SP:RING 1999 The New Chinese Dream PAG E 6 Travel Times To Work PAG E 2 6 T H E G L O B A L C I T Y M A G A Z I N E 20843 Volume 6, No. 4 Gambling on the ; kM^ Economy . . . * .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~p .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Ao U A o_ |flerl° Si dae ||This issueof UrbanAgeisfunded by the Federation W of Canadian Municipalities (Canadian International Development Agency), Department for International WHAT IS THE CITY IF NOT THE PEOPLE? Whether or not this pithy line was writ- Development, UK, the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Swedish International Development ten by William Shakespeare, or by the many other claimants to his oeuvre, the phrase Cooperation Agency and the World Bank. rightly places human achievement at the forefront of city endeavors. So when we talk of Developmental funding has been provided by the the city economy in our Special Report, that phrase should be redolent of the myriad Management Programme and the World Bank. efforts of all the people who make a city thrive. As our Guest Editor Nigel Harris has l l l described it, the reinvention of the city economy begins with the decline of the indus- - trial base in the 1970s: manufacturing jobs disappear; recession, decay II lOU dIiIfI ?|Ir2 '( and flight to the suburbs follow; stasis sets in. But then a degree of _ political and fiscal decentralization gives the city new powers to tax EDITOR A LsTA F F and spend. City coalitions emerge to promote the city package. Glo- Margaret Bergen, Editor-n-Chief balization spawns new service economies, and competition occurs Nick Harrison, Managing Editor between cities to attract investment and talent. Information becomes Annabel Biles, Assistant Editor a key commodity. Quality of life issues dominate. The result is trans- Brian Noyes, Pubcaton Design formation and rejuvenation. Nita Congress, Line Editor Elements of this story line will occur in every city determined to Patricia Moran, Circulation succeed in the zist century. Successfully competing on the global stage requires cities EDITORIAL BOARD to gather and analyze reliable information and to understand the extent of their eco- Yves Cabannes, Urban Management Programme, Quito, Ecuador nomic assets. James H. Carr, Fannie Mae Foundation, The Chinese government is hoping that housing reform will have an anticipated Washington, DC, USA US$ioo billion ripple effect in the economy. Zhu Rongji, the Chinese prime minister, Victor Falkenheim, University of Toronto, pledged to start the process of housing reform on July I, I998. It was hoped that freeing Michael Fishman, Sam Schwartz & Co., state enterprises from the burden of paying for housing would make them more com- New York City, USA petitive, and that liberating the worker from allocated housing would improve labor CRandaFouad Urban Management Programme, markets. Everybody would gain. Roger Graef, Films of Record, London, England Ted Plafker reports from Beijing that the process has been slowed by the complexity Nigel Harris, University College, London, England of making tens of millions of Chinese into homeowners. There are shortfalls in available Nadezhda Kosareva, Institute for Urban Economics, capital, nascent mortgage markets and mortgage insurance that need to be developed, and Charles Landry, Comedia, Stroud, England inheritance laws that must be written. But quite possibly the underlying economic Robert H. McNulty, Partners for Livable assumptions that propelled the issue to the forefront may have to be reviewed. After all, Communities, Washington, DC, USA assumtin Mohamad Machnouk, Eco News Beirut, housing is a social issue. Presumably the system will work more smoothly when it Beirut, Lebanon becomes clear to the Chinese homeowners what it is they are buying, how much it will Lyndsay Neilson, Centre for Developing Cities, cost and whether they can leave it to their children. nGiovanni Padula, 11 Mondo, New York City, USA Waste pickers in Belo Horizonte in southeastern Brazil have organized themselves Jonas Rabinovitch, United Nations Development into an association, automated their factory and begun to celebrate their profession Programme, New York City, USA Emniel Wegelin, Institute of Housing and Urban Devel- through dance and song. Their annual street parade is testament to an ability to sell their opment Studies, Rotterdam, The Netherlands vision of work with honor and humor. Yu Li, China Academy of Urban Planning and Read the article on Hydrabad from our Asia correspondent, Patralekha Chatterjee. Design, Beijing, China The city is known as "Cyberbad." It is home to Microsoft's single international presence ADVSO R Y B OAR D and to thousands of startup software companies. The issues she raises about the wisdom G. Shabbir Cheema, United Nations Development and sustainability of niche marketing a city are worth pondering. JProgramme, NewYorkCity, USA Jacques Jobin, International Union of Local Authorities, The Hague, The Netherlands Michael Parkes, European Commission, Brussels, Belgium Bas M. van Noordenne, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Hague, The Netherlands REGIONAL EDITIONS BEIJING: Wang Jingxia, Yu Li, Qin Fengxia, Cao Xinxin and Gao Jian, China Academy of Urban UrbanAge is published four times a year and is available to developing country subscribers free of charge. Developed country Planning and Design subscribers are charged US$20 annually. Editorial offices are at Room F4K-256, 1818 H Street, NW, Washington, DC CAIRO: Randa Fouad, UMP Arab States, and 20433, USA. Fax: 202-522-2125. E-mail: Editorial mbergen@worldbank.org; Subscriber Services: pmoran@worldbank.org; Wagdi Riad, Chief, Environment Department, Advertising: nharrison@worldbank.org. Ideas expressed in UrbanAge are the authors' and do not necessarily represent the Al-Ahram Newspaper views of ary one agency or organization. The boundaries, colors, denominations and other information shown on any map do not imply any judgment on the part of the World Bank Group regarding legal status of any territory or the endorsement or QUITO: Yves Cabannes, Peter Caessonand Richard acceptance of such boundaries. © 1999 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the World Bank, Huber, UMP Latin America and the Caribbean 1818 H Street, NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA. All rights reserved. Printed by United Lithographics on recycled paper Moscow: Nadezhda Kosareva and Yelena Yelagina, using soy-based inks. ISSN 1560-0483 Web site: http://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/urban/urb.age/urb.age.htm I Institute for Urban Economics S P R I N G 1 9 9 9/ V L 6, N O . 4 0c N T E N T S T s F a L O e A L T 1 1f4 A G A Z ; S j F E A T U R E S 4 Porto Alegre: Where The Public Controls The Purse Strings BY LUCY CONGER Inspired by the political philosophy of the former mayor, the people of this city are "making the decisions of government." They identify roads that need to be paved, slums they want upgraded and schools they want built, then ear- mark the funds to construct them. 6 Home Ownership-The New Chinese Dream BY TED PLAFKER Clearing the way for tens of millions of Chinese to become proud homeown ers is no easy task. Developing mortgage markets, improving the housing stock and controlling prices are sometimes large obstacles. But successes in such cities as Yantai and Guangzhou show that the process is working. 10 Riches In Rags B Y G A BR I ELA BO0YE R The waste pickers of Belo Horizonte, Brazil have formed a profitable recycling association that challenges the stigma normally associated with their profession. 11 S P E C I A L R E P O R T - T H E C I T Y E C O N O M Y "In cities across China, ordinary citizens dared 12 The Devastation For Cities ordinary might soon In the post-war era, cities struggled with the loss of their traditional industrial to hope they might soon and manufacturing bases, escape from their cramped and shabby quarters." 14 Whatever Happened To Ports? and 7 Once the core of the old city economy, ports must now find ways to innovate. 16 Flying Into The Sun D E P A R T M E N T S Airports are gateways to new regional and global economies. Metropolitan and regional governments need to plan and manage airport development carefully 2 Newsstand to maximize their potential for generating income and employment. 23 Portrait Of A City: 18 A City Of Traders Hyderabad, India For both traders and consumers, city markets are an essential part of daily life. B Y P AT R A L E K H A C H AT T E R J E E Sprawling, noisy, raucous and cheap, governments often insist on closing them 26 City Indicators: Travel Time down or moving them to the outskirts of the city. BY CHRISTINE AUCLAIR 20 Trading Services, Not Goods 28 Letters To The Editor Whether it is writing software programs in Bangalore or drawing Hollywood 29 Review: London, New York, Paris, cartoons in Manila, new and successful city economies are taking shape. Tokyo. A Transport Study 22 There Is Life After Death BY JERRY LEBO A stumble is not necessarily a fall, and even cities hit hardest by the loss of tra- ditional economic foundations can find new opportunities if they develop their inherent strengths. 36 Urban Calendar Spring 1999 Urban Age NEW AAND INDIA REPEALS URBAN LAND CEILING AND REGULATION ACT OCIALIST INDIA enacted the Urban Land Ceiling and Regulation Act (ULCRA) in I976 with the idea of providing housing to the urban poor. Anyone who owned land in excess of gov- ernment-prescribed limits had to hand it over to the state, which was to redistribute it to the poor. The law applied to all Indian cities with a population above THE DESI G N OF STREETS, buildings and houses may directly affect the level of crimes 250,ooo. However, the effectwas justthe in a neighborhood-either making it easier for criminals to operate or discouraging them- opposite of whatwas intended. according to a recent study in London. Although not conclusive, the study results chal- Those with excess land found lenge many of the assumptions that have guided housing design in recent decades. Those loholes. landhold The Space Syntax Laboratory at the University College, London, looked at spatial rela- innumerable loopholes. Landholders tionships of urban structures. Bill Hillier, a director of the laboratory, explained that the promptly went to court and got stay researchers were asking "why cities are, in the main, made up of linear spaces-streets, the r wai one, avenues, alleys, boulevards-linked into networks with buildings opening directly onto venting the act. In Mumbai alone, them from both sides, so that people going in and out of the buildings mingle with those more than 300 cases related to ULCRA who are passing through." One part of the answer, he said, "is that this is the safest way are pending in various courts. The of doing things." constraints on the supply side pushed The technique looked at details of crimes, such as points of entry to dwellings, and up land prices to a level that made it compared different spatial design characteristics across a range of housing areas (such almost impossible for even the vast as the age of buildings, income levels of occupants, etc.). This allowed common design majority of middle-class Indians to characteristics to be identified as influencing crime in their own right, regardless of other own a decent house. Of the 22I,000 social and demographic characteristics. hectares of land identified as surplus in A computer map of a selected city area was used to analyze the potential of streets to gen- various parts of the country, only erate movement. Crimes in the area-burglary, for example-were superimposed so that pat- I9,020 hectares have actually been terns and relationships could be statistically correlated. The analysis showed that certain physically acquired in the 23 years the crimes tend to occur in specific types of locations, even if they are geographically separated. act was in force. The results indicate that areas with good linear visibility and good potential for move- Early this year, the Indian govern- ment are safer. It is less safe where space is broken up, with limited lines of sight and ment repealed the statute. The decision with limited potential for movement. According to Hillier, "We have to get rid of the idea has been widely hailed, but procedural that strangers equal danger. Our results show the opposite to be the case: people using formalities remain. It will take a long a space are the main agent for policing that space safely-in general, criminals avoid the time before the blocked land actually spaces where people will naturally tend to be." comes out in the market. Most impor- Hillier noted that some popular designs such as the cul de sac, where houses face each tantly, the scrapping of the act will lead other around a circular road, are assumed to be safer because strangers are assumed to to more transparency in the entire sys- be less likely to pass through them, or that people would be alerted if they did. There is tem; this, in the long term, will ensure also a belief, he said, that this works better if the neighbors know each other, so the fewer better disclosure laws for builders and residents around the cul de sac, the better. The study results suggest that the opposite is developers. However, repealing ULCRA true: the built-in advantage belongs to linear streets with housing on both sides. There are will not miraculously ease the country's more houses, the lines of sight are better, people (and cars) are passing along the street, I . T and the area behind the housing is naturally protected by other houses. The laboratory is bousseg cssis. The final Impact has to now researching several different residential areas to see if the results differ. be assessed In the context of other fac- tors, such as the still-in-force Rent Further information about this research can be found on the Internet at: http://www.spacesyntax.com d Control Act. 2 Urban Age Springiggg SAN DIEGO CREATES UNIQUE URBAN WILDLIFE PARK v HE WESTERN U.S. CITY OF SAN DIEGO, California, is a fertile area for developers. However, the picturesque and often expensive landscape is believed to harbor more endangered species than any other region in the nation. It has been the site of conflicts and detailed bargaining Roger Sonnenberg, foreman of a San Diego over federal and state laws designed to protect endangered species. County ranch, stands in his orchard, now part of Now, the city has adopted a unique conservation plan that could be an area proposed a major biological preserve. a model for the rest of the country. Under the sweeping new conservation plan, called the expensive for most property owners to develop their land. Multiple Species Conservation Program, decisions will no "Everybody wins," she said. "Property owners win who are longer be made tract by tract, species by species. The plan outside the preserve because they'll have better use of their designates 172,000 acres-900 square miles-of San property and less frustration in developing. We win because Diego County as a major biological preserve. About 57,000 acres the environment will be preserved in a way that we were not able to are within San Diego city limits. Marc Ebbin, of the U.S. Depart- do before, and our children and our grandchildren win. And the ment of the Interior, told reporters that the plan is "not just for property owners inside the preserve win because we've committed species that are heading towards trouble, but the whole range of to buy any property that is sold at fair market values." species associated with a very, very unique ecosystem." It "also makes it very clear to SURVEYS RANK UNEMPLOYMENT AS NUMBER ONE CONCERN FOR MAYORS landowners what they can and cannot LISTENING TO MAYORS and their problems is the motivation behind an ongoing develop." series of international written surveys sponsored by the United Nations Develop- Fiveyears in the making, the program ment Programme (UNDP). Conducted in 1994 and 1997, with another one slat- gives high value to grasslands-even ed for next year, the survey asks respondents to list, in order, the most pressing when the grass species is not native-in problems facing their cities. Order to preserve more of this habitat for First developed in preparation for the International Colloquium of Mayors held tlrso 86 endange predservda-reisk hoe bythe UNDP in 1994, the surveys attempt to address problems from the mayors' to 86 endangered or at-risk species, including the burrowing owl, the bald perspectives. One hundred and thirty-five mayors from every continent responded. eagle, ,,ngthe SanrDieg om , lzr and With the second survey in 1997, that number increased to 151. the American badger. The short questionnaire was developed as an easy tool for a busy mayor. "It can be Nearly half of the proposed preserve is filled out in a couple of minutes," says Jonas Rabinovitch of UNDP, New York. In both on land already owned by federal, state years, the mayors, who responded in writing to faxed questions, ranked unemployment or local governments. About 27,000 acres as their major concern. Insufficient solid waste disposal and in- will have to be bought by the county for adequate housing stock ranked second and third in 1994 and - from US$I3I million to $I8o million over second and fourth in 1997. 30 years. Owners of private property in In 1994, almost half of the mayors from both developing the reserve will be required to set aside 75 and developed countries who answered the survey called un- - percent of their land permanently as a employment a severe or very severe problem. In 1997, 70 - protected habitat. In return, they are percent of the responding mayors who ranked unemployment . s '1 permitted to develop the remaining 25 as a severe problem also ranked urban poverty as severe. percent as they wish. Some 7,000 Surprisingly, one of the two least pressing problems of the 14 listed in the landowners will be affected. 1997 survey was urban violence/crime/personal safety, which ranked fourth among "This is a model that ought to be most severe problems in the 12 listed by the 1994 survey. ,,, examined and replicated all over the While recognizingthe importance of regional variations, the UNDP surveys also re- country," said U.S. Secretary of the Inte- veal common challenges facing urban governments throughout the world. The prob- nor Bruce Babbitt apter ity council mem- lems focus on meeting basic needs such as income, sanitation and poverty alleviation. bets unani.ouslyapproved the program. The need to produce jobs, however, is the concern that troubles mayors most. ELIf San Diego Mayor Susan Golding said the program will protect endangered The i997 survey was conducted by the Office for Research and Training of the International species while making it easier and less Union of Local Authorities at the University ofDelaware. Spring ggg Urban Age 3 0 WHERE THE PUBLI6 CONTROLS THE PURSE STRINGS The seemingly outlandish notion of allowing people to make the representatives of community associations, mothers' clubs and other local groups. A decisions of government has taken deep root in Porto Alegre, city-wide organization of residents, the Brazil. During his administration, Tarso Genro, mayor of the city council of representatives, is formed with from 1993 to 1997, challenged the traditional relationship two representatives from each popular between the state and the public, providing the philosophical council who are elected in their district, Genro explained. Several city hall officials inspiration and practical impetus behind the process that are assigned to act as permanent liaisons is known as participatory budgeting. d_ withtheseorganizations. The council of representatives sets the n I995, Brazil's minister of Public between government and the public. agenda for municipal spending because it Administration, Luis Carlos Bresser The hallmark of Genro's administration puts together a list of priorities for public Pereira, visited the city of Porto Ale- was putting into practice the concept of cit- works. This is done in close coordination gre, in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil's izen control, allowing the public to make with delegates who each represent 3o resi- southernmost state. He toured a road the decisions of government. During his dents and are elected by their neighbors. At improvement project along Avenida term Genro increased public control over the outset, the neighborhood delegates Protasio Alves in a fast-growing mixed municipal spending and also got local pro- compile the list of demands for projects like neighborhood in the western part of fessional, business and advocacy groups to building schools or health centers, putting the city. There, Bresser had a pleasant sur- join community boards that set strategic, in sewerage systems or paving streets. Then, prise. He found far more than a widened long-term policy directions for the city. these delegates and the council of represen- avenue and urban upgrading. He was "The only fundamental reform of the state tatives meet with city hall officials. greeted by the board of representatives of the is one which reforms the relationship For example, a request to pave a street Protasio Alves neighborhood, and the group between government and society ... the that runs in front of a school will get a higher gave the minister a full report on the project. reform of state must take command of the weighting than a similar request for a street The community residents explained in administrative apparatus of government," that has only a few homes. The weightings detail how the project would unify the says Genro. The goal of reform, he stresses, are based on what percentage of the popula- developed and well-serviced areas of the is to "combine representative democracy tion and area of the district lacks urban ser- city with the neglected areas that lacked with control by society of public policy." vices, the total population of the district and services. The residents informed Bresser of At the heart of his administration was the the priority projects set by each of the coun- the costs and financing structure, and the process dubbed "participatory budgeting," a cils of representatives. During Genro's role played by the avenue in upgrading the program initiated in Porto Alegre by Genro's administration, the public set different pri- entire western district of the city. "The peo- predecessor and colleague in the leftist Par- orities each year; in 1995, for example, paving ple were totally informed as to the value of tido dos Trabalhadores (PT), Olivio Dutra, 23 kilometers of streets in slums was the top the project, and its significance in trans- under whom he served as vice mayor from priority. This year, the priorities are sanita- forming that region," Tarso Genro, mayor I989 to 1992. The system flourished under tion, community paving and housing. at the time, said in an interview. Genro as the public gained more experience The final decisions on public spending This exchange may have been a nov- in its unaccustomed role as decision-maker are made in a three-way meeting that elty for Bresser, but it was rapidly becom- and because key tax reforms strengthened indudes the officials from city hall, the coun- ing a commonplace for the residents of municipal finances. cil of representatives from the neighborhoods Porto Alegre, and particularly the resi- and the chamber of councilmen who win dents of lower income neighborhoods in PARTICIPATORY BUDGETING starts from their posts in a city-wide election. In a typi- this city of 9.6 million. To hear Genro the ground up. In Porto Alegre, the city is cal budget cycle, some I,500 requests are tell it, this encounter challenged the cab- divided into I6 regions or districts, each of made for public works, and slightly over 2oo inet minister's vision of the relationship which set up a popular council made up of projects can be financed, notes Genro. 4 Urban Agp Spring1999 After the public works have been dents formed a non-governmental organi- groups, business associations and student selected, the community representatives zation called "Eyes on the Budget" with the movements-form these councils. Working begin supervising the progress of each proj- purpose of monitoring the use of public with municipal officials, they debate long- ect and monitoring how the funds are funds and providing critiques of the bud- term goals and programs in key areas indud- spent. During Genro's administration, the get process. The group publishes its find- ing health, housing, transportation, historic public works that were completed with ings in a monthly journal. trusts and culture. The thematic councils set community supervision ranged from build- Genro takes heart from such move- out broad policy directions that shape ing housing in a slum, the widening of con- ments. "This is public, non-state control of municipal development over several years, gested thoroughfares, building schools and the state structure," he says with evident extending beyond the one-year public works sewers and expanding a water plant. pleasure. Participatory budgeting is now projects. "This was a process of education for It took time and some rethinking of in place in some 50 other Brazilian cities. citizens about the future," says an advisor to political philosophy to come up with a sys- According to Genro, the system soon will the PT state governor. tem of participation that has drawn at least be implemented in Buenos Aires and At the end of his term in 1997, Genro i,ooo community groups and 1,200 dele- Rosario, Argentina; and Montevideo, could boast a popularity rating of 75 per- gates into public spending decisions. "This Uruguay. cent and turned over a solvent township was very difficult to establish," says Cora Getting control of the purse strings sig- to his successor, Raul Pont, the third con- Firpo, a pediatric cardiologist and long- nifies a giant step in citizen participation, but secutive PT party mayor of Porto Alegre. time Porto Alegre resident. "People didn't Genro's vision of participation goes beyond An opinion survey about participatory know how to participate." annual budget decisions. He set up thematic budgeting found that 85 percent of city The triangular relationship between councils to debate and decide on long-term residents either had been active in the bud- city hall, elected city councilmen and strategic plans for the city. Local organiza- get process or considered it positive. Even elected neighborhood representatives tions-including unions, environmental so, Genro admits that he has his critics. evolved out of an earlier romantic Some condemn his policies for vision of Genro and his associates getting in the way of the free in the previous PT municipal gov- functioning of institutions; ernment when he served as vice others criticize him for his accep- mayor. At first, these politicians tance of what they consider the thought the councils of represen- "bourgeois institutions of repre- tatives should make all decisions sentative democracy." in a kind of "direct government by Critics aside, the success of the people." the participatory budgeting However, Genro soon saw this process can now be quantified. as anti-democratic because it T A R S 0 G E N R 0 Porto Alegre is, according to one reduced the importance of the goverment official, the Brazilian municipal election. "We reformed Brazil, 1948 state capital with the highest our vision and adjusted it to a Partner, Genro, quality of life indices. In the process of direct participation that Camargo, Coelho and Maineri law firm, future, whether in or out of re-legitimizes the electoral process specializing in labor law. Writes political columns office, Genro can be expected to and combines citizen participation for Brazil's leading national papers, Foiha de Sao find ways to advance his vision of with organizations of representa- Paulo, Estado de Sao Paulo and Zero Hora. "making the state public." PE tive democracy such as political National leader of parties, the legislature and the Brazil's labor party, Partido dos Trabalhadores LUCY CONGER reports on executive," he explains. Vice mayor of Porto Alegre, Brazil Latin American economic and The concepts of accountability Mayor of Porto Alegre financial topics from Mexico for and a public that takes hold of To tackle rising unemployment Institutional Investor, U.S. local affairs now run deep in Porto and further democratize the mass media. News and World Report and Alegre. As an outgrowth of the Gazeta Mercantil Latino participatory budget, some resi- Americano. Spring 9ggg Urban Age 5 It, I 1 I A 'S C S HINA'S PRIME MINISTER Zhu Rongji made a "What is the real goal of the policy? Is it to make housing a dri- lot of promises when he took office last March, ving force of the economy, or is it to make it possible for people and the one that earned the loudest applause was to have better houses? And what do you do when these two goals his pledge to reform the nation's housing system. come into conflict? Which one will be more important?" Deng China's rickety, decades-old state-run welfare asked. "If you want to meet the first requirement and provide housing scheme would be replaced with a market-oriented, cash- economic stimulus, then just put all housing out onto the mar- based system, clearing the way for tens of millions of Chinese to ket. You will not have any way to promote fair or rational hous- become proud homeowners. In cities across China, ordinary cit- ing distribution, but for macroeconomic purposes, you can argue izens dared to hope they might soon escape from their cramped that this is what should be done," he said. and shabby quarters. Developers, mainly Chinese but some for- eign ones as well, started to contemplate the potential of a huge WHILE THERE ARE MANY OPINIONS about how China and newly liberalized residential real estate industry. Economists, should now order its housing reform priorities, there is near total meanwhile, saw housing reform as the closest thing there was to consensus on the need to scrap the old system. It is difficult indeed a magic bullet for solving some of China's thorniest problems. to elicit, from either Chinese officials or typical urban dwellers, Included among such economists was Yukon Huang, the World anything approaching a kind word for the outgoing welfare hous- Bank's chief representative in Beijing. Housing reform, Huang said ing system. It is worth noting, however, that the old system did, for two months after Zhu's elevation to about three decades, succeed in prime minister, could serve as a "self- one of its major objectives: from sustaining" or "self-generating" CLEARING THE WAY for tens of the founding of the People's reform. "It changes all sorts of things millions of Chinese to becomeproud Republic of China in I949, it in the economy by itself, so the gov- served as a pillar of the country's ernment doesn't have to do anything homeowners is no easy task. Developing strict personnel management else ..it triggers reforms in almost every 7 ae rs 7 the sing regime. Keeping workers tied to segment of the economy," Huang said. mortgage marKets, improving housing their employers through housing Housing reform might prove politi- stock and controlling prices have cooled the was key to sustaining the state's cally charged and difficult to execute, a . . dominant role in the lives of indi- he cautioned, but it would eventually initial optimism and delayed theprogram's viduals; that, in turn, was crucial spawn an impressive cascade of other implementation. But successes in sucb cities to the operation of China's cen- economic benefits. Freed from the Y trally planned economy. burden of paying for all their workers' as Ysh Over the last 2o years, how- housing, Huang said, state enterprises process is working. BY TED PLAFKER ever, the system failed to produce would become more efficient and thus enough housing for Chinas rising more competitive. With workers no urban populations. Urban per longer tied to their allocated housing, labor would flow to where it capita living space stood at 4.5 square meters in the early I9505 but was most needed and would be best rewarded. Entirely new hous- fell by the late 1970S to a mere 3.6 square meters. Inadequate quan- ing-related industries and service sectors would arise. Urban land use tity was matched by poor quality, as might be expected in a system patterns would be rationalized, and debt equity markets would where both tenants and owners found themselves party to captive develop. rental relationships. Neither side had incentives to invest in improve- And it would all start on July I, I998, the target date Zhu's ments or maintenance, and few investments were made. While government set for the formal end of welfare housing. Compa- apartments themselves were sparsely decorated and maintained to nies and institutions would no longer distribute free or nearly a low standard of livability, common spaces such as stairwells and free housing to workers. Instead, employees would be made to entryways were downright dingy. These were often poorly lit (if at either buy their houses outright or pay for huge rent increases as all) filthy and barely passable, so packed fill were they with things rates were brought into line with market value. like bicycles, scrap wood or stacks of winter cabbage. Some of this is beginning to happen, and some of it may yet For employers, meanwhile, the burden of providing housing for come to pass. But due to shortfalls in available capital, adminis- their workforces grew as time went on. Not only did the families of trative expertise and-in some cases-sheer political will, China's active workers need housing, but so too did retired workers and housing reform program is not advancing nearly as fast as had their dependents. As long as the state subsidized the enterprises and been hoped or promised. The starting date was pushed back to their ever-larger housing bills-which routinely exceeded 30 per- January i, I999, but that date has come and gone too, with hardly cent of enterprises' total costs-the system managed to creak along. any fanfare. The process continues but, clearly, shifting the basis on which hundreds of millions of urban residents acquire their BUT SINCE THE EARLY 1980s, when Chinese policies began housing is not something that can be done overnight. According giving firms more responsibility for their own bottom lines, to Dr. Deng Qing, chief analyst in Beijing with the Chinese Min- strains on the housing system have increased. It was then that the istry of Construction's Real Estate Development Group Com- government began contemplating serious reforms. Deng Xiaop- pany, a main reason for the disappointing results is that housing ing, who eventually emerged as China's top leader after the death reform was launched with too many divergent objectives. in 1976 of Mao Zedong, said as early as I980 that urban residents Spring9ggg Urban Age 7 should be encouraged to buy their apartments, and in 1984 he laid cial crisis that struck other Asian economies in the summer of out a reform plan. But it was short on details and also met resis- I997 was lapping at Chinas shores. Chin&s vital export manu- tance from other leaders who feared it might undermine the gov- facturing sector was suddenly vulnerable to cut-rate competition ernment's personnel management system. Discussion of housing from other Asian producers with sharply devalued currencies. reform ebbed and flowed through the rest of the I980S, but little China's domestic demand, meanwhile, also turned sluggish, concrete work was done in the central government. threatening to dampen the rapid GDP growth China perpetually A few local governments, however, managed to make signifi- needs to keep unemployment under control. cant strides on their own. Yantai, a medium-sized city in coastal Housing, then, to the rescue. Zhu boldly predicted that a Shandong Province, and Guangzhou, a large city in southern reformed housing sector would become a brand-new engine of Guangdong Province, were early pioneers in implementing growth for the Chinese economy. It would pull idle savings back reforms; they remain at the head of the reform pack today. In into the economy, to be spent on job-generating activities like I985, Yantai's mayor, Yu Zhengsheng, established China's first the building, supplying and furnishing of new homes. bank dedicated to housing finance. Last March, when Zhu To some extent it has. Among the most notable indicators of became premier, Yu was elevated to minister of Construction and the stimulus effect are the Ikea home supply warehouse stores tasked with leading the nationwide reform drive. that have opened in Shanghai and Beijing. Local industry sources Guangzhou also got an early start on home financing schemes say there are now 40,000 interior decorating companies in China and now is taking the lead in creating a secondary home market. employing z.6 million people. Annual expenditures on home fur- Regulations elsewhere in China remain vague as to homeowners' nishing and remodeling rise 30 percent annually and reached 95 rights to resell their property, but in February Guangzhou estab- billion yuan last year. lished detailed procedures, and city officials believe 330,000 homeowners will take advantage of them. FOR A SENSE OF LIFE under four decades of welfare housing, and of what the transition to a new system has been like, consider THOUGH THE LOGIC BEHIND housing reform came into focus the housing history of Jia Aimei, who moved to Beijing from her gradually, the immediate stimulus behind Zhu Rongji's grand native Shanghai in the mid-I95os. She and her husband, both aca- promises of March I998 came about more suddenly. The finan- demics at government research institutions, got their first home in I958 through his employer. Located in west- em Beijing's Muxudi district, it was a single, unheated room. Neighbors in the courtyard -m3 -1 z 1 = 1!:l:shared a common kitchen. Running water *E ll iE . . a.1 - l -;T * . l z =3iz came from an outdoor faucet that froze dur- - - E z = ZIEi . i | 33ing winter; the only toilet was a public one Lused by dozens of families. In I962, the cou- -313E, ple got lucky, moving into a home that *7;n li . ES as--a i a1 -A E a. a a should have gone to someone more senior. hi had two heated rooms, with a toilet and E . . .iitcela gu.giW al 1 a. . .a a a *3 aIE = 5 shower attached. "We were not really enti- - _ .~ a ail a a - tled to such a nice place but we had kids, a 311 E isssli eR}K* j ;gtnShiSlNl hleatlSsSlBl[mpaiWlsli boy and a girl, and they were supposed to -*l Xl;u:[: : : have separate rooms. So, it came to us," Jia - a a.-. a - - a -a *a - recalls. In I97Z, her house became even _ _ n _ _ more attractive when the neighborhood, *lulalula l .- - ae] a.lts -Z a5[@]t:lel:l *[ll *l:zs;Ge1|i@1in1@1@]t1]1 . a *-ama. a a- called Xisi, became one of the earliest in Bei- - l-lEtl[ wjing to install natural gas lines, providing a . - . - aXT -s . afi -el -l-:a. .lSsK:r:aTlG it- a . cleaner, more convenient fuel for cooking a a_ * a -a a. .a.a a.- and heating. . . ..* a!Glu. >fs. .Selvslealle;=eltluls!llrsgulWlit * Her family stayed there until I979 and _h,m z.s]||ia.e:a.|:si i..-.,ssl[uslils.sS then moved to an apartment building near l:: vtQianmen, in the heart of Beijing. With 57 square meters of usable area, the flat was ama -ohllel:s^luulgur:latel a sX§s:(:ltlit[:Ve.MX llktilSr:g:a-..sT r - a far larger than average; rent, meanwhile, was what Jia terms a "symbolic" payment of 5 yuan (US$o.6o at today's exchange rates) per month. When she and her hus- ~, * * -. ~ *** * band moved out in I997, monthly rent - - - gl;Svsha:s.lglitnal. a - a Ei-ltelyschklainst2@litchltllthlelllSal., . had risen only to 27 yuan ($3.26). Their so -"razr"swel_E1 ollSa@iEM:-SeiWselulullululs:izleli*ssiiWsSl a a a a new house boasts r23 usable square meters in a clean, new, sunlit low-rise. It has three bedrooms, a modern kitchen and two 8 Urban Age Spring9ggg bathrooms, one with a bathtub. Best of all, Jia and her husband cials acknowledge that a majority of buyers purchased homes in now own it. Like millions of others in China, Jia and her husband which they had already lived for many years, and so the antici- were asked by their employer to decide by January ist whether to pated boost in living standards has not yet materialized. Accord- buy or to rent at a much higher rate. Unlike many others, their ing to the results of a survey conducted by the China Social decision was not so hard to make, because their combined work Investigation Firm early this year, 22.6 percent of urban home- service and seniority entitled them to a huge discount. owners were "very dissatisfied" with their apartments. Nearly half The pricing formula started with a base price of I,450 yuan said the quality was poor, and more than half complained of poor ($I75) per square meter, and then made adjustments for the service by property management companies. building's age, location and condition. That calculated price was Neither have government economists been satisfied with the then discounted o.9 percentage points for each year of the cou- first year of housing reform's results. In spite of all the building, ple's 70 years of combined work service seniority. The bottom housing was only responsible for something between 0. 5 and o.9 line on all the calculations meant that for about $io,ooo total, percent of China's I998 GDP. The main problem, according to the couple could take ownership. The down payment was less Gong Weike of the State Information Center, has been the huge than $4,ooo, and payment of the balance could be stretched out gap between high housing prices and low wages. The gap is not for as long as nine years. likely to be bridged in I999 either, he told China' Business Weekly Had they continued renting, they were told, their monthly newspaper. Salary increases would be too inflationary to imple- payment would rise more than three-fold from the previous rate ment. And land transfer fees, a main component in the cost of of 195 yuan per month. In addition, they would have to begin housing, cannot be lowered because they are too important as a paying maintenance fees themselves. "Buying seemed to make source of government revenue. the most sense for us, but policies can always change so much that it is hard to know what will work out for the best," Jia explains. IT IS SUCH SEEMINGLY intractable problems as these that lead Yukon Huang to compare China's reform enterprise to a waterbed: FOR FAMILIES LACKING such substantial seniority discounts, "Whenever you push down in one spot, you make waves some- additional doubts make a decision to buy feel even riskier. "One where else." But progress is already evident in many areas and of the big reasons housing reform has not gone anywhere is some problems are on the way to being solved-if not quite on because people still have no way of knowing what, exactly, it is Zhu's ambitious time table. The growing mortgage market, for they are being told to buy," notes a Western diplomat who has example, will bring more of the missing capital into the mix. studied housing reform. "Can they resell their house, or rent it Perhaps most important of all, Chinese officials are avidly out or pass it on to their kids? A lot of times, the officials them- reviewing the experiences of other countries to learn about hous- selves dont know the answers to these questions. So how are con- ing policies and market mechanisms. In the words of the West- sumers supposed to have any confidence that this huge ern diplomat, "These guys are in Housing for Beginners, but they investment they are being asked to make will be protected?" The know that and they are studying hard." lack of confidence led to a glut in all but the lowest cost housing. Although China spent $20.5 billion initiating 2I2 million square TED PLAFKER is Beijing correspondentfor The Economist. meters worth of new housing construction in I998, it sold only 84 million square meters in the first II months of the year. Offi- ANNUAL EXPENDITURES on home furnishing and remodeling rise 30 percent annually and reached 95 billion yuan last year. ;V w A'~~~~ P l Professional scavengers have never been RICHESIN RAGS popular among local authorities in Belo Horizonte, a city located in southeastern Brazil. But for many, recycling materials from waste heaps near homes, offices and shops is a livelihood. Now, an annual parade is held to help change people's perceptions of street scavengers and waste. by Gabriela Boyer MARIA DAS GRAQAS MARfAL spent her childhood as a waste Horizonte determined that much more research is needed on picker in Belo Horizonte. She recalls the hostility of police and waste picking activities. There is a serious lack of information pedestrians. Since then, things have changed. In I990 she helped about health conditions, income levels, involvement of children form the Street Scavengers' Association (ASMARE) which oversaw and the actual number of waste pickers. the construction of a large warehouse where Since 1994, the association has held the waste pickers could sort through their materi- annual street scavengers carnival parade where als and keep them for market. In December scavengers and street sweepers dress in colorful, 1992, the government and the association recyclable materials. Its purpose is to change signed an agreement to guarantee funds for its people's traditional perception of waste-from maintenance. Storage space was later something that is useless to something that is expanded, and ASMARE equipped workers valuable. "It also gives these people an oppor- with carts to facilitate waste collection and tunity to socialize amongst themselves and developed training workshops. . . with the partners involved in the program," The waste pickers are now earning a more . . . says Sonia Maria Dias, a parade organizer. regular income. Revenue is distributed pro- 1 ; | The program has given a sense of hope to portionately according to how much each the local people who now take pride in what waste picker collects and sells. Each "associate" receives a 2o per- was once deemed a dirty and useless occupation. They feel cent productivity incentive at the end of every month based on empowered and recognize the importance of their work, both as his or her monthly production, and surplus revenues are dis- a means to make a living and an opportunity to draw people's tributed annually. attention to their environment. Ili The occupation still carries a huge health risk; disease is com- Gabriela Boyer is an environmental consultant for the World Bank. mon. A recent international workshop on waste disposal spon- For more information contact: Sonia Maria Dias, Rua Tenente Garro, sored by multilateral and bilateral organizations held in Belo 118-9 Andar, Santa Efigenia, Belo Horizonte, 30240-360, Brazil, tel: 55-31-277-9373; or Katia Campos, UNICEF Solid Waste Official, Brasilia, tel: 55-61-348-1906; fax: 55-61-349-0606; e-mail: kcampos@unicef.org.br io Urban Age Springiggg g tIb& I O S P F c IAL R F P O R- T s recognize the potential and pifalls of operating in a new global political and economic `ontext. Even a cursory examination finds city economies caught up in the surgingwaves of glob-- alization (with its emphasis on competition, on-time delivery and seamless standards), a nearly overwhelmig force that obliges nationai governments to open their econmieBs liberalize their rules and regulations, and pass down much of their political and fiscal power to cities. Now, cities no lne seek shelterunider the financial wings of natiinal economies and cen- tral government polices. They are accruing taxing-and speni r sponsibilities monopolized in the past by national governments-and :puting, mselves into direct com- petition with other cities, even those in other countries. Bogota becomes a rival of Caracas, Lima of Mexico City, Mumbai with Singapore and Colombo. They strive to outdo each other in products and services, and they strut their stuff to attract and capture foreign capital. This process changes what cities must do to succeed and prosper, they have to worry about structural changes in their economies, ensure that they have enough income to provide ser- vices, give their citizens the means to secure a decent living and minimize the problems of poverty. To do this requires a new way of managing the business fundamentals of running a city: the riht information (in the guise of accurate and timely data) is t precondition for man- aging the increasingly complex municipal system. Information also beomes a crucial tool for citizen participation in municipal affairs, for transparency and for full accountabilltyin the con-y duc a municipality's operations. What also changes is the political form in which the city is managed-management and planningare now about the politics of creating consensus. Witness the emerging calitions for -ity management that now include all the players: government, business, NGOs, trad unions, universities, etc. Consensual planning is in; the old master plan is out. The 21st century city is no longer a manufacturing entrep6t. It functions in an emerging ser- vice economy whose strengths and exports lie in transport, finance, technology, culture, commerce and trade-in short, people businesses. Quality of life thus becomes pre . Just as the suc- cess of a city depends on the quality of its citizens' work, the ability to compete efively depends on its agenda for improving the conditions of overal l urban life. An ability texel at this quality of life issue will, ultimately, distinguish successful cities from those tt mereyuvive. W.S '999 U'D , A iA , = EATTO FOR CITIES v%W -5 y&2% ;Q WITH THE FIRST GREAT POSTWAR RECESSION in the ~4~early 19 70s, an economic hurricane struck the t older heavy industrial cities of Europe and NorthAmerica. Pittsburgh, Glasgow, the cities of the Ruhr and northeastern France-the places that produced the steel, the ships, the coal and the heavy capital equipment- collapsed. The boom cities of the postwar period, the Detroits and Birminghams that made cars and consumer durables, seemed to have escaped. But at the end of the I970s, they too were felled by a second recession. These cities spent much of the I980s trying to recover but not all have succeeded, even today. Meanwhile, the manufacturing industry was slowly seeping away from cities in developing countries, moving north from Mexico City, east from Mumbai. In some cases, the flight was accelerated by structural adjustment programs in the I980s; witness the deindustrialization of Accra. Thus, after a century and a half in which the very basis of the city seemed to be manufacturing, the two were being divorced, leaving behind derelict industrial areas, pools of high unemployment and the misery of those who had lost their livelihood and pride. Dt 't iTe A THE EXPLOSIVE GROWTH of Detroit in many public and community facilities and the demise of public Detroit, USAJ] the first half of the zoth century can be services. Most visibly, this decline resulted in the hollowing out measured using almost any indicator of urban change: by the scale and physical deterioration of many city neighborhoods. and pace of demographic growth in the first four decades of the Despite the weakness of the city's economy and the persistent loss century, with the population of the central city reaching approxi- of employment during the I97os and I980s, the city administration, mately I.9 million by 1955; by the amount of downtown commer- led by five-time mayor Coleman A. Young, consistently pursued cial development built in the I920S and I930S; by the glittering large-scale, high-image downtown projects, making use of whatever success of the city's manufacturing economy, most notably the auto- public and private funds were available at the time. This strategy was mobile industry; and by the attendant attraction of labor into the only partially successfiil, with some of the developments, like the city. By the mid-zoth century, Detroit was a strong, confident, well- construction of a massive office complex on the Detroit River (the organized city of nearly z million people, one of the leading urban infamous Renaissance Center) having the unintended consequence engines for sustained regional and national economic growth. of further weakening the office market in the rest of downtown. Yet, like so many U.S. cities that experienced the excesses of rapid industrialization, Detroit suffered an equally precipitous D h p AT THE BEGINNING of the igth decline, beginning in the I950S and accelerating through the next RuhIr, Uermany century, the Ruhr area (the Ruhrge- three decades. This reversal can be measured in terms of a marked biet) of Germany, which includes the principal cities of Essen, fall in the residential population, with the central city recording Dortmund, Bochuwm, Gelsenkirchen and Duisberg, grew rapidly a 35 percent drop in population between 1960 and I990. Even mainly due to the development of the coal, iron, steel and, later, more striking was the loss of jobs in the city. The decline in all chemical industries. Its development was driven by massive locally sectors resulted in the loss of almost 300,000 jobs between I960 based industrial corporations such as Krupps and Thyssen. From and I990. Moreover, these three decades saw the collapse of the this period until the end of the Second World War, the Ruhr was city's central retailing functions. These and other factors resulted the industrial heartland and armaments center of Germany. in a persistently weak commercial real estate market; a retreat to In the I96os and 1970s, even when it was becoming readily the suburbs of religious, cultural and recreational institutions; apparent that the coal and steel economy was in terminal decline and a crumbling tax base-all leading to the deterioration of due to increased foreign competition, decrease in demand and the 12 Urban Age Springiggg v -v~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Y: rise of service industries, national economic policy remained Mnmhoi InA INDIA'S FIRST COTTON MILL was estab- committed to high levels of investment in this area. One reason IIIUIIbaUi IndUia lished in Bombay in 1854 and the city, was to avoid the social ruptures and unrest that contributed to the now renamed Mumbai, was once defined by its vigorous textile rise of Nazism. The other was to maintain consensus among the industry. In I980, Mumbai had over 50 mills employing nearly trade unions and the industrial sector. Such was the dominance 300,000 workers. But today Mumbai presents a drarnatically dif- of these primary industries that no universities existed in the ferent picture, as the textile industry is no longer a major employ- region until the late I96os. Later a concerted effort was made to ment generator and most of the textile mills in Mumbai are in open five university centers-these have subsequently become decline or dosed. The city has ceased to be a manufacturing hub. engines of the region's recent restructuring drive. As India faces a new millennium, Mumbai, its commercial capi- The Ruhr reached its peak in the I9G6os and has subsequently tal, is positioning itself as an international financial hub. experienced a decline in population of about io percent as the The change illustrates a basic paradigm shift in the Indian industrial base has been dismantled. Over 6oo,ooo jobs have labor market. Between I976 and I99I, 133,000 jobs were lost in been lost, and an unemployment rate of I3 percent is currently the traditional textile industry in Mumbai. The crisis in the tex- among the highest in Germany. tile industry began in i982, when Datta Samant, a local trade union leader, led Bombays 3oo,ooo-odd textile workers into an 1t l on arBl X Q natl onA IT IS NOW A CENTURY since the indefinite strike. It was the biggest ever industrial action of its &lasgow, ScotlanU city's Victorian golden age. Glas- kind in the world. The strike eventually did not succeed; many gow's success was built on the innovation and enterprise of engi- mills were closed down. The number of workers started to neers striving for speed and efficiency in the application of steam decline, and today there are fewer than 45,000 mill employees. power. At its height, Scotland's biggest city dominated the UK's The decline of Mumbai's textile industry is symptomatic of the shipbuilding and locomotive engineering industries. On the eve death of manufacturing in the metropolis. According to a study of the First World War, with the city's population at over i.2 mil- of Mumbai by YUVA, a Mumbai-based NGO, and the Social lion, shipbuilders on the River Clyde which runs through the Science Centre at St. Xavier's College, "The share of the sec- city's heart turned out a fifth of ondary sector in employment was the world's shipping output. around 45 percent up to I98I. It The industrial base that madle p declined to 41 percent in i991, Glasgow the Second City of the when the last national census was Empire has now largely withered held in India. The decline of away. For a city so dependent on manufacturing has coincided capital industries, severe cycles of with a sharp spurt in the services boom and bust were not unusual, sav->7 sector. A parallel trend is the but after the Second World War a growth of the informal sector." more persistent decline began in Many banks and financial the shipbuilding industry. Many institutions have opened new reasons have been suggested: the . branches in Mumbai in the past drop in demand once the early few years; on the whole, however, postwar boom was over; the rise of the number of jobs in the formal foreign competition; a serious lack The shipbuilding industry in Glasgow, above, now sector is not growing. Many of of investment in shipyards to employs less than io percent of the workforce. those who worked earlier in tex- match the much larger, more Opposite: from 1960 to I990, Detroit's residential tile mills are now working as modern yards of competitors; and, population fell by 35 percent. security guards in the city's perhaps, a dearth of the entrepre- upscale residential apartments neurial vision and innovation that had helped create the original which have been developed in the old mill areas. shipbuilding cluster. As shipbuilding declined, what had once Interestingly enough, the biggest asset of the Mumbai textile been a strength of that cluster-the close-knit supply chain of mills is the land, conservatively estimated at Rs zoo billion. Sev- engineering, steel and fitting out companies-turned into a weak- eral revival packages for the sick textile mills have been proposed. ness as many of these companies found themselves overdepen- A committee headed by Mumbai architect Charles Correa felt dent on their local shipbuilding customers. that, with the land utilized for residential apartments, offices, In the 1950s, Glasgow supported over 250,000 manufacturing clean industries and other commercial purposes, many thousands jobs, making up 46 percent of total employment. Putting aside of additional jobs could be created for the mill workers. However, changes in administrative boundaries, Glasgow's remaining ship- the sale of land occupied by the mills continues to be a political 3 builders and engineers now employ just over 30,000, less than iO hot potato, and progress has been tardy. DE D percent of the workforce. Over io percent of its land has been left derelict. Unemployment rates of over io percent are common in Contributors: ROBIN BOYLE, Detroit; CHARLES LANDRY, Ruhr; I old industrial areas and peripheral public housing estates. STUART PATRICK, Glasgow; PATRALEKHA CHATTERIEE, Mumbai. Spring iggg Urban Age 13 WHEN COASTAL CITIES Were dominated by the handling of sea cargo and passengers, ports were home to a vast army of men who handled the cargo at the dock side and an equally vast army of are all gone now-the tightly packed working-class housing, the bars and cheap hotels-leaving some cities almost ghost towns. The numbers of workers have shrunk drastically, and the tiny s AX ^ , _ j ~~~~~~~number left handling cargo and ships don't work in cities but rn~ n n n n n n a at brand-new field container ports, some of which are almost ii | V | K | v s completely automated. What have been left behind in this shift are the unemployed and great concentrations of poverty and dereliction, which, in some cases, have proved obstinately resis- tant to rehabilitation. The same process has affected and is affecting ports in developing countries. The number of workers still employed is often enormous and concentrated in the heart of the city: look, for example, at Karachi, Mumbai, Santos and Lagos. But to maintain the competitiveness of their exports and to thrive in this automated future, these ports would do well to heed the social and economic consequences of history's disasters. Making Indian Ports More Efficient on average 70 tO 8o percent higher than those in Japan and the United States, where labor costs are, however, much higher. I NDIA'S 6,000 KILOMETERS OF COASTLINE are serviced by I53 * Port congestion-low handling productivity rates mean ships ports. Of these, ii have a special status as major ports under spend a long time at berth; The Shipping Corporation of India the auspices of the federal government. The remaining 142 reports that its ships spend sz percent of their time in port. As a are the states' responsibility. consequence, ship turnaround time in Indian ports is between five India's total port throughput was 257 million tons in I996197 to six days, compared to a day or less in other ports in the region. In with 227 million, or 89 percent, going through the II major ports. addition, waiting times to get alongside the berth are also becom- The 1997/98 provisional traffic figures indicate a I2 percent ing quite significant (five to six days in Chennai in October I998). increase in activity for the major ports, which will result in over- Independent analysis suggests that implementation of ratio- all Indian port traffic of around 288 million tons. nal management and working practices should increase Indian Proposed port capacity assessments based on current operat- ports' overall capacity by about 35 percent. However, the pre- ing practices will result in a global level of 2I7 million tons for the sent traffic growth trend-around 6 percent, and close to i8 II major ports-i.e., an apparent utilization rate of 1O5 percent. percent for containers-means that even if this objective is However, a review of present operational achieved in the coming years, significant performance of major Indian ports suggests . *, capacity expansion would still be needed, that significant productivity gains could be albeit at a more reasonable pace than under achieved by attempting to come closer to 0 ; present conditions. average world standards on cargo handling Developing new facilities away from the operations. Chif crowded city centers is part of the strategy Without being exhaustive, a brief look at Ke to improve the efficiency of port operations: Indian container operations over the past t j0 Jawaharlal Nehru Port in Mumbai and Hal- few years in ports handling significant con- Hn dia in Calcutta are examples of such moves. tainer traffic reveals the following: N Devising acceptable ways to trim down the * Throughput performance-on average 0 labor force to adequate levels is another chal- Mumbai handles 2ZO1 twenty foot equivalent lenge. Typically, new facilities will not carry units (TEUs) or containers per day and 3 the labor liabilities attached to existing main Chennai 3I0 TEUs. This is against 1,300 M e 6 ports, making them more attractive to pri- TEUs handled per day in Bangkok/Laem vate developers. Redirecting and redesign- Chabang and I,400 in Columbo. Nrbu' 2i ing old facilities for urban development * Container handling costs-total costs of i g r purposes may be a way to provide some moving a container through a terminal are altenative employment opportunities. 14 Urban Age Springl999 ;,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ t ~ X 4'S .5.. .. , -. <,4* Regulatory Pressures The social impacts of ports are well illus- former scheme ports including improved oper- trated by the British experience of the aboli- ational flexibility, performance and reliability; VER THE LAST 20 YEARS, coastal tion of the National Dock Labour Scheme and a new found profitability, which made city ports all around the world have had (NDLS). The NDLS was founded in 1947. them (or other organizations) willing to invest to cope with many changes affecting The ports it applied to then handled almost all in new developments. their physical structure and economic base. British non-oil foreign trade. It was run by the Abolition also had a socioeconomic impact. Some of theses changes have been National Dock Labour Board (NDLB), where One study indicates that 79 percent of former immutable, such as changes affecting ship the board had equal port employer and dock- RDWs became redundant inJuly I989:Ig per- size or the introduction of new shipping worker representations. In scheme ports, only cent of these RDWs wished to remain active, technology such as containerization. NDLB-registered dockworkers (RDW) could but were unable to find new work; 25 percent Other changes have been a result of out- legally carry out cargo handling. The NDLB re-entered the ports industry; and 55 percent port development at new locations, often controlled RDW numbers and recruitment, found employment elsewhere in the economy. due to problems at the original city locations and was responsible for discipline. Another study considered the overall such as the lack of deep water, insufficient The NDLS was characterized by very employment impact of a port (Liverpool) land for expansion or access difficulties poor industrial relations. This made for very before and after abolition of the NDLS. through urban areas. Such problems in Lon- difficult rationalization of dockworker num- Comparing 1976 and I99I, port and port- don and Calcutta have given rise to the out- bers and patterns of work, gave rise to major related employment only fell from just over port developments of Tilbury and Haldia. operational inflexibilities and was a serious I8,000 to 15,000-17,000 (excluding con- Coastal city ports are also now facing com- management burden. Ports not coming struction industry employment). This is a petition from independent new non-urban under the scheme were greatly preferred by remarkably small fall, bearing in mind a ports, e.g., Mumbai from Jawaharlal Nehru users. Such non-scheme ports accounted for reduction of over 6,ooo dockworkers, and Port, and Karachi from Port Qasim. Ports avery small part of UK non-oil foreign trade probably also a fall in the number of non- globally have also had to deal with the eco- in I947, and were just under 30 percent in dockworker port employees. [[E nomic effects of increasing institutional pres- I987, a very substantial growth. sures, such as regulatory changes; and myriad The scheme's problems led to its abolition Contributors: MARK JUHEL, Washington; social pressures involving the unions, unem- inJuly I989, with positive consequences for the ERIC POLLOCK, London. ployment and re-employment issues. The role and scope of ports are often The Chalenge for the New Urban Age: dependent on national government policy objectives and priorities. In Indonesia, for The M anagement of Cities example, the protection of national flag ship- ping led to regulations requiring direct deep- QDC nIt Is Essential for Goverments to Train sea shipment from Indonesian ports. Managers for This Challenge Indonesian ports and exports were adversely * The Centre for Developing Cities Provides affected by less frequent, slower direct ship- Centre for Developing Cities the Necessary Education and Training ping services-particularly when compared to the efficient transhipping services offered The Centre's Urban Management Program welcomes your participation in our through Singapore. As a result, a new, non- education and training programs: Twelve months Masters Degree by course restrictive policy was introduced in Indone- work; Six months Graduate Diploma by course work; A short course program for sia in I985 to improve efficiency. professional development; PhD research programs Policies supporting national flag shipping Participation in any of the courses offered will enable canalso adversely affect hub port shipping activ- suets to m knoflthe andrexpere in: ity, as happened in Colombo where restrictions students to develop knowledge and expertise in: applied on the ability of foreign flag shipping n Urban Economic Development lines to load national as opposed to transship- * Sustainability of Urban Systems ment cargo. Liberalization took place in I99o to * Urban Poverty Alleviation make Sri Lankan exports more competitive; in n Urban Environmental Management practice, this change also stimulated Colombo's Urban Politics and Goverance hub portncontainer trade. o Globalisation, Urbanisation and Economic Growth hub port container trade. * Infrastructure Financing and Management Free port designation may of course engen- * Strategic Planning der significant additional economic activity, as at Jebel Ali, Dubai, where transshipment trade For information and applications please contact Professor Lyndsay Neilson: Centre for Developing has been encouraged, and the duty-free hold- Cities. Faculty of Environmental Design, University of Canberra ACT 2601 Australia. ing of goods for ultimate regional distribu- Phone: 61 2 (02) 6201 2315 Fax: 61 2 (02) 6201 2342 tion/sale, and (if permitted) duty-free Email: Irn@design.canberra.edu.au Web Site: http://cities.canberra.edu.au processing and manufacture occurs. Intensive sod/or supplementary English language courses can be provided to support students whose primary language is not English. Springiggg Urban Age 15 FLYING INTO THE SUN A HIGH-PERFORMANCE international airport is vital for the economic development of any metropolitan UP PA^a L, region that wishes to remain competitive in this age of globalization. Airports generate employment and wealth. They act as economic lightning rods. Rapidly expanding airports mean larger local payrolls, greater economic opportunity and stronger links with other markets. ROM 1960 TO 1995, global economic growth increased at an average annual rate of .7 percent in real terms. Air trans- Fport over the same period averaged much greater growth- ii.i percent annuay for cargo and 8.9 percent for passengers. For every million passengers who pass through an airport, between i,ooo and I,500 jobs are generated. Generally, over half of those jobs depend on the airline companies. Paris-Charles De Gaulle employs more than 50,000 staff. At Melbourne, the air- become a reality, making the eight years needed to realize the new port is the largest employer in the Northwest metropolitan Kuala Lumpur airport seem quite short by contrast. region, employing Io,ooo people. During the past decade, national governments' investments in Studies also estimate that each airport job results in between airport infrastructure have been reduced. This trend is balanced in one and three other jobs in the regional economy. At Barcelona, part by increasing privatization of facilities. Most airports are still it is estimated that airport activity generates 70,000 jobs and under state management, but there is a growing tendency to look US$I.5 billion in trade, direcdy or indirectly, within the region. to private firms for airport management, as in Melbourne and In Sydney, the impact is calculated at ioo,ooo jobs and $4 billion Glasgow. In Munich, Milan, Montreal and Toronto, private man- per annum for the state of New South Wales; in Melbourne, it agement is tied to public or institutional shareholders. is $1.2 billion for the economy of the state of Victoria. As growth in air transport and ridership continues, many of Within a io-kilometer radius of an airport, one may find ter- today's airports are either filled to capacity or on their way to tiary activities for which airport proximity is of vital importance. becoming so, and must operate under difficult technical con- For example, hotels, exhibition halls, businesses and conference cen- ditions. The airports at Barcelona, Guangzhou, Jakarta, ters are attracted to the surrounding area because ofsuperior services Manila, Sydney and Tokyo are among the world's most pres- on the grounds that support the airport. Travelers also make use of sured facilities. facilities and services near airports. The managing authorities of Airport capacity must be constantly adapted if the facilities are these airports, furthermore, often develop concessions for com- to cope successfully with increasing air traffic. But the constraints mercial activities, such as in Tokyo, or tertiary real estate programs are heavy: high realization costs and a general state of crisis in pub- such as have been implemented at the Paris-Charles De Gaulle, lic investment contribute to difficulty in obtaining financing; envi- Munich and Helsinki airports. ronmental constraints, particularly noise pollution, make it difficult to get projects accepted; and there is difficulty in gauging and plan- DESPITE THE STRONG ECONOMIC BENEFITS thatairports ning projects that call for very long-term scheduling but corre- bring, the concomitant increase in air traffic, noise and environ- spond to a demand for air transport that is highly sensitive to the mental pollution often results in a diminished tolerance toward current economic situation, as evidenced by the crisis in Asia. airport development. Planning and negotiation procedures are becoming more lengthy. Airport development and financing have RE CE NT RECOMMENDATIONS by the Metropolis Com- met increasingly strong opposition in many cities, resulting in mission based in Paris include a vision of the need for airport long, complex procedures. In some cases, such as Tokyo-Narita, authorities and metropolitan regions to act in concert. Metro- public opposition to airport construction can lead to violent con- politan areas are aware of the need to define airport develop- frontations with police. The new Munich airport took 30 years to ment within the framework of an overall strategy of regional 16 Urban Age Spring9ggg growth. City governments can act as invest in and promote air transport. prime partners to airport authorities Metropolitan authorities are responsi- * AIRPORTS PASSENGERS (IN 000s) because: ble to citizens for the economic, social and Chicago (O'Hare) 67,253 * The metropolitan region assurnes the environmental impacts of airport develop- Atlanta 57,735 role of an investor in providing infra- ment. Even when problems do not neces- Dallas 56,491 structure for the land servicing of airports. sarily fall within the competence of local London (fHeathrow) 54,453 It may define the physical structure of the authorities, voters turn to them, which Los Angeles 53,909 airport as a sector in its overall layout. means that some of the political weight of TokYo 45,823 * Metropolitan area governments usually decisions comes to bear. Frankfurt 38,180 control the allocation of public land. Of the different forces concerned, San Frantfsco 36,263 Miami 33,236 Locally, they may take action to protect the regional or metropolitan authorities seem 31,037 airport from peripheral settlement, some- to be in the best position to form effective thing that could be a hindrance to their partnerships and promote airport activity BUSIEST INT'L AIRPORTS PASSENGERS (IN 0OOs) smooth functioning. Area governments and economic profitability, while at the London (Heathrow) 46,806 also play a key role in attracting interna- same time making the endeavor acceptable Frankfurt 30,257 tional firms to sites near the airport, which to local interests. [iEl Hong Kong 27,424 in turn enhances the airport's image and Paris 25,534 strengthens its competitive position. This article was adaptedfrom Commission Amsterdam 24,710 Madrid is an example of how this has ben- I: Planning and Management of Develop- Tokyo 21,488 efited both the city and the airport. ment. Airports With Their Surrounding London (Gatwick) 20,600 o Airport development helps metropoli- Zones as Catalysts of Metropolitan Devel- New York (Kennedy) 17,051 tan areas develop specific policies con- opment, Metropolis, Paris, I999; and Out- Bangkok 15,119 cerning tourism, business activities and look for Air Transport to the Year zoo5, (§&onmi, Worldlio Fiures, 1998) foreign investment. By developing strate- International Civil Aviation Authority, gic approaches in public-private partner- Montreal, I997. ships, and by optimizing the impact of airport activity on the regional economy, airport development can enhance regional metropolitan development. Even very LOOKING FOR A WORLD STUDY? technical decisions such as the allocation of slots-an important tool to attract air services-can have a significant effect on Managing the Present - Planning the Future a regional economy. Planning and managing fast-growing cities in the developing world requires reliable and * Airport authorities may play a decisive relevant spatial information. GIS and Remote Sensing can be used to provide such in- role in mediation with local communities formation. ITC provides various regular and tailor-made education and training pro- to promote policies that protect the envi- grams directed a improving the capacity of organizations involved in urban planning ronment or set up contracts with suppliers. and management. In Manchester, a legal agreement regarding Develop your knowledge and expertise in: environmental objectivcs was signed in * Urban Planning and Land Administration: learn how to use GIS and RS I994 between the airport and metropoli- tools to support urban planning and land administration processes. tan authorities. * Geoinfomatics: learn how to apply modern technologies in photogrammetry cartography, spatial information systems and geoinformation production line management, to improve the supply of spatial information such as base maps for REGIONAL AND METROPOLITAN fast-changing urban areas. authorities need to work in partnership to * Geoinfomation management: learn how to design and manage an appropriate promote overall approaches to airport environment to gain maximum benefit from spatial information systems. development in a sustainable develop- For applications or for more information, please contact: ment perspective, incorporating techni- cal, environmental, economic, social and INT. INST FOR AEROSPACE SURVEY AND EARTH SCIENCES (ITC) political factors. Student Registration Office Regional and metropolitan authorities PO Box 6, 7500 N A Enschede have a particular responsibility for boost- Tel.: +31-53-4874-444 ing and coordinating airport policies to Fax: +31-53-4874-400 promote the assets of their region with- E-mail: education@itc.nil out, of course, encroaching on the Website: www.itc.nl/education ETC national government's responsibility to Spring 1999 Urban Age 17 TRADE IS THE BIGGEST EMPLOYER of workers in cities in manner by the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), have developing countries-from the hundreds of thousands now been delegated to each of the i6 political precincts that employed in wholesale markets, trucking and ware- make up the Mexican capital. housing, to the armies of brokers, merchants and Margarita Alvarez, the general secretary of informal labor in clerks, and all the thousands running shops and deliv- Cardenas administration, is involved in the ongoing negotiations clerks, and all the thousands running shops and deliv- with the street vendors. "Decentralization has made it easier to con- ering goods. Imagine Vietnamese villagers arriving at trol the hawkers," she says. "Officials get to know the vendors in dawn on rickshaws carrying cabbages, boys in Cairo their area, where the/re located, what their needs are." Where they balancing trays with 500 pancakes on them while they can, within their budget constraints, city officials are providing cycle between fast cars, and the women on the street alternatives. "Some people ask for training for a certain kind of job corner selling toasted corn in Caracas. Not only is or to set up a small business. If we can, we help," says Alvarez. But she points to what she considers is Cardenas's toughest trade one of the largest employers, it is one of the old- challenge: "We are trying to dismantle the corporatist structure est things cities do, critical for daily existence. that prevailed in the past under the PRI." City officials have stopped giving permits to the organizations representing some of the hawkers which the PRI promoted and tolerated in Mexico City's Fight Against Hawkers exchange for their vote at the polls. "Instead, every trader must now, individualy, get his own permit." M E XI C O C ITY has a centuries-old problem with street As a result, some areas throughout the city that were previously vendors. One reminder of that can be found right off the invaded by the vendors have been cleared. But Alvarez recognizes Zdcalo, Mexico City's main square, where a small metal that the problem is enormous and cannot he eradicated overnight. plaque reads, "It is forbidden to set up market in the street." The In the downtown area, scuffles between vendors and the police historic plaque dates back to 1740. Since then, city officials have continue to occur. "I cannot say we've managed to resolve a prob- been trying to eradicate this phenomenon, which has become a lem that's been there for decades, but slowly, we're seeing an social and political issue constantly testing the strength of the increasing awareness among the vendors," she says. current administration in the Mexican capital. Street vendors create unfair competition for hundreds of shop- Beijing Markets Offer a Better Life keepers who pay taxes and are legally established downtown. But, according to economist Jonathan Heath, the primary reason for S XIN PEIYOU SEES THINGS, he has moved up a few links the vendors' existence is "the excessive amnount of regulations and Aon the food chain. Eight years ago he moved from his vil- licenses that make it difficult to operate within the formal econ- Alage in Henan province to Beijing, and went from growing omy." Political analysts say the vendors constitute a "safety valve" grain in the fields to selling fruit in an urban free market. for what other-wise would be mnassive unemployment. "Sure there are hassles for me here, but no matter what, it is Armando Araujo, head of the National Confederation of still better than working the land," says Xin, 3I, proprietor of a Trade Chambers, estimates that the vendors-often referred to as well-stocked fruit stall in the Tuanjiehu Market in eastern Beijing. the "informal economy'-make up at least 35 percent of Mexico's Arrayed before him on a winter afternoon are fruits not only total economy, nationwide. Though there are no accurate fig- from around China but from around the world. His strawberries ures, officials say the number of street merchants in Mexico City could be as high as 250,000. In I997, city residents elected their mayor for the first time. Cuauhtemoc Cardenas, of the leftist opposition, won the race. In the I5 months since he took office, the mayor has placed a high priority on dealing with the situation. Mexico City has an ordinance that regulates sidewalk vending in the capital, and Cardenas says the vendors must abide by it. "The law must be respected," he says. In consequence, he has adopted a different tactic from that of past administrations. Negotiations with the hawkers, which had always been conducted in a centralized 18 Urban Age Springiggg * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A" and kiwis are from Sichuan. Japanese Fuji apples, Colombian have enough to get by," he says. bananas and grapes from the United States come in via ship or air He pays i,ooo yuan (US$i2o) each month to the neighbor- to the wholesalers who sell to him. His watermelons, from Hainan hood street committee for permission to run his stall. Another Island, are first shipped to the mainland and then sent north by 400 yuan per year goes to the city government for the non-per- train. His pears, from the nearby province of Hebei, arrive on the manent resident card he needs to stay in the capital legally. With- diesel-belching trucks that are allowed to enter Beijing only at night. out going into great detail, he adds that police and other officials His selection of fruits changes with the seasons, and includes also pester vendors like him with sundry fees and fines. more domestic produce during summer and autumn. But one He has no firm plans, except to stay in Beijing and away from thing that does not change is his work schedule. He is ready for farming for as long as possible. "I still have family in Henan who business by seven each morning and stays open until nine at night. could use my help in the fields, but if I can manage to support my With all that, however, he manages only to sustain himself, his family this way, I will stay here. I don' want my son to have to wife and his two-year-old son, Xin Jingkai. "Who can save money work the land," he said. these days? By the time I pay for my permits and my fruit, I barely HM The market has hundreds of shops The Sawy Niarket Shopper ~~in C io as welas street vendors. Over time, I have discovered some merchants that sell excep- E ACH MORNING, themarketsofCairo children, Mona, 7, and Ahmed, 5. tionally good products, whether in quality attract millions of customers. Shoppers Her home is about 2o minutes by bus or in price. I usually head directly to them. Eindude housewives, tradesmen, brokers, from the El Ghoreya Market. She prefers However, this does not prevent me from government personnel and even businessmen. to shop at this market because it enables taking a look at any other good products The type of markets in the city vary just as do her to minimize the costs of transportation which I happen to come across. The mer- the types of people who to and from the market. chant gets to know his customers well, but frequent them. There are p . UA: When did you first our relationship never turns into a friend- public markets that sell start coming to the market? ship-it remains strictly business. everything from sewing HANA MOHAMMED: UA: What do you think of the quality of needles to high-tech . When I was young, my the products in the market and their prices? equipment, and there are mother and aunts used to HM: The market is packed with products specialized markets that go to the Ghoreya Market that are exported from Southeast Asian sell clothes or shoes. Some regularly to buy clothes, countries such as Taiwan, China, Malaysia markets are permanent house utilities and fabrics. and Singapore. These products are of markets and have occu- When I got married, my higher quality than the local products, and pied specific streets as far mother purchased my the prices are cheaper than those sold in the back as the earliest cen- t. trousseau from the market fancy shops. This is because the latter is tuies of the city, others are because it is inexpensive and taxed several times, whereas the sales ven- temporary and are set up the quality is good. Since I dors don't pay these taxes. In addition, in different areas. Those now live in the same area, many merchants don't mind if you pay that operate on certain 3 ^ going to the market has them in monthly installments and with days of the week are become a regular activity. very little interest. As a guarantee, they get named the Friday or the Hana Mohammed strolls the UA: How often do you your identity card and electricity receipt. Monday market. El Ghoreya Market looking go to the market ? UA: How do you evaluate the services Navigating the mar- for household bargains. HM: I go about twice a that the government provides the market? ket requires a certain month to buy clothes, HM: The market suffers from a lack of expertise that inhabitants adopt after kitchen utensils and shoes. Sometimes I go essential services such as security, cleanli- many years of shopping, bargaining and to the market not for anything specific, but ness and bathrooms. Moreover, there is trading. This activity is usually undertaken just to look at the different items on display very litde monitoring over the quality of by the women, since they manage the and to break the routine of the day. the food and beverages. I think that the household expenses and buy the products, UA: Do you shop with your friends? government can, with a little bit of organi- usually for the least expensive prices. HM: I prefer to shop alone, because zation, make shopping a more enjoyable A typical consumer at the El Ghoreya sometimes I want to buy products that are experience. UN1 Market, one of Cairo's largest, is Hana very cheap and I feel embarrassed to do so Mohammed, 25, a housewife who is in front of my friends. Contributors: ANDREA DRABROWSKI, married to a government employee. She UA: Do you deal with specific mer- Mexico City; TED PLAFKER, Beijingg, has a diploma in commerce and two chants in the market? HOSSAM ABD RABOH, Cairo. spring1ggg UrbanAge 19 1th *T | * | * * \ * \their own operations or to represent overseas computer companies. nj LJ n | E | z , zWhen the Indian computer and services sector began to grow, NE III | | | | |Bangalore's public and private sector employees were among the *E* | * | * l II |few Indian professionals with extensive software and hardware IL s t 1 1 tJ uexperience, proving a ready source of expertise. Falling prices in computing, information processing and telecommunications, and an increase in computing power, increased the demand for software professionals and for different types of computer soft- _ L | g * * L _ ware. These falling prices also lowered the entry barriers to many S IIp'11i~~V I l lZ |aspiring software and information technology professionals, enabling them to set up independent companies. wV -t * * v wV ~~~~~~~~~~The increasing expertise and competitiveness of Indian soft- ware engineers prompted a large number of firms all over the world to outsource software development to India. With the largest concentration of high-tech firms, and comparatively bet- ter living conditions than most other Indian cities, Bangalore had the ability to attract and retain both global and local soft- , s V * V V _ @ ~~~~~~~~~ware firms a-nd professionals, In the I990S, Bangalore reinvented itself, using the software industry to effectively demonstrate THE EMERGING ECONOMIC BASIS of the post-industrial how a city in an emerging economy can retool, shifting from a city, already apparent in developing countries, is based reliance on manufacturing that was its mainstay for four on tradable services rather than manufacturing. These decades to one based on information services. cover everything from computer software to commod- ity trading and sports. For the cities that nearly died, WTO Includes Services in Listing services saved them. T HE WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION (w-ro) is the only multi- lateral body dealing with the rules of trade between nations. An Information-Based Economy T rade is not only restricted to goods. Services such as tele- phone calls and freight insurance can also be sold internationally. S INCE THE 1950S, Bangalore, the capital city of India's Kar- When the WTO took over the General Agreement on Tariffs nataka State, has invested heavily in the state-owned industrial and Trade, it also took on new agreements relating to services, J sectors of machine tools, electronics and telecommunications. investment, intellectual property and technical barriers to trade. Companies such as the Indian Telephone Industries, Hindustan The General Agreement on Trade in Services is the first ever set Machine Tools and Bharat Electronics offered world-class training of multilateral, legally enforceable rules covering international programs and a job for life. trade in services. These include: In the 1970s, the private sector started to tap into this pool of * cross-border supply-services supplied from one country to technicians and skilled engineers, all well-trained at the city's many another such as international phone calls, research institutions and factories. Both private and public sector * consumption abroad-consumers or firms making use of a industries increasingly subcontracted the manufacture of electronic service in another country such as tourism, components to small workshops set up by engineers or skilled work- * commercial presence-a foreign company setting up sub- ers formerly employed by the larger state-run factories who took sidiaries or branches to provide services in another country such advantage of various tax incentives to start small industries of their as foreign banks, and own. As a result, by the I980s Bangalore had become the country's * presence of natural persons-individuals traveling from their premier center for the manufacturing of electronic hardware. own country to supply services in another such as actors or nurses. In the early Iggos, however, growth of the kind of engineer- Exports of merchandise and commercial services both reached ing and manufacturing firms that were Bangalore's mainstay new record levels, at US$5.3 trillion and $L.3 trillion, respectively, slowed. Soon they were displaced by firms that used newer tech- in I997. Among the three broad sectors of commercial services, nologies, such as computer and software companies, telecom- the growth of transportation stagnated, travel services grew slowly munications networking firms and specialized high-tech firms. and other commercial services recorded an above average rate of These changes coincided with the national government's export growth. announcement of its New Economic Policy, a sweeping program to The World Trade Organisation's definition of services covers a variety of businesses from open the Indian economy up to foreign investment and imports, communication, postal and courier services to construction, insurance and finance. Also listed are legal, accounting, management consulting, advertising and public opinion and to do away with licenses and controls. This initiative not only polling; research and develiopment; architecturai and engineering services; agricultural, brought in new multinational companies, it also brought a chance for mining and on-site processing; and personal, cultural and recreational services. 20 Urban Age Springiggg E in the Sea of Commerce T HE FISH MARKET is shifting from ers andsellers in the seafood industry. "It's an producers in the seafood market. That its historic location inside sprawling on-line version of the farmers' market" says increased proximity gives consumers uni- Twarehouses, on docksides and in the city Workman. "It delivers market quotes on the form quality at prices that reflect actual center to new premises on-line. Neal Work- cost of anything from haddock and shrimp market conditions. man is one of the pioneers of this change. An to tiger fish and orange roughy via the Inter- For Workman, the coupling of the fish- information-age entrepreneur from Portland, net from computers as far away and dis- ing net and the Internet is a natural progres- Maine, he got his start in the fishing industry parate as Bangkok, Miami and Bombay." sion. "I've always thought of fisherman as selling credit information on non-paying Go-Fish does not yet provide on-line buy- pioneers and explorers. Fish is the last food restauranteurs to fish wholesalers. ing. "They see what's available and then they hunted. Likewise, I see the pioneering effects "Credit information is a valuable com- get to haggle over the price on the phone," of new technology; it makes sense to me that moditv; it takes the risk out of people's busi- says Workman. However, a site where these fishermen are eager to try new things. ness" says Workman, who now publishes exchange is carried out over the Internet They're good about moving forward." the credit histories of 50,000 restaurants itself is nearing completion. "That way a Workman sees massive opportunities in and food companies for wholesale fish shrimp pond in Thailand that wants to sell perishables, and now wants Go-Fish to go traders in the United States and Canada. to Wal-Mart can make the deal exclusively flora. Like seafood, the flower trade is an Workman understood that speed and through Go-Fish." industry subject to many unknowns-it's a efficiency were the key variables in an SeaFax has followed Go-Fish onto the global, fragmented market relying on industry exposed to imperfect information Web, now providing on-line risk evalua- imperfect information. "In Ecuador, they and unpredictability. In 1985 Workman set tions in addition to its core products. Users are not getting the full value for their flow- up SeaFax with a four-member staff, deliv- pay an annual subscription fee that ranges ers-it's a market ripe for efficiency and ering credit information to clients via fax. from US$3-6,ooo for access to credit infor- timeliness. It costs 29 cents to grow a rose Within four years, the number of employ- mation and a 24-hour news service about in Quito but they cost US$3.70 on main ees had grown to 35 and full-scale credit suppliers and restaurants. street-they decline rapidly in value, so the reports were being issued in hard-copy E-commerce is not the only factor that faster you get it to the buyer the better off directories and CD-ROMs. has helped the productivity of the seafood you are." l As information technology communica- market-improved refrigeration and low- tions eclipsed fax machines, Workman cost bulk air transport have also reduced Contributors: SAMPATH SRINIVAS, designed "Go-Fish," aWeb site linking buy- the distances between the consumers and Bangalore; and Urban Age staff. ,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~m links buyers and sellers in the seafood industry. __h Spring1ggg Urban Age 21 to assist businesses. His ability to improve services has been slowed by the resilience of the inherited bureaucracy and by a series of public relations blunders-including being widely s X > K t J j i WV Xs > ~~~~blamed fot the city'.s poor handling of a major snowstorm that JX U~ n r 1 n < < X r hit during the I999 International Auto Show. II II Q A * r 1] * Plao4az natlanA Glasgow has been transformed Glasgow,ISctIlIIU from the most concentrated cen- ter of manufacturing in Europe to a city with onc of the highest concentrations of service industries. CITIES ARE GIVING UP on manufacturing and returning to After an especially dramatic decline in the early 19805, the their ancient economic roots-trade, commerce, city's industrial leaders emphasized opportunities in the service finance, transport. The services they now provide sector. The Victorian grid city center, still largely intact, was cleaned of decades of industrial grime. Investment was aimed at include data processing and software programing, hos- new projects-a national exhibition and conference center, an pital and clinical services, top-level schools and uni- international concert hall, hotels, several museums and art gal- versities, and professional cultural and sports events. leries-and cultural events were promoted. The national Gar- den Festival attracted over 4 million visitors in I988. A year-long Such grand plans can only succeed in cities where streets festival of the arts celebrated Glasgow's designation as the Euro- are free of garbage, water is drinkable, food is safe, the pean Capital of Culture for 9ggo. This year, Glasgow was desig- air is generally clean and quiet, and the risk of being nated the United Kingdom's City of Architecture & Design, mugged is low. Improving the quality of life is not just another year-long festival. Over the next three years, Glasgow will open a new £7I million science center, aimed at becoming a pleasant option for hard-pressed citizens, it is the eco- Scotland's second largest visitor attraction (after Edinburgh nomic precondition of any successful metropolis. Castle); a modernized national soccer stadium to sit alongside those of its two biggest clubs, Rangers and Celtic; and the iargest Mayor Dennis Archer has seen widely retail development in Detroit, USA fluctuating fortunes for his policies and the country at the his city over the past five years. His administration benefits from Buchanan Galleries. a regional economy where unemployment is below the national The city's tourism average, but unemployment in the city remains stubbornly high figures have shot up, (around 8 percent) and the economic outlook for the city is uncer- making it the third most tain. In response, the city is vigorously pursuing a strategy of diver- - popular tourism desti- sifying the downtown area. With funding help from the state, it ;-vnation in the United is constructing three gambling casinos and two sports arenas, one Kingdom. The film for basebal and one for footbadl. industry is growing, Archer talks of "building a cf software has created world-class city," citing 82 develop- 2,0o00 new jobs, and, sment projects amounting to since 1993, Glasgow's US$2.i95 billion of investment in i e r overall employment has the city since he took office in 1994. beeni rising faster than Some of the projects hiave been in most other cities in the the pipeline for decades; all vary in United Kingdom. scale and impact, from a coffee ' b i City leaders, working _ effectiveness of city~~~- d parmns hrojsmc ett edn to tvrogether iaaednebth shop to a large hospital. Othere in a formal ects are uncertain, especially resi- Glasgow Alliance, see dential developments that have not prospects in exploiting research from the city's three universities. -> received the necessary city permits. Biosciences and optoelectronis are two of the most promising dis- Archer has enicountered diffi- ciplines. Developing more diverse housing stock is almed at bring- culty changing the efficiency and ing people back into the central cty. All these are signs that, while Z 7 effectiveness of city departments. there is much yet to be done to overcome the damage done by the 7 * - , , ~~~He was elected on a platform of city's rapid restructuring, there is a strong will to do the job. l!E ** improving neighborhoods, speed- ing the delivery of city services and Contributors: ROBIN BoYLE, Detroit; and STUART PATRICK, creating a "one-stop permit shop" GLisgow. 22 Urban Age spring1999 PORTRAIT OF A CITY - * ffi~~~~~~~~ - IX S |, MURALI, MOAN's t-4~~~~~~~~~~~ 0 U ' T ;^ &~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~m-'aahr Grou HYPE, A 1ND. HOPE~L?7W ,88 This Indian city was once known as a training ground for mathematicians who often traveled abroad to use their skills. Now, political leaders are keeping them home by creating jobs in what is designed to be a world-class software development center. BY PATRALEKHA CHATTERJEE -1 - yderabad-a smnall city ina southernl India that the media likes to call ''>'''',,,'. , ''''''', iybera ad " because of itS software development activities-is well - on its way to becomring the country 's seconld mnajor equivalent to Sil- - - --icon Valiev. The capital of Andhra Pradesh, one of India~s poorest states, Hyderabad bosasts an office complex on its outskirts called Hi-Tec City, a Io400-hectare film andi TV studio comnplex,> and an aggressive growth plan. Hay- ing already attracted the only Microsoft research cenlter located outside the United aI:States, the city is in the midst of a construction boom that is easily the biggest in India, The goal is to create aworldcl-lass knlowledge hub and tourist destination. Spring1999 Urban Age 23 Until recently famed mostly for its mosques, minarets, pearl adapt to computers, which helped create a huge pool of cheap bazaar and cuisine, Hyderabad is fast emerging as a hot invest- talent for the software industry. ment destination, especially for information technology (IT) Many were attracted to opportunities in the United States, companies. Software exports grew from Rs 4I.5 million (US$I where they subsequently became the largest single linguistic group million) in 1992-93 to Rs, 2.84 billion ($67.5 million) by I997-98. among Indian IT professionals. The strong links of entrepre- In addition to the Microsoft office, companies such as Oracle, neurship, IT expertise and U.S. experience provided a springboard Baan, IBM and Metamor have set up large offices. Roads are for Telugu-speaking computer professionals who returned to being widened and fly-overs built. Land prices are spiraling. India, although many went to Banglaore because Hyderabad was Everywhere one sees new shopping complexes, apartment blocks, not yet regarded as an IT destination. Naidu changed all that by hotels and specialty hospitals. The inauguration last November focussing on infrastructure. He helped improve telecommunica- of the state-of-the-art Hi-Tec (an acronym for Hyderabad Infor- tions infrastructure and pursued expatriate Telugus to come to mation Technology Engineering Consultancy) City was the focus Hyderabad. This attracted the U.S. companies, too. Finally, of international attention. Still, for the present, Hyderabad is Naidu surrounded himself with a cadre of IT-savvy aides, who not yet hip. The city does not have a night life, nor an interna- have made a mission out of selling Hyderabad as an IT center. tional airport. Negotiating traffic snarls requires patience and The dream has percolated through the city. Inside the state sec- ingenuity. But the hype and hope generated by new-look Hvder- retariat, cell-phone-wielding officials spell our the game plan for abad ensure a steady stream of visitors: journalists, businessmen, Hyderabad. Across the road, the sign atop a showroom selling men's hoteliers and artists. clothing is a neon-lit Internet address. The local papers are filled The state's chiefminister, Chandrababu Naidu, is the man behind with advertisements for computer classes. Everyone wants a piece the dream. Since taking office in I995, Naidu has been "changing of the enticing IT pie. the mind-set," of the state's residents. "For 50 years," he says, "We Hi-Tec City lies at the core of Naidu's strategy. Eventually, it - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - will be a 64-hectare complex of high-qual- ity office space, with telecommunication I links and recreational facilities. The gov- ernment will have to spend littie. It is a | The C Ity 1s E n the nn E dst of a | )~~~~~~~oint venture, with aprivate partner hold- The city -is i n the rni dst of a :1 ing 89 percent of the equity. About 71 per- construction that is : cent of the available office space has been constr*o. uction boom thabll lS booked. "For the last five years, the IT I industry in Hyderabad has doubled every a|e I eas i +no n nhe aci c a n I nn ia a year, so the requirement of space, man- e s ily LIe bIig e t i IldiaI I power and other critical infrastructure is also growing," notes R Chandrashekhar, a key adviser to Naidu. Further soulth, Bangalore contributed nearly Rsz2o billion have traveled in one direction. Sud- (US $ 476 million) to Indiis denly, we want to go in another direc- software exports last year. tion. I am charting a new path. Hyderabad hopes to upstage Naturally there will be problems." Bangalore as India's info-tech There are also advantages. "Many capital by offering a more of the federal government's training investor-friendly atmosphere and research centers are located in and a better qualitv of life. Cur- Hyderabad. By integrating all this, I rently, it provides a single-win- want to turn Hyderabad into a l dow clearance facility for all knowledge hub. It is becoming the software export units. Compa- country's medical capital. So many nies locating themselves in corporate hospitals are located here. I Hyderabad are exempt from want to make Hyderabad a financial and investment center. With stamp duty, registration fees and clearance from the pollution con- liberalization and insurance reforms, I am confident that interna- trol board. All software products get sales tax exemptions. tional insurance companies will start their operations here. Ulti- But just how much of an impact can IT have in a city where, mately, I want to make Hyderabad a transit hub between Europe according to an independent survey, only 0.4 percent of homes and China. That is why we are building an international airport." had computers and only 14.5 percent had telephones in 1997? The seeds for this transformation were sown many years ear- Naidu and his team acknowledge that IT will not be a cure-all, lier. Andhra Pradesh has a strong tradition of mathematics teach- but insist that it can be a key instrument for greater efficiency ing, and some of the country's top statisticians, mathematicians and growth. One tangible benefit: registration of property trans- and engineers have come from among the regiorns ethnic-lin- actions has been computerized, so what used to take weeks now guistic group known as Telugus. They were among the first to takes minutes. The planners hope this is the kind of benefit that 24 Urban Age Spring1ggg As historical Hyderabad dresses itself up to become a software center, entrepreneurs are popping out of every nook and cranny. In the heart of the old city stands Interbest floor office. Within two months, there was to a total of Rs 120,000 ($28,235)." Software and Development Centre, the a steady clientele. "Then I decided to open Nazareth realized he could not survive Moslem quarter's only cyber cafe. The the cyber cafe. I could not find office solely on the cyber cafe, so he started offer- owner is 39-year-old Syed Salabath Ali space in the neighborhood, so I requested ing computer classes. He put up 50 ban- Nazareth. The neighborhood is a maze of my landlord to constructafirstfloor. I paid ners throughout the old city and ran narrow lanes, crammed with glistening ban- advertisements on the local cable TV net- gle hop, vile woen n backand men work. Today, he has 15 computers. There wearing traditional lace caps. An odd locale _ are 120 pupils attending his computer for an Internet kiosk? Nazareth does not classes and 200 cyber cafe members. think so. Many students are school and college drop- "Every family in the old city has some- outs who firmly believe that becoming com- one working in the Middle East as a cook, puter savvy is the passport to a better mechanic, mason or technician. There is life-and possibly to a job abroad. a huge potential here. Many of the men Eighty of the cyber cafe members are and women you see on the streets come women. Not every member is computer lit- to my Internet cafe to send an e-mail to a erate. Some give their message orally or relative living overseas. It is so much bring typewritten sheets which are then cheaper than a long distance call," keyed in. explains Nazareth. a deposit, and then I negotiated with two Nazareth charges an annual member- Until last year, Nazareth earned his liv- expatriate Indians for seed money for my ship fee at Rs 100 (less than $3). A mem- ing doing bulk typing jobs. In October new business. They sent me Rs 500,000 ber spends about Rs 10 to send an e-mail 1997, he got an Internet account. An idea (US$11,764). I cobbled together loans and Rs 5 to receive one. Nazareth is not germinated, and he started offering e-mail from a bank and private financiers. That, making profits yet, but he believes the cash services from one corner of his ground- along with my personal savings, came registers will be ringing very soon. will bring a demand for IT from the people. quences. "Hyderabad's phenomenal growth has put pressure on Right now, as investments pour in, the construction boom is government land, burial grounds, parks. Middle-class people have the most visible symbol of a growing economy. "Some neigh- been recklessly extending their houses. Many lakes have been borhoods like Begumpet have shown a five-fold increase in the drained and used for constructing buildings in the last Io years. last five to six years," says Captain K. Kishan, chairman of the Almost half of the I70 lakes in the city have been lost." Andhra Pradesh chapter of the Builder's Association of India. The rising number of vehicles on Hyderabad's roads has Currently, a lot of the development is financed by loans and increased air pollution. And a steady influx of migrants from grants from international donor agencies such as the World Bank. poorer parts of the state has led to the growth of 8oo slums. If the To meet maintenance costs and generate funds for the future, shanties do not look as bad as they do in many other Indian cities Naidu and his team will rely more on public-private partnerships. such as Mumbai or Calcutta, it may be because the British Over- Two years ago, for instance, the city decided to privatize garbage seas Aid Agency has been working at slum upgrading in Hyder- collection. The municipal sweepers' union put up strong resis- abad for more than a decade. tance, but, after working with all parties involved, the bureaucrats There is also the question of whether the momentum of stuck to their plans. change will last if the 49-year-old Naidu leaves office. Hyder- The other area with a visible efficiency gain is water supply, abad has not had a municipal election for many years. Hand- where efforts are being made to run it on market principles. In picked bureaucrats are running the show, and efficiently. But I995, the Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage their fortunes, and those of Hyderabad, are linked to Naidu. Board found that 35-40 percent of the water in the system that State elections are slated later this year. If the Naidu govern- serves Hyderabad and its twin city, Secunderabad, was being lost. ment is not voted back to power, the pace of implementation Galvanized iron pipes were replaced with polyethylene and bulk is likely to be affected. flow meters were installed. Nearly ioo,ooo illegal connections Meanwhile, Naidu and his team say they are working to were disconnected, and billing was computerized. In the last few address questions of growth and to create a broad constituency months, there has been a revenue increase of Rs io million for his reform package. If they are successful, Hyderabad will ($238,000). show that a lot can be done even in a poor state, if there is As the city undergoes such massive changes, there are more than political will. UN a few dissenting voices. Captain J. Rama Rao, president of the Soci- ety for Preservation of Environment and Quality of Life in Andhra PATRALEKHA CHATTERJEE, Asia correspondentfor Urban Age, is a Pradesh, a local NGO, is one who warns of the long-term conse- New Delhi-basedjournalist who specializes in development issues. Springi999 Urban Age 25 -INDICATORS MEASURES OF TRAVEL TIME IN CITIES T RAVEL TIMES AND COSTS and how difficult it is for peo- ple to get to a-nd from work often play a key role in whether a city is able to attract businesses. Reducing travel times has become a major consideration for transport planners in rapidly growing megacities such as metro Manila, Lagos and Jakarta, where commuters spend, on average, more than an hour getting to work. In a recent survey, travel times were analyzed in relation to indicators such as the percentage of work trips that involved pri- vate cars, public transport, motorcycles and non-motorized modes. Also factored in were automobile ownership ratios, per capita expenditures on roads and city densities. Where no com- prehensive transport surveys were available, estimates were used. Times for each mode were weighted and averaged using the per- centage of work trips for each mode. Train and bus times include average walking and waiting times, and car times indude park- ing and walking to the workplace. Density and city size generally influence the use of cars for work Travel times in cities do not appear to be directly related to trips; cities widt lower densities use cars iiiore often. In low-density developmental levels. While the average travel time to work is 28 American cities where commuting distances are generally longer, minutes in developed cities, it is only slightly longer 39 min- travel times are, paradoxically, generally lower. Des Moines, Iowa, utes-in medium developed countries and 34 minutes in the low- for instance, enjoys a high car ownership ratio, one of the lowest est developmental categories. Another ranking, using the urban densities and a short average travel time of I6 minutes. UNCHS City Development Index, In large cities, distances make also shows little variation among the travel by foot and bicycle less practi- oped and developing cities, depending =a o.67 percent decrease in the use of on a variety of factors. a s cars. This do es not necessarily imply Travel times in Africa appear to be h e Wl Bn a t b an Orease in trap v el times, however. I ongest. This can be explained by(b e g r pecstly to deves theat have highest use of non-motorizcd trans- _ _ teinvested in efficient public trans- po rt-45 percent of work trips are portation systems or that have con- madon-rheolikel tror a r biyle- the sne tad lpy o peir mixes of traffic types ratio of car ownership-around 30 Pet- havc reduced their avcragc travel sons per car-an d a v ery low per capita times, often significantly. [uso expenditure on road infrastructures..Inn ondauvariaietyodatr.dt htcnb sdfrplc obunectives.ndicatorsfCaRIS.ThIsE doeARsno anece vssaril impl commutres travel by priv ate cars and in4 t hi- an asei tr tims however. lorcngest. Th bisca beepanetyte tuinruannsolpymrer.ine heomlo e UDnCSel popultated citie thatrhave muters m transitional ties use a devel- diatKe nya. E-masl: chrOtistene auclanr percent of work trips. b i UrbanObservatory o rg 26 Urban fte Spring itggg TRAVEL TIME IN CITIES, AND OTHER INDICATORS Metro Manila, Philippines 120.00 15.0 40.0 10.0 5.0 94.00 nav 147.8 Lagos, Nigeria 85 0. 18.5 53.8 5,2 19.4 4.30 .04 193.8 Jakarta, Indonesia 82,00 7.6 37.6 10.6 0.0 68.00 11.56 nav Tbilisi, Georgia : 70.00 2.2 97.5 .00 03 -71.00 .73 215.9 Cairo, Egypt 59.50 9.9 58.2 0.6 11.5 59.10 5.70 660.2 RiodeJaneiro, Brazil 51.00 11.5 66.5 0.2 21.0 177.00 51.02 136.3 La Habana, Cuba 41.50 6.5 58.1 0.0 30.0 32.00 nav nav New York,-USA 36.50 32.5 51.4 0.1 11.0 232.00 123.22 72.0 Paris, France 35.00 55 0 40.0 3.0 nav 426.00 248.00 109.0 Curitiba, Brazil 30.00 13,6 71.8 00 11.3 286.00 27.00 216,8 Melbourne, Australia 25.00 78.0 16.0 1.0 5.0 500.00 182.00 66.8 Lucknow, india 23100 5.8 0.8 16.0 52.3 129.70 3.37 nav Dubai, U.A. Emirates 17.50 52.5 7.4 0.0 nav 162.00 214.00 160.5 Des Moines, USA '16.40(. 9.0 n 'a, w rnav 657.00 104.04 13.4 Kober, Slovenia 15.00 71.9 7.6 1.4 18.7 443.0 37.73 45.7 Turur, India :0 0 . 8 20.5 18.2 53.6 84.80 1.90 198.6 a- Work trips by public transports are the percentage of trips to work made by bus or minibus, train or tram. Buses or minibuses refer to road vehicles other than cars taking passengers on a fare-paying basis. Other means of transport such as taxi, ferry, rickshaw or animal are not included. b- Defined as the ratio of automobiles to 1000 population. Automobiles in this case are taken to include all private motorized vehicles exclusively used for personal transport (including sedans used for business). c- Defined as the per-capita expenditure in US dollars on roads (three year average). Expenditure includes capital and maintenance expenditure on all roads in the urban area, averaged in constant value terms over three years. Where some roads are built or managed by non-city authorities (i.e., national or state) the amount spent in the urban area is estimated. d- Cities have been ranked using the Human Development Index of their country. Source: UNCHS (Habitat) Global Urban Indicators Database, 1996 CUED'sAnnual Conferencein Urban and City Management ChicagoonJuly11-14,1999 '. 2-14 May 1999 CometoChicago: ntKt -_ .......... ^lf .. Toronto, Canada . Meet with nation's top economic developers . Participate in showcase of t he Economic DeveLopment Institute of the WorLd Bank is organizing a core course innovative products and services to expose city managers, pLanners, and locaL-leveL policymakers to a broad set of - * Learn aboutthe latesttrends Icomplex urban issues and the tooLs with which to address them. At this time, the and issues course is targeted to Latin America and the Caribbean. Conference Topics The course comprises ten moduLes: flInclude: ... 4 I41 * Creative Project Financing o Metropolitan issues O) City strategy, corporate vision, and governance in Neighborhoods and o1 Urban financiaL management: Budgeting and Cl Private sector invoLvement in the provision of Communities participation pubLic services *- .oIndustrnal Downtown and O Urban financiaL management: Revenue raising 2) Urban environment and sustainable development Retail Development 0 Land and reaL estate markets 2 Urban transport and metropolitan development * Workforce 2o Urban poverty O CLosing the Loop: Next steps D- nternational and The program wilL be conducted in English and participants should have a very good Regional Marketing command of the Language. Future courses will be conducted in the respective language of the region. Participants will be selected based on expertise and insight into their Do Not Miss This Oppontunity. various urban chaLLenges. Z The Council for Urban Economic Development Invites You to This Unique Event. For more information, please contact Claudia Conti via email at cconti@worldbank.org or via fax at +1-202-334-8350. 1730 K rrveetN Su le7,,, Washington, DC 20006 phone: 202.223-4735 * iax 202.223-4745 Springo999 Urban Age 27 i g m, I *There are substantial land areas that are bor has not solved the socioeconomic prob- l | 1 I 0 I 0 A S g poorly suited to the construction ofbuildings. lems associated with deindustrialization in * The city generates large amounts of Baltimore and elsewhere-nor has anybody wastewater and organic solid waste that are suggested it could. Editor: good inputs to agricultural production, and Likewise, the story of Providence, TRULY ENJOYED your Future of Water this waste is currently a high-cost problem. Rhode Island, is much more compelling edition. Urban agriculture's transformation The article talked about "encroaching than the Waterfire installation, as notable of wastewater into food is a critical element on surrounding farmlands." Accra does not as it is. It is a heroic tale, involving recon- in our future urban world's water manage- need to do this; it can incorporate the food figuration of a major road, moving two ment strategy. I write to present what I industry, including fruit, vegetables, fish rivers, "daylighting" the Providence River intend to be an amplification of Mayor and poultry, into the metropolis. and constructing a beautiful walkway/ Nat Nuno-Amartiefio's points concerning JAC SMIT park, all of which took years to accomplish. his education in food. President, Urban Agricultural Network Outstanding projects around the world The mayor urges that: "Despite their Washington, DC reflect the sophistication and diversity of vast differences, cities and agricultural areas what's happening on urban waterfronts need to gain greater understanding of each Editor: today-ranging from worker housing on other," and "central authorities ... [need WE WERE PLEASED to see the attention the docks of South Africa to grassroots cit- to] take steps to provide better infrastruc- given the subject of waterfront redevelop- izen efforts in Reno, Nevada, a residential ture for supplying food." ment in the Winter I999 issue. This is project on Seattle's waterfront and a com- Support for the Accra food markets can important recognition of a topic of signifi- munity education facility for disadvan- probably best be provided by a two- cance to manycities. Baltimore's Inner Har- taged youth in Baltimore. pronged approach: bor project, however, was not "spearheaded" The picture is much more encouraging v Increase food production within the Accra by the Rouse Company. The waterfront for cities everywhere than your "myth." The metropolitan area, close to the markets. master plan was done in I964; the redevel- subject of waterfront redevelopment is pro- m Improve infrastructure for the shipment of opment came to life during the tall ships cel- found, complex and diverse. We encourage food to Accra and other Ghana cities between ebration of 1976; the Rouse Harbor Place you to return to the subject one day. urban areas and from rural to urban areas. project came in I980. Harbor Place has ANN BREEN AND DICK RIGBY Two characteristics of greater Accra make been called "the cherry atop the cake that Co-Directors, The Waterfront Center urban agriculture particularly efficient: took 25 years to bake." No, the Inner Har- Washington, DC URBAN PLANNING * Cities Work STLUDIES *IN XFORD _ m C X,.E ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~The School of Planning at Oxford Brookes University is one of the largest in Britain, and has maximum rating for quality of educat on provision. We offer a variety of programmes in urban and _ . . a . I! : . environmental pJanning and housing in the Instle0e for Houe Ian iU op Stoles developing world. 3-Month Courses Masters degrees In 2000 IHS will conduct various 3-month courses in the fields of: * Urban Planning and Management in I _ I * Housing Developing Countries * Urban Management * Environmental Assessment and Management _ International Housing Management * Urban Environmental Management * Also in Transport, Urban Economic Development, The 3-month courses will be offered in two cycles, one starting in January Historic Conservation, Urban Design, Urban and one starting in May Planning PhD programmes 5-aE I Master Programmes * Within the Developing and Transitional Each year IHS, together with well-established European universities, Economies (DATES) research cluster, subjects offers the following Master Programmes: include: Urban Land Policies, Development * M.Sc. Programme in Urban Environmental Management (CUE) Assistance, Planning Standards, U.rban Upgrading, Environmental sustainability, E M.A. Programme in Urban Management (UMC) Refugee Settlement Strategies, Refugee * M.Sc. Programme in Urban Housing Management (UHM) Repatriation PhD Programme Other specialist training ga_ l PhD Programme * Short certificate courses and individually tailored IHS' PhD Programme focuses on themes in urban public policy and programmes maragemerTt, urban economics and urban development finance, housing, Details from: i - and the environmental planning and management of urban areas Professor Roger Zetter, School of Planning, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 OBP UK For apptication formns and for more information on IHS course Tel: +44 (0) 1865 483925 Fax: +44 (0) 1865 483559 programmes please contact. Email: rwzetter0brookes.ac.uk Institute for Housing and Urban Developmert Studies, P&M Bureau http://www.brookes.ac.ukischools/planning/dates PO. Box 1935, 3000 BX Rotterdam, the Netherlands OXFORD Fax: (+31)10-4045671 BROOKES e-mail: admission@ihs.nl, Web-site: http://www.ihs.nl UNIVERSITY 28 Urban Age Springlggg | R VE V- I E W : The Four World Cities Transport Study private car (New York) or most likely to make a motorized jour- Edited by Caralampo Focas. London Research Centre, London, UK, 1998. ney by bus (surprisingly, also NewYork). But once curiosities are Reviewed by Jerry Lebo satisfied, the stor,y told by the study is difficult to decipher. This is because, first, because simply presenting comparative statistics LONDON, PARIS, NEW YORK AND TOKYO all share reputa- cannot do justice to the subde interplay of urban growth, trans- tions as successful cities, with enviable reputations in art, fashion port and land use planning. In addition, the lack of significant and fine dining. But they also share a much less enviable common analysis throughout the study is at odds with the complex statis- thread in their histories, as examples of rapid, sometimes poorly tical comparison undertaken. Readers are left to draw their own planned, urban growth. Just as they typify the best that city life conclusions to an otherwise well-done enumerative analysis. has to offer, they also embody some of the worst symptoms of That is not to say that even experienced professionals will not modern urban life-sprawl, congestion and declining environ- find something of interest in the Four Cities Transport Study. mcntal quality. These problems, exacerbated by the phenome- For instance, an entire chapter is devoted to the relationship non of urbanization in areas surrounding the historic central city, between demographics, employment and car ownership. But have had a sobering effect on city planners. As often as not, they beyond the addition of more descriptive information concerning find themselves patching problems in one part of the city only to the reasons for observed changes in age and sex demographics worsen symptoms elsewhere. and travel demand, there is little of a conclusive nature to justify Much of the long-term success of these cities hinges on some- more careful scrutiny. thing most people take for granted-modern and efficient trans- On the other hand, the easy-to-read and strongly visual pre- port systems-the life's blood of the modern urban environment. sentation of the document makes many of the more obvious omis- This, at least in part, is the argument underlying the recent com- sions of content nearly forgivable. In addition, as a reference and parative study from the London Research Centre that looks at the overview document of transport issues facing rapidly growing cities, challenges these four cities face in maintaining sustainable pat- the study would be an invaluable part of any urban transport ref- terns of growth into the new millennium. The aptly named Four erence library. However, for those seeking policy or prescription Cities Transport Study begins with the premise that any long- cures-although the bibliography may be a useful point of depar- term solution to maintaining urban "quality of life" requires a ture for research-there will be little to capture the imagination. thorough understanding of the role of transport. Not having taken the study to its full conclusions is unfortu- A comparative study is always interesting, at least for the curi- nate. First, because rapid urbanization and rising incomes in ous at heart. For instance, this compendium offers surprising many of the world's developing cities have created a strong answers to even the most morbid transport interests. For exam- demand for practical solutions based on the experience of others. ple, in which city are you most likely to be killed riding a bicycle Second, by wasting the valuable underlying lessons from the cities (Tokyo) or as a pedestrian (New York)? Or the more mundane- that were studied, many of these developing cities may yet be where are you most likely to have to wait for a metro train dur- doomed to repeat them. OlN ing peak use (Paris) or a regional train at rush hour (London)? Or the personal-in which city ccnter arc you most likely to own a JERRY LEBO is a transport specialist with the Worz'd Bank. Soring 1999 Urban Age 29 a nd Urbanization Revisiting the theme of sustainable cities seven years after the Earth Summit This is a four-page summary of the most recent issue of the * the Local Agenda 21s developed in Manizales journal Environment and Urbanization which is on the theme (Colombia) and Chimbote (Peru); of "Sustainable cities revisited." This is a follow-up to a pre- vious issue on sustainable cities prepared for the United Nations Earth Summit published in 1992 (Vol.4, No.2). It been supporting the development of Local Agenda includes key pointsfromthe editorial, summaries of the papers 21s in many Peruvian urban centres; and that were published (with policy implications highlighted) and * the measures taken to "localize" Agenda 21 in details of how to order copies of the original or order individ- Nakuru (Kenya), Essaouira (Morocco) and Vinh City ual papers through e-mail. This summary was prepared with (Vietnam). help from the staff of Urban Age and with support from the UK Department for International Development. But how representative are these examples of other Local Agenda 21s? How many of the urban centres in Recent Innovations Africa, Asia and Latin America with Local Agenda 21s have met the requirement laid down in Agenda 21 that HE LAST FEW YEARS have brought their governments engage in a broad consultative many examples of innovative local process with their populations? How many have the environmental action plans for cities. capacity to work with community based organizations Many of them are linked to Agenda 21, and other "stake holders" in developing real responses the document agreed at the United to the environmental problems they face? Examples of Nations Earth Summit in Rio de good practice can encourage others to take action but Janeiro in 1992, and are called Local Agenda 21s. concentratingonly on the more successful case studies Their contribution to improving the local environment can obscure the local, national and international factors and achieving development objectives is illustrated in which so constrain good practice in most urban cen- the papers on: tres. There are also many initiatives which seek to meet the needs of low-income communities whilst addressing expansion is impinging. The papers on Chimbote and environmental goals ... Manizales also stress the extent to which effective Local Agenda 21s need populations that are well-informed on OTHER PAPERS in this issue of Environment and environmental issues. This must include an under- Urbanization concentrate on other aspects of sustain- standing of the ecological disruption that urban devel- able development: opment can bring and the measures needed to limit this. Underpinning these movements is the development of * the need for governments and international an accurate conceptual understanding. Other papers in agencies to allow low-income groups to develop this issue consider: their own organizations and their capacity to man- age their solutions-as in the papers on improving * how best to understand and operationalize the public transport in Mumbai (formerly Bombay); on concept of sustainability and identify what it is that developing more participatory urban management should be sustained; for health in Dakar; and on developing a federation * how to avoid simplistic and often inaccurate of waste pickers in Quezon City (the Philippines); assumptions about links between environmental * the management of wastes in ways that com- degradation and population growth that end up bine social and ecological goals (as in the discus- being anti-women and anti-poor. sion of waste management in Quezon City and in Cotonou, Benin); and * how cities transform the environments of their sur- Papers on Local Agenda 21s rounds, with a case study of Bamenda (Cameroon); AGENDA 21: a Form of Joint Urban Management in and how, in Mexico City, suburban and peri-urban Manizales by Luz Stella Velasquez describes how an inno- agriculture has changed over time and adapted to vative "bioplan" was developed for the city and describes changing demands from urban populations. the activities of the different groups that contributed to its development. The bioplan became integrated into the Most of the papers consider how environmental con- municipal development plan and municipal budget. A ditions can be improved for urban populations-what is comprehensive, decentralized monitoring system was often called the "brown" agenda-while the papers on developed to track progress in social conditions, com- Bamenda and Mexico City also consider what is often munity involvement, natural resource use, energy effi- termed the "green" agenda, that is, how urban devel- ciency and waste management with considerable opment impacts on the local ecosystems and global community involvement in the development of the indi- cycles. It is often difficult to reconcile these two agen- cators and their measurement and interpretation. "Envi- das within city pol icies and plans. However, various ronmental traffic lights" were developed to show how wel I Local Agenda 21s demonstrate that the two can be each of the municipality's 11 comunaswere doing. The addressed together - for instance, the development of author sets the innovations in the city within the broader eco-parks in Manizales with their strong environmental national context of the new constitution and other polit- education component; the movement to protect the wet- ical, legislative and fiscal changes in Colombia which lands in Chimbote; and the measures being taken in have encouraged local authorities to develop local envi- Essaouira to better protect the fragile ecosystem of ronmental agendas. The indicators that Manizales has lagoons and dune forest onto which the city's physical developed and the process by which these are generated will be of interest to any other city seeking to develop Seeking Pro-Poor Solutions appropriate local indicators of sustainability. Chimbote'sLocalAgenda21 by Maria Elena Foronda THE NEED FOR MORE participatory (and less "anti- describes the struggle to stop the industrial contamina- poor") approaches by government and international tion of the city, to defend important environmental agencies is the central theme of the paper on Avoiding resources (one of the few parks in the city was under anti-poor solutions to Mumbai's transport problems by threat) and to seek an improved quality of life. The Sheela Patel and Kalpana Sharma. The authors explain author describes how a coalition of 42 organizations how large numbers of poor households have built homes (ADECOMAPS) began as an ecological movement for the alongside the railway tracks in Mumbai (formerly Bom- protection and conservation of the park and then broad- bay), some of them within one metre of the passing ened its work to develop a Local Agenda 21. This coali- trains. The railway authorities realized that they could tion is formed by grassroots organizations, NGOs, greatly increase transport efficiency, without substantial universities, professional training institutions, politicians new investment, by increasing the speed of the trains. and government bodies. However, this required people to move away from the The paper by Raf Tuts describes programmes to Local- tracks. The authors describe how community organiza- ize Agenda 21 in three small cities in Kenya, Morocco tions representing the inhabitants of these settlements, and Vietnam. These sought to improve the quality of life and supportive Indian NGOs, showed how resettlement through enhancing the local capacity for urban planning is possible and how solutions can be developed that ben- and management. The author describes the two method- efit everyone. But to do so requires more patience, flex- ological cornerstones-the strategic structure planning ibility and commitment by external agencies working approach and the capacity-building approach-and how with the inhabitants of low-income communities. these were applied in Nakuru, Vinh City and Essaouira. The paper by the Vincentian Missionaries on The Pay- He also describes the successes and constraints which atas Environmental Development Programme describes limited or slowed down the process and what lessons this the development of a federation of waste pickers who live experience has for other Local Agenda 21s. close to a major solid waste dump in Quezon City (the The paper entitled Let us build cities for life: the Philippines). A long-term environmental development pro- National Campaign of Local Agenda 21s in Peru by Lil- gramme is building on the existing activities of waste-pick- iana Miranda and Michaela Hordijk describes a national ing households and is integrated with housing, health and movement to support the development and implemen- other social initiatives. The Federation has also increased tation of Local Agenda 2 is in urban centres throughout the scavengers' capacity to negotiate with local authorities Peru. The authors describe the origins and early devel- and other government agencies. This paper will interest opment of the "Cities for Life" Forum as it brought agencies seekingtocombine improved waste management together 41 institutions in 18 cities, also its strategies with better conditions and livelihoods for waste pickers. and work to date-including the constant interchange of ideas between cities. The paper also describes how the Forum developed beyond what was initially a conven- Reducing Cities' Ecological Footprints tional technical assistance project into a network whose members support each other in their work. This paper T H E O C T O BE R 1 992 IS S U E of Environment and will be of particular interest to any government agency Urbanization (on Sustainable Cities) included a paper by or NGO seeking to support the development of Local William Rees on "Ecological footprints and appropriated Agenda 21s in different cities. carrying-capacity: what urban economics leaves out". This stimulated considerable interest in better under- practice in Dakar in supporting more participatory urban standing and acting on the ecological impacts that management. human activities within cities have beyond their bound- Betsy Hartmann's paper on Population, environment aries. The paper by H. Losada and others on Urban agri- and security considers another important but often culture in the metropolitan zone of Mexico City is unusual neglected subject, the extent to which faulty or distorted in the detail and scope of its description of how urban, diagnoses of "environmental problems" by powerful suburban and peri-urban agriculture has changed over interests in the world's wealthiest countries mis-repre- time, including how it has adapted to changing demands sent environmental problems in Africa, Asia and Latin from urban populations. Governments can realize many America. This paper points to the frequency with which ecological and employment advantages by adopting new authors claim that internal conflict in these regions is approaches to managing urban expansion that recognize often the result of population pressures and resource and support the role of urban agriculture. scarcities. This literature fails to consider the underlying Acho-Chi's paper describes in some detail the eco- (generally economic and political) causes of poverty and logical impacts of unplanned urban expansion on land environmental degradation, including the role of inter- surface change in and around the city of Bamenda, national companies, development assistance agencies Cameroon and the underlying causes. and western governments. From such mis-representa- tion, ill-conceived responses so often develop-includ- ing, as her paper describes, entirely inappropriate roles Broader Issues for the military in search of a new role after the end of PETER MARCUSE'S PAPER, on Sustainability is not the "Cold War", and regressive and inaccurate views of enough, critically reviews the way in which the term the needs, priorities and abilities of women and "peas- "sustainability" has been added to the goals of so many programmes. In so-doing, he suggests that "sustain- ability" should not be considered as a goal for a housing Ordering the Originals or urban programme-many bad programmes are sus- tainable-but, rather, as a constraint whose absence THIS ISSUE OF Environment and Urbanization on Sus- may limit the usefulness of a good programme. This tainable cities revisited (Vol.10, No.2, October 1998) paper also points out that stressing "sustainability" can (which also includes papers on changes in the manage- simply encourage the sustaining of an unjust status quo ment of urban services in Buenos Aires over the last 100 and that the attempt to suggest that everyone has com- years, and on street homelessness in Johannesburg) is mon interests in "sustainable urban development" available from IIED, 3 Endsleigh Street, London WC1H masks very real conflicts of interest. ODD, UK; price UKE 12 or US$ 21. Add 20 percent Ir Houinsou Dedehouanou describes the difficulties of postage (for UK orders), 25 per cent (for Europe) and 40 Coping with house waste management in Cotonou per cent (all other places). Orders can also be faxed to (Benin). Problems arise both from the economic crisis (44) 171 388 2826 or e-mailed to bookshop@iied.org. and from the difficultiesthat government agencies have Payment can be made by dollar cheques drawn on U.S. in providing the framework for greater community and banks, sterling cheques drawn on U.K. banks, private sector involvement. Eurocheques and Visa, Mastercard or Switch cards. The paper by El Housseynou Ly and others on The Electronic versions of individual papers (but without applicability of the healthy cities movement in Dakar the graphics) can be ordered by e-mail from reveals the difficulties encountered by local government humans@iied.org for UKE 5 or US$ 8 each. Master of Science in Urban Environ- Concept 5 is an exploration of Japan and Education programs mental Management. The Centre for the the city of Tokyo. Through original visual Master and Master of Science Course in Urban Environment. Contact: F. van images and writings on life in Japan, Urban Planning and Land Administration. Wilgenburg, Head Marketing Bureau, explore the five concepts-architecture, International Institute for Aerospace Sur- Institute for Housing and Urban culture, urban living, technology, observa- vey and Earth Sciences. Contact: ITC Stu- Development Studies, Box 1935, tion-to experience the dynamism of this dent Registration Office, Box 6 7500 AA 3000 BX Rotterdam, The Netherlands. city. http://www.concept-5.com Enschede, The Netherlands. 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Tel: 61-7-3365-4120; http://www.hsd.ait.ac.th nologies of governance. fax: 61-7-3365- 6899; e-mail: m.kumarasuriyar@mailbox.uq.edu.au; The Society of Writers on Environment The Creative Town Initiative, Web site: http://www.geosp.uq.edu.au/ and Development, Huddersfield, UK, can be viewed at: dpp/contentlhtm http://www.swed.org.eg http://www.creativetown.com Be A Full-Time RMIT ~Or Part-lime UNIVERSITY Student-No Matter Where You Live Or Work. uc > L 1= *Sig Professional EE__________ _- Distance Learning Contact. SCHOOL OF Master of Social Science SOCIAL SCIENCE International Urban UA3 Courses &PLANNING and Environmental Administrator Management Development a a - a a. Co-ordinated by Professor Charles Planning Unit c@1 Suhobecsiliclude: 9 Endsleigh Gardens * __ Editor of Subjects include: London WC1 H OED Habitat international - United Kingdom - * 1 -S l - - a leading journal in 3 Urbanisation Issues in thist eld. the Developing World Telephone: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~More informatio U Environmental + 44 (0)171 388 7581 ava iabe 0on Management & Facsimile: _ wwwAce.rnnitedu Deve lopment + 44 (0)171 387 4541 is RSlr l ll:ilirffiKl^ l_ auriuem Email:.* * * - - e-mail: Strategic Development Email: .1=- i uennnrrnlt.edu.au Cons iderations dpu@ucl.ac.uk Website: ._ .. - . - Telephone: | O Working with Local Website: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~+61 - 3 -9925 Communities hftp://vwww.ucl .ac. fiEl : ns>lTr3439 http://www.ucidpc. u larn nalSSDtel5|l:]l: z- Project Planning & _-/dpu/ GPO Box 2476V Implementation for Melbourne 30001 Change Australia 34 Urban Age Spring 1ggg The Forgotten Child. How Cities Fail Our Partners for Livable Communities is a Print resources Children. Henry L. Lennard and Suzanne H. nonprofit organization working to improve Cities on the Rebound: A Vision for Urban Crowhurst Lennard, CA, USA, 1998. the livability of communities by promot- America. William Hudnut, Urban Land In- ing quality of life, economic development stitute, Washington, DC, 1998. The Four World Cities Transport Study. and social equity. Partners generates civic Caralampo Focas, ed., London Research improvement through technical assis- Creating Globally Competitive Communi- Centre, London, 1998. tance, leadership training, workshops, ties: A Local Leadership Guide to Eco- research and publications. Tel: 202-887- nomic Growth and Quality of Life with Urban Infrastructure Finance. Royston A.C. 5990; fax: 202-466-4845; e-mail: High-Performance, Export-Driven Manufac- Brockman and Allen Williams, Asian Devel- partners@livable.com turing. David Bowes, Partners for Livable opment Bank, Manila, 1996. 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Adriana Dal CityNet, the Regional Network of Local 0060; e-mail: waldaca@ibm.net; Web Cin and Derek Lyddon, eds, Authorities for the Management of Hu- site: http://www.waldacademy.org International Society of City and man Settlements, is a network of local au- Regional Planners, The Hague, thorities, NGOs , national level organiza- To contribute to the Urban Age City The Netherlands, 1998. tions and development authorities that Resource Guide, please send brief de- implement programs for technical ex- scriptions and contact information to Making Cities Livable. Suzanne H. change and transfers of expertise to cities Annabel Biles, fax: 202-522-2152; Crowhurst Lennard et al., eds., CA, in Asia and the Pacific. Web site: e-mail: Abiles@worldbank.org LEE1 USA, 1998. http://www2.itjit.ne.jp/-citynet --E lil r ! 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' ' TheAmke atmanages a coherent and cumulative process that aurrp@urbandevetopment.com rconects and assesses judgements from creative and knowledgeable people about issues and opportunides we face at the Millennium. Springiggg Urban Age 35 - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ HALLE, GERMANY-June 24-25, 1999. 8th Conference of Conferences European Cities on Drug Policy. Contact: ECDP Coordination WASHINGTON DC- Bureau, Niddastrasse 64 D - 60329, Frankfurt, Germany. Tel: April 12-16, 1999. 49-69 233-013 or 233-190; fax: 49-69-2424 8308; ITransport Expo '99. e-mail: info@ecdp.net; Web site: http://www.ecdp.net Transport for People in the New Millennium. Contact: Violeta Wagner, tel: 202-473-9011; e-mail: vwagner@worldbank.org GELSENKIRCHEN, GERMANY-September 17-20, 1999. The Future of Industrial Regions-Regional Strategies and SURFERS PARADISE, AUSTRALIA-April 21-23, 1999. Local Action Towards Sustainability. Contact: International Developing an Environmental Accounting Standard for Local Society of City and Regional Planners, Mauritskade 23, Governments. Fourth International Expert Seminar on NL/2514 HD Den Haag. Tel: 31-70-346-2654; Environmental Management Instruments. Contact: Conference fax: 31-70-361-7909;e-mail:isocarp@bart.nl; Logistics, Box 505 CURTIN ACT 2605. Tel: 61-2-6281-6624; Web site: http://www.soc.titech.ac.jp/isocarp fax: 61-2-6285-1336; e-mail: conference@conlog.com.au CAMBRIDGE, uK-September 27-29, 1999. The European WASHINGTON, DC-May 19-21, 1999. World Competitive Transport Conference. Contact: Sally Scarlett, PTRC Education Cities Congress. Contact: Malcolm Locke, Director, Secretariat. and Research Services Ltd., Glenthorne House, Hammersmith Tel: 212-869-7567 ext. 20; fax: 781-869-7414; Grove, London W6 OLG. 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Tel: 213- E-mail: nharrson@worldbank.org 743-2701; fax: 213-743-2476; e-mail: pracinst@usc.edu; Web site: http://www.usc.edu/sppd/pracinst [m 36 Urban Age Spring9ggg I S S |I | | rS l l bl^rs - | - - Mlf-f S^^S w w l Lw l lul6-|-]|vet - - tz[w[w]-]]gobal h dietsisacy vftes toward#ts bth h publcpaten tr offefeh-e y~ inhe tefirst weko coeIGrae wrns vtaef setors. to lv hs is h ehralsi neo hm aigcnuttO ew~ ~ The iotas ai pnr paurticiatin bee n triesaby hmusthtbta aios~d o~ altso resul nteapiaino h fnl PABIATom Thei noatfam wasy sne.Cmtupdfned Prbyem Finasyf the Hab~itat Agenda san th aiousormsO the Miniextrely Wfride Afarirsae t eMisty of pepeadogn rofiterntionpay munincsinpual coeatirene, bofth b Hosin,Satios are i nnngovdh bandc trmie Endeirnmet itrgloale humanisettiemnts anssubtcbde. . O ne way dit-o directsbitsactvtAgnaiestow evrds bo thhe plicndpititie thion ths byatorg panisina anna WoordinabingrlntatDa muat we rvrpsil ectorsthe.eopn ctherfirot weekto Octoer.ai targeatier awareneSsuh themevs atask e laduona paveticipatin cuties bhy musst alesont rhesulst in pothe t appli astLon dof tepinc HABIrtaTIisnot anefon.rope rblm so the Habitat Agenda tinbtheanvariousuthformsa ando toan ex ittrem elywdearit fofuin popl andviie orgn- fitrainlmncplcoeainohb iapationstare iunvolved.iThebasicepreisrct uneryigardvateorgtaniatin and pubica bodnieslnad the rHaintoat d Agna sutis,ahoevr thatingnitiatives inhe Platfrmfh plays aacoordintaingr rolesinsthe emurcst whereern possible comerromnig,fot the pe opleHbiatDcoopenhe triation wthe ceritain Pltfomarget c dities in th aouh edcthemeles atd theiin l poalnlevel Theati hy itd isne Atlpseter nubro present the mos vt e im ortantisEastiLondo inth saeyimportant foretherHaitanged tou belturanlheiated An mesg Souasfarp,ad Nthelnsal Af ica.e n n a o nte intoeloal Habitoachto Agena frouesigo activities ineey peetdtervesth ch oardwit Secretarit andHaitteosci WorkTing toward tat s rbemustaial liin senvrnent hebon of the Dutch Habitat Platform. h ebr fteHbtt Counsisndtse mensm ch morethans producing godhusing. Itake ofganseveons mhembrepres.nth boardmn the secpre- embraces conce n t fordlcalturou ndings pefort ngs afto Worl abtat base inr the ipentariat of the Habitat Pl enatfr arey advised byn couner ecayandvanalis, jb ceadtionn better resuts eand iwa maou tat paerctners Concilecomprnl e preentati vesoffrom Agn a. laremm educaion nd tainin opprtunties healh an Youger beopl pase thei numb era Cof ubic and prvae organisations in eol they safetyisuesanpreseringourulturaleritag.An mesareprea senfara einvdlNetherlmands all inoled inatone' waycoriant her. I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ta ca be1E interalapprachto te pobles a isseiherby resnitedathirvewar tor thre hinfrmawith, Hlabicotact is esues. tra fteHaia ttom imorat.Tisman ha rolmsmstb se i f h Dth lbia ltr Th e be f th Ha btat Co a Nassauiaan 12, Postbus 30435,5o o GK The Hague,ndThe Nestherlands oFax:f3170 3738ber o E- HabitatCouncPlandtherGanitationI abnd wpe plethey Housing7 5patiat Planning and the vrepresent are Xinvloblve inumanyo thePltform'sativities. directs. itatvte towards aohh sus-adpi _/ % hsi yogaiiga nulWrdhDX a The~~~~~ ~1tWask}~ id pnipaticiatines aonries Fbr more ioration please contc the sctarpicatio of the Hbttplafrm:ci ;4BIA 1 s o a es oe Cmle roblem ecms Dutchls f h Habitat Pgenainthevrosforms iasuan1,Psbu o 50G he Hague,t Thend Nehoevr th erlnit a ndv s - a: 3703381 _ E tal:aionthePlatformV pl-aystatn coWebdintinoe: ww.ainapafoi th Postage Subscription Department Urban Age Room 4K-258 The World Bank Group 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 USA READER SURVEY Please use this card to tell us about yourself. 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