.5 None Primary Secondary School Tertiary School University (Excluding University Graduate University Post Graduate Figure 4.6: Educational Status of Respondents Source: Field Survey, 2013 The 100% literacy status of the respondents is an indication of an enlightened citizen and environment. It will therefore not be difficult to sensitize the people on the mitigation measures needed to ensure a safe and environmental friendly project in the area. This high level of literacy and education was attested to through personal observation on individual and communal efforts that have been expended to redress the threatening erosion problem. 61 4.4.4 Occupation of Respondents The main occupations identified in the communities are indicative of the semi- urban communities in Nigeria, consisting of farming, trading, civil service etc. Trading varies from a small shop in front of a house to large scale buying and selling in local markets. Other common occupations include carpentry and bricklaying. Men are generally accountable for engaging in heavy work whereas women are more likely to be involved in other informal sector activities, such as small scale trading. Besides, sand mining is noted particularly along the channel of the Edim Otop gully, in which the malaise has been taken, as fortune by some residents in the area. Main important crops include yam, cassava, maize, plantain, banana, sugarcane and coco yam. Plantation crops in the area are palm tree and cocoa while okra, peppers and other vegetables and crops are also grown in smaller quantities. Livestock nurture is also an important occupation, typically on a smaller scale as large scale intensive livestock operations could not be identified in the area. An assessment of employment status of the sampled population illustrates that the preponderance of the respondents are farmers which returns 27.5% of the total respondents. This was next to salary earners with 16.5% of the respondents. Respondents who engaged in trading and shop keeping had an estimated proportion of 10.5%. Others include artisans and the self employed who had estimated figures of 15.5% and 12.0% respectively (see Figure 4.7). 62 30.0 27.5 25.0 20.0 16.5 15.5 14.0 15.0 12.0 10.5 10.0 4.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 Figure 4.7: Occupation of Respondents Source: Field Survey, 2013 4.4.5 Residential Status and Duration of Residence of Respondents The distribution of the residential status and the duration of residence are illustrated in Figures 4.8 and 4.9. As illustrated in Figure 4.8, 84.5% of the respondents were permanent residents in the proposed project area. The respondents identified as returnees (Back Home Residents) had an estimated figure of 12.0% of the sample frame. This is followed by the visitors‟ interviewed who are not permanent residents but who are relatives of the households; they account for 3.5% of the in-scope individuals. The residential status of the respondents has an implication on the other information provided as permanent residents with reasonable length of stay will have a sound knowledge of the gully history and appreciate the need for sound environmental mitigation measures during the phases of the gully intervention. 63 84.5% 90.0% 80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 12.0% 3.5% 10.0% 0.0% Permanent Returnee Visiting Figure 4.8: Residential Status of Respondents Source: Field Survey, 2013 On the other hand, the distribution of the duration of residency by the sampled individuals and households presented in Figure 4.9 has implications for the assessment, particularly with respect to the validity of the information provided. As shown in the Figure, the highest proportion of the sampled individuals and households with average figure of 50.5% of sample frame has lived for more than ten years in the proposed intervention project area at Edim Otop gully area. The respondents who have lived for an average of eight years (6-9 years) in the area had an estimated proportion of 36.0% of the sampled frame. This implies that 86.5% of the total respondents has stayed long enough in the area to provide reliable information on the socio-economic condition of the PAP as well as information on how the proposed intervention will impact on the livelihood of the people. In the final analysis, 8.5% of the sampled residents has lived in the project area for 1-2 years while 5.0% has been residents for between 3-5 years. The graphic presentation of the result is shown in Figure 4.9 below. 64 60.0% 50.5% 50.0% 36.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 8.5% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% 0-2 year 3-5 years 6-9 years Above 10 years Figure 4.9: Duration of Residence in the Area Source: Field Survey, 2013 4.4.6 Size of Sampled Households This is chiefly concerned with the description of size of households in the sampled frame. The distribution of size of the sampled households in the proposed intervention project area is illustrated in Figure 4.10. The Figure presents the household size based on the number of dependants in a household. The dependant in this context has to do with the person(s) who relied on the head of a household for financial support, irrespective of relationship with that particular household. As revealed in the Figure, the household with dependants of more than eight persons had the highest mean volume with an estimated 42.0% of the total sample households. This was followed by the households having between 4-8 dependants with 34.0% of the total respondents. The respondents with 2-4 persons, 1-2 persons and none had estimated mean results of 12.0%, 5.0% and 7.0% respectively. 65 0 Dpt 7% 1-2 Dpts 5% 2-4 Dpts Above 8 Dpts 12% 42% 4-8 Dpts 34% Figure 4.10: Size of Sampled Households Source: Field Survey, 2013 4.5 Assessment of Health Status of Respondents Analysis of health status of the PAP was carried out using information derived from respondents to structured questionnaire on health status, which was supported by hospital records acquired from Edim Otop primary health care center. 4.5.1 Health Management Records of Respondents The responses to the health management approach used by the respondents are presented in Figure 4.11 below. As shown in the Figure, the health facilities frequently visited for treatment of ailments within the proposed intervention project area were mainly hospital/clinic and chemist with shared proportions of 71.5% and 28.5% in that order (4.11). This implies that most of residents of the communities in the vicinity of Edim Otop gully area have access and make use of modern healthcare facilities for treatment of their ailments. This, however, is a reflection of the people with high level of education. The major ailments/diseases that frequently occur among the proposed project affected people and communities across various age brackets are malaria and typhoid (see Table 4.2). 66 0.0 28.5 Attending Hospital/Clinic Buying Drug from Chemist Using Traditional Medicine 71.5 Figure 4.11: Health Management Approach of Respondents Source: Field Survey, 2013 4.5.2 Ailments/Diseases Affecting Respondents in the Proposed Project Area The distribution of ailments/sickness affecting the communities in the Edim Otop gully area is presented in Table 4.2 below. The data shows that the health conditions of the residents in the proposed project area are affected by the high incidence of disease vectors such as mosquito. The ailment/sickness mostly suffered from by the residence in the communities in the proposed intervention project area includes malaria (65.5%), typhoid (25%) and rheumatism (8.5%). Rheumatism is predominant among the aged as noted in the area. Other ailments of less significance among the communities in the area as presented in the Table include pile (65%), whooping cough (9.0%), hypertension (5.5%), Eczema (4.0%), eye pains (7.5%) etc. Table 4.2 presents the detailed findings of sickness/ailment mostly affecting the residents in the proposed intervention project area. This, however, was corroborated by hospital records that reveal over 90% of the reported sickness relating to malaria issues. Although there are cases of emergencies, the bulk of what is being treated at Edim Otop primary health care center and other health institutions including private hospital in the area are malaria issues. 67 Table 4.2 Sickness/Ailment Affecting Sampled Households and Individuals Variables Always (%) Sparingly (%) Seldom (%) Never (%) Whooping Cough 3.5 5.5 20.0 71.0 Tuberculosis 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Asthma 0.0 3.5 5.0 91.5 Dysentery 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Diarrhea 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Cholera 0.0 12.5 0.0 87.5 Pile 0.0 65.0 4.5 30.0 Hypertension 0.0 5.5 0.0 94.5 Congestive Health Problem 3.5 0.0 0.0 96.5 Pneumonia 3.0 2.0 10.0 85.0 Epilepsy 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Rheumatism 8.5 6.5 2.0 83.0 Rashes 3.0 6.0 11.0 80.0 Eczema 2.5 1.5 6.0 90.0 Ringworm 4.5 3.0 1.5 91.0 Eye pains 7.5 7.5 0.0 85.0 Cataract 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Glaucoma 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Typhoid fever 25.0 35.0 0.0 40.0 Malaria 65.5 24.5 5.0 5.0 Sickle Cell Anemia 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 STDs 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Field Survey, 2013 4.6 Standard of Living of Sampled Individuals and Households Standard of living in this context concerns with the level of material comfort in terms of goods and services available to in-scope households and individuals in the proposed project affected communities. It is understood that the lower the standard of living, the easier it is to introduce an oppressive production system in an area. 68 4.6.1 Household Monthly Income The distribution of main monthly income of the sampled households and individuals is depicted in Figure 4.12 below. This assessment deals with all available sources of livelihood to the respondent including remittance. As presented below, 45.0% of the sampled households had a monthly income in the range of N10,001.00 and N30,000.00. This was trailed by the households in the group receiving less than N10,000.00 with 33.0%. The respondents who fall within the range N30,001.00 - N50,000.00 had an estimated volume of 12.5%. The respondents with main monthly income in the range of N50,001.00 - N100,000.00 returned 6.0% of the total sampled households. The respondents receiving more than N100,000.00 in a month had the lowest return of 3.5% of the sample frame. However, from personal observation and possession of the PAP, it may be adjudged that the income of the people is slightly higher than what they claim they earn. Above N100,000 N50,001-N100,000 N30,001-N50,000 N10,001-N30,000 Below N10,000 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 N10,001- N30,001- N50,001- Below N10,000 Above N100,000 N30,000 N50,000 N100,000 Percentage 33.0 45.0 12.5 6.0 3.5 Figure 4.12: Household Monthly Income Source: Field Survey, 2013 4.6.2 Housing Characteristics of Proposed Project Affected Communities The distribution of housing characteristics of the proposed project affected communities is presented in Table 4.3 below. The data acquired contain detailed information on the dwelling 69 units in which respondents resided. This comprises: construction materials for wall, roofing, and floor; toilet facility; and tenure of housing. Table 4.3: Housing Characteristics of Proposed Project Affected Communities Building Parts Value Label Frequency Percentage Construction Plank Wall 0 0.0 Material (Wall) Mud 0 0.0 Cement Block 200 100.0 Total 200 100.0 Construction Asbestos Slate 43 21.5 Material (Roofing) Corrugated Aluminum zinc sheets 127 63.5 Aluminum 30 15.0 Thatched roof 0 0.0 Total 200 100.0 Construction Earthen 9 4.5 Material (Floor) Cement 143 71.5 Tiles 45 22.5 Other 3 1.5 Total 200 100.0 Toilet Facility Pit latrine 86 43.0 Water closet 103 51.5 Toilet facility outside dwelling 11 5.5 None 0 0.0 Pier Latrine 0 0.0 Total 200 100.0 Tenure of Housing Owned 145 72.5 Rented 46 23.0 Occupied rent free 9 4.5 Other 0 0.0 Total 200 100.0 Number of 1-2 89 44.5 Room(s) 3-4 60 30.0 5 & Above 51 25.5 Total 200 100.0 Source: Field Survey, 2013 As shown in Table 4.2 above, the wall materials were mainly made up cement block (100%). The roofing materials predominant in the dwelling units were Corrugated Aluminum Zinc sheets (63.5%) and Asbestos Slate (21.5%). As regards the construction material for floor, cement and 70 tiles were most common in the proposed project areas, which account for 71.5% and 22.5% of the total respondents respectively. The toilet facilities were mainly water closet (51.5) and pit latrines (43.3%) while most of the houses‟ sampled (72.5%) were owned by the households (see details in Table 4.2). 4.6.3 Solid Waste Management The waste management methods adopted by the residents of the proposed project area was examined and the overall mean result is shown in Figure 4.13. Efficient waste management approach is pertinent for the protection of human health and the surroundings. In spite of the fact that the communities at the Edim Otop gully were served by the government accredited waste collectors, the communities still mostly relied on other means such as reflected in the graph. In this regard, the distribution of solid waste disposal methods in the project affected communities as presented in Figure 4.13 depicts that, the highest proportion of the respondents (51.0%) falls under “other means” of waste management method and these were mainly respondents dumping the refuse in the Edim Otop gully. The government and communities dedicated waste collectors had an estimated figure of 15.0% each. Detailed findings with respect to solid waste disposal system are shown in the Figure 4.13. 4.6.4 Accessible Sources of Water The distribution of accessible sources of water to the communities in the proposed intervention project area at the Edim Otop gully site is shown in Table 4.4 below. This assessment covers the sources for drinking, cooking, and bathing & washing water available to the proposed project affected communities. As shown in the Table, the proposed project affected communities depend primarily on borehole as their source of domestic water supply for drinking (55.5%), cooking (35.0%), and bathing & washing (48.5%). Community tap was also identified as invaluable sources of water for drinking (21.5%), cooking (24.0%), and bathing & washing (15.0%). Rain harvest can only be available in the rainy season between April and November annually. 71 60.0 51.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 15.0 15.0 12.5 20.0 6.5 10.0 0.0 0.0 Dumping at Dumping in Community Burning Waste Other backyard Water Body Dedicated after Collector Dumpsite Garthering (PSP) Figure 4.13: Refuse (Solid Waste) Disposal Method Source: Field Survey, 2013 Table 4.4: Accessible Sources of Water Drinking Water Cooking Water Bathing & Washing Value Label Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Rain Harvest 11 5.5 30 15.0 9 4.5 River 0 0.0 7 3.5 3 1.5 Well 0 0.0 31 15.5 45 22.5 Bore hole 111 55.5 70 35.0 97 48.5 Pure water 23 11.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 Bottle water 3 1.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 Water Pump 9 4.5 14 7.0 16 8.0 Community Tap 43 21.5 48 24.0 30 15.0 Total Response 200 100.0 200 100.0 200 100.0 Source: Field Survey, 2013 4.6.5 Assessment of Standard of Living The responses to the assessment of changes over the past three years in standard of living of the in-scope individuals and households in the proposed project affected communities are shown in 72 Figure 4.14 below. It is obvious that the largest proportion (61.0%) of the respondents considered a worsening scenario in their standard of living and this was partly attributed to the expansion of the Edim Otop gully. To illustrate this, the residents point at the obvious fact that the entire communities have been cut off from the Satellite town on the other side of the gully. This has an implication on accessibility and economy of the affected communities and the interaction between the two sides. A detailed result is shown in Figure 4.14 and Plate 4.6. The continuous expansion of the gully has resulted in fear, threat and other vices that have deterred people from continuous investment in the area. Same 31 15% Better 47 Worse 24% 122 61% Figure 4.14: Change in Standard of Living over the Year Source: Field Survey, 2013 73 Plate 4.6: Demarcation created by the Gully Erosion between Edim Otop and Satellite Town 4.7 Assessment of Social and Environmental Issues The chief environmental issue in the proposed project area is Edim Otop gully erosion. The gully erosion started in 1997 when the drainage system from Margaret Ekpo International Airport was channeled towards the Edim Otop axis as part of renovation and expansion project of the Airport. In realization of the danger imposed by the malaise, the Cross-river State government intervened through an erosion control project handled by Arab Contractors (see Plate 4.7). The effort proved abortive due to the fact that, the construction was terminated at about 300 meters instead of covering the entire 1500 meters (1.5km) stretch of the gully. This initial effort covered partially the upper section of the watershed. The situation was further dented by the mining of sand along the channel (see Plate 4.8). In line with this, the impacts of the gully erosion and potential impacts of the proposed intervention project from social perspective will be assessed in subsequent sub-section. 74 Plate 4.7: Upper Watershed of the Edim Otop Gully renovated by Arab Contractor Plate 4.8: Sand Mining Activity along the Edim Otop Gully Worsening the Scenario 75 4.7.1 Impacts of Existing Gully The social and economic impacts of the gully on the communities were noted to be enormous. It has resulted in loss of buildings, properties and lives. For instance, in August 2013, a family of eight was buried alive due to the undercut that resulted to landslide at Boro pit, a community dwelt in a gorge by the gully (see Plate 4.9). The gully has seriously affected access to social amenities like electricity, portable water and waste collection amongst others. The ravaging gully erosion has thus resulted in mass exodus from the area. This is evidenced by abandoned buildings dotting the landscape (see Plate 4.10). It is continually making people in the area homeless and landless. Economic activities in the area have been seriously impacted due to the absence of access roads. The gully erosion has seriously dented residential houses, schools, churches, and farmlands (see Plates 4.10 and 4.11). The Edim Otop gully site is now declared a disaster area. Detailed impacts of the gully erosion in which encroachment of land properties (44.0%) and badlands (38.0%) had the highest proportions are graphically presented in Figure 4.15. Plate 4.9: Borrow Pit, a Community under threat dwelt at a Gorge beside Edim Otop Gully 76 Plate 4.10: Abandoned Houses, Severely under Threats by Gradual Expansion of the Gully Plate 4.11: Building under threats influenced by Landslide and gradual Expansion Edim Otop Gully 77 Plate 4.12: Solid Waste dumped along the Edim Otop Gully Plate 4.13: Expansion of the Edim Otop Gully at a Glance 78 Plate 4.14: Gradual Expansion and Deepen of the Edim Otop Gully 4.7.2 Potential Impacts of the Proposed Intervention Project As regards the potential positive impacts of the proposed intervention project, the PAPs strangely believe that the project will enhance their economic activities and help them to reduce their poverty level by improving their standard of living. As a result of robust potential positive impacts of the proposed project, the communities were highly in support of the initiation. The potential negative impacts of the proposed project as indicated by the respondents are shown in Table 4.5. The Figure illustrates that, at the construction phase, most concerns were encroachment of land properties (65.5%) and environmental pollution (21.0%). At the operation phase, pollution, which includes air, water and land (25.0%) and further environmental degradation were identified as the most pressing concerns. A detailed finding in this respect is presented in Table 4.5. 79 44 45 38 40 35 31 30 26 23 25 20 15 15 11 9 10 3 5 0 0 Figure 4.15: Impacts of the Edim Otop Gully Erosion Source: Field Survey, 2013 Table 4.5: Impacts of Proposed Intervention Project Construction Phase Operation Phase Value Label Freq. % Freq. % Soil Infertility 0 0.0 24 12.0 Poor Drainage System 5 2.5 18 9.0 Bad Road 0 0.0 31 15.5 Low Visibility 0 0.0 0 0.0 Bad Lands 4 2.0 11 5.5 Flooding 3 1.5 11 5.5 Environmental Degradation 15 7.5 55 27.5 Destruction of Infrastructure 0 0.0 0 0.0 Encroachment of Land Properties 131 65.5 0 0.0 Pollution (Air, Water & Land 42 21.0 50 25.0 Total 200 100.0 200 100.0 Source: Field Survey, 2013 80 4.8 Most Pressing Socio-Economic Concerns The responses to the proposed project were highly positive with respondents optimistic about the economic boost that the community will benefit from the proposed intervention. The sample individuals and households and the community representatives at the organized FGDs were optimistic, thus, demanding the immediate implementation of the project. They, however, raised some issues which include: (i) Land Acquisition and Compensation The project affected communities were conscious of the land acquisition and the compensation procedure. It was understood that the project will affect nearby buildings (residential, commercial, religious and institutional). Thus, they requested for adequate compensations on land acquisition. (ii) Human Resource /Employment Opportunities They also demanded that the local youth and women be considered for job opportunities and service provision respectively during project implementation, especially during construction. The emphasis was on both skilled and non-skilled workers. 81 CHAPTER FIVE POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 5.1 Assessment of Potential Impacts of the Proposed Intervention This sub-section identifies the potential positive and negative impacts of the proposed Edim Otop Gully Erosion Intervention identified at both the constructions and operations phases. The background to socioeconomic activities and social status of the residence of the Edim Otop Gully site attest to the fact that the project will chiefly improve the worrisome experiences imposed on them by the periodic expansion of the gully and consequently enhance socio-economic development of the affected communities. 5.1.1 Potential Positive Impacts The observed potential positive impacts cover both the constructions and operations phases. The proposed intervention will eradicate or reduce to the barest minimum the worrisome experiences of the residents and the entire community in the area. The positive impacts include but not limited to: 5.1.1.1 Safety of Lives and Properties Since the emergence of the Edim Otop gully in Calabar Municipal, public and private properties located close to the course of the gully erosion have been under enormous threat of being engulfed by the gully. With the proposed intervention works by NEWMAP, the malaise of the ravaging gully will be curtailed. Also, the loss of lives as a result of landslides and high current floodwaters running during torrential downpour will be curtailed. So also, private properties under threat as a result of the expanding gully alignment will also be salvaged. 5.1.1.2 Employment Opportunities The proposed activities especially during construction phase will generate employment opportunities in which the affected communities will benefit. Besides direct employment, other services such as food provision during the construction activities will be provided by the PAP, especially the vulnerable ones, including women. The project is envisaged to create over 100 82 direct and indirect jobs during the construction phase. This, indeed, is a golden opportunity for the youth and the women who might want to provide one service or the other. 5.1.1.3 Securing Public Infrastructures The access road which connects Edim Otop communities with the Satellite town and some other settlements in Calabar Municipal has been completely damaged. It is expected that the proposed intervention will draw the attention of relevant authorities and stakeholders to rehabilitate the damaged roads since the root cause of the damage would have been controlled. This will further enhance the interaction between the two settlements at the sides of the gully. With the proposed development, the access roads under the threat of the erosive power of fast-flowing floodwaters of the watershed will be saved; thus retaining and enhancing the mobility and connectivity merits that the access roads provide to the communities. Hospitals, primary and secondary school buildings and facilities, markets and community halls will also be secured from the destructive powers of the continuously expanding Edim Otop Gully. 5.1.1.4 Minimization of flooding Within the Atimpo watershed, the velocity of floodwaters is high with associated high current. This often leads to massive flooding, which even weakens the sides of the gully and often resulting to landslides and expansion of the gully. The erosive potency of the floodwaters and the loose nature of the soil of the area combine to produce gully erosion, which will initially start as soil erosion. Thus, when the project is completed, the challenges of flooding and the associated loss of lives and properties including agricultural land will be curtailed. 5.1.1.5 Rehabilitation of Bad Lands, Vegetation and Forests It is believed that the proposed intervention by the NEWMAP will eventually lead to a transformation of the land area. For instance, degraded lands caused by the ravaging gully will be rehabilitated while the communities‟ residence in the area will be living in a safe environment. Residents will also have low level of fear or perception of loss of property. The indigenous population of the area will have a sense of confidence in the refurbishment of their ancestral origins. Since the approach of the NEWMAP combines both the engineering and biological solutions, the degraded forest with mudflow and badland created by the gully will be 83 rehabilitated. This will restored the original ecosystems and allow flora and fauna to flourish in their natural system. 5.1.2 Potential Negative Impacts This sub-section deals with the identified potential negative impacts which have basis on whether they will occur during the pre-construction, construction or operation phases. This is necessary to facilitate the implementation of the mitigation measures included in subsequent Chapter of this report. 5.1.2.1 Pre-Construction Phase Land acquisition and resettlement issues: The NEWMAP project triggered World Bank OP 4.12 on Involuntary Resettlement. However, this is being handled by a separate report on resettlement action plan. Expectations of Improvement in Livelihood: These are associated with the expectations of the communities along the gully alignment and the entire watershed. In the Edim Otop Project area, the information about the proposed intervention raised the hopes of the communities and residents for better infrastructural provision and their anticipation of general improvement in socio-economic situation of the people. The affected communities also anticipated a rise in economic activities particularly with the potential increase in market for retails goods and employment opportunities to be generated by the proposed project activities. 5.1.2.2 Construction Phase During construction, vegetation will be cleared along the course of the gully, large drains will also be constructed and other related infrastructures will be erected. These activities during the construction phase will increase the already stressed environment, including the morphology and physiognomy. The potential negative impacts of the development include: Impacts on Flora and Fauna: Plants and animal life irrespective of size and extent of living footprints will be impacted negatively. Birds and climbing animals will be affected in addition to life forms that are emotionally attached to the soil of the area. Animals with high population 84 densities which have built adaptation mechanisms and those living naturally within and around gully area will be displaced from their habitats. Undoubtedly, the proposed activities will halt and displace organisms that feed on the floristic life forms in the area. It was observed that further down the gully erosion alignment, there are birds that live on trees. These birds will be displaced thus; a mitigation strategy of planting trees with soft shallow roots will reduce the extent of migration of the birds. Livestock and wildlife that depend on grasses and shrubs will also be negatively affected. This will impair their natural food sources. Vegetation on the other hand will be affected during the construction phase in the Edim Otop/Atimbo watershed. Essentially, trees and grasses will be cleared for construction purposes. Thus the already battered vegetal structure will be altered from semi - tropical forest to open stretch woodland or shrub land within the forest zone. During the construction phase, the movement of vehicles and heavy duty machinery will further reduce the chances of development of biological succession. Impacts on Water and Water Resources: Impact on water resources could be critical to the proposed project area, as it is known that the gully links with Atimbo Swamp/River, which eventually discharges its runoff into the Great Qua River. During construction, earthworks might release suspended particles into the water which could have detrimental effects on water organisms. However, the critical concern is the impact of the construction activities on the hydrological functions of shallow water bodies such as Atimbo Swamp and the ground water in general. Alignment and gully gradient should, therefore, be done in such a way that average water table is carefully retained at far below drain surface and that the cement and other effluent are not discharged into the swamp. Land slide/Cave-in and mudflow; Generally, morphological changes of the landscape is expected at the end of the intervention. However, if the activities during construction are not well mitigated, geo-hazards such as landslide, cave-in and mudflow may result during construction. Appropriate mitigation measures have been proposed for these anticipated hazards. It must be noted that the borrow pit section of the Edim Otop gully witnessed a major landslides that claimed eight (8) lives in August 2013. Therefore, the issues of landslide and cave-in of the gully 85 wall during construction should not be handled with levity. Appropriate mitigation measures have been proposed in the ESMP section that follows this chapter. Land Excavation and Camp Sites Construction: The nature of the Edim Otop gully erosion site will necessitate land excavations and other forms of land clearance during construction. This could further stimulate land degradation if inadequately managed or executed in an unsustainable manner. Therefore, these activities should be done with regards to the engineering best practices that will lessen further decrepitude associated with land excavation and camp sites construction. Besides, depots and working camps should be located in such a way that they can either be used for other purposes after the time of construction (i.e. in conjunction with local plans), or be removed without trace. Areas of thin soil layers should be recognized so as to cut out any occurrence of aggravated problems and more importantly, borrow pit for excavation should be from government approved site. Noise generated by Machine and Equipment: During the construction, permissible noise level can be temporarily exceeded due to the operation of lorries and equipment in the working zone of the gully erosion. Noise abatement measures including adequate work scheduling should be put in place since the site falls within residential areas. The recommended scheduling should be designed to integrate every form of social activities that might be affected in order to reduce any form of contravention. 5.1.2.3 Operations and Maintenance Phase There are some activities during the operation and maintenance phase that will have negative impacts on the environment. Such adverse impacts include air quality issues, noise and vibration, water quality issues, traffic and transportation, occupational health and safety issues, amongst several others. General Impacts: During operation and maintenance works, the landscape of the project area might be impaired through cave-in and development of ditch. Activities such as construction and other civil works together with increased vehicular traffic in the area might intensify to an adverse extent. The soil of the study area is good for agricultural activities hence the local 86 communities might convert some of the right-of-way areas to agricultural use which might affect the engineering design and the overall design of the project works. Negative Impacts on Air Quality: Vehicular traffic in the proposed project area might increase dust and other air-borne sand particles which might have negative impact on visibility and general environmental outlook of the entire area; some of the residents of the community are surely going to notice this occurrence. It, therefore, becomes imperative to use appropriate measures to check the air quality of the area during this phase of the project. Noise and Vibration: It is likely that the phenomenon related to the increased traffic and air quality issues may result to noise and vibration. Also, proximity to Atimbo-Akpabuyo Road and Teaching Hospital Road as well as the Calabar Airport (within the range of 1km) which is part of the upper watershed may have negative impact on noise and vibration. Thus, these may tend to increase the ambient decibels beyond residential permissible limits. Water quality issues: It is realized that water quality issues could arise from the proposed activities at the Edim Otop gully erosion site. Also, runoff through the Edim Otop gully to Atimbo Swamp could carry along some pollutants picked from the work environment and eventually dump it in the Great Qua River. It, therefore, becomes essential to ensure that water quality measures such as pH levels, turbidity, water colour and other physical measures are examined from time to time during this phase at the proposed Edim Otop intervention by the State NEWMAP. Traffic and transportation: Increase in vehicular traffic is expected in the proposed project area during the operation phase. This will be as a result of the influx of people into the community after the restoration of the environmental issue (the Edim Otop Gully). At the operation phase, vehicular traffic and general road transportation will increase in the area leading to possible traffic logjam at specific road junctions. 5.2 Social Impacts The proposed project area is located within a purely residential area with a mixture of health infrastructure such Edim Otop primary healthcare centre and educational facilities (primary and 87 secondary schools). The local populace engaged in small-scale farming selling their produce at local markets. Hence, there will be a potential negative impacts as a result of high population density, particularly at the proximity to the gully, residential buildings, farmland and related private properties and institutions along the sides of the gully. Some of the social infrastructures that may be affected by the project are presented in Plates 4.9 - 4.12. 5.2.1 Cultural Impacts The Edim Otop gully erosion alignment is not expected to cause any damage to historical, archeological and cultural sites. The Cross River State NEWMAP in conjunction with the Edim Otop Gully Erosion Site Monitoring Committee must, however, consult widely to monitor the operations of the contractors throughout the works period to ensure that no archaeological valuable material is unduly removed as a result of the project. In the occurrence that an archaeological resource is discovered during the construction process however, a procedure for the safeguard of such resource must be implemented. Such a procedure should recognize the significance of such archaeological resource and should outline what will ensue if previously unknown physical resources are encountered during project construction or operation. The procedure should include record keeping and expert verification procedures, chain of guardianship instructions for movable discovers, and clear criteria for potential temporary work stoppages that could be required for rapid disposition of issues related to the finds. The site Environmental Officer in the State must inspect and secure the site, and must contact the Cross River State Ministry of Arts and Culture for advice and organize for a survey or salvage work as suitable. 5.2.2 Impact on Agriculture, Settlements and Community facilities A good number of the impacts on social life along the Edim Otop gully erosion alignment will occur during the construction period. As identified in the socio-economic survey, some of the PAPs along the gully way are peasant farmers and their livelihood system may be temporally halted by construction activities. Assess to community infrastructures may also be temporally disrupted during construction but general improvement will be recorded during operation. 88 5.2.3 Solid Waste Management During construction and operation solid waste will be generated from the excavation works. The solid waste generated from excavation work as well as from supporting activities such as food for workers. Solid topsoil wastes from the sites will be the main form of solid waste. Other solid wastes will comprise metallic pieces, wooden planks, stone debris etc. All the wastes should be disposed of according to the legislation guidelines. 5.2.4 Health Issues Some of the health concerns, especially during construction, include shortage of health facilities like toilets and catering facilities for construction workers. In this regard, it becomes the sole responsibility of the constructor to ensure that the employees are provided with necessary health facilities. These facilities should be put in place before the commencement of construction work. Other health issues may be related to noise pollution and general air quality that may affect individual health condition. 5.2.5 Safety Issues During the construction phase, the main work will engage the use of sharp objects, heavy duty machinery and dusty environment. The contractor will be required to provide his workers with the relevant protective wears such as safety boots, gloves, protective clothing, dust masks and earmuffs. These should be provided for in the project budget and planning. There should be continuous sprinkling of water to ensure dust free environment. Warning signs should be displayed next to dangerous points and machines so as to contain the movement of unauthorized personnel on site during construction and to warn heavy-duty vehicles that will be at the site against possible danger. All litter and debris should be picked up and disposed of in a central disposal site so as to avoid consequent injuries during and after the construction work is complete. A safety officer should be at the construction site throughout the duration of the construction phase. The safety officer should make sure a First Aid kit is all the time available and that the skilled workers are attentive to safety rules. 89 The surroundings will experience an instantaneous increase in human traffic and noise during ground preparation. In a construction site, noise is expected to be generated by the construction machinery excavator and lorries during the civil works. Noise is also mainly likely to emanate from the regular masonry operations such as stone dressing. The machine operators and workers who will be in close proximity to the machinery will be required to wear protective gears such as earmuffs during the construction period. Members of staff in the construction phase must wear safety gears like gumboots, helmets, safety belts (harness), dust musks and approved welding glasses for welders. Other safety precautions are stipulated in the World Bank/IFC Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines particularly the sections of the Toll Roads and Construction Materials Extraction 5.3 Analysis of Alternatives In the context of the ESMP, analysis (assessment) of project alternatives concerns with the performance of the resources with or without the completion of the proposed project or with or without the implementation of the measures designed with this ESMP and/or safeguard instruments considered suitable. Hence, it is a comparison of possible alternatives to be considered with regards to the proposed project. One of the stated alternatives will be prescribed owing to its outstanding merits over the others. The choice will be focused on the essentials of meeting with the threshold of criteria concerning all considered environmental and social variables that are paramount to the project (Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements (ARAR)). For the proposed project, analysis of the various alternatives is explained as follows: 5.3.1 No-Action Alternative The postulation on the alternative is focused on the concept that there will be no alteration to the existing condition at the Edim Otop Gully Erosion Site, Calabar Municipal in Cross River State. Basically, it is speculated that the existing erosion status of the proposed project area will be left unharmed, unaddressed and without any civil works or any engineering construction works. The gully eroded areas and the expansion of the gully will be left to persist without any attempt at addressing the environmental challenge. Consequently, the conditions at the gully erosion site and its alignment and threshold will worsen, resulting in the destruction of lives and properties 90 that may include houses, farmlands, roads and road infrastructures, public facilities, educational facilities etc. With this no-action alternative, these destructive acts including flooding will persist unchecked and uncontrolled. Other environmental and social negative impacts such as destruction of existing access roads, exposure to risk and dangers from the high currents of floodwaters, high cost of commuting in the affected communities due to poor accessibility, destruction of top soil, exposure of flora and fauna to devastating imprints of erosion, loss of land and landed properties, and possible surface and groundwater pollution. As a result of these unfavourable impacts, the “No-Action” alternative is not recommended for the Edim Otop Gully Erosion Site Intervention project by the Cross River State NEWMAP. 5.3.2 The Use of Civil Works For the outstanding result on the prognosticated restoration and rehabilitation of the entire Edim Otop degraded area of the proposed intervention project area, all elements of the watershed cum the environmental and social components should be considered. This approach will ensure that relevant components of the natural and human environment such as soil, public infrastructure, social and community infrastructures and facilities are taken into account, improved and redeveloped in the affected areas concerned. The technicalities of such rehabilitation works and associated enhancements will engage demanding civil works across the broad spectrum of the affected and high-risk areas of the Edim Otop gully erosion, specifically the middle and lower sections of the entire stretch of the gully. Therefore, physical construction works and biotechnological approaches will be adopted in restoring and enhancing affected areas as envisioned by the goals of the State NEWMAP. Adverse impacts of these proposed activities will be highly abridged in such a way that the foreseen benefits outweigh the demerits and therefore controllable. In addition, communities‟ access roads improvement and drainage construction works will curtail further degradation, frequency of accidents and wastage of economic resources along the access roads such as Edim Otop/Atimbo road and link between Edim Otop and Satellite Town. It should therefore be logical that the chances of further land degradation increase may be high if the focus is mainly on the Edim Otop gully site without considering entire watershed in the area. A consideration of the observation this observation will curtail the prevailing land degradation, 91 serve as a safety precautions and provision of safe communities‟ guidelines. Furthermore, quality of lives and enhancement of livelihood for the communities‟ residents will be better off with the implementation of the stated measures in the ESMP. The cost of transportation should either be put on a normal footing or be reduced to the anticipated cost. The movement of agricultural commodities and lack of access to the communities by the State accredited waste collectors will be curtailed. The adverse impacts such as air, water and noise pollution, destruction of vegetation, disruption of economic activities might be experienced during various stages of the implementation of the provision of ESMP. These impacts will be slight and of short duration, thus, manageable. In essence, the advantages of the Civil Works Alternative outweigh the No-Action Alternative. Consequently, the Civil Works Alternative is ideally recommended for the proposed Edim Otop Gully Erosion Intervention Project by the Cross River State NEWMAP. The two alternatives will be evaluated with respect to the benchmarks illustrated in Table 5.1 provided below. Table 5.1: Assessment of the ‘No Action’ Alternative and Use of Civil Works Criteria No Action The Civil Work General Protection of This will not benefit the concerned The rehabilitation of the degraded Environment and stakeholders and communities‟ residents due to environment together with Human Health the fact that the observed level of destruction remediation of the biological life (Broad protection the gully erosion has had on the area. Private forms will guide to improvement mechanisms) properties and public infrastructures have been of life. Properties will be ruthlessly affected leading to loss of lives and protected, lives being saved, other landed properties, land degradation, loss resources being recovered, of agricultural fields, etc. Adopting this transportation facilities enhanced alternative will not benefit the entire affected and general restoration of communities and individual reside in the area livelihood. It will benefit the or the environment. communities‟ residents. Conformity with This does not call for ARARs The Cross River State ARARs NEWMAP-PMU will ensure that standards and authorize requirements are met. Temporary (Short- The No-Action alternative does not add any The timeline for the civil and term) Effectiveness definite input to the stated criteria. other construction works is long term. Nonetheless, the benefits derivable are still better than a No-Action alternative. Enduring (Long-term) This alternative does not meet up the long-term Civil works will give long-term Effectiveness and efficiency and permanence criteria. efficacy for the communities‟ Permanence access roads and watershed. 92 Cost 0 $350,000.00 As illustrated in Table 5.1 above, it can be summarized that the Civil Work alternative is unquestionably better than the No-Action alternative even though the cost implication of former is much more than the latter. The Civil Work alternative will provide the explanation and solution that the Cross River State NEWMAP sought for the Edim Otop gully erosion while the No-Action alternatives will further aggravate the existing environmental problem currently being experienced in the proposed project area. 93 CHAPTER SIX ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN This chapter focuses on the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) of the Cross River State NEWMAP proposed intervention at Edim Otop gully erosion site in Calabar Municipality Local Government Area (LGA). It assesses the outlines for mitigation measures considered to address the adverse impacts described in previous chapters. It also outlines the institutional responsibilities and accountabilities that will guarantee that all the provisions are implemented under severe supervision. Furthermore, the cost insinuation of all the identified avenues was also given as appropriate. 6.1 Mitigation Measures To curtail the potential adverse environmental and social impacts detailed in the previous chapter, the mitigation measures are outlined in the sub-section of this report. These measures correspond to the proposed intervention at Edim Otop gully erosion site. These are discussed as follows: 6.1.1 Mitigation Measures at the Pre-Construction Phase The mitigation measures to resolve the adverse effects of the proposed Edim Otop project at the pre-construction phase, prior to the start of civil works are provided. Specifically, this phase covers the groundwork that predates the construction and developmental works in the proposed area. To all intents and purposes, the two critical issues that might be of logical significance include land acquisition and community perception of the proposed project. These issues are examined as follows: 6.1.1.1 Land acquisition in the Project Site Land acquisition particularly along the Edim Otop gully alignment is essential. This issue is being handled by a separate report on resettlement action plan. Table 6.1 provides the mitigation measures at the preconstruction phase. 94 6.1.1.2 Community perception of the project The situation in which a host community of a developmental project has a skeptical perception about the reality of such project is normal. The varying perceptions may give the project a negative coloration if not properly managed. This may perhaps be as a result of perceived common apathetic approach to the project by officials or previous experiences by the community. In line to resolve this challenge, there are relevant steps to be considered as mitigation measures to checkmate any doubt about the legitimacy, authenticity and reality of such proposed project. The measures are shown in Table 6.1. 6.1.2 Mitigation Measures at the Construction Phase It is expected that the civil works of the proposed intervention have a skeptical environmental and social impacts. The impacts are expected to cut across different aspects of the environmental components which require mitigation measures. The mitigation measures will be guided by governmental MDAs (State Ministries, Departments and Agencies). The identified mitigation measures are shown and relevant agency or organization responsible for the monitoring and ensuring the actualization of the mitigation measures are provided. 6.1.2.1 Mitigation Measures for Potential Environmental Impact Land Slide: Due to the geomorphologic nature and structure of the Edim Otop gully site, landslide poses the greatest environmental threat during construction. In this case, it includes a wide range of ground movements, such as rockfalls, deep failure of slopes and shallow debris flows. Although the action of gravity may likely be the primary driving force due to the base materials down deep which the gully have been eroded, vibration from machinery and traffic during construction can also trigger landslide. Storm rainfall and storm runoff are other potentials that could trigger land slide. Rock Cave in: This includes rock breakage, rock collapse inward or downward, rockfall under the weight of overhead materials such as heavy-duty vehicles, filling laterite and other constructional materials. Overland flow and heavy rainfall can also cause the gully landscape to cave in during construction. Mudflow/Flooding: Construction activities, especially during the wet season can results in mudflow that will arise from not only the gully debris materials but also from imported materials 95 to be used for gully land rehabilitation. If proper care and sound environmental mitigation measures are not put in place, it may even result in mass wasting of the already tilting overhead materials at the gully head, especially around borrow pit area. Also, flooding a phenomenon that has caused untold hardship to the residents of the Edim Otop gully watershed may pose serious challenges to construction activities through washing away of construction materials, making construction work a nightmare for the workers. Potential Soil impact: Likely impacts on soil could occur from diverse constructional activities. In particular, engineering activities relating to excavation, grading, compaction, filling, and others could distress the edaphic environment adversely. The inclusive list of the mitigation measures are shown in Table 6.2. Potential in situ Waste: Construction activities usually produce solid wastes which should be handled with care and managed in a sustainable manner. Wastes from construction activities can be recycled for other in-situ purposes. This approach should be considered. Mitigation measures for in situ waste in construction phase are shown in Table 6.2. Channelization of floodwaters: This deals with any developmental activity on river systems that re-directs the natural course of a river/stream in other to alter its velocity as well the amount of water flowing into it. It also demands geomorphological and hydrological considerations and civil engineering works to ensure sustainable drains. It must be noted that, improper channelization give way to Edim Otop gully and within the range of the gully, different channels were linked with the alignment. To mitigate the negative impacts of channelization, proposed measures are provided in Table 6.2. Topographic alterations: During the construction stage, there are potentials of excavations, removal of soils, and other earth materials. This may result to the alteration of the topography of some parts of the proposed project area. In order to mitigate the undesirable impacts of these construction activities, the measures shown in Table 6.2 should be considered. Air Quality Issues: These issues will occur due to different constructional activities such as mobilisation of equipment, construction works as earthworks, grading, filling, excavations, 96 emission from vehicles, fumes, dust from road, etc. To this end, the mitigation measures presented in Table 6.2 should be considered. Water Quality Issues: It was observed that the nature of the environment at Edim Otop gully erosion site will be impacted by effluence discharges from construction activities as well as equipment maintenance and personal water uses by the construction workers. This scenario could result to an increase in turbidity and siltation with adverse impacts on man and animals including aquatic organisms. Hence, the mitigation measures shown in Table 6.2. Increased sedimentation and runoff: One of the most profound challenges anticipated in the Edim Otop gully erosion site is the likelihood of increased sedimentation and high runoff from rainfall intensified by construction activities. In this situation, sediments can drastically affect surface waters and wetlands with silts and pollutants such as heavy metals, hydrocarbons and toxic substances. These eroded sediments can adversely impact on the aquatic ecosystem and can even increase the risk of flooding and eutrophication. Proposed mitigation measures are shown in Table 6.2. 97 Table 6.1: Mitigation Measures for Pre-Construction Phase S/N Environmental Mitigation measures Monitoring Responsibility Cost ($) and social impact source 1 Land acquisition 1 .All issues should be settled  Cross River State 0 challenges and 1. The RAP report should form the framework for mitigation measures. prior to the commencement of NEWMAP-PMU issues from the civil works.  Edim Otop Gully Erosion members of the Site Monitoring Committee community  RAP (Resettlement Action Plan) Consultant 2 Communities‟ 1. This should be extended to  Cross River State 1750 perceptions of the 1. Proper sensitization of the entire community on the critical aspects of the the construction and operation project. NEWMAP-PMU proposed project phases  Community Based 2. Executive members of the local gully erosion site monitoring committee Organisations should be contacted to act as local information dissemination base for the project.  Edim Otop Gully Erosion 3. Members of the community should also be contacted on the need to support the Site Monitoring Committee project as well as the merits should be communicated. 4. The community should be engaged using English, Efik and Ibibio languages in order to cover all areas as much as possible. 5. Prospects and challenges of the project should be discussed in order to find a common ground for resolving emerging issues. 6. Posters, notices and signboards should be erected at strategic and vantage points to pass information to locals. 98 Table 6.2: Mitigation Measures for the Environmental Impacts in the Construction Phase S/N Environmental and social Mitigation measures Monitoring Responsibility Cost ($) impact source 1 Land slide 1. Keep heavy duty machinery and filling material at Daily throughout the  Site Engineer 2,100 about 30 meters away from gully channels construction duration  Cross River 2. Avoid Machines that can cause vibration State 3. Construction work should carefully stabilize NEWMAP overburden before further works  Ministry of 4. Lower the over hand before using escavator with a long Environment boom or extended boom of at least 25 meters 5. Use manual efforts to reduce overburden 2 Rock cave in 1. Keep heavy duty machinery and filling material at Daily throughout the  Site Engineer 1,700 about 30 meters away from gully channels construction duration  Cross River 2. Avoid Machines that can cause vibration NEWMAP 3. Lower the overhand before using excavators with a  Ministry of long boom or extended boom of at least 25 meters Environment 4. Construction work should carefully stabilize overburden before further works 5. Use manual efforts to reduce overburden 6. Ensure filling materials are adequately compacted during gully stabilization activities 3 Mudflow 1. If possible limit construction activities to dry season Daily throughout the  Cross River 1,750 2. Proper channelization of runoff through drainage construction duration NEWMAP before actual gully work  Ministry of 3. Temporary shoulder must be hydrologically stable so Environment that it is not wash away if it rains 4. Temporary ballast and 5. Wicker work put in place 4 Soil impact from different 1. Erosion control measures such as water bars, gabions, straw Daily throughout the  The Engineer 2,200 construction activities such bales, and re-vegetation will be implemented during and after construction duration  Cross River State as excavating, grading, construction phases. NEWMAP-PMU levelling, compacting etc. 2. Re-vegetation efforts will be implemented to ensure long-term  Federal Ministry of recovery of the area and to prevent significant soil erosion Environment problems. (FMEnv) 3. Proper environmental designs that take cognisance of adverse  NESREA soil impacts should be designed and implemented to averted destruction of soil layers. 4. Storage areas should also be made of impermeable materials. 99 S/N Environmental and social Mitigation measures Monitoring Responsibility Cost ($) impact source 5 In situ waste 1. sites are selected for waste management 1. Throughout the project  The Engineer 2,300 2. Measures should be taken to ensure that waste is handled in an lifecycle  Cross River State adequate manner. NEWMAP-PMU 2. Minimize windblown materials from the waste disposal site.  Federal Ministry of 3. Cover dumped waste as quickly as possible Environment 4. Construction waste could be recycled and reused; this option (FMEnv) should be given top priority for proper in situ waste management.  NESREA 5. Ensure wastewater from cleaning of equipment and other civil works is not disposed of in water bodies in its place it should be collected and treated. 6. Ensure that waste management officers are empowered to certify proper management of waste. 7. Fuel Handling and storage should take place on impermeable surfaces 6 Land use issues arising 1. Recommendations of RAP report should be followed. 1. Three months before actual  Cross River State 550 from displaced individual 2. The necessary world Bank safeguard policy should be construction NEWMAP-PMU and members of the implemented based on the impact of such land use issues.  Cross River State community during the Ministry of Land construction phase of the and Survey project 7 Channelization of 1. Good watershed management practices should be adopted and Before actual civil work on  The Engineer 1,750 floodwaters implemented. the gully started  Cross River State 2. Definition and delineation of the watershed based on NEWMAP-PMU hydrological characteristics of the area should be conducted.  Federal Ministry of 3. Watershed and bio-engineering techniques of using trees as Environment ecological buffer should be implemented for Edim Otop gully (FMEnv) due to the nature of the environment.  NESREA 8 Topographic alterations due 1. The construction works such as road grading, filling of large . Before actual civil work on  The Engineer 1,600 to the construction and holes should be carried out with respect to local topography. the gully site  Cross River State other civil works 2. Old drainage systems should be maintained, if needed, new NEWMAP-PMU ones should be constructed.  Federal Ministry of 3. Re-vegetation efforts will be implemented to ensure long-term Environment recovery of the area. (FMEnv) 4. Site specific safety plans should be developed and properly  NESREA implemented by construction companies executing sub-projects. 5. Remediation materials used for construction should be sourced from government-approved sites 9 Air quality Issues 1. Dust suppression method should be in place to minimize Daily throughout the  The Engineer 1,800 airborne particulate matter that may result from the construction construction duration  Cross River State activities. NEWMAP-PMU 100 S/N Environmental and social Mitigation measures Monitoring Responsibility Cost ($) impact source 2. Routine watering of the construction sites and access roads  Federal Ministry of will keep the dust level down. Environment 3. Provide breathing protection masks for employees and other (FMEnv) task-specific Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).  NESREA 4. Reduce travel distances by placing constructions campsites close to work areas. 5. Ensure that vehicles and other equipment are regularly inspected and schedule maintenance 6. Also ensure that vehicles and machineries comply with international standards for exhaust emission. 7. Maintenance of engines and exhaust gas checks to minimize exhaust emissions. 10 Water quality 1. Mobile toilet facilities, which will be provided for the  The Engineer 1,950 workforce be maintained, emptied daily and disposed of at Daily throughout the  Cross River State approved sites. construction duration NEWMAP-PMU 2. Sewage can be composted in compost bin (mixtures of sewage,  Federal Ministry of straws and hays), which can be used as source of manure for the Environment community, thus, recycling of sewage waste. (FMEnv) 3. The Contractor should ensure that proper storage facilities are  NESREA provided at worksites. They should be leak proof and fitted round with bunds to prevent leakage into the water streams. 4. Development and implementation of proper Waste Management Plans (WMPs) by the Contractor (s). 11 Increased sedimentation 1. Regular inspection of the project sites will be needed.  The Engineer 1,550 and runoff 2. Constructions such as like dykes, sediments basins should be Daily throughout the  Cross River State considered in order to divert the flow of sediments. construction duration NEWMAP-PMU 3. Define watershed boundaries and pollutants of concern, and  Federal Ministry of conduct resource inventory and information analysis. Environment 4. Identify sensitive areas in order to protect surface water and (FMEnv) prevent non-point source pollution.  NESREA 12 Armed robbery attacks 1. Engagement of security personnel.  Contractor The contractor should perform appropriate due diligence on any security personnel with regard to past performance (violence, etc.). 101 6.1.2.2 Mitigation Measures for Potential Biological Impact Impact on Flora and Fauna: This challenge will surface during the process of vegetation clearance and other construction activities. Exposure of the plant surfaces to dust mostly during the transportation of materials could impair the ability of the plants to produce their foods from solar energy (i.e. obstruction of the photosynthesis process). In addition, most faunas which may have created ecological niches for themselves will be disturbed especially borrowing mammals, reptiles, amphibians and insects. This could lead to the development of secondary plant and invasive flora such as weeds; coupled with proliferation of opportunist species. This aspect should be handled in cooperation with the Ministry of Forest Resources and NEWMAP officials. Mitigation measures are shown in Table 6.3. 1. Potential Socio-Economic Impact Traffic and Transportation Impact: Edim Otop communities‟ access roads and other areas will be adversely impacted during the construction phase due to the concentration of socioeconomic activities with movement of people, goods and services. Thus, the movement of heavy-duty trucks and heavy-duty machinery will impact the threshold traffic and movement pattern. Heavy duty machines may also damage the already stressed road facility. Accident: This is most likely to occur during the construction phase. Movement of workers, materials, equipment, goods and commodities could lead to accidents. Employment: This is the most important component of the construction phase that will positively affect the socioeconomic lives of the communities. However, the influx and migration of people of different professions including the local artisans and labourers may result in adverse impact on the project area. This will bring both direct and indirect implications which in most cases will be positive but could also generate some negative social issues. Procedures listed in Table 6.4 are ideally recommended. Human Displacement: It is, however, estimated that about 10 structures involving about 60 families will be affected. However, the RAP report will provide detail information on 102 resettlement issues. In the event of human displacement, the provisions of the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) should be implemented to alleviate the experience of the affected persons. Environmental Aesthetics: The general outlook of the environment may be affected during project implementation especially from construction and civil works during the construction phase. This could lead to other multiple effects on business and property. In this regard, detailed mitigation measures are shown in Table 6.4. 2. Public Health HIV/AIDS and STDs: The influx of people particularly workers from other areas could also stimulate the propensity to health challenges. Thus, social vices, which may affect the health status of the community, could increase during the construction phase of the project. Water-Borne Diseases: These could arise owing to poor environmental sanitation and poor hygiene and health consciousness of the workers. Diseases such as cholera, dysentery, amoebiasis, salmonellosis, etc. could develop as a result of overstretching of existing facilities. Malaria: During construction activities, pools of stagnant water could be created and serve as breeding place for the mosquito. This could increase cases of malaria disease. 6.1.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase At the operation and maintenance phase, air quality issues, noise and vibration, water quality issues, traffic and transportation, health and safety issues will surface. For each of this, there are specific mitigation measures which will separately curb the identified adverse impacts. These mitigation measures are itemized in Table 6.6. Maintenance and operations: The maintenance and operational phase will also come with several challenges many of which have already been discussed. 103 Table 6.3: Mitigation Measures for the Biological Impacts in the Construction Phase S/N Environmental and Mitigation measures Monitoring Responsibility Cost ($) social impact source 1 Impact on flora and 1. Identify any Site of Special Scientific Interest. 1. Ensure regular environmental  The Engineer 1,650 fauna 2. Co-operate with relevant MDAs such as the Federal assessment with interest on the flora  Cross River State Department of Livestock, Privately-owned wildlife and fauna of the project area. NEWMAP-PMU conservation parks, Zoos and Zoological departments of 2. Ensure consistent checks on the  Federal Ministry of Universities, for the housing of possible animals that may management of waste. Environment be relocated as a result of the construction. 3. The use of chemicals that will (FMEnv) 3. Ensure that affected flora species are transferred and adversely affect the localised flora raised in available nurseries. and fauna should be discouraged or totally avoided. 2 Impact on wild life 1. Ensuring that all the necessary World Bank safeguard 1. Ensure consistent checks on the  The Engineer 3,050 policies on wild animals and their related habitats are adherence to safety regulation;  Cross River State addressed and strictly adhered to such policies include 2. Ensure regular cleaning and NEWMAP-PMU OP 4.04 and OP 4.36 on Natural Resources and Forest clearing of the environment.  Federal Ministry of respectively. 3. Apply localised World Bank Environment 2. Wild life Departments and Forest Management safeguard policies with knowledge (FMEnv) Department of the Cross River State Ministries should be and contributions of stakeholders. liaised with in order to provide greenhouse habitats for 4. Local trees should form the animal species until new habitats are provided. fundamentals of afforestation plans. 3. Afforestation practices should be encouraged 5. wild life areas should be created in 4. Sustainable forest management practices should be an undisturbed zone so as to avoid adopted. These should be in concordance with the World forced migration of wild animals. Bank safeguard policies as well as federal and state policy on forest management. 5. Wildlife reservation areas for birds and other migratory animals should be created within their various natural niches to avoid extinction of scarce species. 104 Table 6.4: Mitigation Measures for the Socio-economic Impacts in the Construction Phase S/N Environmental and Mitigation measures Monitoring Responsibility Cost ($) social impact source 1. Traffic and 1. A good traffic management plan should be designed and 1 Daily throughout the  Cross River State 1,250 transportation impact implemented with respect to safety rules, speed limits, use of construction duration NEWMAP-PMU road signs and traffic warnings, guidance on the need to drive  Cross River State within speed limits as construction activities are on-going and Ministry of heavy duty equipment are moving, etc. Transportation and 2. The local communities and road users should also be sensitized Environment of the need to concur to these rules. 3. Well designated area for storages, work depots, campsites, and work sites should be clearly marked for proper identification. These should also be located in vantage areas that will not disrupt movement of vehicles. 4. Information on probable road closure in some cases should be made public via the local media – radio and television. In addition, large billboards and signage should be erected in strategic locations indicating the road closure. 5. Ensuring that all road signs are put in place and detours made possible to divert traffic. 6. In case of total road closure to pedestrians, alternative footpaths should be provided for communities‟ residents. 7. The contractor should liaise with state transportation and traffic maintenance agency as well as Federal Government agencies such as the Federal Road Safety Commission (FRSC) throughout the construction phase to ensure that traffic safety is maintained and ensured during the period. 2 Accidents 1. All workers should be sensitised and monitored on the need to 1. Daily throughout the  The Contractor 2,050 keep the first rule of civil and construction works which is safety construction duration  Cross River State first. NEWMAP-PMU 2. Ensure that workers are provided with health and safety  Cross River State equipment such as High visibility vest, safety helmets, earplugs, Ministry of safety glasses, and safety boots and, stress on the need to use Transportation and them always. Environment 3. Ensure that proper signs and barriers are put up within the  Safety Officers of the project location sites. Federal NEWMAP- 105 S/N Environmental and Mitigation measures Monitoring Responsibility Cost ($) social impact source 4. Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) should be applied during PMU, the project activities to all workers. 5. On site safety officer should be engaged to monitor the compliance of workers to safety rules. 6. Proper safety signs and information signage should be placed at strategic locations within the site. 7. Working hours should be stipulated and kept to avoid stress and poor health management 8. Hazardous waste as well as hazardous materials should be stored in a secure area with impermeable surface with adequate secondary containment 3 Employment 1. Ensure that individuals from the project communities are given 1. Before civil works start.  Cross River State 600 priority to reduce in any socioeconomic rife from local youths. NEWMAP-PMU 2. Public consultation will be implemented to address any  Social officers of the situation of wrong notion created by members of the Cross River PMU communities. 3. The campsite for workers should be located remotely away from the community particularly away from familiar kin who might not allow construction activities to progress based on project timeline. 4. Contractors and Project managers should ensure that the workers are prohibited from patronising prostitutes and the use of 2. Daily throughout the alcohol and drugs within the site areas. construction duration 4 Personnel injury Prevention of risks from confined spaces 1.Daily throughout the Contractor construction duration 5 Human displacement 1. World Bank OP 4.12 addressing involuntary Before commencement of  Cross River State 800 resettlement will be applied for this impact civil work.. NEWMAP-PMU 2. All issues of resettlement / compensation are being  Cross River State addressed in RAP Ministries of Land, 3. RAP report recommendation should be applied. Physical Planning and Urban Development. 6 Aesthetics 1. Best engineering practice should be adopted with the best Construction and operation  Cross River State 2,050 available construction technology which recognizes the need to phases NEWMAP-PMU . keep local aesthetics.  Environmental Officers 106 S/N Environmental and Mitigation measures Monitoring Responsibility Cost ($) social impact source 2. Rehabilitate the environment before demobilization. of the Federal NEWMAP-PMU, Table 6.5: Mitigation Measures for the Public Health Impacts in the Construction Phase S/N Environmental and social Mitigation measures Monitoring Responsibility Cost ($) impact source 1 HIV/AIDS and STDs 1. Employees should be enlightened on HIV/AIDS 1. Counseling should be timely  Cross River State 800 and STD awareness. and periodic for all members of NEWMAP-PMU 2. Other activities will include treating other workforce.  Cross River State sexually transmitted diseases, distributing condoms, 2. Screening should be before Ministries Health and providing counseling, screening, and support employment. services for employees. 2. Requirements for entrance and 3. Medical examinations should be performed on exit medical exams for workers new employee and repeated regularly throughout should be spelt out the term of employment. 4. The contractor should have operating procedures that control unsafe behaviours amongst personnel especially considering the fact that there will huge influxes of workers and the likely spread of STD‟s due to possible sexual interactions between workers and members of the project affected communities. 5. Initiate assistance for those already infected or at risk, and conduct community awareness training. 6. Support local Blood Transfusion Service in any health facility located within the project area, to enable them commence HIV screening for all donors. 2 Water-borne diseases 1. Provision of proper human waste disposal Throughout the lifecycle of the  Cross River State 1,800 facilities for the construction workers. project NEWMAP-PMU 2. Good sanitation including proper waste disposal  Cross River State at its operation and residential accommodations. 107 S/N Environmental and social Mitigation measures Monitoring Responsibility Cost ($) impact source 3. Participate in environmental sanitation initiatives Ministries Health in communities where its workers are domiciled. 4. Avoid any deterioration in public health and environmental sanitation as a result of the project. 5. Involvement of NGOs and civil societies in waste management and healthcare activities. . 6. Ensure that wastes are not dumped in any waterlogged area, within the gully or along the river. 3 Malaria 1. Poor environmental sanitation habits by members 1. Ensure that the environment is  Cross River State 1,700 of the contractor‟s workforce. clean and safe. This should be NEWMAP-PMU 2. Movement of waste into the watershed the priority of all including the  Cross River State 3. Proper reservoir operation, engage in disease members of the workforce. Ministries Health surveillance and insecticide sprays to prevent the 2. Regular sanitation and proliferation of the disease vector; conduct routine cleaning of the workplaces medical check-ups and development of medical where water is being used. facilities. 3. Ensure that waste is dumped 4. Government programmes to improve existing at designated sites. medical and health services in the local 4. Devoid from usage of dirty communities should be supported as much as water for personal use. Clean possible by the Project. This includes Mosquito water must be used for all control programmes such as the distribution of construction operations. insecticide treated nets to affected community 5. Workers‟ residence should be members. clean and safe. 5. Provision of good sanitation including proper waste disposal at its operation and residential accommodations. 6. Participate in environmental sanitation initiatives in communities where its workers are domiciled. 7. Maintenance of good drainage at construction areas to avoid creation of stagnant water bodies. 108 Table 6.6: Mitigation Measures for Operation Phase S/N Environmental and Mitigation measures Monitoring Responsibility Cost ($) social impact source 1 General maintenance 1. Indiscriminate activities of the residents and others 1. The community should engage in safe and clean Cross River State 1000 operations members of the communities such as indiscriminate waste environment. Ministry of dumps should be outlawed. 2. Ensure that wastes are dumped in designated Environment 2. Maintenance operations should be designed according to waste dumps. Transport environmental safety guidelines of the Cross River State 3. Environmental checks should be consistent and Works and Environmental Protection Agency and Federal Ministry of orderly. Infrastructure Environment. The Nigerian 3. Regular checks should be conducted by constituted Police authorities to ascertain the environmental quality prior to and after maintenance operations. 2 Air quality 1. Periodic checks on ambient environmental quality 1. Regular check for adherence to safety concerns. Cross River State 900 particularly air 2. Ensure that all areas have trees planted along the Ministry of 2. Vehicles without road worthiness should not be permitted road corridors. Environment to use the road 3. Ensure that road signs are placed along the road Forestry 3. Traffic control measures should be put in place to curb corridors. Transport road-based air pollutant effects 4. Ensure that speed limits are strictly adhere to. Works and 4. Regular checks on the nature of the road should be 5. Ensure that vehicles are in good condition so as Infrastructure conducted with respect to air quality parameters. to protect the environment when driven along the roads. 6. Ensure that motorists adhere to stipulated speed limits. 3 Noise and vibration 1. Speed limits signboards should be placed at strategic 1. Regular check for adherence to safety concerns. Cross River State 750 locations along the Edim Otop access roads for the use of 2. Ensure that road signs are placed along the road Ministry of motorists and road users. corridors.  Environment 2. Safety information should be placed at specific locations to 3. Ensure that speed limits are strictly adhere to.  Forestry convey road safety information to motorists 4. Ensure that vehicles are in good condition so as  Transport 3. The local road transportation officials should be not to pollute the environment when driven along  Works and empowered to checkmate the activities of careless motorists. the roads. Infrastructure 5. Ensure that motorists adhere to stipulated speed limits. 4 Water quality issues 1. Ensure that waste dumps are not situated proximate to the 1. Ensure that proper waste management practices Cross River State 1500 project area to avoid water pollution cases. are adhere to; Ministry of 2. Wastewater and sewage should be channelled appropriately 2. Adherence to the principles of safe and clean  Environment according to safety guidelines. environment should be taken paramount;  Forestry 109 S/N Environmental and Mitigation measures Monitoring Responsibility Cost ($) social impact source 3. Solid waste should not be dumped indiscriminately along 3. Road users should be made to observe the  Transport the rehabilitated alignment. mitigation measures.  Works and 4. A clean and safe environment principle should Infrastructure be the guideline for all workers and on site members. 5. Safety of the environment should be paramount for all concerned during the construction phase. 5 Traffic and 1. Ensure free flow of traffic 1. Implement the traffic management plan with Cross River State 1070 transportation 2. Ensure that road infrastructures that will ensure that the respect to local traffic management strategy. Ministry of rehabilitated alignment is kept free and safe from accidents 2. Information on road speed should be placed  Environment such as speed limit regulations, street lighting systems, road strategically along the road.  Forestry marks, etc are provided. 3. Information on road safety should be written in  Transport 3. Road furniture are provided at designated bus stops and local language and English for ease of  Works and terminals along the Edim Otop access roads particularly as communication. Infrastructure this will provide road safety for pedestrians and road users. 4. Clear road diversion tapes and other information 4. Ensure that traffic officials are strategically positioned at tactics should be used and devised to avert traffic specific junctions to provide safety guidelines and ensure free logjam. flow of traffic within the proposed project area. 6 Health and safety 1. Maintenance workers are expected to imbibe the workplace 1. Sensitization should be carried in clear terms Cross River State 1030 safety rules via proper sensitisation procedures prior to and all workers should understand safety rules and Ministry of maintenance works. regulations.  Environment 2. Ensure that workers utilise safety tools such as safety boots, 2. Signs and safety information should be written  Health safety helmets, and other essential safety wears on-site. in local language and English for ease of  Forestry 3. Ensure that first aid tools for minor injuries are treated prior comprehension.  Transport to being forwarded to a medical centre for proper treatment. 3. The Standard Operating Procedure (SOP)  Works and 4. Ensure that workers are in best state of health during work should be summarised and placed along strategy Infrastructure hours any reported case(s) of ill health should be referred to a points on site for proper guidance. nearby medical centre. 4. Workers should be allowed to work smarty and 5. Ensure that a Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) not late in order to avert accidents owing to officer is available prior to and during maintenance works. fatigue. 110 6.2 Institutional Responsibilities and Accountabilities Precise roles and responsibilities and adequate institutional arrangements are central to the effective implementation of the environmental and social safeguard measures outlined in the current ESMP. Accordingly, details of institutional arrangements and the roles and responsibilities of the various institutions in the implementation of the current ESMP are discussed as follows: 6.2.1 Pre-construction Phase 6.2.1.1 Key Agencies The Key Agencies with major roles in the implementation of the ESMP during the pre- construction phase are:  The Contractor;  The Federal NEWMAP-PMU;  The Cross River State NEWMAP-PMU;  Cross River State Ministries, Departments and Agencies (Information, Human Capital Development, Land, Finance, Physical Planning and Urban Development, and Agriculture);  Community Based Organisation;  The Edim Otop Gully Erosion Site Monitoring Committee;  RAP (Resettlement Action Plan) Consultant;  The World Bank. 6.2.1.2 Role of the Involved Agencies The contractor and the Environmental and Social officers of Cross River NEWMAP have critical roles and responsibilities for monitoring and reporting on the implementation of the ESMP. At the preparation stage, which involves meetings and consultations, The Cross River NEWMAP, Edim Otop Gully Erosion Site Monitoring Committee, Community Based Organisations (CBOs) as well as members of the concerned communities in the project area have the responsibility for reporting either back to the communities or to the World Bank and governments at all levels as the case may be. The contractor should liaise with the Cross River State NEWMAP-PMU on any issue raised in order to find a balance in responding to the issues to meet international safeguard polices of the World Bank. These issues must be communicated to Cross River State ministries through their respective departments and agencies (MDAs) for prompt action on issues raised. The implementation of the issues raised 111 should be managed based on the Federal NEWMAP-PMU in conjunction with the Cross River State NEWMAP-PMU as well as the World Bank. 6.2.1.3 Reporting and Follow-Up The Edim Otop Gully Erosion Site Monitoring Committee through its secretary should forward the details of the several meetings held to the Cross River State NEWMAP-PMU. This is to foster a feedback mechanism as well as reporting and follow-up mechanisms for the issues raised and the respective implementation. The reporting and follow-up should be bottom-up channels i.e from community level to site monitoring committee, to the Cross River NEWMAP from where the issues should then move to the Federal PMU before moving to the World Bank. 6.2.2 Construction Phase 6.2.2.1 Key Agencies The Key Agencies with major roles in the implementation of the ESMP during construction phase are:  The Engineer;  The Contractor;  Cross River State NEWMAP-PMU with the Environmental and social livelihood officers playing key roles;  The Federal NEWMAP-PMU,  The Cross River State Ministries, Departments and Agencies (Works and Infrastructure, Environment, Agriculture, and Forestry);  The Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv), NESREA; and  The World Bank. In addition to the key agencies, the Cross River State Government through the MDAs also have a role in general oversight of ESMP implementation. 6.2.2.2 Role of Involved Agencies The main responsibility for monitoring and reporting on the implementation of the ESMP lies with the Cross River State NEWMAP-PMU Environmental and Social Livelihood Officers. They are responsible for regular supervision and reporting on ESMP implementation. The site engineer who is actually on site to implement the ESMP should have access to a team of experts in different fields (water, soil, social consultant etc) in order to ensure sufficient 112 capacity to oversee the implementation of the ESMP. The implementation of the ESMP should be managed by the Cross River State NEWMAP-PMU through the Environmental Officers and (EO) that will be primarily responsible for the daily inspection and monitoring of the ESMP implementation. The Cross River State Ministries of Works and Infrastructure, Environment, Agriculture, and Forestry should also carry out periodic monitoring of the ESMP implementation concerning the fundamentals of the internal mechanisms and policies as established by laws guiding their operations. These institutions may conduct announced and unannounced site visits with or without the representatives of the Federal NEWMAP-PMU. The reports / findings from such periodic visit should be forwarded to the World Bank. The Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) and her agency NESREA could also send officers from time to time or embark on full official monitoring of the ESMP implementation of NEWMAP projects. At the local level, the Cross River State Ministries of Environment can also pay visits to the proposed project site to observe and monitor the level of compliance to the provisions of the ESMP and other safeguards issues. 6.2.2.3 Reporting and Follow-Up The contractor through the site engineer should prepare monthly and incident reports that will be submitted to the Cross River NEWMAP environmental specialist, who will verify the claims, make comments, observations, and recommendations. Cross River State NEWMAP- PMU has a responsibility to send feedback to the Engineer for necessary actions. Monitoring and reporting on the implementation of follow-up action should also be part of the duties of the environmental and social livelihoods officers. In the case of any matter of critical issue on the implementation of the ESMP, the Cross River State NEWMAP should convene the project environmental management meetings when necessary to discuss and instruct on the environmental and social management aspects of the Project. The Engineer and the Contractor must participate in the meetings. If possible, representatives of the World Bank and Federal NEWMAP-PMU should also be invited to such meetings. 113 6.2.3 Operational and Maintenance Phase It must be stated that the mitigation and monitoring activities should not be the sole responsibility of the Cross River State NEWMAP or the Federal NEWMAP during the operational phase. The Cross River State NEWMAP in conjunction with the Federal NEMWAP as the managing entity of the Edim Otop gully erosion site has the responsibility to consider these measures, and to bring these to the attention of other government agencies for their action as apposite. 6.2.3.1 Key Agencies During the operational phase, the key institutions to which the Cross River State NEWMAP will enter into collaborative relations are the Cross River State Ministries which include the Ministry of:  Environment  Forestry  Transport  Works and Infrastructure  State Police Command  Calabar Municipal Local Government At the operation and maintenance phase, the Local government administrative council will have significant role in general oversight of the ESMP implementation and in its up-dating. 6.2.3.2 Role of Involved Agencies The responsibilities of the institutions playing a role in the process of the operation of the Edim Otop Gully erosion monitoring are:  The Monitoring and Supervision Unit of the Cross River State Ministry of Environment should conduct regular visits to the site to examine and verify how the gully erosion site is operated and maintained. Several components such as water, soil, flora and fauna of the environment, waste management, noise and vibration, air and water quality and others have to be monitored. This should be conducted within the legal and administrative capacity of the Ministry of Environment through their respective departments, and agencies.  The Cross River State Ministry of Forestry must conduct regular inspections to check the level of compliance of the site operators with afforestation plans which, should be in concordance with international standards. 114  The Ministry of Transport should check the nature of vehicular traffic and road transportation pattern in the area with respect to transportation safety and vehicular controls. This will be conducted with respect to safety of road users and the residents of the community.  Ministry of Works and Infrastructure must conduct regular checks on the nature of infrastructure provided within the duration of the project and the period of assessment. The approach should be conducted in such a way as to provide a mechanism for prompt response and rehabilitation of any of the provided infrastructure within the gully erosion alignment.  The Police should ensure that crime and criminal activities are reduced to the barest minimum in order to avoid wrong linkage of criminal events to the rehabilitation of the gully.  In all, the Local Government has the responsibility of day to day supervision and ensuring that facility provided are not in any way vandalized. 6.2.3.3 Institutional and Implementation Arrangements for Implementing the ESMP at the Local Level At the local level, the NEWMAP ESMF vested the overall implementation of the ESMP on the Site Monitoring Committee. The committee, as mentioned earlier, represents the interest of the community in the entire process of the proposed intervention. The Edim Otop Gully Erosion Site Monitoring Committee has already been constituted by Cross River State NEWMAP and the committee forms a critical mass of source of information and community liaison during the field activity for the preparation of this ESMP. The committee has several sub-committees including the women wing and environmental sub-committee. Although the Edim Otop Gully Erosion Site Monitoring Committee chairman is a foremost environmental specialist and currently the General Manager of the Cross River State Waste Management Authority, there is the need for further capacity building on environmental issues and the implementation of the ESMP at all stages of project implementation. Consequently, capacity strengthening and sensitization of the Edim Otop Gully Erosion Site Monitoring Committee and the Environmental sub-committee members is critical to successful implementation of this ESMP. The content of the training should include but not limited to (i) Role of community during construction and post contraction (ii) Sustainable practice to ensure gully 115 stabilization (iii) Implementation of the ESMP at the local level. The details of training program is shown in section 6.3.16 6.3 Environment and Social Monitoring Plan Measures The subsequent sections of this chapter provide a framework for the content of the ESMPs envisioned for the Edim Otop Gully Erosion Site. As the project progresses through the several rehabilitation civil and related construction works, these EMSP provisions should be expanded to include specific procedures to guide implementation by the Cross River State NEWMAP-PMU personnel and contractors, and to provide for periodic updating when and where necessary. Table 6.7 provides the guidelines for the preparation of the identified environment and social monitoring plans 6.3.1 Flora and Fauna Management Plan The primary purpose of the Flora and Fauna Management Plan is to protect the biodiversity of the area from any unintended damage that may arise from the constructions and operation phases, and to protect the project personnel from dangers associated with the native flora and fauna. This plan includes the following provisions as well as others that will be identified as the project progresses:  Animals shall not be handled, removed, killed or unnecessarily disturbed by the NEWMAP/World Bank officials or its employees, or by NEWMAP/World Bank‟s contractors‟ or their subcontractors‟ employees.  The Cross River State NEWMAP should not tolerate poaching of fauna or flora by its personnel or by any of its contractors or subcontractors  The Cross River State NEWMAP should ensure through a High Conservation Value study that all High Conservation Value Forest sites are properly marked and left untouched.  The Cross River State NEWMAP should help to maintain the integrity and quality of biodiversity in the project area.  The Cross River State NEWMAP should assist in protecting the swampy section from liquid effluent from liquid waste generated during construction and operation phases  Land clearing operations are expected to drive wildlife away from the clearing operations for the various proposed project activities, however, if any species classified as VU by the Ministry of Environment moves to the project areas is trapped or hurt during land clearing operations, the Wildlife Division under the Ministry 116 should be informed to determine whether translocation or other actions are required to save the individuals. The Cross River State NEWMAP will allocate funds for such contingency.  The NEWMAP operations are to occur over a period of eight years. Thus, the Cross River State NEWMAP should plan its development projects in advance to minimize the impact on the fauna, help identify and control impacts such as flood zones and to result in a lower amount of biomass to manage.  The Cross River State NEWMAP should monitor the general conditions of the aquatic habitat downstream to ensure that its water withdrawals are not creating significant stresses to that habitat and if so, the Cross River State NEWMAP shall develop plans to install wells to replace enough of the surface water usage to mitigate the significant impacts.  The Cross River State NEWMAP should ensure that the site is kept clean, tidy and free of garbage that would attract animals.  In order to reduce the risk from invasive species, the monitoring programme for the interventions should track what types of invasive species occur, where they occur, how they were most likely introduced to the area, how they were eradicated, and the success of the various eradication measures. If any of the Cross River State NEWMAP officials or contractor identifies a continuing problem with invasive species, it should determine the root cause of that problem and investigate additional measures to address it.  In order to decrease the demand for local bush meat, Cross River State NEWMAP should take the following measures:  decrease hunting pressure by working with local government authority to ensure that adequate supplies of meat other than local bush meat as well as other protein sources are available in stores and markets within the study area;  educate its employees on the adverse impacts of hunting and consuming bush meat;  to the degree possible, prohibit and enforce prohibitions on hunting inside the project area;  sponsor education programmes in the settlement about the adverse impacts of hunting and consuming bush meat; and 117  sponsor programmes to transition hunters to other sustainable livelihood activities.  The Cross River State NEWMAP should work with conservation groups and other stakeholders around the Project Area to help prevent poaching. Initiatives may include hiring guards, posting signs among others. 6.3.2 Waste Management Plan The primary purpose of the Waste Management Plan is to ensure that wastes (solid/liquid) are minimized and that any wastes that are generated are properly managed and disposed to avoid damage to the environment. This process can be expressed using the following methods;  minimize waste production as much as possible;  if waste is produced, reuse or recycle that waste as much as possible;  if reuse or recycling is not possible, the waste should be treated, neutralized, or transformed into inert materials; and  if this is not possible, the waste must be disposed in a way not harmful to the environment or to human beings. The following summarize important elements of a Waste Management Plan:  the plan must establish the responsibility for waste management and appoint an overall Waste Management Supervisor, who must be fully trained in the implementation of the Waste Management Plan;  the Cross River State NEWMAP must develop a list of all wastes generated at the different facilities with estimated quantities of each on a monthly basis or other time interval, particularly Hazardous Wastes;  the contractor must provide well labelled storage bins for the different categories of waste in specially designed plastic or metal bins so that each type of waste can be treated or disposed of as necessary;  Hazardous Wastes must be properly disposed based on their specific properties as noted in Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) and may not be disposed with non- hazardous wastes;  Hazardous Waste at the proposed project area is expected to be primarily composed of the following:  empty chemical substances containers (e.g. pesticides, fungicides);  empty petrochemical substances containers (e.g. oil, grease, lubricants); 118  used lubricants; and  used towels soaked with oil and grease or lubricants;  Hazardous Wastes cannot be mixed unless specifically noted in the plan;  the Cross River State NEWMAP must establish a list of accredited waste disposal contractors and obtain a Certificate of Accreditation for each to ensure that they are operating legally;  the Cross River State NEWMAP must have accredited waste disposal contractors for the following items and activities:  used engine oil recycling contractor/facility;  lead and lead battery recycling contractor (also other heavy metal pollutants);  tire and rubber recycling contractor;  plastic recycling contractor, particularly for plastic containers which must be rinsed prior to disposal (note – do not burn PVC in open air because dioxins and furans can be generated);  used batteries (car and equipment batteries) and e-waste (electronic waste) recycling/exporting contractor;  Hazardous Waste incineration contractor (for incineration at high temperatures in specially constructed incinerators); and  domestic waste collection contractor;  the Cross River State NEWMAP must track all hazardous waste disposal activities using an appropriate Waste Manifest Form and all completed forms should be kept for record purposes;  the Cross River State NEWMAP should periodically (e.g. every six months) reconcile its estimated disposal quantities with the waste manifests and other records of actual wastes generated, and investigate any significant discrepancies;  the Waste Management Supervisor must ensure that periodic inspections are conducted of waste management practices to ensure compliance with this plan. 6.3.3 Erosion and Sedimentation Management Plan The Erosion and Sedimentation Management Plan must provide guidance to control soil erosion and the transport of sediment to surface waters, particularly in a deeply eroded area in the Project area. Soil erosion is a major soil degradation process affecting the soil quality not only by directly reducing nutrients and organic matter levels, but also by affecting soil 119 properties such as infiltration rates. To this end, if erosion is not controlled it could lead to gully erosion which is the case with the Edim Otop gully situation. A systematic erosion and sedimentation is required within the threshold of a deeply eroded environment. All exposed soil areas in the Project area should be managed through a diversified set of measures and strategies that minimize the risk of erosion and run-off, control the flow of storm water over exposed soil areas, retain sediments within the cleared areas as much as possible, and control erosion and run-off downstream of the cleared areas. These measures are grouped and presented as follows. The Cross River State NEWMAP should monitor the effectiveness of erosion and run-off control through systematic verification of compliance with control measures implemented through monitoring of impacts to surface water quality downstream (turbidity) and run-off accumulation at streams and natural drainage channels downstream of construction fronts. Erosion and runoff should be minimized through the implementation of the following series of measures:  Vegetated buffer zones should be protected along streams to help control sedimentation.  Site clearing operations should progress in a gradual and phased manner to ensure there are no large increases in sediment discharge.  While vegetation clearing and earthmoving activities are in progress and permanent erosion control devices cannot be implemented, temporary erosion control devices should be used.  As a rule, the only rainwater that should be allowed to flow over cut and fill slopes is that which falls directly on them. All exposed soil working surfaces must be tilted towards the base of cut slopes and, where this is not possible measures such as berms should be installed at the upper limits of fill slopes to minimize uncontrolled storm water flow over them.  Slopes of all cut and fill areas must be rigorously controlled and will at no time be allowed to be greater than the slope established in the final design.  Temporary protection of exposed soil surfaces with measures such as plastic film, bio-membranes or other means, should be implemented whenever necessary.  Permanent erosion control may be achieved through measures such as terracing along with a re-vegetation programme. The terraces would consist of low, broad-based earth 120 levees constructed approximately parallel to the contours designed to intercept overload flow before it achieves great erosive force and to conduct it to a suitable discharge point.  Erosion protection such as riprap or sacked concrete may be used around culvert entrances.  Inlet structures used to collect storm run-off should be constructed with suitable construction material. The structures must ensure efficient removal of design-storm runoff in order to avoid interruption of construction during or following storms and to prevent erosion resulting from overtopping of the inlet.  Piles of soil or other materials should be allowed for short periods of time and will be located only in flat areas and away from any storm water courses. Only topsoil piles must be allowed to remain for extended periods and should be protected from rainfall.  Above all, all geomorphologic, hydraulic and hydrologic, and civil engineering preparations with respect to the site must be designed in line with the ESMP procedures to have an environmentally-friendly, coherent and consistent engineering design and implementation for the project area. Storm water should be controlled through the implementation of the following measures:  All flow of storm water over exposed soil surfaces should be along pre-established paths that should not interfere with vehicle and other activities and must contain breakers and other devices to control flow velocity. Hydraulic stairs, drop structures or other energy dissipation structures should be used when necessary to convey storm water to lower grounds.  Careful considerations should be given to the drainage of all roads, facility areas, borrow pits, and surplus soil deposit areas.  All storm drainage should be discharged via surface drainage systems. Maximum use of natural drainage features should also be used. Runoff from cleared areas must be collected in open channels or ditches for removal from the immediate area. The use of buried pipe should be minimized and buried pipes should be day-lighted to open channel drains as soon as practical. 121 6.3.4 Employment, Training, and Awareness Management Plan The Employment, Training, and Awareness Management Plan should be required both during the implementation phase and operations. For both phases, the following should be incorporated, as appropriate:  During the new employees‟ orientation process, all workers must receive health and safety training on standard work processes and other health and safety requirements applicable to their work activities.  All workers at work fronts will receive weekly safety orientations that last at least 15 minutes. If significant accidents occur or other health and safety issues arise, these orientations may be supplemented.  The training status for all workers would be recorded.  Health and safety training should be detailed in the Integrated Health and Safety Plan (IHSP) that must specify the contents, target groups, frequency and forms of evaluation of each type of training to be applied. It should include at least the following modules:  Induction health and safety training;  Community relations training;  First aid;  Venomous animals;  Use of PPE; and  Safe Work Procedures. 6.3.5 Water Management Plan The Water Management Plan must address water conservation, protection of water resources, responsibly using surface water and groundwater for farming and farming activities, and mill purposes, and practicing rainfall harvesting, if appropriate. The important aspects of this plan will be:  training of all workers to ensure that they understand the significance of protecting all water sources;  implementation of measures contained in the Erosion and Sedimentation Management Plan to control sedimentation of surface water resources and minimize the loss of nutrients and therefore the need for chemical fertilizers; 122  implementation of the measures contained in the Chemical Management Plan to ensure that all chemicals used on the site are used properly and in the minimum necessary quantities to control adverse impacts to surface and groundwater;  implementation of the measures contained in the Waste Management Plan to ensure that all wastes generated on the site are properly stored and disposed to control adverse impacts to surface and groundwater by liquid effluents or by leachate from solid wastes;  monitoring significant effluent streams on a periodic basis to ensure that they meet applicable discharge requirements;  developing and implementing a site-specific water quality monitoring plan for both surface water and groundwater to ensure that management measures are achieving the desired results;  development of parameters for the installation of water wells to ensure that the wells meet all applicable national standards and that they do not have significant adverse impacts on other groundwater users. 6.3.6 Air Quality Management Plan The Air Quality Management Plan will include the following important aspects:  noise levels in the Project area particularly during the construction phase shall meet the requirements of both Federal and Cross River State Ministries of Environment;  all Project vehicles used for transportation should be properly maintained and fitted with standard pollution control equipment to minimize emissions;  Cross River State NEWMAP should avoid the use of ozone depleting substances such as coolants or cleaning operations. 6.3.7 Vegetation Clearing and Biomass Management Plan The Vegetation Clearing and Biomass Management Plan will ensure that all vegetation clearing and biomass management for all aspects of the Project activities will be conducted in accordance with detailed procedures that will meet the requirements of Nigeria as well as international best practices. Site clearing for construction and campsite construction where applicable and other infrastructure development can damage the habitats of terrestrial flora and fauna species, if clearing is not done properly, also it could result in the removal of ecologically important 123 habitats and species. The conversion of forests, even secondary, reduces biodiversity, with species reductions occurring for insects, birds, reptiles, and soil microorganisms. This plan will include procedures for the following:  delineating areas to be cleared;  delineating areas to be protected;  specifying methods for clearing in various types of areas or terrain, including methods to allow fauna to relocate out of the area to be cleared;  specifying methods for best utilization of merchantable timber;  specifying procedures for ensuring that non-timber forest products are reasonably utilized by local communities before or immediately after areas are cleared; and  specifying procedures for utilizing and/or disposing of the biomass generated by the clearing activities This plan should be used in conjunction with the Employment, Training, and Awareness Management Plan and the Erosion and Sedimentation Management Plan to ensure that workers/farmers, the environment, and surrounding communities are protected. 6.3.8 Emergency Response and Incident Management Plan The Emergency Response and Incident Management Plan will include procedures for addressing all reasonably foreseeable and possible emergencies such as:  fires;  floods;  spills or releases of hazardous chemicals or wastes to the groundwater or surface water;  medical emergencies; and,  other weather-related emergencies The Emergency Response and Incident Management Plan will define the methods of intervention and required resources to be implemented by Cross River State NEWMAP in the event of an accident to protect staff and property and to prevent harmful effects on the local population and the environment. As part of the plan, Cross River State NEWMAP will facilitate the alert of rescue services and inform the competent relevant authorities. Spills are the release of substances (solids or liquids) in a magnitude that could cause substantial negative effects to the system receiving it. The system in question could be, for example, soil, 124 river, lake, sea or the atmosphere. The spill response aspects of the plan should be outlined for all employees and relevant employees should be trained in specific spill response procedures for the substances for which they are responsible. The impacts of spills can have varying adverse effects on the environment and humans. Spills can occur during many of the typical operations such as: refuelling of equipment, painting, changing oil, during transfer of the liquids or solid from container to another, rinsing drums containing liquid or solid that is harmful. They may also occur as a result of a burst hose or pipe, the malfunctioning of an overflow valve of a tank or road accident of a fuel tanker. The Emergency Response and Incident Management Plan will include the following features to address spills or releases of hazardous materials:  identify the personnel responsible in the event of a spill as well as a hierarchy for notifications both within the Government and emergency response personnel;  provide the structure for a spill response organization;  characterize the different types of materials and potential quantities of spills that could occur as a result of the project activities;  outline spill response procedures as well as equipment, protective equipment and materials to support the response;  provide specific training guidelines and procedures for personnel to ensure a safe and effective response to potential spill events; and  provide training guidelines for recovery and disposal of all materials contaminated in the event of a spill. The Emergency Response and Incident Management Plan should also define the procedures, training, supplies, and materials for designated personnel to respond to fires, medical emergencies, and other significant emergencies or incidents during both construction and operations of various project activities. 6.3.9 Cultural Heritage Management Plan The Cultural Heritage Management Plan must ensure that known cultural sites are identified and adequately protected, and that a procedure is in place for identifying any unknown or unmarked sites that may be encountered during development (Chance Find Procedure). In order to mitigate impacts to known sites, Cross River State NEWMAP should demarcate, along with each affected community, the cultural and sacred sites used by community for 125 traditional practices, so that those sites can be excluded from any vegetation clearing or other construction activities. During the course of construction, if any artefact or human remains are discovered, work in the immediate vicinity shall be stopped immediately and Cross River State NEWMAP would implement a Chance Find Procedure that will include the following:  Cross River State NEWMAP‟s HSE coordinator shall take reasonable precautions to prevent any person from removing or damaging any such item;  all work should be moved at least 30 m away from the artefact, or outside the boundaries of the site containing the artefact;  the local village Chiefs and Government Officials must be notified of the find to determine whether it is significant from a cultural perspective;  if the artefact appears to be pre-historic, the national museum will be notified; and,  appropriate actions will be taken after consultations with the relevant authorities. 6.3.10 Traffic and Vehicle Management Plan The Traffic and Vehicle Management Plan will include the following provisions:  Cross River State NEWMAP will place speed limits and appropriate road signage along the main road including all access roads;  Cross River State NEWMAP will collaborate with relevant agencies to enforce speed limits for safety, air quality, and noise purposes both on the Project site and beyond;  All employed drivers should be trained by a road safety specialist; and,  All vehicles should be properly maintained and undergo periodic safety inspections. 6.3.11 Social Investment Plan The Social Investment Plan outlines the types of measures that Cross River State NEWMAP should consider as it develops the Project intervention to assist the communities in and around the Project area to benefit from the presence of the Project. As a basis, Cross River State NEWMAP should sign a Memorandums of Understanding (MOU) with the project affected communities to ensure that there is no loss of landed properties. Cross River State NEWMAP will demarcate such affected private properties for each community in coordination with a team to be composed of the residence, Cross River State NEWMAP personal, and Regional Delegation under the appropriate Ministry. 126 Some of the programmes that could be considered by Cross River State NEWMAP as part of its Social Investment Plan include:  assisting in the creation of ranches or farms to provide workers/community residents with meat (e.g. cows, goats, sheep, poultry) at avoidable price and to decrease the hunting pressure on wild animals;  improving the provision of health care services to both its workers, PAPs and the broader communities in the proposed project area;  improving the provision of potable water to both its workers/communities‟ residents and the broader communities in the Project area;  improving the provision of educational services to both its workers/communities‟ residents and the broader communities in the Project area;  providing access to electricity to project affected communities at low cost;  providing scholarships for deserving local students; and,  providing priority for employment to local residents where applicable. 6.3.12 Health, Safety, and Security Management Plan The Health, Safety, and Security Management Plan for the proposed project must comply with all Cross River state requirements as well as international best practices. It will address measures for hygiene, health, and safety at the work place and include training programme for all employees. Cross River State NEWMAP should provide the necessary safety equipment to its employees. The plan will address issues such as:  the proper provision and use of personnel protective equipment (PPE) such as safety boots, respirators, eye protection, hearing protection, gloves, and hardhats;  analysis of risks associated with job activities in order to develop standard requirements for PPE on a job-specific and station-specific basis;  provision of training on the proper use of PPE and penalties for the improper use of PPE;  training on the proper and safe use of all equipment in workshops, garages etc.;  physical barriers so that unauthorized personnel are not admitted to areas where dangerous equipment is in use;  Training and implementing procedures for confined spaces; 127  training related to job-specific risks and activities, including: electrical installations (e.g. electric shock on direct contact with conductors and indirect contact with masses powered up, burns, fire and explosion);  mechanical equipment (e.g. tool blasting or matter risk, crushing of fingers, wounds, equipment shock);  lifting devices (e.g. crushing risk, injury caused by appurtenances, falling, collision);  machinery and vehicles (e.g. risk of accident on contact with other materials, collision with or knocking down of persons, obstacle shock, fall by the operator, collision with a vehicle or machine);  hand tools, electric or other welding equipment (e.g. risk of injury, electrocution, poisoning, dazzle);  workshops and garages (e.g. risk of mechanical injury, shock and collision with machines);  sterilizers and boilers (e.g. risk of burns due to heat and steam from furnace, explosion risk); and,  power plant, processing lines and workshops (e.g. noise-related risks, electrocution risk)  provision of properly trained and equipped first aid personnel including a well- stocked pharmacy, a treatment room with beds, and an ambulance for any worksite injuries. Also, the Health, Safety, and Security Management Plan will address safety in “Confined Spaces and Excavations. Examples of likely confined spaces of the proposed include: hoppers, utility vaults, tanks, sewers, pipes, access shafts, ditches and trenches. The occupational hazards associated with confined spaces and excavations should be prevented according to the following recommendations:  Controlling site-specific factors which may contribute to excavation slope instability including, for example, the use of excavation dewatering, side-walls support, and slope gradient adjustments that eliminate or minimize the risk of collapse, entrapment, or drowning;  Providing safe means of access and egress from excavations, such as graded slopes, graded access route, or stairs and ladders; and 128  Avoiding the operation of combustion equipment for prolonged periods inside excavations areas where other workers are required to enter unless the area is actively ventilated. 6.3.13 Community Health & Safety Plan The purpose of the Community Health and Safety Plan is to address the potential impacts on the human population living in and around the proposed project area. These mitigation measures include:  construction activities can draw significant numbers of single men and others attracted by the opportunity to provide goods and services to construction workers and project beneficiaries with disposable income. Some of these activities such as alcohol, drugs, and sex trade can lead to increased crime and diseases, including HIV/AIDS, so the contractor will attempt to recruit most of its construction workers from the immediate area, thus minimizing the number of single men migrating for work;  the Cross River State NEWMAP should also ensure that it and its contractors provide adequate training and enforcement codes of conduct to minimize worker participation in risky activities such as sex trade, drugs, and alcohol;  the Cross River State NEWMAP should conduct sensitization of local communities regarding potential impacts from construction activities and inform those communities about the terms and conditions of Cross River State NEWMAP‟s worker Code of Conduct;  Cross River State NEWMAP must conduct communities‟ training and awareness programmes to ensure that the local population understands the risks of participating in risky economic activities for short-term economic gain;  Cross River State NEWMAP must coordinate with local Government Councils to ensure that they fully understand the risks  for large-scale construction activities and support, Cross River State NEWMAP‟s must require efforts from a law enforcement perspective;  Cross River State NEWMAP should work closely with the health districts of the Ministry of Health in the State and promote sensitization campaigns to help the local population avoid risky activities; and the Cross River State NEWMAP should work closely with the health districts to monitor the incidence of diseases 129 and other health measures that has indicated a need for further intervention to protect community health and safety. 6.3.14 Stakeholders’ Engagement Plan The Cross River State NEWMAP has been implementing its Stakeholders‟ Engagement Plan since the inception of the Project invention. Some of its major considerations in this regard include:  identification of Project stakeholders;  summary of past consultation efforts;  establishment of site monitoring committee Other planned consultation efforts to prepare for construction activities;  stakeholder engagement during consultancy services;  stakeholder engagement during construction;  stakeholder engagement during operations;  resources for stakeholder engagement;  monitoring and reporting on stakeholder engagement; and  formation of the site monitoring committees particularly the Edim Otop Gully Erosion Site Monitoring Committee. In coordination with its Stakeholder Engagement Plan, the Cross River State NEWMAP should develop and implement a Grievance Procedure that will include the following components:  anyone may contact the Project, in person, by email, or by telephone to submit a grievance;  contacts about grievances may be by the affected person(s) or through an agreed local liaison committee;  all complaints must be documented by Cross River State NEWMAP and tracked to resolution, and information on the status will be available to the person making the complaint;  the Cross River State NEWMAP should investigate the complaint, using technical assistance if necessary, and determine the response including, if applicable, proposed actions; 130  Cross River State NEWMAP should inform the person making the complaint, either verbally or in writing, of NEWMAP response and proposed actions (if any);  prior to construction, Cross River State NEWMAP must work with stakeholders to develop a binding arbitration system for resolving complaints;  the grievance mechanism must inform complainants of their options if the complaint cannot be resolved;  Cross River State NEWMAP should strive to investigate and resolve complaints promptly;  there should be no cost to the person presenting the complaint;  all complaints should be treated with appropriate confidentiality;  complaints should be investigated and resolved without retribution to the complainant or other persons; and,  project personnel, especially those who have contact with the public, should be briefed/trained about the grievance procedure, including who to contact within the Cross River State NEWMAP or the Cross River State Government about a complaint. 6.3.15 Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) This is being handled through a separate report. Table 6.7: Environment and Social Monitoring Plan Measures Parameter Responsibility Frequency Cost ($) Source of fund Effluent discharged from NEWMAP (Env. Weekly 6000 Cross River the construction activities Officer) NEWMAP Streams receiving effluents NEWMAP (Env. Weekly 6000 Cross River Officer) NEWMAP Effectiveness of waste NEWMAP (Env. Weekly 6000 Cross River management plan Officer) NEWMAP Local Flora and Fauna NEWMAP (Env. Quarterly 5000 Cross River issues Officer) NEWMAP Effectiveness of sediment NEWMAP (Env. Annual 6000 Cross River and erosion control Officer) NEWMAP measures Effectiveness of storm NEWMAP (Env. Annual 6000 Cross River water management Officer) NEWMAP measures Land clearing activities NEWMAP (Env. As the need 2000 Cross River Officer) arise NEWMAP Implementation of the NEWMAP Annual 3500 Cross River Cultural Heritage (Social Officer) NEWMAP Management Plan and 131 associated Changes Health and safety NEWMAP Annual 10000 Cross River indicators including (NEWMAP Env. NEWMAP community health issues Officer / Consultant) Grievances of workers, NEWMAP As the need 3000 Cross River PAPs and the local (NEWMAP arise NEWMAP communities; Social Officer Consultant) TOTAL 53500 6.3.16 Training Programmes Cross River State NEWMAP should develop, implement, and track training programmes at both the PMU and community levels. The training should include:  the benefits of protecting local fauna and alternatives to activities such as hunting for local bush meat;  the need for waste management and how to implement the Waste Management Plan;  the need for proper selection, handling, storage, application, use, and disposal of all hazardous materials and chemicals used in the Project activities in accordance with the Chemical Management Plan;  implementation of all emergency response procedures as identified in the Emergency Response and Incident Management Plan;  implementation of the Cultural Heritage Management Plan and associated Chance Find Procedure;  implementation of the Health, Safety, and Security Management Plan for all employees;  specific programmes identified in the Community Health and Safety Plan; and,  executive management. Table 6.8: Institutional Capacity Strengthening Plan Target Audience Description Application Duration PMU Training In-depth understanding of the Personnel require Three days mitigation measures proffered by appreciation of WB‟s, seminar the ESMP. Federal/State PC, Environment environmental policies, as Satellite Image interpretation of and safeguards well as, an application of the Edim Otop gully watershed specialist, Project these policies in imagery for critical assessment of engineer and implementing the World changes that might occur during Social safeguards Bank support for Edim project implementation. specialist Otop gully erosion control. 132 Community General environmental awareness By the NEWMAP 1 day seminar that will include institutional arrangement, workshop Edim Otop gully ecological and social science the target audience will be erosion site principles, legal responsibilities, responsible for site monitoring consequences of non-sustainable monitoring and liaising committee development and costs of poor between community and members environmental decisions as it the Cross River State affect Edim Otop gully erosion NEWMAP as well as site. Mitigation measures contractors. proffered in the ESMP. The cost estimates of this training are based on the assumption that resource persons for the PMU training are likely to come from other parts of the country, therefore, require travel allowances and that community training will be handled in-house by the Edo State NEWMAP. Second is that participants will come from local communities and attend during the day only but would receive a per diem. It is proposed that the training programmes will be implemented once for the PMU and once every year for the community, over first two years of the project cycle. The total cost is estimated at US $ 40,000. 6.4 Monitoring and Evaluation The Project should develop a detailed Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan to monitor key elements of both the biophysical and human environments. The purpose of this monitoring should be to ensure that significant impacts were correctly identified in the assessment process, and to monitor the effectiveness of the mitigation measures. The results of monitoring activities should be regularly reviewed to determine if existing management measures are adequate, or if those measures should be revised, deleted, or supplemented. Monitoring should include aspects such as:  water quality of the effluent streams discharged from the construction activities;  water quality and general aquatic health of streams receiving effluents from the construction activities;  invasive species;  bush meat sales in local markets;  interactions between local fauna such as birds to determine if additional mitigation measures are required and if implemented, how effective they are working;  the effectiveness of waste management activities;  the effectiveness of sediment and erosion control measures and of storm water management measures; 133  all clearing activities for compliance with the Vegetation Clearing and Biomass Management Plan;  implementation of the Cultural Heritage Management Plan and associated Chance Find Procedure;  compliance with the Traffic and Vehicle Management Plan;  health and safety indicators, including accidents, for all workers and residents working in the project;  grievances of workers, PAPs and the local communities;  health indicators in the local communities to inform any modifications to the Community Health and Safety Plan; and,  flora and fauna in the Project Area 134 Table 6.9: Monitoring and Evaluation Plan Parameter Responsibility Frequency Cost ($) Source of fund Effluent discharged from NEWMAP (Env. Weekly 6000 Cross River the construction activities Officer) NEWMAP Streams receiving effluents NEWMAP (Env. Weekly 6000 Cross River Officer) NEWMAP Effectiveness of waste NEWMAP (Env. Weekly 6000 Cross River management plan Officer) NEWMAP Local Flora and Fauna NEWMAP (Env. Quarterly 5000 Cross River issues Officer) NEWMAP Effectiveness of sediment NEWMAP (Env. Annual 6000 Cross River and erosion control Officer) NEWMAP measures Effectiveness of storm NEWMAP (Env. Annual 6000 Cross River water management Officer) NEWMAP measures Land clearing activities NEWMAP (Env. As the need 2000 Cross River Officer) arise NEWMAP Implementation of the NEWMAP Annual 3500 Cross River Cultural Heritage (Social Officer) NEWMAP Management Plan and associated Changes Health and safety NEWMAP Annual 10000 Cross River indicators including (NEWMAP Env. NEWMAP community health issues Officer / Consultant) Grievances of workers, NEWMAP As the need 3000 Cross River PAPs and the local (NEWMAP arise NEWMAP communities; Social Officer Consultant) TOTAL 53500 6.5 Implementation Schedule Detailed ESMPs for the relevant aspects of work should be developed based on the frameworks described above before further development of project interventions (e.g. Vegetation Clearing and Biomass Management Plan) and continuing to commissioning of the project and the specific worker health and safety issues associated with the project. Also, the IPMP prepared and disclosed by the project would be implemented in this regard. The tentative schedule for this development is included in Table 6.10 below. 135 Table 6.10: ESMP Implementation Schedule s/n Mitigation measures Mitigation timeline 1. Pre-construction phase I. Acquisition of land A month (4 weeks) prior to initiation of construction activities II. Community perception of the project Six weeks before the commencement of construction activities 2. Construction phase 1. Environmental impacts (including landslide, rock cave-in, mudflow/flooding, soil impact, in All through the duration of the construction situ waste, land use, channelization of period floodwaters, topographic alterations, air quality, water quality, and increased sedimentation) 2. Biological impacts particularly impact on flora All through the duration of the construction & fauna and wildlife. period 3. Socioeconomic impacts including traffic and All through the duration of the construction transportation, accident, employment, human period displacement, and aesthetics. 4. Public health impacts including HIV/AIDS & All through the duration of the construction STDs, water-borne diseases, malaria. period 3. Operation and maintenance phase Air quality, noise and vibration, water quality, All through the duration of the operation & traffic & transportation, and health & safety maintenance period 6.6 ESMP Costing and Cost Analysis The cost analysis presented in this section is designed for each of the identified mitigation measures to be effective and efficiently implemented. It is designed specifically for each of the phases of the proposed project. Thus, it covers the preconstruction phase, the construction phase as well as the maintenance and operation phase. Hence, the cost is spread across the project lifecycle (see Table 6.11). 136 Table 6.11: Cost Analysis of the Proposed Edim Otop Intervention Project S/N ESMP Activities based on stated mitigation measures Cost Estimate ($) 1 Pre-construction phase I. Acquisition of land; - II. Community perception of the project 1,750 Sub Total 1,750 2 Construction phase (a) Environmental impacts including landslide, rock cave-in, mudflow/flooding, soil impact, in situ waste, land use, 15,750 channelization of floodwaters, topographic alterations, air quality, water quality, and increased sedimentation. 4,700 (b) Biological impacts particularly impacts on flora & fauna and wildlife. 6,750 (c) Socioeconomic impacts including traffic and transportation, accident, employment, human displacement, and aesthetics. 4,300 (d) Public health impacts with respect to HIV/AIDS & STDs, water-borne diseases, malaria. 1,000 Sub Total 32,300 3 Operation and maintenance phase 6,250 4 Preparation of Monitoring Plans 62500 5 Institutional Capacity Strengthening Program PMU 15,000 Community 25,000 Sub-Total 40,000 6 Monitoring and Evaluation Plan 53,500 Grand Total 196,300 137 CHAPTER SEVEN SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION 7.1 Summary of Findings Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) of the proposed intervention project by the Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) of the Cross River State aimed at facilitating effective decision making and ensuring that implementation processes during the execution of the intervention activities at the Edim Otop gully erosion site, which include preconstruction, construction, and operation and maintenance phases are sustainable. This is also to ensure that civil and rehabilitation works of the gully are environmentally sound, encourage community consultation and participation, enhance social wellbeing of the proposed project affected persons and communities and the environs. The summary of the findings of the ESMP study include:  The Edim Otop gully is located in Calabar Municipality Local Government Area of Cross River State, on the west side of Calabar between Atimbo-Akpabuyo Road and Teaching Hospital Road;  The main gully has an average width of 80m at the top and average height of 15m, while those of the gully finger are 70m width at the top and 15m high. Some infrastructure within the watershed include; Margret Ekpo International Airport, the CRS-ADP, Airport Police station, and upper Edim Otop community;  The Edim Otop gully has resulted in loss of buildings, properties and lives;  The project area is influenced by sub-equatorial climate. The temperature is moderately high and not fluctuating greatly. The mean temperature is about 250C with a range of about 80C. The annual rainfall exceeds 300 millimeters, mean annual figure of relative humidity is about 84%;  SPM values recorded for 8-hour daily measurements were low with an average of 0.166µg/m3 – 0.186µg/m3;  The findings for Ambient Air Quality shows that SO2 ranged from 0.10 to 0.20 ppm with an average concentration of 0.120 ppm, 0.0 to 0.01 ppm for NH3 with mean of 0.006 ppm, and 0.10 to 0.24 ppm for volatile organic carbon VOC, while 0.0 ppm CO were obtained; 138  Ambient Noise Levels ranged from 55.2 to 72.5 dB (EO) with a mean value of 63.92 dB (EO);  The geology of the project area is characterized by two distinctive formations; the basement rock of the Oban Massif and the sedimentary basin which constitutes the Calabar Flank;  The hydrogeology of the area is characterized by inconsistent permeability of the soil which comprises chiefly of sandy clay and clayey sand;  The soil PH ranged from 5.1 to 5.2 with a mean of 5.17 for the top soils and 5.2 to 5.3 with an average of 5.23 for the sub-soils;  Soil samples in the study area have total nitrogen ranging from 0.71 to 0.74mg/kg with an average of 0.749mg/kg for the top soils; and 0.82– 0.89mg/kg (mean, 0.85mg/kg) in the sub-soils;  The most outstanding metal detected in the sample soils was Zn, with a mean concentration figure of 24.19mg/kg for the top soil and 25.11mg/kg for the subsoil;  The PAP are less than 0.2million and they include the people living or working in following communities (Edim Otop, Etimbo, Esom Avanas, Boro Pit, Effiong Asi (AQua Ibom) and BOP off Satellite town);  The vulnerable groups are women and children;  Most respondents fall between 18 years and 45years (38.0%). The implication of this is that there are youth and people in working class who are willing to participate in the proposed project;  A high proportion of working class respondents who have lived in the area for over five years and have a sound knowledge of the gully history;  Over 40% of the respondents had post-secondary education thus level of literacy is high with an average respondent having high school certificate;  14% of the respondents are unemployed;  Over 40% of households have more than eight persons. This described an environment with medium to large family.  Income level ranges between N10,000 and N50,000;  Malaria and Typhoid fever were the major health issues;  The proposed project affected communities depend primarily on borehole as a source of domestic water supply for drinking; 139  The potential negative impacts of the proposed project identified by the respondents during construction phase are encroachment of land properties (65.5%) and environmental pollution (21.0%). While in operation phase, pollution which contained air, water and land (25.0%) and further environmental degradation were identified as most pressing concerns;  Land Acquisition and Compensation was seen as the most pressing economic issues;  The identified major potential environmental impacts especially during construction are; Land Slide, Rock Cave in, Mudflow/Flooding and Topographic alterations. 7.2 Recommendations The situation of the Edim Otop gully erosion site demands urgent attention. In essence, the benefits of the proposed intervention will outweigh the adverse impacts. Consequently, it is ideally recommended that the proposed Edim Otop Gully Erosion Intervention Project by the Cross River State NEWMAP should be implemented as quickly as possible. The responses from the PAPs in the communities and other individuals were unreserved support / recommendation for the implementation of the proposed project. The sampled individuals and households and the community representatives at the organized FGDs are demanding for the execution of the project. Therefore, to enhance the benefits of the proposed intervention project at all the phases of the development, the project should be extended to the communities‟ access roads rehabilitation and the entire watersheds, and not the gully channel and site alone. The communities‟ access roads and the gully should be worked upon simultaneous. This is because of the peculiarity of the area. Finally, the community should be considered alongside with the project prior to the commencement of the civil works on the site. This would enable the community to actively involve in whatever is being done. The job specification should be given to qualified members of the affected communities. In other words, local youths should be employed during the construction phase and if needed during the operation phase. 140 7.3 Conclusions In conclusion, it is necessary to document the following:  It is doubtful that the proposed activities will have major unfavourable socio- economic impacts. The likely negative impacts will be of an impermanent nature during the construction phase and this can be controlled to satisfactory levels with the implementation of mitigation measures ensured. Essentially the overall benefits of the proposed project will greatly outweigh the few potential undesirable impacts.  All the likely adverse impacts will be either modest or lesser in rating and can actually be effortlessly moderated.  Finally, the proposed intervention project will result in significant positive impacts to the people in the communities particularly in respect of socio-economic development. 141 References Adamson, P. 2004. “Vitamin and Mineral Deficiency: A Global Progress Report.” The Micronutrient Initiative and UNICEF. Adato, M., and R. Meinzen-Dick. 2007. Agricultural Research, Livelihoods, and Poverty. Studies of Economic and Social Impacts in Six Countries. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press for IFPRI (International Food Policy Research Institute). Adger, W.N.; Brown, K.; Fairbrass, J.; Jordan, A.; Paavola, J.; Rosendo, S.; Seyfang, G. (2003): Governance for Sustainability: towards a 'thick' analysis of environmental Decision making. In: Environment and Planning A. vol. 35, pp. 1095-1110. Alpha (2005), Preliminary Impact Assessment for Proposed Alpha Independent ower Project at Snake Island, Apapa, Prepared by Global Impact Environmental Consulting Ltd. American Public health Association (1995): Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater 19th ed. Ashekoya, T. (2009): Summary of the report on the assessment of gully erosion in affected areas in Southern States of Nigeria. Available at www.frcn.radionigeria.net Abuja. Awosika, L. F., and Ibe, A. C., (1994). Geomorphic features of the Gulf of Guinea shelf and littoral drift dynamics. In Proc. International symposium on the results of the first IOCEA cruise in the Gulf of Guinea, 17-20 May 1994. Awosika, L. F., Ibe, A. C. and Ibe, C. E. (1993). Anthropogenic Activities affecting sediment load balance along the West Africa Coastline. In Coastlines of Western Africa, Coastlines of the world series. Pub. Americans Society of Civil Engineers N.Y., 1993, pp 26-35. Bates, D. (2002): Environmental refugees? Classifying human migration caused by environmental change. In; Population and Environment, 23(5), Springer, The Netherlands. Bell, G. (2000): Geological Hazards. McGraw- Hill Publishers, New York, Berkes, F. (2007): Understanding Uncertainty and Reducing Vulnerability: Lessons from Resilience Thinking. In: Natural Hazards. vol. 41, pp. 283-295. Biermann, M (2009): The Role of Local NGOs in Anticipating and Responding to Climate Change. Prepared for Munich Re Foundation and United Nations University Institute for Environment and Human Security co-organized “2009 Summer Academy on Social Vulnerability: Tipping Points in Humanitarian Crises”26 July-1 August, Munich, Germany. 142 Bilsborrow, R.E.(2009): “Issues of uncertainty and data requirements” In: Laczko, F. and Aghazarm, C.(Eds.) Migration, environment and climate change: Assessing theevidence. IOM, Geneva . pp77-107. Dessauvagie, T.F.J., 1972. Geological history of the Benue valley and adjacent areas. In: T.F.J. Dessauvagie and A.J. Whiteman (eds.) African Geology, University of Ibadan Press, pg. 187-206 Egboka, B. C. E.; Nwankwor, G. I. (1985): The hydrogeological and geotechnical parameters as agents for gully type erosion in the Rain-Forest Belt of Nigeria .In: Journal of African Earth Sciences, vol. 3, No. 4, 47-425. Egboka, B.C.E.; Okpoko, E.I.(1984): Gully erosion in the Agulu-Nanka region of Anambra State, Nigeria. Proceedings of the Harare Symposium, Publication number 144, July, 1984. Eze Uzoamaka et al. (1979): Niger – Techno (1978) Soil Erosion control in Imo and Anambra State Summary reports. Fabricius, C.; Folke, C.; Cundill, G.; Schultz, L. (2007): Powerless Spectators, Coping Actors, and Adaptive Co-managers: A Synthesis of the Role of Communities in Ecosystem Management. In: Ecology and Society. vol. 12, no.1, pp. 29-44. FEPA (1991): National Environmental Protection (effluent Limitation) Regulations. Federal Environmental Protection Agency, Nigeria. Global Environment Facility (GEF) 2012, Investing In Our Planet for Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project: World Bank Document Hayman, P., Marchant, J. & Prater, T. (1986). Shorebirds: An Identification Guide to Waders of the World. Helm, London. Huq, S.; Reid, H. (2007): Community-based adaptation: a vital approach to the threat climate change poses to the poor. International Institute for Environment and Development, London, UK. Igbokwe, et al. (2008): Mapping and Monitoring the Impact of Gully Erosion in Southeastern Nigeria with Satellite Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Science. In: Intl. Archives of Photog. Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences.vol. 37, Part B, pp. 865-71, Beijing. China. IITA (1979): Methods of Soils and Plant Tissue Analysis (International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, 1979). 143 Isiuwa, S.(2008): Disasters affect Nigeria‟s Growth. Leadership Newspapers. October 30, p.17. Keane, D.(2004): Environmental causes and consequences of migration: A search for the meaning of environmental refugees.In:Georgetown International Environmental Law Review.Available at http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3970/is_200401/ai_n9353848/pg_1 Mackworth-Praed, C.W., & Grant, C.H.B. (1970-1973). African Handbook of Bird Series, Series III. Birds of West Central and Western Africa. 2 Vols. Longman, London. Mozie, A.T. (2010): Some Observation on the Causative Factors and Slide Processes in the Ududonka Gully Head, Isiama Igbo, Agulu, Anaocha L.G.A, Anambra State. 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NEWMAP, 2012: Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project: World Bank Document NEWMAP, 2012: Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) for Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project: World Bank Document NEWMAP 2012: Project Appraisal Document (PAD) for Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project: World Bank Document NEWMAP 2012: Project Implementation Manual (PIM) for Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project: World Bank Document 144 Ofoegbu, C.O., 1984. Interpretation of aeromagnetic anomalies over the lower and middle Benue trough, Nigeria. Journal of Mining and Geology vol. 30 No. 2 pg. 211-217. Ofomata, G.E.K. (1985): Soil erosion in Nigeria: the views of a geomorphologist. University of Nigeria Inaugural Lecture Series No.7. Ofomata, G.E.K.(2002): Soils and soil erosion. In: Ofomata, G.E.K(Ed): A survey of the Igbo nation. Africana First Publishers Ltd, Onitsha. pp 99-116. Olaniyan, C. I. O. (1975): An introduction to West Africa Animal Ecology. 2nd ed. Heinemann Educational Books Ltd. London and Ibadan Omatsola, M.E. and Adegoke, O.S., 1981. The tectonic evolution of cretaceous stratigraphy of the Dahomey basin. Journal Min. Geol. Vol. 18 pg. 130-137. Soboyejo, A. B. O. (1975): Extreme winds in West Africa. Journal of the West Africa Science Association Vol.20 (no1) pp.: 53-74 Thompson, B. W. (1975): Africa; The climatic background – Studies in the development of African resources. Oxford University Press. Ibadan Udo, R. K. (1971): Geographic Regions of Nigeria. Heinemann Publishers, Ibadan. United States Geological Survey (USGS)(2010): Landslides-facts United Cement Co. of Nigeria Limited (UNICEM), 2005: Environmental Impact Assessment Report, Greenfield Cement Plant, Calabar Region, Cross River State of Nigeria; Federal Ministry Environment (FMENV) document United States Department of Agriculture and National Resources Conservation Services (1998): Keys to Soil Taxonomy. 7th Edition. United States Government printing Office, Washington D.C. 145 Appendix I QUESTIONNAIRE ON ENVRIONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ON NEWMAP Edim Otop Gully Erosion intervention project Dear Respondent, Thank you for taking the time to complete the following survey! The purpose of this survey is to gain valuable insight from the Project Affected Persons (PAPs) on the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) of gully erosion intervention project. This is your chance to tell us what you think! NOTE: Please read each question carefully. Your answers are completely confidential and will be included only in summaries where individual answers cannot be identified. Unless otherwise instructed, please tick appropriate answer category that best describes your opinion. It will take approximately 20 minutes to complete this questionnaire. Settlement/Community: ……………………………….. State/L.G.A: …….………………………………………….….. Name of Interviewer: ……..…………….……………………….. Date: ……………..……………………………………… Coordinates: Northing ……………………………………… Easting ………………………………………………….. Survey Location: (a) Major Urban (b) Other Urban (c) Rural SECTION A: Household data 1. Gender of Respondent: (a) Male (b) Female 2. Age: (a) Below 18 yrs (b) 18-45 yrs (c) 46-65 yrs (d) Above 66 yrs 3. Marital Status: (a) Single (b) Married (d) Divorced/Separated (e) Widowed 4. Residential Status: (a) Permanent Resident (b) Back Home (Returnee) (c) Non Resident, Visiting 5. Ethnic Group: (a) Edo (b) Igbo (c) Yoruba (d) Other, specify…………. 6. Religion: (a) Islam (b) Christianity (c) Traditional 7. Education: (a) None (b) Primary School (c) Secondary School (d) Tertiary (Excluding University) (e) University Graduate (f) University Post Graduate 8. Relationship to HH: (a) Self (b) Spouse (c) Child (d) Parent (e) Other, specify 9. Type of HH (a) Normal (Father) (b) Woman (c) Child 10. Size of the HH …………………………… No. of Adults (Above 18) Men Women No. of Children (below 18) Boys Girls 11. Occupation: (a) Famer (b) Daily Labourer (c) Trading & Shop Keeping (d) Artisans (e) Employed (salary) (f) Self Employed (g) Social Support (h) unemployed (i) Others specify…………………………. 12. How long have you been living in this area? (a) 0-2 yrs (b) 3-5 yrs (c) 6-9 yrs (d) 10 yrs and Above 13. If non-resident, please state your actual location: ………………………………………………….. (Location/LGA/State) 146 Education 1.1 Does anyone in the household currently A Yes b No attend school (If no, skip to 2) 1.2. Where do the children go to school? School Category Number (Place name) a Primary B Junior High c Senior High/ Tech/ Voc d Post-Secondary 1.3. How long does it take to get to school? a <5 mins (Note response to each school accessed) b 5-15 mins c 15-30 mins d 30-60 mins e 60+ mins 1.4. What method of transport is used to get a Foot to school? b Bicycle (Note response to each school accessed) c Mini bus d Taxi e Private Car f Okada g Tri-cycle SECTION B: HEALTH STATUS 1. Is your present state of health affected in any way by the gully erosion? (a) Yes (b) No 2. If yes, in what way? (a) Skin diseases (b) Cough (c) Catarrh (d) Malaria (e)Water-borne diseases (f) Other, Specify……………………... 3. How do you manage your health conditions when sick? (a) Attend hospital/clinic (b) Buys drugs from nearby chemist (c) Traditional medicine (d) None (e) Others Specify……………………………………………. 4. If you do attend hospital/clinic, when last did you visit one? (a) last six months (b) last one year (c) last five years (d) more than five years ago (e) Never visited one. 5. Please tick one or more of the under-mentioned ailment/sickness, you suffer from most accordingly? Degree Ailment Always Sparingly Seldom Never Degree Ailment Always Sparingly Seldom Never Whooping Cough Rheumatism Tuberculosis Rashes Asthma Eczema Dysentery Ringworm Diarrhoea Eye pains Cholera Cataract Pile Glaucoma Hypertension Typhoid fever 147 Congestive health problem Malaria Sickle cell Pneumonia anaemia Sexually transmitted diseases Epilepsy 6. Do you think your ailment/sickness will be directly or indirectly affected by the proposed intervention? (a) Yes (b) No 7. If yes, how? (a) Contamination of ground water (b) Contamination of surface water (c) Provide breading site for disease vectors (d) Noise/air pollution (e) Others, specify:…………………………………… SECTION C. STANDARD OF LIVING / SOCIO-ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES 1. Assets 1.1 Do you have any of the following items Quantity Quantity a. radio / tape recorder k. beds b. television l. furniture set c. DVD player m. fan d. telephone (land line) n. computer e. mobile phone o. generator f. stove p. mosquito nets g. fridge q. insect screens h. fishing traps r. hunting trap i. fishing nets s. other hunting equipment j. fishing hooks t. other (specify) 1.2 What sort of transport does your family own Quantity Quantity a. bicycle f. car b. motorcycle/okada g. truck c. canoe h. taxi d. boat i. bus e. tri-cycle j. other (specify) 1.3 What mode of transport do you frequently use a. bicycle f. car b. motorcycle/okada g. truck c. canoe h. taxi d. boat i. bus e. tri-cycle j. other (specify) 148 1.4 What sort of housing does your household live in? a. Construction material - Walls Plastered mud c. Number of rooms 1-2 Cement blocks 3-4 Other (specify) Other (specify) b. Construction material - roofing Corrugated roofing d. Other structures on plot Animal Pen Aluminium Granary Asbestors Shops Tile Kiosks Other (specify) Other (specify) e. Construction material - floor Earthen Concretes Tiles Other (specify) f. Toilet Facility Pit latrine Water closet Toilet facility outside dwelling Pier latrine Other (specify) None g. Tenure of housing Owned Rented Occupied rent free Other h. Tenure of land Owned Rented Occupied rent free Lease hold Others specify 2. Indicate household refuse disposal for solid waste? (Multiple options) (a) Depositing refuse at backyard of the house (b) Dumping in water body (c) Dumping in community refuse/garbage pit/dumpsite (d) Burning after gathering together (e) Waste collector (f) Other specify…………………….. 149 2.0 Household Services 2.1 Rank in order of availability and usability the source(s) of lighting for the household? (please use 1, 2,...in hierarchical order with 1 indicating the most available and used source) (a) PHCN (b) (c) Lantern (d) Candle (e) Palm (f) (g) Wood (h) (i) Gas Generator Oil Lamp Torchlight Kerosene Battery 2.2 Using the method in 2.1, indicate major source of energy for cooking? (a) Fire (b) Coal (c) (d) (e) Animal (f) Gas (g) Crop Others Wood Kerosene Electricity dropping Residue/saw dust 3.0 Sources of Water for drinking for cooking for bathing and washing a. Lagoon Yes No Yes No Yes No b. Well Yes No Yes No Yes No c. Borehole Yes No Yes No Yes No d. Water pump Yes No Yes No Yes No e. Community tap Yes No Yes No Yes No f. Piped water outside dwelling Yes No Yes No Yes No g. River Yes No Yes No Yes No h. Rain harvesting Yes No Yes No Yes No i. Water vendor Yes No Yes No Yes No j. Tanked water Yes No Yes No Yes No k. Other (specify) Yes No Yes No Yes No 4.0 Income State your main income per month N 4.1 Remittances 1. Does anyone in the family who lives elsewhere send money to you? 1 Yes 2 No 2. If yes, how much (per month) N 5.0 Other Income 1. Do you have other income streams Yes No 2. If yes, please specify the amount? Yes N No 6 Total Income 1 What is the total household monthly income (all activities)? N 7. In your opinion, how has the standard of living of your household changed over the previous three years? a. Same b. Better c. Worse 8. Is the option in 7 propelled by the gully erosion problem (a) Yes (b) No 9. If 8 is yes, do you think the proposed intervention will improve the situation (a) Yes (b) No 10. If 9 is yes specify how the project will improve the situation………………………….. 150 SECTION D: RESOURCES/ CULTURAL PROPERTY 1. Please indicate the environmental problems which your settlement/community experiences and whose cause can be linked to the gully erosion? (a) Soil infertility (b) Poor drainage system (c)Bad road (d) Low visibility (e) Bad lands (f) Flooding (g) environmental degradation (g) Degraded land (h) Destruction of infrastructures (i) Others (specify) ………………………….. 2. Please indicate the environmental problems which your settlement/community would likely experience and whose cause can be linked to the proposed gully erosion intervention project during construction? (a) Soil infertility (b) Poor drainage system (c) Bad road (d) Low visibility (e) Erosion Problems (f) Flooding (g) environmental degradation (g) Destruction of infrastructures (h) encroachment of land properties (i) Pollution (air, surface water, ground water, noise) (j) Others (specify) ………………………….. 3. Please indicate the environmental problems which your settlement/community would likely experience and whose cause can be linked to the proposed gully erosion intervention project during operation? (a) Soil infertility (b) Poor drainage system (c) Bad road (d) Low visibility (e) Erosion Problems (f) Flooding (g) environmental degradation (g) Destruction of infrastructures (h) encroachment of land properties (i) Pollution (air, surface water, ground water, noise) (j) Others (specify) ………………………….. 4. Do you think the gully erosion intervention activities will affect any valued resource/cultural/archaeological property in your area? (a) Yes (b) No 5 If yes mention the name(s) of the valued resource/cultural/archaeological property……………………………………………. 6. How will valued resource/cultural/archaeological property be affected? (a) Displacement of such valued cultural properties (b) Vandalisation of sacred items/locations (c) Possible theft of sacred/archaeological items (d) Others, specify: …………………………… SECTION E: Gully Erosion/ Intervention Activities Impact Evaluation 1. Are you aware of the proposed intervention by NEWMAP (a) Yes (b) No 2. If yes, from which source (a) community meetings (b) Media (TV, Radio, Newspaper, Internet) (c) Others specify 3. Do you think the project can cause restiveness in your community? (a) Yes (b) No 4. If 3 is yes how will the proposed intervention result in restiveness (a) Disrespect of norms and culture by contractors (b) loss of farmland / Property (c) Possible theft of sacred/archaeological items (d) local people not employed during construction (e) Others, specify: …………………………… 5. How will the proposed project impact on your livelihood and environment? Positive impacts Negative impacts (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) 6. What do you expect from the activities of NEWMAP intervention? (a) employment of Locals during construction, (b) compensation for those whose properties will be affected (c) capacity building for maintenance during implementation (d) community input into final engineering design (e) Others please specify…………………….. 7. Are there any other issue(s) of concerned as regards the intervention project in your area, please state clearly? ………………………………………………………………………………… 151 Appendix II Nigerian Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) Pollutants Time of Average Limits Particulates Daily average of daily values 250µg/m3 1hour 600 µg/m3 Sulphuroxide Daily average of hourly 0.01ppm (Sulphurdioxide) values 1 hour 0.1ppm Non-methanehydrocarbon Daily average of 3- 160µg/m3 hourly values Carbonmonoxide Daily average of hourly 10ppm values 8-hour average 20ppm Nitrogen oxides Daily average of hourly 0.04- 0.06ppm values (range) (Nitrogen dioxide) Photochemical Oxidant Hourly values 0.06ppm Source: Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria (FEPA, 1991) Noise Exposure Limits for Nigeria Duration per Day, Hour Permissible Exposure Limit dB(A) 8 90 6 92 4 95 3 97 2 100 1.5 102 1 105 0.5 110 0.25 115 Source: Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution 152 Noise Level Guidelines Receptor One Hour LAeq (dBA) Day time (07:00 -22:00) 22:00 – 07:00 Residential; Institutional; 55 45 educations Industrial; commercial 70 70 Source: World Bank Group 2007: General EHS Guidelines Groundwater Samples Parameters GW1 GW2 GW3 GW4 GW5 GW6 WHO LIMITS Highest Max. FMEnv Desirable Permissib Limit Level le Level pH 7.0-8.5 6.5-9.2 6.5-8.5 Conductivity, - µS/cm NS 1000 Temperature, <40 0 C NS NS Turbidity, 1.0 NTU NS NS Total 500 Dissolved Solids, mg/l 200 500 Salinity, ppt NS NS Hardness, mg/l 200 CaCO3 100 500 Alkalinity, - mg/l NS NS Dissolved 7.5 Oxygen, mg/l NS NS BOD5, mg/l NS NS 0 COD, mg/l NS NS - Chloride, mg/l 200 600 250 Nitrate, mg/l - - 10 Sulphate, mg/l 200 400 500 Phosphate, 5 mg/l NS NS Sodium, mg/l NS NS 200 Calcium, mg/I 75 200 - Magnesium, - mg/l 30 75 Potassium, NS NS - 153 Parameters GW1 GW2 GW3 GW4 GW5 GW6 WHO LIMITS Highest Max. FMEnv Desirable Permissib Limit Level le Level mg/l THC, mg/l 0.01 0.3 - Oil and Grease - - 0.05 Heavy Metals Iron, mg/l 0.1 1.0 1.0 Zinc, mg/l 5.0 15.0 5.0 Lead, mg/l NS NS 0.05 Mercury, mg/l NS NS 0.01 Copper, mg/l 0.05 1.5 0.05 Chromium, 0.01 mg/l NS NS Cadmium, 0.03 mg/l NS NS Nickel, mg/l NS NS - Arsenic, mg/l NS NS - 154