72028 STRENGTHEN SECURE SUSTAIN 2011 ANNUAL REPORT B © 2012 The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org An interactive version of the report is available on the WPP website (http://water.worldbank.org/wpp/AnnualReport2011.html). This version contains many links to WPP reports and other sources with more information on WPP activities that are highlighted in this report. Acknowledgements This report was prepared by the WPP Program Management Team: Diego J. Rodriguez, Matthijs Schuring, Nansia Constantinou, Amanda McMahon, Danielle A. Garcia Ramirez, Luisa Mimmi and Margaret P. Johnston. The Annual Report was also made possible by the contributions of the following Bank staff and consultants: Brahim Abdelwedoud, David Meerbach, Parameswaran Iyer, Pete Kolsky, Claudia Sadoff, Christophe Prevost, Susanne Scheierling, Michael Jacobsen, Shelley McMillan, Jane A. N. Kibbassa, Raghava Neti, Graciela Testa, Luis E. García, Gabrielle Puz, and Maryanne Leblanc. Special thanks to Julia Bucknall for her comments on the document, and to peer reviewers Marcus Wijnen, Luis Tineo, and Sameer Ahmed Kamal. Document design (including front and back covers, and internal layout) was created by STUDIO GRAFIK. Photo Credits Photo Page 0 – Aeration at water treatment plant – Mbale, Uganda: Matthijs Schuring, World Bank Photo Page 17 – Morning on Ganges, Varanasi, India: © Oytun Karadayi (iStock 12478954) Photo Page19 – Satellite image of the Sundarbans: NASA Photo Page 23 – Diminishing Water – Change of the Aral Sea: USGS and NASA – Landsat Missions Gallery Photo Page 25 – Wastewater in Agriculture – Mbale, Uganda: Matthijs Schuring, World Bank Photo Page 28 – Nurek Dam and power station, Vakhsh River: G. Morris, World Bank Photo Page 30 – Kihansi Spray Toad: Alyssa Borek, Wildlife Conservation Society Photo Page 31 –Woman fetches water at a borehole in the village of Bilinyang, near Juba, South Sudan: © Arne Hoel, World Bank/Flickr Photo Page 32 – Wastewater treatment plant – Mbale, Uganda: Matthijs Schuring, World Bank Photo Page 38 – “Uncertainty and Climate Variability in the Design and Operation of Water Resources Projectsâ€?, HEF Technical Report 2 cover, World Bank Photo Page 49 – Woman carrying water at Hababah, Yemen: © Michel Tahar/Flickr Photo Page 51 – Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico: © ESA/KARI Photo Page 51 – “Groundwater Management and Protectionâ€? Executive Overview cover, GW-MATE, World Bank Photo Page 52 – National Geographic “Water: Our Thirsty Worldâ€? special issue cover: National Geographic Photo Page 55 – Water project Lesotho: © John Hogg, World Bank/Flickr Photo Page 57 – View on the Shire River at Liwonde, Malawi: Matthijs Schuring, World Bank Disclaimer This work is a product of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. STRENGTHEN SECURE SUSTAIN 2011 ANNUAL REPORT July 2012 Water Partnership Program (WPP) TWIWA - The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 Contact: Diego Rodriguez, Program Manager (drodriguez1@worldbank.org) Matthijs Schuring, Program Coordinator (mschuring@worldbank.org) Peggy Johnston, Senior Financial Manager (pjohnston@worldbank.org) Nansia Constantinou, Program Officer – Communications (nconstantinou@worldbank.org) Amanda McMahon, Program Officer (amcmahon@worldbank.org) Danielle A. Garcia Ramirez, Program Officer – Publications (dgarciaramirez@worldbank.org) Luisa Mimmi, Program Officer – M&E (lmimmi@worldbank.org) www.worldbank.org/water/wpp II 1 FOREWORD When I took on the role of Director of the Transport, I am pleased to present the 2011 WPP Annual Water, and Information and Communications Report that summarizes the Program’s results and Technology Department in the Sustainable demonstrates its contribution to inclusive green Development Network in the World Bank, I knew I had growth. The report’s title, Strengthen, Secure, Sustain, to pay special attention to water. Water is unique as it encompasses everything that the WPP is about. runs through everything we do and no other sector can The Water Partnership Program brings new tools be managed effectively without taking it into account. and knowledge to the water security challenge. It enables Bank teams to explore the linkages between Countries are going through unprecedented pressures water, energy, and food. And it assists countries and as growing populations and economies demand communities in building resilience to climate change more water. Increasingly, more countries realize that and improving access to water supply and sanitation successfully addressing the joint challenges of energy for the poorest populations, especially in Africa. security and food security requires a dramatic shift in the way they manage water. Climate change is already The world is recognizing the centrality of water in causing more droughts and floods, and groundwater development and prosperity. The World Bank and its is being depleted faster than it is being replenished. partners stand ready to assist countries in realizing If countries do not manage water adequately they will water-enabled inclusive green growth, and the WPP not be able to achieve inclusive green growth. provides the flexibility and sector expertise needed for us to succeed. The World Bank is helping clients strengthen mechanisms to manage water sustainably across all economic sectors. As an institution, we have enormous potential to promote better water management by increasing support for infrastructure investments, providing technical advice, expanding partnerships, and producing the data and knowledge necessary to influence decision making at the highest levels. The Water Partnership Program (WPP) - a Jose Luis Irigoyen longstanding alliance between the World Bank and Director the governments of the Netherlands, United Kingdom, Transport, Water, and Information and and Denmark - combines all of these elements to Communications Technology Department help shape the way that developing countries use and Sustainable Development Network protect their resources. The World Bank Group 2 CONTENTS Foreword 1 Abbreviations and Acronyms 5 Executive Summary 6 Chapter 1 - Introduction 10 1.1. The Strategic Importance of Water 11 1.2. The WPP: A Strong Partnership in Crucial Times 13 Chapter 2 - Strengthening the Practice for Water Security 14 2.1 WRM and the Security Challenge 15 2.1.1. Carving Country-Wide Strategies 16 2.1.2. Cleaning Up a Cultural Water Icon 17 2.1.3. Basins: The Building Blocks of International Cooperation 18 2.2. Climate Change Tools 18 2.2.1. Resilient Deltas, Resilient People 19 2.2.2. Clients Model Their Way to Watertight Investments 20 2.2.3. Taking Innovation to the Bank 20 2.2.4. When Will it Rain? Uncertainty Makes the Case for Equity 20 2.2.5. Strengthening Hydromet Services 21 2.3 Investing to Feed the Future 22 2.3.1. How Well-Managed Groundwater Feeds Development 22 2.3.2. Partnerships for Productivity 22 2.3.3. Sustainable Farming 22 2.3.4. Where Land Meets Water 23 2.3.5. Pioneering a More Sustainable Water Rights System 24 2.3.6. Making Reuse the Smart and Safe Decision 24 2.3.7. Improving Mother Nature: Rainfed Agriculture 25 2.4. Energy and Water: A Recipe for Greener Growth 25 2.4.1. Mitigation Drives Efficiency 26 2.4.2. Regional Cooperation for Shared Security 26 2.4.3. Unleashing the Power of Africa 27 2.4.4. Recharging National Batteries 28 2.5. Spotlight on Africa 29 2.5.1. Water Experts Promote Regional Security 29 2.5.2. Sustaining a Fragile Ecosystem 29 2.5.3. Valuing the Benefits of Cooperation 30 2.5.4. A Partnership for Food Security 31 2.5.5. Monitoring Systems that Aid Effectiveness 32 2.5.6. Knowledge: What Makes Sanitation Sustainable? 33 Chapter 3 - Expert Support Teams: Global Knowledge, Local Expertise 36 3.1. HEF: A Model for Versatility 38 3.2. SWAT: Promoting Sanitation for All 39 3.3. GW-MATE: The Knowledge Experts 41 3.4. The Water Expert Team (WET) 45 3 Chapter 4 - Beyond Results: Knowledge, Capacity Building, Partnerships, and Program Impact 48 4.1. Capacity Building and Knowledge for Action 49 4.1.1. Expanding the Role of Small-scale Water Providers for Large-scale Results 49 4.1.2. How Do You Measure Impact? 49 4.1.3. Novelty in Knowledge 50 4.2. Strengthening Partnerships and Establishing Networks 50 4.2.1. South-South Knowledge Transfer 50 4.2.2. A View from Space: Remote Sensing Tools for Water, Food and Floods 51 4.2.3. Water and ICT: Calling all Hackers 51 4.3. WPP Impact: Influencing Projects, Benefiting People 53 Chapter 5 - WPP Phase II: Towards a Sustained and Water Secure World 54 Annex I - Portfolio Overview: Geographical and Sectoral Distribution of WPP Activities 58 Annex II - Financial Summary 60 II.1 Donor Contributions to the WPP 61 II.2 Overview of WPP Allocations, Activity Proposals, Approvals, and Disbursements 62 II.3 Detailed Overview of EST Financials 65 II.4 Financial Summary of Program Management 65 Annex III – List of WPP and EST Activities 66 Annex IV – Bank Projects Influenced by the WPP 74 Endnotes 81 4 TABLES Table 1 - HEF Knowledge Products and Support 39 Table 2 - Institutional Development and Leverage/Impact of Selected SWAT Activities 40 Table 3 - GW-MATE Activities & Products 43 Table 4 - EST Support to Sustainable Development (Selected Examples) 47 Table 5 - WPP Support to World Bank Projects by Region 53 Table I.1 - Total Budget Allocations per WPP Window through 2011 59 Table II.1 - Overview of Donor Contributions to the WPP 61 Table II.2 - Approved Activity Budgets, Receipts, and Expenditures by Window 63 Table II.3 - Overview of WPP Proposals and Budget Allocations by Window 64 Table II.4 - Detailed Financial Overview of ESTs 64 BOXES Box 1 - The WPP at a Glance 12 Box 2 - WRM: Linking Management with Services 16 Box 3 - The HEF Strengthens Albanian Institutions to Take on Disasters 21 Box 4 - AgWAter for Africa 31 Box 5 - HEF Support in Numbers 38 Box 6 - HEF’s Knowledge and Technical Contribution to the Practice 38 Box 7 - SWAT Support in Numbers 39 Box 8 - SWAT Knowledge Exchange Highlights 40 Box 9 - SWAT Meets Urgent Sanitation Needs in Post-Earthquake Haiti 41 Box 10 - Integrated Knowledge Improves Groundwater Management 42 Box 11 - From HEF to WET: Seamless Support to Bolivia 45 Box 12 - Sustaining Partnerships for Global Knowledge 51 Box 13 - WPP Outreach 52 Box 14 - $1 Million Leveraged for Sanitation in Cameroon 53 FIGURES Figure 1 - The Water Partnership Program: Strengthen, Secure, and Sustain 7 Figure 2 - Countries Targeted by WPP Activities 9 Figure 3 - Paths to Cooperation 18 Figure 4 - Energy-Water Nexus 27 Figure 5 - A Snapshot of WPP in Africa 34 Figure 6 - EST and WET Themes and Objectives 37 Figure 7 - WET Activities in 2011 by Thematic Area (% of approved budgets) 46 Figure 8 - Water Hackathon Stats 52 Figure I.1 - Geographic Distribution of WPP Activities through 2011 (number of activities) 59 Figure I.2 - Sectoral Distribution of WPP Activities (% of approved budgets) 59 Figure II.1 - Monthly Budget Allocations, Activity Approvals, and Disbursements (USD million) 62 Figure II.2 - Overall Budget, Approved and Pipeline Activity Amounts and Expenditures per WPP Window (USD million) 63 Figure II.3 - EST Approvals and Expenditures by Region (USD million) 65 5 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AfDB African Development Bank IE Impact Evaluation AFR Africa Region, World Bank IEWE Institue of Energy, Water, AgWA Agricultural Water for Africa and Environment, Albania AGWA Alliance for Global Water Adaptation IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development ANA National Water Agency of Brazil IFC International Finance Corporation APDAI Andhra Pradesh Drought Adaptation Initiative IMAWESA Improved Management of Agricultural AWM Agricultural Water Management Water in East and Southern Africa BiH Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina INDRHI National Water Resources Institute, BNWP Bank-Netherlands Water Program for Dominican Republic Water Supply and Sanitation IPCC Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change BNWPP Bank-Netherlands Water Partnership IWMI International Water Management Institute Program for Water Resources Management LCR Latin America and the Caribbean Region, BRIC Bangladesh Rivers Information World Bank Conservation LKHP Lower Kihansi Hydropower Project CAR Central African Republic M&E Monitoring and Evaluation CI Conservation International MCIPR Mid-Cycle Implementation Progress Report CWRAS Country Water Resources Assistance MDGs Millennium Development Goals Strategy, World Bank MIS Management Information System DANIDA Danish International Development Agency MNA Middle East and North Africa, World Bank DfID United Kingdom Department for MoU Memorandum of Understanding International Development MSIOA Multi-Sector Investment Opportunity DGA National Water Department of Chile Analysis DGIS Netherlands Directorate-General for NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development International Cooperation NTF-PSI Norwegian Trust Fund for Private Sector DRC Democratic Republic of the Congo Investment EAP East Asia and the Pacific, World Bank PER Public Expenditure Review ECA Europe and Central Asia Region, World Bank PM Program Management EIB European Investment Bank PPP Public Private Partnership ESMAP Energy Sector Management QMRA Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment Assistance Program RRFP Hydroelectric and Multipurpose ESTs Expert Support Teams Project in Rusumo Falls ET Evapotranspiration SADC Southern Africa Development Community FAO Food and Agriculture Organization SAR South Asia Region, World Bank of the United Nations SDN Sustainable Development Network, World Bank GCM General Circulation Model SHS State Hydrometeorological GEF Global Environment Facility Service of Moldova GFR Grant Funding Request SWAT Sanitation, Hygiene and Wastewater GMISA Groundwater Management Institute Support Service for Southern Africa TTL Task Team Leader GP Global Projects TWIWA Transport, Water and ICT Department, GPOBA Global Partnership on Output Based Aid Water Anchor Unit GTZ German Technical Cooperation UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund GW-MATE Groundwater Management Advisory Team WA Water Anchor, World Bank GWP Global Water Partnership WA/GP Water Anchor/Global Projects window HCWW Holding Company for Water WBI World Bank Institute and Wastewater, Egypt WET Water Expert Team HEF Hydrology Expert Facility WPP Water Partnership Program ICID International Commission on WRM Water Resources Management Irrigation and Drainage WSB Water Sector Board IDA International Development Association WSP Water and Sanitation Program IDB Inter-American Development Bank WSS Water Supply and Sanitation IDIP Irrigation and Drainage Improvement Project WUA Water Users Association 6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY GLOBAL WATER CHALLENGES The poorest countries also face the largest risks. They have lower capacity to predict and recover from floods While economic development continues to pull and droughts, and they are often the hardest hit by countries out of poverty, current growth patterns volatile food and energy prices. Water security is part have proven to be unsustainable and inefficient, and and parcel of building the resilience of these countries are increasing inequality rather than reducing it. The to global crises. path to sustainable development is inclusive green growth.1 But green growth requires water security2 (that is, the maintenance of an adequate quality and THE BANK’S RESPONSE quantity of water) as an input to human and economic development. The World Bank Group understands that water is at the core of poverty reduction, development, and Water security remains elusive for many countries. growth. The Bank’s 2003 Water Resources Sector At the local level, recent changes in demography and Strategy already described some of the current water landscape, from urbanization to climate change, have challenges and prescribed steps the Bank could take increased the demand for water and, at the same, to remedy the situation, including efforts to integrate degraded water supplies. At the global level, ongoing water with energy, climate, agriculture, land use, and financial, food, and energy crises have amplified local overall economic development. This was reaffirmed in water challenges. the 2010 Mid-Cycle Implementation Progress Report (MCIPR) for the 2003 strategy (“Sustaining Water Today, 80 percent of diseases in the developing world for All in a Changing Climateâ€?). Responding to the are preventable because they are caused by unsafe continuously changing landscape and based on these water, poor sanitation, and a lack of hygiene education. strategies, the World Bank is planning to develop a new The Global Monitoring Report 2010 estimates that as framework for water in 2012, to prioritize and focus its a result of the financial crisis, 100 million people may efforts on the most important and new challenges. lose access to drinking water by 2015.3 The implementation of these strategies is reflected in By 2050, feeding a planet of 9 billion people the breakdown of the Bank’s water portfolio. In 2011, will require a doubling of current water inputs to lending approvals for water by the World Bank stood at agriculture while increasing water efficiency. Much of $7.5 billion, up 30 percent from 2010. Lending to water the population growth will take place in the developing resources management totaled $1.76 billion.4 Of total world, with urban populations in Africa and Asia annual water lending, 53 percent was for water supply doubling between 2000 and 2030. Another impact and sanitation, 13 percent for irrigation and drainage, of global expansion in poor and emerging economies 24 percent for hydropower and 10 percent for flood will be the doubling of energy demand over the next protection. Steady lending levels in these areas quarter century. In addition, extreme weather will demonstrate a consistent demand from client countries continue to destroy local economies (weather-related for Bank support. losses in 2010 were nearly $48 billion). Despite these commitments, the demand continues to The ability of developing countries to secure water for grow and a broader response is required. Traditional industrial, environmental, agricultural, and domestic approaches need to be adapted to respond to the uses will depend on better management of water growing complexity of the water sector. Innovation resources and more cross-sectoral planning and needs to be promoted, bringing new ideas, research, integration. Many of the world’s largest water systems and analysis to the table. The linkages between water are shared by more than one country, requiring and other sectors (such as food, energy, environment, cooperative water resource management and and health) call for the mainstreaming of water- coordinated investments. related analysis in these sectors to help countries make informed decisions about strategies, plans, and investments for a more water secure future. 7 THE WPP - STRENGTHEN, SECURE, SUSTAIN STRENGTHEN … The Water Partnership Program (WPP), a multi-donor …the World Bank’s water lending portfolio through trust fund administered by the World Bank, contributes new, innovative, pragmatic approaches and designs; to the Bank’s efforts to reduce poverty. Under Phase I (January 2009 – June 2012), this is accomplished by … sector, regional and national strategies as well as mainstreaming pragmatic and principled approaches social and environmental policies through cross-sector to water resources management, and by expanding analysis and technical assistance; and and improving access to water supply and sanitation. … institutions and stakeholder capacity for improved The WPP supports technical assistance and and more ‘water-informed’ actions and decisions. analytical work, and bolsters project preparation and implementation across all water sub-sectors. The SECURE … Program’s support is provided via individual activities that are coordinated through six regional and one …access to water for human consumption and global window, as well as an Expert Support Teams sanitation, food, energy, economic activities, and and a World Bank Institute window (see box 1). This environmental services, while protecting human, enables Bank teams, working with long project cycles physical, and natural capital from water-related and static budgets, to provide new, innovative, and extremes such as floods and droughts. timely support to clients that otherwise would not have the resources to deal with emerging challenges as they SUSTAIN … arise. As such, WPP activities aim to (see figure 1): …long-term water security, and availability and quality of both water services and water resources, and their contribution to inclusive green growth. FIGURE 1 - THE WATER PARTNERSHIP PROGRAM: STRENGTHEN, SECURE, AND SUSTAIN GLOBAL CHALLENGES THE WPP Challenges and crises are threatening development Strengthening the portfolio, strategies and capacities through innovative, cross-sectoral analytical BANK RESPONSE support to countries to secure water A larger World Bank project portfolio, facing more in a changing climate and sustain the complex issues right quantity and quality of water for all uses across generations. SUSTAINED & INCLUSIVE GREEN GROWTH … through long-term water security 8 RESULTS, INFLUENCE, AND IMPACT developing new hydropower sources, to ensuring the sustainable operation of existing dams, the WPP is This year’s report presents the outcomes of selected offering its technical and policy expertise to clients activities that contribute to four key themes: water looking for solutions to their energy challenges. The resources management, climate change, food Program is helping Europe, Central Asia, and Africa re- security, and energy security. Combined, these engage in hydropower by demonstrating how socially themes demonstrate the WPP’s contribution to and environmentally sound investments can generate the green growth agenda. The Program provides enormous benefits that spill across national boundaries. incentives for Bank teams to go the extra mile by tackling water challenges at the confluence where Finally, this report spotlights Africa’s progress. From water meets climate, food, and energy. The result is analyzing sustainable sanitation in West Africa, to more integrated, more resilient, and more sustainable building institutions for groundwater management in solutions to complex development challenges. southern Africa, the WPP is influencing major Bank- funded projects throughout the continent. Specialists The Water Partnership Program is helping Bank have improved habitat restoration following a hydropower clients approach water resources management (WRM) installation, conducted multi-sector investment analysis at the local, national, and transboundary level by at the basin level, and sustained a partnership that spearheading activities that link water management addresses food security needs across the region. to service delivery. Experts have assisted countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America to assess their human The WPP measures its influence and impact through and water capital endowments as a means to bolster its major contributions to improving Bank-financed growth. The WPP’s sanitation experts are helping two projects, and the resulting number of people receiving governments in South Asia clean up a major water benefits from these projects. The Program is providing lifeline. Legal experts are discovering the keys to support to lending for water supply and sanitation (WSS) country cooperation over shared water, and assessing that benefits the lives of nearly 52 million people in 26 whether transboundary institutions will be able to countries. More than 17 million of these beneficiaries survive the test of climate change. are in Africa. The WPP portfolio of activities for 2009 to 2011 is influencing and supporting almost $11.5 WPP activities demonstrate how better information billion in Bank financing. This figure almost doubles to and the right tools can reduce the uncertainties posed $20.1 billion when total project costs are included. Each by climate change, so that instead of reacting to dollar of WPP funding has an impact on $710 in Bank climate change countries can begin to prepare for it. lending and $1,240 of total project costs (including Teams are using state-of-the-art models to forecast the borrower’s counterpart contributions and any other floods, generate early warning systems, and analyze sources of financing). alternative investment options that promote climate resilience. The WPP is also helping the Bank bulk up The WPP also influences decision making and brings its own capacity to help clients incorporate climate benefits to the poor by sharing new knowledge, considerations into investment planning. building capacity, fostering innovation, and strengthening partnerships. The Partnership is approaching food security from several angles. In support of the Bank’s Agriculture Action Plan, the WPP promotes improved agricultural WPP PORTFOLIO AND FINANCIAL OVERVIEW water management to drive economic growth. It supports partnerships for learning between the private A total of 214 activities (amounting to $19.6 million) and public spheres, between countries, and among have been approved since the WPP’s inception. When experts. Technical assistance is helping farmers to program management activities are included, approved manage dwindling resources and helping countries to and proposed activities reach $22.5 million, representing use groundwater to improve crop yields. Key analytical 96.1 percent of the total grant. studies are demonstrating how to improve productivity in rainfed agriculture and reuse wastewater in irrigation. The WPP is active in 62 countries, and supports 27 regional and 25 global initiatives (see figure 2). Among The WPP is influencing the energy security debate the regions, Africa receives the largest allocation of from a green growth perspective. In water-scarce WPP funds (well over 30 percent) and has implemented areas, energy efficiency in water supply is proving that the largest number of activities. While the Program mitigation incentives can yield adaptation results. From supports Bank work across 5 water themes (see 9 FIGURE 2 - COUNTRIES TARGETED BY WPP ACTIVITIES *This world map includes WPP activities approved between 2009 and 2011 and does not include regional activities. The remainder of the 2011 Annual Report details only those activities that were active in 2011. box 1), the largest share of activities support water LOOKING TOWARD THE FUTURE: A SECOND resources management (53 percent) and water supply and sanitation interventions (34 percent). One of the PHASE OF THE WPP WPP’s major contributions is to bring water resources considerations into planning for water services, including The WPP is planning for a bigger and bolder Phase water supply, sanitation, and irrigation projects. II. The Program will continue supporting innovations in water resources management and water service In 2011 alone, 56 new activities were approved, and delivery, and will broaden its scope in five major ways. 125 were completed and closed out. The pace of disbursements and commitments increased slightly t " OFX PCKFDUJWF XJMM CF BEEFE UP JUT GSBNFXPSL in 2011 to $6.7 million compared to $6.2 million namely, that of achieving climate resilience and in 2010. To date, the Program has disbursed or green growth; committed $17.1 million. Program management (PM) t " OFX QSPHSBNNBUJD XJOEPX XJMM CF DSFBUFE UP costs remained at a low level in 2011,5 reflecting an support larger activities that contribute to strategic effective and efficient administration. topics in key river basins and mainstream water in other sectors; t 5IF 811 XJMM DSFBUF B OFX QSPHSBN PO SFNPUF sensing and water to provide technical assistance to project managers on how to incorporate this technology into project design and implementation; t " DPNQSFIFOTJWF NPOJUPSJOH BOE FWBMVBUJPO .& framework will be applied to assess overall Program impact, as well as activity level results; and t 5IF 1SPHSBN XJMM GPTUFS HSFBUFS QBSUOFSTIJQT XJUI donors, external platforms, internal networks, and technical agencies. 10 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 11 The World Bank addresses some of the world’s To respond to the changing landscape, the World complex water challenges by promoting inclusive green Bank is planning to develop a new framework for growth in developing countries. In line with Bank and water to prioritize and focus its efforts on the most donor strategies, the Water Partnership Program (WPP) important challenges. The new vision will take the is a key mechanism for providing flexible, innovative, Bank beyond business as usual in the water sector by and fresh approaches in support of green growth highlighting examples of leadership roles that it can pathways. In December 2011, the third year of Phase take. The Bank will deliver on this vision by integrating I of the Program was completed. This Annual Report water across sectors with a special focus on the food- showcases the results of WPP activities in 2011 energy-water nexus, acting in concert across the Bank that strengthen water policies, strategies, and users’ and at the cutting edge of innovation in policy. capacities; enhance water security; and ensure the sustainability of water resources and services. Building on sector strategies such as the MCIPR, the World Bank launched its new flagship report on green growth (titled: Inclusive Green Growth - The Pathway 1.1. THE STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE OF WATER to Sustainable Development) in May 2012. Despite the gains from growth, evidence suggests that it has The World Bank Group sees water at the core of not been inclusive enough. Still, 2.6 billion people lack poverty reduction, development, and growth. The access to sanitation, and 900 million lack safe, clean Bank’s 2003 Water Resources Sector Strategy drinking water. Higher incomes and larger populations describes some of the main global water challenges have stretched water supplies. Water withdrawals have and prescribes steps the Bank could take to remedy tripled in the past 50 years, leading to water scarcity the situation (such as integrating water with energy, and groundwater depletion. Withdrawals are projected climate, agriculture, land use, and overall economic to increase in developing countries by another 50 development). This was reaffirmed in the 2010 percent by 2025, by which time roughly 5.5 billion MCIPR for the 2003 strategy. people (two-thirds of the projected global population) will live in areas facing moderate to severe water stress. The MCIPR suggested strengthening some areas to address increasingly complex water challenges. There are two main components to greening growth These include: (1) A more integrated approach through water: to infrastructure projects in an effort to link water resources with water services; (2) Improving client t *OUFHSBUJOH XBUFS JO MPX DBSCPO QMBOOJOH TVDI BT access to new technologies that support results-based solar, geothermal, biofuel, clean coal, and carbon decision making; (3) Managing water for climate capture storage technologies by, for example, change adaptation and mitigation by strengthening quantifying impacts on water, understanding sector links with environment, energy, and agriculture; tradeoffs, exploring technologies to reduce (4) Scaling-up support to hydropower and water impacts, and designing policy instruments. efficiency improvements; and (5) Supporting low- t 0QUJNJ[JOH FOWJSPONFOUBM IBSE BOE TPGU cost, on-site sanitation to help get the Millennium infrastructure in water by investing more in Development Goals (MDGs) back on track. behavior change and incentive systems for communities and institutions, and by helping The recommendations in the MCIPR will continue countries capitalize on new technologies through to guide the Bank’s water strategy until the end of collaboration with non-traditional players in the 2012. But much has changed over the course of private sector. seven years. Client country needs have changed with economic growth, middle classes emerging across the The central role of water in development is underlined developing world, and pockets of poverty appearing by the attention it is getting in global and regional in otherwise well-off societies. The climate adaptation strategies across sectors. Examples of this are: imperative has highlighted the need for greater integration and more urgency, as well as the need to t 5IF FNQIBTJT PO JNQSPWJOH DSPQ ZJFMET BOE UIFJS protect the most vulnerable. New players (traditional climate resilience, water resources management, CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION and nontraditional) have emerged in the field of and climate smart agriculture in the pending international development and the financial crisis has Agriculture Action Plan FY13-15; altered the lending environment. t 5IF GPDVT PO OBUVSBM SFTPVSDFT NBOBHFNFOU linked to land degradation and international waters in the pending environment strategy; 12 t 5IFUrban and Local Government Strategy t 5IFVQEBUFEWorld Bank Group Infrastructure (“Systems Of Cities: Harnessing Urbanization For Strategy FY12-15 (“Transformation through Growth and Poverty Alleviationâ€?), which describes Infrastructureâ€?), which builds on the transport, the real economic consequences of inadequate water, energy, agriculture, environment, and urban or unequal provision of basic infrastructure (water, sector strategies, but is more than the sum of waste disposal, and power) to the urban poor, and these because it emphasizes the need for a cross- the need to expand access and improve the quality cutting approach, and in some cases, integrated of water and sanitation services in urban areas; infrastructure solutions looking for synergies and t 5IFQFOEJOHenergy strategy, which notes that strategic complementarities among sectors; and multipurpose development and management of t The Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic water resources can strengthen water and food (2008), which concluded that optimizing economic security, and reduce the risks associated with productivity and environmental sustainability water- and climate-related disasters and shocks to requires managing rivers as hydrological units at the economy; the basin level. BOX 1- THE WPP AT A GLANCE The Water Partnership Program is a $23.8 million multi-donor trust fund, established in January 2009 with funding from the governments of the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and Denmark. The WPP consolidates two previous water programs funded by the Dutch government: the Bank-Netherlands Water Program for Water Supply and Sanitation (BNWP) and the Bank-Netherlands Water Partnership Program for Water Resources Management (BNWPP). The first phase of the WPP ran through June 2012, and a second 4-year phase (larger in scope and size) is being planned. The WPP’s goal is to enhance the World Bank’s efforts Program in reducing poverty through two overarching objectives: Management Africa (AFR) Expert 1. Sponsoring and mainstreaming pragmatic and Support Teams East Asia principled approaches for water resources management (ESTs)* and Pacific development; and (EAP) 2. Improving the quality and effectiveness of water World service delivery. Bank WPP Institute Windows Europe and Activities financed by the WPP are also linked to at least (WBI) Central Asia (ECA) one of the five lines of action/themes identified in the 2003 Water Resources Sector Strategy: Global Projects / Latin Water America t8BUFS3FTPVSDFT.BOBHFNFOU 83.  Anchor and the Middle Caribbean t8BUFS4VQQMZBOE4BOJUBUJPO 844  South Asia East and (LCR) t"HSJDVMUVSBM8BUFS.BOBHFNFOU "8.  (SAR) North Africa (MNA) t8BUFSGPS&OFSHZBOE t&OWJSPONFOUBM4FSWJDFT The WPP is administered by the Bank, with oversight from the Water Sector Board (WSB). It is coordinated by a Program Management Team based in the Water Anchor Unit of the Transport, Water and ICT Department (TWIWA). As seen in the diagram, activities are coordinated through ten windows, encompassing six (geographical) Regional Windows, a Global Projects/Water Anchor Window, a World Bank Institute (WBI) window, an Expert Support Teams Window,* and a Program Management Window. ____________________ * Comprising the Water Expert Team (WET), established on January 1, 2011 as a consolidation of the three previous ESTs: the Sanitation, Hygiene and Wastewater Support Service (SWAT); the Hydrology Expert Facility (HEF); and the Groundwater Management Advisory Team (GW-MATE). 13 1.2. THE WPP: A STRONG PARTNERSHIP The Water Partnership Program is one of the Bank’s most important tools for helping countries develop IN CRUCIAL TIMES innovative and flexible approaches to tackle their complex challenges. The Program does not replace the The World Bank’s current and pipeline portfolio as well Bank’s ordinary functions, including standard project as its strategies are consistent with the priorities of the preparation activities, but supports activities with a governments of the Netherlands, the United Kingdom clear added value. Knowledge generated by WPP and Denmark. They focus on Africa and the poor, on activities allows Bank teams and client counterparts to green growth, climate change, and food and energy change course of action, reform policies, consider new security. approaches and tools, and improve project design and implementation. The World Bank and the Water Partnership Program donors have a strong and longstanding partnership The 2011 Annual Report presents the outcomes of focused on cooperation, an alignment of priorities, and selected undertakings that were active during the year, a commitment to leverage each other’s knowledge and that contribute to four key themes: water resources and expertise for better results. The Bank and its management, climate change, food security, and energy client countries are very grateful to the donors for their security. Combined, these themes demonstrate the substantive and generous financial support for the first WPP’s contribution to the green growth agenda. The phase of the Program, which ended June 2012 (see report illustrates how, throughout each of these distinct box 1). The WPP is envisioning a scaled up Phase II, themes, the WPP is working to: strengthen the Bank through which it will continue supporting innovations portfolio and strategies as well as client capacities; in water resources management and water service secure the right quality and quantity of water resources delivery, but will broaden its scope by adding a third for all water users; and ensure sustainable water objective; namely, climate resilient green growth. management and water service delivery for long-term and inclusive green growth. CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 14 CHAPTER TWO STRENGTHENING THE PRACTICE FOR WATER SECURITY 15 Sufficient water endowments and good water term security. This includes managing water across management pave the way for a strong economy, a sectors, balancing current and future needs, and sustainable development path, and a secure future. providing equitable allocations to all water users, But, from aquifers to rivers, harnessing the potential including ecosystems and their services. The activities of a resource that knows no boundaries is one of the described herein demonstrate how the WPP’s support world’s greatest challenges. People must conserve the for a principled but pragmatic approach to water resource, protect it from pollution, and decide where resources management helps clients reduce risks and when to use it. associated with climate change, improve the outlook for farm production, and plan appropriately for energy Managing water effectively requires a bird’s eye view development. Countries are learning the methods, of supply and demand across sectors and populations. using the tools, and planning the investments that will A balance must be found between current and future pave the way for a more secure future. water requirements for meeting social, environmental, and economic needs. Finding this balance becomes harder every day. Economies develop, people migrate, 2.1 WRM AND THE SECURITY CHALLENGE and weather patterns are altered over time and space. As a result, water availability changes while water Competition for water for productive, social, and requirements for producing food and energy grow. environmental uses is on the rise. The brunt of the rural- urban migration in the coming century will take place in Solutions to these challenges can only be found the developing world, putting water stress on large cities by working at the confluence where water meets and increasing their natural resource footprint. In Africa its intended purpose for health, food, environment, and Asia, the urban population will double between 2000 and a host of other vital economic benefits. The and 2030. In planning for these changes, countries and World Bank’s 2003 water resources sector strategy cities need to take an integrated look at water resources encouraged such an integrated view and the 2010 management. However, doing so requires working across MCIPR reaffirmed it. In evaluating a decade of sectors, and the impetus to do so is not always there. experience, however, the MCIPR also suggested strengthening a few key areas. The Bank has dramatically increased its support to water resources management approaches. In The Bank has heeded this advice and devised an 2011, commitments totaled $1.75 billion, increasing inclusive green growth strategy for meeting the nearly seven fold in the last 5 years. Despite this challenge. The inclusive green growth agenda commitment, moving from theory to practice has not encourages countries to consider how water impacts been without obstacles. Sectors within a country are their human and economic development goals. In naturally in competition for water. As a result, the the aftermath of the global financial crisis, water government entities that represent them can face targets are even farther away. According to the Global similar struggles. Monitoring Report 20101 the crisis left an estimated 114 million more people in extreme poverty at the end The WPP is helping Bank clients approach WRM at the CHAPTER TWO: STRENGTHENING THE PRACTICE FOR WATER SECURITY of that year. The report also estimates that with lower local, national, and transboundary level. From identifying economic returns, an additional 100 million people available resources in Ghana, to recommending may lose access to drinking water by 2015. institutional reforms in Chile, the Partnership contributes to national planning for water resources management. It Green growth offers the development community promotes river restoration for the Ganges by working with the chance to make a paradigm shift toward more India and Bangladesh on industrial and municipal pollution. inclusive growth. But implementing green strategies Dual activities in Indonesia are promoting the integration requires changes in behavior, policy reform, and of planning for water resources and water services. innovative investments, which in turn, necessitate more And innovative research on transboundary institutions is than what traditional donor programs (already taxed to looking at cooperation for climate resilience. meet soaring targets) can generally offer. The Water Partnership Program provides incentives that can help The WPP demonstrates how, with an integrated view, make this change a reality. the right information, and working at the right scale, clients can develop advantageous policies, strong This chapter highlights how the Water Partnership institutions, and resilient investments. The result is a Program supports green growth as a mechanism more secure water future: one that enables growth for achieving sustainable development and long- while protecting human and environmental health. 16 2.1.1. CARVING COUNTRY-WIDE STRATEGIES irrigation agriculture, hydropower, and potable water supply. To gain an integrated perspective of the supply Water resources management has to be and demand of existing water resources, the WPP implemented from above and below. National plans funded a water balance study for key sub-basins (the must allocate water across sectors, while individual White Volta, Daka and Oti) where climate change may users at the local level actively participate in cause severe floods and droughts. The government sustainable management. WPP-financed activities and its donors now have better information with which provide the information and analysis that countries to advance the dialogue on investment planning for need to make smart investment decisions that water-related development. promote optimal use of the water they have available. Across the globe, the expertise of WPP-funded In Latin America, the government of Chile asked teams has contributed to physical and institutional the World Bank to work with its National Water assessments that help countries plan for the future. Department (DGA) to conduct an assessment of the country’s water resources as a first stage in In Africa, the Water Partnership Program funded developing a national strategy. Chile’s economy an activity to assist the government of Ghana’s relies heavily on water intensive exports (mining Water Resources Commission and the Ministry of and irrigation), which put stress on available water Water Resources, Works and Housing to assess the resources. The WPP and the DGA funded the probability of meeting the country’s water management assessment, which recommends several management objectives. Ghana has abundant water resources, but reforms, including strengthening water markets, differences in rainfall between regions, as well as protecting water rights and helping vulnerable groups differences in water variability between seasons, pose register their rights, and allocating more water for challenges to achieving the country’s goals.2 environmental purposes. In accordance with Ghana’s 2007 National Water The assessment was adopted by the government, Policy framework, the government intends to support posted to their website and disseminated through a future investments in three water-using sectors: national workshop with stakeholders, water experts, BOX 2 - WRM: LINKING MANAGEMENT WITH SERVICES At the local level, WRM means managing resources in a way that enables good service delivery. Indonesia’s diverse geography and expansive population make this easier said than done. The WPP had an opportunity to influence broad WRM and national water supply strategies through two parallel activities, shedding light on the importance of linking the two pieces for a more holistic approach. The 2004 Law on Water Resources created provincial and basin councils to improve local engagement on water issues. The country was grappling with the institutional adjustments required to carry out new policy decisions, from decentraliza- tion to improved transparency and accountability. In response, the Water Expert Team financed by the WPP, supported the second phase of a loan to improve national capacity for water resources management at the basin level, and to increase agricultural productivity in 18 river basins, 14 provinces, and 101 districts. The team developed and tested a matrix for benchmarking river basin conditions and monitoring change. The experts trained stakeholders in international best practices for river basin management, and provided their assessment of Indonesia’s progress. On the water supply side, there was a similar need to define a path for achieving the MDG target: providing 56 million more people with access to improved water supply by 2015. The WPP co-funded the creation of a Water Investment Roadmap (2011-2014), which proposes $7 billion in sector financing, using revolving funds, public-private partnerships, overseas funding sources, and local investment. Technical assistance programs are also needed to improve the capacity of local service providers to manage the influx of funds. The roadmap was introduced at a stakeholder meeting in June 2011 and will drive local and national decisions regarding water investments and regulation. 17 The Ganges River is a vital source of water for millions of people in the more than 27 towns and 12 cities that it runs through; nearly 400 million people depend on the resource for their daily needs. It is one of the world’s top 20 rivers by discharge volume; its size makes resource management of the Ganges one of the most complex in the world. It is for these reasons that integrated management of the basin, including pollution control, is so crucial. and the national press. It has provided the needed to river pollution. These will include industrial and justification to increase the DGA’s budget by 30 municipal wastewater management, and river front percent in 2011 to better manage water rights, management (such as improvements at stairs for authorize new projects, and conduct more impact entering the river, called ghats, and crematoria), and assessments. preservation for ecologically sensitive sites. A large proportion of the people living in slums will benefit 2.1.2. CLEANING UP A CULTURAL WATER ICON from better sanitation as a result of these basin-wide interventions. The Ganga River basin is the most densely populated basin in the world. As a result, the Ganges River, Through a separate activity, the WPP is working despite being a cultural and holy landmark, is one of across sectors in support of the $136 million Water CHAPTER TWO: STRENGTHENING THE PRACTICE FOR WATER SECURITY the most polluted. The government of India requested Management Improvement Project in the Ganges- the Bank’s assistance to improve river water quality in Brahmaputra River basin. The team is advocating for the Ganges. A nearly $200 million project is underway, a greener supply chain in Bangladesh’s thriving textile supporting the National Ganga River Basin Authority. industry to reduce industrial pollution and promote The project will help build institutional capacity to energy efficiency. It is also developing new partnerships manage a long-term clean-up and conservation between the suppliers of major multinational apparel strategy for the entire basin. retailers, Bangladeshi textile industry trade associations, and the national government. This collaborative The WPP supported the preparation of two scoping approach to the regulation of industrial water pollution, studies on the institutional and physical challenges to which relies on market forces rather than traditional reducing industrial and solid waste pollution flowing command and control measures, has never been into the Ganges. The studies were used to design attempted before. The initiative could be scaled up in an additional program component for investing in the forthcoming $130 million Dhaka Environment and infrastructure across myriad sectors that contribute Water investment project. 18 2.1.3. BASINS: THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF The WPP also provided funding for the analysis on the INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION Niger and Zambezi river basins included in the global study (see figure 5). The Niger basin case identifies Water knows no boundaries. That is why the Bank key aspects of cooperation following the formation advocates cooperation across countries to ensure of a permanent river basin organization to coordinate optimal use of water resources and shared benefits regional investment projects. The Zambezi case within a river basin. To understand why countries do assesses the development potential of the basin in or do not cooperate over shared watercourses, the the context of basin-wide agreements. Project teams WPP funded a study that elucidates how countries working in these basins have internalized some lessons perceive the benefits, costs, and risks of working from the analyses to improve their current operations. toward common goals. The work examines the political economy associated with necessary and sufficient The global study has helped shape the approach for an conditions for regional cooperation to take place. This in-depth Bank-wide assessment of country decision global study includes historical examples from five making in shared international waters. These studies major international river basins (Eastern Nile, Ganges, were collated into a formal World Bank publication, Niger, Syr Darya, and Zambezi). titled Reaching across the Waters: Facing the Risks of Cooperation in International Water, which serves as an evidence-based and applications-oriented research FIGURE 3 - PATHS TO COOPERATION piece on cooperation in international waters. Opportunity 2.2. CLIMATE CHANGE TOOLS Small, unexpected changes in temperature and rainfall can quickly alter the amount of water available. In the worst cases, extreme weather events mean Cost Benefit disaster for poor populations and significantly reduce economic output even in the wealthiest countries. In fact, economic damages from natural disasters in 2010 were over 2.5 times higher than in 2009, and amounted to nearly $50 billion. Many governments face these risks because they are unable to predict Risk floods, droughts, and changes in hydrology. The World Bank, with support from the WPP, is The authors of the WPP-funded study Reaching across the Waters: Facing showing how the right tools and strategies can bolster the Risks of Cooperation in International Water suggest that countries are a country’s resilience to climate change. In India, positioned in one of the four quadrants on the Risks and Opportunities to Bangladesh, and Moldova, the Water Partnership Cooperation framework when costs, benefits, risks and opportunities are considered. To move to the northeast quadrant, a combination of factors, Program is supporting activities that integrate climate such as risk reduction, opportunity enhancement, and benefit expansion considerations into investments to mitigate social, lead countries onto different action paths. economic, and environmental impacts resulting from climate events. They also promote prompt, cost- effective, climate-resilient planning that will benefit vulnerable populations, reinforce growth, and preserve Findings from the analysis in all five river basins give ecosystems. In Morocco and Colombia, experts are some evidence of the role of opportunity in moving training government agencies to model future climate countries to cooperate, and in some, opportunity repre- change impacts on water resources. In one of the driest sented the driving force (see figure 3). Political oppor- parts of India, communal groundwater management tunity and risk reduction are two of the leading factors is being pioneered to mitigate risks associated with to reach cooperation agreements. Yet, at times, political climate change. The WPP is providing internationally opportunity trumped residual risk. For example, agree- renowned expertise to augment the climate and water ment was reached in the Ganges Water Sharing Treaty, information services of countries around the world and despite domestic resistance in India and Bangladesh. make disasters more predictable. Even within the Bank, Similarly, Egypt and Ethiopia entered into a deal in the the Program is identifying the best models for making Eastern Nile basin despite remaining risks. projects more robust and resilient to climate change. 19 The Sundarbans has important protective and productive functions that are threatened by a combination of natural, man-made, and climate impacts. Urgent improvements in the management of the Ganges Delta are needed to preserve the ecosystem and its value for local communities. 2.2.1. RESILIENT DELTAS, RESILIENT PEOPLE to adapt to climate change. The report estimates that the cost of environmental damage associated WPP-supported climate work in the Sundarbans with ecosystem degradation and biodiversity loss shows how the Water Partnership Program has is equal to about 5 percent of the gross domestic been instrumental in facilitating the kind of dialogue product of the area. Relying on this new information, that will lead to greener policies and secure future the government of India has allocated $1 billion to investment. The Sundarbans, which covers parts of assist the state government of West Bengal in the India and Bangladesh, is the world’s largest mangrove construction, restoration, and compensation efforts of CHAPTER TWO: STRENGTHENING THE PRACTICE FOR WATER SECURITY ecosystem. The area has extremely high ecological embankment retreat initiatives in the highest-priority value and is also home to about 4.1 million of the areas. A cooperative platform for Bangladesh and most impoverished and vulnerable people in India. India has since been established to deal with common Nearly 80 percent of the households pursue livelihood issues, like biodiversity conservation, environmentally options that involve inefficient production methods in sustainable ecotourism, and coordination of early agriculture, fishing, and aquaculture. The people and the warning systems for cyclones. productivity of their holdings are under increasing threat from deltaic subsidence, sea level rise, and increased In addition to protecting vulnerable populations, cyclone intensity. early warning systems are imperative for sustaining growth. Moldova, an agricultural powerhouse due The WPP funded a study to identify options for flood to its ideal conditions for year-round farming, has protection and climate change adaptation for the seen earlier frosts, flash floods, and droughts that Sundarbans in Bangladesh and West Bengal, India.3 have cost nearly $1 billion in GDP since 2007. The The study models the impact of sea level rise on State Hydrometeorological Service (SHS), after estuaries and embankments, predicting changes over years without any investments, relied on a manual the next 100 years. It also undertakes a cost-benefit observations system that yielded inaccurate forecasts. analysis of alternative embankment interventions The Hydrology Expert Facility suggested the use 20 of early warning systems and provided technical and Territorial Development, the Hydrological Expert expertise to Moldova to demonstrate how, in many Facility developed the final module in the three-part countries, accurate forecasting and disaster risk course and led the two and a half day session. Decision management plans with sufficient lead times have makers now have the tools to apply water availability reduced economic damage and loss of life. With indicators from climate models in the formulation of new information about the benefits of early warning targeted policies and investments. The Ministry has systems, the WPP support was used to develop a since requested additional training on broader issues, new component for the Bank-financed Disaster including air quality management and valuation of and Climate Risk Management Project. This new ecosystems that generate hydrological services. component will upgrade the SHS’s data network through improved models, training, and enhanced 2.2.3. TAKING INNOVATION TO THE BANK computer capability, in order to predict small scale severe weather. A $10 million IDA loan has since Bank teams and their clients have historically looked been approved to carry out this upgrade. at static costs and benefits to select the most appropriate infrastructure investments. Recently, 2.2.2. CLIENTS MODEL THEIR WAY TO countries have wanted to consider long-term climate WATERTIGHT INVESTMENTS change impacts and potential adaptation plans when making these important decisions, but they lack the Water is already a significant problem in Morocco, appropriate tools. which is situated in a region that, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), The Water Partnership Program is supporting an will only become hotter and drier over the 21st century. activity to identify the best tools for assessing climate The WPP funded an activity to scale the IPCC’s change impacts in Bank operations on a global regional climate estimates down to the local level while level. The team is assessing the dynamic social and training Moroccan institutions in the technique. The economic impacts of adaptation in the water sector by team used dynamic downscaling of general circulation using innovative models that can, for example, account models to predict temperature and precipitation for the for how an individual’s choice to use water changes entire country. Working with Morocco’s Meteorology the availability of the resource over time. The team has and Water Departments, the team trained staff on how solicited ideas from international experts for improving to use the model developed in the study and then verify analysis in water projects, their practical applicability, the data. The activity showed the two departments how and information requirements. Approaches already they could provide complementary services and gave suggested include real options analysis, dynamic them a chance to collaborate. stochastic general equilibrium models, and Bayesian belief networks. These and other methodologies will One of the resulting data sets will be used for be presented to Bank task team leaders (TTLs), who hydrological modeling of the Oum er Rbia basin, will assess the proposed approaches and identify resulting in a list of adaptation options to inform the opportunities for piloting their use in Bank projects. basin’s water master plan. The remaining data can also be used to model all of Morocco’s river basins. 2.2.4. WHEN WILL IT RAIN? UNCERTAINTY The activity is influencing a development policy loan MAKES THE CASE FOR EQUITY with an initial investment of $205 million, as well as a $70 million irrigated agriculture project. Andhra Pradesh, India is prone to both drought and unpredictable monsoons, impacting its high-value Water-abundant Colombia, on the other hand, is a agriculture sector, from food to employment. Eight model for water management in Latin America but districts in the state suffer from disproportionately struggles to deal effectively with devastating floods low rainfall, and as a result, are poorer than the rest and landslides. The 2010 National Water Policy is of the state. These districts have been overexploiting receiving support from a $5 million component of the groundwater resources and have less water for times Bank’s Sustainable Development Investment Project of drought. Once farmers drill, competition rises; the for Colombia. To assist in implementing the new policy, more water one farmer uses, the less is available for the Hydrology Expert Facility trained 30 local and his neighbor. In response, the Bank’s Andhra Pradesh national environmental authorities in modeling for water Drought Adaptation Initiative (APDAI) has piloted 19 resources management. Together with partial funding drought adaptation programs. from Colombia’s Ministry of Environment, Housing, 21 The Groundwater Management Advisory Team rebuilding of irrigation infrastructure damaged by helped develop the groundwater management tropical storms Olga and Noel, the team realized that low framework for APDAI to ensure more equitable use client capacity was hampering project completion. The of groundwater and to improve water productivity. National Water Resources Institute (Instituto Nacional Under APDAI, groundwater rights were re-instated de Recursos Hidráulicos, INDRHI), a major provider of as common property made available to all people, data and analysis supporting national early warning and rather than to just those with physical access to the preparedness, needed to coordinate with other entities in resource. This paradigm shift was implemented by a timelier manner. connecting boreholes through a common pipeline and attaching sprinklers. Farmers with boreholes In response, the WPP supported an activity to strengthen agreed to share their resources, and those without and modernize the water resources monitoring and boreholes agreed to not open any new wells for 10 analysis system managed by INDRHI. The team years. The system compensates for delayed rains and developed an inventory of the hydromet stations in the monsoons, increasing the resilience of farms to the country, identified where new stations were needed, impacts of climate change and reducing the incentive and proposed a budget and technical specifications. to use more water. The collectivization pilots were The team also recommended bolstering staff, skills, documented by the GW-MATE and the results are and training at certain levels of the organization. The being used to scale up community-based groundwater country has requested $5 million in additional financing management projects. under the existing Emergency Recovery and Disaster Management Project to implement the suggestions, 2.2.5. STRENGTHENING HYDROMET SERVICES from upgrading the observation network to bolstering its data processing capacity. INDRHI is becoming The Dominican Republic, which is situated on a shared more integrated with the national early warning system island, faces many challenges resulting from erratic network for disaster preparedness and response. weather patterns. While the Bank was financing the BOX 3 - THE HEF STRENGTHENS ALBANIAN INSTITUTIONS TO TAKE ON DISASTERS Nearly 90 percent of Albanians live in areas prone to multiple hazards, but the government and local com- munities are not prepared to deal with unexpected disasters. The country’s ability to collect inputs needed for daily forecasting is constrained by the deteriorated weather and hydrological monitoring network and deficient telecommunication capacity. CHAPTER TWO: STRENGTHENING THE PRACTICE FOR WATER SECURITY The Hydrology Expert Facility (HEF) supported a Bank-financed project by providing expert advice on strengthening Albania’s hydrometeorological services. It prepared a series of realistic improvements for hy- dromet services, harmonized donor support (including from the Italian Civil Protection and CIMA Foundation), and brought international best practices for improved early warning systems. With this support, Albania’s hydrometeorological service has taken significant steps towards establishment of a functioning weather observation and forecasting system. Within the parameters of the Bank project, and taking into account support provided by other donors, the consultant designed and costed the project activities and their implementation, and provided advice to the Bank team and the client. While still in progress, the project has already contributed to important achivements and results on the ground. Together with the CIMA foundation, the Institute of Energy, Water, and Environment (IEWE), the Albanian insti- tution responsible for the hydrometerological services, has issued the first weather-related bulletin, which is a step toward a proper forecasting, monitoring, and early warning system mechanism benefiting other users. The upgraded weather monitoring center in IEWE was provided with communication and IT links to the national and local civil protection and emergency operation centers. 22 2.3 INVESTING TO FEED THE FUTURE The study team assessed bottlenecks to appropriate management of groundwater, and suggested four As countries develop, their people demand more and priority action packages for financing. The proposed better food. Irrigation is by far the largest user of programs include promoting the private sector to water. By 2050, food production will require twice as develop shallow tubewells and learn new technologies, much water as it does today, or another 3,300 cubic like hydrofracturing and improved well head protection. kilometers. One-quarter of the world’s food is grown Suggestions for the government include decentralized using groundwater, which is difficult to measure, licensing and expanded monitoring in urban well fields. much less regulate. In the long run, climate change At the local level, better mapping of shallow aquifers, threatens to alter the rate of aquifer recharge, making and groundwater quality and catchment plans can the availability of the resource even less predictable. help stakeholders manage groundwater resources On the flip side, those that rely on nature to feed for optimal use. These interventions influenced their crops will face similar challenges as rainfall and groundwater proposals in the CWRAS, which form temperatures become more variable. the basis for the Bank’s long-term investments in Uganda’s water sector. In support of multi-sector solutions that work at the nexus of food and water, the Bank has scaled up 2.3.2. PARTNERSHIPS FOR PRODUCTIVITY lending in irrigation and drainage projects. At nearly $1 billion in commitments, the subsector now comprises Brazil has 3.5 million hectares of land under irrigation. 13 percent of the Bank’s total water portfolio. Half a million hectares are located in a semi-arid region, where 30 percent of the land is public and the remainder The WPP is helping countries as diverse as Uganda, is privately owned. The government cannot afford to Mali, Nigeria, and Brazil to promote growth by build, operate, and maintain additional public irrigation investing in water for agriculture. Analytical work schemes. Looking to the private sector for additional is supporting more productive uses of water at the resources, the Ministry of Integration is implementing farm level to generate food from rainfed agriculture its new National Program for Public Irrigation of the and through irrigation systems that reuse recycled Brazilian Semi-Arid region, under which the government wastewater. The Water Partnership Program is also will grant concessions to private investors. supporting irrigation schemes that will help restore the Aral Sea in Central Asia, and is piloting a water rights The Bank has provided technical assistance to system in China based on remote sensing technology CODEVASF, a public company that oversees and evapotranspiration (ET) that is the first of its kind. development in the São Francisco and Parnaíba river basins, to devise a conceptual framework for public- 2.3.1. HOW WELL-MANAGED GROUNDWATER private partnership (PPP) in the irrigation sector. FEEDS DEVELOPMENT Under this framework, the WPP helped establish a new irrigation management model with strong private Agriculture drives economic growth in Uganda. Food sector participation. In parallel, the WPP supported the production, mostly fed by rain and surface water, development of regulatory processes for the National accounts for 21 percent of GDP and employs 78 Water Agency (ANA) and helped build its capacity to percent of the country’s workers. However, much regulate pilot projects under the new model. The WPP potential remains unused with only 10 percent of grant has contributed significantly to the training of irrigable land developed. The country’s agricultural ANA staff through regular interactions with the Bank strategy does not adequately address water, and team, and helped in the design of irrigation PPPs in its water plans do not comprehensively assess Nilo Coelho and Baixo de Irece. groundwater as a potential resource. 2.3.3. SUSTAINABLE FARMING To ensure optimal use of water resources, the Groundwater Management Advisory Team developed For 50 years the Aral Sea has supported a framework for the World Bank’s Country Water unsustainable cotton cultivation, mostly in Uzbekistan. Resources Assistance Strategy (CWRAS) for Uganda The result has been a major environmental disaster; that demonstrates how farmer-managed groundwater the sea is now 10 percent of its original size. In systems could help it expand its irrigated areas addition, over the last decade, Kyrgyzstan increased and provide more water for livestock and domestic water use for hydropower generation, changing the consumption in rural areas. flow of the Syr Darya River. Yet, the water is not used 23 productively for agriculture or environmental services rehabilitation activities for 113,000 hectares and will downstream. Unsustainable water practices wrecked support the first basin-wide irrigation management the Aral Sea, leaving significant economic, social, and transfer in southern Kazakhstan. environmental implications (see images below). The World Bank is assisting the government of Kazakhstan 2.3.4. WHERE LAND MEETS WATER in designing an integrated approach to restoring the Syr Darya River upstream of the North Aral Sea. This In Africa, the WPP is funding work in sustainable support is multi-faceted, realized through a series land management practices to promote opportunities of projects, including the Irrigation and Drainage for growth through food production. Agriculture is Improvement Project (IDIP), which seeks to secure part of the national strategies of Mali and Nigeria water sources for irrigation. and is a key element of non-oil economic growth. However, the long-term productivity and sustainability The Water Expert Team provided support for IDIP-2 of agriculture are currently threatened by inefficient, in Almaty, Kyzylorda, South Kazakhstan, and Zhambyl sometimes inappropriate, competing land uses across oblasts, in the southern part of the Republic of both countries. Inadequate uses have led to land Kazakhstan. Experts provided support to water user degradation that becomes a barrier to agricultural associations to design projects under which they development and affects farmers directly. would bear the operation and maintenance costs to ensure sustainability. Taking into account international The governments of Mali and Nigeria, along with the best practices, and customizing to local conditions, the Bank, agreed to prepare a freestanding technical team provided an institutional framework for irrigation assistance solution to propose efficient and management and replicable training material that sustainable land management options. The HEF can be used for similar projects across Central Asia. prepared a study to quantify on- and off-site impacts IDIP-2 will cover irrigation and drainage infrastructure from land degradation in the Niger basin, which covers CHAPTER TWO: STRENGTHENING THE PRACTICE FOR WATER SECURITY The Aral Sea was once one of the 4 largest in the world. As seen from this satellite view, water levels have quickly fallen over the last 5 decades. Poor envi- ronmental management and aggressive irrigation policies have resulted in the near evaporation of the sea, which today stands as four small, separate lakes. 24 parts of Nigeria and Mali. Impacts studied included 2.3.6. MAKING REUSE THE SMART AND SAFE eutrophication of downstream water bodies, changes DECISION in hydrological regimes due to loss of moisture retention upstream, groundwater depletion, soil In 2006, the World Health Organization updated its erosion, and water course and reservoir conditions. Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta, and greywater to promote the beneficial use of nutrient- The Hydrology Expert Facility then provided various rich wastewater for irrigation. The new guidelines land management options using cost-benefit analyses seek to protect consumers, farmers, and communities to inform plans for the governments’ multi-sector from health risks by recommending less strict water investment framework for land management. The quality standards that are more realistic and will not be activity reports are guiding two large-scale Bank ignored by regulators. The updated guidelines support operations providing advanced watershed modeling the use of tools such as Quantitative Microbial Risk and sustainable land management services, and will Assessment (QMRA) to derive potential health risks feed into the World Bank Flagship on Agriculture in for different reuse options. Africa. Demand for follow-on activities is being met by the Water Expert Team. In the Nile delta, water drives development through agriculture, but the informal reuse of untreated 2.3.5. PIONEERING A MORE SUSTAINABLE domestic waste is widespread. Many families in WATER RIGHTS SYSTEM rural areas still rely on on-site septic tanks that are unregulated and often emptied into agricultural canals In China, water permits are based on withdrawal or directly onto farmers’ fields. The resulting pollution amounts, and do not account for water consumed by presents a significant risk to human health. evapotranspiration or the amount that is recycled through runoff or percolation. Such accounting is not accurate The Bank is supporting the government of Egypt’s and can provide incentives for farmers to overconsume Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW), water. In recent years, remote sensing has allowed which manages sanitation facilities throughout the hydrologists to estimate ET at the farm level, making country, to invest in infrastructure that mitigates these water consumption estimates more precise. risks. A Bank team worked with the HCWW to carry out research on the most cost-effective strategies for The Water Partnership Program assisted a Bank team providing sanitation that protects the public health of in designing an innovative ET-based water rights downstream communities. The study, partly funded administration system, which requires measurement by the WPP, assessed the health implications of and control of withdrawals, consumption, and return pathogenic contamination of drainage water reused flows. The first of its kind in the world, the ET-based in agriculture, using QMRA. HCWW now has a list of system is now being implemented in the Turpan realistic options for reducing the incidence of disease, basin under a Bank-financed project. Twenty water with associated costs and benefits. The report is proving user associations (WUAs), managing nearly 5,000 a useful contribution to the debate around appropriate hectares, are already piloting the system. Once rolled wastewater discharge standards and investment out to all 43 WUAs, water consumption is expected to planning as Egypt moves towards greater cost efficient decrease by 6.55 million cubic meters per year, which use of resources. The activity has also pioneered QMRA is an enormous benefit for this semi-arid region. assessment, in line with international reuse standards, which serves as an example for other countries. “HCWW IS CONTINUALLY LOOKING FOR WAYS TO OPTIMIZE THE PLANNING AND DESIGN OF WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS. MODERN STATISTICAL TOOLS, LIKE QMRA, ENABLE THE ASSESSMENT OF RELATIVE HEALTH RISKS WHEN EFFLUENT FROM TREATMENT PLANTS IS DISCHARGED INTO THE AGRICULTURAL DRAINAGE NETWORK IN LOCATIONS WHERE REUSE COULD HAVE VALUE IN THE AGRICULTURAL SYSTEM.â€? - Engineer Mamdouh Raslan, Deputy Chairman Holding Company for Water and Wastewater in Egypt 25 Throughout the world, wastewater is often applied to agricultural fields, providing nutrients that can increase crop yields. Developing countries need cost-effective ways to continue benefiting from wastewater use in irrigation while reducing the threat of disease. 2.3.7. IMPROVING MOTHER NATURE: 2.4. ENERGY AND WATER: RAINFED AGRICULTURE A RECIPE FOR GREENER GROWTH The bulk of agricultural production in developing countries is rainfed, and rainfed regions are home to most of Energy and water are mutually dependent; without the world’s poor. Especially in the water-constrained one, the other cannot exist. Energy is one of the most rainfed production systems of arid and semi-arid regions, costly inputs to water supply and pollution control, from facing recurrent droughts and floods often makes collection to treatment to conveyance. Conversely, water management a key determinant for agricultural water is a major input in the production of energy, from production and productivity. the conventional to the renewable. Demand for both inputs is on the rise as global energy consumption is The WPP financed a study on improving water expected to double between now and 2035. If energy CHAPTER TWO: STRENGTHENING THE PRACTICE FOR WATER SECURITY management in rainfed agriculture. It provides a security is to be achieved, hydropower will need to synthesis of the state-of-the-art thinking and experience make up a larger share of the global supply. on applying different approaches for improving water management. The study also reviews the Bank’s portfolio, As water variability changes over space and time, and estimates that, over ten years, less than 5 percent countries need to adapt. More water for more people of the commitments to the agricultural sector addressed means greater amounts of energy going through water management in rainfed agriculture. inefficient pumps. Rising energy prices and a global concern for carbon emissions are making renewable Findings of the study were presented in different energy a more practical option for fueling water fora at the Bank, and contributed to the lead chapter systems. Hydropower is a low-carbon, renewable in a forthcoming book on water harvesting for energy source that can be developed for multiple crop production in sub-Saharan Africa. The Bank’s purposes and serve as a buffer in times of drought. Independent Evaluation Group in a review of lessons In line with its current water sector strategy, the Bank from agricultural experience cited the study’s portfolio is re-engaging in hydropower development, financing review and recommended that the Bank separately track more than 50 active projects worth almost $6 billion. its water management activities in rainfed areas to take stock of what works and contribute strategically to the development of such activities. 26 Making efficient use of water and energy in parallel and surface water resources are diminishing due can transform development regimes and foster to population growth and climate change, more growth. The WPP is influencing the core of the water- desalination plants will be required to meet the water energy nexus. The Program shows how mitigation demand gap. The region is also oil abundant, and incentives can bring energy efficiency improvements fossil fuels are often provided at little to no cost to to water services in India and how solar-powered water companies to run their treatment plants. With desalination can lead a region toward adaptation. It rising fuel prices, however, many countries are starting is also helping Central Asia and Africa re-engage to look to solar power, another abundant resource, to in large-scale hydropower, and getting Bosnia and run their massive water infrastructure. Desalination Herzegovina back on track to meet development thus presents an opportunity for developing countries objectives by securing energy sources. to meet their water supply needs while at the same time developing their renewable energy potential. 2.4.1. MITIGATION DRIVES EFFICIENCY To support research on potential projects in this area, Improving energy efficiency in water service delivery the WPP funded a study entitled MNA Regional Water offers two benefits: it helps service providers cut costs Outlook: Desalination Using Renewable Energy. The study and contributes to climate change mitigation and covers 21 countries and assesses water availability and adaptation. Energy efficiency in the urban water sector demand projections, as well as implications of climate has proven to be an effective way to drive greener change impacts on water in the MNA up to 2050. The practices. assessment focuses on the use of concentrated solar power as a reliable energy source for the region. By The WPP supported a market scoping study to identify presenting information on the generation potential and where and how energy efficiency improvements could associated costs of desalination, the study is the first be made in India’s urban water sector. The urban water step in helping countries determine whether to promote supply system is currently operating with low levels such strategies in the long term. of efficiency. Electricity costs represent 50 percent of the total operation and maintenance expenditure, and 2.4.2. REGIONAL COOPERATION FOR SHARED nonrevenue water is as high as 45 percent for some SECURITY utilities. The team identified the key market players, developed cost-effective technical solutions, and shared Central Asia has historically used hydropower as a their results with water utilities across the country. significant energy source, but water resources are drying up. Since the breakup of the Soviet Union, hydropower The report had a direct impact on the Bank-funded infrastructure has operated at the national, rather than Karnataka Municipal Water Energy Project, which the regional level. This scenario, along with a lack of rolled out one pilot project in each of six municipalities. regional trade mechanisms, has resulted in less optimal Under these pilots, funded by the state, utilities are use of water for irrigation and for energy. An integrated replacing old pumps with more energy efficient understanding of energy and water variability, as models. The cost of the program was about $800,000 impacted by climate change, is necessary to effectively and is expected to lower operating costs by between allocate resources and drive future investments for joint 20 and 25 percent and save 16 million kWh per year. resource optimization (see figure 4). Over ten years, the pilot will offset CO2 emissions by about 135,000 tons. The Bank is preparing a The Bank is embarking on a Central Asia Water- follow-on Urban Water Supply Project in Karnataka, Energy Development Program under which an Energy which is being informed by the lessons learned on Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) for energy efficiency from this activity. The client is also the region will be developed. As part of this program, interested in scaling-up energy efficiency program the HEF supported a workshop in Kazakhstan, led to other towns and to other sectors, like wastewater, by world renowned experts, to encourage dialogue street lighting, and government buildings. among regional institutions responsible for WRM in the five Central Asian republics.4 The workshop Mitigation is also a promising avenue for developing explored power and non-power operating constraints, countries in the Middle East and North Africa and the challenges of hydrologic data generation. (MNA). The MNA region is facing real water security challenges. In arid, coastal cities, water demand HEF used the workshop as an opportunity to transform is often met through large-scale desalination the way that practitioners approach the energy-water systems powered by fossil fuels. While groundwater nexus. Experts demonstrated how, by using innovative 27 FIGURE 4 - ENERGY-WATER NEXUS WATER FOR ENERGY ENERGY FOR WATER Water availability and cost for: Energy availability and cost for: t$PPMJOH)FBUJOH t Utilities t/VDMFBS DPBM QFUSPMFVN TIBMF t production t-PXDBSCPO t treatment tTPMBS t distribution tUIFSNBM t Agriculture tCJPGVFMT t irrigation tIZESPQPXFS t groundwater pumping "WATER-SMART" ENERGY PLANNING t1MBOOJOHBUCBTJOMFWFM t&OFSHZNPEFMTQSPQFSMZBEESFTTXBUFS constraints t$MJNBUFDIBOHFJNQBDUTDPOTJEFSFE In development planning, the linkages and tradeoffs between water and energy need to be well understood. The availability and cost of water/energy at the local level has a large impact on the subsequent energy/water output. Water can be an energy enabler but must be managed properly. For example, expanding low-carbon energy sources will help mitigate climate change, but will use more water; solar thermal plants consume twice as much water as coal plants. Sustainable planning for energy is “water-smartâ€?: it considers the dynamic impacts of climate change, addresses resource constraints, and is done at the basin or local level. instruments, countries could evaluate tradeoffs among design components for the installation of a dam and sectors, and design policy interventions and financial a power station under the proposed project. HEF investments to spur growth. The Dynamic Information experts helped the team define the full supply level Framework model presented at the workshop shows for the reservoir and estimate impacts in the project how a new generation of dynamic models facilitates area. The assessment will be incorporated into the the understanding of linkages between water and its pre-feasibility study that will be discussed by the three multiple allocations, and provides quantitative forecasts countries and used to select one preferred option for of individual and combined impacts of demand. optimizing the available water resources. The study Practitioners can use satellite data and field data on will also form the basis of the design strategy for the climate and land use to evaluate basin dynamics and RRFP, and provide some information to be used by their implications for hydropower development. Such an independent team to undertake a full social and CHAPTER TWO: STRENGTHENING THE PRACTICE FOR WATER SECURITY integrated thinking can help teams develop water- environmental impact assessment under later project energy models that incorporate future needs across stages. The expert team’s contributions are influencing many sectors. The awareness raised at the workshop a $110 million project component. is expected to translate into regional development projects in the coming years. The Water Expert Team has also contributed to RRFP by forecasting the expected lifetime of the dam given 2.4.3. UNLEASHING THE POWER OF AFRICA expected climate change impacts. The team integrated climate change information from various data sets to The Kagera River, which forms the boundary between determine the change in river runoff due to changes in Tanzania and Rwanda, has the potential to generated precipitation and temperature in Rusumo Falls through 60-80 megawatts of power that can be shared 2050. Dry, average, and wet scenarios are provided between the countries and sold to neighboring in the report. The study predicts an increase of 11 Burundi (see figure 5). The Bank is assisting these percent for average streamflow. This information could three governments to secure co-financing for a be used to calculate total energy generation from Hydroelectric and Multipurpose Project in Rusumo the falls. Such an assessment can help reduce the Falls (RRFP). The HEF provided technical guidance uncertainty for decision makers and weaken the risk on hydrology, morphology, sedimentation, and WRM associated with such a large investment. 28 Sustainable hydropower is a significant source of renewable energy and a stepping stone toward energy security. Sustainability can be achieved through hydraulic, mechanical and electrical efficiencies involved in the overall hydropower energy generation cycle. For example, in the Nurek Hydropower Station, sediment management is important for long-term hydropower operations and the collection of accurate and reliable hydrologic data to ensure the efficiency of the power generation system. 2.4.4. RECHARGING NATIONAL BATTERIES discuss both draft studies, which are now being brought forward for public consultation. They will be The WPP, leveraging resources from the Bank’s ESMAP finalized in 2012 through NTF-PSI funding. and the Norwegian Trust Fund for Private Sector Investment (NTF-PSI), supported technical assistance In addition to helping countries develop new hydro for pre-investment in water and energy programs for sources, the WPP also supports the maintenance the government of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). BiH of existing dam operations. Tajikistan is a world was looking to increase hydropower generation by 20 leader in hydropower generation, but extensive long- percent to meet growing demand, and to do so in line term investment is required to maintain its power with energy sector strategies and regional regulations, infrastructure. The Vakhsh River, near Dushanbe, hosts including the EU Water Framework Directive. The three hydropower plants. One of these plants, the country needed assistance in developing an integrated Nurek Hydropower Plant, supplies 70 percent of total water resources management approach to both electrical power in the country. It also occupies a key large and small hydropower development. Initial plans position in the Central Asian power transmission grid. developed in 1987, however, had been postponed during the war, and were outdated. One major impediment to the continued operation of Nurek’s power generation system is reservoir The WPP and NTF-PSI are helping Bosnia and sedimentation. Reservoirs have a limited capacity to Herzegovina to set out a new official strategy for the trap sediment without affecting the plant’s generation Vrbas River basin, which is situated in the western potential. Nurek’s excess sedimentation is also a part of the country. The Program funded a revised problem for the proposed Rogun dam site situated WRM study as well as a hydropower development immediately upstream of the Nurek reservoir. study, which used a multi-criteria analysis tool to evaluate diverse development options and The WET conducted an assessment of sedimentation help decision makers prioritize investments. The management as part of a feasibility study for methodology identifies the optimal financial, economic, rehabilitating the Nurek plant. The preliminary environmental, and socioeconomic strategies while assessments identified critical data gaps on sediment meeting the water resource development targets and concentration, outlined sedimentation strategies objectives, including maintaining environmental flows. to maintain long-term hydropower operations, and Six development options, with investments ranging evaluated the severity of sedimentation problems in the from $155 million to $410 million, were evaluated. reservoir system. The team provided recommendations to the client, including how to collect the missing The activity fostered participation of relevant data, and options for releasing turbid density currents, stakeholders in the region, including a steering which play a major role in sedimentation. Following committee comprising all relevant national and state up on these recommendations will help devise similar ministries, hydrometeorological institutes, and local strategies in the design of the future Rogun dam. power companies. Three workshops were held to 29 advising local stakeholders and regional leaders. At 2.5. SPOTLIGHT ON AFRICA the local level, groundwater experts conducted quality reviews of community groundwater management plans, Africa receives nearly 34 percent of all WPP funds, vulnerability mapping, and resource valuation reports. and for good reason; the water challenges are as These were used to develop pilot infrastructure projects diverse as the continent itself. Bigger cities call for (e.g. monitoring boreholes, sand dams, windmill driven significant investments in sanitation and clean water. plots, and reservoirs) to improve resilience in seven Droughts have instigated famine in East Africa and communities, benefiting 100,000 families in the area. affected an international food crisis. Millions need The pilot projects then informed the development of access to energy, yet large hydrogeneration potential Decision Support Guidelines, which were adopted remains untapped. in May 2011 by the Water Resources Technical Committee and disseminated to member states. These To strengthen, secure, and sustain water resources in guidelines can be used by local and national policy Africa for its growing population and promising future, makers to design similar climate-smart investments. the WPP supports a total of 42 activities in 24 countries, in addition to 10 regional activities. This section highlights At the regional level, the team provided technical a number of activities that were under implementation assistance to the SADC Water Division to strengthen in 2011. For example, to strengthen institutions, the drought management policies across all states. Inputs WPP assisted the government of Ghana compare its helped shape the form and function of the Groundwater water availability with desired outputs for agriculture, Management Institute for Southern Africa (GMISA), hydropower, and potable water supply. To encourage launched in 2010, which will be the institutional anchor sustainable water services, the WPP helped Uganda for ensuring sustainable resource management. GMISA define opportunities for developing and managing will monitor groundwater changes in pilot areas to groundwater to achieve long-term agriculture goals. And provide information for better community decision toward securing energy resources, Program experts making. The success of the project led to heightened furthered the technical design options for a multipurpose demand from member states and approval of a $12 hydroelectric facility in the Kagera River basin, with million project funded by the World Bank’s Global potential benefits for three countries (see figure 5). Environment Facility (GEF) to begin in 2012. The WET activity team members contributed significantly to the The region is making great headway on major regional design of the follow-on work. challenges, from partnerships on groundwater and agriculture, to cooperation for basin-level development 2.5.2. SUSTAINING A FRAGILE ECOSYSTEM planning. Countries are also dedicated to learning from project implementation. They are looking back to The Lower Kihansi Hydropower Project (LKHP) learn what worked best for filling the sanitation access produces nearly 30 percent of Tanzania’s electricity, gap, and institutionalizing the evaluation of future but presents risks to the unique Kihansi Gorge project performance across water subsectors. ecosystem downstream from the dam. In 1996, when construction of the LKHP was well underway, the 2.5.1. WATER EXPERTS PROMOTE REGIONAL affected ecosystem was found to be more fragile than SECURITY had been previously understood. The pivotal issue was the discovery of the Kihansi spray toad, a rare species The Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) that depends upon microclimate produced by spray comprises 14 member states that cooperate with from the Kihansi River’s fall. one another toward shared socioeconomic, political, and security objectives (see figure 5). For more than The WPP provided funding to help restore the 10 years SADC has had an agreement on shared Lower Kihansi Gorge ecosystem by studying the watercourses, which has guided regional integration environmental water needs (quantity and quality) and cooperation on the use and development of required for the successful reintroduction of the surface water. Groundwater, however, is just beginning toad into the gorge. The team prepared release and to surface as a vital resource for development and a post-release monitoring procedures by researching critical buffer against climate change. the animal both in situ and in captive conditions at the University of Dar es Salaam. The team studied GW-MATE and the WET supported the $7 million the availability of food for the spray toad, as well as SPOTLIGHT ON AFRICA SADC Groundwater and Drought Management Project, fungus and disease control and other risks that might to promote adaptive management of groundwater, by prevent its successful reintroduction. 30 The WPP helped re-introduce 300 Kihansi Spray Toads to their natural habitat in the Lower Kihansi Gorge Ecosystem. “WPP HAS BEEN A BIG SUPPORT TO THE RESTORATION EFFORTS OF THE KIHANSI HABITAT AND THE CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY AND MOST IMPORTANTLY TO THE ONGOING REINTRODUCTION OF THE KIHANSI SPRAY TOAD.â€? – Jane Kibbassa, TTL, Lower Kihansi Environmental Management Project A first batch of 300 toads was transferred from 2.5.3. VALUING THE BENEFITS OF the Toledo and Bronx zoos in the United States to COOPERATION captive breeding facilities at the university and in Kihansi. The facilities are the first of their kind in The WPP supported the development of a Multi- East Africa. Technicians at these facilities received Sector Investment Opportunity Analysis (MSIOA) advanced training in amphibian husbandry. A GEF- for the Zambezi River basin. The aim of the MSIOA funded project is being designed to continue the is to illustrate the benefits of cooperation among reintroduction and monitoring activities. the riparian countries in the basin through an economic evaluation of water resources development, The WPP also supported curriculum development management options, and scenarios from both for conservation biology and water engineering for national and basin-wide perspectives. The analytical the University of Dar es Salaam to ensure that future framework was designed in consultation with generations of project engineers would understand the riparian countries, SADC Water Division, and the full impacts of hard infrastructure on natural development partners in line with the Zambezi Action ecosystems. More than 40 students have completed Plan Project 6, Phase II. or been admitted to the Master’s program. 31 The report concluded that cooperation of existing hydropower facilities could increase generation by 7 percent, and that future hydropower development, if done in accordance with the Southern Africa Power Pool, would meet most of the estimated 48,000 GWh/year demand of the basin’s riparian countries. Coordination by the power pool will yield 23 percent more generation than unilateral operation. In addition, by moving irrigation development further downstream, firm energy generation could increase by 2 percent. The findings, together with the Integrated Water Resources Management Strategy and Implementation Plan for the Zambezi River basin that was developed under a donor-funded project implemented by SADC (2008), will contribute to development, environmental sustainability, and poverty alleviation in the region. The methodology can also be replicated in other river basins. 2.5.4. A PARTNERSHIP FOR FOOD SECURITY The WPP’s support to the Agricultural Water for Africa (AgWA) partnership has opened the door for countries working to improve agricultural water management. In sub-Saharan Africa, female farmers play an important role in the Working in sub-Saharan Africa, AgWA integrates value chain of crop production, doing a major share of the seeding, efforts across countries, international organizations, harvesting, and post-harvesting work. In addition, 31 percent of rural and donors to coordinate investments, knowledge households in the region are headed by women. Achieving food security requires equitable access to resources and designing policies sharing, and advocacy. that take into consideration the fact that women are the backbone of food production and provision for their families. WPP funds have supported south-south learning, improved country investments, and helped develop AgWA’s institutional framework. The activity is influencing a $9 million irrigation and market infrastructure grant from the IDA, and a pipeline of BOX 4 - AgWAter FOR AFRICA $500 million for an irrigation project in the Shire Valley in southern Malawi. AgWA, endorsed by the Africa Ministerial Conference in Sirte in 2008, is a partnership of the principal actors* in The WPP also sponsored two Comprehensive Africa Agricultural Water Management in Africa. Agricultural Development Program workshops in Mali and Tunisia, which resulted in the finalization AgWA seeks to improve AWM in an effort to eradicate of the AgWA 2010-2011 work plan that outlines hunger through increased food production, and the contributions of agricultural water management alleviate poverty by generating wealth. The organization to economic growth in the region. New regional connects partners, provides advocacy, mobilizes members, and global partners like the Global Water resources for the sector, shares knowledge, and Partnership (GWP) and the International Food Policy promotes donor harmonization. Research Institute, joined the partnership during the workshops. The WPP has contributed significantly to both Phase I and Phase II of the partnership. Its support has The WPP filled key gaps in activity implementation leveraged an external grant that will sustain AgWA for for promising countries. For example, an irrigation the next two years. component was included in the Agriculture Diversification Project in Benin. The WPP also SPOTLIGHT ON AFRICA _______________ assisted Bank task teams managing agricultural *AgWA emerged in part from a collaborative program implemented projects to learn more about investing in agricultural jointly by AfDB, IFAD, FAO, NEPAD, ICID, IMAWESA, IWMI and the World Bank. 32 Much of sub-Saharan Africa is not on track to meet the MDG targets for sanitation. In many countries in the region fewer than 30 percent of people have sanitation coverage. With urbanization on the rise, countries should look to cities that have been able to improve and sustain sanitation services for growing populations, such as those in Senegal and Burkina Faso, where the urban access rates reach 70 percent and 50 percent, respectively. water management by sharing guidelines on 2.5.5. MONITORING SYSTEMS THAT AID safeguards for the mid-term review of the Bank’s EFFECTIVENESS Africa Irrigation Business Plan. As a result, AWM investments were made in Benin and Malawi. The WPP funded the development of a new implementation plan for monitoring and evaluating The first phase of AgWA was successful in building Tanzania’s water sector. The M&E plan will assist the partnerships throughout Africa. In response, the WPP Ministry of Water and Irrigation to coordinate across is supporting a second phase of the partnership, which 300 implementing agencies and nearly $1 billion in now has 18 members. Under Phase II, an internal water sector projects over the next 5 years. governance structure was created and endorsed by all main partners in early 2011. AgWA has since created Under this activity, the Bank team provided a a steering committee and issued a report laying the comprehensive management information system foundations for a monitoring and evaluation system (MIS) and a resources plan for technology, staffing, for agricultural water management. The new two-year and equipment needs for implementing the M&E work plan will be funded by the International Fund for plan. The activity supported parallel World Bank Agricultural Development (IFAD), which has committed efforts to train ministry staff on the new management $350,000. This is a prime example of the Water information system. The ministry is already looking Partnership Program’s ability to leverage additional to expand the MIS function by linking it with water investments. point mapping and other new initiatives. This activity will influence the $200 million Tanzania Water Sector Support Project. 33 2.5.6. KNOWLEDGE: WHAT MAKES SANITATION SUSTAINABLE? When it comes to meeting sanitation goals, large cities in West Africa face a moving target fueled by urbanization; even more reason to make sure that those who get access retain it for the long run. Client countries want to know what works. The WPP provided resources for a Bank team to go above and beyond project implementation by comparing the outcomes of two projects: the Ouagadougou Strategic Sanitation Plan in Burkina Faso and the Dakar Peri-urban On-site Sanitation Program in Senegal, funded by the Global Program on Output-Based Aid (GPOBA). Accounting for differences in the project areas, the team discovered that both projects were able to meet their service targets through the leadership of public sanitation utilities, but in very different ways. Both cases demonstrate successful participatory and demand-based planning for on-site sanitation systems in urban areas. Demand was best met by offering mixed or customized technical options for dense areas. Access rates for poor households increased when flexible payment arrangements were allowed, and subsidies were high enough at the start of the program to boost demand. Senegal’s systems were technically sustainable due to a proper septage management plan. In the case of Burkina Faso, on the other hand, the utility achieved financial sustainability through cost recovery targets, mostly paid by beneficiaries. The findings of this research will serve as valuable lessons for numerous future WSS plans and policies in African cities facing similar challenges. SPOTLIGHT ON AFRICA 34 FIGURE 5 - A SNAPSHOT OF WPP IN AFRICA * This map showcases select WPP activities in Sub-Saharan Africa that were under implementation in 2011, including those at the national, regional and basin levels. 35 Cooperation in Transboundary Waters: Niger Basin t 3FQPSUBTTFTTFTFDPOPNJDHSPXUIPQQPSUVOJUJFTJOJSSJHBUJPO IZESPQPXFSBOEOBWJHBUJPOGPS.BMJ /JHFSBOE Nigeria over the 1998-2004 period under the Niger Basin Authority t 5IF/JHFSDBTFJTBQPTJUJWFFYBNQMFXIFSFPQQPSUVOJUJFTGPSEFWFMPQNFOUPVUXFJHIFESJTLT BOEXIFSFTUSPOH institutions and regional leadership led to cooperation t 5IFDBTFTUVEZIBTCFFOQVCMJTIFEBTQBSUPGBXBUFSQBQFSFOUJUMFEReaching across the Waters, in which risk and political economy are studied across five trans-boundary river basins. t 5IFQBQFSSFDPNNFOETGPSHJOHDPPQFSBUJPOJOPSEFSUPGBDFQSPCMFNTPGXBUFSTDBSDJUZ GMPPETBOEESPVHIUT WPP Funds Five Water Public Expenditure Reviews (PERs) in Central and West Africa t "OBMZTJTPGTFDUPSFYQFOEJUVSFTGPS4JFSSB-FPOF 5PHP %3$ $"3 BOEUIF3FQVCMJDPG$POHP t $"31&3XBTVTFEUPNPCJMJ[FBÃ¥NJMMJPOHSBOUGSPNUIF&VSPQFBO$PNNJTTJPOT.%(*OJUJBUJWFT t 5PHP3FQPSUJTJOGPSNJOHEJBMPHVFPOQVCMJDGJOBODFBOEJOGMVFODJOHBGVUVSFVSCBOEFWFMPQNFOUQSPKFDU t 'JOEJOHTXFSFLFZJOQVUTUPUIF.JOJTUFSJBM%JBMPHVFPO4BOJUBUJPOBOE8BUFSBOEUIFUI"GSJDBO8BUFS8FFL t $PODMVTJPOTJOGMVFODFEBQVCMJDTQFOEJOH0QFEBSUJDMFJOOFXTQBQFSTJO(IBOB ,FOZBBOE-JCFSJB WET Expertise in the Rusumo Falls Multipurpose Project t &YQFSUUFBNTDPOUSJCVUFEUPUIF)ZESPFMFDUSJD.VMUJQVSQPTF1SPKFDUUPHFOFSBUFCFUXFFO.8PGQPXFS*UJT influencing a $110 million project component t "(FOFSBM$JSDVMBUJPO.PEFM ($. QSPWJEFTTVCTUBOUJBMJOGPSNBUJPOBCPVUUIFQPUFOUJBMGVUVSFDMJNBUFDIBOHFJNQBDUT on runoff regimes. The analysis based on a GCM analysis of the Kagera basin, where the falls are located, elaborates three future climate scenarios that contribute to the robustness of the RRFP t $PNQBSJOHUIFCBTFDBTFXJUIUIFQSFTFOU  IZESPMPHZ UIFBWFSBHFGVUVSFTDFOBSJPJTBQFSDFOU increase in annual runoff WPP Experts Support SADC’s First Groundwater Institution t (8."5&BOE8&5QSPNPUFEBEBQUJWFNBOBHFNFOUPGHSPVOEXBUFSJO4"%$TDPVOUSJFT t 5FDIOJDBMBTTJTUBODFXBTQSPWJEFEUPIFMQ4"%$8BUFS%JWJTJPOUPTUSFOHUIFOESPVHIUNBOBHFNFOUQPMJDJFT t )FMQFETIBQFUIFGSBNFXPSLGPSUIF(SPVOEXBUFS.BOBHFNFOU*OTUJUVUFGPS4PVUIFSO"GSJDB t 1JMPUJOGSBTUSVDUVSFUPJNQSPWFSFTJMJFODFUPDMJNBUFJNQBDUTIBTCFOFGJUFE GBNJMJFT t *OGPSNFEEFTJHOPGBNJMMJPOQSPKFDUBQQSPWFECZUIF(MPCBM&OWJSPONFOU'BDJMJUZ Cooperation in Transboundary Waters: Zambezi Basin t 811TVQQPSUFEBCBTJOXJEFSJTLCFOFGJUBOBMZTJTPGSJQBSJBODPVOUSJFTDPNNJUUJOHUP;".$0. t -FTTPOTDBOCFMFBSOFEGSPNUIF/JHFS#BTJOT4VTUBJOBCMF%FWFMPQNFOU"DUJPO1MBOBOEUIFSFMBUFE*OWFTUNFOU Program to boost regional cooperation in the Zambezi basin t $MJNBUFDIBOHFJTMJLFMZUPSFQSFTFOUBHSPXJOHUISFBUUPUIF;BNCF[J$PPQFSBUJPOBOEFNFSHJOHOFX SPOTLIGHT ON AFRICA opportunities will also depend of new political alignments at the sub-regional level 36 CHAPTER THREE EXPERT SUPPORT TEAMS: GLOBAL KNOWLEDGE, LOCAL EXPERTISE 37 The Expert Support Teams (ESTs) that were active worked, in a narrow and cost-effective timeframe, to between 2009 and 2010 include the Sanitation, strengthen the Bank’s and the clients’ analytical and Hygiene, and Wastewater Support Service (SWAT), the operational activities through direct assignments with Hydrology Expert Facility (HEF), and the Groundwater project teams. Individual experts provided technical Management Advisory Team (GW-MATE). These assistance to help design projects, study the feasibility three teams were a large asset to the Bank’s clients, of impending programs, and provide recommendations providing superior and timely technical support to to those projects facing obstacles to completion. major analytical and operational work. Each has been highly lauded by clients and Bank teams alike. The Water Expert Team (WET) was created in January 2011. It consolidates the three ESTs into one entity The ESTs were created to meet increasing demand that supports a more responsive structure, and has an for expertise in water supply and sanitation, hydrology, efficient and streamlined administration (see figure 6). and groundwater management. The objective of the The WET continues to serve as a flexible, just-in-time ESTs was concrete and flexible. International experts support mechanism fielding high quality expertise. FIGURE 6 - EST AND WET THEMES AND OBJECTIVES HEF SWAT GW-MATE Themes: Hydrology and Water Themes: Basic Sanitation and Hygiene Themes: Groundwater Resources Resources Management Management and Protection t IncreaseUIFQPSUGPMJPPGUIF#BOLT JOWFTUNFOUBOEBDUJWJUZJOTBOJUBUJPO BOEIZHJFOF tEnsureCFTUQSBDUJDFLOPXMFEHFPO HSPVOEXBUFSNBOBHFNFOUJT tImproveUIFRVBMJUZPGUIF#BOLT FGGFDUJWFMZJODPSQPSBUFEJOUPSFMFWBOU tImproveUIFQMBOOJOH EFTJHO BOE JOWFTUNFOUBOEBDUJWJUZJOTBOJUBUJPO #BOLBOBMZUJDBMBOEPQFSBUJPOBM PQFSBUJPOPGXBUFSSFTPVSDFT BOEIZHJFOFBOE BDUJWJUJFTBOE QSPKFDUTBUUIFSFHJPOBM OBUJPOBM BOEMPDBMMFWFMT tImplementCBTJDBDDFTTUP tCreateBXBSFOFTTPOUIFJNQPSUBODF CHAPTER THREE:EXPERT SUPPORT TEAMS: GLOBAL KNOWLEDGE, LOCAL EXPERTISE TBOJUBUJPOBOEBEPQUJPOPGTBGFS PGHSPVOEXBUFSNBOBHFNFOUCPUI EPNFTUJDIZHJFOFCZTUSFOHUIFOJOH XJUIJOBOEPVUTJEFUIF#BOL #BOLBOEDMJFOUPQFSBUJPOTJOUIFTF BSFBT WET Themes: All water sub-sectors tImprove UIFEFTJHOPGQPMJDJFT TUSBUFHJFT BOEJOWFTUNFOUMPBOTJOUIFXBUFSTFDUPS tImprovePSmaintainUIFRVBMJUZBOEPVUDPNFTPGUIF#BOLTXBUFSQPSUGPMJPBOE tSupport#BOLQSPKFDUTFOHBHJOHJOJOOPWBUJWFBDUJWJUJFT 38 3.1. HEF: A MODEL FOR VERSATILITY BOX 5 - HEF SUPPORT IN NUMBERS 30 The Hydrology Expert Facility (HEF) provided assistance The number of countries that have received on intricate and complex hydrology and water HEF assistance in all World Bank regions management issues in response to requests from Bank since 2009 teams. In accordance with its grant objectives (see box 5), the HEF provided prompt support to the regional, 90% The portion of clients that rated HEF national, and local levels. services as “highly satisfactoryâ€? The HEF’s model epitomizes efficient delivery of results using fast technical and administrative support and an 3.2 Billion dollars in Bank projects influenced by easy-to-use application and reporting system for Bank HEF activities teams. The team provided project-level support for the design, review, and monitoring of project components, as well as regional and global knowledge contributions on 16 The number of services mobilized each year key hydrology and WRM issues. The HEF’s administrative to improve hydrology and WRM project model was so successful that it was used as the platform aspects for the WET service. 9 Total activities supporting Africa HEF has been the most versatile EST, providing expertise in several water subsectors. In Bolivia, India, and Central Asia, the HEF supported institutional strengthening activities to improve capacity and understanding of the climate-water nexus (see table 1). The HEF provided inputs to a hydropower project design and a HEF PROVIDED A GLOBAL TECHNICAL EXPERT WHOSE sustainable land management policy in Africa. Experts have also been fielded to help develop early warning PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE REALLY RESONATED WITH OUR systems, train government officials in modeling for water resources management, and design hydrometeorology CLIENTS. AND THIS WAS ALL ARRANGED WITHIN A TWO improvements for large Bank loans. WEEK TURNAROUND. THIS WAS OUTSTANDING SUPPORT. – Claudia Sadoff, TTL, South Asia Water Initiative BOX 6 - HEF’S KNOWLEDGE AND TECHNICAL CONTRIBUTION TO THE PRACTICE Hydrology is becoming more complex in the context of climate change. Planning and design of new hydraulic infrastructure for water supply and sanitation, food production, hydropower UNCERTAINTY AND CLIMATE VARIABILITY generation, flood protection, and ecosystem restoration requires dealing with the interactions IN THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF between land, water, vegetation, people and climate. WATER RESOURCES PROJECTS Examples and Case Studies To provide insight on the latest analytical tools for assessing climate impacts in hydrological design, Ignacio Rodríguez-Iturbe Juan B. Valdés Technical HEF Report Technical 2010 Report 2 – November 2011 the WPP, WET and the Water Anchor partnered with the Alliance for Global Water Adaptation (AGWA), the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB), and Conservation International (CI) to organize a workshop in November 2011 to create awareness of the uncertainty challenges that practitioners face during the design and operation of water resources projects. A technical report with examples and case studies under the HEF was published as a result of this workshop and HEF THE WORLD BANK previous meetings between the HEF and the Water Resources and Watershed Management HYDROLOGY EXPERT FACILITY AN EXPERT SUPPORT TEAM (EST) OF THE WATER PARTNERSHIP PROGRAM (WPP) Thematic Group. The report gives special emphasis to the estimation of design floods and monthly flows in a river basin, and the effect of climate variability in ecosystem response of dry and humid areas. The report will be disseminated broadly to water experts and practitioners to support water projects in these areas. 39 TABLE 1 - HEF KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTS AND SUPPORT Knowledge Support Examples Service Product Technical Presented and Training Days of the SDN Week 2010: “Putting in Practice the Eco-Hydrological Ap- seminars and managed events proach - Some Ideasâ€? presentations in collabora- Technical seminars (e.g.): tion with Bank t “Taking into Account the Floods of the Future, Towards No Regrets Hydrology: Including regions, Water Climate Variability and Change in Design and Operation of Water Resources Projectsâ€? Thematic Groups t Working session on “Climate Change and Variability Impact on Design and Operation and Communi- of Water Resources Projects and Remote-sensing technology for producing ET dataâ€? ties of Practice Support to Facilitated the Hydrology Project: Regions participation t The India Hydrology 2 Project. Expert stressed the importance of modernization of renowned and strengthening hydrologic and climate networks and information systems and global/regional tools; implementing water legislation and instruments in water resources manage- experts ment; or the water-energy nexus issues. Capacity Building on Climate Modeling and Climate Prediction: t Bolivia. The participation of a high-level resource person to assist the project team and the government in the preparation of these dissemination and capacity building activities, providing guidance and helping to carry them out. t Central Asia. HEF worked with regional institutions in a workshop to build their ca- pabilities in analysis, especially the interface or linkage between water and energy, which had largely been analyzed separately. Publications Disseminated Technical reports: technical experi- t “A review of selected hydrology topics to support Bank operationsâ€? ence mined from t “Uncertainty and climate variability in the design and operation of water resources HEF activities, projectsâ€? and of high Briefing note: importance to t “Supporting Integrated Water Resources development in Tana and Beles, Ethiopiaâ€? Bank teams CHAPTER THREE:EXPERT SUPPORT TEAMS: GLOBAL KNOWLEDGE, LOCAL EXPERTISE 3.2. SWAT: PROMOTING SANITATION FOR ALL BOX 7 - SWAT SUPPORT IN NUMBERS The Sanitation, Hygiene and Wastewater Support 10 Service (SWAT) offered services to Bank staff and The number of SWAT-supported activities country clients to improve the quality of projects that implemented over 20 months supported basic access to sanitation and adoption of safer domestic hygiene. The SWAT was also engaged 1.9 billion dollars in loans influenced, of which in generating demand for sanitation programs from $1.2 billion was financed by the Bank both Bank clients and Bank teams in response to the mounting global access gap. 100% The proportion of outputs rated by clients The SWAT filled the expertise gaps needed to trigger as “satisfactoryâ€? in fulfilling the Terms of investments and improve the quality of operations in p4/5 Reference sanitation and hygiene at the regional, national, and local levels. Expert field support also enabled the Average overall service rating as rated by dissemination of a significant number of knowledge the Task Team Leaders products targeted to the global development community. 40 BOX 8- SWAT KNOWLEDGE EXCHANGE HIGHLIGHTS The SWAT’s support has led to increased investments in sanitation by the Bank, client governments and other donors, and to improvements in development of t 5XPLOPXMFEHFFYDIBOHFTFTTJPOTTVQQPSUFEBUUIF plans and strategies. Bank’s Sustainable Development Network (SDN) week t $PTQPOTPSFEGPVSUFDIOJDBMTFNJOBST What Bank teams often see as complex sanitation t $POUSJCVUFEUP8BUFS0SJFOUBUJPO$PVSTFGPSOFX obstacles, the SWAT seized as opportunities. In water staff at the Bank and published lessons learned rural and urban areas, SWAT activities proved that on sanitation in Georgia sustainable sanitation is possible. Supply and demand t 48"5NBOBHFNFOUUFBNJOBVHVSBUFEBTFSJFTPG side interventions were supported, from hand washing websites to provide a comprehensive overview of campaigns to a basin-wide clean-up program to basic sanitation in 2008 improved regulation at the household level (see table 2). TABLE 2 - INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND LEVERAGE/IMPACT OF SELECTED SWAT ACTIVITIES Institutional Development Leverage and Impact Haiti A rural sanitation strategy was developed with gov- Improved specific sanitation interventions implemented ernment agencies, providing an opportunity for sector under the $5 million Haiti Rural Water Supply and knowledge to be passed down to new leadership. Sanitation Program. Cameroon The team supported the Ministry of Energy and Water The activity led the foundation for the development in devising a national strategy and leading donor of a national sanitation strategy to be implemented, coordination in sanitation. in part, by a $30 million Bank fund already approved for the first phase. More than a million new sanitation facilities will be built under the project. Georgia Recommendations provided new approaches and SWAT recommendations have led to a redirection of technological advice to the agencies responsible for investment priorities toward rural sanitation. water and sanitation investments; SWAT convened The government financed the development of a $45 sector stakeholders and international donors toward million Bank-financed wastewater management development of a national strategy. strategy based on the report produced by SWAT and another prepared by the HEF. Morocco SWAT created a manual for the National Water Sup- SWAT developed comprehensive design calculations ply Organization (ONEP) to improve the design and that incorporate water reuse for agriculture, in line with operation of waste stabilization ponds. Cost-effective new WHO guidelines, to provide co-benefits to the measures for odor control and improved water quality agriculture sector. in summer months were provided. India SWAT supported the National Ganga River Basin Influencing a $200 million Bank-funded project. The Authority in developing a plan to clean up the Ganges government has also asked for additional support to River, to include improved wastewater and solid waste prepare a financial plan under the program. management for multiple sectors. Ecuador A report evaluating the success of a rural sanitation Panama and Nicaragua both showed interest in program was used to provide authorities from other replicating the success of Ecuador through their rural countries a best practice model. The team looked at investments. In Panama, the model has already been the technical and financial sustainability of the model mainstreamed. and whether it was replicable. 41 BOX 9 - SWAT MEETS URGENT SANITATION NEEDS IN POST-EARTHQUAKE HAITI Conditions after the 2010 Haiti earthquake enabled the rapid spread of cholera throughout the urban population less than a year later. Resources were drained from rural areas to deal with the outbreak. Before these catastrophes, the rural water sector in Haiti was already struggling to reform itself, and the experience and capacity of rural institutions in sanitation services lagged far behind that of water supply. The SWAT team worked closely with Haiti’s National Sanitation Advisor to frame a Provisional Rural Sanitation Strategy. Initially, the government had assumed that it could only afford building latrines at 100 percent subsidy for a small portion of the population, in the hopes that the economic recovery would allow for expansion in future years. With SWAT’s assistance the government looked at other options and proposed offering limited subsidies for more people to access rural sanitation. The ultimate goal is now to help develop the market for private, local sanitation technologies and services. The team then developed a procurement package for the recruitment of a sanitation implementation partner to help direct the Bank-financed Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Program. The influence of the SWAT team will have a long-term impact on policy and practice of sanitation in Haiti. “CONSULTANTS WHO CAN EARN THE TRUST AND RESPECT OF CLIENTS ARE WORTH INFINITELY MORE THAN ANY OTHERS. THE CONSULTANT HERE QUICKLY GAINED THE TRUST AND RESPECT OF “THE CLIENTâ€? AT ALL LEVELS, FROM FIELD WORKER TO NATIONAL SANITATION ADVISER.â€? - Pete Kolsky, TTL , Haiti Rural Sanitation CHAPTER THREE:EXPERT SUPPORT TEAMS: GLOBAL KNOWLEDGE, LOCAL EXPERTISE 3.3. GW-MATE: THE KNOWLEDGE EXPERTS GW-MATE teams worked in a given country for several years to study the dynamics of changing Established in 2000, the Groundwater Management groundwater systems. They looked at hydrogeological Advisory Team (GW-MATE) was the longest running realities and resource use dynamics to identify of the three ESTs. During its 10-year implementation, the proper institutional arrangements, necessary GW-MATE experts were able to study critical demand and supply side interventions, and resource groundwater cases in countries in all Bank regions, administration and regulation requirements. In influencing policies, sector plans, and large loans. The southern Africa, GW-MATE was key to building the Water Partnership Program took over the operational regional institution that will manage groundwater for side of GW-MATE’s expert support from 2009 to 14 countries. Another groundwater team devised 2011. The work of GW-MATE under the Water a plan to help ensure sustainability for Uganda’s Partnership Program continued transforming the irrigation sector as part of long-term economic growth. way the Bank and its clients consider groundwater in In India, the service provided a unique solution to development planning. a groundwater crisis by promoting farmer equity. In Bangladesh, water management planning in the contexts of rapid urbanization, climate change and pressure on groundwater resources built upon the integration of the Dhaka watershed into the national water framework (see box 9). 42 BOX 10 - INTEGRATED KNOWLEDGE IMPROVES GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT GW-MATE was asked to provide direction for integrating the Dhaka watershed into Bangladesh’s national water framework. GW-MATE provided a clear blueprint for better integrated groundwater management network systems between multiple, overlapping institutions by highlighting the comparative advantage of each institution: the Bangladesh Water Development Board; Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority responsible for monitoring the productivity of its own wells, in terms of yields and drinking water standards; and the DOE (Department of Environment) for monitoring anthropogenic pollution sources. GW-MATE then brokered the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) for the proposed framework, which will improve the quality of the revamped DOE pollution control database and the use of the web portal by partner institutions. Encouraging these agencies to collaborate more actively, the MoU provides a foundation for the group to better articulate policy messages. This activity influenced the design of the Dhaka Environment and Water Project and the Bangladesh Rivers Information Conservation (BRIC) Project, with a combined value of $300 million. These projects now support the development of an integrated knowledge portal to monitor groundwater trends at the national and local level. The BRIC project includes a $50 million component to upgrade the national hydromet network, upon GW-MATE’s advice. This will ensure that decisions on both what to measure (salinity, heavy metals) and where to measure (densification of network in urban and coastal areas) will give Bangladesh the cost-effective, accurate data with which to enhance its water resources planning in the context of climate change/ rapid urbanization and pressure on groundwater resources. Overall, experts have developed groundwater GW-MATE’s work reached to wider communities across management plans for 30 countries and worked in the globe. Most of the products were translated into all six Bank regions. GW-MATE supported 17 Bank different languages and disseminated through internal operations and large analytical pieces, including four events (e.g. WB Water Week 2009, SDN Week 2010) in sub-Saharan Africa (see table 3). In addition, an as well as at external events (Stockholm Water Week important number of case profiles and briefing notes 2010, Africa Water Week 2010). All GW-MATE products formed a wealth of groundwater knowledge and are available on the World Bank’s Water website, and experience throughout GW-MATE’s history (see also have been collated onto a CD and disseminated to a box 12). large group of global water practitioners. 43 TABLE 3 - GW-MATE ACTIVITIES & PRODUCTS Activities Number Country/Region – Description Operations 8 Brazil – Improving groundwater management in the states of Rio Grande do Norte and Ceara. Inter- (Lending) state dialogue and management of shared Apodi aquifer Brazil – Provision of a critical review of the risks and benefits of urban groundwater use in Brazil as a basis for policy definition Ethiopia – Support the development of a national and regional groundwater management strategy in Ethiopia Peru – Improving groundwater management in Peru: Support to the national Peruvian water agency through pilot management projects Senegal – Support for strategic groundwater management: National development framework for monitoring of groundwater in Dhaka Yemen – Expert review and advice regarding the Sana’a Groundwater Management Studies commis- sioned by the government of Yemen Yemen – Strengthening groundwater management in Yemen multi–donor Water SWAP India – Enhancing in–country dissemination and impact of the WB flagship “Deep–wells and Pru- dence on the management of groundwater over–exploitation in Indiaâ€? Analytical 9 MNA Region – Session showcasing groundwater management and water scarcity. Conference on Work integrated WRM and sustainable development in Morocco Uganda – Strengthening groundwater considerations into the WB Uganda Water CAS. Promoting rural water supply and small scale irrigation SADC – Southern Africa Development Community groundwater and drought management program. Establishment of a regional training center SADC – African Groundwater Policy Dialogue and Awareness Program on national Southern African governments agendas for managed groundwater development Mongolia Strengthening groundwater management in Southern Mongolia: Support for a groundwater management center in southern Gobi Morocco, India, Tanzania, South Africa, Peru – Support to the flagship, multi–donor Groundwater Gov- ernance and Policy initiative and GW–MATE experience country case studies as input to the initiative India – Contribution to the Andhra Pradesh Drought Adaptation Initiative “Barefoot Hydrologistsâ€?. Sup- port to communities and women for better management of their groundwater and crop production China – Piloting groundwater management best practice in China. Support for a Groundwater Center CHAPTER THREE:EXPERT SUPPORT TEAMS: GLOBAL KNOWLEDGE, LOCAL EXPERTISE Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay – Provision, management options, and GEF closure for the transboundary Guarani aquifer in South America Case 21 Thailand – Strengthening capacity in groundwater resources management Profiles Yemen – Rationalizing groundwater resource utilization in the Sana’a basin Paraguay – Actual and potential regulatory issues relating to groundwater use in Gran Asunción Argentina– Mitigation of groundwater drainage problems in the Buenos Aires Conurbation: technical and institutional way forward Brazil, Kenya – Subsurface dams to augment groundwater storage in basement terrain for human subsistence Argentina – Integrated approaches to groundwater resource conservation in the Mendoza aquifers Venezuela – Yacambu, Quibor: a project for integrated groundwater and surface water management China – Towards sustainable groundwater resource use for irrigated agriculture on the North China Plain Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina – The Guarani aquifer initiative for transboundary groundwater management Mexico – The ‘Cotas’: progress with stakeholder participation in groundwater management in Guanajuato India –Tamil Nadu: resolving the conflict over rural groundwater use between drinking water and irrigation supply Nepal – Approach to mitigation of groundwater arsenic contamination including new groundwater legislation 44 Activities Number Country/Region – Description Case 21 Kenya – The role of groundwater in the water supply of Greater Nairobi Profiles Brazil – Groundwater use in Metropolitan Fortaleza: evaluating its strategic importance and potential hazard (continued) Sub–Saharan Africa – Groundwater development: a strategic overview of key issues and major needs Brazil – Promoting management of an interstate aquifer under development for irrigated agriculture: the case of the Chapada do Apodi in Northeast Brazil Bangladesh – Managing the sustainable development of groundwater for arsenic–safe water supplies India – Confronting the groundwater management challenge in the Deccan traps country of Maharashtra India – Addressing groundwater depletion in the drought prone weathered granitic basement aquifer of Andhra Pradesh Briefing 16 Groundwater Resource Management. An introduction to its scope and practice Notes Characterization of Groundwater Systems. Key concepts and frequent misconceptions Groundwater Management Strategies. Facets of the integrated approach Groundwater Legislation and Regulatory Provision. From customary rules to integrated catchment planning Groundwater Abstraction Rights. From theory to practice Stakeholder Participation in Groundwater Management. Mobilizing and sustaining aquifer management organizations Economic Instruments for Groundwater Management. Using incentives to improve sustainability Groundwater Quality Protection. Defining strategy and setting priorities Groundwater Monitoring Requirements. For managing aquifer response and quality threats Groundwater Dimensions of National Water Resource and River Basin Planning. Promoting an integrated strategy Utilization of Nonrenewable Groundwater. A socially sustainable approach to resource management Urban Wastewater as Groundwater Recharge. Evaluating and managing risks and benefits Groundwater Resource Development in Minor Aquifers. Management strategy for village and small town water supply Natural Groundwater Quality Hazards. Avoiding problems and formulating mitigation strategies Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems. Characterization procedures and conservation measures Groundwater Resource Accounting Courses 1 “Groundwater Management Courseâ€? Seminars +5 Technical presentations on groundwater management Strategic 5 The “Strategic Overview Seriesâ€? Overview Launched in 2009, represents a milestone on knowledge generation and diffusion along the 10–year Papers timeline. The series provides policy guidance at the regional and global level in five areas: (i) groundwater governance; (ii) conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water; (iii) urban groundwater use policy; (iv) sustainable groundwater irrigation; and (v) appropriate groundwater management for sub–Saharan Africa High- 11 Presentations around the world including SDN Week 2010, and congresses/workshops in Germany, Profile Australia, San Francisco, Morocco, Spain. A particular emphasis was made in Africa during the Africa Presenta- Water Week tions Manuals 1 A “‘Training the Trainers’ Groundwater Management Manualâ€? co–produced with UNDP–CAPNET *Activities include the total number of activities and products within GW-MATE 10 years of operations, including the work under the WPP (2009-2011). 45 3.4. THE WATER EXPERT TEAM (WET) BOX 11 - FROM HEF TO WET: SEAMLESS SUPPORT TO BOLIVIA A consolidated WET brings the very best in advisory services to the most pressing water challenges. Clients The HEF provided advice to the government of Bolivia to continue to receive high-quality technical advice at critical bolster its climate modeling and prediction capacities. HEF stages in the project process. The transition from Expert experts provided information to aid decision makers on Support Teams to the WET has been seamless for the interpreting and applying data from climate change models. client, as many activities that began under an EST have The activity supported a GEF-funded project on glacier already started implementation of a second phase under retreat and water-related adaptation to climate change and the Water Expert Team (see box 11). variability. The Transition: WET has expanded this work by supporting a similar activity in the Rio Grande basin that incorporates climate t 48"5T MFHBDZ XJMM BMMPX UIF 8&5 UP CVJME PO TPNF resilience into development planning. At the national level, of the Bank’s first large sanitation loans, such as the WET team conducted a rapid assessment of hydromet those in Haiti and Cameroon. services and analyzed current generation and dissemination t (8."5& VOMPDLFE EFNBOE JO VOEFSSFQSFTFOUFE of climate change information. Recommendations for hotspots, particularly, Africa and East Asia, by improving both fields, and their associated costs, were raising awareness among TTLs working in both developed. regions. t )&'T SPTUFS PG XPSMEDMBTT FYQFSUT PO IZESPMPHZ At the sub-basin level, WET is also providing local and water resources has been transferred to the expertise for the Santa Cruz flood management program, WET to respond to the demands from project and helping the Pirai and Mizque sub-basins incorporate teams in a variety of subsectors. climate consideratons in their river basin planning t 5IF 8&5 XJMM DPOUJOVF UP TVQQPSU TVTUBJOBCMF processes. Together, these tasks are influencing $65.5 development interventions that reduce poverty, million in Bank lending. support vulnerable populations, promote innovation, and strengthen partnerships in line with the Bank’s MCIPR and water strategy (see table 4). CHAPTER THREE:EXPERT SUPPORT TEAMS: GLOBAL KNOWLEDGE, LOCAL EXPERTISE “THE WET TEAM DID AN OUTSTANDING JOB. THE TEAM MUST BE COMMENDED FOR ITS EFFICIENCY AND RESPONSIVENESS AND UNDERSTANDING OF THE TTL NEEDS. USING WET WAS A REFRESHING EXPERIENCE. THIS IS A VERY GOOD EXAMPLE OF WHAT “PEOPLE IN OPERATIONSâ€? WOULD LIKE TO GET MORE OFTEN FROM PROGRAMS SUCH AS THE WPP.â€? – Christophe Prevost, TTL, WET Support for Urban Water Utilities Performance Monitoring in Paraguay 46 In addition, the WET is responding to requests for The WET has supported more than 25 client countries support in areas not traditionally a focus of the Expert across the six Bank regions. A single window has Support Teams. In Paraguay, for example, the WET is enabled an efficient and streamlined administration supporting the national water utility to develop a vision that strengthens the support to the Bank’s operational and step-by-step plan for performance improvement, teams. The WET fields activities across all water sub- including organizational restructuring and technical sectors, including those supported previously by the efficiency gains. ESTs, in addition to emerging demands in areas like wastewater treatment and water utility management. The value-added to Bank projects is evidenced by the (see figure 7). high ratings of its predecessor programs, and of the continuous positive feedback received from the WET’s clients. The facility is able to meet complex and urgent requests that keep projects on path to meet their poverty reduction goals. FIGURE 7 - WET ACTIVITIES IN 2011 BY THEMATIC AREA (% OF APPROVED BUDGETS) Basic Sanitation 9.7 7.1 6.4 Wastewater Treatment 5.7 4.0 Water Utilities Water Resources Management 30.0 26.9 Groundwater Floods / Hydromet 10.1 Agricultural Water Management Hydropower 47 TABLE 4 - EST SUPPORT TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (SELECTED EXAMPLES) Poverty Reduction Vulnerable Innovation Partnerships & Donor Populations Coordination SWAT Supported a national plan to In Haiti, women were A best practice model “Panama Handwash- clean up the Ganges river targeted in sanitation for sustainable sanitation ing Initiativeâ€? particu- that will eventually improve promotion campaigns, transferred from Ecuador larly aimed at fostering the quality of life of mil- leading to demand to Nicaragua public-private partnership lions of people living in the for new sanitation in handwashing with a river basin, most noticeably facilities special focus on local the urban poor, who suffer suppliers of soap and disproportionately from inad- other hygiene products equate sanitation HEF Supported one of Ethiopia’s In Georgia, the direct The HEF provided exper- The HEF coordinated top five agro-ecological benefits of tack- tise on hydrological mod- with the Bank’s Water zones targeted for economic ling sanitation and eling in karstic/limestone Resources Management growth for poverty reduction. hygiene problems ecosystems. The expert Thematic Group and The HEF helped improve at the household support will build local Watershed Management integrated water resources level through a better capacity to assess the Community of Practice to management through cre- design of water and environmental tradeoffs share knowledge gained ation and implementation of sanitation projects in of various development through specific activities community watershed plans twelve towns that po- plans for the largest lake tentially improve the in the Balkan peninsula. health of the family The work is influencing a Bank-funded project targeting more than 180,000 people GW-MATE Supported a number of Downstream ana- The phase of GW-MATE External partners have activities aimed at improv- lytical work concen- under WPP increased incorporated GW-MATE ing the resilience of local trated on a number the demand for more materials in their own communities to groundwater of individual activities comprehensive ground- curricula, such as the overexploitation and specific with a strong gender water considerations in Oregon State University’s CHAPTER THREE:EXPERT SUPPORT TEAMS: GLOBAL KNOWLEDGE, LOCAL EXPERTISE interventions that also pro- component particular- Bank projects in under- Water Institute “Water vide support to improved and ly in community user represented hotspots Science and Policyâ€? more sustainable income groups involved in (Africa and East Asia) by courses and UNDP- generating activities, like in decisions concerned raising awareness among CAPNET’s groundwater SADC at the regional level or with GW management Task Team Leaders training program Yemen at the national level WET Supported the Peruvian The WET assistance In India, WET supported In Cameroon, a workshop National Water Authority and on gully erosion the second phase of an set out IWRM planning the Ministry of Agriculture to control designs hydrology project with the strategies for the Sanaga increase efficient water use caused by runoff and participation of an expert River basin, the Ministries and conflict management to percolation will inform to stress the importance of Energy and Water and reduce rural poverty levels. the government of Ni- of modernization and 25 different stakeholders Recommendations provide geria to provide safety strengthening of hydro- devised an action plan for an irrigation-agriculture designs on even- logic and climate networks data management and the strategy to inform decision tual landslides and and information systems composition, mandates, makers on the legislation of prevent evacuation and tools and financing of an emer- decentralization; water rights of families that live in gency basin management regularization; financing; perilous locations in body based on IWRM water efficiency; and conflict southeastern Nigeria principles resolution 48 CHAPTER FOUR BEYOND RESULTS: KNOWLEDGE, CAPACITY BUILDING, PARTNERSHIPS, AND PROGRAM IMPACT 49 Achieving water security will require managing water more wisely. Countries need to think out of the box; collaborate across public and private spheres; and bolster their capacity to govern water users and promote conservation. The Water Partnership Program helps countries do this by providing technical assistance, generating new data and information, fostering innovation and strengthening partnerships. The overall impact is beyond the contribution of individual activities; the WPP is driving change in water. The Partnership helps clients to face the facts, learn how to use the tools, and build the networks they will need to tackle new challenges. In the end, the WPP’s impact can be found in the value of investments it supports throughout the world and the number of people who benefit from those investments. 4.1. CAPACITY BUILDING AND KNOWLEDGE FOR ACTION Governments, civil society, development organizations, and communities are increasingly called upon to change behavior, mentalities, and policies related to water, and they need coherent and reliable information to do so. CHAPTER FOUR: BEYOND RESULTS KNOWLEDGE, CAPACITY BUILDING, PARTNERSHIPS, AND PROGRAM IMPACT Whether it is presenting data on informal water markets, or evaluating the exact impact of a government policy, imparting new knowledge can lead to better decisions and help clients take much needed action. According to WaterAid, many women in developing countries walk more than 10 miles a day to fetch water. The distance and time can grow during the dry season, especially in water stressed countries, like Yemen.1 4.1.1. EXPANDING THE ROLE OF SMALL-SCALE WATER PROVIDERS FOR LARGE-SCALE RESULTS In the Philippines, the WPP supported a similar The WPP helps provide information to support the activity to study the provision of water services to poor most fundamental water challenge; namely, bringing households by small companies. The team produced a basic and sustainable water and sanitation services series of three rural water supply design manuals that to the poor. For example, in an effort to help Yemen will strengthen the domestic design capacity of small achieve the Millennium Development Goals, the waterworks facilities. The information in the manuals is Program made funds available for activities to provide helping these groups to better understand the nature a better understanding of the informal water market of the water supply business, its responsibilities to in Sana’a. It also provided guidance to small water stakeholders, and the role of government agencies and services providers in the Philippines. regulatory bodies in sustainable operations. Endorsed by the President of the Philippines, the manuals are In Yemen, small-scale private water enterprises were facilitating participation in the decisions and planning believed to be the predominant water source in for more effective water systems in rural areas and lower-income areas, but the government did not have small towns. The government is supporting further the data necessary to determine the existing level dissemination efforts among high-level stakeholders in of service. The WPP supported an assessment and several water-related forums taking place in 2012. survey of private water provision. The assessment provides a starting point for formalizing and regulating 4.1.2. HOW DO YOU MEASURE IMPACT? private water provision. The results were shared widely and are contributing to the policy analysis conducted Complex challenges require smart and skilled teams by the Ministry of Water and Environment with the of experts to formulate solutions. An important aspect support of GTZ and the World Bank. of development is to evaluate the impact of a policy or 50 project toward achieving expected outcomes. Impact The PER findings were key inputs to the Ministerial evaluation (IE) is considered the gold standard for Dialogue on Sanitation and Water and the 4th Africa identifying the causal impact of a specific intervention Water Week. In addition to the country reports, the on a target community. This science-based method WPP financed the publication of an overview paper uncovers the direct consequences of development synthesizing lessons learned across the region, a projects by determining what would have happened to version of which has been submitted to the journal the same communities had the project not existed. If Water Policy for publication. The PERs also provided implemented as part of a pilot program, the government the impetus for the publication of an Op-ed in several can use the data to decide where to invest limited newspapers, including Modern Ghana, the West Africa resources and how to design effective water policies Democracy Radio, the African Standard (Kenya), and and programs for long-term sustainability. six papers in Liberia. In 2011, the WPP co-sponsored a 5-day training workshop on Impact Evaluation in Dhaka, Bangladesh 4.2. STRENGTHENING PARTNERSHIPS (with the Bank-Netherlands Partnership Program and the Spanish Impact Evaluation Fund). Sixteen project AND ESTABLISHING NETWORKS teams were trained at the workshop, which offered separate learning tracks for technical specialists and Partnerships and networking help bridge knowledge, policy makers, including introduction to four statistical institutional, and financial gaps to address complex, approaches for IE, software training, and a case inter-sectoral issues. They can also advocate study exercise where participants critiqued a specific better global policies by contributing to important evaluation plan. During the training participants international dialogue. The WPP brings expertise and were exposed to real IE success stories, from social knowledge from partners and peers, connecting even programs in Mexico to girls’ education in Pakistan. more people and ideas to the global water network. Teams then used what they had learned to devise their own impact evaluation, tailored to local conditions and 4.2.1. SOUTH-SOUTH KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER capacities in their project area. Through the workshop, government officials from five countries learned more The WPP facilitated a south-south learning exchange about IE as a tool for measuring policy and projecting between Morocco and Brazil to improve wastewater impacts, and technical experts improved their capacity collection and treatment in seven small towns in Morocco. to design and implement IEs. Several teams, including Eleven Moroccan professionals from three ministries and one working on a water supply project in India, have the national utility, ONEP, made a 10-day visit to Brazil. committed to funding an IE as a result of what they The delegation travelled to three cities to see a range learned in the workshop. of sanitation options, including a number of condominial systems being used successfully throughout Brazil. The 4.1.3. NOVELTY IN KNOWLEDGE Moroccan officials saw first-hand the level of commitment required to expand access and how to anticipate some The WPP funded five water sector Public Expenditure potential challenges posed by growing towns. Reviews (PERs) in Central and West Africa (see figure 5). The data collection and analysis has provided Based on the experience in Brazil, ONEP will pilot ministries of finance with new knowledge about one condominial system and one treatment plant the status and impact of their sector contributions. using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket technology. The PERs have shown how public funds are used The utility has also budgeted $400,000 for formal for water supply connections at the expense of technical assistance under a twinning partnership cheaper alternatives, and how subsidies for water and between ONEP and a utility in Brazil, to gain similar sanitation services often do not reach the poor. know-how. This WPP support directly improved the design of the $43 million Bank-financed Oum Er Rbia The governments of Sierra Leone, Togo, Republic of Sanitation Project. The project design now includes new Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and the technologies that could save up to $1 billion in costs Central African Republic (CAR) have each endorsed by using condominial systems rather than conventional their respective PER. In CAR, the PER has mobilized lagoons in each of the seven small towns. As a result a $14 million grant from the European Commission. In of lower costs, utilities will be able to reach previously Togo, the work is influencing additional financing for un-served populations. All ONEP staff were briefed on urban development and promoting dialogue on public the results of the study tour, and the utility shared their financial management. findings with a broad audience of consulting engineers, 51 BOX 12 - SUSTAINING PARTNERSHIPS FOR GLOBAL KNOWLEDGE GW-MATE renewed its GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT & PROTECTION partnership with the Global progress through World Bank operations and beyond during 2000-10 Water Partnership in COMPILED BY : Stephen Foster, Catherine Tovey & Gill Tyson Stockholm during International Water Week. Under the renewed commitment, GWP agreed to continue to disseminate GW-MATE Global Water Partnership Groundwater materials through their global 10th ANNIVERSARY Management EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW and regional hub networks. Advisory Team Materials are also being incorporated into the GW-MATE toolkit and disseminated broadly to stakeholders through various events. Earth observation can help uncover environmental impacts over time in key ecological zones, such as the deep waters off Mexico’s Yucatán Peninsula. preparing the private sector to potentially offer similar The morning workshop was well attended by Bank technologies to the expanding sanitation market. staff and connected to offices in Yerevan and Lusaka. The evening workshop connected 30 participants 4.2.2. A VIEW FROM SPACE: REMOTE SENSING in Beijing, Hanoi, and Jakarta, including Bank staff, TOOLS FOR WATER, FOOD AND FLOODS government officials, and researchers. Both sessions CHAPTER FOUR: BEYOND RESULTS KNOWLEDGE, CAPACITY BUILDING, PARTNERSHIPS, AND PROGRAM IMPACT resulted in a rich exchange of information and a lively Remote sensing tools, or Earth observation tools, are discussion on prospective uses of Earth observation becoming a more viable option for helping developing tools in Bank-funded projects. countries make decisions regarding water resources management. The Netherlands has pioneered the use 4.2.3. WATER AND ICT: CALLING ALL HACKERS of remote sensing and its experts are global leaders in applying such tools for multiple water-related Green growth requires innovative thinking. Promoting applications. The technology offers developing countries low-cost technology that yields great benefits a sound way to verify ground data on precipitation and becomes imperative for scaling up green growth temperature for a host of applications, including climate strategies. The WPP fosters innovation by providing modeling and forecasting. incentives for water teams to work with technology gurus to find new solutions. In April 2011, a Dutch Mission Delegation on Water and Climate Services2 hosted a two day workshop at To find innovative solutions to water and sanitation the Bank on remote sensing applications. Technical development challenges, the World Bank relied on experts presented on two main topics: (1) water, the support of the WPP and other partners to reach agriculture, and food security, and (2) flood protection out to new and rather unlikely partners. Computer and risk management. Experts in water, agriculture, programmers, designers, and other information and food security discussed two technologies for technology specialists were invited by the World Bank determining the best irrigation scheme (as already and various technology partners to compete for 48 applied to the Nile basin) and for forecasting crop hours in 10 cities around the world. Their aim was to yields. They also discussed the cost of satellite data create the easily deployable, scalable, and sustainable and how such tools can be applied to the developing technological tools that respond to specific water country context. The second session on flood and sanitation challenges in developing countries. protection and risk management included information The Water Hackathon was the first-ever convening on tools that have informed river flow forecasting in of software developers and designers focused on China, micro-insurance systems for African farmers, addressing real life water, sanitation, irrigation, flood, and early warning systems for fires in Indonesia. and water resource management challenges. These 52 FIGURE 8 - WATER HACKATHON STATS PARTICIPANT DEMOGRAPHICS 813,959 volunteer programming hours 82% 18% 73% gender under age 30 922 people registered 507 attended 67% participants were working on their (60% of registrants) project 3 months after the event challenges were defined by water specialists from inside and outside the World Bank as well as utilities, civil society groups, citizens, and other stakeholders. BOX 13 - WPP OUTREACH This effort demonstrated the ability of the Bank The WPP partnered with to work with stakeholders in a different way, as a National Geographic for an matchmaker of real time innovation to solve problems event to educate participants directly. The openness of the approach attracted about National Geographic’s considerable attention, from within the water experience in putting community and from the press, blogs, and social together the 2010 Special media that traditionally do not feature water content. Issue on Water. One of the Half of the more than 900 attendees participated biggest challenges in the virtually, and 70 percent of them were under the age sector is communicating the of 30 (see figure 8). right messages to the right audiences and inducing Several concerted follow-up activities were planned changes in behavior. About 150 World Bank staff, to support winning teams with incubation and further including communicators and project managers, took opportunities to engage with their water counterparts. part in a presentation illustrating which communication In some cases, this has led to financing for start- techniques and graphic representations were most ups and the recruitment of local developers by appropriate for specific messages and audiences. The governments. These early successes raise several WPP plans to strengthen its collaboration with the questions about which partners need to be involved National Geographic team to develop appealing ways in tackling the water challenges of the 21st century, of communicating water messages for larger Program the value of open data, and the process by which the activities such as those working at the nexus of water, sector can attract new innovation. food, and energy. 53 4.3. WPP IMPACT: INFLUENCING PROJECTS, BOX 14 - $1 MILLION LEVERAGED FOR SANITATION IN CAMEROON BENEFITING PEOPLE In Cameroon, the WPP leveraged a partnership with the Bill The Water Partnership Program’s portfolio of activities for and Melinda Gates Foundation, which is likely to result in a 2009 to 2011 is influencing almost $11.5 billion in Bank $1 million fund to strengthen the sanitation market in Douala. financing.3 This figure almost doubles to $20.1 billion The WPP-funded Cameroon sanitation strategy formed the when total project costs are included. Each dollar of WPP basis for stronger government-led donor coordination in funding has an impact on $710 in Bank lending and the sanitation sector in that country, and is likely to attract $1,240 of total project costs (including the borrower’s additional donor financing to this underserved sector. counterpart contributions and any other sources of financing).4 A complete list of all Bank projects influenced by WPP funding is included in annex VI. The Water Partnership Program impacts the lives of the Table 5 provides a regional breakdown of the WPP’s poor by supporting projects that expand and improve support to lending. Thirty-two percent of Bank loan access to water supply and sanitation. Between 2009 amounts influenced by the WPP relate to projects in and 2011 WPP support has influenced projects that have South Asia. WPP activities support the highest number or will benefit nearly 52 million people in 26 countries, of investment projects in Latin America and the more than 17 million of whom live in Africa. This estimate Caribbean (27), with an average loan amount of $83 reflects only those beneficiaries with improved access million. In Africa, the Program is influencing 19 projects to, or improved quality of, water supply and sanitation with an average loan amount of $131 million, while the services as a result of Bank project implementation. It 14 influenced projects in South Asia show the largest includes only those projects linked to WPP activities that average loan amount of $265 million. are considered to have a downstream impact on Bank lending.5 About 39 percent of the 96 loans linked to WPP activities track indicators and targets for improved CHAPTER FOUR: BEYOND RESULTS KNOWLEDGE, CAPACITY BUILDING, PARTNERSHIPS, AND PROGRAM IMPACT water supply and sanitation services (see annex VI for a full list of linked projects). TABLE 5 - WPP SUPPORT TO WORLD BANK PROJECTS BY REGION Bank Lending Amount Total Project Costs Region Loan amount % of total Dollar support Project amount % of total costs Dollar support influenced amount per WPP dollar influenced influenced by per WPP dollar ($ M) influenced by ($ M) WPP WPP AFR 2,494 22 487 3,987 20 779 EAP 1,396 12 607 2,677 13 1,165 ECA 625 5 321 1,220 6 627 LCR 2,244 20 837 3,504 17 1,307 MNA 1,012 9 525 1,710 9 887 SAR 3,717 32 1,688 6,954 35 3,159 Program Total 11,487 100 710 20,051 100 1,240 * Total project costs may be covered by several sources in addition to World Bank resources, including funding from other donors and trust funds, as well as the country’s own budget. 54 CHAPTER FIVE WPP PHASE II: TOWARDS A SUSTAINED AND WATER SECURE WORLD 55 The first phase of the Water Partnership Program was ensuring that water considerations are mainstreamed successful in meeting donor and client objectives. The into strategies or project designs in agriculture, urban second phase will continue to make vital contributions development, energy, and disaster risk management. toward improved water resources management and Track 2 will be used to pilot strategic activities in key water services delivery. The scope of work undertaken river basins, deltas, and countries in anticipation of in Phase II will be different from that of Phase I in five future investments needs. Longer timeframes for systematic ways. activities and more financial resources will allow for better and more comprehensive data collection and First, Phase II will add a third objective: the analysis, which will lead to better investment planning mainstreaming of water services and management and more robust decision making. in climate resilient, green growth. This objective complements the Program’s current demand-driven Third, the new phase will institutionalize a approach by bringing a new vision to better address comprehensive monitoring and evaluation framework the changing global landscape. Activities will support that will enhance the Program’s accountability for green growth as a strategy for achieving water, food, results. The team is developing a database and M&E and energy security. plan that will more accurately capture the results and impacts of the activities and of the overall program. Second, a new, programmatic window will be added This will allow the World Bank and the WPP donors to the Program’s seven regional windows and the to assess how the Program succeeds in achieving Water Expert Team. Activities under the new window its overarching goal. At the same time, it will facilitate will enable longer-term, larger, and more focused internal monitoring of WPP operations to guarantee interventions in key areas and on key topics. These that its activities are implemented in a timely, efficient, activities will follow one of two tracks. Track 1 will and effective manner. support water-enabled growth in other sectors by CHAPTER FIVE: WPP PHASE II: TOWARDS A SUSTAINED AND WATER SECURE WORLD 56 WPP will also implement a comprehensive results t &YUFSOBM1MBUGPSNT The WPP will leverage external framework that encompasses a variety of measurable platforms and knowledge. The Global Water indicators to track various outcomes and impacts. Partnership has a skill set that complements A database is being designed to capture, in a the work of the WPP. While the GWP has a standardized and systematic way, the impact of WPP comparative advantage in advocating for policy activities as well as the impact of World Bank projects reform and improved governance in the water and that were influenced by those activities. Another environment arenas, the WPP provides more on- important step in the design will be optimizing the the-ground support to specific Bank interventions technical interface between the WPP database and at the project level. WPP will continue to support other existing Bank data repositories. The database the Alliance for Global Water Adaptation (AGWA), will facilitate the summation of heterogeneous which aims to assist countries in building resilience indicators across subsectors, showing how the to climate change impacts in water. AGWA works Program achieves targets for water resources to operationalize and implement climate change management, water supply and sanitation, and green adaptation in water through support to capacity growth. This exercise will be instrumental in helping building, international policy, and adaptation the task team leaders of the projects that receive finance. WPP support to identify concrete and measurable indicators. Ultimately, it will provide incentives for the t 5FDIOJDBM1BSUOFSTIJQTIn March, the Bank design of results-driven projects. signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the U.S. Department of State to support developing Fourth, this new phase will also promote the design countries in fighting water scarcity and poor water of particular global programs to strengthen the use of quality. Six working groups have already been innovative methods, tools, and technologies in Bank formed, including for remote sensing, water supply lending. A program on remote sensing is envisioned and sanitation, and water resources management. that will partner global experts with Bank teams The United States is engaging a cadre of technical to implement the use of this technology in Bank organizations to take part in the planned efforts. At lending for floods, water resources management, and the WPP activity level, the MoU will have an impact agricultural water management. on translating international expertise on earth observation systems into better Bank projects. The Finally, Phase II will foster greater and stronger WPP will form partnerships with groups like the partnerships with donors, external organizations, and European Space Agency and Australia’s National internal networks. This partnership strategy seeks Science Agency to integrate remote sensing to leverage the unique knowledge and resources of data into Bank projects. This information will myriad sector practitioners who have much to offer at complement ground data so that more accurate the level of the Water Partnership Program as well as models can be developed for water, climate, and at the level of individual activities. The WPP will broker food applications. The WPP will also use the MoU knowledge exchanges, introduce clients to private as a platform for capacity building events at the sector technologies, and improve aid effectiveness by program level. coordinating its activities with others in and outside the Bank. The WPP will leverage: t *OUFSOBM/FUXPSLTThe Program will promote results-based financing in water through linkages t %POPS,OPXMFEHFThe WPP will engage its with the Global Partnership on Output Based donors as partners in developing solutions to Aid (GPOBA)1 and private sector participation water challenges. The Partnership will ensure that through coordinating with the Public Private bilateral programs funded by donor organizations Infrastructure Advisory Facility. The Water and are informed about its activities. This will enable Sanitation Program (WSP) and WPP will continue the sharing of data, experiences, and knowledge to coordinate their activities in countries where tools that will support greater aid effectiveness the WSP is active. The WPP will also work and more efficient, projects. The WPP will bring in across sectors to avoid overlaps with groups like this expertise to conduct joint workshops in client Cooperation in International Waters in Africa, the countries. Global Agriculture and Food Security Program, the South Asia Water Initiative, the Cities Alliance, and the ESMAP, among others. 57 CHAPTER FIVE: WPP PHASE II: TOWARDS A SUSTAINED AND WATER SECURE WORLD 58 ANNEX I PORTFOLIO OVERVIEW: GEOGRAPHICAL AND SECTORAL DISTRIBUTION OF WPP ACTIVITIES 59 Now in its third year of operations, the Water Partnership In line with the original strategic work plans prepared Program has approved 214 activities, of which 125 have by every window in the beginning of the Program, WPP been completed.1 WPP is currently financing activities financial resources are fairly equally distributed between in 62 countries, in addition to its 27 regional and 25 water supply and sanitation and water resources global initiatives. Although the geographic distribution of management, which account for 34 percent and 53 WPP activities is widespread across the Bank’s regions, percent of approved budgets, respectively. The sectoral regional demands have led to more activities in a select distribution of WPP activities approved since inception is number of larger client countries.2 shown in figure I.2. In comparison with approved activities until December 2010, activities for water resources As shown in table I.1 and figure I.1, Africa receives both the management and urban water supply and sanitation largest allocation of WPP resources and has the greatest increased in 2011, while the four WSS subsectors number of activities. The regional activities in Africa have combined show a relative decrease. This is in line with grown from 4 in 2009 to 8 in 2010, and 10 in 2011. As in the increased attention for managing water resources the previous years, the WPP exceeded its target for Africa; including the effects of climate change, both inside and from inception until 2011, 33.9 percent of funding was outside the World Bank. approved for activities in, or affecting, Africa. The overall allocation of the WPP budget is shown in table I.1. FIGURE I.1- GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF WPP TABLE I.1 - TOTAL BUDGET ALLOCATIONS PER WPP ACTIVITIES THROUGH 2011 (NUMBER OF ACTIVITIES)3 WINDOW THROUGH 2011 Window Budget allocations ($ M) % AFR 4,548,250 19.4 Global 25 EAP 2,151,250 9.2 Africa ECA 2,019,375 8.6 SAR 52 25 LAC 2,106,806 9.0 MNA 2,019,375 8.6 MNA 16 SAR 1,942,875 8.3 EAP 23 WBI 400,000 1.7 LCR WA/GP 2,139,583 9.1 49 EAC 25 ESTs (incl. WET) 4,099,748 17.5 WPP PM 2,000,000 8.5 Grand Total 23,427,262 100 FIGURE I.2- SECTORAL DISTRIBUTION OF WPP ACTIVITIES (% OF APPROVED BUDGETS) Total WSS: Water Resources Management 34.2 7.6 Agricultural Water Management 2.3 7.3 Water for Energy Environmental Services 17 52.9 Water Supply and Sanitation-Urban Water Supply and Sanitation-Town 8.8 2.5 Water Supply and Sanitation-Rural 1.5 Water Supply and Sanitation-Sanitation * This figure does not include $235,000 for cross-sectoral knowledge products. ANNEX 60 ANNEX II FINANCIAL SUMMARY 61 This annex provides financial information on donor II.1 DONOR CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE WPP contributions, activity approvals, disbursements and commitments, and program management costs. A Total contributions from the three WPP donors (the detailed description of the finances of the Expert Netherlands’ Directorate-General for International Support Teams (ESTs) is provided as well. A total of Cooperation, DGIS, the United Kingdom’s Department 214 activities (including 92 for ESTs) were approved for International Development, DfID, and the Danish from Program inception to December 2011, totaling International Development Agency, DANIDA) amount $19.6 million. One hundred and twenty-five of those to $23.8 million (see table II.1). In addition to these activities have already been closed. Fifty-six new direct contributions, the WPP also received $2.7 activities were approved in 2011. When program million from two water trust funds managed by the management activities are included, approved Bank and supported by the Netherlands (BNWP and and proposed activities increase to $22.5 million, BWNPP) that were closed in 2009. representing 96.1 percent of the total grant. TABLE II.1 - OVERVIEW OF DONOR CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE WPP Donor currency USD Contributions to the WPP Date of tranche Currency Amt pledged Amt received Amt received Denmark (DANIDA) First tranche 12/15/08 DKK 7,250,000 7,250,000 1,331,423 Second tranche 07/15/09 DKK 7,250,000 7,250,000 1,375,607 Third tranche 11/18/10 DKK 7,250,000 7,250,000 1,324,322 Fourth tranche 08/26/11 DKK 7,250,000 7,250,000 1,406,347 DANIDA Total DKK 29,000,000 29,000,000 5,437,699 United Kingdom (DfID) First tranche 01/12/09 GBP 750,000 750,000 1,094,250 Second tranche 06/17/09 GBP 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,621,400 Third tranche 12/28/09 GBP 250,000 250,000 400,063 Fourth tranche 04/10/10 GBP 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,514,000 DfID Total GBP 3,000,000 3,000,000 4,629,713 Netherlands (DGIS) First tranche 01/27/09 USD 4,000,000 4,000,000 4,000,000 Second tranche 08/05/09 USD 7,000,000 7,000,000 7,000,000 Balance from BNWP/P 09/23/10 USD 2,734,759 2,734,759 2,734,759 DGIS Total USD 13,734,759 13,734,759 13,734,759 Total contributions to the WPP 23,802,171 Admin fee (2% of contirbutions) 476,043 Investment income (as of January 2011) 342,874 Total budget available to the Program 23,669,001 ANNEX 62 II.2 OVERVIEW OF WPP ALLOCATIONS, ACTIVITY graph also reflects the yearly cycle in the World Bank, with less activity at the beginning of the fiscal year in July. PROPOSALS, APPROVALS, AND DISBURSEMENTS As of December 2011, the ESTs and Water Anchor/ The Program has disbursed $12.8 million since Global Projects window (WA/GP), as well as the it began. This amount increases to $15.9 million SAR, MNA, and LCR windows had disbursed and/ when commitments are included (disbursements for or committed more than 80 percent of the amount program management of $1.2 million are excluded). allocated to approved activities (see table II.3). The pace of disbursements and commitments in 2011 The WBI windows clearly lagged behind in levels has increased slightly compared to 2010, which had of commitments and disbursements. The largest risen considerably compared to 2009 (see figure II.1). disbursements were for the ESTs and for Africa. WPP disbursements in 2010 equaled $6.2 million, while 2011 disbursements reached $6.7 million. The As of December 31, 2011, 122 WPP activities and pace of disbursement is expected to continue to grow 92 EST activities totaling $19.6 million had been until mid-2012 when the first phase of the Water approved (see table II.2), and the pipeline of proposed Partnership Program comes to an end. The summer of activities equaled $0.9 million. All regions/windows 2012 might show a slower disbursement rate linked have had their proposals approved and/or submitted to the establishment of the second WPP phase. proposals for a large portion of their allocations, ranging from 82 to 97 percent. Second and third Figure II.1 also shows the additional budget allocation to in the ranking of activity by window are the Africa the WPP windows in October 2010 and the additional window (23) and the Latin America and Caribbean allocation to the WET in January 2011. The disbursement window (22). FIGURE II.1 - MONTHLY BUDGET ALLOCATIONS, ACTIVITY APPROVALS, AND DISBURSEMENTS (USD MILLION) 25 20 15 10 5 0 Jan'09 Mar'09 May'09 Jul'09 Sep'09 Nov'09 Jan'10 Mar'10 May'10 Jul'10 Sep'10 Nov'10 Jan'11 Mar'11 May'11 Jul'11 Sep'11 Nov'11 Total Disbursements Individual Budget (ex. commitments: Approved Allocations to $3.0 M on 31-12-2011) Activities WPP Windows 63 FIGURE II.2 - OVERALL BUDGET, APPROVED AND PIPELINE ACTIVITY AMOUNTS AND EXPENDITURES PER WPP WINDOW (USD MILLION) 5 4 3 2 1 0 AFR EAP ECA LCR MNA SAR WBI WA/GP ESTs Overall Budget Approved amount Disbursements + commitments Pipeline amount *Pipeline activities are those for which an application has been initialed in the GFR system. This includes both draft proposals that have not yet been submitted to the WPP and proposals that have been returned for revision. TABLE II.2 - APPROVED ACTIVITY BUDGETS, RECEIPTS, AND EXPENDITURES BY WINDOW Window Approved Amount Disbursements Commitments Disbursement + Commitments (in USD) (in USD) (in USD) USD % of Appr. Amount AFR 4,429,489 2,853,322 431,951 3,285,273 74.2 EAP 2,015,477 1,267,627 229,388 1,497,014 74.3 ECA 1,556,372 1,033,856 151,712 1,185,568 76.2 LCR 1,961,679 1,403,895 205,704 1,609,598 82.1 MNA 1,763,393 666,529 785,494 1,452,024 82.3 SAR 1,850,272 1,259,315 346,413 1,605,728 86.8 WBI 330,000 81,897 17,420 99,317 30.1 WA/GP 1,756,941 1,010,301 552,496 1,562,797 88.9 ESTs 3,979,942 3,271,945 368,169 3,640,114 91.5 TOTAL 19,643,565 12,848,687 3,088,747 15,937,434 81.1 Note: WPP PM disbursements amount $1,166,741 (8.3% of total disbursements) ANNEX 64 TABLE II.3 - OVERVIEW OF WPP PROPOSALS AND BUDGET ALLOCATIONS BY WINDOW Window Proposals (in USD) WPP Budget Available % of No. of Draft (a) Submitted/under Approved (c) Total allocations amount budget appr revision (b) (a+b+c) (in USD) (in USD) subm/appr prop. AFR 50,000 0 4,429,489 4,479,489 4,548,250 68,761 97.4 23 EAP 0 58,500 2,015,477 2,073,977 2,151,250 77,273 96.4 17 ECA 320,000 100,000 1,556,372 1,976,372 2,019,375 43,003 82.0 10 LCR 110,000 0 1,961,679 2,071,679 2,106,806 35,127 93.1 22 MNA 50,000 0 1,763,393 1,813,393 2,019,375 205,982 87.3 12 SAR 0 0 1,850,272 1,850,272 1,942,875 92,603 95.2 18 WBI 0 0 330,000 330,000 400,000 70,000 82.5 2 WA/GP 0 116,000 1,756,941 1,872,941 2,139,583 266,642 87.5 18 EST 77,000 0 3,979,942 4,056,942 4,099,748 42,806 97.1 92 Total 607,000 274,500 19,643,565 20,525,065 21,427,262 902,197 93.0 214 WPP PM 2,000,000 TABLE II.4 - DETAILED FINANCIAL OVERVIEW OF ESTS GW-MATE HEF SWAT WET TOTAL Overall budget (in USD) 1,060,460 962,627 595,855 1,480,806 4,099,748 TOTALS APPROVED ACTIVITIES & PM No. of approved activities (in USD) 19 30 10 33 92 Total approved amt (in USD) 1,060,460 962,627 595,855 1,361,000 3,979,942 Total commitments + disbursements (in USD) 1,060,460 962,627 595,855 1,021,172 3,640,114 Total available budget (in USD) 0 0 0 119,806 119,806 % available budget of overall budget 0 0 0 8.1 2.9 % approved of overall budget 100.0 100.0 100.0 91.9 97.1 % comm+disb of overall budget 100.0 100.0 100.0 69.0 88.8 TOTALS PIPELINE ACTIVITIES No. of pipeline activities 0 0 0 1 1 Pipeline amt (in USD) 0 0 0 77,000 77,000 65 II.3 DETAILED OVERVIEW OF EST FINANCIALS II.4 FINANCIAL SUMMARY OF PROGRAM MANAGEMENT Ninety-two EST activities were approved as of WPP management costs include costs incurred by the December 31, 2011, for a total amount of $4.0 million. Program Management Team and the Bank’s technical This includes both the three closed ESTs (GW-MATE, experts who provide strategic advice and support to HEF, and SWAT) and the new WET (which resulted the Water Partnership Program. In addition to staff and from the merger of the three existing services). consultant costs, this category encompasses costs associated with WPP donor coordination, outreach Of all the windows, the EST window has disbursed and communications, monitoring and evaluation, and/or committed the most: over $3.6 million since the and dissemination activities (website, brochure, start of the Program. This represents over 88.8 percent publications, etc.). of the budget allocated to the ESTs. Table II.4 provides a detailed financial overview of all four ESTs (GW- Program management (PM) costs remained low in 2011. MATE, HEF, SWAT, and WET) that received funding In total, 8.3 percent of all disbursements were related to through the WPP. PM, which is still well below the 9 percent cap.4 Figure II.3 shows EST approvals, and commitments The WPP Legal Agreement establishes that Bank staff plus disbursement of funds by region. The differences costs5 under the Program should not exceed fifteen are noteworthy: Africa and Latin America and the percent (15 percent) of total donor contributions. This Caribbean account for over 20 percent of the includes staff costs for Program management, for approvals and commitments plus disbursements. supervision of WPP activities in the regions, WBI and the Water Anchor, and for technical review of work plans and proposals. From the beginning of the program, the Water Partnership Program has spent 14.3 percent of total disbursements on staff costs, which is well within the agreed range. Overall, the Program has been very cost-efficient in its administration, benefiting from the solid management and monitoring systems put in place at Program inception. FIGURE II.3 - EST APPROVALS AND EXPENDITURES BY REGION (USD MILLION) 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 AFR EAP ECA LCR MNA SAR Global Approved amount Disbursements + commitments ANNEX 66 ANNEX III LIST OF WPP AND EST ACTIVITIES 67 WPP GFR # Activity name Country / Approved region amount Africa (AFR) Region 2829 Impact analysis of WSS policy and investments in Uganda Uganda $108,000 3001 Documenting the experience of public-private/public-public partnerships in Tanzania $135,000 urban water supply 3017 Public Expenditure Reviews in WSS in West and Central Africa Regional $540,000 3121 Technical Support to Improve Monitoring and Evaluation of the SWAp Pro- Tanzania $54,697 grams: Tanzania 3144 Documenting Senegal and Burkina Faso Sanitation Successful Experiences Senegal, $209,700 Burkina Faso 3229 Cameroon Development of Sanitation Strategy Cameroon $500,000 3355 Small Town Water and Sanitation Systems in Zimbabwe Zimbabwe $52,000 3546 Supply Chain study in Ethiopia Ethiopia $43,931 3692 Support to the Agriculture Water Partnership Program: Promotion and Regional $229,964 Investment Support 4321 Support to Cooperative Management of Water Resources in Ghana Ghana $175,000 4431 Zambezi Basin - Risk-based Analysis of Water Investment Options Regional $81,691 4729 Southern Africa Water Resources Development Program Regional $100,000 5178 Kenya - Water Resources Assessment Kenya $123,600 5467 Restoration of a Fragile and Unique Lower Kihansi Gorge Ecosystem Tanzania $83,000 5904 Review of the implementing agencies for water sector support in Tanzania Tanzania $100,000 5923 Support to the Africa Agriculture Water Partnership Program 2 Regional $150,986 5927 Documentation and Dissemination of RWSS Multi Village Schemes Ethiopia $135,096 6025 Transboundary River Basin Management: A review of selected cases in Regional $54,940 Africa 6967 Malawi Water Sector Investment Program Malawi $354,760 6982 Regional ESW on Future Urban Water Management in Large African Cities Regional $300,000 7512 Cooperation in International Waters - Lessons from Africa Regional $192,300 9643 TA to Develop a River Basin Plan for Sanaga River Basin in Cameroon Cameroon $100,000 (scoping phase) 8598 Gambia Basin River Project - Climate Change Adaptation Regional $150,000 East Asia & Pacific (EAP) Region 3481 China Country Water Resources Partnership Strategy China $152,000 3482 Revision of National Guidelines on Dam (Reservoir) Safety Management and China $142,000 Risk-Informed Dam Safety Management 3490 China Rural Waste Water Management Study China $71,984 3491 Application of Consumption (ET)-based Water Rights System in Turfan River China $70,620 Basin in China 3492 Study on Water Pricing for WUA Sustainability in China China $82,000 3494 Training Program on EIA of Cascade Dam China $32,000 3502 Non Revenue Water in China China $1,623 3504 Review and Upgrade of National Design Codes in relation to Urban Water China $117,000 Supply and Drainage 3513 Protection of Groundwater in Southern Mongolia Mongolia $63,000 3567 Technical Assistance for water resources management adaptation to climate Vietnam $180,000 change in Vietnam Mekong Delta ANNEX 68 WPP GFR # Activity name Country / Approved region amount 4005 East Asia and Pacific Regional Water and Wastewater Sector Review Regional $90,000 4581 Small Water Providers Work for the Poor Philippines $90,000 5876 Preparation for Water Supply Sector Investments Road Map Indonesia $135,000 7027 Update of Economic and Financial Review on China’s WSS Sector Regional $72,500 7509 China - Water Sector from Middle to High Income Country Regional $247,500 7659 China Shaanxi-Yanan Water Supply and Integrated Water Resource Man- China $72,000 agement 7661 EAP - Vulnerability and WRM: Analytical Work on Green WRM Regional $181,125 Europe & Central Asia (ECA) Region 3704 Sava River Basin Water and Climate Change Adaptation Regional $100,000 3902 Developing Urban Water Resources Management Strategy for the ECA Azerbaijan $310,000 Region 3946 Safety and Operational Efficiency of Dams in Central Asia (Dam Safety As- Regional $105,150 sessment in AmuDarya Basin) 4583 Developing an ECA Irrigation Strategy Regional $139,000 4588 Bosnia and Herzegovina - Vrbas Integrated Water - Energy Study Bosnia and $95,000 Herzegovina 4603 Rapid Assessment of Pollution Hotspots for the Adriatic Sea Regional $150,000 4776 Kosovo Water Sector Assessment Kosovo $140,000 5012 Achievement of Water Security through Strengthening of so-called Water Macedonia $100,000 Economies 5768 Albania Water Sector Assessment & Strategy Albania $99,285 8745 Lessons for successful reforms of urban water and sanitation sectors in Regional $120,000 ECA region Latin America & Caribbean (LAC) Region 2866 Interactive Management of Water Knowledge Regional $75,000 2985 Piloting Integrated Urban Water Resources Management in key Latin Ameri- Regional $410,000 can urban areas 3100 Potential for Wastewater Reuse in Bolivia: Pilot Case Studies and Lessons Bolivia $68,182 for National-Level Strategies 3464 Strategic Regional Basin Planning for the Rio Bogota Project Colombia $30,729 3525 Strengthening municipal regulation of sanitation services in Sao Luis Brazil $11,336 3742 Supporting Integrated, Participatory, Basin-Scale WRM in Peru Peru $90,000 3864 Brazil Irrigation Brazil $113,663 4502 TA for the development of a rural information system in Central America - Nicaragua $92,000 Components 5 and 7 4536 Disaster Risk Management for Water and Sanitation Systems in Costa Rica Costa Rica $90,000 4808 Cusco +10 - Challenges of Rural Water and Sanitation after a decade Peru $46,763 4908 DR Disaster Risk Management: Institutional Analysis and Development Sup- Dominican $144,301 port for Hydrological modeling and the National Hydrometeorological early Republic warning network 4937 Documentation and dissemination of proven management models for Multi Brazil $126,000 Village/Small Town Schemes in Brazil 5027 Training Program for Water Resources Management Modeling in Colombia Colombia $45,155 69 WPP GFR # Activity name Country / Approved region amount 5037 Mexico: Enhancing Capacity of Water Utilities for Integrated Water Resourc- Mexico $34,582 es Management 5125 Local Financing of Utilities Phase 2 - Improving capacity of Peruvian water Peru $45,491 utilities to access local financing 5321 Development of a River Basin Management Framework for Climate Change Regional $49,732 Resilience in the Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) 5407 Peru - Agricultural drainage - maintenance equipment and rehabilitation Peru $41,270 needs in selected valleys 5566 Brazil WSS utility’s regulation capacity assessment Brazil $100,000 6199 Workshop on Strengthening Risk Management in the Water Sector Colombia $22,954 6485 Chile - Water Resources Assessment: Groundwater regulations, Water Mar- Chile $48,242 kets and Water Users Organizations 8088 Workshops for hydro-climatic and water demand analysis in a Climate Brazil $100,000 Change context in two pilot river basins of North East Brazil 9382 Litter management strategies and their application to integrated urban wa- Colombia $50,000 tershed management and drainage and flood protection investments Middle East & North Africa (MNA) Region 3193 Egypt Groundwater Management Egypt $8,400 3310 South-south experience sharing between Morocco and Brazil in sanitation Morocco $65,191 3582 Survey and Assessment of private water providers in Sanaa, Yemen Yemen $41,190 3775 Strengthening Capacity to Adapt to Climate Change Impacts on Water Man- Morocco $100,000 agement - Morocco National Downscaling Study 3797 Water Resources Management Yemen Yemen $58,674 3839 Downstream impact of wastewater treatment systems: A study of Egypt Egypt $118,000 3895 Water and Wastewater Management in Iraq Iraq $105,000 4075 Assessing the effects of farm-level irrigation modernization on water avail- Egypt $200,000 ability and yields 5575 Middle East and North Africa Regional Water Outlook Regional $535,000 5853 NRW reduction in MENA Regional $125,000 7991 Pricing Irrigation Water in the Jordan Valley Jordan $155,000 8884 Performance Assessment in Water and Sewerage Utilities in MENA Regional $50,000 South Asia (SAR) Region 2930 Bangladesh Water Sector Institutional Assessment Bangladesh $119,999 3026 Modernizing Hydrologic Applications in India India $91,893 3115 Quantifying the Economic Returns to Reliable Irrigation Infrastructure Invest- India $50,700 ments in Rural India 3158 Sri Lanka - Technical Study on Water and Sanitation Services Delivery in the Sri Lanka $95,237 Plantation Estate 3258 Maharashtra Urban Water Suply and Sanitation Reform Program India $36,756 3266 Improving energy efficiency in urban water sector: a scoping study for India India $80,000 3356 Reform of Punjab urban water sector Pakistan $48,430 3581 Review of Strategy for Small Town Water Supply in Sri Lanka Sri Lanka $33,279 3831 Water Sector Improvement in Maharashtra: Supporting Path-Breaking Re- India $132,040 forms in Water Resources Regulation & River Basin Management in India ANNEX 70 WPP GFR # Activity name Country / Approved region amount 5162 Irrigation Reform from Inside: Leadership Development and Change Man- India $60,000 agement in IAMWARM Project 5280 Support to NGRBA for Urban Investments, Services, and Institutional Ar- India $89,652 rangements 5896 Water Resource Management in the Sundarbans Bangladesh $215,000 7516 Assessing the Value of ISO 9001 Quality Management Systems as a India $85,000 Framework for Evaluating Institutional Sustainability at the Water Utility Level and Prospects for Application to the Indian Context 7520 Study on Improving the legal and organizational framework for Indian WSS India $120,000 service providers. Lessons from the electricity sector and best practices. 7702 India Institutional Strengthening of Minor Irrigation Department in Orissa India $108,000 7720 Responsible Sourcing Initiative: Greening the Supply Chain of the Textile Bangladesh $120,000 Industry in Bangladesh 7764 Quantifying Changes in Agricultural Intensification and Expansion in India India $80,000 7993 Strengthening water resource governance in Nepal Nepal $90,000 Water Anchor / Global Programs (WA/GP) 3225 Water and climate change: transboundary aspects Global $42,000 3440 Publications and Websites Global $235,000 3454 PER Mozambique Mozambique $9,097 3462 Lessons Learned PERs in Water Global $40,000 3531 Rural Private Operators Global $26,200 3569 Local Financing of Utilities - development of framework of options and Peru $5,907 recommendations for Peru 3630 Groundwater Governance and Policy Global $135,000 3658 A framework for climate change adaptation at basin and planning levels Global $174,750 3734 Environmental Services KP (Management of Freshwater Ecosystems) Global $24,000 3811 Improving Wastewater Use in Urban Agriculture Global $46,639 3812 Improving Water Management in Rainfed Agriculture Global $25,000 6284 Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change in the Water Sector Global $407,200 6917 Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change in Water Investment Projects: Global $63,890 Approaches for Strengthening Project Analysis 7096 Africa Integrated Urban Water Management Global $100,000 7097 Human Water Security, Infrastructure Planning and Environmental Trade-offs Global $75,000 in Africa 7736 Innovation and Technology in the water practice Global $54,000 9094 Interim guidelines on assessing GHG emissions from reservoirs Global $20,000 9313 Water Hackathon Global $70,000 World Bank Institute (WBI) 3833 Managing Agricultural Water under Climate Challenges Global $110,000 4479 Leading Change in Water Management and Governance WBI Global $180,000 71 GW-MATE Name of activity Region Country Approved amt GW-MATE 01 SADC GW and Drought Management Program AFR Regional $54,674 GW-MATE 02 African Groundwater Policy Dialogue and Awareness Program AFR Regional $52,811 GW-MATE 03 Groundwater Management Strategy AFR Ethiopia $98,298 GW-MATE 04 GW Aspects of Uganda CWRAS, Uganda AFR Uganda $39,922 GW-MATE 05 Strengthening Groundwater Management in Southern Mongolia EAP Mongolia $62,371 GW-MATE 06 China, Piloting groundwater management best practice EAP China $40,442 GW-MATE 07 Improving Groundwater Management in Peru LAC Peru $64,816 GW-MATE 08 Post-GEF Project Review on Ways Forward LAC Argentina, $11,997 Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay GW-MATE 09 Improving Groundwater Management in the States of Rio LAC Brazil $21,307 Grande do Norte and Ceará, Brazil GW-MATE 10 Urban Groundwater Use in Brazil: a critical review of risks and LAC Brazil $15,181 benefits as a basis for policy definition GW-MATE 11 Review and Advice for Groundwater Management Studies, MNA Yemen $29,983 Sana’a Yemen GW-MATE 12 Conference on Integrated WRM and Sustainable Devt, Morocco MNA Morocco $14,807 GW-MATE 13 Support IDA in supervising groundwater management in Yemen MNA Yemen $28,383 Water SWAP GW-MATE 14 Support for strategic groundwater management for Dhaka SAR Bangladesh $64,654 watershed within overall national framework GW-MATE 15 Enhancing Dissemination and Impact of India Groundwater SAR India $345 AAA findings GW-MATE 16 Andra Pradesh Drought Adaptation Initiative SAR India $21,978 GW-MATE 17 GWMATE, Generic Knowledge Products, Strategy Papers and Global Global $176,388 Dissemination GW-MATE 18 GW-MATE Business Development, outreach and coordination Global Global $23,391 GW-MATE 19 GW Governance and Policy Global Global $53,474 SWAT Name of activity Region Country Approved amt SWAT 01 Cameroun SWAT III Urban Sanitation Support AFR Cameroun $62,294 SWAT 02 Laos Hospital Wastewater Work EAP Laos $13,287 SWAT 03 Mongolia Ger Sanitation EAP Mongolia $53,546 SWAT 04 Tajikistan Secondary Town Sanitation ECA Tajikistan $23,200 SWAT 05 Georgia - Rural Sanitation Consultancy ECA Georgia $43,676 SWAT 06 Haiti SWAT III Rural Sanitation Support LAC Haiti $57,148 SWAT 07 Ecuador Rural Sanitation Evaluation LAC Ecuador $30,962 SWAT 08 Support for Panama Handwashing Initiative LAC Panama $12,794 SWAT 09 Morocco Waste Stabilization Pond Review MNA Morocco $31,321 SWAT 10 India Ganga Upstream Sewer Review SAR India $38,392 ANNEX 72 HEF Name of activity Region Country Approved amt HEF 01 Ethiopia Tana & Beles IWRM AFR Ethiopia $96,229 HEF 02 Rusumo Falls water resources management AFR Tanzania, Rwan- $6,300 da, Burundi HEF 03 Mali and Nigeria watershed management AFR Mali, Nigeria $18,170 HEF 04 Ghana Flood Hazard Assessment AFR Ghana $15,021 HEF 05 Vietnam - Trung Son PMF calculation EAP Vietnam $36,109 HEF 07 China sludge incineration plant EAP China $5,288 HEF 08 Montenegro Lake Skadar Pipeline Assessment ECA Montenegro $15,681 HEF 09 Montenegro-Albania Lake Skadar-Shkoder ECA Montenegro, $36,119 Albania HEF 10 Albania disaster risk hydrometeorology ECA Albania $28,100 HEF 11 Central Asia water-energy modeling and analysis ECA Kazakhstan $23,306 HEF 12 Georgia regional wastewater management strategy for selected ECA Georgia $30,814 cities and towns HEF 13 Moldova disaster risk hydrometeorology ECA Moldova $43,320 HEF 14 Central Asia Hydrometeorology ECA Regional $3,144 HEF 15 Bolivia Lake Titicaca outfall design LAC Bolivia $56,747 HEF 16 Bolivia climate modeling and adaptation LAC Bolivia $5,075 HEF 17 Rio Grande do Norte Integrated Water Resources Project LAC Brazil $13,130 HEF 18 Brazil Federated Integrated Water Resources Project - Intera- LAC Brazil $45,062 guas HEF 19 Modernization of hydro-meteorological services in Mexico LAC Mexico $56,901 HEF 20 Mexico climate change for the Yacqui valley LAC Mexico $25,248 HEF 21 Colombia Water Resources Management Modeling LAC Colombia $24,515 HEF 22 Yemen Water Sector Support Project (WSSP) MNA Yemen $17,857 HEF 23 Morocco global climate change and hydrology modeling + MNA Morocco $16,624 HYDROMET HEF 24 India - India hydrology 2 project SAR India $33,479 HEF 25 South Asia Water Initiative SAR Regional $10,161 HEF 26 India Ganges River Basin Authority Project SAR India $32,828 HEF 28 HEF Seminars Global Global $927 HEF 29 HEF Publications Global Global $19,848 HEF 30 HEF Note: Watershed and Disaster Management Global Global $30,493 HEF 31 HEF Note: Managing downstream impacts and externalities Global Global $25,263 HEF 32 Mexico COP 16 Global Global $33,268 73 WET Name of activity Region Country Approved amt WET 01 Uganda Water Mgmt & Dev. AFR Uganda $30,000 WET 02 Tana & Beles Integrated Water Resources Development AFR Ethiopia $25,000 WET 03 SADC Groundwater and Drought Management AFR “Botswana $30,000 Mozambiqueâ€? WET 04 Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEW- AFR Nigeria $37,500 MAP) WET 05 Tanzania - Kimbiji Aquifer AFR Tanzania $27,500 WET 06 Mauritius Infrastructure AFR Mauritius $5,000 WET 07 Regional Rusumo Falls AFR Rwanda $15,000 WET 08 Kenya WRM AFR Kenya $30,000 WET 09 Cameroon Sanaga River Basin Plan AFR Cameroon $45,000 WET 10 China Liuzhou Enviromental Management 2 EAP China $45,000 WET 11 China Guangdong EAP China $27,000 WET 12 Lake Skadar-Shkoder Integrated Ecosystem Management ECA Albania, Monte- $25,000 negro WET 13 Aral Sea SYNAS-2 & IDIP-2 ECA Kazakhstan $46,000 WET 14 Tajikistan sedimentation management ECA Tajikistan $40,000 WET 15 Albania HYDROMET ECA Albania $30,000 WET 16 Mexico HYDROMET LCR Mexico $40,000 WET 17 WRM and CC in NE Brazil LCR Brazil $35,000 WET 18 Amazonas LCR Brazil, Peru $50,000 WET 19 Panama Handwashing LCR Panama $17,000 WET 20 Uruguay OSE LCR Uruguay $45,000 WET 21 Argentina Water Sector Policy LCR Argentina $10,000 WET 22 Mexico MoMet LCR Mexico $20,000 WET 23 Bolivia Climate Resilience LCR Bolivia $30,000 WET 24 Peru Irrigation Strategy LCR Peru $15,000 WET 25 Colombia - Barranquilla LCR Colombia $17,000 WET 26 Morocco HydroMet MNA Morocco $20,000 WET 27 Morocco II Oum er Rbia CC MNA Morocco $5,000 WET 28 Rajasthan Rural Water Supply SAR India $25,000 WET 29 Sri Lanka: Metro Colombo Flood and Drainage Management SAR Sri Lanka $35,000 WET 30 Bangladesh CC and Coastal Embankment Improvement SAR Bangladesh $20,000 WET 31 Sri Lanka Dam Safety SAR Sri Lanka $39,000 WET 32 Indonesia WRM SAR Indonesia $30,000 WET 33 WET KM & Dissemination Global Global $50,000 ANNEX 74 ANNEX IV BANK PROJECTS INFLUENCED BY THE WPP 75 Project name Region Country Primary sector Bank lending Total project Project / grants costs (in Status (in million million dollars) dollars) Third National Fadama AFR Nigeria Crops 250.0 425.0 Active Development Project (Fadama III) Irrigation and Drainage Project AFR Ethiopia Irrigation & 100.0 115.0 Active Drainage Lower Kihansi Environmental AFR Tanzania General 3.5 3.5 Closed Management Project 2 agriculture, fishing and forestry GEF Groundwater & Drought AFR Africa Central 7.0 13.3 Closed Management TAL (FY05) government administration Cities and Climate Change AFR Mozambique General water, 120.0 120.0 Active sanitation and flood protectiona Nigeria Scaling Up Sustainable AFR Nigeria Public 6.8 6.8 Active Land Management Practice, Kno administration – Agriculture, fishing, and forestry NELSAP: Regional Rusumo Falls AFR Africa District heating 406.0 496.0 Pipeline Hydroelectric and Multipurpos and energy efficiency services SVP-Additional Grant Financing AFR Africa Power 4.1 4.1 Closed Regional Power Trade - II Sanitation Project AFR Cameroon Sanitation 30.0 39.3 Active Dar es Salaam Water Supply and AFR Tanzania Water supply 61.5 164.6 Closed Sanitation Project Ethiopia Water Supply and AFR Ethiopia Water supply 100.0 120.0 Active Sanitation Project Water Sector Support Project AFR Tanzania Water supply 200.0 951.0 Active Second National Water AFR Malawi Water supply 50.0 173.0 Active Development Project Urban Water Supply and AFR Ethiopia Water supply 100.0 119.0 Active Sanitation Project Water Sector Improvement APL AFR Lesotho Water supply 25.0 31.8 Active Phase II: Metolong Dam and Water Nigeria Erosion and Watershed AFR Nigeria Flood protection 500.0 650.0 Active Management Project Tana & Beles Integrated Water AFR Ethiopia General water, 45.0 70.0 Active Resources Development sanitation and flood protection Kenya - Enhancing Water Security AFR Kenya General water, 350.0 350.0 Pipeline & Climate Resilience sanitation and flood protection ANNEX 76 Project name Region Country Primary sector Bank lending Total project Project / grants costs (in Status (in million million dollars) dollars) Water Management and AFR Uganda General water, 135.0 135.0 Active Development Project sanitation and flood protection VN - Mekong Delta Water EAP Vietnam Irrigation & 160.0 206.6 Active Management for Rural Dev Drainage Water Conservation Project II EAP China Irrigation & 80.0 160.0 Active Drainage Water Resources and Irrigation EAP Indonesia Irrigation & 150.0 202.6 Active Sector Management Program 2 Drainage Health Services Improvement EAP Laos Health 15.0 15.0 Active Project VN-Trung Son Hydropower EAP Vietnam Hydropower 330.0 411.7 Active Project Jiangxi Shihutang Navigation and EAP China Ports, waterways 100.0 319.0 Active Hydropower Complex Project and shipping MN-Mining Infrastructure EAP Mongolia General 25.0 25.0 Active Investment Supp transportation Second Ulaanbaatar Services EAP Mongolia Water supply 18.0 23.0 Closed Improvement Project China: Yan’an Water Supply EAP China Water supply 60.0 147.4 Pipeline Project Guangdong Pearl River Delta EAP China Sewerage 128.0 432.4 Closed Urban Environment Project Shanghai Urban Environment EAP China Sewerage 180.0 434.0 Active APL Phase 2 Liuzhou Environment EAP China Wastewater 150.0 300.0 Active Management Project Phase II Collection and Transportation China: Establishment of EAP China General water, 0.0 0.2 Active Groundwater Management Center sanitation and flood protection Second Irrigation and Drainage ECA Kazakhstan Irrigation & 131.0 438.0 Pipeline Improvement Project Drainage EU Natura 2000 Integration ECA Croatia Forestry 28.8 32.6 Active Project Albania/Montenegro Lake ECA SE Europe & General 4.6 19.8 Active Skhoder Integrated Ecosystem Balkans agriculture, fishing Management and forestrya Disaster and Climate Risk ECA Moldova Public 10.0 10.0 Active Management Project administration– Water, sanitation and flood protection Energy Loss Reduction Project ECA Tajikistan Power 18.0 30.0 Active 77 Project name Region Country Primary sector Bank lending Total project Project / grants costs (in Status (in million million dollars) dollars) Municipal Infrastructure ECA Tajikistan Water supply 15.0 16.5 Active Development Project Water Sector Investment Project ECA Albania Water supply 40.0 84.7 Pipeline Regional & Municipal ECA Georgia Water supply 40.0 65.4 Active Infrastructure Development Project Syr Darya Control and Northern ECA Kazakhstan Flood protection 165.8 325.8 Pipeline Aral Sea Project - Phase II Disaster Risk Mitigation and ECA Albania Flood protection 9.2 10.2 Active Adaptation Project Central Asia Hydrometeorology ECA Central Asia Flood protection 20.7 27.7 Active Modernization Project Water Resources and Irrigation ECA Albania Flood protection 50.0 50.0 Pipeline Project Hovsan Wastewater Outfall ECA Azerbaijan Wastewater 92.0 109.0 Pipeline Project Treatment and Disposal Sierra Irrigation Subsector LCR Peru Irrigation & 20.0 48.3 Active Drainage Environmental Services Project LCR Mexico General 45.0 141.6 Closed agriculture, fishing and forestry Environmental Protection and LCR Latin Other social 13.4 26.8 Closed Sustainable Development America servicesa CO Sustainable Development Inv LCR Colombia Water supplya 7.0 8.1 Active Project Alto Solimoes Basic Services and LCR Brazil General water, 24.3 35.0 Closed Sustainable Development Project sanitation and flood protectiona Water Resources Management LCR Peru Public 10.0 23.7 Active Modernization administration– Water, sanitation and flood protection BR Federal Integrated Water - LCR Brazil Public 107.3 143.1 Active Interaguas administration– Water, sanitation and flood protection National Rural Water Supply and LCR Peru Sanitation 50.0 80.0 Active Sanitation Project Ceara Integrated Water LCR Brazil Water supply 136.0 247.2 Closed Resources Management Project ANNEX 78 Project name Region Country Primary sector Bank lending Total project Project / grants costs (in Status (in million million dollars) dollars) Water Supply and Sanitation in LCR Panama Water supply 32.0 39.4 Active Low-Income Communities Haiti Rural Water and Sanitation LCR Haiti Water supply 5.0 5.3 Closed Project Rio Grande do Norte Integrated LCR Brazil Water supply 35.9 59.8 Active Water Resources Management Nicaragua Rural Water Supply LCR Nicaragua Water supply 20.0 23.1 Active and Sanitation Project (PRASNIC) Rural Water and Sanitation LCR Haiti Water supply 5.0 5.0 Active Project - SPF Disaster Vulnerability Reduction LCR Colombia Flood protection 260.0 401.0 Active First Phase APL BR Municipal APL: Sao Luis LCR Brazil Flood protection 35.6 59.4 Active Enhancing Municipal Governance Regional Disaster Vulnerability LCR OECS Flood protection 20.9 53.1 Active Reduction APL1 Countries Barranquilla Urban Flood LCR Colombia Flood protection 150.0 250.0 Pipeline Management Pernambuco Sustainable Water LCR Brazil Sewerage 190.0 410.0 Active Rio Bogota Environmental LCR Colombia Wastewater 250.0 487.0 Active Recuperation and Flood Control Treatment and Project Disposal Paraguay Water & Sanitation LCR Paraguay General water, 64.0 83.5 Active Sector Modernization sanitation and flood protection DO Emergency Recovery & LCR Dominican General water, 80.0 80.0 Active Disaster Management Republic sanitation and flood protection Costa Rica Catastrophe Deferred LCR Costa Rica General water, 65.0 65.0 Active Draw Down Option (CAT DDO) sanitation and flood protection OSE Sustainable and Efficient LCR Uruguay General water, 42.0 84.0 Active sanitation and flood protection Adaptation to Climate Change in LCR Mexico General water, 450.0 450.0 Closed the Water Sector Development sanitation and flood protection Modernization of the National LCR Mexico General water, 105.3 171.3 Active Meteorological Service for Imp sanitation and flood protection Lake Titicaca Local Sustainable LCR Bolivia Seweragea 20.0 23.0 Active Development Sana’a Basin Water Management MNA Yemen Irrigation & 24.0 30.0 Closed Project Drainage 79 Project name Region Country Primary sector Bank lending Total project Project / grants costs (in Status (in million million dollars) dollars) EGYPT-Integrated Irrigation MNA Egypt Irrigation & 120.0 303.0 Active Improvement and Management Drainage Project MA-Modernization of Irrigated MNA Morocco Irrigation & 70.0 115.5 Active Agriculture in the Oum Er Rbia Drainage Yemen-Water Sector Support MNA Yemen Irrigation & 90.0 340.6 Active Drainage EGYPT-Farm-level Irrigation MNA Egypt Irrigation & 100.0 180.0 Active Modernization Drainage RY Urban Water Supply & MNA Yemen Sanitation 130.0 150.0 Closed Sanitation APL Integrated Sanitation& Sewerage MNA Egypt Sanitation 120.0 201.5 Active Infrastructure Project Morocco Oum Er Rbia Sanitation MNA Morocco Sanitation 43.0 75.1 Active IQ-Emergency Water Supply MNA Iraq Water supply 109.5 109.5 Active Project First Development Policy Loan in MNA Morocco Agricultural 205.0 205.0 Closed support of the Plan Maroc V marketing and trade Uttar Pradesh Water Sector SAR India Irrigation & 149.2 173.7 Closed Restructuring Project Drainage Hydrology Project Phase II SAR India Irrigation & 105.0 135.1 Active Drainage Maharashtra Water Sector SAR India Irrigation & 325.0 393.8 Active Improvement Project Drainage Tamil Nadu Irrigated Agriculture SAR India Irrigation & 485.0 566.0 Active Modernization and Water-Bod Drainage Orissa Community Tank SAR India Irrigation & 112.0 127.8 Active Management Project Drainage West Bengal Accelerated SAR India Irrigation & 250.0 300.0 Active Development of Minor Irrigation Drainage Andhra Pradesh Rural Poverty SAR India General 65.0 1,701.0 Closed Reduction: Drought Adaptative I agriculture, fishing and forestry Maharashtra Rural Water Supply SAR India Water supplya 181.0 268.6 Closed and Sanitation Jalswarajya National Ganga River Basin SAR India Public 1,000.0 1,556.0 Active Project administration– Water, sanitation and flood protection Karnataka Municipal Water SAR India Water supply 1.3 1.3 Active Energy Efficiency Project ANNEX 80 Project name Region Country Primary sector Bank lending Total project Project / grants costs (in Status (in million million dollars) dollars) Andhra Pradesh Rural Water SAR India Water supply 150.0 180.0 Active Supply and Sanitation Rajasthan Water Supply and SAR India Water supply 180.0 230.0 Pipeline Sanitation Project Metro Colombo Urban SAR Sri Lanka Flood protection 213.0 320.6 Active Development Project Urban Water Supply & Sanitation SAR India General water, 500.0 1,000.0 Pipeline Modernization Project sanitation and flood protection a) For Bank projects, up to five sectors can be specified in the project database. Secondary sectors are indicated where the primary sector does not clearly specify a sector related to water. 81 ENDNOTES EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. The World Bank’s draft environment strategy states that green growth is growth that is efficient, clean, and resilient: efficient in its use of natural resources; clean, in that it minimizes pollution and environmental impacts; and resilient in accounting for natural hazards and the role of environmental management and natural capital in preventing physical disasters. 2. Two of the many definitions of water security are the following: - Water security relates to the availability of an acceptable quantity and quality of water for health, livelihoods, ecosystems, and production, coupled with an acceptable level of water-related risks to people, environments, and economies (Source: David Grey and Claudia Sadoff. 2007. Sink or Swim? Water security for growth and development. Water Policy 9. Washington, DC: The World Bank, p. 545–71). - Water security means ensuring that freshwater, coastal, and related ecosystems are protected and improved; that sustainable development and political stability are promoted; that every person has access to enough safe water at an affordable cost to lead a healthy and productive life; and that the vulnerable are protected from the risks of water-related hazards. (Source: Second World Water Forum. 2000. Ministerial Declaration of The Hague on Water Security in the 21st Century. The Hague, the Netherlands). 3. World Bank. 2010. Global Monitoring Report 2010: The MDGs after the Crisis. A Joint Report of the Staffs of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. Washington DC: The World Bank. 4. Water resources management (WRM) is a cross-cutting theme that can be part of any project in the water portfolio (water supply and sanitation; flood protection; irrigation and drainage; and hydropower). WRM is therefore not counted in the total $7.5 billion water portfolio. 5. Low level PM costs represent costs below the agreed 9 percent of the total PM-related disbursements. CHAPTER 2 1. World Bank. 2010. Global Monitoring Report 2010: The MDGs after the Crisis. A Joint Report of the Staffs of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. Washington DC: The World Bank. 2. Ghana’s “Vision 2020â€? plan includes vital targets, such as achievement of the Millennium Development Goals toward eradicating poverty and hunger and ensuring environmental sustainability. 3. As part of a series of 21 reports, the study identifies options for flood protection and climate change adaptation measures. It includes an assessment based on a cost-benefit analysis of alternative embankment interventions and policy options to inform decision making on socioeconomic and human development improvements. 4. Participants included representatives from the Executive Committee (EC IFAS) of the International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea (IFAS), the Scientific Information Centre of the Interstate Commission for Water Coordination (SIC-ICWC), Regional Center for Hydrology and national affiliates. Members of the donor community participated as observers. CHAPTER 4 1. Source: “Problems for Womenâ€?, WaterAid, http://www.wateraid.org/uk/what_we_do/the_need/206.asp 2. A new Dutch initiative, the Water and Climate Services Declaration aims to improve information chains on integrated water and climate services. It is signed by more than 30 organizations specialized in space, Earth observation, hydrology, food security, geomatics, and climate. These organizations share knowledge and experiences in different regions and discuss solutions to effectively address climate change challenges by developing the information chain using remote sensing techniques. 3. The figures presented include all active, pipeline, and closed projects that have been or are influenced by the WPP. 4. The total figure for support to lending is based on the linked Bank project numbers in WPP and EST proposals. Only activities that are at least partly downstream-oriented are included in these calculations. 5. The number of beneficiaries is calculated based on project numbers linked to activities whose impacts are considered downstream per the GFR. Data comes from Project Appraisal Documents and Implementation Status and Result Reports. Only water supply and sanitation improvements were counted because benefits of water resources management activities are larger and more difficult to quantify. CHAPTER 5 1. Funded by Australia, IFC, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United Kingdom ANNEXES 1. This includes both WPP and EST activities. 2. WPP and EST program management activities (e.g., dissemination, publications, etc.) are not included in these numbers. Some activities are implemented in two or more countries—these activities are double counted in the total number of activities. 3. The number indicated in Figure I.1 refers to the number of WPP activities per region. 4. The 9 percent cap for program management costs differs from the staff costs cap of 15 percent because WPP donor coordination, outreach, M&E, and dissemination costs do not include staff time, and supervision of activities by regional staff does not count as program management. 5. The staff costs include salaries, benefits, and travel of World Bank staff and extended term consultants. D