76435 COMMUNITY-BASED CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION © 2012 The World Bank in the Philippines Ortigas Center, Pasig City Telephone: +63-2-6375855 Internet: www.worldbank.org/ph This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributors. Note that The World Bank does not necessarily own each component of the content included in the work. The World Bank therefore does not warrant that the use of the content contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of third parties. The risk of claims resulting from such infringement rests solely with you. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in the work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or COMMUNITY-BASED acceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. Rights and Permissions CLIMATE CHANGE This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license (CC BY 3.0) http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0. Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, you are free to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for commercial purposes, under the following conditions: ADAPTATION Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: Villaluz, Maya Gabriela Q., ed. 2012. Community-Based Climate Change Adaptation. Manila, Philippines: World Bank. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 The World Bank in the Philippines Translations—If you create a translation of this work, please add the following Making Growth for the Poor disclaimer along with the attribution: This translation was not created by The World Bank and should not be considered an official World Bank translation. The World Bank shall not be liable for any content or error in this translation. All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, Norwegian Trust Fund for The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; email: pubrights@worldbank.org. Private Sector and Infrastructure Project Rationale and Context A country of over 7,100 islands in the Pacific Ring of Fire, the Philippines is a hot spot for Brief Profile of the natural disasters and for the expected adverse impacts of climate change. It ranks 6th among Philippines’ Coasts 16 “extreme risk� countries in the 2011 Climate Change Vulnerability Index (CCVI) 1 and is the • Location: located between third most vulnerable to disaster risks and Taiwan and Borneo, about natural hazards in the 2011 World Risk Index2. 800 km from the Asian mainland Of the country’s over 1,600 cities and • No. of islands: 7,107 islands municipalities3, 70 percent lie in the country’s • Land of area: 300,000 sq. km coastal areas. • Coastal waters: 226,000 sq. km. The most vulnerable of its residents are • Oceanic waters: 1.93 million subsistence fisherfolk and farmers whose sq. km. livelihoods are heavily reliant on natural • Coastal provinces: 64 out of resources, which, in turn, are highly vulnerable 79 (81%) to climate change. In the past few years, coastal • Coastal municipalities: 832 communities have reported a significant out of 1,541 (54%) dwindling of fish catch, major coastal erosion, and massive coral bleaching. Project Objectives In support of the strategic directions of the Government of the Philippines on climate change, and consistent with the thrusts of the Bank in the country, the World Bank Office in Manila (WBOM), with funding support from the Norwegian Trust Fund (NTF), initiated Developed by the global risk advisory firm Maplecroft, the Climate Change Vulnerability Index is a global ranking instrument calculating the vulnerability of 170 countries 1 to the impacts of climate change over the next 30 years. The index evaluated 42 social, economic, and environmental factors to assess national vulnerabilities (http://www. maplecroft.com). The World Risk Index developed by the United Nations University-Institute for Environment and Human Security calculates the risk values for 173 countries worldwide. 2 The index consists of indicators in four components: exposure to natural hazards; susceptibility as a function of public infrastructure, housing conditions, nutrition, and the general economic framework; coping capacities as a function of governance, disaster preparedness, and early warning, medical services, social and economic security; and adaptive capacities to future natural events and climate change (http://www.ehs.unu.edu). A municipality is a local government unit, akin to a town or a city, that is mandated to provide the following services, according to the Local Government Code of 1991: 3 “Extension and on-site research services and facilities related to agriculture and fishery activities which include dispersal of livestock and poultry, fingerlings, and other seedling materials for aquaculture; palay, corn, and vegetable seed farms; medicinal plant gardens; fruit tree, coconut, and other kinds of seedling nurseries; demonstration farms; quality control of copra and improvement and development of local distribution channels, preferably through cooperatives; inter-barangay irrigation system; water and soil resource utilization and conservation projects; and enforcement of fishery laws in municipal waters including the conservation of mangroves;� COMMUNITY-BASED CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION 1 the implementation of the “Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Communities� Project Map 1. Location of Project Sites in the last quarter of 2008 until September 2011. The Project sought to: 1) Establish a community-based adaptation strategy in the pilot sites by: a) Setting appropriate policies; b) Climate-proofing livelihoods; c) Institutionalizing science-based-decision support systems; and 2) Develop a replicable template that can be used by and adapted to all other similar sites in the Philippines The Project had four major components: (i) Policy and legislation; (ii) Vulnerability assessment; (iii) Bio-physical adaptation measures; and (iv) Capacity-building and partnership. BICOL REGION Project Description Site selection The three project sites—Gubat in Sorsogon, Batuan in Masbate, and Caramoan in Camarines Sur—were selected based on the following criteria: 1. Vulnerability to climate change risks and natural disasters; 2. The presence of significant areas of sea grass, mangroves, and coral reefs; and 3. Demonstrated willingness of municipal/barangay LGUs to participate in project processes and to sustain initial gains. Masbate, Sorsogon, and Camarines Sur provinces in the Bicol Region are among the top 20 provinces in the country considered most vulnerable to climate change. The region is the entry point of 30 percent of the typhoons that enter the Philippine Area of Responsibility each year. National poverty indices ranked the two consistently among the country’s poorest (Table 1). Image taken from the Department of Agriculture website (http://www.da.gov.ph). Map 1 shows the location of each project site, while Diagram 1 details the activities Inset: Bicol’s location in the Philippine map. Map taken from http://islands.philippinemaps.ph done for each phase of the project. 2 COMMUNITY-BASED CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION COMMUNITY-BASED CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION 3 Diagram 1. Community-based Climate Change Adaptation Project Framework and Process • Community workshops • Multi-channel communication • IEC planning & implementation Communications • Socio-economic assessment Marine Protected • Identification of high-risk areas Areas (MPAs) • Reef health assessment • Hazard indexing Eco-tourism • Beach stability assessment • Real-time weather Vulnerability • Disaster preparedness Assessment Climate-resilient • Real-time weather data livelihood collection • Mangrove & bird species inventory Aquasilviculture Community-Based Policy Climate Change Climate Change Dialogue • Increased interface between Adaptation (CCA) CCA in local national and local legislation Adaptation governments Strategies • Governance review Integrated value • Gaps & policy needs chain for marine • LGU capacity-building products Community Early warning Engagement systems • Community acceptance and mobilization • Livelihood assessment Financial • Recognition of local resources champions • CCA-DRRM preparedness Partnerships & Strengthened capacity building national and local local focal government persons linkages • Intra-community partnerships • Knowledge sharing among pilot sites & other areas • Public-private partnerships • Media engagement 4 COMMUNITY-BASED CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION COMMUNITY-BASED CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION 5 Continued from page 6 Table 1. Profile of Project Sites Table 2. Project Stakeholders Land Barangays Population* SECTORS STAKEHOLDERS ROLES Project Sites Category Area percent (ha) Total Coastal Local Government The provincial governments The endorsements of the provincial of Total Units of: governors were sought to be able to select Gubat, Sorsogon 2nd class4 13,451 42 12 29 55,501 • Camarines Sur the project sites and, more importantly, to Batuan, Masbate 5 class th 5,341 14 9 64 12,585 • Masbate ensure cooperation and participation of the Caramoan, • Sorsogon municipal mayors. The Project also sought 2nd class 27,741 49 19 39 40,810 to review the development policies and Camarines Sur programs of the Provincial Government, *2007 NSO Census of Population as these affect the development plans and programs of the municipal LGUs. Project stakeholders The municipal governments The municipal mayors and their respective of: municipal councils (Sangguniang Bayan) have The Project supported the actions of various stakeholders across all levels of Philippine • Caramoan, Camarines Sur the power to allocate and direct the use of society. Table 2 shows a brief description of all involved parties. • Batuan, Masbate resources and LGU machinery for adaptation • Gubat, Sorsogon measures Table 2. Project Stakeholders Barangay captains of: Barangay captains and their respective SECTORS STAKEHOLDERS ROLES • Rizal and Bacagay (Gubat) Barangay Councils have the power to initiate National Department of Environment The national agency tasked to manage and • Panisihan, Gibraltar, and implement actions at the community Government and Natural Resources (DENR) protect the country’s mangrove forests Canvañez, Royroy, and level Agencies (NGAs) Burgos (Batuan) Department of Agriculture The agency under the Department of • Gata, Tabgos, Lahuy – Bureau of Fisheries and Agriculture tasked to manage and develop Island (Caramoan) Aquatic Resources (DA-BFAR) the country’s fisheries and aquatic resources Pilot communities Local communities and The key partners and beneficiaries of the Climate Change Commission The “sole policy-making body of the people’s organizations, such Project, whose lives are directly impacted by government tasked to coordinate, monitor as the Fisheries and Aquatic climate and disaster risks and who are key to and evaluate the programs and action Resources Management effectively implementing community-based plans of the government relating to climate Councils (FARMCs)6 climate change adaptation strategies change�5 Private sector Media Key partners in communicating and Armed Forces of the For this project, the military’s assistance was “popularizing� climate change and, in the case Philippines sought to patrol the sanctuaries, especially of television, in initiating adaptation measures when the local governments did not have Academe, including Engaged to provide expertise and support in enough resources to do so. individual academics and implementing project activities Continued on next page researchers Civil society leaders Engaged in information dissemination and as part of the project support group Entrepreneurs Engaged in the start up of a few livelihood Municipalities are classified according to average annual income. According to the National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB): first-class municipalities have an annual 4 activities as part of the value chain income of at least Php55 million (USD1.32 million); second-class municipalities have an annual income of at least Php45 million (USD1.08 million) but less than Php55 million; third-class municipalities have an annual income of at least Php35 million (USD800,000) but less than Php45 million; fourth-class municipalities have an annual income of at least Php25 million (USD600,000) but less than Php35 million; fifth-class municipalities have an annual income of at least Php15 million (USD350,000) but less Executive Order 240, s. 1995 mandated the organization of FARMCs in barangays, municipalities, and cities abutting municipal waters to institutionalize the role of local 5 than Php25 million; sixth-class municipalities have an annual income of less than Php15 million. fisherfolk and other resources users in the community-based planning and implementation of policies and programs for the management, conservation, development, and protection of aquatic and fishery resources. They recommend the aquatic and fishery resource management policies and plans for integration into the local development plans and they can be deputized as fish wardens, among others. 6 COMMUNITY-BASED CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION COMMUNITY-BASED CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION 7 Case Study #1: Gubat, Sorsogon increase in frequency and intensity of typhoons, inaction would exacerbate flooding Key issues in these communities. Socio-economic context • Gubat faces the Pacific Most of Gubat’s 243 artisanal fishers Participatory Communication and Ocean and lies directly in the living in coastal villages have no access Community Networks path of typhoons. Adopting to motorized boats. Some families have the UNDP formula for risk, turned to seaweed farming to augment Local community leaders helped raise the villages of Bagacay and their incomes. awareness for climate change, for which Rizal were found to rank community awareness and understanding was highest in the risk index. Climate and Disaster Risks very low. • Economies like sea cucumber ranching, Gubat is directly in the path of typhoons. In Bagacay and Rizal, educational videos and seaweed farming and It has an average coastal elevation of no community theatres (Teatro Gubat) helped aquasilviculture are seen as higher than 10 meters above sea level raise awareness for climate change. The Gubat Typhoon-damaged houses a way to diversify livelihoods (Map 2), which makes it susceptible to LGU also signed a memorandum of agreement and making communities storm surges. with a local cable network for the latter to air a climate-resilient. video of the play staged by Teatro Gubat, and the video Pag mangno produced by the Project, • Gubat has already taken the According to a marine geological study, Gubat has lost about 70 meters of its shore to illustrate local climate change impacts, over initiative to start updating land to erosion over the past 50 years. Locals have noted that the coastline is receding. the course of a year. of the municipality’s Comprehensive Vulnerability Assessment and Risk Monitoring Development Plan and Mainstreaming DRR-CCA in Local Comprehensive Land In-situ vulnerability assessment was carried out in 2008 to establish which of Gubat’s Development in Planning and Use Plan by conducting 12 coastal villages were at highest risk, and to establish areas of intervention. Adopting Decision-Making a “Community-based the UNDP formula for risk, i.e., Risk = Hazard x Exposure x Vulnerability,6 the villages of Monitoring System,� a Bagacay and Rizal ranked highest in the risk index. Budgetary support. This helped address baseline household survey operational concerns, as demonstrated when with rider questions on DDR Villagers living directly behind the seawall were found to be at highest risk while the Gubat municipal government funded the and climate change. structures near the wall were also at high risk of flooding. procurement of two motorized patrol boats to secure the MPAs, and shared in the cost of The state of physical infrastructure in Bacagay and Rizal also posed potential hazards. putting up floating guardhouses for use in The main roads and public buildings lacked drainage that worsened the extent and night patrols. magnitude of rain-induced flooding. The studies concluded that, given the projected 6 “Hazards� (H) are either the effects of climate change (e.g., flooding or landslides) or the loss of nature’s protective ways because of how the community has altered its environment (e.g., erosion, the destruction of mangroves and coral reefs).“Exposure� (E) means the extent to which a community is exposed to hazards. Meanwhile,“Vulner- ability� (V) is determined by a community’s ecosystem, physical features, and population. 8 COMMUNITY-BASED CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION COMMUNITY-BASED CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION 9 Development of climate-resilient livelihood opportunities. To develop economic resilience Key issues among members of the more vulnerable households in the pilot sites—particularly those • Agrarian unrest and directly involved in patrols and monitoring of internal conflict pose the MPAs—the Project started the following security risks that hamper enterprises that could be pursued as livelihood implementation of CCA alternatives: Community representatives putting landmarks, identifying resource and uses and locating hazards in their respective barangays / Photos by PFEC measures. 1. Sea Cucumber Ranching. A ¼-hectare • Despite being one of the DRR-CCA Action Team. These teams will oversee the municipality’s preparedness and sea cucumber ranch was integrated in poorest municipalities, response capability. An updated multi-hazard map reflecting scientific information for Rizal, where 10 sea cucumber species Batuan showed its each village was developed and produced for distribution in the villages. are naturally found. However, the commitment to CCA and volume of sea cucumber harvests has sustainability. It allocated 20 CCA and DRR Information Gathering for CDP/CLUP Integration. In 2011, the Gubat been on a steady decline in the past few percent of its development government initiated a baseline household survey to update its Comprehensive years. funds for the adaptation Development Plan and Comprehensive Land Use Plan. Its survey questionnaire included measures taken. The Batuan rider questions on climate change and DRR in order to generate data that would enable 2. Seaweed Farming. The Gubat LGU also allotted funds to the integration of these concerns into the two plans. LGU provided access to seedlings, purchase a relocation site for technology, and microfinance while a families in high-risk, low- local cooperative bank and the national Ecosystem-based Adaptation Measures and Value Chain Models lying areas. government’s Regional Training Center for Seaweeds in nearby Sorsogon City • Local ordinances for the Establishment of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). After four months of community clear demarcation can provided micro-lending, marketing organizing and capacity building in 2010, Bagacay and Rizal established their respective safeguarding of MPAs should support, and technical and extension MPAs (fishery reserve, refuge, and sanctuary). The boundaries of the “no-take� zone were be enforced services. A seed fund of PhP50,000 set following consultations with stakeholders, and had legal footing through a village (USD1,200) was extended to the MPA • Small-scale tourism is a council resolution establishing the MPA and a municipal ordinance that meted out management team to start the seaweed possible alternative source sanctions and penalties on violators. enterprise. of income for fisherfolk and Inventory of birds in mangroves. With the help of the Wild Bird Club, a local 3. Aquasilviculture. Municipal and village another way of establishing environmental advocacy group, a rapid assessment of bird richness and habitat leaders, together with community climate-resilient economies. conditions was developed, which would prove useful as a benchmark of the health leaders from Batuan and Caramoan, condition of the town’s mangrove forests and can serve as an input for IEC and tourism underwent training in aquasilviculture, promotion. an environment-friendly mangrove aquaculture system that promotes the harmonious coexistence between fishery species and mangrove trees in a semi-enclosed system. The local government identified potential sites for their constituents to establish pilot systems. 10 COMMUNITY-BASED CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION COMMUNITY-BASED CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION 11 Case Study #2: Batuan, Masbate Participatory Communication and Community Networks Socio-economic context Representatives of the municipal government and its various units, village council heads, and other local leaders participated in the municipality-wide P3DM. Each village Batuan, one of the poorest municipalities, was once the site of agrarian unrest and identified resource uses and hazards in its area and came up with a draft adaptation conflict. This is seen to have led to the absence of investments in the area. Thus, it is heavily plan. dependent on its Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA) from the national government. The Project likewise linked up with private organizations to generate support for its Climate and disaster risks objectives. Partnerships were made with the private broadcast media group Net 25 for video documentation and public outreach; with individuals to reach out to other Three low-lying communities along Batuan’s coasts—Cañares, Gibraltar, and government entities; and with the Wild Bird Club of the Philippines, a volunteer, not-for- Panisihan—are at risk of coastal flooding. In Panisihan, seawater has already profit environmental advocacy group, to conduct an inventory of birds in the mangrove intruded into rice fields. In Gibraltar, the lone freshwater source is 300 meters from areas. the shoreline and is at risk of salt water intrusion. The islet village of Matabao on the southern tip becomes isolated during heavy rains. Potential rise in sea level Mainstreaming CCA/DRRM in Local Development Planning and Decision- puts at risk the potable water source, the livelihood of farmers, and Batuan’s food Making security. Budgetary support. Despite its low income levels, Batuan provided counterpart funds, Vulnerability Assessment and Risk allocating 20 percent of its development funds to operationalize various adaptation Monitoring measures. It also allotted funds to purchase a relocation site for families in high-risk, low-lying areas. The original pilot site for Masbate was Famosa, for which a vulnerability assessment Policy-setting. The Royroy village council passed a resolution establishing the new had already been conducted. After the LGU MPA. The Municipal Council gave its assurance that an ordinance declaring the MPA decided to withdraw its participation, the would be passed. The Batuan LGU has likewise stopped building new structures within Project looked to Batuan, which early on 500 meters of the shoreline, and expanding existing ones. had shown an interest in participating in the Project. The ensuing assessment looked Stricter enforcement of fishery laws. Municipal officials say that blast and cyanide into the coastal geology of the former port fishing have stopped, obviously deterred by the night patrol wardens and by the mayor’s of Batuan, in Burgos Village. Two factors commitment to law enforcement. guided the selection of pilot communities in Batuan: the presence of significant areas of Ecosystem-based Adaptation Measures and Value Chain Models mangroves, coral reefs, and sea grass beds; and the willingness of the village chairperson Local weather monitoring and early warning systems. In 2008, a local weather to participate. monitoring system was installed in Burgos, and was operated and maintained by a From left: Century-old Avicenia marina in Bongsanglay Nature Reserve in Royroy; mangrove specialists conducting a species volunteer. Weather updates are sent through text messaging, which allows for real-time inventory in the reserve / Photos by PFEC feedback between the volunteer and residents. 12 COMMUNITY-BASED CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION COMMUNITY-BASED CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION 13 Establishment of MPAs. Batuan had two pre-existing MPAs that had been declared Climate and disaster risks through a local ordinance—one in Canvañez and another Royroy—but only the Canvanez MPA remained intact after a decade.. Some coastal communities experience tidal flooding. In the event of a rise in sea level, more coastal communities will be at risk. Soil erosion in the uplands is In June 2011, after consulting with stakeholders, a new MPA site was chosen and a another hazard, especially in timberland 28-hectare fish sanctuary was established, supported by a village council resolution and areas. Logging and conversion of a municipal ordinance. forestland for cultivation through the years have contributed to soil erosion. Inventory of birds in mangroves. With the help of the Wild Bird Club, a local The municipal government estimates environmental advocacy group, a rapid assessment of bird richness and habitat condition that nearly 19 percent of the land in this was developed, which would prove useful as a benchmark of the health condition of the area is severely eroded. town’s mangrove forests and can serve as an input for IEC and tourism promotion. Vulnerability Assessment and Risk Development of climate-resilient livelihood opportunities. Focus group discussions Monitoring led to ideas for climate-resilient livelihood. Suggestions included the construction of a walkway for ecotourism to benefit Royroy’s fishing and tenant community. In October Caramoan used a participatory approach to 2011, municipal and village leaders, together with community leaders from Gubat and the conduct of a coastal and marine resources Caramoan underwent training in aquasilviculture, an environment-friendly mangrove inventory, with the help of DENR and BFAR, aquaculture system that promotes the harmonious coexistence between fishery species to establish the baseline resources of their and mangrove trees in a semi-enclosed system. municipal waters. This is the first step in the vulnerability assessment. Case Study #3: Caramoan, Camarines Sur Participatory Communication and Community Networks Socio-economic context Climate change orientation for LGU leaders Caramoan’s lands and coastal areas are rich in biodiversity. It hosts 45 plant species from and staff. Lahuy Island, to the northeast of 20 families and about 46 species of reef fish from 18 families. mainland Caramoan, has long been under threat from blast fishing, cyanide fishing, and Of Caramoan’s 49 villages, four are urbanized; the municipality has become a popular siltation caused by small-scale open-pit mines. tourist attraction. The dominant income sources are cultivation of agro-forest products Its four villages are totally dependent on fishing in the uplands; fishing and seaweed farming in the coastal areas; small-scale distillation and on small-scale gold mining. of nipa sap to produce vinegar and liquor; and tourism. A few families have turned their homes into home-stays for budget travelers and to accommodate the overflow from A climate change orientation seminar was Some of the islands that draw tourists to Caramoan (from top, from left to right): hotels during peak tourism months. Fishing boats double as passenger boats to ferry conducted for the village heads of Lahuy Island Matukad, Tinago, Hunongan, Gota. tourists and to take them island-hopping. and the staff of the LGU. Here, they learned Source: www.caramoanislands.com 14 COMMUNITY-BASED CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION COMMUNITY-BASED CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION 15 from the experience of the Gilutongan Marine workshop, the participants shared their vision for Caramoan and ideas on how to make Sanctuary on Olango Island, Cebu province, one their respective communities climate-resilient. LGU planners and decision-makers hope Key issues in Caramoan of the most successful community-managed to build on these to craft a CLUP and a Comprehensive Development Plan. marine sanctuaries in the Philippines. As a result • Main sources of livelihood of this new knowledge, community leaders in Ecosystem-based Adaptation Measures and Value Chain Models are on a steady decline; Lahuy Island softened their opposition to a no- fishing is no longer take zone in their fishing grounds. MPA established in Gata. In October 2010, an MPA with a 27-hectare “no-take� zone and sustainable and small scale mining is proving to be more an 11-hectare buffer was established by the village chairperson, supported by a village Teatro Gubat in Caramoan. As in Gubat and council resolution. The village council also took steps to stop illegal fishing, confiscating dangerous Batuan, Teatro Gubat was organized and shown the fishing gear of those caught, and threatening to bring them to court. However, an in Caramoan to illustrate how climate change • Caramoan has not been able ordinance empowering the village chairperson to mete out sanctions has yet to be affects coastal communities, and the urgent to cope with the influx of approved by the municipal government. need to address it. The play attracted a large tourism in the recent years. crowd at the town center. Plans and implementation LGU declares seven more MPAs. After the MPA in Gata was established and word of of long-term measures its reported success spread, other village chairpersons from Lahuy Island established Mainstreaming CCA/DRRM in Local to mitigate the impact of one MPA each in their respective communities. This resulted in five more MPAs, and the tourism on the environment boundaries of all seven MPAs are being delineated. All the MPAs are being managed by Development Planning and Decision- are necessary. Making the village LGUs. • Initiatives for the protection A focal LGU unit for climate change. In 2009, and species inventory Mangrove mapping and species inventory to support management and protection. of mangrove as well This provided concrete information to support municipal LGU efforts toward systematic the Coastal Resource Management Office as aquasilviculture, an management and protection of the ecosystem. Another output was a comprehensive (CRMO) was created through a municipal environment-friendly mangrove map with a flood map overlay, useful in crafting appropriate responses ordinance. Its primary tasks were to enforce mangrove aquaculture to flooding. The mangrove species inventory and survey showed the general fishery rules and regulations in the municipal system that promotes the health condition of the mangroves, their capacity for natural regeneration, and the waters and to serve as the focal unit for climate harmonious coexistence corresponding management response needed. change. The unit was also supported by the between fishery species and military, who helped patrol Caramoan’s 71 kilometers of irregular coastline. mangrove trees in a semi- Inventory of birds in mangroves. With the help of the Wild Bird Club, a local enclosed system should be environmental advocacy group, a rapid assessment of bird richness and habitat condition further explored. was developed, which would prove useful as a benchmark of the health condition of the Local Climate Change Adaptation Planning (LCCAP). In August 2011, the Caramoan town’s mangrove forests and can serve as an input for IEC and tourism promotion. municipal government and the WBOM jointly organized a three-day strategic planning Local weather monitoring and early warning systems. A weather monitoring system workshop to equip the LGU leaders with was also installed in Caramoan, at the Office of the Municipal Agiculturist. However, the tools and knowledge for integrating climate change adaptation and disaster because of manpower constraints, use of the weather monitoring system was not risk reduction and management into local development planning. At the end of the maximized. 16 COMMUNITY-BASED CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION COMMUNITY-BASED CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION 17 Continued from page 18 Development of climate-resilient livelihood opportunities. Livelihood workshops Table 4. Summary of Gains Achieved in Legislation have been organized to help community members identify livelihood diversification and Policy-Setting at the Local Level options, such as seaweed farming and crab fattening. In October 2011, municipal and Project Sites Policy Actions and Budget-Related Actions village leaders, together with community leaders from Gubat and Batuan, underwent Realized LGU Pledges training in aquasilviculture, an environment-friendly mangrove aquaculture system that promotes the harmonious coexistence between fishery species and mangrove trees in a Batuan Budget-related actions semi-enclosed system.  20% of development funds allotted  Mayor’s pledge to maintain for CCA activities (allowance of fish the same budgetary support wardens, maintenance of weather throughout his incumbency station, etc.) Project Results, Impact, and Evaluation  Salary of weather monitoring station operator paid by LGU  LGU leaders’ guarantee to fund relocation of flood-prone homes; implementation Enabling Climate-Resiliency at the Policy and Governance Level Stricter enforcement of existing laws pending agreement of families  Ban on sand and gravel quarrying to be relocated and sale of site and coral rock gathering The Project underscored the importance of securing government buy-in at all levels.  Ban on construction of new  Location and design of Without enabling legislation and tight law enforcement, the country’s environmental structures and expansion of existing proposed mini-wharf to be laws would have no bearing, and current practices that have endangered the ones along shorelines climate-proofed environment and jeopardized communities’ means of livelihood and sustainability, will Caramoan Legislation continue. Table 4 shows a summary of gains achieved in community-level legislation,  Village council resolution  CLUP and CDP in process policy-setting, and law enforcement. establishing MPA in Gata Village of development; LGU will  Municipal ordinance creating CRMO ensure CCA and DRRM will be as focal unit for Climate Change* integrated into these Table 4. Summary of Gains Achieved in Legislation  Deployment of fish wardens and and Policy-Setting at the Local Level stronger enforcement of Fishery Law Project Sites Policy Actions and Budget-Related Actions *Action taken by Municipal LGU prior to CCA project Realized LGU Pledges Gubat Legislation  Village council resolutions  Multi-hazard maps to be made Addressing bio-physical measures and establishing MPAs establishing MPAs in Rizal and available to all villages to aid Bagacay planning An important outcome of the project was the realization of several biophysical measures  Municipal ordinance declaring  CCA technical working group and the establishment of MPAs in all three municipalities. Tables 5 and 6 list their details. establishment of the MPAs to be reactivated with funding support from ex-Mayor, now Budget-related actions Congressman The Project also noted anecdotal accounts of increased fish species and fish catch  Two patrol boats procured by LGU to  Will mobilize LGU calamity near the buffer zones of the three7 sites. The LGUs plan to conduct a more scientific beef up enforcement of MPA rules fund for disaster preparedness assessment and monitoring of impacts of the MPA on fish habitat and fish yield.  LGU counterpart funds for all adaptation measures initiated by the Project The fourth MPA was established in June 2011 in Royroy. As of the writing of this report, it was too early to detect perceptible changes. 7 Continued on next page 18 COMMUNITY-BASED CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION COMMUNITY-BASED CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION 19 Table 5. Summary of Biophysical Measures Implemented Developing climate-resilient livelihood opportunities (as of Project End, Sept. 30, 2011) Sites Biophysical Measures Realized During the capacity-building activities, it was emphasized that vulnerable coastal community residents needed to diversify their livelihood options to make them more  MPA with sea cucumber ranch in Rizal Village resilient to the expected impacts of climate change (see Table 7). However, since Gubat  MPA with seaweed farm in Bagacay Village community livelihood initiatives were undertaken only at the tail end of the Project, the  Mangrove nurseries established in three communities, with continuing impact of these have not yet been cascaded beyond those who were directly involved Batuan reforestation activities in the villages of Canvañez and Panisihan in the programs. Strengthening protection of Bongsanglay Nature Park  MPA with seaweed farming in Gata Village Table 7. Livelihood Enterprises Initiated in Project Sites  LGU initiated “rice for mangrove reforestation program,� a variant of food- Caramoan Project Site Livelihood Enterprise Established Status for-work, to rehabilitate denuded mangrove areas. Families are given rice in exchange for planting and maintenance of protected areas.  ¼ hectare sea cucumber ranch in First harvest expected in Dec 2011 Rizal Gubat Table 6. Profile of MPAs established under the CCA Project Started Aug 2011; harvest expected in  Seaweed farming in Bagacay two months Area in Hectares Mgt Team and MPA Sites Key MPA Rules and Regulations Core Buffer Total Composition  All villages together with the municipal LGU, came up with their respective Bagacay, Village Council, • “No-take,� “No access� in core business plans. This led to the establishment of mariculture enterprises. 15 10 25 Gubat BFARMC zone Batuan  Climate-proofed walkway was constructed through the mangrove forest as Rizal, Gubat 15 50 65 Fishers’ association • Only hook and line and part of tourism promotion efforts (initially conceived to provide access to passage of boats allowed in schoolchildren during high tide) buffer zone  The communities of Gata and Tabgos underwent enterprise planning sessions. • PhP1,000 (USD24) penalty Caramoan Existing seaweed farming enterprises were expanded because of advise from Gata, Village Council, for violation (Rizal); PhP5,000 the Project. Crab fattening enterprises were also established. 27 11 38 (USD120) for second Caramoan* BFARMC violation and imprisonment for succeeding violations Empowering stakeholders (Caramoan) Royroy, 28 10 38 ROFIA Another crucial outcome of the Project is how it has empowered community stakeholders Batuan (cooperative) to take ownership of Project processes and outcomes, and better manage the coastal *Seven more MPAs have been established in seven other coastal villages by October 2011 in Caramoan. resources on which they depend. Through the Project, community members, LGUs, environmental advocacy groups, media networks, and other volunteer organizations Another important outcome was the mapping and inventory of mangroves in all three came together to produce materials that were used in different phases of the Project municipalities, and the establishment of community nurseries. Creative approaches to (such as multimedia materials and a mangrove inventory). It also engendered the stakeholder mobilization and community involvement included a “food for mangrove formation of a cadre of formal and informal local leaders who could sustain the gains rehabilitation� program in Caramoan. achieved, scale up, or replicate the adaptation initiatives. 20 COMMUNITY-BASED CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION COMMUNITY-BASED CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION 21 The Project experience was also shared in various government fora, such as national workshops of the DENR, the National Economic Development Authority (NEDA), during the start-up of the business enterprise. The fishermen will provide the labor the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) for Kapit-Bisig Laban sa needed for construction, production, and monitoring of these various enterprises. Kahirapan - Comprehensive Delivery of Social Service (KALAHI-CIDSS), and the national consultations of the DA and BFAR regional and provincial officers drafting the BFAR Marketing and coordination with the buyers will be handled by a Supply Chain National Investment Plan. This would help to institutionalize gains from the Project and Management team (SCM) consisting of team members with adequate knowledge on enable other communities and government agencies to learn from the experience of business and enterprise development. The SCM will connect the fishermen’s group to the three municipalities. the market, and will lead the monitoring and technical assistance to ensure that buyers’ specifications and production aspects are followed. Value Chain Models for resilient livelihoods The buyers will provide the specifications and volume requirement for various marine products, and pay the SCM. The SCM will then distribute the income to the fishermen. For A value chain analysis was conducted on the potential livelihood activities focusing on its operating expenses, the team would be given a share of the sales proceeds. the commodities that the communities commit to produce and sell to the market. The purpose of the analysis is to provide them with a thorough analysis of the viability of their The other value chain model is simpler and will be suitable if the production volume could investment plan, looking at the resources needed and the markets to be tapped. not yet support an SCM. The fishermen, acting as a group would deal directly with the buyers. This would afford the fishermen’s group the experience of managing a business The value chain analysis assesses a business model, including its management of the enterprise. supply chain. The analysis starts with a detailed examination of the socio-economic data and profiles of the concerned communities as well as the calculation of the costs and services of the business enterprises, with the commodity flows and prices, and profiles of major buyers. Recommendations for further action Primary considerations in the determining the viability of the livelihood activities are as For the local government units and coastal communities, several recommendations follows: 1) ‘raw materials’, which are necessary inputs in the production cycle activity, have could be applied to develop a climate-resilient ecosystem and enable climate change to be abundant and accessible to the communities; 2) technology and techniques that are adaptation at the community level: simple and easy to follow, as well as capacity-building, are available; 3) attractive earning potential; and where financial institutions / partners are willing to partner and invest in • Use traditional local knowledge to address climate risks and disasters, the community with appropriate funding. resource management, and other adaptation efforts. To ensure the success and sustainability of conservation efforts, it is helpful to use indigenous The value chain analysis also includes a scenario of setting up a trading post wherein LGUs knowledge, local practices, and institutions. This local knowledge will be will organize the fishermen and provide training on their basic financial concepts.
It will most helpful in community-based efforts involving climate forecasting need to enact conservation policies to maintain the best environment for enterprises such that combines scientific prediction with traditional information, promoting as mariculture, aquasilviculture, crab fattening, seaweed farming, and the like. The BFAR the propagation of coral reefs, seagrass, and mangroves; in setting the has offered to train the fishermen on these processes and to provide technical assistance boundaries of marine protected areas; and in finding engaging ways of effectively implementing local laws. 22 COMMUNITY-BASED CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION COMMUNITY-BASED CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION 23 • Cultivate climate-smart agriculture and a livelihood-diversified • Adopt a science-based, adaptation-centered, participatory approach economy. Develop climate-smart agriculture for food security. Diversifying to decision-making at the provincial, municipal, and village government sources of livelihood that are not entirely resource-dependent is critical in levels. Use the local Climate Change Adaptation Framework to guide the building a community and local economy that is not vulnerable to climate preparation of Municipal Comprehensive Land Use Plans, Comprehensive change. Development Plans, and short-term to long-term Investment Plans. Involve the national government agencies, such as the Department of Interior and • Increase climate governance, knowledge sharing and community Local Government and the Housing and the Land Use Regulatory Board, engagement. Forge alliances to manage risks and limited resources. in overseeing the preparation of these plans, on which the municipal Partnerships and alliances can strengthen community efforts. For example, governments will base their budgets and investments. a partnership with the Coast Guard and the Navy, particularly in conducting night patrols, allowed local governments to better enforce local laws. • Adopt an ecosystem-based local development. The ecosystem should be of foremost consideration in development planning. In view of this, the massive reclamation and conversion of coastal areas into fully developed, concrete zones should be prohibited. Keep natural zones such as tidal flats, flood plains, and river easements naturally flowing and free from any obstructions, including human settlements and business establishments. • Build climate-smart infrastructure in buffer zones and restrict resource extraction and development in conservation areas. Require cumulative environmental impact assessments of infrastructure to avoid adverse effects on the integrity of coasts that lead to shore erosion and the destruction of natural habitats. • Increase adaptation competence of provincial, municipal, and village- level legislators and planners to enable them to craft legislation and development plans that are cognizant of climate change and disaster management. This can be achieved by making disaster preparedness training an integral component of adaptation programs, with significant emphasis on prevention prior to rescue and rehabilitation; and by making disaster preparedness training an integral component in the legislation of adaptation policies. 24 COMMUNITY-BASED CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION COMMUNITY-BASED CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION 25 For more information, contact: Maya Villaluz, Task Team Leader, at mvillaluz@worldbank.org The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20043 USA Internet: www.worldbank.org The World Bank Office Manila 23rd Floor, The Taipan Place F. Ortigas Jr. Road, Ortigas Center Pasig City, Philippines Telephone: (63-2) 637-5855 Internet: www.worldbank.org/ph/cas