51115 Extractive Industries and Development Series #9 August 2009 Mainstreaming Gender into Extractive Industries Projects Guidance Note for Task Team Leaders Adriana Eftimie Katherine Heller John Strongman World Bank Group's Oil, Gas, and Mining Policy Division Oil, Gas, Mining, and Chemicals Department A joint service of the World Bank and the International Finance Corporation The Oil, Gas, and Mining Policy Division series publishes reviews and analyses of sector experience from around the world as well as new findings from analytical work. It places particular emphasis on how the experience and knowledge gained relates to developing country policy makers, communities affected by extractive industries, extractive industry enterprises, and civil society organizations. We hope to see this series inform a wide range of interested parties on the opportunities as well as the risks presented by the sector. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank or its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequence of their use. Extractive Industries and Development Series #9 August 2009 Mainstreaming Gender into Extractive Industries Projects Guidance Note for Task Team Leaders Adriana Eftimie Katherine Heller John Strongman COPYRIGHT © 2009 http://www.worldbank.org/ogmc (OR /oil OR /gas OR /mining) http://www.ifc.org/ogmc (OR /oil OR /gas OR /mining) Cover Photos: Oil rig, hematite-banded ironstone, LNG tanker www.worldbank.org/eigender Table of C ontents vi Acronyms 1 Introduction 2 Why Consider Gender and the Extractive Industries? 4 How to Integrate Gender into World Bank Group EI Projects 8 Specific Tools for Considering Gender Topics 12 Actions to Mitigate Potential Negative Gender Impacts of EI 18 Annex A: Gendered Impacts and Development Impacts of EI Operations 21 Annex B: Additional Resources for Gender- Mainstreaming in EI Projects List of Tables Table 1: Incorporating Gender Issues into Project Planning and Implementation ............. 5 Table 2a: Checklist for Gender-sensitizing Project Design and Preparation ....................... 9 Table 2b: Gender-Related Question for Project Implementation and Supervision ........... 11 Table 3: Summary List of Potential Actions and Indicators to Improve the Health, Education, Employment, and Economic and Social Empowerment of Women in EI Communities............................................................................... 13 Table 4: Gender Implications and Development Impacts of the Extractive Industries ..... 18 iv Acknowledgments This guidance note is a product of the World Bank’s Oil, Gas, and Mining Policy Division (COCPO), with funding and support from the World Bank Gender Action Plan Energy, and Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP). The task team included Adriana Eftimie (Task Team Leader) and consultants Katherine Heller and John Strongman, all of COCPO. The report has benefited from the guidance of a number of World Bank colleagues and external reviewers, whose assistance is gratefully acknowledged. The following reviewers in particular have provided insightful comments and guidance in finalizing this guidance notes: Gillian Brown, consultant; Gary McMahon, COCPO; and Gisa Roesen, BGR (Geological Survey of Germany). Special thanks to Esther Petrilli-Massey, COCPO, for coordinating the production and dissemination process. G u idance Note for Ta s k Te a m Leaders Acronyms ASM Artisanal and Small-scale Mining BGR Geological Survey of Germany COCPO World Bank Oil, Gas, and Mining Policy Division ES MAP Energy Sector Management Assistance Program ES W Economic and Sector Work EI Extractive Industries IFC International Finance Corporation NGO Non-governmental Organization PAD Project Appraisal Document P CN Project Concept Note PIP Project Implementation Plan PIU Project Implementation Unit ST D Sexually Transmitted Disease ToR Terms of Reference TTL Task Team Leader E x t ractive Industries for Development Series vi Introduction Extractive industries (EI) can bring many positive development impacts to the communities involved, but also have the potential to create or exacerbate vulnerabilities within these communities. Benefits and risks are often evaluated and measured at the community level, with little examination of the different impacts on men and women. In fact, evidence suggests that a gender bias exists in the distribution of risks and benefits in EI projects: benefits accrue to men in the form of employment and compensation, while the costs, such as family and social disruption, and environmental degradation, fall most heavily on women.1 But it has become recognized in recent years that the effectiveness and sustainability of EI operations are dependent not only on the commercial viability of the company, but also on a social license to operate and a positive relationship among government, EI operators, and the community.2 Women have a key role in creating this social license and in facilitating the social and economic development of their communities. Thus, understanding and consideration of how women and men are uniquely impacted by EI – on the part of EI companies, governments, and donors – can increase the effectiveness and sustainability of EI operations. Despite the ample evidence of gender bias3 – and its implications – in EI, there is significant scope for increasing the gender focus of most EI projects in the World Bank. Analyzing and adapting projects to local gender issues can help to mitigate the risks created by EI, and amplify the potential benefits to both men and women, leading to increased profitability and more sustainable development impacts. Furthermore, understanding and adapting projects to improve gender sensitivity is essential to realizing the Bank’s stated commitment to both mainstreaming gender and to the third Millennium Development Goal (MDG) of gender equality and empowerment of women. The following guidelines briefly outline some of the ways that EI can impact men and women differently and the associated development implications, and provide step by step suggestions for how to understand and integrate gender issues into World Bank Group EI project design 1 Evidence includes a series of conferences and workshops with women stakeholders in EI communities in the Philippines, Peru, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Ghana, Tanzania, India, and Poland. Also see: Kuntala Lahiri-Dutt and Martha Macintyre, eds. “Women Miners in Developing Countries,” (England: Ashgate Publishing Co., 2006; Oxfam.) “Tunnel Vision: Women, Mining and Communities” (Melbourne:Oxfam, 2002) 2 The World Bank. “Striking a Better Balance: Extractive Industry Review Report.” (Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2004.) 3 The World Bank. “Gender Dimensions of the Extractive Industries.” (Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2009). E x t ractive Industries for Development Series 1 Why Consider Gender and the Extractive Industries? The extractive industries (EI) can have broad and deep impacts on the economic, social, and environmental situations of the communities involved. Based on men’s and women’s roles and relationships in their families and in their communities, these changes can have very different effects on men and on women. Impacts on men and women may be direct – changes resulting directly from the mines – or indirect – changes that are the knock-on effects of EI. These impacts can be felt across numerous sectors. For instance, in terms of income and employment, EI can create a host of new jobs, often at the expense of traditional jobs (as in cases where agricultural land is converted for EI). But these jobs often go primarily to men. While women may get jobs in spin-off industries, among men, increased income from EI does not always translate into increased money to the home and family. Men – especially where unaccustomed to cash income – often spend on alcohol and gambling, while women are more likely to spend on education, health, and nutrition for their families, so decreased job opportunities and/or access to resources for women can negatively impact the whole family. EI also often leads to inflation, so even while formal employment rates may increase, women are often forced into a position of reduced resources and higher expenses. Women are frequently responsible for both selling and buying goods in the market - improved access to markets using EI-constructed roads and improved selling opportunities may be a benefit to women with products to sell, but equally women constitute the majority of the most vulnerable in the community who are least able to afford increased prices or to negotiate with EI companies as to where roads should be constructed. EI can also significantly impact the natural environment, with different impacts for men and women. Where women are responsible for gathering food, water, and firewood, decreased availability of these resources due to environmental changes associated with EI can mean tasks take much longer and can inhibit women and girls’ abilities to go to school or do other tasks. Where women work in agriculture, collect water, or do laundry in rivers, pollution can jeopardize their health. 2 G u idance Note for Ta s k Te a m Leaders Indirectly, changes in land use can decrease subsistence agriculture, which diminishes food supply and food security, which diminishes women’s economic empowerment and ability to provide for families, but lead to changes in diet and possible increased dependence on processed foods, with related health consequences. EI is also associated with other health risks, with strong gender dimensions, in both large- and small-scale mining. In artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM), for example, the health implications for women can often be severe, particularly where women are involved in mineral processing within the home. EI is also often associated with increased prostitution and, as a result, rising rates of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Not only are women at particular risk in these scenarios, they are also typically responsible for the greatest burden of care when a family member becomes sick. In addition to these above-mentioned sectoral implications, EI can change the gender dynamics of a community – where men have increasing access to formal employment and decision-making spheres, women in some instances become marginalized, with little say of how EI resources should be used. Women tend to advocate for more sustainable investments, while men often focus more on infrastructure investments, which may prove less effective to achieving development outcomes. Thus, marginalization of women from the decision- making process can be detrimental to the community at large. These issues present a snapshot of the complex inter-relationship between gender and EI. For a more comprehensive examination, Annex A explores the gender dimensions and related development impacts of EI in greater depth. But EI projects that overlook these differences and fail to understand how men and women differently experience EI, can undermine commitments by EI companies, donors, government, and civil society to ensure that EI projects realize the development potential of the communities involved. In contrast, a well-managed and forward-looking extractive industry that understands men’s and women’s different experiences, and seeks to decrease risks and share benefits, can contribute significantly to the sustainable development of impacted communities, while improving the reputation and growing the bottom line of oil, gas, and mining companies. Improving gains from EI for female stakeholders will not only leverage their potential for increasing growth, reducing poverty, and fostering positive conditions for sustainable development, but also improve the development effectiveness of oil, gas, and mining operations for communities and countries as a whole. E x t ractive Industries for Development Series 3 How to Integrate Gender into World Bank Group Extractive Industries Projects Gender issues can be included in all stages of project development, for all types of projects. Gender should be an important element of any upstream macro-social analysis, as Economic and Sector Work (ESW). Such analysis can focus on women as a particular sub-group of relevance, assessing the likelihood that the project will sustainably enhance equitable opportunities for men and women, contribute to the country's development objectives in terms of gender equity and MDG 3, and advance the Bank's core mission of poverty reduction for men and women. During project preparation, gender should be included in any social impact analysis that focuses on opportunities and constraints, outcomes, impacts, and risks associated with a particular project, with the goal of understanding whether the benefits of a project outweigh the risks for both men and women. Social appraisal should include project options and alternatives for enhancing gender equity. And throughout project implementation, social assessments with gender focus may be conducted as a means of evaluating the social benefits and costs of proposed projects. This may involve identifying stakeholders, and may function as a means for enabling stakeholder participation. Table 1 highlights how gender issues may be incorporated into all phases of project planning and implementation. These suggestions may not apply to all projects. World Bank task team leaders (TTLs) should select necessary steps in project planning and implementation based on the specific project context, selecting from Tables 1 and 2 as appropriate for a given project. 4 G u idance Note for Ta s k Te a m Leaders Table 1: Incorporating Gender Issues into Project Planning and Implementation4 Project Stage Opportunities for Integrating Gender Analysis Project Identification, Gender concerns should be considered during project Project Concept identification and presented in the Project Concept Note (PCN): Documents • A gender specialist should be included in the task team, or be consulted to raise questions about how a project might benefit women or put them at risk. This specialist might highlight similar or related projects that might be useful for project design. • Ensure that gender analysis is included in the terms of reference (ToRs) for any social assessments to be conducted. • Ensure that men and women are included in all stakeholder consultations; conduct separate consultations with men and women if necessary. Project Preparation Tools for gender assessment during project preparation and and Design design can include focus groups, surveys, time-use studies, consultations, community and social mapping. These tools can contribute to a social impact assessment of the proposed project. • Analyze data to demonstrate gender specific impacts and aspects of EI, including examination of linkages between gender, health and sanitation, education, infrastructure, poverty. • Place gender impacts as a specific item to be discussed with the Borrower and the implementing agency. • Identify gender issues that will be most crucial for the sustainability and effectiveness of the EI project. • Design a detailed strategy to ensure that these gender issues are addressed in the project. Project Appraisal Include gender strategy in the Project Appraisal Document Documents (PAD): • The PAD should present and summarize gender analysis in terms of project objectives and benefits, winners and losers, and project alternatives, sustainability, and risks. • The institutional design presented in the PAD should reflect the agreements reached with the Borrower on the project's gender and social development outcomes and the mechanisms and resources needed to achieve those outcomes. Ensure that there are resources provided for identified gender activities. • The institutional design should also ensure that the implementing agency has the capacity to implement, For reference, see: “Building Social Analysis into Project Design,” Washington, DC, The World Bank. Available online at 4 http://www.worldbank.org/socialanalysissourcebook/design2.htm. E x t ractive Industries for Development Series 5 Table 1: Incorporating Gender Issues into Project Planning and Implementation cont. Project Stage Opportunities for Integrating Gender Analysis manage, and monitor the gender strategy. • Appropriate indicators and benchmarks should be identified to monitor progress and project implementation, and resources for monitoring should be adequately provided for as a condition of project appraisal. • The PAD Risk Matrix should spell out risks for women and a risk-management strategy; ensure that women’s risk for displacement is fully understood and that there are plans to compensate women as well as men for any displacement or resettlement in line with the World Bank's Resettlement Policy (World Bank Operational Policy Manual 4.12).. Project Operational Based on understanding of the gender dimensions of the Manual impacted community, and of the potential impacts of the project, the project operational manual should be formulated to ensure that all operational procedures for the project are in accord with the identified risks and benefits to women. Project Although prepared by the Borrower, the project implementation Implementation Plan plan (PIP) should clearly explain the gender strategy, and what it entails in terms of actions and monitoring and evaluation. For example, the Bank TTL can promote inclusion of steps in the PIP to promote women’s representation and participation in the project. Project Legal Legal documents detail Borrower responsibilities with regards to Documents social safeguards and social development objectives. Objectives (Loan/Credit and for mitigating negative impacts and promoting positive benefits Project Agreements) for women should be included here. Supervision and Gender issues should be integrated into monitoring and Monitoring supervision guidelines and reports. • Ensure that gender disaggregated data is collected, and that all gender-specific activities are closely monitored. This can help not only to monitor the impact of the project on gender, but also to identify changes or adjustments required to ensure the maximum positive impact, and minimum negative repercussions. • For sustainability, also ensure that gender-specific data is incorporated into all standard EI monitoring and evaluation. Mid-Term Review Gender issues should be examined at the mid-term review, in terms of impacts and outcomes. Changes to improve these impacts and outcomes can be suggested here. 6 G u idance Note for Ta s k Te a m Leaders TTLs should ensure that at least one gender specialist is involved in project planning and preparation to help ensure that gender issues are considered at each project phase. Additionally, since the gender-dimensions of EI cross multiple sectors – such as governance, health, environment, and so on, these guidelines do not just apply to EI projects. Rather, TTLs of EI projects should use consultations and assessments to determine the various ways in which EI may impact gender, and integrate these findings and related actions into appropriate sectoral activities and projects. TTLs should work closely with the wider country team, including TTLs of other projects, at each of the phases above, to determine how gender and EI issues might be involved and addressed. E x t ractive Industries for Development Series 7 Specific Tools for Considering Gender Topics While all projects should include gender analysis during project preparation and planning to predict and adjust for ways in which projects will impact women and men differently, there are several activities that can be incorporated or adjusted in EI project activities specifically to ensure that projects respond to the needs and perspectives of women. Not all activities apply to all projects, but this guide outlines tools and scenarios that may provide TTLs with a ‘checklist’ of some of the activities that may be most useful. In all phases, women should be included in project coordinating structures and relevant meetings, and meetings should be planned such that they are equally accessible (in terms of time, location, opportunity cost) to both men and women. However, the presence of women on a committee does not necessarily fulfill obligations to gender sensitivity – women may not always actively participate, and may be hesitant to contradict men, or to break with traditional gender roles for participation. Furthermore, women should not be marginalized to speak only on women’s issues. In all consultative or participatory aspects of the project, women should be actively incorporated, with separate meetings for women if women hesitate to participate in mixed gender activities. In all project monitoring and evaluation, gender sensitive indicators should be used for all monitoring and evaluation, to determine the impacts of the project on men as well as women. Tables 2a and 2b outline some of the gender-related questions to be addressed and tools that can be used in project design, preparation, implementation, and supervision to ensure that the gender is appropriately integrated. 8 G u idance Note for Ta s k Te a m Leaders Table 2a: Checklist for Gender-sensitizing Project Design and Preparation PROJECT DESIGN AND PREPARATION 1. Evaluate country Questions to be Addressed: gender context, • What are the potential risks and benefits of the EI project through poverty on men, women, and gender relations? and social impact • What are the legal, cultural, social, and economic approaches. conditions that might influence the impact of EI on men, women, and gender relations? Tools: • Stocktaking of laws and regulations that might impact women and men differently. • Literature review, social assessment of cultural norms regarding women and gender; social assessment might include interviews, focus groups, expert meetings. Review of other project documents. 2. Identify key Questions to be Addressed: women stakeholder • How are women organized and represented vis-à-vis the groups in the proposed EI project, the government, and men in the community. community? • Through what types of civil society, government, and EI company mechanisms are women represented? Tools: • Community mapping, stakeholder analysis, focus groups, key informant interviews with women, local government, EI companies. 3. Consult with key Questions to be Addressed: women stakeholder • How do ownership rights and access to land and other groups to productive resources (credit, labor, financial services, and determine key technology) vary by gender? gender issues in • How do women voice opinions and priorities in decision- the sector in the making in the family and the community? proposed project • How are women represented in decision-making area. structures, and what measures are in place to ensure that the women who are participating are representative of women in the community? • To what degree do women have access to education and skills training? • To what degree do women have access to (i) project- related and (ii) sector-related information? • In what ways are women involved in community- supported project monitoring activities? Tools: • Focus group discussions, key informant interviews, review of relevant processes and project documents. E x t ractive Industries for Development Series 9 Table 2a: Checklist for Gender-sensitizing Project Design and Preparation cont. PROJECT DESIGN AND PREPARATION 4. Based on Questions to be Addressed: information • What are the main benefits and risks of the EI project for collected, the local community and, if considered relevant from a determine the gender perspective, also at the regional and national levels? likely distribution • Is there a gender bias in the distribution of risks and of risks and benefits whereby men receive most of the benefits and benefits of the women and families bear most of the risks in the proposed proposed project project activities and in the legacy of any previous or by gender by each ongoing EI production? stage, i.e., how are Tools: benefits and risks • Key informant interviews, focus groups, household distributed surveys. between men and women at the exploration, feasibility, construction, operational, closure, and post- closure stages. 5. Determine Questions to be Addressed: indicators for • How can similar projects be used to determine indicators? measuring the • How can other data sources be used for gathering baseline different impacts data? of EI on men and • How can other relevant gender projects, studies, or reports women, and at the community; regional or national levels input into determine if this process? baseline data and Tools: analysis is available • Stocktaking of available data and data sources. to identify key gender issues in the community. 10 G u idance Note for Ta s k Te a m Leaders Table 2b: Gender-Related Question for Project Implementation and Supervision PROJECT DESIGN AND PREPARATION 1. Implement the Questions to be Addressed: agreed measures to • Women make up what percentage of the project enhance the benefits coordination structures? and mitigate the • What barriers exist to implementation of the gender- risks of the project sensitive measures? on women. Tools: • Information from Project Implementation Unit (PIU) and site visits and interviews with women in communities. 2. Implement Questions to be Addressed: monitoring • Have performance and outcome/output monitoring activities. criteria been designed/refined to include gender-related measures? • Does the PIU include women’s groups in the community monitoring of the project? • Doesthe PIU include gender-sensitive performance indicators and sex-disaggregated data included in project monitoring and progress reports? • Are the timing, location, and organization of project meetings organized by the PIU or other parties adapted to accommodate women’s needs and ensure their participation? Tools: • Information from PIU and site visits and interviews with women in communities. • Stocktaking of available data and data sources. 3. Throughout the Questions to be Addressed: project, as • Has progress been made on identified actions/impacts? supervision and • What are the gaps to be filled and priorities to be adjusted? monitoring data is • How effective are gender-sensitive measures in reducing the received, make risks and enhancing the benefits of the project for women? appropriate changes Tools: and adjustments to • Information from PIU and site visits and interviews with ensure program women in communities. continues to be • Stocktaking of available data and data sources. gender sensitive and responsive. 4. Identify lessons Questions to be Addressed: learned. • What were the main challenges in the design and implementation of gender-sensitive activities? • How were legacy issues addressed? Tools: • Information from PIU and site visits and interviews with women in communities. • Stocktaking of available data and data sources. E x t ractive Industries for Development Series 11 Actions to Mitigate Potential Negative Gender Impacts of EI Once gender has been systematically integrated into project design, there are a range of activities that can be undertaken and incorporated into the project to address men’s and women’s different experiences of EI – including job creation, health and education programs, community consultations, and participatory monitoring of budgets, investments, and environment. Table 3 provides a detailed list of many of these activities, as well as associated outcomes, outputs, and indicators for ensuring a positive impact of social programming and risk mitigation programs for men and women. The actions and indicators in the list are organized around five main themes: (i) Health and Education; (ii) Income and Employment for Commercial-scale Mining; (iii) Employment of Women in ASM; (iv) Women’s Economic Empowerment: and (v) Women’s Social Empowerment. The list includes actions to be taken by one or more of the four main stakeholders, i.e., national government, local government, EI companies, and civil society, which includes communities themselves and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). In considering the range of actions by different stakeholders, it is important to recognize that the starting point is that the role of government is to provide community services such as health and education, especially for the poorest and most vulnerable, whereas the role of companies to provide employment in a safe and respectful working environment with remuneration that matches job responsibilities. But, many EI operations take place in remote locations where government capacities are very low and budgets are very small. As a result, it is common practice to find EI companies providing health care and sometimes also education facilities for their employees and their families. In more recent times, many EI companies are also taking initiatives to share the benefits of their operations more widely by increasing spin-off businesses and local supplier linkages to increase local EI-related employment, and by providing community support programs. The size and scope of such community support programs varies widely according to the size and location of the EI operations and the operating company. Many EI companies undertake such community programs because they see them as a means 12 G u idance Note for Ta s k Te a m Leaders to strengthen their social license to operate, mitigate some of the negative impacts of EI operations, and reduce the disparities between living conditions for their workers and for the rest of the community. Indeed, a business case can be made that a positive relationship with the local community contributes in the long run to higher efficiency and more productive use of management time, rather than situations where the community is at odds with the EI operation and management time is diverted to address community opposition or, in the worst case, community protests that disrupt operations and cause lost production. For those companies that have or are considering community programs, Table 3 identifies a number of gender-related actions that companies may consider including in their community programs. As an example, adult illiteracy is frequently a significant but unaddressed characteristic of many remote communities. As part of community program, companies can hire teachers or fund NGO programs to provide literacy training for community women – the costs would be very modest but the good will generated and lifestyle improvements supported by literacy can garner enormous good will in the community for the company. The table below provides a summary list of some of the general risks and benefits posed to women by EI and notes the specific priority sectors on which TTLs can focus to ensure that gender issues are mainstreamed into EI and related sectors. The table also lists specific activities that can be encouraged for government, EI companies, and civil society, with performance indicators for measuring the implementation of given actions, and impact indicators for exploring the effect of these actions. Table 3: Summary List of Potential Actions and Indicators to Improve the Health, Education, Employment, and Economic and Social Empowerment of Women in EI Communities Topic Potential Actions Performance Indicators Economic Benefit: Economic empowerment of women can lead to improved empowerment of development outcomes for women, as well as for families and communities. women Risk: Economic empowerment of women may cause tension in the home and community and can lead to violence against women. Sectoral Focus: Performance Indicators • EI, Economic Development • Pro-female banking and land and Capacity Building, ownership regulations. Governance: include gender • Consultation with women and issues in all economic women’s groups about land development and capacity compensation. building projects, particularly • Gender sensitization activities in EI-impacted areas. regarding women’s right to • Ensure that EI projects work and control income. uphold existing gender equity Selected Impact Indicators policies, in terms of equal pay, • Number of women with (a) access to finance, and anti- bank accounts in their own E x t ractive Industries for Development Series 13 Table 3: Summary List of Potential Actions and Indicators to Improve the Health, Education, Employment, and Economic and Social Empowerment of Women in EI Communities (cont.) Topic Potential Actions Performance Indicators discrimination legislation, for names; (b) land titles in their instance. own names; and (c) their own • Ensure gender mainstreaming small businesses. in good governance projects, • Number of female-focused particularly in EI grant mechanisms and capacity communities. building programs for female Potential Stakeholder Actions entrepreneurs. • Improve women’s access to • Percentage of EI company banking services. community program spent on • Promote micro-credit and women’s projects. grants programs for female • Number of women who (i) entrepreneurs. attended and (ii) spoke at last • Consult with women’s groups community decision-making and take their views into meeting. account in designing and implementing EI company community programs • Improve women’s participation in community decision making. • Ensure that women land users are properly compensated if land is taken for mining activities. • Provide publicly funded childcare to support women taking employment. Employment of Benefit: Potential for increased job opportunities for women; women in ASM potential for increased financial control by women. Risk: Potential of unsafe, unprofitable work. Sectoral Focus Performance Indicators • EI, Economic and Social • Legal ability of women to own Development, Capacity and operate mines. Building: include gender • Availability of capacity building issues in all ASM activities and programs for women. regulation; promote gender Selected Impact Indicators equity in property ownership, • Percentage of ASM owners and business development capacity operators who are women. building. • Percentage of earnings that Potential Stakeholder Actions female ASM miners receive. • Affirmative action and legislative programs to enable women to be mine owners and operators. • Capacity building programs for women. 14 G u idance Note for Ta s k Te a m Leaders Table 3: Summary List of Potential Actions and Indicators to Improve the Health, Education, Employment, and Economic and Social Empowerment of Women in EI Communities (cont.) Topic Potential Actions Performance Indicators • Child care programs for women. Income and Benefit: Potential for increased EI and other job opportunities for employment in women; potential for increased financial control by women. commercial-scale Risk: Inequality in access to EI jobs leads to increased marginalization of EI operations women and the most vulnerable members of the community. Sectoral Focus Performance Indicators • EI, Economic Development • Legislation and regulations and Capacity Building, support women’s employment Governance: Include gender and protect women from issues in all economic harassment. development and capacity • EI company employment building projects. targets for women workers, • Ensure that EI projects supervisors and managers uphold existing gender equity • Standardized gender-sensitive policies, in terms of equal pay, compensation and benefits access to finance, and anti- policies. discrimination legislation, for • Monitoring systems for female instance. employment by supplier Potential Action industries and spin-off • Implement affirmative action businesses. programs and capacity • EI company communications building programs for women campaign (targeting workforce) to boost women’s regarding value-added of employment. women in supervisory and • Provide training and management positions. mentoring for women to • EI company anti-harassment obtain skilled, supervisory and policies. management positions. Selected Impact Indicators • Provide equal pay for equal • Number of women employed work and gender-sensitive by EI company. compensation and benefits • Percentage of total jobs, skilled policies. jobs, supervisory and • Provide incentives/rewards to managerial jobs held by women EI company suppliers and in EI industry. spin-off businesses to increase • Number of women with jobs in employment of women. EI supply companies and spin- • Improve working conditions off businesses. for women and reduce. • Ratio of pay for women and harassment in the workforce men for same job in EI • EI companies set targets for companies. female employees in all levels • Number of women who say of operations. they have experienced workplace harassment. E x t ractive Industries for Development Series 15 Table 3: Summary List of Potential Actions and Indicators to Improve the Health, Education, Employment, and Economic and Social Empowerment of Women in EI Communities (cont.) Topic Potential Actions Performance Indicators • Appoint national and regional gender coordinators to act as focal points for women’s employment and women’s concerns. Social Benefit: Increased ability of women to make better choices for Empowerment of themselves, and their families. Women Risks: Increased insecurity due to population influx, increased access to cash leading to increased theft, increased access to alcohol, gambling, which can lead to decreased resource availability in the home, increased domestic violence, prostitution, etc. Cross-Sectoral Activities Performance Indicator • Increase gender focus in • Consultation programs with infrastructure projects to women’s groups regarding local decrease water, food, and fuel and regional development plans. gathering time. • Police training programs, to deal • Incorporate gender into with domestic violence. governance projects to ensure • Corporate and legal programs that women are included in all to minimize gender environmental, public service, discrimination in the workplace. and budget monitoring • Existence of a detailed social activities. map that highlights women’s Potential Actions ability/barriers to participating • Take women’s groups views in consultations. and concerns into account in Selected Impact Indicators local and regional development • Number of women members of planning and decision making local and regional development • Include women/women’s group committees. representatives in key EI • Number of reported cases of forums and committees. violence against women (health • Provide counseling and shelter records). for female victims of violence • Number of women leaving the and sexual crimes. community involuntarily due to • Train police force in loss of dwellings or land or responding to domestic inability to afford food or violence. transport. • Implement social programs for • Number of women who female headed households to participated in last community provide affordable housing and consultation on EI. food for the poorest and most • Distance to nearest clean water vulnerable in the community, source. where needed. • Coverage of gender-related • Provide small scale issues in company reports infrastructure to decrease time provided to Government. of women and girls spent • Number of women involved in gathering water or fuel. participatory monitoring. 16 G u idance Note for Ta s k Te a m Leaders Table 3: Summary List of Potential Actions and Indicators to Improve the Health, Education, Employment, and Economic and Social Empowerment of Women in EI Communities (cont.) Topic Potential Actions Performance Indicators • Provide participatory monitoring with women’s and other groups of EI environmental and gender impacts. Health and Benefit: Increased access to health centers (decreased distance, time to get to health education center), and improved health care available, including improved reproductive health care; potential for improved schooling, improved access to school for girls. Risk: Risk of negative health consequences of EI, particularly for women; increased risk of HIV/AIDS; potential for children to work in EI, particularly ASM, rather than go to school; health risks from ASM mining and mineral processing. Sectoral Focus Performance Indicators • In health and sanitation • Number of health providers projects, ensure adequate funded. support for health concerns of • Number of different women in EI-impacted areas. medications on the shelf. • Within education projects, • Average distance to health ensure adequate focus on centers. women and children in EI- • Availability of confidential impacted areas. HIV/AIDS testing. Potential Stakeholder Actions • Average distance to sanitation • Provide adequate funding of facilities. health center staffing, • Average distance to clean water medicines and supplies. supply. • Implement HIV/AIDS • Number of teachers funded. prevention and treatment Selected Impact Indicators program. • Percentage of women who visit • Improve sanitation facilities their local health center for and connection to clean water. primary care needs. • Implement safety procedures • Infant and maternal mortality for transport, handling, rates. storage and use of hazardous • Percentage of women infected materials in both commercial with HIV/AIDS. scale mining and ASM. • Percentage of women being • Adequate funding of teachers treated for HIV/AIDS. and school supplies. • Percentage girls attending and • Provide adult literacy training completing primary and for women. secondary education classes. • Provide extension services to • Percentage of girls who work in improve ASM health and ASM who do not attend safety practices and reduce school. ASM child labor. • Percentage of adult women who • Provide health training for are literate. teachers in the community. E x t ractive Industries for Development Series 17 Annex A: Gendered Impacts and Development Impacts of EI Operations The table below provides a list of some of the most common ways in which EI can impact men and women differently, and identifies some of the development impacts of these differential gender impacts. For a more thorough discussion, see the World Bank paper “Mining for Equity: Gender Dimensions of the Extractive Industries.” Table 4: Gender Implications and Development Impacts of the Extractive Industries Theme Gendered EI Impacts Development Impacts Employment • Men are more often hired for • Where women are discriminated formal EI jobs. While women may against in hiring, this can increase be hired for related work, women women’s risks for poverty, and/or are also particularly vulnerable to dependence on men, which can losing jobs when EI begins, in threaten family well being. agriculture for example. • Employment opportunities for • While some women are hired in women can significantly improve direct EI jobs, women more often development outcomes for have increased access to related families. Evidence has shown that jobs, in spin-off industries like when women control a portion of catering, laundry, clerical support, familial finances, development and agricultural produce. outcomes for the whole family • Women are also frequently often improve. heavily involved in ASM. Income • New jobs in the EI sector mean • Where men earn the wages, more money flowing into the women typically receive only a local economy. small portion of it for family • As most of the formal EI jobs go to needs. This can lead to conflict men, it is men who have the greatest and strife in the family on how say on how the money is used. the man’s income should be spent, 18 G u idance Note for Ta s k Te a m Leaders Table 4: Gender Implications and Development Impacts of the Extractive Industries cont. Theme Gendered EI Impacts Development Impacts • The increased cash flow can how much should be kept by also lead to inflation in local him and how much should be food, transport, land and used for food, health, and housing prices. education, or be saved for future use. • Where men spend their incomes on gambling, prostitution, second wives or drugs, women often face a heavier burden to provide for their families with fewer resources, often in inflationary climates. Communities suffer the effects of increased crime, alcoholism, and drug use. • Rising food, transport, land, and housing prices may be afforded by those with cash incomes, but fall very heavily upon the most vulnerable who may be unable to feed or house themselves and thus become even more marginalized and vulnerable. Environment, • EI can change access to clean • Making water, food, and Natural water, food, and firewood, firewood less accessible – either Resources which women and girls are because access has been restricted often primarily responsible for or because nearby sources have gathering, by making these become polluted – can mean that further away, or by polluting women and girls have to spend resources. more time collecting water, food, • Land may be converted for use or firewood, or dealing with by EI. pollution-related illnesses. This • Oil, gas, and mining can also can limit women’s abilities to do lead to significant air, soil, and other things, and can decrease water pollution, through girls’ options for going to school. chemicals and dust. • Reduced subsistence agriculture leads to lower food supply and food security for the community, which in turn results in more food being imported into the community – which the poorest may not be able to afford. • EI companies and government can also make water and electrification more accessible, as well as improving related infrastructure, therefore, E x t ractive Industries for Development Series 19 Table 4: Gender Implications and Development Impacts of the Extractive Industries (cont). Theme Gendered EI Impacts Development Impacts decreasing time needed to access water and other resources, leaving more time for school and other activities. Health • Oil, gas, and mining can lead to • Women working in agriculture, health risks associated with air, collecting water, doing laundry in soil and water pollution. rivers, and other tasks can be • Working in EI can pose health severely impacted by air, soil, and risks, including exposure to water pollution, including impacts chemically or physically on their reproductive health. hazardous work environment. • Women are often responsible for • EI can also lead to the spread of accessing health care for family HIV/AIDS and other STDs members, so increased illness or (through the growth of injury can represent a major prostitution), increased traffic- burden on women. related fatalities (due to • Changes in community diet may increased road traffic related to lead to negative health impacts EI), decreased nutrition, and such as diabetes, hyper-tension increased incidence of lifestyle and high-blood pressure which diseases (due to decreased access the community is not familiar to traditional foods leading to with and may cause significant reliance on processed foods and health impairment before they are leading to obesity, etc.) diagnosed and properly treated. • Improvements in infrastructure • Improved health seeking behavior through EI can also improve and improved health outcomes access to health clinics and can decrease burdens on women, improve sanitations and health- freeing up time for work outside seeking behavior. and inside the home, Community • Governments and EI companies • Failure to include women’s Consultations often conduct community perspectives can undermine social consultations to obtain social license, and mean that resources license to operate and to are not allocated according to determine community priorities community priorities or needs, for how to allocate EI royalties. often reducing the effectiveness of Accidentally or by design, these investments. women are often excluded from these meetings, or cannot fully participate. 20 G u idance Note for Ta s k Te a m Leaders Annex B: Additional Resources for Gender- Mainstreaming in EI Projects Bureau for Gender Equality. “Girls in Mining: Research Findings from Ghana, Niger, Peru and the United Republic of Tanzania.” Geneva: ILO, 2007. Hinton, Jennifer; Marcello Viego, and Christian Beinhoff. “Women and Artisanal Mining: Gender Roles and the Road Ahead” The Socio-Economic Impacts of Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining in Developing Countries, Ed. G. Hilson. Netherlands: A.A. Balkema, Swets Publishers, 2003. International Finance Corporation. “IFC SmartLessons: Integrating Women into Mining Operations: The Examples of Newmont Ghana and Lonmin South Africa.” Washington, DC: IFC, 2008. International Finance Corporation. “Integrating Women into Mining Operations.” Washington: The World Bank Group, 2007. International Finance Corporation. “Promoting Gender Equality in the Private Sector – Hiring Women in Mining Production Jobs.” Washington, DC: IFC, 2006. International Labor Organization. “Out of Sight: Girls in Mining.” 13 September, 2007. 16 November 2008 Dutt, Kuntala Lahiri. “Mainstreaming gender in the mines: results from an Indonesia Colliery” Development in Practice, 16.2, 2006. Strongman, John. “Sustainability Worldwide: The Gender Link and its Application in the World Mining Industry.” Washington, DC,: World Bank, 2006. E x t ractive Industries for Development Series 21 The World Bank. “Building Social Analysis into Project Design.” (Washington, DC: The World Bank). Available online at http://www.worldbank.org/socialanalysissourcebook/design2.htm. The World Bank. “Extracted Experiences: Gender Dimensions of the Extractive Industries.” Washington, DC: World Bank, 2009. The World Bank. “Gender Action Plan: Gender Equality as Smart Economics.” Washington, DC: World Bank, 2007. The World Bank. “Gender in Agriculture: A World Bank Learning Module.” Available online at http://go.worldbank.org/28URO8YRO0. The World Bank. “Gender Mainstreaming Strategy Paper.” Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2001. The World Bank. “Gender Responsive Social Analysis: A Guidance Note.” Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2005. The World Bank. “Integrating Gender into Poverty Assessments: A Win-Win Scenario.” Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2004. The World Bank. “Striking a Better Balance: Extractive Industry Review Report.” Washington, DC: The World Bank. 22 G u idance Note for Ta s k Te a m Leaders Other publications in the Extractive Industries for Development Series are: #1 Vulnerability to Oil Price Increases: A Decomposition Analysis of 161 Countries by Robert Bacon and Masami Kojima #2 Changes in End-User Petroleum Product Prices: A Comparison of 48 Countries by Masami Kojima #3 Extractive Industries Value Chain: A Comprehensive Integrated Approach to Developing Extractive Industries by Eleodoro Mayorga Alba #4 Mining Cadastres: Promoting Transparent Access to Mineral Resources by Enrique Ortega, Alexandra Pugachevsky, and Gotthard Walser, #5 Emerging Players in Global Mining by Dr. David Humphreys #6 Changing Patterns of Household Expenditures on Energy: A Case Study of Indonesia and Pakistan by Robert Bacon, Soma Bhattacharya, and Masami Kojima #7 Financial Surety: Guidance Notes for the Implementation of Financial Surety for Mine Closure by Meredith Sassoon THE WORLD BANK OIL, GAS, AND MINING POLICY DIVISION The World Bank Group's role in the oil, gas, and mining sectors focuses on ensuring that its current interventions facilitate the extractive industries' contribution to poverty alleviation and economic growth through the promotion of good governance and sustainable development. The Oil, Gas, and Mining Policy Division serves as the Bank's global sector management unit on extractive industries and related issues for all the regions of the world. It is part of the Oil, Gas, Mining, and Chemicals Department, a joint World Bank/International Finance Corporation department. Through loans, technical assistance, policy dialogue, and analytical work, the Division leads a work program with multiple sector activities in more than 70 countries, of which almost half are in Sub-Saharan Africa. More specifically, the Division: • Advises governments on legal, fiscal, and contractual issues and on institutional arrangements as they relate to natural resources, as well as on good governance practices • Assists governments in setting up environmental and social safeguards in projects in order to promote the sustainable development of extractive industries • Helps governments formulate policies that promote private sector growth and foreign direct investments • Advises governments on how to increase the access of the poor to clean commercial energy and to assess options for protecting the poor from high fuel prices The Oil, Gas, and Mining Policy Division serves as a global technical advisor that supports sustainable development by building capacity and providing extractive industry sector-related advisory services to resource-rich governments. The Division also carries out an advocacy role through its man-agement of the following global programs: • The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) multi-donor trust fund, which supports countries in implementing EITI programs • The Global Gas Flaring Reduction (GGFR) Public-Private Partnership, which brings governments and oil companies together to reduce gas flaring • The Communities and Small-scale Mining (CASM) Partnership, which promotes an integrated approach to addressing issues faced by artisanal and small-scale miners • The Gender and Extractive Industries Program, which addresses gender issues in extractive industries • The Petroleum Governance Initiative (PGI), which promotes good governance • The Extractive Industries Technical Advisory Facility (EI-TAF), which facilitates "rapid-response" advisory services on a demand-driven basis to build capacity for extractive industry resource policy frameworks and transactions. The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433 USA www.worldbank.org/ogmc (OR /oil OR /gas OR /mining) www.ifc.org/ogmc (OR /oil OR /gas OR /mining) www.worldbank.org/eigender