71846 V. 3 xfd|f] ah]6 M xfd|f] lhDd]jf/L sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg / gful/s cg'udg g]kfndf hjfkmb]lxtf;DaGwL lk|m8d kmf]/d sfo{qmd 1 ;Dkfbg÷n]vg tf/fgfy bfxfn n]vg÷cg'jfb ;f]dgfy nfld5fg] ;/f]h sfkm\n] Ps/fh kf7s clg?b| Gof}kfg] 5kfO Joj:yfkg 6L Pg l3ld/] ljz]if wGojfb cfO=aL=kL=-OG6/g];gn ah]6 kf6{gl;{k_ / ljj]s /fds'df/ s[lt M sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg / gful/s cg'udg k|sfzs M g]kfndf hjfkmb]lxtf;DaGwL sfo{qmd (PRAN), ljZj a}+s sf7df8f}Fsf nflu lk|m8d kmf]/d, yfkfynL, sf7df8f}F k|sfzg ldlt M @)^* r}t !% ;+:s/0f M klxnf] k|sfzgk|lt M !))) lrq M pd]zrGb| clwsf/L l8hfOg M dx]Zj/ k'mofn 2 s[t1tf of] k'l:tsfn] g]kfndf ;fdflhs hjfkmb]xLtfsf] k|j4{gdf ;lqmo x'g vf]lh/x]sf gful/s ;dfhsf ;+3–;+:yfnfO{ ah]6 cg'udg ;DaGwL ljifodf sfd ug{ s]xL 1fg / /rgfTds ;Lkaf/] hfgsf/L lbP/ yk k|]/0ff k|bfg ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofpg]5 eGg] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' . ljZj a}+ssf] g]kfn sfof{nodf /x]sf] g]kfn hjfkmb]xLtf;DaGwL sfo{qmd (PRAN) sf] ;xof]u tyf OG6/g];gn ah]6 k|f]h]S6sf] ;xdltdf lk|m8d kmf]/dn] of] nufot rf/j6f o; ljifosf k'l:tsf tof/ u/]sf] xf] . rf/}j6f k'l:tsfdf g]kfndf ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj clej[l4sf nflu ePsf cleofgsf s]xL ;kmn syfx? klg ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . ah]6 cg'udg, kf/blz{tf / ;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tf a9fpg Pj+ e|i6frf/hGo 36gfsf] ;TotYo aflx/ Nofpg gful/s txaf6 k|efjsf/L cg'udg ;'? ug{ of] k|of; ;xof]uL x'g] ljZjfz lnPsf] 5' . ljZj a}+s g]kfnsf PRAN sfo{qmd k|d'v l/rf8{ xnj] tyf pkk|d'v c~hnL ysfnLn] of] k'l:tsfsf] k|sfzgsf nflu k|bfg ug'{ePsf] cj;/k|lt pxfFx?df xflb{s s[t1tf k| s 6 ub{ 5 ' . cfkm\ g f] k| s fzg Our Money, Our Responsibility sf] g]kfnLdf cg'jfb u/L of] k'l:tsf tof/ ug]{ cg'dlt lbP/ cfO{aLkLsf ljj]s /fds'df/n] k'¥ofpg' ePsf] k|]/0ffbfoL ;xof]u gx'Fbf] xf] t of] sfo{ ;Dej lyPg, d ljj]s /fds'df/ / cfO{aLkLk|lt klg xflb{s wGojfb 1fkg ub{5' . cg'jfb, ;Dkfbg tyf k'gn]{vgsf] uxg lhDd]jf/L k"/f ul/lbg'x'g] ldq ;f]dgfy nfld5fg] tyf g]kfnL 36gf;lxt cGo s]xL ;kmntfsf syfx? tof/ ul/lbg'x'g] ldq Ps/fh kf7sk|lt klg d'/Ld'/L wGojfb k|s6 ub{5' . o;}u/L cg'jfb ug{ ;xof]u ug'{x'g] ldq z/f]h sfkm\n]nfO{ 3 xflb{s wGojfb 5 . ;fy} lk|m8d kmf]/dsf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs s[i0f ;fksf]6f tyf csf{ ldq clg?b| Gof}kfg]sf] k|fl1s d]x]gtsf] klg d xflb{s k|z+;f ub{5' . o;}u/L, k'l:tsfnfO{ cfsif{s agfpg lrq agfpg] ldq pd]zrGb| clwsf/L, ;fh;Hhf tyf l8hfOg ul/lbg'x'g] ldq dx]Zj/ k'mofn Pj+ 5kfO sfo{ Joj:yfkg ug{'x'g] ldq 6L Pg l3ld/]nfO{ klg xflb{s wGojfb 1fkg ub{5' . tf/fgfy bfxfn cWoIf lk|m8d kmf]/d 4 ljifo;"rL ] ================================================================================= & ljifo k|jz != ah]6M sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg / cg'udg ==================================!! s= sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rsfª\s / sfo{;Dkfbg nIo =============================== !# v= sfo{Ifdtf d"Nofª\sg ================================================================================= !^ u= pkef]Qmf ;Gt'li6 ;e]{If0fsf] k|of]u =====================================================!* 3= sfo{;Dkfbg u'0f:t/ n]vfk/LIf0f ======================================================= !( @= ah]6sf] k|efj dfkg ug{ gful/s ;dfhsf ;kmn k|of;sf] 36gf cWoog================================================================================ @# s= ef/tdf klAns ckm]o;{ ;]G6/n] l;l6hg l/kf]6{ sf8{ agfpF5 ================================================================================================== @$ � kl/ro =============================================================================================@$ � ljlw / k4lt ==================================================================================@^ � pknlAw ===========================================================================================## v= tfGhflgofdf xfsLsfhL Sof6fln:6åf/f lkdf sf8{sf] k|of]u ================================================================================================ #% � kl/ro ============================================================================================= #^ � ljlw ================================================================================================= #& � glthf=============================================================================================== $# #= ah]6sf] k|efj d"Nofª\sgsf cGo ;kmn cleofg ======================= $% s= sf]l8{gf8f]/f l;lenn] pkef]Qmf ;Gt'i6L ;e]{If0fåf/f 5 lgsf/fu'jfsf ;fd'lb|s cfFwL /fxtsf] k|efj dfkg=================== $& v= P;f];f+ l8 OGe]l:6u];+ P :6l8cf]h ;f]l;Pn] -Pl;h_ åf/f Ujf6]dfnfdf lzIffdf ePsf] vr{ 5fglag ======================================== $( $= ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTjsf nflu g]kfnL gful/s ;+:yfaf6 ePsf s]xL k|of; ================================================================== $( s= ;'Gg] a8fkqn] ;lhnf] agfof] =============================================================== %) %= sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg cg'udgsf pkfo===================================%% ^= zAbfy{ ================================================================================^! 6 ] === ljifo k|jz a h]6 lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog ;/sf/sf] k|d'v sfd xf] . ah]6 ;/sf/sf] cfly{s gLlt emNsfpg] b:tfj]h xf] . ;/sf/n] d'n'ssf] ljsf; / hgtfsf] lxtsf nflu s] s:tf] lg0f{o ub}{5 / To:tf lg0f{o sfof{Gjogsf nflu s] s:tf] sfo{qmd / /0fgLlt to ub}{5 eGg] ljifo ah]6af6 k|ltljlDat x'G5 . ;/sf/n] ug]{ vr{ / To:tf] vr{ wfGg] ;|f]tsf] cg'dfg g} ah]6 xf] . gful/sn] ;/sf/sf nflu s/, z'Ns jf b:t'/x?dfkm{t cfjZos ;|f]t h'6fOlbG5g\ . To;/L h'6g \ ] ;|f]t ;/sf/L ah]6sf] cleGg cª\u aGb5 . To;}n] ah]6 cfd ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo xf] . ljZjJofkL ?kdf x]g]{ xf] eg] ah]6sf ;DaGwdf gful/s rf;f] cfhef]ln lgs} a9\b} uPsf] 5 . vf;u/L ah]6sf ljifox?df gful/s ;xeflutf a9fpg ah]6 tof/L, th'{df / sfof{Gjog tyf vr{sf] k|lqmof k4lt / To;sf] kl/0ffdsf] k/LIf0f h:tf ljleGg r/0fx?df gful/sn] cfkm\gf] ;xeflutf vf]Hg yfn]sf 5g\ . To:tf] ;xeflutfsf nflu ah]6;DaGwL ;"rgf cfjZos x'g] ePsf]n] o:tf] ;"rgfdf gful/ssf] kx'Fr lj:tf/sf nflu ljZje/ ljleGg cleofgx? ;~rfng ePsf 5g\ . ;fy}, ah]6;DaGwL ;"rgfsf] ljZn]if0f / To;sf af/]df gful/s txdf jsfnt ug]{ Ifdtf ljsf; gful/s ;dfhsf] ;/f]sf/ / k|fyldstfsf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 . ah]6sf] kf/blz{tf / k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu gful/s ;dfhsf ;r]t / ;lqmo ;+3—;+:yfx?n]] cfkm\gf] e"ldsf a9fpFb} nu]sf 5g\ . ljZje/L To:tf ;+ 3 —;+ : yfx? ah] 6 sf] ;xL pkof] u åf/f ljsf;sf nIox? k|fKt ug{ / ;/sf/nfO{ pQ/bfoL agfpgsf nflu bafa l;h{gf ug{ ;kmn ePsf pbfx/0f k|z:t 5g\ . t/, g]kfndf cem} klg ah]6 th'{df, ;+;baf6 ah]6 kfl/t ug]{ k|lqmof, nlIft pknlAw xfl;n eP gePsf] tyf lgodcg';f/ vr{ eP gePsf] k/LIf0f ug]{ k|lqmofdf gful/s cg'udg Jojl:yt / k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;/sf/df a:g]x?df hgtfsf] k};f cfkm\gf] :j]R5fn] vr{ ug]{ dfgl;stf cem} x6]sf] 7 5}g . ;/sf/, ;+;b\ / n]vfk/LIf0f ug]{ lgsfosf] 3]/faflx/ ah]6sf] lgdf{0f, sfof{Gjog / To;sf] ;kmntf jf c;kmntfaf/] kof{Kt rrf{ x'g] u/]sf] 5}g . t;y{, ah]6sf ;DaGwdf lgu/fgL / jsfnt ug]{ gful/s kxn cleofgs} ?kdf cufl8 a9fpg' kg]{ vfFrf] 5 . o;sf nflu gful/s ;+3—;:yfsf] Ifdtf ljsf; tyf ;lqmotf klg plQs} cfjZos 5 . ah]6 lgdf{0fsf ;Gbe{df vf;u/L :yfgLo txsf ljsf; cfof]hgfx? 5gf]6 ug{ / tLgdf /sd ljlgof]hg ug{] k|lqmofdf /fhgLlts bn / ltgsf sfo{stf{sf] ;lqmotf / bafasf/L e"ldsf /xg] u/]sf] 5 . s/;DaGwL gLlt lgwf{/0fdf pBf]u— jfl0fHo dxf;+3, r]Da;{ ckm sd;{nufotsf lghL If]qsf ;+3—;+:yfsf k|ltlglwsf] ;lqmotf / k|efj klg /xg] u/]sf] 5 . t/, ah]6sf] k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f tyf cfdhgtfsf] lxtdf ah]6 5'6Øfpg] u/L ;fdflhs cleofgx? ;~rfng x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ jf ePsf cleofgx? klg lgs} sdhf]/ 5g\ . cfkm" n ] rfx] s f] sfo{ q mddf ah] 6 5' 6 Øfpg dfq xf] O g 5'6ØfOPsf /sdx? nlIft sfo{qmd cg'?k g} vr{ eP gePsf]df klg gful/s rf;f] h?/L 5 . ah]6df pNn]lvt /sd lgwf{l/t sfo{qmddf g} vr{ eP jf cGoq g} ;fl/P < vr{ ePcg'?k ljsf;sf] nIo k|fKt eof] ls ePg < vr{ ug]{ k|lqmofdf ckf/blz{tf / :j]R5frfl/tfsf] sf/0f lxgfldgf / clgoldttf kf] eof] ls < tyf ah]6sf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog k5fl8 ltgsf] k|efjsfl/tf d"Nofª\sg tyf n]vfk/LIf0fdf hgtfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fOPsf] 5 jf 5}g < h:tf cg]s ljifodf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ;Ifd gful/s ;+3—;+:yf cfjZos kb{5 . ah]6 eg]sf] ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ xf] . To:tf] ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ ;fj{hlgs lxtdf ;b'kof]u ug{sf nflu clwsf/Lx?nfO{ pQ/bfoL agfpg gful/s ;d'bfon] s]xL dxTjk"0f{ If]qdf k|efjsf/L x:tIf]k ug{ / /fHonfO{ cfkm\gf] nIo xfl;n ug]{ k|of;df ;fy{s ;xof]u k|bfg ug{ ;S5g\ . ah]6 cg'udg k|lqmofdfkm{t ah]6sf ljleGg r/0fdf ;xeflutf hgfP/ ;fj{hlgs vr{ Joj:yfkg tyf To;sf] cg'udgdf ;+nUg 8 ;/sf/, ;+;b\, dxfn]vf k/LIfs / clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]uh:tf lgsfonfO{ pgLx?sf] ;kmntfsf] nflu gful/sn] ;sf/fTds of]ubfg klg lbg ;S5g\ . o;}u/L hgtfsf] jf:tljs lxt x'g] sfo{qmd / of]hgfdf /fHosf] ;Lldt ;|f]t ljlgof]hg ug{ klg ;lqmo gful/s ;+3–;+:yfn] ;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ;S5g\ . w]/}h;f] sfo{qmd / ah]6sf] lg0f{o k|lqmofdf /fhgLlts bn, kx'Frjfnf ;d'bfo / ;f+;bx? tyf ljsf; / cy{ k|zf;gsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] dfq af]njfnf /xFb} cfPsf] ;Gbe{df tNnf] txsf hgtfsf] kIfdf lg0f{o u/fpg gful/s ;d'bfon] oL k|lqmof dfkm{t pNn]vgLo of]ubfg lbg ;S5g\ . To;}u/L, ah]6af6 7f]; kl/0ffd k|fKt ug{sf nflu ;/sf/nfO{ pQ/bfoL agfO/fVg klg gful/s ;+:yfx?n] lg/Gt/ lgu/fgL ug{ ;Sb5g\ . gful/s ;+3–;+:yfn] ah]6;DaGwL hfgsf/L / k|lqmofx? af/] ;/n 9ª\un] hgtfnfO{ ;';"lrt u/fpg] cleofg rnfP/ ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ pgLx?sf] gfddf /fHon] agfPsf] ljleGg sfo{qmd dfkm{t nfe k|fKt ug{ klg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;S5g\ . To:tf gful/s / gful/s ;d'bfonfO{ oL ljifodf k|Zg ;f]Wg / pQ/ k|fKt u/L ;/sf/nfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg ;Sg] agfpgsf nflu s]xL 1fg / ;Lk k|fKt ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] of] k|of; ul/Psf] xf] . ;/sf/L vr{sf] gful/s cg'udg k4ltnfO{ ;'b[9 u/fpg] cleofgdf ljZjJofkL ?kdf ;+nUg ;++:yf …b OG6/g]Z;gn ah]6 k|f]h]S6Ú sf nflu ljj]s /fds'df/n] tof/ ug'{ ePsf] æxfd|f] k};f, xfd|f] lhDd]jf/LÆ -cfj/ dgL, cfj/ /]:kf]G;Lljln6L_ gfds ;xof]uL k':tssf cfwf/df of] k'l:tsf tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . o; k'l:tsfdf ah]6n] lnPsf] nIf xfl;n ug{ ;Sof]– ;s]g eg]/ ul/g] sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof�g tyf cg'udgsf] ljifodf g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df /x]sf] gLltut / sfg'gL Joj:yf Pj+ Jojxfl/s k|rngsf] klg ;ª\If]kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . k'l:tsf kfFr v08df k|:t't 5 . sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof�g k|lqmofsf] /fli6«o / cGt//fli6«o kl/k|]Ifsf ljleGg kIfs]f hfgsf/LnfO{ oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf]5 . o; k'l:tsfsf] dxTjk"0f{ kIf eg]sf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg tyf cg'udgsf ljifodf gful/s k|of;df ljZjsf ljleGg 7fpFdf ul/Psf cg'udgsf sfd, To:tf] cg'udgdf 9 k|of]u ePsf] ljlw tyf To;af6 k|fKt pknlAw / k|efj af/]df cWoog ljj/0fx? pbfx/0fsf ?kdf k|:t't ug'{ klg xf] . csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ kIf ;f] ljifodf gful/s cg'udg tyf lgu/fgLsf] sfo{ ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] Jojxfl/s pkfox? klg oxfF ;d]6g\ ' xf] . o;}u/L, g]kfndf gful/snfO{ ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ bfloTj ePsf ;/sf/L lgsfox?sf] sfo{;Dkfbg r':t xf];\ / To;af6 ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf a9fpg dbt k'uf];\ egL gful/s ;+:yf k|f]klJnssf] kxndf cjnDjg ul/Psf] Pp6f ;kmn ljlwsf] af/]df klg hfgsf/L ;d]l6Psf] 5 . ��� 10 ! ah]6M sfo{;Dkfbg \ g / cg'udg d"Nofª\s 11 a h]6df ljlgof]lht /sd vr{ ePkl5 nIo k|fKt eof]] jf ePg eGg] d"Nofª\sg ug]{ ljleGg ljlw / k|lqmof ;/sf/n]] ckgfpF5 . of] jflif{s, jif{sf] cGTo jf cfjlws?kdf lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|lqmof klg x'g ;S5 . k|foM ljsf; / ljQLo k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx?n] vr{sf] k|efj d"Nofª\sg u5{g\ t/ xfn}sf jif{x?df ljZjsf ljleGg d'n'sdf ;jf]{Rr n]vfk/LIf0f lgsfo -dxfn]vf k/LIfs_ n] klg vr{ ePsf] /sdsf] cfwf/df ah]6sf] sfo{;Dkfbg u'0f:t/ n]vfk/LIf0f ;'? u/]sf 5g\ . dxfn]vf k/LIfsaf6 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] ;jf]{Rr cbfnt nufot d'n'ssf ;a} ;+j}wflgs sfof{nox?, g]kfnL ;]gf, ;z:q k|x/L, g]kfn k|x/L nufotsf ;a} ;/sf/L sfof{no tyf cbfntx?sf] n]vf sfg'gåf/f lgwf{l/t tl/sfadf]lhd ldtJolotf, sfo{bIftf, k|efjsfl/tf / cf}lrTo ;d]tsf] ljrf/ u/L n]vfk/LIf0f x'g] Joj:yf 5 . ;/sf/L sfof{ n ox?åf/f ;] j f k|jfx ubf{ jf sfo{ q md÷cfof] h gf ;~rfng ubf{ u/fpF b f k| r lnt sfg'gcg';f/ ldtJolotf, sfo{bIftf / k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg] 9ª\un] ;~rfng jf sfof{Gjog eP gePsf] k/LIf0f ug]{ k4lt sfo{d"ns n]vfk/LIf0fleq kb{5 . o; cGtu{t ;+j}wflgs jf cGo ;/sf/L sfof{noåf/f k|jflxt ;]jf / sfo{ jf ;~rfng ul/Psf of]hgf / sfo{qmdsf] k/LIf0f d"Nofª\sg ul/G5 . cfly{s jif{ @)^!÷^@ b]lv cf/De " s n]vfk/LIf0f lgs} k|efjsf/L ePsf] ul/Psf] sfo{dn kfOPsf] 5 . dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg, @)^& df ljleGg ( j6f dGqfnocGtu{tsf !$ j6f ljefu / sfof{nosf] sfo{dn " s n]vfk/LIf0f ;DkGg ePsf] pNn]v 5. b'ef{Uoj; clwsf+z ljsf;zLn b]zn] cfkm\gf] ah]6sf] j[xt dfkg ug]{ k|0ffnLnfO{ ;+:yfut u/]sf 5}gg\ . tL b]zdf jif{sf] ;'? / cGTodf k|sfzg x'g] ;/sf/L k|ltj]bgx?n] lgwf{l/t ah]6 ;xL 7fpFdf vr{ eP–gePsf] b]vfpF5g\ / n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bgn] ;/sf/n] ljQLo sfg'g / lgodfjnL 12 kfngf u/]–gu/]sf] hfFr u5{ . t/, oL sfuhftn] ;fwf/0ftof ;/sf/L vr{sf] glthf k/LIf0f ub}{gg\ . ah]6sf] k|efj dfkg / d"Nofª\sg ug]{ ljlwx? km/skm/s 5g\ . tn k|:t't rf/ tl/sfaf6 ;/sf/n] ah]6sf] k|efj dfkg / d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;S5 . s= sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rsfª\s / sfo{;Dkfbg nIo ljz]if sfo{;Dkfbg nIo ;d]t u}/ljQLo sfo{;Dkfbg tYofª\s ;dfj]; ePsf] ah] 6 nfO{ sfo{ ; Dkfbg ah] 6 jf glthfd" v L ah] 6 elgG5 . ah]6sf] sfo{;Dkfbg pknlAwsf] nIo lgwf{/0f u/]sf b]zn] ltgLx?sf sfuhft jf ;DalGwt /0fgLlt jf sfo{;Dkfbg of]hgfdf tL ;dfj]; ug{ ;S5g\ . b'ef{Uoj;, s]xL ;/sf/n] ah]6 sfo{Gjogdf lhDd]jf/ kbflwsf/LnfO{ k|ltj]bg lbg ;Sg] jf sfo{;Dkfbg dfkg ug{ ;Sg] gagfO{ pknlAwd"ns ah]6 cjnDag ug{ rfx]sf] b]lvG5 h;n] sfo{;Dkfbg nIosf] k|efjsfl/tfnfO{ cjd"Nog ug{ ;S5 . ef/tsf] k|fylds lzIff ljefusf] ;g\ @))%–)^ sf] sfo{;Dkfbg nIo pbfx/0fsf nflu oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . ] g ; " r sfª\ssf f b s f o {; D k ] j f a f 6 k | f K t ; lgdf{0f fdf geO f ] g lt h x'g fd | b f g u l/g] ;]j k ] l G b | t eO/x]sf s x'G5g\ . 13 ef/t ;/sf/, lzIff dGqfnosf] ;g\ @))%–)^ pknlAw / ah]6 sfo{qmdsf] gfd p2]Zo / pknlAw nfut kl/df0fd'vL sfo{of]hgf ;a}sf] nflu ^–!$ jif{ pd]/sf &* ca{ ljBfno guPsf *! nfv lzIff cleofg ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ ef/tLo #) xhf/ afnaflnsfnfO{ -;j{ lzIff k|fylds ljBfnodf ?lkofF . ljBfno egf{ ug]{ . cleofg_ egf{ ug]{ -h;af6 k|fylds tx -sIff !–$_ k|fylds lzIffsf] df ljBfno 5f8\g]sf] kx'Fr, egf{, /f]sfj6 ;ª\Vof %Ü ljGb'n] u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ 36fpg] . Nofpg]_ . ljBfno k"jf{wf/ s= gofF ljBfnosf] :jLs[lt v= ljBfno ejg lgdf{0f c= :jLs[t cf= tof/L ;a}sf] nflu ^–!$ jif{ pd]/sf &* ca{ O= lgdf{0ffwLgu= lzIff cleofg ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ ef/tLo vfg]kfgLsf] Joj:yf -;j{ lzIff k|fylds ljBfnodf ?lkofF . c= :jLs[t cleofg_ egf{ ug]{ -h;af6 cf= tof/L k|fylds lzIffsf] O= lgdf{0ffwLg kx'Fr, egf{, /f]sfj6 3= zf}rfno lgdf{0f u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ c= :jLs[t Nofpg]_ . cf= tof/L O= lgdf{0ffwLg u'0f:t/Lo lzIff s= k':tssf] ljt/0fv= lzIfs lgo'lQm u= lzIfsnfO{ ;]jfsfnLg tflnd lbjf vfhf k|fylds ljBfnodf ##=$% k|fyldstf ljBfnosf !! k9\g] ;a} ca{ s/f]8 @) nfv afnaflnsfnfO{ ef/tLo afnaflnsfnfO{ vfgfsf] kf]if0fo'Qm vfgf ?lkofF lgoldt k|fjwfg pknAw u/fO{ pgLx?sf] kf]if0f :t/ ;'wf/ ug]{ . 14 slxn]sflxF ;/sf/nfO{ sfo{;Dkfbgsf] ;xL dfkg jf gLltut pknlAw xfl;n ug{ nIo lgwf{/0fdf ufx|f] k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, cGo lgsfonfO{ ;xof]uL ;]jf lbg] lgsfo h:t} cy{ ljefun] lzIff ljefun] tof/ u/]h:tf] sfo{;Dkfbg dfkg tof/ gug{ ;S5 . sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rsfª\ssf] lgdf{0f ;]jfaf6 k|fKt x'g] glthfdf geO k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfdf s]lGb|t eO/x]sf x'G5g\ . of] g} ;a} ;/sf/n] ug]{ Pp6f uNtL xf] . pbfx/0fsf nflu, s'g} lgsfon] nlIft gLltsf] k|efj d"Nofª\sg ug]{ ;"rsfª\s -h:t}, dft[ d[To'b/ 36fpg]_ agfpg'sf] ;f6f] gLlt lgdf{0fsf nflu cfof]hgf ug{ nfluPsf of]hgfnfO{ sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rsfª\sdf /fVg ;S5 . ;/sf/L lgsfox?n] ;lhn};Fu dfkg ug{ g;lsg] ;"rsfª\s klg agfpg ;S5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, Pp6f lgsfon] %) j6f gofF a; ?6 rnfpg] / tL ?6sf nflu @)) j6f gofF a; vl/b ug]{ nIf /fVg'kg]{df cfkm\gf] sfo{;Dkfbg dfkgdf b]zdf ;jf]{Ts[i6 ;x/L oftfoft ;]jf lbg] nIf /fVg ;S5 . ah]6df ;dfj]; sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rsfª\sn] ;/sf/n] s] k|fKt ug{ vf]h]sf] xf] :ki6 b]vfpg' k5{ . /, jf:tljstfdf s] k|fKt ug{ vf]lhPsf] xf] cg'udgstf{nfO{ Tof] klg k|:6 x'g'k5{ . jif{sf] clGtddf lbg] k|ltj]bg jf ;DalGwt sfuhkqn] sfo{;Dkfbg nIonfO{ jf:tljs glthf;F+u bfHg'k5{ . sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rsfª\snfO{ a'emf}+ sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rsfª\sn] ul/Psf] sfd (Input) -h:t}, c:ktfndf cfjZos kg]{ sd{rf/Lsf] ;ª\Vof_ jf k|fKt pknlAw (Output) -h:t}, pkrf/ ;]jf kfpg] la/fdLsf] ;ª\Vof_ df Wofg s]lGb|t ub{5 . w]/} s'/fn] k|efj kfg]{ / jiff}{+ nfUg] of]hgfsf] jf:tljs k|flKt dfkg ug{ sl7g eP klg pknlAwnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ ;jf]{Qd ;"rsfª\s -h:t}, PrcfOeL / P8\;sf] ;ª\qmd0fdf sdL_ jf sfo{qmdsf] bIftf -h:t}, k|lt la/fdL ePsf] vr{_ x'g ;S5g\ . sfo{;Dkfbg dfkgsf] pkfb]otf k|a4{g ug{ k|foM :df6{ (SMART) k|0ffnLsf] pkof]u ul/G5 . of] k|0ffnLcg';f/ sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rsfª\sdf tnsf ljifo ;d]l6Psf] x'g'k5{M 15 ljlzi6 (Specific)M of] dfkg ug{ ;lsg] ;"rsfª\sn] s] sfd, s;n] (Measurable)M of] / sxfF ug]{ :ki6?kdf ;"rsfª\sn] æslt w]/} <Æ kl/eflift u/]sf] x'g'k5{ . eGg] k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'k5{ . k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] jf:tljs (Realistic)M (Attainable)M nIo SMART ;/sf/sf] Ifdtf / afXo lgwf{l/t ;dodf k|fKt jftfj/0fsf] kl/k|]Iodf ug{ ;lsg] x'g'k5{ . nIo ljleGg r/0fdf k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] x'g'k5{ . ;do (Timely)M nIosf] ljz]if ;do;Ldf x'g'k5{ . ah]6 ;fwf/0ftof jflif{s?kdf k|:t't ul/g] ePsfn] ah]6df ;dflji6 sfo{;Dkfbg nIon] ;fwf/0ftM Ps jif{sf] ;do lnG5 . v= sfo{Ifdtf d"Nofª\sg s]xL lgsfon] sfo{Ifdtf d"Nofª\sg ljlw k|of]u u/L cfGtl/s sfo{;Dkfbg cg'udg u/]sf] kfOG5 . h:t}, k|zf;g jf sd{rf/Lsf nflu s'n vr{af6 ePsf] c+z . tL ;"rsfª\s ljz]if ;dosf] glthf d"Nofª\sg jf p:t} lgsfosf] glthf;+u bfHbf bIftf dfkgsf] pkof]uL dfkb08 aGb5 . f fwf/0fto a h ] 6 ; f k|:t't d jflif{s?k sfn] ah]6df P ul/g] e sfo{;Dkfbg ;dflji6 fwf/0ftM P s ; nIon] o lnG5 . f] ; d jif{s 16 s'n ljefuLo vr{df k|zf;lgs vr{sf] cg'kft jf:tljs ah]6 ljefu @))!–)@ @))@–)# @))#–)$ @))$–)% @))%–)^ @))&–)* k|fGtLo k|zf;g ^=$& &=^@ (=#$ !@=^@ !@=)# !@=#* k|fGtLo ;+;b\ #^=^% #%=#@ #^=(^ $)=@! $!=^# $!=^% k|fGtLo 9's'6L #$=$( #$=#& @^=$% !(=*! @)=() @!=!@ ;fd'bflos ;'/Iff !)=)% !)=*) !!=*% !#=&! !#=(! !#=(& lzIff #=%^ #=$^ %=#@ $=%( $=%$ $=%! :jf:Yo #=$% #=!% %=#@ $=%( $=%$ $=%! ;fdflhs ;]jf $=*$ $=# $=$@ %=$( %=)* $=&^ xfplhª $=%& #=*$ $=%& $=!% $=%$ $=& jftfj/0f dfldnf tyf of]hgf !!=## !#=&# !@=@& !@=!& !@=*^ !@=#^ oftfoft !=*# !=^$ !=&# @=@( @=)# !=*& s[lif !$=)% !#=)^ !*=@^ !#=## !@=&$ !@=%^ :yfgLo ;/sf/ (=)& !)=!( @)=#& @^=&# #(=)% #*=^! cfly{s ljsf; / ko{6g %=&@ @=%# (=)@ !$=^@ (=&& !!=!$ ;f+:s[lts / v]ns'b @=@* @=&# !$=)$ !$=!@ !$=%$ !$=^* hDdf $=!@ #=(@ %=)) %=!( $=** $=&( ;|f]t M j]:6g{ s]k k|fGtLo ;/sf/ @))%, ;le{; 8]lne/L l/Eo" . jls{ª k]k/ @))$ cGt/f{ l i6« o ?kdf k|rngdf /x]h:t} g] k fndf klg ;/sf/L vr{nfO{ k"FhLut tyf rfn' vr{ d f ljefhg ug]{ f / s f ] Ifdtf / k|rng /xLcfPsf] 5 . ;/s fj/0fsf] o j f t afX kl5Nnf] kfFr jif{sf] oyfy{ f nIo rfn' vr{sf] t'ngfTds kl/k|]Iod /0fdf k|fKt r ljj/0f k|:t't tflnsfdf ljleGg ] x 'g'k5{ . l s g lbOPsf] 5 . rfn' vr{df ug{ ; pNn]Vo b/df lg/Gt/ j[l4 eO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . 17 g]kfnsf] Rffn' vr{sf] t'ngfTds ljj/0f cfly{s jif{ / ;f] jif{sf] oyfy{ vr{ -?= s/f]8df_ zLif{s @)^@÷^# @)^#÷^$ @)^$÷^% @)^%÷^^ @)^^÷^& ;+j}wflgs c+ux? !))=!( *&=^! !^$=@( !$!=*!$ !%^=$! ;fwf/0f k|zf;g (@^=(% !!)&=() !#($=!& !^*^=)# !(%&=$^ { k|z /fhZj tyf cflys | f;g ^)=($ !))=!@ (!=^^ !@!=@! !$^=*& cfly{s k|zf;g / of]hgf ##=)& ^^=## #^=!& #*=)@ %)=@& Gofo k|zf;g %^=#$ %*=)! ^&=#@ *!=!% !)%=!# j}b]lzs ;]jf *@=^) *$=^* !)@=)^ !!%=)@ !#&=(@ /Iff (&)=^) !)!@=*( !)%^=$( !#&$=*$ !^%&=^) ;fdflhs ;]jfx? @%#*=@^ @($(=&^ #%)&=#@ $&$#=&( ^@#(=$& cfly{s ;]jfx? &%@=(* *#*=$* (@)=)$ !@)%=@^ !$(@=&# ;fFjf / Aofh e'QmfgL ^!%=*& ^!^=$) ^#&=#& *!%=$@ ((*=!# ljljw *^@=^! &()=)% !!^&=*) @$%!=#@ @!%(=(@ hDdf &)))=$! &&!@=@# (!$$=&) !@&&#=*( !%!)!=(! { ;e]I -;|f]tM cflys { f0f, cy{ dGqfno_ { f0fsf] k|of]u u= pkef]Qmf ;Gt'li6 ;e]I sfo{;Dkfbg cg'udgn] ;]jf lbOof] jf lbOPg / s] k|fKt eof] eGg] hfgsf/L lbG5 . hasL bIftf k'g/fjnf]sgn] s;/L ;]jf lbOof] eGg] hfgsf/L lbG5 . t/, tL b'j}n] ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ ;Gt'i6 eP ls ePgg eGg] hfgsf/L lbFb}gg\ . o:tf] ;Gt'li6sf] ;"rgf k|fKt ug]{ qmddf s]xL ;/sf/n] pkef]Qmf -k|of]ustf{_ ;Gt'li6 ;e]{If0f u5{g\ . tL ;e]{If0fdf ;fwf/0ftof b'O{ k|sf/sf k|Zg x'G5g\M tL ;]jf cfkm\gf] rfxgf adf]lhd ePsf] pkef]Qmfn] dx;'; u/] ls u/]gg\ -s] ltgLx?n] To;sf] abnf ;/sf/n] csf]{ s'g} ;]jf b]cf];\ eGg] rfx] <_ / pgLx? lbOPsf] ;]jfaf6 ;Gt'i6 eP ls ePgg\ < lkmlnlkG; ;/sf/n] /fli6«o tYofª\s sfof{nodf slt dflg;n] sfof{no cfPsf] #) ldg]6 leq} ;]jf kfP eg]/ u/]sf] ;g\ @))^ sf] ;e]{If0f Pp6f pbfx/0f x'g ;S5 -/fli6«o tYofª\s sfof{no, lkmlnlkG; ;/sf/, @))^_ . To;df elgPsf] 5M æsfof{no cfPsf] #) ldg]6 leq} ;]jf kfpg] dflg;sf] ;ª\Vof !& k|ltzt ljGb'n] a9]sf] 5 . ;g\ @))^ sf] ;]K6]Da/df o:tf] ;]jf 18 kfpg]sf] ;ª\Vof $$ k|ltztaf6 ^! k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . Ps jif{ cufl8 ;g\ @))% sf] l8;]Da/sf] t'ngfdf of] !$ k|ltzt ljGb' a9L xf] . To;a]nf $& k|ltzt dflg;n] sfof{no cfPsf] #) ldg]6leq ;]jf k|fKt u/]sf lyP .Æ 3= sfo{;Dkfbg u'0f:t/ n]vfk/LIf0f (Value–for–Money Audit) sfo{;Dkfbg dfkg k|0ffnLn] ;fwf/0ftof ;]jf lbOof] jf lbOPg eGg] hfgsf/L lbG5 t/, o;n] ;]jf s;/L lbOof] eGg] k|foM atfpFb}g . o;sf] kl/0ffd s] x'G5 eg] ;/sf/L vr{sf af/]df gful/ssf] wf/0ff jf ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ h:tf ;/sf/nfO{ kmfObf x'g] ;"rgf k|foM k|fKt x'Fb}g . s]xL b]zdf ;/sf/L n]vfk/LIf0f ug]{ lgsfox?n] ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] ldtJolotf, sfo{bIftf / k|efjsfl/tf yfxf kfpg sfo{;Dkfbg u'0f:t/ n]vfk/LIf0f ;'? u/]sf 5g\ . ;xL 9ª\uaf6 ul/Psf] v08df of] n]vfk/LIf0fn] ;/sf/sf sfdsfhsf] /fd|f] d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;3fpF5 . Sofgf8fsf] dxfn] v f k/LIfssf] sfof{ n on] sfo{ ; Dkfbg u' 0 f:t/ n]vfk/LIf0fsf nflu rf/j6f tl/sf ckgfpg] u/]sf] 5 -cf]PhL, Sofgf8f, @))$_M c– 36gf cWoog -s]; :68L_ n] /fd|f] sfo{;Dkfbg;Fu g/fd|f] sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ t'ngf u/L /fd|f] Jojxf/nfO{ cuffl8 NofpF5 . o;n] lsg /fd|f] sfo{;Dkfbgn] cGosf] t'ngfdf pTs[i6 glthf k|fKt u¥of] eGg] ljj/0f lbG5 . cf– sfo{;Dkfbg ljlzi6Ls/0f -a]Grdfls{ª_ n] ljleGg lgsfosf] sfo{;Dkfbg t'ngf ug{ dfkg z[ªv \ nf h:t} ;+zfwgsf] k|of]u, nfutd"No / sfo{bIftf k|of]u u5{ . O– w]/} hg;ª\Vofaf6 gd'gf 5gf}6 u/L * b]lv !@ hgfsf] nlIft ;d"x -h:t} pRr ;/sf/L clwsf/L, ;]jfu|fxL nufot_ agfO{ ltgLx?af6 ;/sf/n] pknAw u/fPsf] ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/sf] af/]df wf/0ff ;"rLs[t ug{ ;lsG5 . nlIft ;d"xaf6 ;ª\slnt hfgsf/L u'0ffTds k|s[ltsf] x'g] x'Fbf o;n] jf:tfljs w/ftnsf] hfgsf/L lbG5 . nlIft ;d"xx? ljifo klxrfg ug{, Tof] sfd lsg ul/of] eGg] a'‰g, k|fKt lgisif{af6 ;e]{If0f k|ZgfjnL agfpg / gLltut 19 ljifodf Jofjxfl/s tl/sf ljsf; ug{df ;xof]uL x'G5g\ . O{– To:t} sfd ug]{ ;+:yf;Fusf] pRr:t/sf] t'ngfn] klg Pp6f ;+:yfsf] sfo{;Dkfbg ;DaGwdf pkof]uL hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g ;S5 . o;df ljleGg k|sf/sf dfkb08 h:t} ;fª\u7lgs ;+/rgf, ;~rfng gLlt / ;d:of ;dfwfg k|lqmof k|of]u x'G5 . o;sf] hf]8 c?sf] cg'ejaf6 l;Sg] / a[xt ;Gbe{df lgisif{nfO{ ;ª\u7gdf k|of]u ug]{df x'G5 . ah]6sf] sfo{;Dkfbg s] s:tf] /x]sf] 5 eGg] ljifodf g]kfndf klg cy{ dGqfnon] cfkm\gf] wf/0ff a]nfavt ;fj{hlgs u/L ;Da4 dGqfno, ljefu / sfof{nox?nfO{ lgb]{zg hf/L ul//x]sf] kfOG5 . o;} ;Gbe{df cy{ dGqfnoåf/f cfly{s jif{ @)^^÷^& df ah]6sf] sfo{;Dkfbg ;DaGwdf æah]6sf] dWofjlw d"Nofª\sgÆdf lbOPsf] ;'emfj lgDg cg'?k 5 . != g]kfndf ljsf;sf] nflu ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] sdL /xg]5 . a? sdL /x]5 sfd ug]{ OR5fzlQm / k|lta4tfsf], @= /fhgLlts l:y/tf lagf ljsf;n] jfl~5t ult lng ;Sbf] /x]g5, #= ;ª\qmd0fsfndf cfly{s :yfloTj / l:y/tf sfod ug{ ;lsFbf] /xg]5 . ;fy}, o:tf] cj:yfdf cfly{s cg'zf;g klg sdhf]/ aGbf] /x]5, $= ljifout dGqfnox?n] :jfldTj u|x0f gu/]sf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] th'{dfsf] r/0fb]lv g} ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;xeflutf gePdf To:tf gLlt / sfo{qmdx?sf] sfof{Gjog ug{ sl7g kbf]{ /x]5, %= lj:t[t ;DefJotf cWoog, ;e]{ l8hfOg, sfof{Gjog of]hgf gagfOsg gofF sfo{qmd 3f]if0ff ubf{ ltgLx?sf] sfof{Gjog cnkq kbf]{ /x]5, ^= kof{Kt 5nkmn / ;xdlt lagf gofF gLlt 3f]if0ff ug{ gx'g] /x]5, &= ;Lldt ;fwgnfO{ w]/} cfof]hgfx?df 5g'{ gx'g] /x]5, *= nufgL / ;'wf/ k|lqmofnfO{ ;Fu;Fu} n}hfg' kg]{ /x]5, ;'wf/ lagfsf] nufgLn] dfq k|ltkmn lbFbf] /x]g5, 20 (= gLltdf lg/Gt/tf / lglZrttf rflxFbf] /x]5, !)= ;+:yfut ;dGjosf] cefjdf gLlt / sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ;Dej gx'g] /x]5, !!= sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnL ;'wf/sf] nflu /fd|f] kl/kf6L /x]5 . -;|f]tM cy{ dGqfno, cfly{s jif{ @)^^÷)^& sf] ah]6sf] dWofjlw d"Nofª\sg k|ltj]bg, kmfu'g, @)^^_ g]kfndf sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg / sfo{dn " s n]vfk/LIf0f g]kfndf k|wfgdGqLsf] sfof{no, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, dGqfnox?, ljefu tyf sfof{ n ox?df u/L ljleGg txdf cfof] h gf tyf sfof{nox?sf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sgsf] nflu ;+/rgfx¿ v8f ul/Psf 5g\ . oL OsfO{x?n] cfof]hgfsf] :t/ / sfdsf] ufDeLo{tf cg';f/ ljleGg txdf cg'udg u/L k|ltj]bgx? tof/ ug]{ / ;'wf/sf nflu ;DalGwt lgsfo tyf clwsf/LnfO{ ;'emfj lbg] ub{5g\ . /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] cfly{s jif{ @)^&÷^* b]lv kfFr} ljsf; If]qsf /fli6«o k|fyldstf k|fKt cfof]hgfx?sf] cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg sfo{ ;'? u/]sf] 5 . To:t}, k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf ul7t /fli6«o ljsf; lgb]{zg ;ldltn] kl/of]hgfx?sf] sfof{Gjosf l;nl;nfdf b]vfkg]{ ;d:ofnfO{ ;'Nemfpg] sfo{ ub{5 . ;a} dGqfnodf ;DalGwt dGqfnosf] dGqLsf] cWoIftfdf dGqfnocGtu{t ;~rflnt kl/of]hgfsf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg, ;'k/Lj]If0f / lgb]{zg lbg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{non] sfo{dn " s n]vfk/LIf0f ug]{ sfdsf] ;'?jft cf=j= @)^!÷^@ af6 ;'? ul/Psf] lyof] . o:tf] kl/If0f ubf{ cfof]hgf÷sfo{qmd / lgsfo jf ljifo cflb;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx?sf] uxgtf, sfo{ k| s [ l t, hf] l vd / ;fj{ h lgs hjfkmb]xLtfdf n]vfk/LIf0faf6 of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;lsg] ;DefjgfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L d'Vo?kdf lgDg ultljlwx?nfO{ k/LIf0fsf] If]qdf ;d]l6Psf] 5M • p2]Zo k|flKtsf] l:ylt • nIo / k|ultsf] t'ngf • sfg'g, sfo{ljlw / lgb]{lzsfsf] kfngf 21 • ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] kof{Kttf / pkof]u • ;"rgf k|0ffnL / clen]v Joj:yf • hgzlQm Joj:yfkg • Ifdtf pkof]usf] l:ylt • cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnL • sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf] l:ylt • ;]jf k|jfx l:ylt • sfo{qmd ;~rfng / Joj:yfkg • ljQLo ;|f]t kl/rfng • ;dGjosf] l:ylt " s n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bgsf] ;+ufnf], dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{no, -;|f]tM sfo{dn @)^&_ :yfgLo lgsfosf nflu Go"gtd zt{ tyf sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rs :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g @)%% n] /fv]sf] ck]Iffcg'?k :yfgLo lgsfosf] sfo{Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{, ;|f]t;fwg kl/rfngdf pgLx?nfO{ cfTdlge{/ agfpFb} n}hfg], :yfgLo zf;gdf hgtfsf] ;xeflutf j[l4 ug]{ tyf ljsf;sf nIox? xfl;n ug{ pknAw ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] clwstd k|of]usf] ;'lglZrttf Nofpg] p2]Zon] g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfly{s jif{ @)^%÷^^ b]lv nfu' x'g]u/L lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, gu/kflnsf / ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf nflu Go"gtd zt{ tyf sfo{;Dkfbg dfkg sfo{ljlw tof/ u/L nfu' u/]sf] 5 . Go"gtd zt{sf] kfngf tyf sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rsnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ ;/sf/n] :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ tf]lsPsf] Go"gtd cg'bfgdf yk /sd k|bfg ug{;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnL @)%^ cg';f/ :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnon] Go"gtd zt{ k'/f u/]sf tyf sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rsx?sf] d"Nofª\sgdf pTs[i6 b]lvPsf :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ :yfgLo lgsfo ljQLo cfof]usf] l;kmfl/; adf]lhd k'/:s[t ug]{ Joj:yf klg 5 . o;sf nflu lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltnfO{ !% j6f zt{ / ^@ j6f sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rs, gu/kflnsfsf] xsdf !! zt{ / #! sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rs tyf uflj;sf nflu !! zt{ to ul/Psf] 5 . log} zt{ / sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rssf cfwf/df ;"qcg';f/ tL lgsfon] kfpg] yk cg'bfg lgwf{/0f ul/G5 . 22 @ ah]6sf] k|efj dfkg ug{ gful/s ;dfhsf ;kmn k|of;sf] 36gf cWoog 23 ah]6 sfof{Gjogsf] k|efj dfkg ug{ gful/s ;dfhsf b'O{ cfof]hgfsf] 36gf cWoog tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . klxnf], ef/tsf] l;l6hg l/kf]6{ sf8{ xf] h;n] ;/sf/L ;]jfk|lt gful/ssf] ;Gt'li6 dfkg u5{ . bf];|f], tfGhflgofsf] sDo'lg6L :sf]/sf8{ xf] h;n] :yfgLo ;d'bfodf ;/sf/n] ug]{ vr{ lg/LIf0f u5{ / ;/sf/L ;]jfaf6 gful/sn] k|fKt ug]{ ;Gt'li6 dfkg u5{ . s= ef/tdf klAns ckm]o;{ ;]G6/n] l;l6hg l/kf]6{ sf8{ agfpF5 ;+:yfsf] kl/ro ;g\ !((^ df :yfkgf ePsf] u}/gfkmfd"vL ;+:yf klAns ckm]o;{ ;]G6/ -Kofs_ b]zdf zf;gsf] :t/j[l4 ug{ k|lta4 5 . a}+unf]/ gu/kflnsfsf] lgjf{rgdf gful/snfO{ ;';"lrt 5gf}6 lbg] ;fdfGo sfdaf6 ;'? ePsf] Kofsn] kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]xLtf, lgjf{rg / zf;g k|lqmofdf gful/ssf] ;xeflutf clej[l4 ug]{ sfd ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . Kofsn] gful/s gLlt / ;]jf;DaGwL cWoog cg';Gwfg ug'{sf ;fy} To;df ;xof]u, cg';Gwfgsf lgisif{ ;fj{hlgs, ;xsfo{ / /fHo tyf u}//fHo lgsfonfO{ k/fdz{ ;]jf k|bfg u5{ . s= kl/ro a}+unf]/ ef/tsf] Pp6f 7"nf] ;x/ dfq} xf]Og, ;km\6j]o/ / pBf]usf] s]Gb| klg xf] . tyflk oxfFsf] ;/sf/L ;]jf k|jfx cToGt sdhf]/ cj:yfdf lyof] . gu/df ;]jf -vfg]kfgL, kmf]xf]/d}nf ;ª\sng, ;8s / pBfg dd{t_ k'¥ofpg] lgsfox? e/kbf{ lyPgg\, / ;]jfk|bfos ;a} lgsfodf e|i6frf/ df}nfPsf] lyof] . oxLaLr ef/tsf] lghL If]qsf] u|fxs ;Gt'li6 ;e]{If0faf6 k|efljt eP/ ;x/jf;Lsf] Pp6f ;d"xn] ;g\ !((# df ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|bfosx?sf] ;]jf dfkg ug{ l;l6hg l/kf]6{ sf8{sf] cEof; ;'? u¥of] . ToxL ;d"x nuQ} 24 klAns ckm]o;{ ;]G6/ -Kofs_ df ?kfGt/0f eof] . l/kf]6{ sf8{sf] cEof;n] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] sdhf]/ sfo{;Dkfbgsf ;DaGwdf hgdt tof/ kfg'{sf ;fy} ;]jfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg ;Da4 lgsfox?nfO{ afWo agfof] . o; k|of;cGtu{t ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ ;f]lwPsf] lyof]M tkfOFn] k|fKt ug'{ePsf] ;fj{hlgs ;/sf/L ;]jf slQsf] ;Gtf]ifk|b 5 < ;]jfsf] s'g kIf ;Gt'i6 x'g] vfnsf] 5 / s'g kIf 5}g < ;]jf k|fKt ug{ k|ToIf / ck|ToIf -3'; ;lxt_ s] s] Tofu ug'{k5{ < ;g\ !((# sf] klxnf] l/kf]6{ sf8{ cEof;df $*) dWodjuL{o / ##) ul/a kl/jf/;Fu cf7dWo] Pp6f ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|bfossf af/]df ^ dlxgf;Dd cGt/lqmof ul/Psf] lyof] . 7"nf] hg;ª\VofnfO{ ;]jf k'¥ofpg] ;ftj6f lgsfonfO{ s]Gb|df /fv]/ ;g\ !((( / @))# df o:t} cWoog ul/of] . tLgj6f l/kf]6{ sf8{ cEof; ;d]l6Psf lgsfodf vfg]kfgL, 9nlgsf; af]8{, ljB't af]8{, ;/sf/L c:ktfn, ljsf; k|flws/0f / If]qLo oftfoft ] sfof{ n o lyP . ;e] { I f0fdf c E o f; n s f8 { s f] f] s d h f] / l/ k f] 6 { ; ] j fs pkef]Qmfsf] ;Gt'li6 dfkg ug{ ; fj { h lg s g s f ; D a G w d } k fb f fy D s fo { ; o f/ k fg ' { s f ; k|of]u ul/Psf] k|ZgfjnLn] hgdt t o fp g sd{rf/Lsf] Jojxf/, sfdsf ; ' w f/ N n fO { ; ] j fd f s fo ? x D a 4 lg f] . nflu sfof{ n o wfpg' kg] { ; a fW o a g fo cjlw, ;lhn} ;dfwfg ePsf] ;d:of / k|fKt ;"rgfsf] :t/ lyP . ;g\ !((# sf] cEof;n] ;a} ;]jfk|bfosk|lt gful/ssf] ;Gt'li6 lgs} sd b]vfPsf] lyof] . pbfx/0fsf nflu, a}+unf]/ 8]enkd]G6 cyf]l/6Lsf] ;]jfaf6 s]an Ps k|ltzt dflg; ;Gt'i6 lyP . k|foM ;a} lgsfonfO{ e|i6frf/n] ufFh]sf] lyof] . ;e]{If0f ul/Psf ul/a 3/w'/Lsf Ps ltxfOn] laut ^ dlxgfsf] cjlwdf ;/sf/L sd{rf/LnfO{ 3'; lbPsf lyP . dWodjuL{o kl/jf/n] sd{rf/Lsf] Jojxf/, ;d:of ;dfwfg / ;]jf lng wfpg' kg]{ ;ª\VofnfO{ ;fwf/0ftM sd cª\s lbPsf lyP . ul/a kl/jf/sf] l:ylt cem gfh"s lyof], w]/}h;f]n] ;/sf/L sd{rf/Laf6} b'Jo{jxf/ ;xg' k/]sf] hgfPsf lyP . pRr cf]xf]bfsf sd{rf/LnfO{ of] glthfsf af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg'sf ;fy} Jofks k|rf/k|;f/ ul/Psf] lyof] . w]/}j6f kqklqsf / Dofuflhgn] ;fj{hlgs 25 ;]jfdf ePsf] e|i6frf/nfO{ ljz]if dxTjsf ;fy k|sfzg u/]sf lyP . ;e]{If0fsf] lgisif{nfO{ ;x/df ;]ldgf/ / a}7s cfof]hgf u/L k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof] . ;e]{If0fdf ;xefuL gePsf gful/s ;d"xnfO{ klg z[ªv \ nfa4 v'nf 5nkmnn] Ps} 7fpFdf NofPsf] lyof] . of] l/kf]6{ sf8{ cEof;nfO{ ;g\ !((( / ;g\ @))# df bf]xf]¥ofOPsf] lyof] . ;g\ !((( sf] l/kf]6{ sf8{sf kl/0ffdn] b'O{ lgsfodf ;fdfGo kl/jt{g b]vfPsf] lyof], t/ gful/ssf] ;du| ;Gt'li6 lgs} Go"g lyof] / pQ/bftfx? ;]jfk|bfos lgsfosf sd{rf/Laf6 ;g\ !((# df eGbf klg c;Gt'i6 b]lvP . To;ljk/Lt ;g\ @))# sf] l/kf]6{ sf8{n] ;a} lgsfodf k|z:t ;'wf/ b]vfof], pkef]Qmfsf] ;Gt'li6 ;g\ !((( sf] cg'kftdf $) k|ltztn] j[l4 eof] . v= ljlw / k4lt l;l6hg l/kf]6{ sf8{ -l;cf/;L_ tof/ ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ ^ r/0fdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . -lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf nflu jfUn] ;Dkflbt l;l6hg l/kf]6{ sf8{ ;e]{h, c gf]6 cg sG;]K6 P08 d]yf]8f]nf]hL, @))$ x]g'{xf];_ \ klxnf] r/0fM ;DefJotf, kfq / p2]Zosf] klxrfg klxnf] sbdM l;cf/;L d"Nofª\sgsf] ;DefJotf k|:6 kfg]{ klxnf] kfOnf eg]sf] ;e]{If0fdf vf;u/L s'g k|sf/sf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k/LIf0f ul/g]5 / lgisif{nfO{ s;/L k|of]u ug]{ eGg] kl/eflift ug'{ xf] . l;cf/;L ;e]{If0f k|foM Pp6} ;d'bfodf bf]xf]l/G5 . klxnf] ;e]{If0f sdhf]/ ;]jfk|bfos kQf nufpg ul/G5 eg] kl5sf ;e]{If0fx?df cl3Nnf] ;e]{If0fsf] lgisif{sf] t'ngfdf ;]jfk|bfosdf kl/jt{g eof] ePg x]l/G5 . bf];|f] sbdM ljZj;gLotfsf] nflu ;xsfo{ ;e]{If0fsf] lgisif{sf] ljZj;gLotf s]xL xb;Dd ;e]{If0f ug]{ ;+:yfsf] x}l;otdf e/ k5{ . s]xL ljifodf cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfsf] ;xsfo{n] ;e]{If0fsf] ljZj;gLotfnfO{ a9fpF5 . t/ cGo ljifodf o; k|sf/sf] cGt/f{li6«o ;+nUgtf k|efjsf/L x'Fb}g . sltko ;Gbe{df a]kmfObf klg x'g ;S5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ljZj a}+s hf];Fu k|fljlws bIf hgzlQm 5, To;n] ;e]{If0fdf cfly{s Pjd\ k|fljlws ;xof]u lbg ;S5, t/ ltgLx?nfO{ ;w}F e/ ug'{ xF'b}g . 26 | ] r/0fM bf];f k|ZgfjnLsf] l8hfOg klxnf] sbdM ;]jfk|bfos / ;]jfu|fxL;Fu nlIft ;d"x 5nkmnsf] cfof]hgf ;e]{If0f ug]{ ;d"xn] ;]jfu|fxLsf] wf/0ff ;ª\sng ug'{cl3 s'g ;]jfu|fxLsf] ;e]{If0f ug]{ eg]/ lglZrt ug'{k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, tL JolQmn] kl5Nnf tLg dlxgf, ^ dlxgf, !* dlxgfdf lnPsf] ;]jf . ;]jfk|bfosnfO{ ltgLx?n] lbg] ;]jf / klxrfg e};s]sf ;'wf/sf af/]df ;f]Wg' k5{ . oL ;d"xaf6 ;ª\sng ul/Psf] hfgsf/L k|ZgfjnLdf ;dfj]; ug'{k5{ . bf];|f] sbdM k|ZgfjnLsf] ;+/rgf / cfsf/ kl/eflift ug]{ ;e]{If0fdf ;do / u'0f:t/ ;Ldfn] k|Zgsf] ;ª\Vof lglZrt u5{ . Pp6f Jojxfl/s s'/f s] x'g ;S5 eg] k|ZgfjnLnfO{ 3/kl/jf/sf km/s ;b:on] pQ/ lbg ;Sg] u/L ljleGg efudf ljeflht ug]{ . csf]{ rqmLo cGtjf{tf{ xf], h;df 3/kl/jf/sf] Ps ;b:onfO{ Pp6f ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf af/]df k|Zg u/]kl5 csf]{ ;b:onfO{ csf]{ ;]jfsf] af/]df k|Zg ;f]Wg] / ;f] qmd hf/L /fVg] . l;cf/;L k|ZgfjnLsf] nflu lgb]{lzsf ha s'g} ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] dfkb08sf] s'/f cfpF5, k|ZgfjnLdf Tof] k|fKt ul/of] jf ul/Pg eGg] hfFRg'' k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, olb vfg]kfgL ;]jfk|bfosn] lbgdf Psk6s kfgL lbg] k|lta4tf hgfPsf] lyof] eg] Tof] ;]jf lbOof] jf lbOPg eg]/ pQ/ vf]Hg k|Zg ;f]Wg' k5{ . gd'gf k|ZgM tkfO{ sltk6s vfg]kfgL kfpg' x'G5 < != lbgdf Psk6s eGbf a9L, @= lbgdf Psk6s #= lbgdf Psk6seGbf sd h'ga]nf dfkb08 xF'b}g -o:tf] l:ylt w]/} b]zdf 5_ ;]jfsf] :t/ yfxf kfpg csf]{ pkfo lglZrt?kdf vf]lhg' k5{ . :jf:Yo s]Gb|sf] kx'Frsf af/]df k|ltpQ/ k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] oL s]xL gd'gf k|Zg x'g\ . ljsNk ! M tkfO{+n] lgoldt pkrf/ u/fpg] :jf:Yo s]Gb| k'Ug 27 slt ;do nfU5 < k'gMk|Zg, tkfO+{ ToxfF s'g ;fwg k|of]u u/]/ hfg' x'G5 < ljsNk @ M lgoldt pkrf/ u/fpg] :jf:Yo s]Gb| tkfO+{sf] 3/af6 slt 6f9f 5 < b'j} ljsNkn] pkof]uL hfgsf/L lbG5g\ . To;sf/0f To; k|sf/sf] k|ltlqmof k|fKt ug]{ k|of; ug'{xf];\ h'g l;cf/;L / :yfgLo kl/j]zdf pko'Qm x'G5 . cfjZostfcg';f/ ;do;Ldf agfO{ k'/fgf hfgsf/LnfO{ kG5fpg] . pbfx/0fsf nflu, s'g} JolQmn] cfkm\gf] 3/kl/jf/af6 ut jif{ lnPsf] ;]jfsf] af/]df dfq hfgsf/L lbg] rfxgf /fVg ;S5 . gd'gf k|ZgM tkfO+{ jf tkfO{+sf] kl/jf/sf s'g} ;b:on] ut jif{ ;/sf/L c:ktfnsf] ;]jf lnPsf lyP < olb tkfO+{ b"/L;DaGwL k|Zg ;f]Wg' x'G5 jf cGo k|Zg h;df PsfO{ -b"/L lsnf]ld6/df, ;do ldg]6df cflb_ eg] tkfO+{ k|Zgdf PsfO{ :ki6 klxrfg x'g] x'g'k5{ . v'nf k|Zgsf nflu k|Zgdf PsfO{ eP klg cg';Gwfgstf{nfO{ pQ/df lbOPsf] PsfO{ gf]6 ug{ eGg'k5{ . o;n] bf]xf]/f] hfFrnfO{ ;Dej agfpg'sf ;fy} ha k|Zg / pQ/df km/s PsfO{ x'G5 To;n] pQ/bftf;Fu jftf{nfk ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg u5{ . gd'gf k|ZgM cf};tdf tkfO{+ slt ldg]6 Pp6f c:ktfn sd{rf/Lsf] kvfO{df latfpg' x'G5 < k|ltlqmof k|fKt ug{ ljleGg k|sf/sf pQ/ tx -:s]n_ ;fdfGotM k|of]u ul/G5 . o:tf] tx -:s]n_ n] ;e]{If0fsf] lgisif{ ljZn]if0fdf k|efj kf5{, lj:t[t tx -:s]n_n] c:ki6 lgisif{ lbG5 eg] ;fwf/0f tx -:s]n_n] ;lhn} a'emfpg ;lsg] lgisif{ lbG5 . gd'gf k|ZgM tkfO{+sf] If]q jf ufpFdf pknAw ;fj{hlgs oftfoft slt e/kbf{ 5g\ < != Psbd} @= cf};t #= 5}gg\ $= yfxf 5}g cGTodf, k|Zg e/;s t6:y eP/ n]Vg' k5{ . Pp6f k|Zg h:t} tkfO{+n] k|fKt ug]{ ;]jfdf ;a}eGbf a9L s'g dg kb}{g < eg]/ ;f]Wbf ;]jfu|fxLaf6 k|fKt x'g] pQ/ kl/wLeGbf aflx/ hfg;S5 / ;Gt'ngdf Nofpg csf]{ k|Zgsf ?kdf tkfO{n] k|fKt ug]{ ;]jfdf ;a}eGbf a9L s'g dg k5{ < eg]/ 28 ;f]Wg' kg]{ x'G5 . t];|f] sbdM k|ZgfjnLsf] k"j{k/LIf0f klxnf] kfOnfdf ;ª\ul7t ul/Psf] nlIft ;d"x h:t} ;d"xdf k|ZgfjnLsf] k"j{k/LIf0f ug'{k5{ / ;e]{If0f ;'? ug'{eGbf cufl8 cfjZos ;+;f]wg " { To;sf] k/LIf0f ug'{k5{ . ;e]{If0f ug]{ dflg;n] klg sfo{:yndf hfg'kj ug'{k5{ / ltgLx?sf] k|ltlqmof cg';f/ k|Zg ;'wf/ ug]{ jf k|Zg ug]{ tl/sfdf ;'wf/ ug]{ ;do /flvg' k5{ . olb s'g} k|Zg w]/} dflg;n] a'em\g ;s]gg\ / bf]wf/df k/] eg] To:tf] k|Zg kl/jt{g ug'{k5{ . olb k|ZgfjnL w]/} efiffdf cg'jfb ul/Psf] 5 eg] ;Dk"0f{ ;e]{If0fsf sfuhftnfO{ k"j{jt k|fylds efiffdf -klxnf] cg'jfbs afx]s cGo s'g} JolQmaf6_ k'gM cg'jfb ul/g' k5{ . | ] r/0fM gd'gf 5gf}6 t];f (Sampling) klxnf] sbdM gd'gfdf ;xefuL ul/g]x?sf] ef}uf]lns If]qsf] klxrfg gd'gfsf] cfsf/ lglZrt ug'{eGbf cufl8 ;e]{If0f ul/g]] ef}uf]lns If]qdf Wofg lbg'k5{ . pQm If]qnfO{ 3/w'/Lsf] lsl;d, a;f]af;sf] ;do jf cfosf] cfwf/df ljefhg ug{' pkof]uL x'G5 . gd'gf ;e]{If0fsf] cfsf/ lglZrt ePkl5 leGg cfDbfgLsf] cfwf/df ;xefuL 3/w'/L rog ug'{k5{ . bf];|f] sbdM ;e]{If0fsf] gd'gf cfsf/ lglZrt ug]{ ah]6, ;do / ;ª\u7gsf] Ifdtfn] ;e]{If0fsf] cfsf/ ;Lldt u5{ . u0fs -h;n] ;e]{If0fsf] sfd u5{g\_ nfO{ kfl/>lds lbg' kb{5 / pgLx?nfO{ cfjZos eP ;e] { I f0f :yn;Dd k' ¥ ofpg' k5{ / hfgsf/Ld"ns krf{ 5fKg' k5{ . km/skm/s dflg;sf] /fd|f] ;xeflutfn] dfq nIo k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5, w]/} k|ZgfjnL e/]/ xf]Og eGg] s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf /fVg' k5{ . ;e]{If0f ul/g] :yfgsf w]/}eGbf w]/} ;fdflhs v08nfO{ ;xefuL agfpg' k5{ . Pp6f ;]jfsf] af/]df hgdt yfxf kfpg #)) b]lv #%) 3/w'/Lsf] gd'gf ;e]{If0f pko'Qm x'g] Kofssf] 7x/ 5 . 29 t];|f] sbdM gd'gf pQ/bftfsf] 5gf}6 l;cf/;L ;e]{If0fdf ljZn]if0f ul/g] k|d'v OsfO{ 3/w'/L xf] . oBlk, 3/w'/L leq klg gd'gf pQ/bftf 5gf}6 ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . 3/d'nLnfO{ k|d'v pQ/bftfsf] ?kdf 5gf}6 ug'{k5{ t/ ;e]{If0f ljleGg efudf ljeflht ePsf] v08df pQ/sf nflu 3/sf cGo ;b:onfO{ klg ;xefuL agfpg' k5{ . 3/sf cGo ;b:o 3/d'nLeGbf s]xL k|Zgdf a9L hfgsf/ x'g klg ;S5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, s'g} JolQm hf] 3/aflx/ sfd ub}{g To;nfO{ aflx/ sfd ug]{ 3/d'nLeGbf a9L lah'nL sfl6g] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L x'g ;S5 . /fd|f] gd'gf 5gf}6 ug'{ ;lhnf] sfd xf]Og . Pp6f pkof]uL tl/sf xf] ¥of08d gd'gf 5gf}6 (Random Sampling), h;df k|To]s 3/w'/LnfO{ Pp6f gDa/ lbOG5 / gDa/sf] 5gf}6 ¥of08d ul/G5 / ltgLx?df ;e]{If0f ul/G5 . csf]{ pkof]uL tl/sf :6«f6LkmfO8 ¥of08d :ofDklnª (Stratified Random Sampling) xf], h;df cg';Gwfgstf{n] k'?if dlxnf, km';sf] a:tL, /fd|f] a:tLh:tf ;d"x ljefhg u/]/ ltgLx?af6 ¥of08d :ofDkn 5gf}6 ub{5g\ . cGo w]/} k|sf/sf gd'gf 5gf}6 ljlw klg 5g\ . rf}yf] r/0fM { f0f ;~rfng ;e]I klxnf] sbdM u0fssf] 5gf}6 / tflnd ;e]{If0f ug]{ u0fsnfO{ cfof]hgfsf] p2]Zo / ;e]{If0fn] To;df s] of]ubfg k'¥ofpF5 eGg] /fd|f];Fu yfxf x'g'k5{ . ;e]{If0f ug{ k7fOg' cl3 ltgLx?n] tflnd kfpg' k5{ . ;fdfGotof, dlxnf;Fu cGtjf{tf{ lng dlxnf u0fs / k'?if;Fu cGtjf{tf{ lng k'?if u0fsnfO{ k|of]u ul/P kmfObf x'G5 . 30 bf];|f] sbdM cGtjf{tf{sf] ¥of08d k/LIf0f 3/w'/L pQ/bftf unt /]s8{sf sf/0f ;e]{If0fsf] ljZj;gLotf u'Dg glbg cGtjf{tf{:ynsf] ¥of08d cg'udg pkof]uL x'g ;S5 . olb ;e]{If0fsf] k|Zg unt a'lemof] jf s]xL pQ/ pko'Qm ePgg\ eg] k'gM cGtjf{tf{ lng'kg]{ x'G5 . u0fsn] k|Zg h;/L n]lvPsf] 5, To;/L g} k9\g' k5{ . o;n] cGtjf{tf{ lng]sf] :jfy{n] pQ/df kfg]{ k|efjaf6 arfpg'sf ;fy} ;e]{If0fsf pQ/aLr /fd|f] t'ngf ug{ ;lsG5 . k|To]s cGtjf{tf{ ;dfKt ePkl5 ;e]{Ifsn] k|fKt ;"rgf 7Ls eP– gePsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{k5{ . To;kl5 dfq ;ª\slnt ;"rgf ;xL x'G5 / To;nfO{ tYofª\ssf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . kfFrf}F r/0fM tYofª\s ljZn]if0f ;a} tYofª\s ;ª\sng ul/;s]kl5 ljZn]if0fsf] sfd k|f/De x'G5 . pQ/bftfn] ;/sf/L ;]jfnfO{ cª\s lbPsf x'g ;S5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, % b]lv % jf ! b]lv & ;Dd . s'n cª\s kQf nufpg Ps} k|sf/sf k|Zgsf] pQ/ hDdf ug]{, cf};t cª\s lgsfNg] / To;kl5 of] cf};tnfO{ k|ltztdf b]vfpg] . pbfx/0fsf nflu, olb s'g} Ps lgsfosf] cf};t cª\s ! b]lv & sf] :s]ndf #=& 5 eg]] Tof] %# k|ltzt -#=& nfO{ & n] efu ubf{_ x'G5 . of] k|ltztnfO{ l/kf]6{ sf8{df u|]8 elgG5 . ;ª\slnt tYofª\snfO{ tYofª\szf:qLo k/LIf0f u/L To;n] 7"nf] ;d' b fonfO{ k| l tlglwTj u5{ ls ub} { g / ;x–;d" x sf] km/s tYofª\szf:qLo b[li6sf]0fn] dxTjk"0f{ 5 jf 5}g kQf nufpg ;lsG5 . tYofª\szf:qLo ljZn]if0f Ifdtf ePsf] JolQm jf ;d"x - pbfx/0fsf nflu, ljZjljBfnosf] cg';Gwfg s]Gb|, :gftsf]Q/ ljBfyL{ jf cg'ejL ;e]{If0f sDkgL_ ;+:yfdf pknAw 5}g eg] ltgnfO{ of] r/0fsf] sfd lbg ;lsG5 . 31 5}6fF+} r/0fM glthfsf] k|;f/ klxnf] sbdM clwsf/LnfO{ ;xefuL agfpg] l/kf]6{ sf8{sf] glthfnfO{ s'g} ;]jfk|bfos lgsfodfly ;fj{hlgs?kdf a]OHht ug{ k|of]u ug'{ x'Fb}g . To;sf] abnf, k|fylds glthf pgLx?nfO{ atfP/ pgLx?sf] egfO{ ;d]t /fv]/ clGtd k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{ / To;df ;'emfj ;d]t lbg ;lsG5 . bf];|f] sbdM ;~rf/ dfWodnfO{ ;xefuL agfpg] l/kf]6{ sf8{sf] lgisif{nfO{ kqsf/ ;Dd]ng jf To:t} s'g} sfo{qmddf k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5– . sfo{qmdsf] Jofks k|;f/sf nflu ;e]{If0f ;+:yfn] 5f]6f 5fKg ;lsg] ;dfrf/, k|]; lj1lKt / :yfgLo efiffdf cg'jfb ul/Psf] k|ltj]bgsf] ;f/f+z k|]; ls6df lbg ;S5g\ . of] ;d"xn] 5fkf, 6]lnlehg, /]l8of] / gofF ;~rf/sf ;fwg h:t} j]a;fO6, l8:s;g af]8{ / Anuh:tf km/s ;~rf/ dfWodnfO{ cfslif{t ug'{k5{ . t];|f] sbdM ;]jfk|bfos / ;]jfu|fxLaLr ;~rf/nfO{ a9fjf lbg] l/kf]6{ sf8{ k|sflzt ePkl5 ;]jfk|bfos / ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ pgLx?sf] k|ltlqmofsf nflu 5nkmn ug]{ :yfg agfOlbg'k5{ . o:tf] 5nkmnn] ;]jfk|bfosnfO{ sfo{;Dkfbgdf ;'wf/ ug{ bafa lbG5, sDtLdf ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ cfkm\gf] ljrf/ /fVg lbOG5 . olb ;Dej ePdf ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ h:tf] sfo{qmd agfpg ;lsG5 hxfF ;j{;fwf/0fn] ;]jfk|bfosnfO{ k|Zg ug{ ;S5g\ . rf}yf] sbdM ;Gb]z k|:t't ug]{ clGtd k|ltj]bgn] ;e]{If0fsf] lgisif{ k|:t't ug'{k5{, To;af6 lgrf]8 lgsfNg' k5{ / klxrfg ePsf s'g} ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ;'emfj lbg'k5{ . o;df ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds b'j} glthf x'g'k5{ / s]xL ckjfbnfO{ 5f8]/ of] kl/jt{gsf] Bf]ts aGg'k5{ gsL ;]jfk|bfosnfO{ ckdfg ug]{ ;fwg . l;cf/;Lsf af/]df uxg hfgsf/Lsf nflu x]g'{xf];,\ Kofsn] lgdf{0f u/]sf] ODk|'leª nf]sn ueg]{G; P08 ;le{; 8]lne/LM l;l6hG; l/kf]6{ sf8{ nlg{ª 6'nls6, Pl;og 8]enkd]G6 a}+s / Pl;og 8]enkd]G6 a}+s OlG:6Ro'6, http://www.citizenreportcard.com/index.html# lkl8Pkm ;+:s/0fsf] kl/R5]bdf cltl/Qm ;fdu|L h:t} k|]; lj1lKtsf] gd'gf, gd'gf clGtd k|ltj]bg / ah]6 hfFr;"rL -r]sln:6_ ;dfj]; 5 . 32 u= pknlAw ;kmntf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfaf6 gful/ssf] ;Gt'i6L ljut !) jif{df a}+unf]/df ul/Psf ;e]{If0fdf ptf/r9fjo'Qm kfOof], oBlk ;g\ !((# sf] t'ngfdf ;g\ @))# sf] ;e]{If0fn] gful/s ;Gt'i6Lsf] If]qdf pNn]Vo pknlAw b]vfPsf] lyof] . ;g\ !((( / ;g\ !((# sf]] ;e]{If0fsf] t'ngf /fd|f];Fu x'g g;s]sf] eP klg s]xL lgsfon] klxnf] l/kf]6{ sf8{df JoQm gful/s c;Gt'i6LnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ yfn]sf] lgisif{n] b]vfPsf] lyof] . tLg lgsfo -a}+unf]/ 6]lnsd, ljB't\ af]8{ / vfg]kfgL tyf 9n lgsf; af]8{_ n] ;g\ !((( sf] ;e]{If0fkl5 ltgLx?sf] ;]jfz'Ns ;ª\ s ng k|lqmofnfO{ Jojl:yt u/] . Kofssf] ;xof] u df a} + u nf] / ljsf; k|flws/0fn] cfk\mgf] l/kf]6{ s f] ; xof]ud f Kofs ljsf; sf8{ ljsf; u¥of], h;df a}+unf]/ fn] cfkmgf] e|i6frf/ / ;]jfdf k|flws/0 f8{df ;]jfu|fxLsf] k|ltlqmof l/kf]6{ s f] k|ltlqmof ;d]l6Psf] lyof] . a}+unf]/ ;]jfu|fxLs u/]sf] lyof] . l;6L skf]{/];g / a}+unf]/ ;ª\sng ljsf; k|flws/0fn] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, ;/sf/L sd{ r f/Lsf] k| l tlglwTjdf pRr k|fyldstf k|fKt ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ;+o'Qm d~r ljsf; u/] . ;]jf lgs} g/fd|f] kfOPsf ;x/sf b'O{ 7"nf ;/sf/L c:ktfnn] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfn] la/fdLnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ / sd{rf/L a9L pQ/bfoL agfpg tof/ u/]sf] x]Nk 8]:s :yfkgfsf] k|:tfj :jLsf/ u/] . ljleGg ;'wf/n] ;g\ !((( / ;g\ @))# df ;/sf/L sfof{nox?sf] sfo{;Dkfbgdf gf6sLo kl/jt{g cfPsf] Kofsn] hgfPsf] 5 . To;df cGt//fli6«o bft[ ;+:yfsf] bafa / gful/s ;xeflutfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ /fHosf d'VodGqLsf] e"ldsf ljz]if ;/fxgLo 5 . To;sf] ;fy} l/kf]6{ sf8{ nfu" ug]{ ;DaGwdf !) jif{ nfdf] k}/jL / ;~rf/ dfWodsf] e"ldsfn] ;]jfk|bfos lgsfonfO{ bafa lbPsf] lyof] . 33 r'gf}tL l;cf/;L cfof]hgf ;DkGg ug{ ^ dlxgfb]lv Ps jif{ jf cem a9L ;do nfU5 . Kofsn] of] k4lt nfu" ug{ rfxg] ljZjsf cGo b]znfO{ ;xof]u ub}{ cfPsf] 5 / l/kf]6{ sf8{ ;e]{If0f ug{ rfxg] s'g} klg ;d"xnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg d'2fsf] ;"rL;d]t tof/ u/]sf] 5 . -s_ ;zQm g]t[TjbfoL ;+:yfsf] cfjZostfM l;cf/;L cfof]hgfsf] ;kmntf d'VotM To;sf] g]t[Tj ug]{ ;+:yfdf e/ k5{ . of] ;+:yfsf] ul/df ;e]{If0fdf ;xefuL x'g]sf] gh/df pRr x'g'k5{ / l;cf/;L ul/g] 7fpF;Fu kl/lrt x'g'k5{ . ;+:yf ;e]{If0fdf cg'ejL / ;dfhsf ljleGg ;fem]bf/;Fu sfd ug{ pT;'s x'g'k5{ . -v_ ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts kl/j]zsf] n]vfhf]vfM cy{k"0f{ kl/jt{gsf nflu ;/sf/ l;cf/;Lsf] k|ltlqmofnfO{ nfu" ug{ vf]Hg] x'g'k5{ . cem, ;dfhsf ljleGg ;d"x -;/sf/, ;~rf/ dfWod, Jofj;foL / gful/s_ l;cf/;L ;~rfng ug{ rfxg] x'g'k5{ . ;e]{If0fsf] k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg gful/s 8/fpg' kg]{ cj:yf x'g' xF'b}g / ;e]{Ifs tyf pQ/bftfsf] ;'/Iffdf k|Zg p7\g' x'Fb}g . -u_ k}/jL /0fgLltsf] ljsf;M k}/jLsf] sfd ;w}F ;]jfk|lt lhDd]jf/ ;/sf/L lgsfo -:yfgLo, /fHo / b]z_ df s]lGb|t x'g'k5{ . o;sf] cnfjf, l;cf/;L ;e]{If0f ug]{n] :yfgLo ;~rf/ dfWod;Fu /fd|f] ;DaGw ljsf; ug'{k5{ h;n] ;]jfk|bfossf] Jojxf/ kl/jt{g ug{ bafa l;h{gf ug{ ;lsG5 . b]zdf ldl8of ;]G;/ hlt a9L x'G5, ;fd"lxs k}/jL ;kmn x'g] ;Defjgf Tolt g} sd x'G5 . ;]jfk|bfos cfkm\gf] Jojxf/ kl/jt{g ug{ clgR5's ePsf] ;Gbe{df k}/jL ;kmn gx'g] ;Defjgf x'G5 . ;e]{If0fsf] s]xL glthf ;]jfk|bfossf] kIfdf ePsf] v08df pgLx? of] k|lqmofdf ;xh} ;xefuL aGg ;S5g\ . l/kf]6{ sf8{nfO{ lglZrt ;dosf] cGt/fndf lg/Gt/ ubf{ ;]jfk|bfosnfO{ pgLx?nfO{ ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ If]qsf] hfgsf/L lbG5, h;n] pgLx?nfO{ ;e]{If0fdf ;xefuL x'g clek|]l/t ;d]t u5{ . -3_ k|fljlws ;Lksf] cfjZostfM l;cf/;L ;e]{If0f ug]{ ;d"xnfO{ ;e]{If0f ljlw, :yfgLo ;]jf gLlt / lkmN8sf] sfddf aflx/L ;d"xaf6 k|fljlws ;xof]u cfjZos kg{ ;S5 . ljZjljBfno / lghL sDkgL To:tf] k|fljlws 1fg ePsf dflg; vf]Hg] 34 /fd|f] :yfg x'g ;S5g\ . -ª_ vr{sf] Joj:yfkgM l;cf/;L ;e]{If0fsf] vr{ To;df ;dfj]; s'/f h:t} gd'gfsf] cfsf/, ;e]{If0f ug{ cfjZos hgzlQm / ltgLx?nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ tflnd, cfjZos ;"rgf ;fdu|L -sDKo'6/, kmf]g cflb_, k|Zgkq 5fKg] vr{, ;e]{If0fstf{ / cg'udgstf{sf] Hofnf, /sd tyf oftfoft / ;fj{hlgs ubf{ nfUg] vr{ OToflb kb{5g\ . Kofssf] lj:t[t hfgsf/L ;+:yfsf] j]a;fO6 http://www.pacindia.org df k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . v= tfGhflgofdf xfsLsfhL Sof6fln:6åf/f lkdf sf8{sf] k|of]u kl/ro ;g @))) df :yfkgf ePsf] xfsLsfhL Sof6fln:6 tfGhflgofdf /x] s f] ;fdflhs Gofosf] k}/jL ug]{ ;ª\u7g xf] h;n] ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfonfO{ pgLx?sf] hLjgdf k|efj kfg]{ ;/sf/L lg0f{olj?4 ;zQmLs/0f ug]{ / :yfgLo, /fli6«o / cGt//fli6«o kl/j];df pgLx?sf] gful/s / /fhgLlts clwsf/ k|fKt ug{ ;xof]u u5{ . of] ;+:yfdf !$ hgf k"0f{sfnLg sd{rf/L 5g\ / o;nfO{ ;~rfns ;ldlt, ;Nnfxsf/ kl/ifb\ / ;b:on] rnfpF5g\ . xfsfsfhLn] k| T o] s jif{ cfdgful/ssf nflu ;/sf/L gLlt;DaGwL bhgf}+ k':ts ;xh / nf]slk|o 9fFrfdf k|sf;g u5{ . o;sf] lglb{i6 nIo ul/a / ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfonfO{ ;xhstf{ sfd ug]{, /fli6«o / :yfgLo gLlt kl/j{tgsf nflu bafa agfpg] / ul/aL lgd"{n ug]{ x'g\ . 35 s= kl/ro ;g\ @))# df cGt{/fli6«o ah]6 cfof]hgfn] ljZjsf $) /fi6«sf ah]6 k}/jL ;+:yfnfO{ d]lS;sf]df PsLs[t u¥of] . ToxfF ef/tsf] klAns ckm]o;{ sld6Ln] ;/sf/L lgsfosf] ;]jfsf] ;kmn gful/s ;Gt'i6L dfkg;DaGwL l/kf]6{ sf8{ k|:t't u¥of] -cl3Nnf] s]; :68L x]g'{xf];_\ . Tof] ;Dd]ngdf ;xefuL ePsf tfGhflgofsf] cfly{s Pj+ ;fdflhs Gofo k}/jL ;+:yfsf lgb]{zsn] cfkm\gf] b]zdf klg l/kf]6{ sf8{ ljlw ;'? ug]{ lglZrt u/] / b]zsf] kl/j]; cg';f/ lkdf sf8{ ljsf; u/] . xfsLsfhLsf] lkdf sf8{ -lkdf eg]sf] :jflxnLdf dfk_ n] ;fwf/0f, nrsbf/ d"Nofª\sg ;fwg pknAw u/fpF5 h;af6 ;/sf/n] ul/aL lgjf/0fdf u/]sf] vr{sf] u'0ffTds / ;ª\VofTds ;"rgf -;d'bfon] s'g sf]if kfof] <_ / To;sf] glthf -sf]if sxfF k|of]u eof] < Tof] cfof]hgfn] ;d'bfodf s;/L k|efj kf¥of] <_ ;d'bfon] k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvG5 . of] ljlwaf6 :yfgLo / lhNnf b'j} ;/sf/n] lhNnf / :yfgLo txdf k|bfg u/]sf]] j:t' / ;]jf sf8{sf] dfWodaf6 hfF l rG5 . glthfsf] cfwf/df lhNnf / :yfgLo ;/sf/n] ;d'bfosf] k|fyldstf ;Daf]wg ug{ p7fpg'kg]{ cl3Nnf] sbd yfxf kfpF 5 g\ / ;" r gf ;f6f;f6 ug] { sfdnfO{ Jojl:yt ub{5g\ . ;g\ @))# / ;g\ @))& sf] aLrdf xfsLsfhLn] lkdf sf8{ k|lqmofåf/f b'O{j6f ah]6 cg'udg ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo ;/sf/n] ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu ah]6 lgdf{0f s;/L u5{ / :yfgLo txdf o;sf] sfof{Gjog s;/L x'G5 tyf s] ltgLx?n] jf:tjd} ul/a ;d'bfosf] sNof0fdf sfd u/]sf 5g\ . tfGhflgof ;/sf/sf] ul/aL lgjf/0f /0fgLlt cg'udg k|0ffnL :yfgLo :jflxnL 5f]6s/L ds's'6fsf] gfdn] nf]slk|o ds's'6f dlg6l/ª df:6/ Knfg P08 Ol08s]6/ OGkmd{];g -@))^_ xf], h;n] cg'udg /0fgLlt sfof{Gjogdf ;a} ;fem]bf/ ljz]ifu/L gful/s ;dfhsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ a9fjf lbG5 . Tof] sfuhftn] ds's'6fsf] k|To]s nIosf nflu ljz]if ;"rsfª\s tof/ u/]sf] 5, lt gful/s ;dfh / cGo ;+:yfn] ug]{ cg'udgsf nflu pkof]uL ;fdu|L ePsf 5g\ . 36 v= ljlw lkdf sf8{df cf7j6f k|lqmof cjnDag ul/G5g\ . klxnf] sbdM { of/L lhNnf:t/Lo k"jt xfsLsfhLn] ljut nfdf] ;dosf] ;+DaGwdf cfwf/df cEof;df ;xefuL ufpFx? 5gf}6 u5{ . ;fem]bf/nfO{ kl/rfng ug{ lhNnf sfo{zfnf cfof]hgf u5{, ah]6 cg'udg k|0ffnL / lkdf sf8{ k|lqmofsf af/]df hfgsf/L lbG5 / pgLx?sf] ;xof]u k|fKt u5{ . ;xefuLdf of]hgf, s[lif, k|fs[lts ;+zfwg, lzIff, :jf:Yo / ;fd'bflos ljsf; ljefusf ufpF jf jf8{, lhNnf ;/sf/L clwsf/L k|ltlglw /xg ;S5g\ . of] a}7sdf :yfgLo clwsf/LnfO{ ah]6 / of]hgfsf] ;"rgf lgoldt?kdf -q}dfl;s_ lglZrt 9fFrfdf lbg cfu|x ul/G5 . olb ;Demf}tf ePdf of] ;"rgf ;xefuL ;d'bfodf b]vfOG5 . | ] sbdM bf];f ;Lk ljsf; lkdf sf8{ k|lqmofnfO{ g]t[Tj lbg ;Sg] ;d'bfosf JolQm -ljBdfg ;fd'bflos ;+:yfaf6_ nfO{ xfsLsfhLn] tflnd lbG5 . oL k|lzIfs k|lzIf0f tflnd ds's'6f cg'udg k|lqmofsf] dxTjk"0f{ cª\u xf] . ltgLx?n] ;xefuLnfO{ ah]6df ;ª\VofTds / u'0ffTds hfgsf/L ;d'bfosf nflu ;ª\sng ug]{ tl/sf, ;/sf/L ah]6 ljZn]if0f / To;nfO{ gLlt lgdf{tf;Fu s;/L k|:t't ug]{ eGg] tl/sf l;sfpF5g\ . tflnddf ;xefuL gful/s ;dfhsf k|ltlglw, :yfgLo ;/sf/L clwsf/L -h:t} ;d'bfo ljsf; sd{rf/L_ / xfsLsfhLsf cg';Gwfg ;xhstf{ ;xefuL x'G5g\ / ltgLx? lkdf k|lqmofsf] lkdf sf8{sf] lgdf{0f, ah]6 ljZn]if0f, ;fd'bflos tflnddf ;xhstf{ / lgisif{sf] ljZn]if0f / k|:t'tLs/0f h:tf ;a} sbddf ;+nUg x'G5g\ . 37 | ] sbdM t];f ;fd'bflos txsf] tof/L To;kl5, xfsfsfhL ;xefuL ;d'bfodf ds's'6fsf] ljifodf ;fj{hlgs ax; u/fp5 . o;sf] p2]Zo ;d'bfonfO{ ds's'6fnfO{ To;sf] cg'udg k|0ffnL / ul/aL lgjf/0f /0fgLltdf k|ltlqmof a'em\g l;sfpF5 . ;fj{hlgs ax;df, ;fwf/0ftM ah]6sf] cg'udg / ljz]ifu/L] ul/aLsf] sf/0f, ds's'6f /0fgLlt, nIo / ;"rsfª\s / p2]Zo / kmfObf af/]df ;d' b fon] 5nkmn u5{ g\ . ;d' b fosf ;b:o;F u ;fgf] ;d" x df 5nkmnkl5 cg'udg ug{ rfx]sf] b'O{j6f If]q h:t} lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;8s, s[lif jf vfg]kfgL 5gf}6 u5{g\ . k|To]s ;d'bfon] cg'udg ;ldltdf sfd ug{ ;ftb]lv !% ;b:o 5gf}6 u5{g\, h;n] 5gf}6 ul/Psf] k|fylds If]qdf lkdf sf8{ k|of]u u/L ;"rgf ;ª\sng u5{g\ . ;d'bfosf ;a} kIf o'jf, dlxnf, j[4 / ckfª\u ;dfj]; x'g]u/L ;b:o 5gf}6 ul/G5 . rf}yf] sbdM u|fdL0f lkdf sf8{sf] l8hfOg cg'udgstf{n] cg';Gwfgsf nflu cfkm\gf] ;d'bfodf ePsf] vr{ lkdf sf8{ k|of]u u/L ;ª\VofTds / u'0ffTds cfwf/df ;ª\sng u5{g,\ ;fy}M • lhNnfsf] ah]6df s'g ds's'6f zLif{ssf] lglZrt sfddf /sd ljlgof]hg ul/Psf] 5 . • Tof] If]qdf ;d'bfon] ljut !@ dlxgfdf slt ah]6 k|fKt u¥of] (Input). • ljut !@ dlxgfdf ;d'bfodf s] slt lqmofsnfk ;DkGg eP (Output) . • tL lqmofsnfkdf slt /sd jf:tljs vr{ eof] . • tL sfdaf6 ;d'bfon] s'g txsf] ;Gt'i6L kfof] . 38 • ljut !@ dlxgfdf ;d'bfodf ;DkGg s'g ds's'6f sfo{df lhNnfaf6 ah]6 ljlgof]hg ePsf] lyPg -sxfFaf6 ah]6 cfPsf] lyof]_, / • dxTjsf cfwf/df >]0fL ljefhg u/]sf ;d'bfosf k|fylds d'2f s] s] x'g\ . ;fwf/0f ah]6df s[lif / ahf/df ePsf] vr{sf] ;"rgf ;ª\sng k|lqmof tn b]vfOPsf] 5 . xfsLsfhLn] ;d'bfosf] k|fyldstf If]qdf vr{ cg'udg ug{ o:t} k|sf/sf] lkdf sf8{ lgdf{0f ub{5 . u|fdL0f lkdf sf8{sf] gd'gf -u|fdL0f ljsf; ah]6_ s[lif / ahf/ vr{af6 nlIft ljsf; ah]6 /sdsf] jf:tljs pknlAw xfl;n ah]6 vr{ /sd ;|f]t vr{ eof] < of] u|fdL0f lkdf sf8{ eg{ xfsLsfhLn] lgDg lgb]{zg lbPsf] 5 . • lkdf sf8{ ufpFsf] ljsf; ah]6 k|of]u u/]/ eg'{k5{ . • /sdsf] ;|f]t pNn]v ug'k { 5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, s] Tof] k};f ;/sf/n] lbPsf] lyof] jf ;d'bfosf] of]ubfg lyof] jf s'g} ;+:yfsf] < • ljsf; sfo{df ePsf] jf:tljs vr{ pNn]v ug'{k5{ . of] ufpFdf /x]sf] a}+ssf] ljj/0f jf ufpF ;/sf/sf] n]vf k'l:tsfaf6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . • cGTodf, sfd sxfF+ ;DkGg eof] / ufpFn]x?n] rfx]h:tf] kmfObf To;af6 k|fKt u/] jf u/]gg\ eGg] pNn]v ug'{k5{ . of] ;"rgf sfo{:ynsf] e|d0fkl5 dfq sf8{df eg'{k5{ . tn k|:t't tflnsf u|fdL0f lkdf sf8{sf] gd'gf xf] h;df s[lif tyf ahf/df ePsf] vr{sf] u'0ffTds ;"rgf ;ª\sng ul/G5 . 39 u|fdL0f lkdf sf8{sf] kl/b[io -pTkfbg PsfO{x?_ s[lif / ahf/ v lj:t[t ;]jf ! tkfO{sf] ufpFn] ut jif{ s'g k|sf/sf] lj:t[t ;]jfsf] ;'emfj lbPsf] lyof] / tkfO{ of] ;]jfaf6 slt ;Gt'i6 x'g'x'G5 < k|fKt gePsf] sdhf]/ ;Gt'li6k"0f{ /fd|f] ljiffbL Joj:yfkg kl/:s[t aLp e"–;+/If0f ls;fg ;xhstf{ ;ª\3 l;FrfO k|ljlw cGg k|zf]wg of] sf8{ eg{ xfsLsfhLn] lgDg lgb]{zg hf/L u/]sf] 5M • s[lif ljz]if1af6 ljut !@ dlxgfdf k|fKt u/]sf] tflnd jf gjLg hfgsf/L ;"rLs[t ug]{ . • olb tflnd jf gjLg hfgsf/L ljut !@ dlxgfdf k|fKt ePsf] 5}g eg] aS;df k|fKt gePsf] n]Vg] . • olb ;]jf k|fKt ePsf] 5 eg] ;]jfsf] :t/ sdhf]/, ;Gt'i6Lo'Qm jf /fd|f] s:tf] lyof] 5nkmn u/L ;DalGwt aS;df n]Vg] . o:t} lsl;dsf] lgb]{zg cGo ;]jf jf k"jf{wf/sf ljifo h:t} s[lif C0fdf kx'Fr, aLpm / dndf kx'Fr / l;FrfOsf] ;'ljwf lkdf sf8{df ;ª\sng ug{ lbOPsf] 5 . 40 kfFrfF} sbdM lhNnf:t/Lo lkdf sf8{sf] lgdf{0f lhNnf:t/Lo lkdf sf8{nfO{ lhNnf:t/Lo :jd"Nofª\sg elgG5 / of] sf8{ lhNnfsf ;/sf/L clwsf/Ln] e5{g\ . d"Nofª\sg cEof;sf nflu ;d'bfon] 5gf}6 u/]sf] k|To]s If]qsf nflu xfsLsfhLn] :jd"Nofª\sg kmd{ agfpF5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, lhNnf s[lif sfof{non] :jd"Nofª\sg kmd{ eg'{k5{ . :jd"Nofª\sg kmd{df ;dfj]; ul/g] k|Zgn] ;d'bfodf p7]sf k|ZgnfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug'{k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, sf8{n] ah]6df pNn]lvt ds's'6f lqmofsnfk, /sdsf] ;|f]t, jf:tljs vr{ / To;sf] k|efjsf af/]df ;f]Wg'k5{ . lhNnf:t/Lo :jd"Nofª\sg sf8{sf] gd'gf s[lif / ahf/ s afnL pTkfbg s=!= afnLsf] u'0f:t/ s'g u'0f:t/sf afnLx? lhNnfdf ljut tLg jif{df pTkfbg eP < afnL @))$ @))% @))^ ======= ========= ======== =========== pTkfbg a9\g' / 36\g'sf sf/0f s] x'g\ < v ;fwf/0f k|Zg v=!= lhNnfdf s[lif / kz'kfngn] a]xf]g'{ k/]sf kfFr d'Vo ;d:of dxTjsf] cfwf/df ;"rLs[t ug'{xf];\ . u lj:t[t ;]jf u=!= ut jif{ tkfO+{sf s[lif lj1n] v]tLkftLsf nflu s'g ;d'bfonfO{ tflnd, hfgsf/L jf ;fdu|L lbP < ljiffbL Joj:yfkg================================ kl/:s[t aLpm============================= e"–;+/If0f========================== 41 5}6f}+ sbdM lkdf sf8{df ;"rgf ;ª\sng ufpFdf ;"rgf ;ª\sng ug]{ sfdn] ;fwf/0ftofM b'O{ ;ftfsf] ;do lnG5 . xfsLsfhL / o;sf ;xhstf{n] Pp6f ufpF ;ldltdf lkdf sf8{df tYofª\s s;/L ;ª\sng ug]{ tflnd lbG5g\ / ;f]xL ufpF ;ldltsf] ;d' b fodf k/LIf0f u5{ g\ . cfjZostf dx;' ; ePdf k/LIf0fkl5 lkdf sf8{df kl/dfh{g ul/G5 / To;nfO{ csf]{ ufpFsf cg'udgstf{nfO{ tflnd lbg k|of]u ul/G5 . xfsLsfhLsf tflndk|fKt ;xhstf{sf] ;xof]udf ufpF cg'udg ;ldltn] ufpF ;/sf/sf] a}+s vftf, n]vf k'l:tsf / ef}r/n] lhNnfaf6 k|fKt ah]6 / ufpFdf ePsf] vr{sf] hfgsf/L ;ª\sng u/L ljZn]if0f u5{g\ . cfjZos b]lvPsf] v08df, xfsLsfhLn] cem kl/:s[t ug{ tL hfgsf/L k' g /fjnf] s g u5{ . lkdf sf8{ eg] { sfd ;lsPkl5 xfsLsfhLsf ;xhstf{n] ufpF cg'udg ;ldltnfO{ hfgsf/Lsf] ;f/f+z lvRg ;xof]u u5{g,\ h'g kl5 ufpFsf] a}7sdf k|:t't Pj+ 5nkmn ul/G5 . ;ftfF+} sbdM :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ah]6sf] ljZn]if0f cg'udgsf nflu 5flgPsf If]qdf slt ah]6 ljlgof]hg ul/Psf] lyof] eGg] yfxf kfpg xfsLsfhLn] lhNnfsf] ah]6sf] ljZn]if0f u5{ . lhNnf of]hgf sfof{noaf6 k|fKt lhNnfsf] ah]6n] :jLs[t vr{ b]vfpF5 h'g ufpF ;/sf/ / ;]jfk|bfosnfO{ hfG5 . lhNnf ah]6 ljZn]if0f lgDg s'/f yfxf kfpg ul/G5M • 5flgPsf If]qdf x'g] rfn' -;~rfng ah]6_ vr{ / ljsf; - gofF sfo{qmdsf nflu ;~rfng / k'FhLut vr{_ vr{ . • 5flgPsf If]qsf] s'g ds's'6f lqmofsnfk ah]6df ;dfj]; 5. 42 • 5flgPsf If]qsf] s'g ds's'6f lqmofsnfk ah]6df ;dfj]; 5}g, / • cGo vr{ zLif{sdf ePsf] vr{ / ds's'6f lqmofsnfknfO{ 5'6\ofOPsf] ljsf; -k'FhLut_ vr{ . xfsLsfhLn] cfkm\gf] ah]6 ljZn]if0f lhNnfsf kbflwsf/L -:jd"Nofª\sgåf/f_ / ;d'bfon] e/]sf] lkdf sf8{sf] glthfsf] cfwf/df u5{ . cf7fF+} sbdM ljZn]if0f / k|ltlqmof lhNnf / ;d'bfon] lbPsf] ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df l/kf6{ tof/ ul/G5, ;xsdL{ -lko/_ n] ljZn]if0f u5{g\ / To;nfO{ ;d'bfo / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] cufl8 k|:t't ul/G5 . To;kl5 ;d'bfosf k|ltlglw / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf clwsf/Ln] a}7s u/L cg'udgsf] glthfdf 5nkmn u5{g,\ ;d'bfosf] k|fyldstf ;Daf]wg ug{ rfNg'kg]{ sbd lgSof}{n u5{g\ / ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfgnfO{ s;/L lg/Gt/tf lbg] lglZrt u5{g\ . lkdf sf8{ cWoogsf] glthf ;d'bfo:t/ -hxfF ufpF ;/sf/n] sfd u5{_, lhNnf / If]qLo:t/ -hxfFaf6 ul/asf] kIfdf d'Vo gLlt lg0f{odf k|efj kfg{ ;lsG5_ / /fli6«o:t/ -hxfF gLlt lgdf{tfn] To;df of]ubfg ug{ ;S5g\_ ;Fu cfbfgk|bfg ul/G5 . ;/sf/sf] ;a} txdf ul/a s]lGb|t lg0f{o u/fpg xfsLsfhLn] c? gful/s ;dfhsf ;+:yf;Fu klg ;xsfo{ u5{ . u= glthf ;kmntf cufl8 elgPemF} xfsLsfhLn] lkdf sf8{sf] cWoog b'O{k6s dfq u/]sf] 5 . oBlk, o;n] u|fdL0f ljsf; vr{sf] ;d:of klxrfgdf s]xL ;kmntf k|fKt ul/;s]sf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;g\ @))^ sf] xfsfsfhL of]hgfdf ;xefuL Pp6f ;d'bfo tfGhflgofsf] pQ/L ufpF cf?;fdf a;f]af; ug]{ dsf]g' xf] . dsf]g' u|fd kl/ifb\n] cg'udgsf nflu k|fylds lzIff sf]if 5gf}6 u¥of] / lgDg s'/f kQf nfUof]M 43 • ufpFsf] a}+s vftfaf6 lgsflnPsf] tfGhflgof l;lnª (,#)),))) -sl/a &,%)) cd]l/sL 8n/_ dWo] tfGhflgof l;lnª !,!)),))) -sl/a **) cd]l/sL 8n/_ sf] vr{df s'g} tYofª\s e]l6Pg . • To; jif{ agfOPsf] ljBfnosf] :ynut cg'udgn] ah]6df n]lvP -;/sf/L dfkb08_ eGbf sd u'0f:t/sf] kftnf] h:tfn] ljBfno 5fPsf] kfOof] . Tof] kftnf] h:tf xfjfx'/L rNbf ;lhn} p8fpg ;S5 . • lzIfs ejg agfpg 5'6o \ fOPsf] tfGhflgof l;lnª !,!@$,&)) -sl/a ()) cd]l/sL 8n/_ sf] s'g} n]vfhf]vf ufpF ;/sf/;+Fu lyPg t/ Tof] /sd a}+saf6 lgsflnPsf] lyof] . ufpF cg'udg ;ldlt / xfsLsfhLn] phfu/ u/]sf] sf]ifsf] b'?kof]un] ufpF, jf8{ / lhNnf ;/sf/sf] Wofg lvRof] . lhNnf ;/sf/n] tTsfn cg';Gwfgsf nflu Ps 6f]nL u7g u¥of] . of] n]lv/x]sf] a]nf, ;/sf/sf] e|i6frf/ /f]syfd Ao'/f]n] lhNnfsf clwsf/L klg ;+nUg 5g\ ls eGg] cfz+sfdf cg';Gwfg ul//x]sf] 5 . ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t cg'udgn] s;/L :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] hjfkmb]xLtf a9fpF5 / cGttM ul/asf] hLjgdf ;'wf/ NofpF5 < xfsLsfhLn] o:tf] ;kmntf cGo ;d'bfodf klg kfPsf] 5 . r'gf}tL xfsLsfhL ;/sf/sf] lgb]{zgdf cfwfl/t 5, h;cg';f/ gful/s dfu]sf] v08df :yfgLo ;/sf/n] vf]h]sf] ;"rgf lbg'k5{ . oBlk, /fli6«o ;"rgf P]gsf] cefjdf xfsLsfhL / lkdf sf8{ nfu" ug{ rfxg] :yfgLo ;d'bfosf nflu ;"rgf k|fKt ug'{ k|d'v cj/f]w lyof] . xfsLsfhLn] ;"rgf ;ª\sngsf] qmddf ;xhtstf{sf] e"ldsfdf km/s dx;'; u¥of] h;n] ubf{ tof/L lkdf sf8{ klg km/skm/s eP . eljiodf, ;a} ;xhstf{ k|lta4 / of]Uo ePsf] ;'lglZrt x'g'k5{ . cGTodf, hyfefjL k|:t'lt / lglZrt lbzf gePsf sf/0f lhNnfsf] ah]6 ljZn]if0f ug{ sl7g / a9L ;do nfUg] x'G5 . ah]6sf sfuhkqn] ;fFrf] ljj/0f lbg] / ah]6sf] ;Ldfsf sf/0f tL sfd ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f k|foM k|Zg p7fpg' kg]{ x'G5g\ . oL r'gf}tL xF'bfxF'b} klg xfsLsfhLn] lkdf sf8{ k|lqmofnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{ / cfkm\gf] vr{ n]vfhf]vf cg'ejnfO{ cGo ;d'bfo / lhNnfdf sfd u/L lg/Gt/tf lbg] c7f]6 u/]sf] 5 . xfsLsfhLsf] hfgsf/L ;+:yfsf] j]a;fO6 http://www.hakikazi.org df k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . ��� 44 # ah]6sf] k|efj d"Nofª\sgsf cGo ;kmn cleofg 45 ; /sf/L ah]6sf] k|efj d"Nofª\sg ug]{ yk b'O{ gful/s ;dfhsf ;kmn cfof]hgfsf] 36gf cWoog -s]; :68L_ oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . klxnf], cfof]hgf lgsf/fu'jfsf] xf] h;df ;fd'lb|s cfFwL kLl8tsf nflu ;/sf/af6 ;~rflnt /fxt sfo{qmdsf] k|efj / gful/sn] To;af6 k|fKt ;Gt'i6L dfkg ub{5 . bf];|f], Ujf6]dfnfsf] k|of;n] :yfgLo ;e]{If0fåf/f ;/sf/sf] lzIff sfo{qmdsf] k|efj cg'udg u/]sf] 5 . { f0fåf/f s= sf]l8{gf8f]/f l;lenn] pkef]Qmf ;Gt'i6L ;e]I lgsf/fu'jfsf ;fd'lb|s cfFwL /fxtsf] k|efj dfkg ;g\ !((* df ldT; gfds ;fd'lb|s cf+wLn] NofPsf] ljklQkl5 ;/sf/n] cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfoaf6 k|fKt cg'bfg Joj:yfkgk|lt gful/s ;dfhsf] rf;f] a9\of] . o;sf] cnfjf bn / wd{sf cfwf/df /fxt ljt/0fdf e]befj ePsf] / cg'bfg JolQmut?kdf k|of]u ePsf] xNnf ToxfF rn]sf] lyof] . :yfgLo gful/s ;dfh sf] l 8{ g f8f] / f l;len kf/f nf Odh]{G;Lof onf l/sG:6«S;gn] Tof] xNnf 7Ls xf] xf]Og hfFRg] lg0f{o u¥of] . lsgeg] w]/} k|efljt ;d'bfon] cg'bfg sxfF vr{ eof] eGg] yfxf kfPsf lyPgg\ . To;sf/0f sf]l8{gf8f]/f l;lenn] cg'bfgdf gful/s ;dfhsf] wf/0ff k/LIf0f ug]{ lgwf] u¥of] . klxnf] r/0fsf] ;e] { I f0f / cGtjf{tf{df ^! j6f gu/kflnsfsf sl/a !),))) 3/w'/Lsf ;fy} !&( ;d'bfosf g]tf, $* gu/k|d'v, u}/;/sf/L ;ª\u7g / ;+:yfsf *@ lgb]{zsnfO{ ;dfj]; ul/of] . s;n] /fxt lbof], slt /fxt lbof] / /fxt pko'Qm lyof] lyPg h:tf k|Zg cGtjf{tf{df ;f]lwof] . bf];|f] r/0fdf, sf]l8{gf8f]/f l;lenn] /fxt kfpg]sf] l:yltdf ;'wf/ cfof] cfPg / ltgLx?n] ;/sf/L -/ cGo ;+:yf_ sf] /fxt sfo{qmdnfO{ s;/L d"Nofª\sg u/] eGg] ljifodf 3/w'/Lsf] wf/0ff dfkg u¥of] . sl/a ^,))) 3/w'/L ;e]{If0f ul/Psf]df @# k|ltztn] cfkm\gf] cj:yfdf kl/jt{g cfPsf], #$ k|ltztn] s'g} kl/jt{g gcfPsf] / #& k|ltztn] l:ylt cem hl6n ag]sf] atfP . ;fd'lb|s cfFwL k|efljtnfO{ /fxt lbg ;/sf/n] u/]sf] dxTjk"0f{ 46 sfd af/] ;f]lwFbf ^) k|ltztn] s]xL gePsf], @( k|ltztn] s]xL sfd atfP / !) k|ltztn] s'g} pQ/ lbPgg\ . ha /fxt lbg] gful/s ;dfh, wfld{s, /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\u7gsf] af/]df ;f]lwof], $( k|ltztn] cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yf, @& k|ltztn] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, !* k|ltztn] /]8qm; / ^ k|ltztn] wfld{s ;ª\u7gsf] gfd lnP . of] k/LIf0fn] xfn;fn} s[lif, 3/hUuf / vfBfGg ;xof]u kfpg] 3/w'/Lsf] klg dfkg u¥of] . sf]l8{gf8f]/f l;lenn] ;d'bfon] tTsfn k'glg{df{0f ug{ cfjZos ljifodf ;d'bfosf] wf/0ff klg klxrfg ug{ rfXof] . o;df ;d'bfoaf6 efjgfTds tgfj, dlxnfdfly ceb| Jojxf/ -w]/}n] o:tf] Jojxf/ ;fd'lb|s cfF+wLkl5 a9]sf lyP_ / eljiodf cfpg] b}jLk|sf]ksf] nflu /fd|f] tof/L ug'{kg]{ ;'emfj cfPsf] lyof] . To;kl5 sf]l8{gf8f]/f l;lenn] ;d'bfosf g]tf / 3/d'nLsf] cGtjf{tf{ lnO{ tL ;d:of / ;fd'lb|s cfFwLn] ltgLx?dfly kf/]sf] k|efj dfkg ug]{ lgwf] u¥of] . ;e]{If0fsf] glthfsf ;fy clGtd d"Nofª\sgsf] glthf ;e]{If0fsf ;a} ;xefuLnfO{ k7fOof] . sf]l8{gf8f]/f l;lenn] of] l/kf]6{nfO{ bftf ;/sf/, ;+:yf / lgsf/fu'jf ;/sf/sf] cflwsfl/s l/kf]6{;Fu t'ngf u¥of] . of] d"Nofª\sgn] /fxt ljt/0f cJojl:yt ePsf] cf/f]knfO{ :yflkt u¥of] . of] ;d"xn] l/kf]6{sf]] lgisif{ :yfgLo ;+:yf;Fu \ f] / To;kl5 ;/sf/L lgsfo, /fli6«o ;ª\3;+:yf, cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yf / afF8o ;~rf/ dfWodnfO{ lbof] . kqsf/x?n] l/kf]6{sf] cfwf/df yk hfgsf/L k|fKt u/L k|sflzt ub}{ uP . ;/sf/n] ;'?df ;e]{If0fsf] lgisif{ c:jLsf/ u¥of] / To;kl5 l/kf]6{ agfpg]nfO{ b'Mv lbg yfNof] . oBlk of] d"Nofª\sgn] ;g\ @))# df tTsfnLg /fi6«klt cgf]{N8f] cn]DofgnfO{ ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f / e|i6frf/sf] d'2fdf h]ndf k'¥ofof] -So'/f]h, @))%_ . sf]l8{gf8f]/f l;len;DaGwL hfgsf/L ;+:yfsf] j]a;fO6 http://www.ccer.org.nil df k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . v= P;f];f+ l8 OGe]l:6u];+ P :6l8cf]h ;f]l;Pn] -Pl;h_ åf/f Ujf6]dfnfdf lzIffdf ePsf] vr{ 5fglag dWo–cd]l/sL b]zdWo] Ujf6]dfnfdf lzIffsf] :t/ ;a}eGbf sd 5 . ;g\ @))@ df hg;ª\Vofsf] #! k|ltzteGbf a9L dflg; lg/If/ lyP, ljBfno 5f8\g] jflif{s b/ sl/a %) k|ltzt lyof] -u|fdL0f If]qdf of] b/ &% k|ltzt k'UYof]_ / lzIffdf nufgL s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg -lhl8kL_ sf] ;ft k|ltzteGbf 47 sd lyof] hasL Ujf6]dfnfsf l5d]sLn] lhl8kLsf] sl/a !) k|ltzt lzIffdf nufgL ul//x]sf lyP . lzIff dGqfnon] ;g\ !((^ df ljBfno 5f8\g] b/ sd ug{ ;a} ljBfyL{sf nflu lgMz'Ns vfhf / vfgf, lgMz'Ns kf7\ok':ts ljt/0f h:tf ljleGg sfo{qmd ;'? u/]sf] lyof] . oBlk ;ft jif{kl5 klg lzIffsf] u'0f:t/df tflTjs cGt/ cfPsf] b]lvFb}g . ;g\ @))@ df cg';Gwfg / k}/jL ug]{ ;+:yf Pl;hn] b]ze/sf && j6f u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf;Fu ldn]/ u|f08 g];gn SofDk km/ Ph's];g -lhl;PgO_ nfu" u¥of] . To;}a]nfb]lv lhl;PgOn] ;d'bfodf nlIft ;e]{If0f -h;nfO{ ;fdflhs n]vfhf]vf elgGYof]_ ;'? u¥of] h;n] vfhf / vfgf v'jfpg] ;/sf/L k|fylds ljBfnosf] cg'udg ub{Yof] . To;a]nf ;/sf/n] lzIff sfo{qmdsf] lj:t[t ;"rgf lbFb}gYof] . To;sf/0f lhl;PgO k|To]s ;/sf/L ljBfnoaf/] hfgsf/L kfpg cfkm\g} ;e]{If0fdf e/ kg'{ k¥of] . lhl;PgOn] b]ze/Lsf ljBfno 5gf}6 ug{ j}1flgs :6«fl6kmfO8 :ofDklnª ljlw (Stratified Sampling Method) ckgfPsf] lyof] . of] ;e]{If0fn] k|wfgfWofks, lzIfs, cleefjs / ljBfyL{nfO{ ljBfnodf kfOg] lgMz'Ns vfhf / vfgf ;DaGwdf ltgLx?sf] hfgsf/L, To;sf nflu ljlgof]lht ah]6sf] kof{Kttf / ltgLx?sf] ;Gt'i6LnfO{ nlIft u/]sf] lyof] . of] ;e]{If0fn] b]zdf lzIffsf] If]qdf ;'wf/ gePsf] ;To phfu/ u/]sf] lyof] . pbfx/0fsf nflu, Pp6f ;e]{If0fn] sl/a *) k|ltzt k|wfgfWofksnfO{ lgMz'Ns vfgf kfOg] hfgsf/L lyPg / &% k|ltzt ljBfnosf ;a} ljBfyL{n] kf7\ok':ts k|fKt u/]gg\ . k|To]s ;e]{If0fkl5 lhl;PgOn] To;sf] clGtd l/kf]6{ tof/ u5{ -x]g'{xf];\ http://asies.oprg.gt/grancampana/CGAUDITORIASOCIAL 2005.pdf_ / ;/sf/nfO{ ljleGg z[ªv\ nfdf ;'emfj lbPsf] 5, h:t} ;/sf/n] ljt/0f ug]{ kf7\ok':tssf] ;ª\Vof a9fpg] . lhl;PgOn] cfkm\gf] jflif{s l/kf]6{ pRrkb:y ;/sf/L clwsf/L, ;~rf/ dfWod, cGo ;fem]bf/ / lzIfs ;ª\u7gnfO{ klg k7fpF5 . ;g\ @))^ df lhl;PgOsf] lg/Gt/sf] k|of;n] lzIff dGqfnon] n]vfhf]vfn] p7fPsf d'2fnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ k|lta4tf JoQm u/]sf] 5 . Pl;h af/] yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu hptt://www.asies.org.gtl x]g'{xf];\ . ��� 48 $ ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTjsf nflu g]kfnL gful/s ;+:yfaf6 ePsf s]xL k|of; 49 s= ;'Gg] a8fkqn] ;lhnf] agfof] ;+:yf kl/ro k|f] klAns gful/s lxt k|j4{g / gful/s ;zQmLs/0fsf If]qdf sfd ug{]u/L ;g\ !((! df :yfkgf ePsf] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf xf] . :yfgLo?kdf o;n] hgrf;f]sf ljifodf ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfOsf sfdx? klg ub{} cfPsf] 5 . e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f, ;'zf;gsf] :yfkgf, dfgjclwsf/sf] /Iff, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f tyf jsfntsf sfd o;n] ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . e|i6frf/sf] lj/f]w / ;'zf;gsf If]qdf c;n zf;g /]l8of] sfo{qmd of] ;+:yfsf] Ps cToGt k|efjsf/L sfo{qmd xf] . of] /]l8of] sfo{qmd dfkm{t\ gful/sn] hgtfsf ;]jfsf nflu lh1f;f u'gf;f /fVg] tyf pgLx?sf l9nf;':tL / clgoldttfsf af/]df klg ;/sf/L lgsfonfO{ ;ts{ agfpg] ub{5 . 36gf cWoog ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?df ;]jfnfO{ ;xh t'Nofpgsf nflu ;/sf/L sfof{non] a8fkq /fVg] k|rng klxn]b]lv g} ;'? u/]sf x'g\ . t/ tL a8fkqx?sf] k|efjsfl/tfsf af/]df ;do ;dodf k|Zg klg p7\g] u/]sf 5g\ . tL a8fkqx? lnlvt?kdf ;DalGwt sfof{nox?df 6fF:g] ul/P klg ;]jfu|fxLn] gk9\g] x'Fbf klg ;]jfsf af/]df pgLx? hfgsf/ gx'g] / sd{rf/LnfO{ klg ;]jf lbgsf nflu Tolt ;xh gx'g] u/]sf] u'gf;f] cfpg] u/]sf] 5 . To;}n] logsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu ljleGg sf]0fx?af6 ;f]Rg yflnPsf]df o:tf a8fkqx? ;'Gg] -cl8of]_ ?kdf klg ljsf; ug{] k|lqmofsf] yfngL ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . of] k|lqmofsf] yfngL dfnkf]t sfof{no dsjfgk'/n] u/]sf] 5 . dfnkf]t sfof{no hgtfn] ;]jf lng] ;a}eGbf a9L hgrf;f]sf] / a9L cfjZos kg{] sfof{no xf] . lbgx'F ;of}+ gful/s;Fu k|ToIf ;Dks{ x'g] u/]sf g]kfnsf dfnkf]t sfof{nodWo] dsjfgk'/sf] dfnkf]t sfof{non] cfjfh ;lxtsf] >Jo a8fkqsf] ;'?jft u/]sf] 5 . k|f] klAnssf] c;n zf;g sfo{qmdsf] ;xof]udf of] cjwf/0ffsf] ;'?cft ul/Psf] xf] . of] cjwf/0ffnfO{ clxn] b]zJofkL agfpg] k|of; klg eO/x]sf] ;f] ;+:yfn] hgfPsf] 5 . 50 a8fkqdf ;]jfsf] k|s[lt, lsl;d, ;]jf lbg] clwsf/L, ;]jfsf nflu nfUg] b:t'/ / ;do nufotsf ;]jfu|fxLsf nflu cfjZos kg{] hfgsf/L /flvPsf] x'G5 . lnlvt?kdf /flvPsf oL a8fkq gk9\g] jf k9\g g;Sg] lg/If/ hgtfsf nflu cfjfh ;lxtsf] gful/s a8fkq lgs} k|efjsf/L x'g] ub{5 . o;n] cIf/ lrGg]x?sf nflu lnlvt a8fkq k9\g klg ;'emfj lbO/x]sf] x'G5 . a8fkqdf ghfg]sf s'/f ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ ;f]Wg], lrQ ga'em]sf s'/f ;DalGwt lgsfodf hfgsf/L u/fpg'k5{ eGg] ;Gb]z klg lbOPsf] 5 . of] ;]jf lbg] sfof{no Pjd\ ;]jfk|lt s'g} u'gf;f] ePdf ;f] sfof{no;Fu} /flvPsf] ;'emfj k]l6sfdf lnlvt ;'emfjx? v;fpg klg ;f] a8fkqdf cg'/f]w ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;]jf lngsf nflu dfnkf]t sfof{no k'u]sf ;]jfu|fxLx? klg Wofgk"j{s >Jo a8fkq ;'G5g\ / oxLcg';f/ k| d f0f k' ¥ ofP/ ;xh} ;] j f lng ;S5g\ . >Jo gful/s a8fkqnfO{ dsjfgk'/ s'/f q d f g h fg ] s f a 8 fk g ] , dfnkf]t sfof{ n on] @)^& fO { ; f] W f ; ] j fu | f x Ln'em]sf s ' / dª\l;/af6 ;'? u/]sf] xf] . dfnkf]t lrQ gat lg s f o d f clws[ t 8Da/ ;'g'jf/sf] ; D a lG w u / fp g ' k 5 { ;lqmotfdf >Jo gful/s a8fkq h fg s f/ L Gb]z klg ;'? ePsf] xf] . ;]jfu|fxLn] ;lhn} eGg] ; 5 . lb O P s f] ;'Gg ;s'g\ eGg] p2]Zon] dfnkf]tsf] ljleGg efudf l:ks/ /flvPsf] 5 . ljz] i fu/L hUuf lsga]r, gfd;f/L, /fhLgfdf, lnvt kf; h:tf dfnkf]t sfof{noaf6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfsf nflu sfd ubf{ s] s] ;fjwfgL ckgfpg'k5{ / tL ;]jfsf nflu s] s:tf ;fdu|L / sfuhft h'6fpg'kg{] xf] eGg] af/]df ;'Gg] a8fkqdf ;'Gg kfOG5 . >Jo gful/s a8fkq sfof{no ;doe/ lg/Gt/ alh/xG5 . >Jo a8fkq ;'Gg yfn]kl5 sfof{nosf sd{rf/Ln] klg sfddf ;lhnf] cg'ej u/]sf 5g\ . dfnkf]t sfof{no dsjfgk'/af6 ;'? ePsf] o; sfdnfO{ c;n zf;g sfo{qmdn] dxTjsf ;fy lnof] . ;f] sfo{qmdn] o;kl5 e"ld;'wf/ Joj:yf dGqfno tyf e"ld;'wf/ Joj:yfkg ljefusf pRr txsf clwsf/L;Fu o; af/]df 5nkmn rnfof] . ljefun] b]zsf ;a} dfnkf]t sfof{nodf of] ;]jf nfu" ug{ ;lsg] lgisif{ lgsfNof] . ljefun] b] z sf ;a} dfnkf] t sfof{nox?nfO{ >Jo gful/s a8fkq ;'? ug{ lgb]{zg lbPsf] 5 . tTsfn} gjnk/f;Lsf] sfjf;f]tLl:yt dfnkf]t sfof{non] of] ;]jf ;'? u¥of] . t/fO{sf 51 lhNNffx?df hUufsf] sf/f]af/ cTolws x'g] ePsfn] sfjf;f]tLsf] dfnkf]tdf of] cjwf/0ffsf] ;'?cft ul/Psf] xf] . sltko :yfgdf >Josf ;fy} b[Zo cyjf t:jL/ g} b]lvg] / af]Ng] vfnsf] >Job[Zo ;lxtsf] gful/s a8fkq klg ;'? ePsf] 5 . kl5Nnf]k6s /fd]5fk dfnkf]t sfof{non] klg >Jo gful/s a8fkq ;'? u/]sf] 5 . /fd]5fks} lhNnf kz';]jf sfof{non] klg cfkm\gf] sfof{non] k|jfx ub}{ cfPsf] ;]jf / ;'ljwfsf af/]df >Jo gful/s a8fkq dfkm{t hfgsf/L lbg ;'? u/]sf] 5 . sfof{no k|d'v 8f= gf/fo0faxfb'/ >]i7sf] ;lqmotfdf of] sfd cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5 . c;n zf;g /]l8of] sfo{qmddf >Jo gful/s a8fkqsf] af/]df hfgsf/L kfP/ of] ;]jf ;'? u/]sf] 8f= >]i7sf] egfO 5 . To;f] t /fd]5fksf dfnkf]t clws[t lji0f'k|;fb a]Njf;] ljefusf] kl/kq cfpg'eGbf klxnf c;n zf;g /]l8of] sfo{qmd / klqsfdf k9]/ >Jo gful/s a8fkqsf] af/]df hfgsf/L kfPsf] atfpg'x'G5 . e"ld;'wf/ Joj:yfkg ljefusf dxflgb]{zs hLtaxfb'/ yfkf klg c;n zf;g sfo{qmdn] o;sf] dxTjnfO{ phfu/ ug{ ;s]sf]n] ljefun] o;nfO{ :jLsf/]sf] atfpg'x'G5 . o;} jif{b]lv dfnkf]t sfof{no nlntk'/ / l8NnLahf/df klg ;'? x'g] / s]xL ;doleq} b]ze/sf ;Dk"0f{ dfnkf]t sfof{nodf >Jo gful/s a8fkq nfu" ul/;Sg] dxflgb]{zs yfkfsf] egfO 5 . ;kmntf …dh:tf cª\s cIf/ glrGg] w]/} ufpFn] bfh'efOnfO{ of] ;'Gg] a8fkqn] w]/} ;lhnf] agfOlbPsf] 5 . dfnkf]t sfof{no eg]kl5 xfdLnfO{ 8/ nfUYof] s;/L sfd lng], sfuhft ldnfOlbg cfˆgf] lrg]hfg]sf] dfG5] 5}g eGg] nfUbYof] . t/ dh:tf lg/If/n] klg dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] kl/;/df /flvPsf] ;f] Sof;]6sf] cfjfh ;'g]kl5 eg] w]/} s'/fdf ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 . o;n] xfdLnfO{ s'g sfdsf nflu s] sfuhft rflxG5 / s'g sf]7fdf hfg'k5{ eGg] hfgsf/Lsf nflu w]/} g} ;lhnf] agfPsf] 5 . d ca ufpFe/L uP/ ;a} ufpFn]nfO{ hfgsf/L lbG5' .Ú dsjfgk'/ lhNnfsf] gfd6f/ uflj;sf ;Gtaxfb'/ tfdfª / x]6f}+8f gu/kflnsf j8f g+ * sf ;Gtf]if kf}8]n ;'Gg] a8fkqn] ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ lgs} d2t k'¥ofPsf] atfpF5g\ . ;/sf/L ;]jf lng] k|lqmofx? c;fWo} emGeml6nf x'g] / ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ xtf]T;fxL agfpg] u/]sfn] o:tf gjLg sfo{n] ;a}nfO{ cfTdljZjf; a9fPsf] 5 . pgLx?n] ;]jf lngsf nflu @% ldg]6eGbf a9L a:g' gkg{] klg cg'ej ;'gfP . To;}u/L hUuf lsga]rsf] l;nl;nfdf x]6f}+8f cfPsL /f}tx6sL ;/:jtL sf]O/fnfn] klg a8fkq ;'g]/ sfuhft ldnfP/ nu]kl5 rfF8} sfd ePsf] / sd{rf/Ln] klg of] jf Tof] sfuhsf] emGem6 52 gnufPsf] atfOg\ . ;f] a8fkqsf] lgdf{0fsf nflu ;xof]u ul//x]sf k|f] klAnssf] c;n zf;g /]l8of] sfo{qmdsf lgdf{tf lbk]z l3ld/]sf] eg] ;f] ;]jfaf6 dfnkf]t sfof{nodf e|i6frf/ 36]sf] cg'ej 5 . pgn] eg]– o;cl3 dfnkf]t sfof{nodf hfg] ;j{;fwf/0f ;]jfu|xLnfO{ sd{rf/Lx?n] sfuhft gldn]sf] axfgf b]vfpg] jf %)) ?k}ofF lbg';\ t'?Gt} sfd x'G5 eGg] h:tf axfgf ug{] u/]sf] pbfx/0f e]l6Psf lyP . ca eg] ;]jfu|fxL;Fu sd{rf/Ln] o;f] ug{] ;Defjgf x'Fb}g . a8fkq ;'g]/ cfjZostfsf cfwf/df sfuhft tof/ kf/]/ nu]df axfgfafhL ug]{ 7fpF g/xg] / ;dod} pgLx?n] ;]jf kfpg] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . dsjfgk' / lhNNffdf ^) k|ltzteGbf a9L tfdfª ;d'bfosf] a:tL /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnL efiffdf n]lvPsf] a8fkq k9\g g;Sg] cj:yf /x]sf]n] tfdfª efiffdf ;'Gg] a8fkq agfOPsf]n] :yfgLo tfdfª ] j fu | f x Ls f ?kdf f] ; g ] g fu l/sn] ; ;d'bfosf nflu ;lhnf] ePsf] cfp qaf6 pgsf] cg'ej 5 . oxL sf/0f tL ;'Gg] oG rflxg] ;a} If]qsf gful/sdf klg of] sfo{qmd cfkm"nfO{ f kfpg lgs} nf] s lk| o ePsf] pgsf] s'/f yfx . cg'ej 5 . ;Sb5 o:tf] sfo{qmdsf sf/0f ljz]ifu/L ;]jfsf nflu cfˆgf] dfG5] gx'g] / ;j{;fwf/0f gful/ssf nflu 7"nf] ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] 5 . ;fy} lg/If/x?sf nflu klg of] ;'Gg] a8fkqsf sf/0f lgs} g} 7"nf] kmfObf k'u]sf] atfOG5 . ;]jf lngsf nflu ;DalGwt ;/sf/L sfof{ndf hfg] ;j{;fwf/0fn] klxnf] s'/f t ;/sf/L sfo{k|lqmof g} a'em\b}gg eg] csf{] s'/f pgLx?dWo] u|fdL0f If]qsf s}of}+ gful/sn] a8fkqdf n]lvPsf cIf/ k9\g klg ;Sb}gg\ . To;}n] pgLx?sf nflu of] kmfObfhgs ePsf] 5 . ;]jfu|fxLsf ?kdf cfpg] gful/sn] ;f] ;'Gg] oGqaf6 cfkm"nfO{ rflxg] ;a}s'/f yfxf kfpg ;Sb5 . o;af6 gful/snfO{ klg ;]jf lng ;lhnf] / csf{]s'/f sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ klg o;n] ;lhnf] agfPsf] 5 . x/]s ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ sd{rf/L g} v6]/ g} ;]jfsf af/]df hfgsf/L lbg] sfd klg ;Dej lyPg . o;n] ubf{ k9\g n]Vg ghfGg] ;]jfu|fxLn] klg cfkm'nfO{ cfjZos kg{] sfuhftsf ;fy} ;a} ljifodf hfgsf/ eP/ cfpF5 / sd{rf/LnfO{ klg ;lhnf] x'G5 . 53 g]kfnsf ;/sf/L sfof{nox?dWo] dfnkf]t sfof{nox? e|i6frf/ / clgoldttf a9L x'g] sfof{no /x]sf] hgu'gf;f] 5 . ;j{;fwf/0fdf 3'; v'jfP t'?Gt} ;]jf lng ;lsG5 eGg] dfgl;stf /x]sf] x'G5 . sd{rf/Lx?n] of] jf Tof] sfuh k'u]g eg]/ ;]jfu|fxL;Fu 3'; dfUg] ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . oBlk hgtfn] a8fkqdf elgPsf sfuhft a'emfP lsg l9nfO ul/of] eg]/ k|Zg p7fpg ;S5g\ . gful/s ;]jfsf nflu ;r]t x'g] cj;/ a8fkqaf6 k|fKt x'G5 eg] o;n] sd{rf/LnfO{ klg ;lhnf] agfpF5 . oxL ;kmntfsf sf/0f b]zsf c? lhNNffdf klg o:tf] vfnsf] ;]jf lj:tf/ ul/Psf] xf] . k|efj k|f] klAnssf] c;n zf;g sfo{qmdsf pklgb{]zs k|0fj e§/fO{n] ;f] sfo{qmdsf dfWodaf6 gful/snfO{ ;lhnf] ePsf] cg'ej ;'gfpg'x'G5 . pxfFsf cg';f/ a8fkq k9\g g;Sg] tyf lg/If/ gful/ssf nflu o;n] w]/} ;lhnf] agfPsf] 5 . k|f] klAnssf] c;n zf;g sfo{qmdsf] ;xof]u / ;xsfo{df ;'? ul/Psf] ;f] ;'Gg] a8fkqnfO{ clxn] b]zsf ljleGg If]qdf ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . of] ;]jf lj:tf/ ul/Psf lhNnfsf ;]jfu|fxLn] o;sf] k|efj /fd|f] k/]sf] / cfkm"x?nfO{ ;lhnf] ePsf] k|ltlqmof lbPsf] klg e§/fO{n] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] . ;/sf/L sfof{nox?n] /fVg] a8fkq ;fgf] cIf/df, ga'lemg] / Pp6} kftf]df /fVg] ubf{ k9\g sl7g x'g]x'Fbf klg of] ;'Gg] ;]jfn] w]/}nfO{ ;lhnf] agfPsf] ;]jfu|fxLsf] cg'ej 5 . hgtfnfO{ ;xh / l56f]5l/tf] ;]jf lbg' ;/sf/sf] ;dfhk|ltsf] bfloTj xf] . of] dfGotf adf]lhd o; sfo{qmddf gful/s ;xeflutf klg /x]sf] 5 . o;n] ;/sf/sf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ klg k|efjsf/L agfPsf] 5 . gful/sn] klg cfkm"n] ;]jf lng] tl/sf ;lhnf] / emGel6nf] gxf];\ eGg] rfxG5g\ . ��� 54 % sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg cg'udgsf pkfo 55 • ;+;f/sf w]/} d'n'sdf ljleGg lsl;dsf gful/s ;+:yfx?n] ah]6nfO{ hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL agfpg] sfd k|efjsf/L ?kdf ul//x]sf 5g\ h'g oxfF klg ug{ ;Dej 5 . • ah]6sf] gofF cg'udg ljlw to ug]{b]lv ;+;b\ tyf cGo lgsfo;Fu ;d]t ;xsfo{ u/L ah]6 sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg ug]{ / uNtL cf}+FNofpg] 7"nf] cj;/ gful/s ;dfhsf ;+ : yfx?;F u 5 . of] cj;/sf] k| o f] u ug{}k5{ . • oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf ;a} ;d"xx?n] ljutdf s'g} g s' g } ?kdf ltgsf b] z sf] ah] 6 sfof{ G jogdf ;sf/fTds k|efj kf/]sf 5g\ . Tof] ;kmntfsf] pbfx/0fn] w]/}nfO{ To:t} sfdsf nflu pTk|]l/t u/fpg ;S5 . • ;/sf/L ah]6sf] cg'udg ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf lgs} 5 . oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf ljlwafx]s ah]6 cg'udgsf nflu b]zsf] kl/l:yltsf cfwf/df cGo w]/} pkfox? cjnDag ug{ ;lsG5 . vf;s'/f eg]sf] gful/s ;+ : yfn] pknAw cj;/sf cfwf/df /rgfTds ljlwx? to ug{' ;a}eGbf pQd x'G5 . sfo{;Dkfbg cg'udgsf pkfo sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg / n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ ;xeflutfd"ns / kf/bzL{ x'g'k5{ . o:tf] k|lqmofdf ah]6 sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfo / n]vfk/LIfs lgsfosf k|ltlglw dfq /x]/ of] sfd ubf{ jf:tljstf gk|:6\ofpg klg ;S5 . To;}n], of] k|lqmofdf gful/s cg'udg / ;xeflutfsf] clgjfo{tf x'g'kb{5 . o;sf nflu ;"rgf / tL ;"rgf ljZn]if0f ug]{ Ifdtf ePdf ;xL jsfnt ug{ ;lsG5 . h'g;'s} vfnsf] jsfnt ug{sf nflu klg ;a}eGbf klxn] To:tf] jsfnt s;/L ;'? ug]{ eGg] to ul/g'k5{ . Pp6f egfO{ klg 5, Ps y'k|f] bfp/f lrg{sf nflu Ps 306f 5 eg] cfwf 306f aGr/f] pHofpgdf vr{g'k5{ . 56 To:t}, ah]6 vr{sf] cg'udgsf] sfd ;'? ug{' cufl8 To;sf] tof/Lsf nflu lgs} ;do vr{g'kg]{ x'G5 h;af6 To:tf] ljlw to xf];\ ls To;sf nflu pknAw ;|f]t / ;fwgaf6 dxTjk"0f{ pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;lsof];\ . sfd ;'? ug{] s]xL tl/sfx? oxfF k|:t't ul/G5M { != /0fgLlts p2]Zo to ug]M ah]6;DaGwL jsfnt ug{sf nflu k|i6 /0fgLlts p2]Zo x'g' kb{5 . p2]Zo ;dfh / ;d"x b'j}sf nflu cy{k0 " f{ x'g'k5{ . cfˆgf] ;+:yfsf] cg'ej / Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t x'g'k5{ . /, To;n] ;d"xsf] jsfntsf] k|oTgnfO{ a9fjf lbg ;Sg'k5{ . ;d"xsf] ah]6 k}/jL of]hgfnfO{ a9fjf lbg] jf pko'Qm nIf lgwf{/0f ug]{ k|lqmofsf nflu k|of]u ul/g] Pp6f pkfo SMART (p2]Zo k|i6, dfkgof]Uo, k|fKt x'g;Sg], kTofl/nf] / ;doa4 x'g'k5{ eGg] l;4fGt) xf] . { @= ah]6 k|lqmofaf/] :ki6 hfgsf/L xfl;n ug]M ah]6 cg'udg ug]{ ;+:yfn] ;a}eGbf klxn] ah]6 lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjogsf x/]s k|lqmofaf/] k|i6 hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{' h?/L 5 . o;sf nflu ah]6 ;+a4 ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx?, ah]6sf] a'emfO{sf b[li6sf]0fn] dxTjk"0f{ dflgg] ;+;bsf ;b:ox?, o; ljifodf l/kf]l6{ª ug]{ kqsf/x?, bftf;+:yfsf clwsf/Lx? / ah]6sf] ;a} cGt/j:t'sf] 1fg ePsf cy{zf:qL Pj+ gful/s ;+3;+:yfsf k|ltlglw;Fusf] cGtjf{tf{ jf 5nkmn lgs} pkof]uL x'G5 . To; cltl/Qm cWoogdf ;+nUg x'g] ;d"xn] ah]6;DaGwL ;/sf/sf ljleGg k|sfzgx?, ax'kIfLo ;+:yfx? h:t}, ljZj a+}s, cGt/fli6«o d'b|fsf]if nufotn] ;do ;dodf lgsfNg] k|sfzgx? klg ah]6;DaGwL ljifodf 1fg xfl;n ug{sf nflu pkof]uL x'G5g\ . o;}u/L b]zsf] ah]6;Da4 sfg'gsf] klg /fd|/L cWoog ug{'k5{ . { #= ah]6 k|lqmofsf] ;xof]uL k':ts -ufO{8_ tof/ ug]M ah]6;DaGwL k}/jLstf{ ;d"xx?n] gful/snfO{ ah]6 k|lqmofaf/] ;r]tgf hufpg] vfnsf ;xof]uL k':ts -k'l:tsf_ klg tof/ ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . o:tf] ;xof]uL k':ts k|sfzg ubf{ ;+:yf :jo+sf] 1fg / cg'ej lj:tf/df klg 6]jf k'Ub5 . o;n] ah]6 cg'udgsf nflu kf/ ug{' kg]{ dfly pNn]lvt txx?sf] kl/k"/ssf ?kdf ;d]t sfd ub{5 . o:tf ;xof]uL k'l:tsfx? ;/sf/sf] ah]6 sfof{Gjog, To;nuQ} x'g] n]vfk/LIf0f / ;'k/Lj]If0f nufotsf ljifodf s]lGb|t x'g] u/]sf] eP klg ah]6 rqmdf g} ;Lldt eP/ ;xof]uL k':ts tof/ ug{'k5{ eGg] 5}g . o;df ah]6 lgdf{0f / :jLs[lt;Fu ;DalGwt ljifo ;d]tnfO{ 57 ;d]6]/ a9L hfgsf/Ld"ns agfpg' >]ois/ x'G5 . { $= ah]6 cg'udgsf] ;Lk xfl;n ug]M OG6/g];gn ah]6 kf6{g/;Lk h:tf ;+:yfx?n] k|efjsf/L ?kdf ah]6 cg'udg sfo{df ;xefuL x'g rfxg] ;d"xx?sf nflu ah]6;DaGwL tflnd ;~rfng ug]{ u5{g\ . cg'udg ;d"xx?nfO{ k|fljlws / /0fgLlts ;Lk xfl;n ug{ ;Ifd agfpg] k|of]hgsf nflu To:tf tflndx? Hofb} pkof]uL x'G5g\ . ah]6;DaGwL ljifodf pT;'s ;d"xn] cfkm"n] ug{ vf]h]sf] cg'udgsf nflu ;Lk xfl;n ug{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf ah]6 cg'udg u/]sf] cg'ej ePsf jf cg'udgdf ;+nUg cGo ;d"x;Fusf] e]63f6 / 5nkmn klg pkof]uL x'G5 . cGtdf, ah]6 cg'udg kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ug{ rfx]sf ;+:yfn] ;'?jftL cj:yfx?df k|fljlws ;xof]usf nflu lj1sf] k|of]u ug{' /fd|f] x'G5 . k"j{ ;/sf/L clwsf/L jf ;fj{hlgs ljQsf] hfgsf/L ePsf JolQmx?sf] of] k|of]hgsf nflu pkof]uL x'g ;S5g\ . g]kfndf cfOlakLsf tkm{af6 ;/sf/L ah]6sf] cg'udg ul//x]sf] ;+:yfsf] x}l;otn] lk|m8d kmf]/dn] of] ;+:yfsf] cg'ej klg ah]6 cg'udgsf] ;Lk k|fKt ug{sf nflu pkof]uL x'g;S5 . %= ah]6 ;"rgf k|flKtM w]/}h;f] ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx? ;/sf/L lgsfox?sf ;+:yfsf sfdsf/jfxLsf] uf]Kotf sfod ug]{tkm{ pBt x'G5g\ . gful/s ;dfhn] ah]6 ;"rgfsf] dfu a9fPkl5 uf]Kotfdf /dfpg] o:tf ;+oGqsf] s]Gb| efudf g} cfqmd0f x'g] x'gfn] :f"rgf n'sfpgsf nflu e|i6 sd{rf/LaLr nfdf] ;dob]lv lgs} ldn]dtf] ePsf] x'g;S5 . cfOaLkLn] @))^ df ah]6 kf/blz{tf ;DaGwdf %( d'n'sdf u/]sf] cWoogn] ah]6 lgdf{0f / cg'df]bgeGbf ah]6 sfof{Gjog;Fu ;DalGwt ;"rgf ;Lldt?kdf dfq pknAw x'g] u/]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 . g]kfndf klg ah]6 sfof{Gjog, n]vfk/LIf0f / d"Nofª\sgh:tf ;"rgf k|fKt ug{sf nflu ;xh cj:yf 5}g . ah]6 ;DaGwdf sfd ug]{ ;+:yfx?n] s]Gb|Lo / :yfgLo txdf ah]6 k|lqmofsf] kf/blz{tf j[l4sf nflu klxnf jsfnt ug{'kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . ah]6 kf/blz{tfsf nflu jsfntsf cltl/Qm ;+:yfn] ah]6 ;"rgf k|flKtsf nflu ljleGg /0fgLltx?sf] k|of]u ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . To:tf /0fgLltx?dWo]Ù -s_ ;xof]uL clwsf/Lx? lrGg]M ;/sf/ Pp6} 7"nf] 9'+uf] h:tf] x'Fb}g . ;/sf/sf ;a} clwsf/L ;"rgf n'sfpg] / c;xof]uL x'Fb}gg\, gful/sd}qL / pbf/ 58 klg x'G5g\ . kl5Nnf] k|j[lQsf sd{rf/Lx? ;fj{hlgs sfo{qmdsf] ;"rgf k|fKt ug]{ k|oTgdf dxTjk"0f{ /0fgLlts ;fem]bf/ aGg ;S5g\ . csf]{tkm{ vf;} ;xof]uLh:tf] gb]lvPsf t/ c;xof]uL eg] g/x]sf clwsf/LnfO{ klg ;d"xn] ljz]if k|oTg dfkm{t kf/bzL{tfsf] cfjZostfsf] dx;'; u/fpg / ;xof]uL t'Nofpg ;S5 . pgLx?sf] k|lti7f a9fpgsf nflu ;sf/fTds sfd u/]sf] b]vfpg] / To;sf] h; kfpg] cj;/ l;h{gf ul/lbg'k5{ tf ls pgLx?df To;sf nflu k|]/0ff ldnf];\ . cg'bf/ clwsf/Laf6 ;"rgf lngsf nflu lgb]{zg jf bafa lbg dflyNnf] txdf u'gf;f] jf ph'/L klg ug{'k5{ . -v_ ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL sfg'gsf] k|of]uM ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL sfg'gn] gful/snfO{ ;"rgfsf] xssf] k|Tofe"lt k|bfg ub{5 . ;fdflhs k/LIf0fsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu of] sfg'g 7"nf] ;xof]uL aGg ;Qm5 . t/, cg' u dg ;d" x x?n] ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL sfg'g eP/ klg cfjZos ;"rgf k|fKt ug{ ;ls/x]sf xF'b}gg\ . ' b f/ c lwsf/Laf6 cg gsf nfl u ;" r gf k|flKtsf] lgj] b g ;"rgf ln f bafa j lbO;s]kl5 klg kmfOnx? lgb]{zg Nnf] txdf y x/fPsf] jf To:tf] ;"rgf lbFbf lbg dfl ph'/L klg f /fli6« o lxtdf cfF r u'gf;f] j . cfpg]h:tf ts{ lbP/ ;"rgf ug{'k5{ glbg] k|rng klg 5 . g]kfndf ;" r gfsf] xs;DaGwL sfg'gsf] k|fof]u ug{ lk|m8d kmf]/dn] gful/s ;+:yfx?nfO{ ;3fpFb} cfPsf] 5 . t;y{, cfjZos ;xof]usf nflu lk|m8d kmf]/ddf ;Dks{ u/f}+ . -u_ lgsfout ;fj{hlgsLs/0f gLltx?sf] k|of]uM hfGg kfpg] clwsf/ k|Tofe"t ug{ sltko lgsfox?n] ;"rgf ;fj{hlgs ug]{ cfkm\g} gLltx? klg agfPsf x'g ;S5g\ . To:tf gLltsf] cfwf/df klg ;"rgf k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . -3_ n]vfk/LIfsx?, ljwfosx? / bftfx?;Fusf] ;xsfo{M ;fj{hlgs n]vfk/LIf0f lgsfox? ;"rgfsf e/kbf{ ;|f]t x'g ;S5g\ . ;fdfGotofM ;f+;bx?nfO{ ;fj{hlgs kl/of]hgfaf/] ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ eGbf clws hfgsf/L x'G5 . gful/s ;dfhsf ;d" x n] cfkm" x ?sf] ljifodf ;xfg' e " l t /fVg] 59 ;f+;bx?af6 cfjZos w]/} ;"rgf k|fKt ug{ ;Qm5 . ;+;b\sf] ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltdf o:tf ;"rgfx? x'G5g\ . j}b]lzs ;xof]udf a9L g} lge{/ b]zx?df ;/sf/L kl/of]hgf To;df klg j}b] lzs ;xof]u /x]sf] kl/of]hgfsf] ;"rgfdf bft[ lgsfox?sf] kx'Fr x'G5 . bftfx?n] cfk"mn] u/]sf] ;xof]usf] ;xL ;b'kof]usf] ;'lglZrttf rfxG5g\ eg] ;fdflhs k/LIf0f k|lqmofsf ;Gbe{df pgLx? klg ;xof]uL xG5g\ . t;y{, pgLx?af6 klg ;"rgf lng ;lsG5 . -ª_ k|ToIf bafa tyf cleofgM dxfTdf ufGwLn] eg]sf 5g\ …tkfO{+sf] bafanfO{ ;/sf/n] klxn] a]jf:tf u5{, To;kl5 xf;f]sf] ljifo agfOlbG5, clg o'4 5]85 \ t/ cGtdf ljhoL eg] tkfO+{ g} aGg'x'G5 .Ú k6sk6ssf] k|of;af6 klg cfjZos ;"rgf k|fKt ug{ c;kmn ;+:yfx?df olb k|ToIf clx+;fTds bafa cleofgk|lt ljZjf; 5 eg] pgLx?n] ;"rgf glbg] To:tf ;/sf/L lgsfosf lj?4 cg;g nufotsf bafasf] pkfo ckgfpg ;S5g\ . gful/s ;+:yfx?n] cfdhgtfsf] lxtdf pgLx?nfO{ kl/rfng u/L zflGtk"0f{ 9ª\un] bafa l;h{gf ug{ ;S5g\ . To;}u/L dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg tyf cGo k|ltj]bgx? klg Hofb} pkof]uL ;|f]t x'g\ . o:tf]] k|ltj]bg k|fKt ug]{ xs gful/sdf x'G5 . dxfn]vf lgoGqssf] sfof{no tyf sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{no klg ah]6;DaGwL ;"rgf k|fKt ug{sf nflu csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ lgsfo xf] . -r_ yfngL u/f}+M ;do lnP/, /fd|/L ;f]r]/ tyf /0fgLlts of]hgf th{'df ug{'kg]{ eP klg ah]6 ;d"xn] sfd t ug{' g} k5{ . s]xL ;d"xx?n] cfkm\gf] ;"?cftL /0fgLlt / s]xL k"j{ ;"rgfsf cfwf/df ah]6;DaGwL sfd ;'? u/L sfds} l;nl;nfdf oL b'j}nfO{ lgs} ulx/f] 9ª\un] ljsf; ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . x/]s txsf] sfdaf6 ;d"xn] ;fj{hlgs ah]6nfO{ a9L hjfkmb]xL agfpg] ;DaGwdf yk cg'ej, cfTdljZjf; / Ifdtf a6'N5g\ . /fd|f];Fu ;f]rljrf/ u/L ah]6 kf/blz{tfsf nflu /0fgLlt agfpFm . s]Gb|Lo txb]lv :yfgLo lgsfo;Dd ah]6 / sfo{qmdsf] ;fdflhs k/LIf0fsf sfd cufl8 a9fpFm . ah]6 tyf gLlt Pj+ sfo{qmd;DaGwL kof{Kt ;"rgf ;ª\sng u/L ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj clej[[l4 ug{sf nflu cfTdljZjf;k"j{s cf–cfkm\gf] ;Lk / Ifdtfsf] k|of]u ug{ cu|;/ xf]cf}+ . ;fgf] yfngLn] ;dfh kl/jt{g ;Dej 5 . ��� 60 zAbfy{ � ljlzi6 dfkg -Benchmarking_ sfo{;Dkfbg a9fpgsf nflu Pp6f ;+:yfnfO{ / csf]{ ;+:yf;Fu t'ngf ug]{ k4ltx? . nfutnfO{ k|ltkmndf kl/0ft ug{sf nflu ul/g] sfd / sfo{k4ltnfO{ k|lqmof dfkg / sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rssf cfwf/df ;+:yfsf] jf:tljs sfo{;Dkfbgsf] cj:yfsf] t'ngf ug{'nfO{ sfo{;Dkfbg dfkg elgG5 . � k"j{ lgoGq0f÷k"j{ k/LIf0f (Ex ante Control /A priori Audit) vf; vr{sf] nflu k"j{ :jLs[lt . sf/f]af/x¿ clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/Lsf] :jLs[ltdf, lgoldt / sfg'g;Ddt / ah]6sf] kl/lwleqaf6 ePsf] xf] jf xf]Og ;f] lglZrt ug{sf nflu e'QmfgL cfb]z / ;xof]uL b:tfj]hx? k|flKt / k/LIf0f ul/G5 . To:tf] k/LIf0f cy{ dGqfnosf] :jLs[ltdf jf ;DalGwt dGqfnon] ug{ ;S5g\ . � sfo{;Dkfbg dfkg (Performance Measurement) ;Da4 nfut, k|zf]wg -sfo{k|lqmof_, kl/0ffd / pknlAwsf] k/LIf0f u/L To;}sf cfwf/df ul/g] ;+:yfsf sfo{qmd jf lqmofsnfkx¿sf] Ifdtf / k|efjsfl/tf d"Nofª\sg . � dWofjlw d"Nofª\sg -Mid-Term Review_ cy{ dGqfnon] ug] { jflif{ s ah] 6 n] kl/nlIft u/] s f of] h gfsf] sfof{Gjogsf] klxnf] 5 dlxgfsf] k|ult ;dLIff . � rfn' vr{ -Recurrent Expenditure) ;/sf/, dGqfno / cGo vr{sf OsfO{x?sf] b}lgs k|zf;lgs vr{ jf Ps cfly{s jif{eGbf a9L ;do;Dd c;/ afFsL g/xg] vr{, h:t} zflGt–;'/Iff, tna–eQf, kfgL–lah'nL OToflbdf ul/g] vr{ . o:tf] vr{sf] pknlAw vr{ ul/Psf] ;do;Dd dfq /xG5 / ;fna;fnL ?kdf ul//fVg'kg]{ x'G5 . of] k|fylds vr{ xf] lsgeg] rfn' vr{ gu/]df ;/sf/sf] b}lgs k|zf;g g} 7Kk x'G5 . 61 � cg'bfg -Aid_ eljiodf ;fFjf jf Aofh lkmtf{ ug{ gkg]{u/L k|fKt x'g] ;xof]u . o:tf] ;xof]u ;/sf/sf] Pp6f lgsfon] csf{] lgsfonfO{, h:t} s]Gb| ;/sf/n] :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ klg lbg ;Qm5 h;nfO{ cfGtl/s cg'bfg elgG5 eg] ljb]zL d'n's tyf tft[ ;+:yfn] s]Gb| ;/sf/nfO{ klg lbG5g\ eg] To;nfO{ j}b]lzs cg'bfg -Foreign Aid_ elgG5 . � u}x| ah]6/L sf]if -Extra Budgetary Fund_ ah]6df pNn]v gul/Psf] / ljlgof]hg P]g cg';f/ geO{ a]Un} P]g jf lgodcg';f/ vr{ ug]{u/L ;/sf/n] v8f ug]{ ljz]if sf]ifx? . h:t}, ul/aL lgjf/0f sf]if, k|wfgdGqL /fxt sf]if, o'jf :j/f]huf/ sf]if cflb . � cg'bfg -Aid_ eljiodf ;fjfF jf Aofh lkmtf{ ug{ gkg]{ u/L k|fKt x'g] ;xof]u . o:tf] ;xof]u ;/sf/sf] Pp6f lgsfon] csf{] lgsfonfO{, h:t} s]Gb| ;/sf/n] :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ klg lbg ;Qm5 h;nfO{ cfGtl/s cg'bfg elgG5 . ljb]zL d'n's tyf bft[ ;+:yfn] s]Gb| ;/sf/nfO{ klg ;xof]u lbG5g\ eg] To;nfO{ j}b]lzs cg'bfg elgG5 . � k|ltkmndf cfwfl/t Joj:yfkg -Result Based Management_ ;/sf/n] ;~rfng ug]{ ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx?af6 lgwf{l/t k|ltkmnsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu ;f]xLcg';f/ To:tf sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ nfu" ug]{ cfw'lgs / j}1flgs Joj:yfkg k4lt . o:tf] Joj:yfkg k/Dk/fut k|lqmof s]lGb|t geO{ k|ltkmn s]lGb|t x'G5 . cyf{t\ s;/L sfd ug]{eGbf klg s:tf] k|ltkmn xfl;n ug]{ eGg]df s]lGb|t ul/g] Joj:yfkg . � F Lut vr{ -Capital Expenditure) k"h bL3{sfnLg lxtsf] p2]Zo /fvL ul/g] vr{ h:t}, ;8s oftfoft nufotsf k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f . k"FhLut vr{sf] c;/ Ps cfly{s jif{eGbf a9L / slxn]sflxF bzsf}+;Dd klg /xG5 -h:t} hnljB't\ cfof]hgfdf ul/g] vr{_ . ��� 62