E1 341 vol. 2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT FOR RIVER BASINS IN TAMIL NADU - IAMWARM PROJECT Draft Final Report Submitted to The Chief Engineer (Plan Formulation), WRO, PWD - Chennai by I EPTRI ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION TRAINING AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE (EPTRI) Survey No. 91/4, Gachibowli, Hyderabad - 500 032 i FOREWORD Farm sector has been an important contributor to the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) of different states. However, over the years there is a perceptible decline in the farm sector contribution to GSDP. The decline is in a way linked to the absence of modem irrigation practices and water resource management. Given this context, the Irrigated Agriculture Modemization and Water Resource Management (IAMWARM) of the Tamil Nadu Govenmment is a pioneering effort and could indeed be a trendsetter for other States. The success of a pioneering initiative such as IAMWARM Project is naturally dependant on a thorough understanding of aspects such as modem agriculture, crop diversification, agriculture marketing, Rural IT Kiosks, livestock management, organic farming etc. This report takes a close look at the Water Resources Consolidation Project (WRCP) which is the precursor of IAMWARM Project and makes a detailed presentation on the IAMWARM Project institutional framework, ESA approach to the study area, SEMF, Institutional strengthening and the key environmental and social issues of the river basins. We eamestly believe that this report would contribute in the furtherance of productive agricultural practices and effective water resource management in the State of Tamil Nadu and contribute to enhance level of individual productivity and prosperity of the farmers in the State. Further, we trust the report will prove to be a rallying force in our quest for a better environment and sustainable development. Ms Gayathri Ramachandran, IAS Director General, EPTRI & Ex-officio Special Chief Secretary to Govemment of Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad March, 2006 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to thank the following officials and organizations for sharing their valuable time and inputs to carry out this study. * Sri Vibhu Nair, IAS, Project Director, MDPU, Chennai * The Chief Engineer (Plan Formulation), WRO, PWD, Senior Officers, Officers and Staff of WRO, PWD Chepauk. * Sri Nagaraja Rao Harshdeep, Senior Environmental Specialist, South Asia Region, World Bank. * Sri Rajagopalan, IAMWARM Project Consultant, WRO, Chennai * The Director, Senior Officers, Officers and Staff of IWS d The Director, Senior Officers, Officers and Staff of State Ground and Surface Water Resources Data Centre * The Director, Department of Environment, Government of Tamil Nadu * Officers and Staff of Environment Cell Division of Chief Engineer (PF), WRO, PWD and Environment Cells of IWS. * GAIA Intemational Organization, Thiruvanmiyur, Chennai. * Several citizen groups, farmers, social workers and activists who have shown great interest in the study. Their inputs during the stakeholders' consultative workshops were extremely useful. * Special thanks to Mr. Rajagopalan, IAMWARM Project Consultant, WRO, PWD, Sri Nagaraja Rao Harshdeep, Senior Environmental Specialist, South Asia Region, World Bank for their guidance and support for facilitating the study. DIRECTOR GENERAL Environment Protection Training & Research Institute (EPTRI) 111 CONTENTS Chapter No. Page No FOREWORD ACKNOWLEDGEMENT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 1 INTRODUCTION 35 1.1 Water Resources 35 1.2 Irrigated Agriculture 35 1.3 Tank Systems 36 1.4 Overall Economy 37 1.5 Tamil Nadu Water Resource Consolidation Project (WRCP) 39 1.6 Context for ESA 40 1.7 IAMWARM Project Description 42 2 POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 50 2.1 Introduction 50 2.2 Water Resource Organization 50 2.3 Dam safety Directorate 50 2.4 Water Resources - Institutions 51 2.5 Water Resources - Policies and Acts 59 2.6 National Environment Policy 65 2.7 Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 66 2.8 The Environment Protection, Act, 1986 66 2.9 The Indian Forest Act, 1927 66 2.10 Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical Rules 68 2.11 Notification on Coastal Regulation Zone, 1991 68 2.12 Irrigated Agriculture- Institutions 69 2.13 Participatory Irrigation Management 73 2.14 Irrigation Acts 73 2.15 Aquaculture Acts 75 2.16 Tamil Nadu Agricultural Produce Marketing (Regulation) Act 1987 75 2.17 Panchayat & Land Acts 75 2.18 Implications of various Acts on IAMWARM Project 76 iv 3 REVIEW OF PAST EXPERIENCES 77 3.1 Tamil Nadu Water Resource Consolidation Project (TNWRCP) 77 3.2 Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) 79 3.3 LAER (Land Acquisition and Economic Rehabilitation) Cell 83 3.4 Environmental Cell Division (EC Division) 84 3.5 Pilot Project in Hanumanadhi Sub-Basin - Review 84 3.6 Tamil Nadu Women in Agriculture (TANWA) funded by DANIDA 90 3.7 Pudhu Vazhvu 92 3.8 Social Welfare Schemes and Programmes 93 3.9 Area Development 100 3.10 Drought Prone Area Development Programme (DPAP) 100 3.11 Integrated Wasteland Development Programme (IWDP) 101 3.12 Provision of Infrastructural Facilities in Tribal Blocks 101 3.13 Community Welfare Development Programme 101 3.14 Rural Poverty Profile 105 3.15 Hydrology Project - I 108 4 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL INFORMATION 111 4.1 Demography 111 4.2 Tamil Nadu Human Development Report 113 4.3 Climate 115 4.4 Water Resources 115 4.5 Forest Cover 115 4.6 Wetlands 115 4.7 Agriculture 116 4.8 Irrigation 121 4.9 Tank Systems 121 4.10 Dam Safety 124 4.11 Sand Mining 126 4.12 Fisheries 128 4:13 Fertilizer Consumption 131 4.14 Pesticide Consumption 131 4.15 Crop Diversification 133 4.16 Water Weeds 136 4.17 Prosopis juliflora 137 4.18 Live Stock 138 4.19 Poultry 141 4.20 Water Bom Diseases 142 4.21 Municipal Solid waste 144 4.22 Disaster Management 145 4.23 Rain Water Harvesting 145 4.24 Comprehensive Waste Land Development Programme 146 4.25 Participatory Watershed Development 146 4.26 Information Technology in Tamil Nadu 147 4.27 Study Area 152 4.28 Environmental and Social Issues in the Sub Basins 156 v 4.29 Water Related Environmental Issues in River Basins 170 5 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACTS AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 172 5.1 Introduction 172 5.2 Legal and Administrative Frame Work 172 5.3 Environmental Impacts 173 5.4 Social Impacts 175 5.5 Environment Management Plan (EMP) 176 5.6 With and Without Environment Management Plan 180 5.7 Analysis of alternatives with and without project 183 5.8 Social and Economic Impact and Alternative Strategies 184 6. STAKEHOLDERS' CONSULTATIONS 185 6.1 Target Participants 185 6.2 Consultation Workshops 185 6.3 Process of Consultations 186 7 SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK 211 7.1 Introduction 211 7.2 Overview of TNWRCP and IAMWARM projects 211 7.3 Social and Environmental Management Framework (SEMF) 214 7.4 SEMF for Sub-Basins 226 7.5 Irrigation Scheduling Model 258 7.6 Real Time Forecasting Model 259 7.7 Application of World Bank Safeguard Policies 260 7.8 Guidelines for Screening Social Safeguards 261 7.9 Checklist for Screening of Land Acquisition and Resettlement Impacts 262 7.10 List of Ineligible Activities 270 7.11 Indicative Outline Terms of Reference for Social Assessment 270 7.12 Land Acquisition and Monitoring Sheet 273 7.13 Overall Suggestions 274 7.14 Training due to Mechanization 282 7.15 Institutional Framework 282 7.16 Institutional Framework - State Level 282 7.17 Project Implementation Agencies 283 7.18 Training Institutions 284 7.19 External Monitoring and Evaluation Agency 284 7.20 Constitution of an Apex Body at State Level 284 7.21. Suggestions for the Farmers for the sustainability of WUAs 285 7.22 Suggestions for speedy implementation of PIM 286 7.23 Suggestions for Disaster Management 286 7.24 Water Conservation Measures 287 V1 7.25 Suggested Institutional Arrangements 288 7.26 Suggested Organizational Structure for Environmental and Social Development Cell 290 8 MONITORING FRAMEWORK 291 8.1 Need for Monitoring and Evaluation 291 8.2 Monitoring and Evaluation for IAMWARM 292 8.3 Key Monitoring Indicators 293 8.4 Monitoring and Evaluation Indicators 297 ANNEXURES 1. Baseline Environmental and Social information for 16 river basins A-1 2. Photos of stakeholder meetings A-234 3. Dam Safety A-237 4. Integrated Pest Management Plan A-252 5. Cultural Property Management Plan A-259 6. Resettlement Framework A-264 7. Tribal Development Strategy A-279 8. Gender Issues A-289 9. Institutions working on water related issues in Tamil Nadu A-296 10. List of Officials consulted during the Study A-335 11. Schematic Presentations A-339 12. References A-345 vii LIST OF TABLES Table Name Page No 1.1 Growth in Gross Domestic Product (1993-94) Prices - 39 A Trend Analysis 1.2 National Income (GDP) vis-a-vis State Income (GSDP) and 39 Per capita Income at Constant (1993-94) Prices 2.1 Technical working group committees of WRCRC 55 2.2 Technical working group committees of Environmental Sector 57 2.3 Activities of the Line Departments 70 2.4 Farmers Councils 73 3.1 Farmers Councils (WrUAs) 80 3.2 Benefits of Haat 92 3.3 Poverty Alleviation Programmes 99 3.4 No. of Panchayats as on 2003-04 by Population 103 3.5 Distribution of Panchayat Unions & Village Panchayats by 104 District 2004-05 3.6 Trends in Incidence of Poverty in Tamil Nadu 105 3.7 Performance of Important Schemes during 2003-04 106 4.1 Total Population of Tamil Nadu 111 4.2 Total Child Population of Tamil Nadu 112 4.3 Total SC Population of Tamil Nadu 112 4.4 Total ST Population of Tamil Nadu 112 4.5 Literacy rate in Tamil Nadu 112 4.6 District-wise HDI and GDI values, 2001 114 4.7 Wetlands of Tamil Nadu 116 4.8 Area Production and Yield Rate of Principal Crops 117 4.9 Proposed productions for 2005-06 117 4.10 Agricultural performance of Tamil Nadu 117 4.11 Value of Agricultural Produce Sold by Marketing 120 Cooperatives 4.12 Categorization of Tanks in Tamil Nadu 122 4.13 Area irrigated by different sizes of Tank in Tamil Nadu 122 4.14 Constraints in tank irrigation development and required 123 modernization measures 4.15 PWD dams 125 4.16 Approved Sand quarries 126 viii 4.17 Authorized Sand quarries in Madurai Region 126 4.18 Authorized Sand quarries in Chennai Region 126 4.19 Authorized Sand quarries in Pollachi Region 127 4.20 Authorized Sand quarries in Trichy Region 128 4.21 Marine Fish Catches by Boats 129 4.22 Inland Fish Production: By Source 130 4.23 Export of Fish and Fish Products 130 4.24 List of Common Pests 132 4.25 Area, Production and Yield rate of Horticulture Crops 136 4.26 Trends in Livestock Population (lakhs) - Tamil Nadu 138 4.27 Milk Products and Value 140 4.28 Average Yield Rate of Milk (Kgs., / Animal / day) 141 4.29 Malaria incidence in rural and urban Areas of Tamil Nadu 143 4.30 Details of ADD/Cholera in Tamil Nadu 144 4.31 Stakeholder consultation workshops in 16 river basins 156 4.32 Major environmental and social issues in the sub basins 157 4.33 Water related Enviromnental issues 170 5.1 Analysis of alternatives 180 6.1 Stakeholder consultation workshops in 16 river basins 186 7.1 IAMWARM Sub-Basin Project Cycle 213 7.2 SEMF 214 7.3 SEME for the IAMWARM Project 226 7.4 Bank Safeguard Policies 260 7.5 Sub Project Activities and its Impacts 261 7.6 Category of Impacts 265 7.7 SWOT Analysis of Institutional Strengthening under 275 IAMWARM Project 7.8 Principal aspects of training required for various stakeholders 279 8.1 Use of Various Indicators 292 8.2 Key Monitoring Indicators for Projects and Sub Projects 293 8.3 Monitoring Indictors for Planning, Designing, Implementation 294 and Post Implementation Ix ABBREVIATIONS ADD Acute Diarrhea Disease APWALTA Andhra Pradesh Water, Land and Trees Act BEES Battelle Environment Evolution System BMP Basin Management Plan BOD Biological Oxygen Demand BPL Below Poverty Line CAD Computer Aided Drafting CDM Clean Development Mechanism CE Chief Engineer CETP Common Effluent Treatment Plant CWC Central Water Commission DANIDA Danish International Development Assistance DFO Divisional Forest Officer DPR Detailed Project Report DSS Decision Support System DVMS Data Base Management System DWACRA Development of Women and Child in Rural Areas EAP Environment Action Plan EC Electrical Conductivity EIA Environment Impact Assessment EPTRI Environment Protection Training and Research Institute ESA Environmental and Social Assessment ESG Environmental and Social Guidelines ESR Engineer Survey Report ETI Environment Training Institute FOT Farmers Organizations Turnover FYM Farm Yard Manure GDI Gender Development Index GDP Gross Domestic Product x GHG Green House Gases GIS Geographic Information System GoAP Government of Andhra Pradesh Gol Government of India GoTN Government of Tamil Nadu HADP Hill Area Development Programme HCWC Horizontal Continuum Work Culture HDI Human Development Index HDR Human Development Report HHL House Hold Latrines HYV High Yielding Varieties IAM Impact Assessment Matrix IAMWARM Irrigated Agricultural Modernization and Water Resource Management ICAR Indian Council of Agriculture Research ICR Implementation Completion Report ICID International Commission for Irrigation and Drainage IEC Information Education and Communication IES Integrated Environment Strategies IGA Income Generating Activities IIT Indian Institute of Technology IMTI Irrigation Management and Training Institute IMY Indira Mahila Yojana INM Integrated Nutrient Management IPDP Indigenous Peoples' Development Plan IPLS Integrated Plant Nutrient Supply IPM Integrated Pest Management IRDP Integrated Rural Development Project ISDI Inter State Development Index ITDA Integrated Tribal Development Agency IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management IWS Institute of Water Studies JFM Joint Forest Management xi KIWSS Kamataka Integrated Water Supply and Sanitation KLBC Kodhaiar Left Bank Canal LA Land Acquisition LPCD Liters Percapita Per Day M&E Monitoring & Evolution MCC Municipal Corporation of Chennai MDPP Multi Disciplinary Project Preparation Panel MDT Multi Disciplinary Teams MFP Minor Forest Product MIS Management Information System MNP Minimum Needs Programme MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forests MoU Memorandum of Understanding NA Not Available NDWM National Drinking Water Mission NGO Non Governmental Organisation NOC No Objection Certificate NRSA National Remote Sensing Agency O&M Operation and Maintenance OBC Other Backward Caste OHT Over Head Tank PACT Project Appraisal Core Team PAF Project Affected Family PAP Project Affected Person PC Project Committee PESA Panchayats Extension to Scheduled Areas PF Plan Formulation PFA Prevention of Food Adulteration PFC Plan Formulation Circle PHC Private Household Connection PHED Public Health Engineering Department PIM Participatory Irrigation Management xii PPC Plant Protection Chemicals PPTT Project Planning Task Team PRA Participatory Research Appraisal PSP Public Stand Post PWD Public Works Department QA Quality Assurance R&D Research and Development R&R Rehabilitation and Resettlement RAP Resettlement Action Plan RD Rural Development RP Resettlement Plan SAR Sodium Absorption Ratio SEMF Social and Environmental Management Framework SHG Self Help Groups SG&SWRDC State Ground and Surface Water Resources Data Center SPCB State Pollution Control Board SPOR State Policy on Rehabilitation TANWA Tamil Nadu Women in Agriculture TBO Tree Borne Oil TC Territorial Committee TDS Total Dissolved Solids TN Tamil Nadu TNIIN Tamil Nadu Irrigation Information Network TNPCB Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board TNWRCP Tamil Nadu Water Resources Consolidation Project TOR Terms of Reference TWADB Tamil Nadu Water and Drainage Board UJNEP United Nations Environment Programme UTM Universal Transverse Mercator VWSC Village Water Supply Committee WB World Bank WHC Water Holding Capacity xiii WRCP Water Resources Consolidation Project WRCRC Water Resources Control and Review Council WRO Water Resources Organization WUA Water User Association WRRF Water Resources Research Fund WRM Water Resources Management ZPG Zero Population Growth xiv TEAM MEMBERS Core staff Mr. P.Prasada Rao Dr. G. Choodamani Ms. R. Rekha Nair Mr. E.S.R.Murthy Mr. K.R.S.L.Narasimham Non -Technical staff Mr. G. Venkatacharyulu Mr.S.V.John Peter Mr. I. Sobhanbabu Mr. A. Venkatesh xv ABBREVIATIONS ADD Acute Diarrhea Disease APWALTA Andhra Pradesh Water, Land and Trees Act BEES Battelle Environment Evolution System BMP Basin Management Plan BOD Biological Oxygen Demand BPL Below Poverty Line CAD Computer Aided Drafting CDM Clean Development Mechanism CE Chief Engineer CETP Common Effluent Treatment Plant CWC Central Water Commission DANIDA Danish International Development Assistance DFO Divisional Forest Officer DPR Detailed Project Report DSS Decision Support System DVMS Data Base Management System DWACRA Development of Women and Child in Rural Areas EAP Environment Action Plan EC Electrical Conductivity EIA Environment Impact Assessment EPTRI Environment Protection Training and Research Institute ESA Environmental and Social Assessment ESG Environmental and Social Guidelines ESR Engineer Survey Report ETI Environment Training Institute FOT Farmers Organizations Turnover FYM Farm Yard Manure GDI Gender Development Index GDP Gross Domestic Product GHG Green House Gases vi GIS Geographic Information System GoAP Government of Andhra Pradesh Gol Government of India GoTN Government of Tamil Nadu HADP Hill Area Development Programme HCWC Horizontal Continuum Work Culture HDI Human Development Index HHL House Hold Latrines HYV High Yielding Varieties IAM Impact Assessment Matrix IAMWARM Irrigated Agricultural Modernization and Water Resource Management ICAR Indian Council of Agriculture Research ICR Implementation Completion Report ICID International Commission for Irrigation and Drainage IEC Information Education and Communication IES Integrated Environment Strategies IGA Income Generating Activities lIT Indian Institute of Technology IMTI Irrigation Management and Training Institute IMY Indira Mahila Yojana INM Integrated Nutrient Management IPDP Indigenous Peoples' Development Plan IPLS Integrated Plant Nutrient Supply IPM Integrated Pest Management IRDP Integrated Rural Development Project ISDI Inter State Development Index ITDA Integrated Tribal Development Agency IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management IWS Institute of Water Studies JFM Joint Forest Management KIWSS Karnataka Integrated Water Supply and Sanitation vii KLBC Kodhaiar Left Bank Canal LA Land Acquisition LPCD Liters Percapita Per Day M&E Monitoring & Evolution MCC Municipal Corporation of Chennai MDPP Multi Disciplinary Project Preparation Panel MDT Multi Disciplinary Teams MFP Minor Forest Product MIS Management Information System MNP Minimum Needs Programme MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forests MoU Memorandum of Understanding NA Not Available NDWM National Drinking Water Mission NGO Non Governmental Organisation NOC No Objection Certificate NRSA National Remote Sensing Agency O&M Operation and Maintenance OBC Other Backward Caste OHT Over Head Tank PACT Project Appraisal Core Team PAF Project Affected Family PAP Project Affected Person PC Project Committee PESA Panchayats Extension to Scheduled Areas PF Plan Formulation PFA Prevention of Food Adulteration PFC Plan Formulation Circle PHC Private Household Connection PHED Public Health Engineering Department PIM Participatory Irrigation Management PPC Plant Protection Chemicals viii PPTT Project Planning Task Team PRA Participatory Research Appraisal PSP Public Stand Post PWD Public Works Department QA Quality Assurance R&D Research and Development R&R Rehabilitation and Resettlement RAP Resettlement Action Plan RD Rural Development RP Resettlement Plan SAR Sodium Absorption Ratio SEMF Social and Environmental Management Framework SHG Self Help Groups SG&SWRDC State Ground and Surface Water Resources Data Center SPCB State Pollution Control Board SPOR State Policy on Rehabilitation TANWA Tamil Nadu Women in Agriculture TBO Tree Borne Oil TC Territorial Committee TDS Total Dissolved Solids TN Tamil Nadu TNIIN Tamil Nadu Irrigation Information Network TNPCB Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board TNWRCP Tamil Nadu Water Resources Consolidation Project TOR Terms of Reference TWADB Tamil Nadu Water and Drainage Board UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UTM Universal Transverse Mercator VWSC Village Water Supply Committee WB World Bank WHC Water Holding Capacity WRCP Water Resources Consolidation Project ix WRCRC Water Resources Control and Review Council WRO Water Resources Organization WUA Water User Association WRRF Water Resources Research Fund WRM Water Resources Management ZPG Zero Population Growth x EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction Tamil Nadu, the southem most State of the Indian peninsula is, spread over 1,30,058 kM2 and lies between 080 05"N and 130 35" N and 76° 15" E and 800 20" E. It is surrounded by the States of Andhra Pradesh in the north, Kerala in the west, Kamataka on the Northwest, Indian Ocean on the south and the Bay of Bengal on the east. The population of Tamil Nadu is 6,21,10,839 as per 2001 Census. The rural population is entirely depending on agriculture. Water Resources of Tamil Nadu There are 17 river basin groups in Tamil Nadu, a majority of which are water- stressed. There are 61 major reservoirs, about 40,000 tanks and about 3.0 million wells, that heavily utilize the available surface water (1 7.5 BCM) and groundwater (1 5.3 BCM). Agriculture is the single largest consumer of water in the state, using 75% of the states water. Irrigation through a combination of canals, wells and tanks increases the reliability and availability of water for farming and is essential for cultivating crops in much of the state. About 30% of the net irrigated area is watered by canals, 21% by tanks and 49% is fed by wells. The remaining area is irrigated by other sources such as streams and springs. Rain fed agriculture employing about 25% of farmers accounts for 46% of the net sown area of 5.5 million hectares. The percapita availability of water resources in Tamil Nadu is 900 cubic meters a year as against 2200 cubic meters for all India. 1 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project Project Description Tamil Nadu has implemented a World Bank financed Water Resources Consolidation Project (WRCP) from 1995-2004. The WRCP project has contributed to improving the environment by developing a State Environmental Planning Framework, by creating an Environmental Cell (EC) in the office of Chief Engineer (Plan Formulation), fornation of three WRO EC divisions as focal points for environmental activities in the WRO, creating and strengthening an environmental wing at the Institute of Water Studies (IWS). A special unit in the PWD Secretariat has been created for Land Acquisition and Economic Rehabilitation (LAER). Water Resources Research Fund (WRRF) capitalizing on the success of the WRRF established in the TN WRCP, this investment would expand the activities undertaken using the fund for targeted studies, awareness raising and applied research on key water and irrigated agriculture issues (including related environmental and social development issues) facing the state. The IAMWARM project is a successor to the recently-completed TN WRCP. The WRCP supported the state in a wide range of physical investments and institutional development that the IAMWARM project seeks to deepen. The key focus areas for IAMWARM are on irrigated agriculture modemization and on integrated water resources management to improve the productivity of water. Proposed Project Development Objective: The proposed project development objective is to improve and sustain irrigation service delivery and productivity of irrigated agriculture with effective integrated water resources management in a river basin/sub-basin framework in Tamil Nadu. The capacity-building activities would be state-wide in scope but the physical investments (rehabilitation of existing irrigation/water assets and support for agricultural diversification and improved livestock and fisheries management) under the project would be located in selected riverbasins/sub-basins throughout the State of Tamil Nadu, India. The above objectives are to be achieved through investments for modemizing irrigation infrastructure (including systems rehabilitation, on-farm works, technical and managerial upgrading of institutions involved in irrigation development, operation and management, diversification of agriculture with appropriate extension measures and market linkages, promoting public-private partnerships, piloting innovative irrigation infrastructure development and management options) and re-orienting and strengthening institutions and instruments required for integrated effective water resources management in the State (including unbundling resource management from service delivery institutions). The proposed project would consist of the following two key components: * Irrigated Agriculture Modemization * Water Resource Management Irrigated Agriculture Modernization: Irrigation systems modemization in a sub-basin framework (including parficipatory and sustainable modemization of any water storages and 2 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project related irrigation infrastructure including system/non-system/rainfed tanks, pump set efficiency; measurement and monitoring covering about one million hectares expanding on the experience of the Hanuman Nadhi pilot. It is expected that this would be initiated in the Palar, Parambikulam Aliyar, Thambiraparani, Vaigai and Kodayar Basins and extended to other basins. Institutional Modernization for Irrigated Agriculture (targeted modernization and improved asset inventory and management plans (for instance, dams, tanks, irrigation infrastructure, agricultural, horticultural, fisheries data) technical and managerial upgrading of irrigation development and service delivery institutions, modemization of manuals/procedures, computerization, LAN and WAN, knowledge management software, information management and sharing, public interaction, closer integration of WRO/PWD and Agriculture, Horticulture, Agricultural Engineering, Livestock/Fisheries Departments. Sustainable Agriculture modernization (cropping systems diversification and management to improve water conservation and farmer returns, integrated pest and nutrient management, public private Partnerships for extension, post-processing, certification, marketing) An integrated Sub-basin Development and Management Plan would be developed for each sub-basin to provide a shared vision planning of proposed investments and capacity- building under the project. Water Resources Management: This component is intended to strengthen the policy and institutional framework for improved sustainable management of water resources in the State. These activities would include: State-level (converting the WRCRC to a State Water Council, amalgamating the associated sub-committees and upgrading the Institute of Water Studies (IWS) and the Surface and Groundwater Data Center (SGDC) to a State Water Resources Agency, establishment of a Water Regulator, development of appropriate policy and institutional arrangements, instruments, and information tools to promote flexible water resources management) Basin-level (Strengthening, empowering and expanding Basin Development and Management Boards, development of basin analytical decision support systems targeted to support key policy and investment decisions, drought/flood preparedness, participatory structured consultations including strategic social and environmental assessments to systematically develop sub-basin development and management plans, demonstration pilots) Environmental & Social Assessment (ESA) The ESA has been carried out to provide input into the IAMWARM Project in accordance with the World Bank operational guidelines. The primary objective of the ESA is to identify the key environmental and social issues in 41 sub-basins relating to agriculture (irrigation systems improvement, agriculture, horticulture, fisheries, etc,). A wide range of data has been collected pertaining to environmental and social issues and prepared SEMF. 3 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project Study Area The LAMWARM project is for the entire State of Tamil Nadu covering 117 sub- basins in 17 river basins of Chennai, Palar, Varahanadi, Ponnaiyar, Paravanar, Vellar, Agniyar, Pambar & Kottakaraiyar, Vaigai, Gundar, Vaippar, Kallar, Tamirabarani, Nambiyar, Kothaiar, Parambikulam & Aliyar Project. In the first year 41 sub basins are proposed under this project. The methodology adopted for this study includes stakeholders consultations, field visits, secondary data collection, compilation and interpretation. Stakeholders Consultations Stakeholder consultation is an important aspect in this project to obtain the perception and views of the stakeholders on social and environmental concerns pertaining to the local areas. The objective of stakeholders consultation is to minimize the negative impacts in the area and make them feel that they are the ultimate beneficiaries of the project in this process the views ascertained from the stakeholders is analyzed and incorporated in the project document. The ESA study initially obtain the opinions of the stakeholders and the same has been analyzed and incorporated at the sub basin level. The stakeholder views from various stakeholders consultative workshops are as follows: 7- River Basin Stakeholder views Pollachi (PAP) * Sprinkler and drip irrigation should be introduced in the entire canal instead of selected area. * Live stock development should be encouraged. * Dairy activities should be encouraged. Thiruvannamalai (Ponnaiyar River * Drip irrigation Basin) * Introducing of modern agriculture practices * Alternative cropping 4 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project pattem in draught prone areas * Market linkage Krishnagiri (Ponniyar River Basin) * Construction of check dams * Cold storage facilities * Training of Vermicomposting and organic farming Atthur (Vellar River Basin) * Information should reach to tailend farmers * Setting up of water and sewage treatment plants * Embryo transplantation techniques should require 5 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project Pudukkottai (Agniar River Basin) * Awareness cultivation of herbal plantations * Mobile veterinary van should provide * Construction of percolation ponds Vaigai Basin, Madurai * Separate news letter should published to disseminate modem agriculture techniques * Environmental awareness programmes should conduct Vaipar River Basin, Srivalluputhur * Protection of wild life sanctuary * Improve and implementation of rainwater harvesting pits * Sustainable drinking water facilities * Old pump set motors should replace Tamirabarani, Thirunelveli * Cooperative milk society should establish * Marketing arrangement for bio-fuel * Restoration of ecological balance through resource conservation Kothaiyar, Nagerkovil * Better irrigation facilities should provide * Awareness should be created on eco tourism concept * Better market price for agriculture products Valliyoor (Nambiyur River basin) * Disiltation of tanks should taken up * Horticulture crops should promote * Better marketing accessibility with information technology Palar River Bain, Cheyyar Sub * Disilting of tank and Bain, Kancheepuram supply channels 6 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project * Promotion of drip and sprinkler irrigation methods * Land reclamation Tindivanam (Varahanadhi River * Training in crop Basin): diversification, cropping practices and waste water use in agriculture * Application of gypsum as soil conditioner to improve soil fertility * Training on integrated pest management techniques Vaigai Basin, Paramakudi * Promotion of SHGs * Facilities for seed marketing technology * Training programmes on vermicompost, honeybee cultivation and fish culture Gundar Basin, Aruppukottai * Revenue from sand mining should distribute equally * Solid waste must be disposed hygienically * Fish stocking in irrigation tanks * Fish seed should promote * Marketing facilities for agriculture products Velar Basin, Perambalur * Separate website should be created to know the market price and to know the new technologies available in field of agriculture and horticulture * Prevent dumping of plastic and solid waste into the tanks * Water borne diseases must prevent * Milk chilling facility should require 7 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project Kosasthalalyar Sub Basin, * Integrated pest Thiruvallur management and organic farming should be practiced * Awareness programmes to the farmers to use modem agriculture implements * Disiltation of tanks * Catchment degradation should address * Crop diversification information should provide P- - - Application of World Bank Safeguard Policies Policy Applicability Comments Significant adverse social or environmental impacts are not expected as all significant physical investments are expected to be in the nature of rehabilitation of existing assets. Enviromnmental However, an integrated Environmental and Social Assessment Assessment Y (ESA) with an Environmental and Social Management Plan (OP/BP 401) es (ESMP) to both manage risks and maximize environmental and social opportunities will be finalized based on earlier work and experiences of the TN WRCP project and consideration of new activities proposed in the TN IAMWARM project. Natural No adverse impacts on natural habitats expected, but this issue Habitats No will be further tracked during the ESA implementation (OP/BP 4.04) Forests No No proposed activities would trigger this policy. No pesticides and fertilizers are expected to be financed directly by the project; however, there may be induced Pest impacts of increased fertilizer and pesticide use due to Management Yes improved agricultural intensification and diversification. The (OP 4.09) project will support scaling-up state-wide Integrated Pest Management and Integrated Nutrient Management efforts and support for safer and organic food production and marketing. 8 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project A pest management plan will be proposed as part of the ESA and ESMIP. No significant adverse impacts on cultural property expected, Cultural but this issue will be examined during the ESA (particularly in Property (OPN Yes relation to proper management of any religious and other 11.03) physical cultural property associated with tanks during rehabilitation). Indigenous No adverse impacts on tribals are expected, but the project Peoples (OD No will examine ways to improve benefits to tribals, women, and 4.20) other vulnerable groups as part of the ESA. No significant resettlement expected - but these will be Involuntary examined further as preparation proceeds. The successful Resettlement Yes arrangements adopted under the previous TN WRCP project (OPIBP 4.12) will also be adopted as required. The project will support safety of dams associated with the Safety of project areas (unless already addressed under other parallel 4.37) Yes projects). The project will also support safety improvement of tank systems as part of tank rehabilitation. Projects on Interational No No project activities in intemational waterways. Waterways (OP/BP 7.50) Projects in Areas (OP/BP No No project activities in disputed areas. 7.60) Key Environmental issues in the river basins The distinct environmental issues confronting the river basins essentially relate to groundwater depletion, excess fluoride and nitrate concentration in groundwater. Further, it has been noticed that the surface water is polluted due to untreated industrial effluents. There is also the problem of sea water intrusion and soil erosion. Consequent to the rapid urbanization, there is increase in sand mining resulting in catchment area degradation. It has been noticed that there is growth of Juliflora and aquatic weeds. The key issue that emerges from the study is the need for extensive promotion of organic farming, vermicomposting and bio-fertilizers. Key social issues in the river basins There are distinct social fallouts, significant among them being the aspect relating to migration. There is a discemable decline in livestock population. It has emerged from the study that there is a need for adoption of modem agricultural practices, as also the need for training women in post harvesting technologies. More significantly the emphasis ought to be on local specific rural enterprise development and vocational training programmes for the adolescent boys and girls. There is a need to strengthen the existing agriculture markets and introduce the IT based agri-marketing initiatives. There is also need for strengthening of rural health, sanitation and infrastructure. 9 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project While the above are key environmental and social issues at random, an effort has been made to establish the environmental and social issues specific to the sub-basin which is tabulated below. However, it is pertinent to point out that there is not much of a variation in the environmental and social concerns of the different sub-basins. It is just that there may be a variation in the intensity and magnitude of the problem. 10 Sub basin wise Environmental and social issues: S.No Main River Sub Basin Environmental Issues Social Issues Basin * Industrial Pollution * Sea water intrusion reduced the quality of groundwater * Sand Mining is prevalent in the . * Encroachment in the river and tank river bed areas beds oSiltatloon * Poor sanitary conditions * Coastal erosion * Skin allergies I Chennai 1. Kosasthalaiyar * Weed growth * Mosquito breeding due to water * Industrial effluents released stagnation and into river *Elephantiasis * Domestic Sewage released into river * Over exploitation of ground water * Dumping of debris into tanks * Ground water contamination * Dying Effluents In Arni Taluk * Water contamination due to Poor literacy levels Kattamanku * Anthrax disease in cattle 2 Palar 2. Cheyyar * Sand mining seen in the river bed areas * Provide good likage for marketing * Domestic Sewage of Ami town and Thiruvathipuram * Water weeds 11 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project * Sand mining seen in the river bed areas * Ground water depletion due to * Seasonal migration due to industries unemployment * Solid waste problem in * Poor marketing facilities and poor Vandavasi Municipality value addition 3. Kliyar * Sea water intrusion near * Poor literacy levels leading to Vayalur migration * Sugar mill effluents in * Poor sanitary conditions and Padalam unhygienic conditions * Water weeds * Diseases surveillance due to * Lack of sewage treatment plant mosquitoes and pigs Vandavasi and Madurantagam Municipalities * Domestic sewage Poor solid waste management Livestock reduction with unidentified * Drinking water pollution due diseases to drainage water. conditions 3 Pennaiyar 4. Chinnar I a * Sand mining seen in the river ltPoor litacy levels bed areas *Po ieaylvl be area. * Water borne diseases in this river * Soil erosion seen in the river basin and tank beds * Water weeds 12 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project * Seasonal migration due to poor * Sand mining seen in the river literacy levels bed areas * Livestock reduction with unidentified * Water contamination diseases 5. Chinnar I b * Domestic sewage led into * Poor sanitary conditions and sanitation rivers programmes are not properly * Water weeds implemented. * Textile effluents * Health problems due to mosquitoes and stagnation of water * Water pollution due to industries * Mango processing effluents released into tank leading to * Health problems due to industrial water contamination and algal water pollution 6. Pennaiyar to blooms * Livestock diseases and decrease in the Krishnagiri * Sand mining is very high in the trend of livestock. river bed area * Encroachment of river and tank beds * Poor solid waste management * Soil erosion seen in the river and tank beds * Lack of solid waste disposal * Seasonal migration due to poor method literacy levels 7 Pambar* Sago industrial effluents a * Livestock reduction due to diseases P major problem * Poor sanitary conditions leading to * Water weeds diseases * Encroachment of irrigation canals 13 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project * Lack of solid waste disposal * Seasonal migration due to poor method literacy levels . * Sago industrial effluents led 8. Vaniyar into the river * Livestock reduction due to diseases into the rir . Poor sanitary conditions in the * Sand mining is seen in the residential areas riverbed areas. . Municipal sewage letting out * Seasonal migration due to poor into rivers literacy levels 9. Musukundanadhi * Sand mining in the river bed * Livestock reduction due to 9MSan munidentified diseases areas * Poor sanitary conditions in the * Lack of sewage treatment plant residential areas * Mining of rocks * Seasonal migration due to poor * Municipal sewage letting out literacy levels 4 Varahanadhi 10. Varahanadhi into rivers * Livestock reduction due to * Sand mining in the river bed unidentified diseases areas * Lack of awareness in solid waste . Water weeds minimization and management * Coconut trees are affected due to water pollution * Social conflicts in water utilization . V * Sand mining is prevalent in the * Inadequate school teachers leading 5 Vellar I I.Manimuthanadhli river beds low literacy levels * Over exploitation of ground * Anthrax diseases in cattle water into cipal sewage letting out * Seasonal migration due to lack of iEfunts fr o employment 12. Kil Vellar r Effluents from sugar mdustnes * Livestock reduction due to diseases * Lack of sewage treatment * Poor drinking water supply and ___Lack___of__sewage___treatmenpant sanitation plants 14 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project * Seasonal migration due to lack of * Sago industrial effluents employment 13. Upper Vellar released into river * Livestock reduction due to diseases * Sand mining leading to * Poor drinking water supply and depletion in ground water level sanitation * No marketing facilities * Seasonal migration due to lack of employment * Livestock reduction due to diseases in * Ground water pollution ctl 14. Swethanadhi * Sand mining in the river beds cattle 14. wetanahi ir olltio du tocemnt * Poor drinking water supply and * Air pollution due to cement sanitation factory * No marketing facilities * Problem of mosquitoes leading to malaria * Seasonal migration due to lack of employment * Ground water pollution * Livestock reduction due to 15. Chinnar * Sand mining in the river bed unidentified diseases. areas * Poor drinking water supply and sanitation * Females affected by cancer Ground water pollution * Seasonal migration due to * Sand mining prevalent the unemployment 16. Anivari river beds * Livestock reduction due to lack of No proper solid waste veterinary hospitals maNoarent w* Poor drinking water supply and management sanitation 15 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project * Excessive nitrate concentration * Seasonal migration due to poverty in ground water * Reduction in grassing land and * Poor solid waste management livestock 17. Agniar t Soil erosion seen in river and * Low literacy rate due to poverty tank beds * Poor marketing facilities f Excessive use of chemical * Poor sanitary conditions leading to fertilizers polluting the surface several diseases. a well as ground water. * Juliflora growth is * Seasonal migration due to predominant unemployment 6 Agniar * Sand mining seen in the river * Women empowerment through SHGs 18. Ambuliar beds * School drop outs due to lack of * Excessive use of chemical teachers fertilizers polluting the ground * Poor sanitary conditions leading to waters several diseases. * Juliflora growth is predominant * Seasonal migration due to lack of 19. South Vellar * Sand mining seen in the river employment beds * Women empowerment through SHGs * Over exploitation of ground * No health care centers water * Soil erosion seen in the river and tank beds * Improved livelihood due to coir * Siltation and deforestation industries 7 Parambikulam 20. Parambikulam * Sand mining leading to * Decrease in livestock due to diseases Aliyar Project Aliyar depletion of water level. * Women empowerment through SHGs * Pollution due to coir industries * Water borne diseases due to * Excess fluoride and nitrate unhygienic conditions concentration 16 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project * Improved livelihood due to coir * Soil infertility due to salinity industries 21. Palar * Ground water pollution * Decrease in livestock due to * Catchment area degradation unidentified diseases * Women empowerment through SHGs * Juliflora and Ipomea growth * Soil alkalinity and erosion * Sand mining seen in the river * Seasonal migration due to lack of beds eason t 22. Kottakaraiyar * Chlorides in ground water emSkom diseases and health problems due * Sewage discharge into water to poor sanitary conditions .ois* Lack of small scale industries in the * Solid waste disposal areas * Water logging in coastal areas 8 Kottakaraiyar * Respiratory disorder in RS Mangalam area * Juliflora and Ipomea growth * Soil alkalinity * Sewage discharge into water * Migration due to lack of employment 23. Saruganiar bodies * Skin diseases and health problems due * Lack of solid waste disposal to poor sanitary conditions method * Lack of teachers in primary schools * Respiratory disorder in Vellalore areas 17 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project * Juliflora growth * Ground water depletion due to exploitation * Lack of Sewage & Solid waste disposal method * Migration due to lack of employment disatr metods * Livestock reduction due to lack of 9 Pambar 24. Pambar * Water logging in coastal areas vetenary hospitals * Industrial effluents into water * Encroachment i irrigation canals, bodies * Siltation in tanks * Dumping granite quarry waste along the road * Out seasonal migration due to lack of employment Sand mining in the river beds * Reduction in livestock due to lack of *Satn mini in Ith v vetenary hospitals 10 Vaigai 25. Varaganadhi Siutation seen fi tanks * Social conflicts in distribution of * Reduction in fish population water for the tail end farmers due to sewage * Lack of water storage facilities * No storage facilities for food grains * Prone to drought and floods * Out seasonal migration due to lack of * Juliflora and Ipomea growth employment * Sand mining in the river beds * Reduction in livestock due to diseases 26. Sathaiyar* Soil erosion in river and tank * Social conflicts in distribution of beds water for the tail end farmers * Air pollution due to flour mills * Encroachments in river beds and tanks * Mixing of sewage into tanks * Poor marketing facilities * Health problems due to sewage 18 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project * Out seasonal migration due to lack of * Juliflora growth employment * Soil erosion seen in river and * Reduction in livestock due to 27.Varattar - Nagalar tankS eds unidentified diseases e * Social conflicts in water distribution * Health problems due to indiscriminate dumping of solid waste Juliflora and Ipomea growth * Out seasonal migration due to lack of * Sand mining and soil erosion employment 28. Manjalar in the river beds * Reduction in livestock due to * Siltation leading to depletion unidentified diseases n water level * Social conflicts in water distribution * Mixing of sewage into tanks Juliflora growth * Out seasonal migration due to lack of Sand mining and soil erosion employment in the river beds * Reduction in livestock due to Salt water intrusion in the unidentified diseases 29. Lower Vaigai *Saltowater ares m ther* Social conflicts in distribution of surrounding areas thereby making the water unfit for water drinking * No electricity connections Ground water salinity * Problem of pigs and mosquitoes leading to diseases * Juliflora growth * Sand mining and soil erosion in the river beds Encroachment in river beds . * Dry land agriculture reduction in 11 Gundar 30. Upper Gundar * Lack of water supply i the livestock . entire basin enir baSinae * Poor marketing and transportation * Lack of Sewage disposal and facliie Garbage disposal method 19 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project * Juliflora growth predominant * Sand mining seen in the river * Encroachment of catchment area 31. Terkkar bed * Dry land agriculture * Lack of Sewage & solid waste * Reduction in livestock due to diseases disposal method * Juliflora growth * Sand mining seen in the river * Drought prone area bed * Seasonal Migration due to 32.Paralaiar * Water bome diseases due to unemployment unhygienic conditions * No marketing facility * Sewage & solid waste disposal * No organized cattle farm method * Reduction in livestock due to diseases * Air pollution due to brick kilns * Soil erosion seen in the river bed * Dry land agriculture l Siltation depleting the water Reduction in livestock due to diseases level WmnepwrettruhSG 12 Vaippar 33. Nichabanadhi * Poor solid waste management * Women empowerment through SHGs . Dy inusr eflet letn * Inadecquacy of teachers in schools ot dire tly into the river. * Prevalence of child labour due to * Lack of Sewage disposal poverty method * Sugar industrial effluent letting out directly into the river. * Dry land agriculture *Ground water cotaintionDyladariutr 34. Kalingalar * of Solid wastiona * Reduction in livestock due to diseases * Lack of Solid waste disposal *WmnepwrettruhSG method Women empowenment through SHGs * Untreated sewage let into river 20 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project * Soil erosion and Sand mining in the river bed * Effluent disposal from match, fireworks, printing & willow Dry land agriculture industries * Reduction in livestock due to diseases 35. Arjuna Nadhi * High TDS, magnesium, biaboa. & chlorides. * Women empowerment through SHGs bicrboate . choie No cold storage facilities * Lack of Solid waste disposal method * Untreated sewage let into water bodies * Sedimentation found in tanks * Soil erosion and Sand mining in the river bed * Dumping of solid waste in * Dry land agriculture . . .water bodies 36. Sindapalli Odai * Reduction in livestock due to diseases * Sewage pollution * Women empowerment through SHGs * Effluent disposal from match, fireworks, printing & willow industries * Drought prone sub basin * Sewage disposal into water Dry land agriculture 37. Senkottaiyar bodies * Reduction in livestock due to diseases * Lack of Solid waste disposal Women empowerment through SHGs method 21 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project * Seasonal migration due to * Sewage pollution unemployment *Encroachment of canal * Reduction in livestock due to diseases 38. Manimuthar S E ncroamnt of canal Lack of marketing facilities * Soil erosion in the river and tank beds * Encroachment of irrigation canals, tanks * Lack of cooperative milk society * Sewage pollution * Solid waste dumping into * Seasonal migration due to water bodies unemployment * Sand mining and weed growth. * Poor sanitary and sewage conditions 39. Chittar * Siltation leading to decrease in leading several health disorders 13 Tamiraparani water level * Malaria and other diseases due to * Industrial effluents directly led indiscriminate dumping of solid into river wastes and mosquitoes * Sewage pollution * Solid waste dumping into * Seasonal migration due to water bodies unemployment 40.Lower * Sand mining and weed growth * Poor drinking water facilities Tamiraparani * Sea water intrusion into the * Health problems due to unhygienic coastal areas conditions * Industrial effluents directly led * Lack of veterinary hospital into river 22 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project * Salinity and alkalinity * Soil erosion in the river and tank beds * Poor solid waste management at tourist spots * Water weeds * Entry of untreated effluents * Migration due to lack of employment into water bodies * Reduction in livestock due to diseases * Agro industry effluents * Women empowerment through SHGs * Sea water intrusion in coastal * Poor sanitation and drinking water areas facilities, 14 Kothaiyar 4 1. Pazhayar * Increased use of chemical Encroachment of river banks, tanks fertilizers in the fields etc pollution ground as well as Poor marketing facilities surface waters * High transportation costs * Ground water depletion due to excessive with drawl by Pepsi and Coke companies * Fluoride in ground water in Anjugramam, Azhuppapapuram and Kattuvilai 23 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project * Seasonal migration due to lack of . Sand mining leading to employment decrease in water level * Reduction in livestock due to diseases . Dumping of solid and Women empowerment through SHGs agricultural wastes * Poor sanitation and drinking water * Sea water intrusion in coastal facilities 15 Nambiyar 42. Nambiyar areas * Agricultural labour scarcity * Water bome diseases like malaria & * Soil erosion in the river and tank beds * River bed degradation and instability of stream course 24 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project Institutional Framework Institutional strengthening and reform is a continuous process and will be continued. Special efforts is made to bring about the changes among the departments who are involved in the project for proper infrastructure development, strengthening, reorganization, training and orientation of human resources. The key entity in the institutional framework is to set up a management cell in the WRO and to expand environmental and social development cells. * Orientation and motivation towards participatory approach in development and management. * Induce professionalism and accountability. * Develop work norns and culture. * Develop a system for addressing public grievances effectively and timely. * Ensuring quality assurance and safety structures. IAMWARM Institutional Arrangements I IAMWARM Steering Committee IAMWARM Multi-Disciplinary Project Unit (MDPU) Key Agencies Represented: *Water Resources Organization *Agricultural Engineering Dept. *Agricultural Department *Horticultural Dept. *Agricultural Marketing Dept *Environment Dept/Pollution Control Board *Information Technology -Social Welfare 41, \ Government Agencies Water User Associations Other Private-Public | I Partnerships Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) 25 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project The government of Tamil Nadu introduced the concept of farmers participation in irrigation management in the State through implementation of the Tamil Nadu Farmers Management of Irrigation Systems Act. 1566 WUAs were formed in 6.00 lakhs ha covering 20 out of 30 districts in the State under WRCP. All the above associations have elected Presidents and Members constituting the managing committees of the WUAs, taken over the O&M responsibilities and functioning. The same concept is proposed to be extended to cover the remaining area of about 15.00 lakhs ha under this project. Social and Environmental Management Framework (SEMF) SEMF will be prepared for use in this project and this can be applied to all the remaining river sub basins. There are several stakeholder groups will have direct and indirect stakes in the project. Each of these groups will have different levels of influence as well as interest in it. The important stakeholders include the relative government departments, regulatory bodies, agricultural universities, research institutions, NGOs, farmer's and individual (agriculture and allied activities), Panchayats and other representative bodies, private sector and donor agencies. A detailed stakeholder analysis has been provided in the SEMF. The SEMF is the outcome of the ESA study, prepared in line with the standard Environmental and Social Management plan. This has to be applied by the Project Implementing Agency and their staff to all proposed sub-project activities through all stages of the project cycle for incorporation of environmental and social management measures. It also contains Framework and Action Plans for various key issues like Dam Safety, Pest Management, Cultural Property Management, Resettlement & Rehabilitation, Tribal Issues, Gender Issues and Community Sensitization that need to be addressed through the project. The SEMF will be further modified based on the lessons learnt from the first year projects. 26 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project IAMWARM Sub-Basin Project Cycle Stage Key Activities Pre-Planning * Collation of knowledge base for sub-basin (sub-basin data, previous, ongoing and proposed projecis of relevance) * Preparation of thematic Atlas for sub-basin * Consultations (initial) and identification of key stakeholders Planning * Consultations to identify key relevant issues and options in sub-basin * Development of Sub-basin Development and Management Plans and procurement documents * Draft MOU between MDPU, sector agencies and WUAs Appraisal -Environmental and Social -Economic/Financial -Technical -Procurement Implementation * Contracting * Monitoring/Supervision/Quality Control/Community Book- keeping Post- * Establish linkages and identify further work to improve Implementation effectiveness and sustainability * Implementation Completion Report for each sub-basin 27 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project IAMWARM Sub-Basin Project Cycle: Environmental and Social Aspects Stage Environmental and Social Implications Pre-Planning * Collation of available social and environmental information (incl. on demography, water uses, pollution, resource management, sand mining, etc.) * Preparation of thematic maps on environmental and social issues * Initial consultations with various groups to determine key project stakeholders Planning * Consultations on issues and options (ensuring participation of all key stakeholders) * Participatory development (with analytical input) of Sub- basin Development and Management Plans and procurement documents * Facilitation of participatory drafting of MOU Appraisal -Gender -Tribal Development -Pest Management -Natural Habitats -Land acquisition/R&R -Participatory Irrigation Management -Construction-related Implementation * Community contracting * Community supervision * Monitoring any unforeseen environmental or social impacts Post-Implementation * Identify linkages and further work to improve social and environmental sustainability * Reflect environmental and social issues in the Implementation Completion Report for the Sub-basin 28 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project Monitoring & Evaluation Mechanism Monitoring and Evaluation Indicators have been developed to ensure implementation of environmental and social elements that have been built into all the stages of the project namely: * Area (ha), production (tons) and value (Rs) of higher-value crops * Productivity of water (Rs/m3) * Livestock (% stall fed) * Fisheries (water spread area in ha by type, production in tons/yr, value in Rs/yr) * Adoption of improved technologies (e.g. drip/sprinkler area, etc.) * Reliability of irrigation * IT adoption (WRO and MDPU MIS, # of e-kiosks, cell services, web portal use, etc.) * GIS/Remote sensing/Management Information system should be made use * PIM (No. of WUAs, # of meetings held, attendance at meetings, O&M money collected by WUAs, # disputes settled by WUAs) * Income to farmers (survey on Rs/household/yr from farm and non-farm activities - baseline, mid-term and end of project) and migration patterns * Process (Sub-basin development and management plans prepared, appraised, Implementation Completion Reports completed, Social and Environment Management Frameworks applied, IRR) * Marketing (Marketing sites/access, modernization of existing centers, new centers, arrivals, post-processing equipment and centers, Public-Private Partnerships, etc.) * Training (# of people trained in state, national and inter-national - line agency and WUAs, farmers, etc.) * Institutional linkages Training and Capacity Building The need for training and capacity building of all stakeholders is imperative towards ensuring adequate appreciation and addressing environmental and social issues associated with the project. Training programmes for farmer's is suitably designed to update them to use the modern agricultural implements for obtaining higher yield and quality product. Training modules are designed for the line department representatives for better coordination and timely implementation of the projects designed. Training locations and the language selection for training should be customized to suit the convenience of the trainees. Where the turnouts of villagers is low, decentralized training locations close to the villages of the trainees, with the involvement of NGOs (if required) shall help achieve the desired results. 29 EPTIRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project Principal aspects of training required for various stakeholders are as follows S.No Levels Trainees Principal aspects to be covered I State MDPU, Officials involved in GIS based environmental & social planning Level IAMWARM, Analysis of monitoring & stakeholder feedback 2 Basin Line Departments, Sensitization about of environmental & social Level Bureaucracy and Politicians issues 3 Project Project Officials, Govt. Sensitization about importance of Level Officials of Tamil Nadu environmental & social issues Methods to record impact monitoring & project evaluation indicators 4 Project NGOs WUA, Farmers, Sensitization about importance environmental Level Livestock farmers, Fisherfolk, & social issues Women, Self Help Groups Ways to address such issues in the project 5 Village Rural youth, Landless Sensitization about environmental & social level labourers, issues Shopkeepers/endors/Traders, Mitigation & monitoring measures to address General Public environmental & social issues Tribal Development Tribals are a vulnerable community and are prone to exploration and marginalisation. The need for Tribal Plan shall be triggered by presence of significant tribal population in the sub-project area. Special measures shall be undertaken for upliftment of the tribal communities residing in each sub-project area which include: * Designing the sub-projects on a participatory framework where consultation with tribal stakeholders at every stage remains the main focus of project activity. * Provision of access to local resources like ponds for fisheries, grazing grounds for livestock development, minor forest produce for economic returns, handicrafts, etc. * Where existing schemes of the government are operational effective linkages with the programmes shall be established to maximize project benefits to the tribals. Separate inclusion mechanisms for adequate representation into Local Decision making bodies like Panchayats, WUAs, etc. 30 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project Gender Strategy Women are vulnerable in the project area owing to their comparative backwardness in terms of health, education, income, decision-making, access to and control over resources (as identified during consultations). Gender Action Plan is needed in all sub- projects. Broad principles for the Gender Action Plan shall be: * Women's participation to be ensured in the planning of intervention measures * Provisions within the sub-project to empower women for sustainable income generation on their own * Training and creating alternative livelihoods for women through the project * Social justice and protection measures should be devised for oppressed women. In irrigated agriculture, detailed activities in irrigation as well as the allied sectors including lessons drawn from the Hanuman Nadi sub basin. Modernization plans have been developed for facilitating coordination between the line departments for all physical investments. Lessons drawn from DANIDA Women in Agriculture and similar projects for up scaling the IAMWARM project are also incorporated in the report. Dam Safety Safety of dams is also important for safeguarding the investments being made in the command area through this project. The MDPU/Sub basin project team shall identify the necessity of a dam safety plan based on a checklist approved by the Dam Safety Panel. Synergies with the proposed dam rehabilitation, improvement and ongoing hydrology to project will be strengthened. The broad procedures and components of the Dam Safety Plan shall be: * Assessment of condition of dams and appurtenant works in the overall context of site accessibility, catchment runoff, rainfall intensity, downstream habitations, past incidents, etc. * Conducting necessary surveys and field investigations to substantiate identified problems, * Risk analysis of possible scenarios, * Planning of remedial measures and proposing structural / non-structural and operational procedures for safety of the dam. All details of dams shall be incorporated into the Knowledge Base and used for planning allocation of investments related to dam safety. This information shall be supplied in a simplified with easily identifiable indicators to the people at risk as a part of 31 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project information disclosure. This information shall be maintained at the WUA and sub- project WRO offices. The contents shall include: * General details and Status of the Dam in terms of safety, * Indicators to identify safety hazards, * The responsible people with addresses and phone numbers to be contacted in case of any eventuality, and * Emergency plan in case of a dam break. Pest Management Strategy The incidence of insect pests and disease problems as well as other problem manifestations (weed pressure, nutrient disorder, etc. are likely to intensify with increased agricultural intensification in terms of enhanced cropping intensity and crop diversification with inclusion of fruits, vegetables and other high-value plants. Pest Management Plan shall be required for all sub-projects. Linkages with other applicable projects will be strengthened. The plan should include the following: * Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) systems with the overarching purpose of developing the project areas as organic - based production model. * Identification of issues for Technical training of farmers and NGOs and for field demonstrations by Extension agencies. * Monitoring and forewarning mechanisms to farmers of pest and disease situations. * Identifying means to providing subsidies and price premiums on agricultural produces based on IPM & INM technologies. * Identifying institutional arrangements for IPM and INM enforcement. * Issues for information dissemination through Mass Media such as TV and Vernacular News. * Social and environmental management framework has been developed based on social and environmental indicators, out puts of impact assessment and compilation and analysis of the secondary data. Suggested Mitigation Strategies Environment has a direct bearing on rural livelihoods and rural the people directly depend on environment for their livelihoods. Therefore, to improve sustainable rural livelihoods, the following measures have been suggested for mitigation of environmental degradation. 32 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project * Regulation of groundwater exploitation; * Conservation of soil and water; * Regulation of water usage; * Implementation of watershed management programmes; * Recycling of wastewater; * Restoration of water bodies; * Removal of encroachments in the water bodies; * Construction of check dams to arrest soil erosion; * Restoration of degraded forests areas; * Wasteland development through energy plantation; * Disposal of tannery effluents after treatment; * Installation of sewage treatment plants; * Alternative cropping pattern; * Sensitization of farmers to go for crops which consumes less water and have market potential for value addition; * Promotion of organic manures and bio-fertilizers; * Promotion of bio-gas plants using waterweeds; * Implementation of zero-waste-management for MSW; * Strengthening the sanitation and protected water supply infrastructure; * Strengthening rural health infrastructure; * Promotion of alternative energy technologies; and * Promotion of integrated micro-enterprise development for women. Appropriate institutional arrangements have been identified to ensure effective implementation of ESA. The budget for ESA implementation would be mainstreamed into the project cost. 33 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project SELECTED SUB BASINS FOR THE Ist YEAR OF IAM WARM PROJECT N A MNDHRA PRADESH S Pala32 Palar 3 Soel, OT Cr - ,ahanadhi / Dharnr,5- p,gaya A / K ARNATAOKA SAG - ' Nt 35 S,GN,G / r odern S oe,eewge,ne:e SCALEn l 8ENCAL N- 3kkal -Cauv ry |PPrrbSumK Tirchi pp l ikkal g Thenawrvu Truv.- L i S P rlGION S.NO SUBrASIN P,G Ca 2 FoShtlav 4Ja' 1- Ch- .7¢ 7,al< IPubarbbs.13Assr KEAL 9 0\ r 1 nd.NrdY v.us22Koa h.Y 1 ,>h, 13ya OAN R5Sugaaep6. V.1.. , r9 -fo Ch,ndna - P2 UpWGdalar - m >0 ljVFahanadh e KARNATAKA / tm ,v r Y G C - Chile33$n}pM Er o-de BAY - n NAr 3 Cdrnb Cauver ) ThLOvu, Tin,aruo OAgn f 42 eyar c 3'e vgai r 4TRAIT ,) ,J 1 < -w"drt t < >/LEGEND trTn &ChW> Xa brr RKtOCN &NO SUBBASIN i o 2 cher, C ; < a' t ~ 'g5 1,, cha.. KERALA f Y , s."0 sj h NveM P -3> ~^'~ T Kil Valb Jalrapar nl M' Sw 4 halaC tKalia E IFanPuCy15 Cnnr ,; lu*;-TpFkdi Chsb-clny 18 AlEbl D-.>G B B .nn y 19 Sth Gunda St.. F1.1lh, G-2am0 Aerya B.4. 2 j T rcJu 1 NChbhn. h JtL PH- Paddye 25 SnCh OC IIIIA SCAN - SgarmJne 2U 6 Su Nevd. MANA 27 M.16 fO Res sl^t ^2 9 Ps Ga .rd GSiUTEFO -r,XNA,MO Gram 30pW e 45mA 1N bh.h EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project 1.7.4 PIM activities proposed for the IAMWARM Completion of balance of tasks related to WRCP, by end of March 2006 * Finalise the proposals for: o appointment of Competent Authorities to the WUAs o delineation of the Distributory and Project Committee Areas. * Obtain Government approval for the above two proposals. * Up-date the assessment of vacant posts of President and Members of the Managing Committee of the WUAs formed under WRCP, to be filled up by fresh election. * Obtain Government approval with necessary Budget provision for funds for distribution to District Collectors for the conduct of fresh elections to fill up the vacant posts. * Conduct "One Day Seminar" inviting the elected presidents and members of the Managing Committee of WUAs in batches with due representation to the systems and regions of WRO. The objective of this Seminar is to obtain necessary "Feed Back" from the elected c presidents and members on: o the level of effective functioning of the Associations after taking over the (O&M) responsibilities of the distribution systems from WRO. o their excitements and experiences in handling the new responsibilities. o suggestions on "remedial measures" for overcoming certain problems encountered in carrying out the new responsibilities. o suggestions on amending the TNFMIS Act, Rules and Election Rules to remove the practical difficulties experienced in the preparation and conduct of the elections. o a comparison on the pre-WRCP project and post WRCP project conditions in terms of benefits accrued and problems encountered. o providing information on the level of interaction between the officials of WRO and the president and members of the Managing Committees of the Associations. o any other information, which will enhance the effective functioning of the Farmers Associations and interaction between the farmers and officials. * The elected presidents and members of the Managing Committee of the WUAs felt that the one-day training already provided by IMTI is not adequate to undertake various responsibilities related to (O&M) operation of the systems. The "training needs" has already been assessed by the Senior Consultant (PIM) and discussions held with the Director and Faculty Members of the Institute. Follow up action is required from both ends to design and organize intensive training to cover all the WUAs. Necessary funds are to be received from the Government and then transferred to IMTI. 46 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project * Government orders issued earlier brought the TNFMIS Act into force in 20 Districts other than the 9 Districts of Cauvery Basin. Hence orders of the Government is now to be obtained to bring into force the TNFMIS Act in the balance 9 Districts. * However, the Government has earlier ordered to implement the TNFMIS Act only in the command area covered by WRCP. It is now therefore necessary to get the orders of the Government to implement the TNFMIS Act in the entire command area maintained by the WRO, in the State. * The officials of the Chennai, Madurai and Pollachi Regions have partially completed the preparation of the draft documents for the WUAs. These documents require scrutiny by the officials of the FOT cell in Chief Engineer ((O&M and ISW)) office at Chennai and the Senior Consultant (PIM). This work will be initiated and continued beyond March 2006. * Organize Awareness Creation Programme on the TNFMIS Act, Rules and Election Rules and the process of its implementation to the benefit of the officials and farmers of Trichy Region. * Arrange to commence the collection of information from all possible sources for amending the TNFMIS Act, Rules and Election Rules. Project Year -1 (2006-2007) Tasks to be performed for completing the implementation of PIM in Tamil Nadu including Cauvery basin area under "IAMWARM PROJECT" (2006 to 2011) * Complete, elections to constitute the Managing Committees of the DCs and PCs in WRCP command area. * Arrange to commence and continue fresh elections for filling up the vacant posts of WUAs formed under WRCP. * Conduct training programmes for the elected Presidents, Chairmen and Members of the Managing Committee of WUAs, DCs and PCs of WRCP command area. * Continue and complete verification of the documents for forming WUAs in areas other than WRCP command and area in Trichy Region, prepared by WRO officials and arrange to pass them on to the District Collectors concerned for verification, finalization of the list of voters and issue of necessary notifications. * Arrange to complete all the preparatory works for the conduct of elections for the command area other than that covered by WRCP and Trichy Region and complete the elections as per TNFMIS Act. * Commence the preparation of documents for the WUAs to cover all the systems in Trichy Region. 47 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project * Arrange for the design, procurement and installation of flow measuring devices in the distribution systems handed over to the farmers organization (WUAs, DCs and PCs) in Chennai, Madurai and Pollachi Regions. Commence training of farmers in flow measurements and documentation, and for effective functioning of the associations. * Prepare a proposal and get it approved for re-organizing the preseni PIM unit in Chief Engineer (O&M and ISW) office for effectively monitoring the implementation of PIM in Tamil Nadu and ensuring the sustainability of the farmers organization(WUAs, DCs and PCs) activities, in the state. This needs the deployment of a separate Chief Engineer (PIM) with adequate technical and support staff both at head quarters office as well as in all the regional FOT cells proposed now in all the four WRO Regions and IMTI. * Develop upgraded infrastructural facilities to support the PIM units at head quarters, VWRO Regions and IMTI. There is also a need to create a separate data base to cover all the activities related to all the PIM units established in the state. * Send proposals for building offices to WUAs, DCs and PCs established in the state and develop suitable terms and conditions for extending the required assistance to the associations. * Arrange for the conduct of "Study Tour" for the benefit of Government officials and farmers. Project Year - 2 (2007-2008) * Complete scrutiny of the documents related to WUAs prepared by WRO officials of Trichy Region, by the officials of the FOT cell at Chennai and arrange to send them the District Collectors concerned for follow up action. * Arrange for the completion of verification of the documents related to Trichy Region command by the District Collector concerned, finalization of the list of voters, publication of the documents with issue of necessary notifications. * Complete all the preparatory works for the conduct of elections to WUAs for the systems in Trichy Region and conduct the elections to cover the entire area. * Train the elected President/Chairman and members of the Managing Committee of WUAs, DCs and PCs established in Trichy Region. * Finalise the DC and PC proposals in respect of WUAs formed in Trichy Region and obtain the approval of the Government. Arrange for the conduct of the elections. * Provide training to all the elected President/Chairman and members of the Managing Committee of the DCs and PCs. * Arrange for the Study Tours to cover the Government officials and farmers. * Provide training on flow measurements and documentation to WRO officials and farmers and in other areas to ensure effective functioning of the associations. 48 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project * Complete re-organising of the PIM unit and installation of supporting infrastructural facilities. * Continue with the construction of office buildings for the WlUAs, DCs and PCs. * Seek approval for the amendments to TNFMIS Act, Rules and Election Rules. Project Year - 3 (2008 - 2009) * Arrange for the completion of second election to the WUAs formed in the year 2004, after the expiry of the 5 year Term. * Conduct study Tours to the Government officials and farmers. * Develop case studies on "Success and failures" of the functioning of WUAs, DCs and PCs in all the four regions where implementation of PIM has been completed. * Continue Training of Government officials and farmers on effective functioning of the WUAs, DCs and PCs. * Organise evaluation of the performance of the farmers associations functioning in different regions and arrange for sustaining the achievements. * Organise, regional level and state level Seminars to share the experiences of WRO officials, and farmers of the associations and improve upon their functional effectiveness. * Design a Monitoring and Evaluation system to monitor the out comes of: o performance of the WUAs, DCs and PCs. O increase in water use efficiency in the distribution systems handed over to the farmers. o increase in agricultural productivity and farm income. * Introduce new water management practices and other water saving decides. * Intensify the spread of the knowledge of the new agricultural practices through agricultural extension and training. Project Years - 4&5 (2009 - 2011) * Organise a Mid-Term review of all the aspects related to implementation of PIM in Tamil Nadu and document the findings. * Intensity the extension activities to the members of the farmers association, continue close monitoring of the outcomes and initiate suitable remedial measures, wherever necessary. * Initiate necessary follow up actions based on the outcome of Mid-Term review. 49 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project 2 POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Introduction Appropriate policies and formation of institutional arrangements must necessarily address the whole range of rules and regulations, customs and practices, ideas and information and interest of the community group network. These simple but important aspects would together provide the need-based and location-specific institutional framework or the context within which water management actors and other decision-makers operate. The institutional aspects broadly cover the formation of policy directions, mechanisms for effective water distribution and management systems and effective cost-recovery methods. The Government often plays these roles, and there is a need to involve stakeholders in the governance and management of water resources at all levels. There is a need to reform the existing institutions and establish new linkages. 2.2 Water Resources Organization (WRO) The Water Resources Organization (WRO) under the Chairmanship of Engineer-in- Chief is assigned with the task of implementation of Model Rehabilitation and Modernization of Hanumanadhi sub basin in co-ordination with other departments and monitoring and evaluation of project achievements. Various works are taken up for 12 anicuts,14 main channels and 50 tanks in the sub basin and the operational efficiency of the system is expected to improve after completion of all the works. They are as follows: * Protective works in the river bed * Strengthening of anicuts * Construction of head sluices at open take off channels * Lining of canals * Bund Protection * Providing shutters to sluices * Channel bank formation with roads * Providing ground water recharge ponds * Improving surplus arrangements to tanks * Cross drainage works The rehabilitation works such as desilting of tanks, lining of canals, construction of retaining walls, strengthening of bunds, repairing of sluices, gates and weirs are being undertaken by the WRO. As per the proposal and concept, the head reach water shall go to tail end and there should be a minimum guarantee for equal distribution of water upto the tail end. The rehabilitation works can help them to fulfill the aim and objectives. 2.3 Dam Safety Directorate The Dam Safety Directorate was established in the year 1991 in Tamil Nadu with the object of giving assurance to safety of large dams in Tamil Nadu vide G.O. Ms No: 725 dated 18-04-91. At present there are 75 nos of PWD dams, (including 7 nos of small dams and 5 nos of drinking water supply reservoirs) and 38 nos of Tamil Nadu Electricity Board large dams. The Dam Safety Directorate is headed by a Director in the rank of Superintending 50 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project Engineer and at present assisted by an Assistant Executive Engineer with supporting ministerial staff. The important works carried out by the Dam Safety Directorate are as follows: * Preparation of Health status of Dams * Technical investigation of large dams by Multi Disciplinary Committee * Detailed technical investigation of dams by National level experts * Geological mapping of dams * History of dams * State Dam Safety Committee * Dam safety Project I * Dam safety Project II 2.4 Water Resources - Institutions Water is a dynamic element and requires dynamic management. Institutional arrangements are critical to develop and implement water management policies and plans. They drive the implementation of the Strategic Frameworks developed for the management of water resources. Tamil Nadu is laying more emphasis for efficient water management and initiated number of policy, institutional and legal framework to ensure additional productivity with the available water resources. As part of this, the following state level organizations have been created to ensure judicious exploitation of water resources. 2.4.1 Water Resources Control and Review Council (WRCRC) The Government of Tamil Nadu has formed the Water Resources Control and Review Council to take steps to formulate water management strategies and implementation of the Water Policy vide G.O. Ms. 1404 PW (XI) Dept dt. 30.09.03 and in Govt. letter No. 31877/PW (RI) D/95-6 dt. I 1.12.95. The composition of WRCRC and functions are as follows: (1) Chief Minister - Chairperson (2) Minister for public works - Vice-Chairman (3) Minister for Local Administration - Vice-Chairman (4) Minister for Agriculture - Vice-Chairman The other Members are (5) Chief Secretary to Government (6) Secretary to Government, Public Works Department (7) Secretary to Government, Finance Department (8) Secretary to Government, Agriculture Department (9) Secretary to Government, Municipal Administration & Water Supply Department (10) Secretary to Government, Environment and Forest Department (11) Secretary to Government, Rural Development Department (12) Secretary to Govemment, Revenue Department 51 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project (13) Secretary to Govemment, Animal Husbandry & Fisheries Department (14) Secretary to Govemment, Industries Department (15) Secretary to Govermment, Planning & Development Department (16) Secretary to Govemment, Law Department (17) Commissioner of Land Administration (18) Member Secretary, Tamil Nadu State Planning Commission (19) Chairman, Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (20) Chairman, Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (21) Chairman & Managing Director, Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply & Sewage Board (22) Managing Director, Tamil Nadu Water Supply & Drainage Board (23) Engineer-in-Chief, Water Resources Organization (24) Chief Engineer, Design Research & Construction Support, Water Resources Organization (25) Chief Engineer, State Ground & Surface Water Resources Data Center, Water Resources Organization (26) Chief Engineer, Plan Formulation, Water Resources Organization (27) Chief Engineer, (O & M), Water Resources Organization (28) Director, Irrigation Management & Training Institute (29) Director of Agriculture (30) Vice-Chancellor, Anna University (31) Director of Industries & Commerce (32) Vice-Chancellor, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (33) Chief Engineer, Agricultural Engineering (34) Director of Water Technology Center, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (35) Director of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (36) Two representatives from the Water Users' Community in the private sector, who have demonstrated knowledge and interest in water use and development to be appointed by the Govenmment and whose terms of office shall be defined in the order of appointment (37) Director, Institute for Water Studies - Member Secretary The Council shall meet once in three months and such other times, as may be necessary to carry out its functions and activities. The other powers, functions and terms of references of the above council shall be as laid down in the G.O. read above. Statutory status to the above council, if needed, shall be accorded later. Power and Functions of the Water Resources Control and Review Council (WRCRC) With the high percentage of the State's surface water resources already utilized, the scope for construction of new surface water storage reservoirs is limited. Therefore, more efficient water management is the most promising source for additional productivity in Tamil Nadu. The opportunities for conservation and reuse, in irrigation, industrial use and 52 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project municipal water supply system have also to be explored. The proposed Council (WRCRC) shall set out policies in this regard. The Water Resources Control and Review Council shall establish allocation priority norms for water use for different sectors with provision for drinking water, being given the highest priority. No scheme proposed for exploitation of water shall be excluded from the purview of the Council. The Council will take necessary steps to formulate the water management policy to be followed by the State. After the policy is prepared and accepted, after wide circulation, the Council will implement it, in an effective manner. Monitoring the implementation of the Policy will be the primary function of the Council. While taking a look at the various schemes proposed by the user departments, the Council will get the technical input for these schemes from the various members of the Council. The Water Resources Control and Review Council will also examine the impact of extraction, utilization and conservation of water of the other users. The Council shall also (i) Formulate water policies for the State and basin water development, control and management (ii) Establish principles, standards and procedures for allocation of water under licenses, preparation of comprehensive regional or river basin plans and for formulation and evaluation of water policy and related land resources projects using technical, economic, social, legal and environmental criteria (iii) Serve as an advisory and co-coordinating body for the State in water and related matters (iv) Review and approve State and river basin master plans; prioritisation of different sectional water needs (v) Review and approve macro planning, distribution management of water resources taking into account the water needs of different sectors (agriculture, industrial, drinking, social, etc.). Small schemes need not be referred to the Council (WRCRC). For e.g., drinking water supply schemes less than say 10 Million liters need not be referred to the Council. (vi) Review and approve for publication, on annual assessment of the adequacy of supplies of water necessary to meet the present and their projected State and basin water requirements (vii) Issue orders as may be necessary to carry out its functions. 53 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project Water Resources Projects/Programmes by the Government Water Resources and related projects and programmes of the Govenmment shall be submitted by the proposing agency/agencies to the WRCRC, which may, before taking action, if necessary, refer the matter to the Institute for Water Studies for comments, in accordance with the principles and guidelines laid down. No programme, plan, project or water works explicitly or implicitly included within the powers and functions of the WRCRC will be eligible for public funding and budgetary allocation without the recommendation of WRCRC. The conflicts/problems arising during nomial administration/ maintenance of irrigation systems shall not be referred to WRCRC and they may be resolved under rules and guidelines, procedures goveming the systems existing at present. On going Central and State schemes like Command Area Development (On Farm Development and Rotational Water Supply), Micro Irrigation Schemes, and Watershed Development Programmes under River Valley Project shall be excluded from the purview of WRCRC. Any agreement among Govermment agencies involving the use of water for domestic and municipal water supply, irrigation, hydro power production, industrial or other commercial uses, watershed, coastal areas and environmental protection measures shall, in all cases, be subject to review and approval by WRCRC. In the review of such agreements, the WRCRC may consult the parties, other Govermment agencies concemed and the Institute. The WRCRC could evolve its own procedures to ensure proper functioning in the achievement of its objectives. Resolution of Conflict Arising from Projects Conflicts arising from project and agreements would be resolved by the WRCRC by public hearing or by any other method suitable and practicable. Meeting of the WRCRC The WRCRC, shall meet once in three months and such other times as may be necessary to carry out its functions and activities, At all meetings, decisions shall be made by a vote of the (simple) majority of those attending. The WRCRC shall function for two years and thereafter, a review of the functioning of the Council shall be made and, if need be, appropriate statutory status could be accorded later. The Govermnent has also instituted the following sectoral sub-committees to support the functions of WRCRC as per the suggestions of the World Bank. (i) Irrigation and Agriculture (ii) Urban and Rural Domestic and Live-stock Water Supply and Sanitation (iii) Power and Industrial (iv) Ground Water Regulation (v) Environment 54 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project The G6vemment after consideration constituted the technical working group committees as presented in the following tables Table 2.1 Technical working group committees of WRCRC S.No Name of the Sector Members Designation Irrigation and Engineer-in-Chief, Water Resources 1 Arrigatue aOrganization, Public Works Chairman Agriculture Department Director, Center for Water Resources, Member Anna University Director, Agriculture Department Member Chief Engineer, Agriculture Member Engineering Department Chief Engineer, (Plan Formulation) Member WRO, Public Works Department Chief Engineer (State Ground and Surface Water Resources Data Center) Member Water Resources Organization, PWD Officer in charge of Central Ground Member Water Board at Chennai Chief Engineer & Director, Institute for Member Water Studies Secretary Commissioner of Fisheries Member Urban and Rural Engineer-In-Chief, Water Resources 2. Livestock water Organization, Public Works Chairman supply and Sanitation Department Engineering Director, Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board Member Engineering Director, Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply & Member Sewerage Board Director, Animal Husbandry Member Director, Centre for Environmental Member Studies, Anna University Director, King Institute, Guindy Member Director, Public Health & Preventive Member Medicine or his nominee Chief Engineer (State Ground and Surface Water Resources Data Center Member 55 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project Chief Engineer & Director, Institute for Member- Water Studies (IWS) Secretary Engineer-In-Chief, Water Resources 3 Power and Industry Organization, Public Works Chairman Department Chief Engineer, Tamil Nadu Electricity Member Board Director, Industries and Commerce Member Chief Engineer, Planning Tamil Nadu Member Water Supply & Drainage Board Chief Environmental Engineer, Tamil Member Nadu Pollution Control Board Chief Engineer (Plan Formulation) Member WRO, Public Works Department Managing Director, SIPCOT Member Managing Director, Tamil Nadu Member Industrial Corporation Chief Engineer & Director, IWS Member- Secretary Groundwater Chief Engineer (State Ground and 4. Regulation Surface Water Resources Data Center) Chairman Water Resources Organization Engineer-In-Chief, Water Resources Member Organization Chief Engineer, Agricultural Member Engineering Department Chief Engineer, Planning, Tamil Nadu Member Water Supply & Drainage Board Chief Engineer (Plan Formulation) Member WRO, Public Works Department Officer in charge of Central Ground Member Water Board at Chennai Engineering Director, Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewage Member Board Chief Engineer and Director, Institute Member- for Water Studies Secretary 56 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project Table 2.2 Technical working group committees of Environmental Sector S.No Name of the Sector Members Designation 1 Environment The Secretary to Government, Public Chairman Works Department, Chennai-9 The Secretary to Government, Member Environment and Forest, Chennai-9 Engineer-In-Chief, WRO Member Chief Engineer, Plan Formulation Member Chief Engineer (State Ground and Surface Water Resources Data Member Centre) WRO The Chairman, Tamil Nadu Pollution Member Control Board Director of Agriculture Member The Principal Chief Conservator of Member Forests Director of Public Health and Member Preventive Medicine Director, Center for Water Member Resources, Anna University Director, Center for Environmental Member Studies, Anna University Chief Engineer & Director, WRO, Member- Institute for Water Studies Secretary 2.4.2 State Ground and Surface Water Resources Data Centre (SG & SWRDC) The Groundwater Directorate was upgraded as one of the wings of PWD (Groundwater) in 1972 and subsequently it was renamed as State Ground and Surface Water Resources Data Centre (SG &SWRDC) in 1995. The objectives of SG&SWRDC are as follows: * Continuous monitoring of monthly hydrological, hydro meteorological, water level parameters and water quality for ground and surface water * Consultancy services to Public, Government Departments and Private sector undertakings * Storage of Data and dissemination 57 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project The SG & SWRDC of WRO monitor both Surface and Ground water quality and the ground water fluctuations continuously on a monthly basis. The quality of ground water is monitored twice in a year immediately before and after the monsoon period. The Surface water quality is also monitored under the Hydrology Project. Whenever there is flow in the river, the samples are taken and analyzed for various parameters. The water quality data are stored after validation. The ground water potential is assessed and reported in bulletins district wise. The data are also being supplied to other departments, universities etc., by collecting the rates stipulated by the government. The organization is headed by the Chief Engineer with core staff in the areas of Geophysics, Hydrology, Draughting, Engineering and Drawings. The center has an excellent state of the art laboratory, GIS Centre. The total sanctioned staff strength is 1,646 and out of this about 340 posts are vacant. 2.4.3. Institute of Water Studies (IWS) The Government of Tamil Nadu in G.O. Ms. No.457 PWD dated 8.4.1974 established the Institute for Water Studies (IWS) in the year 1974 in order to plan, assess and manage the water resources of Tamil Nadu in a scientific manner. A Director in the rank of Chief Engineer, PWD, heads this Institute and under him a team of Engineers, Hydrogeologists, Geochemists, Geophysicists, Environmental Engineers, Photogeologists and Remote Sensing Scientists and an Agro Economists are working. The total sanctioned strength is 93 and out of this 76 are in place now. The IWS and its existing environmental divisions are working in consonance with its original objectives. The Objectives of IWS are as follows * Development of a set of broad principles for planning and management of water resources * Assistance in the formulation of water management policies * Fostering or undertaking research related to planning and policy making in those areas where the needed work is not already being done and coordinating the efforts that is already underway * Development of training programmes, particularly in connection with water planning and policy making * Provision of advice to Government on specific policy matters referred to it, such as the development of principles for water allocation on the merits and costs of water diversion schemes and water usage schemes Technical Secretariat This Secretariat is a multi disciplinary unit functioning as an advisory body between the Government of Tamil Nadu and the Palar & Tambaraparani basin stations within the IWS. 2.4.4 Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB) 58 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB), established in 1982, functions with Head Office at Chennai, headed by Chairperson, one Joint Chief Environmental Engineers office headed by Joint Chief Environmental Engineer, nineteen District Offices headed by District Environmental Engineers and five District Offices headed by Assistant Environmental Engineers. The Board has established three Advanced Environmental Laboratories, ten District Environmental Laboratories and one Mobile Environmental Laboratories to assist in the Analytical and Scientific side. TNPCB is implementing the Pollution Control Legislations and Rules and Notifications framed therein. In discharging the duties entrusted to it, the Board investigates, collects and disseminates data relating to water, air and land pollution, lays down standards for sewage/trade effluent and emissions. 2.4.5. Department of Environment (DoE) The Department of Environment was created in G.O.Ms.No.335, Environment and Forests Department dated 13.10.95 as the Nodal Department for dealing with Environmental Management of the State. The Department is entrusted with the implementation of major projects like pollution abatement in the river Cauvery, Vaigai and Tamiraparani; Pollution abatement in Chennai City waterways; National Lake Conservation Programme and all aspects of Environment other than those dealt with by Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board. Objectives of Department * Implementation of National River Conservation Plan, for the abatement of pollution in River Cauvery, Vaigai and Tamiraparani and Chennai city waterways * Implementation of National Lake Conservation Programme for the abatement of pollution in the selected lakes * To carry out various environmental awareness programmes through National Green Corps and Eco-Clubs * To enforce the provisions of the Coastal Regulation Zone Notification * To provide web-based information through Environmental Information System (ENVIS) on the Status of Environment Tamil Nadu, the Biodiversity profile and the status of river cleaning activities in the state. * To deal with all aspects of environment other than those dealt with by Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board from time to time. 2.5 Water Resources - Policies and Acts 2.5.1 Constitutional Provisions The Constitution of India in its Article 48 provides for the protection and preservation of the environment and states that "the state shall endeavor to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wild life of the country". Further the Article 51-A(g) on fundamental Duties emphasizes that, "It shall be the duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wild life and to have compassion for living creatures". 59 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAM WARM Project These two provisions of the constitution are the guiding principles for various environmental legislations in the country and safeguarding environment. 2.5.2 Water Acts Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 Water Act is the first environmental regulation that brought in the state and central pollution control boards to control / regulate environmental pollution in India. Amended twice in 1978 and 88, the Act vests regulatory authority on the State Pollution Control Boards and empowers them to establish and enforce effluent standards for industries and local authorities discharging effluents. * Vests the regulatory authority on the State Pollution Control Boards and empowers them to enforce to effluent discharge standards to prevent water pollution (both for industries and local authorities) * Section 24 of the act prohibits the use of stream or well or on land disposal for of polluting substances violating the disposal standards laid down by the board * Section 25 of the act requires an application to be made to the state board to establish any treatment and disposal system that is likely to discharge sewage or trade effluent in to a stream or well or sewer on land * Sections 41 and 44 provides for penalties for not complying the various provisions or directives of the board * Section 48 deals with the offences committed by Government Departments * Section 55 asserts that all local authorities shall render help and assistance and furnish information to the board as it may require for discharge of its functions, and shall make available to the board for inspection and examination such records, maps, plans and other documents as may be necessary The act empowers the board to levy and collect cess on water consumed by the industry or local authority and to utilize and augment resources for the Pollution Control Boards. In line with this provision, The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Rules, 1975 were formulated. This act will be of significant importance for the water supply and sanitation projects, as the project activities if not planned carefully are expected attract various section of the act. In the present case the increase in. supply water quantity due to continuous water supply will require the declaration from the respective local body for payment of additional water cess to the TNPCB. Water (Prevention and Control ofpollution) Act of 1974 (Central Act 6 of 1974) as Amended in 1988 This Act provides for the prevention and control of water pollution and restoration of water quality to desirable levels. States may establish Boards for Prevention and Control of Water Pollution. Boards have the necessary powers and functions to address water pollution 60 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project and abatement issues and problems and the technical and administrative staff to carry out their decisions. Water (Prevention and Control ofpollution) Cess Act No. 36 of 1977 This Act is a companion Legislation to the 1974 Act. It provides for the levying and collecting of fees from local authorities and industries based on water delivered or consumed. 2.5.3 National Water Policy The National Water Policy lays down general guidelines in preparing basin-wise master plan, priorities for water use, inter-basin transfer, etc. The National water policy enunciated by the GOI in 1987 has recognized that water is prime natural resource, a basic human need and a precious national asset. It has recommended that resource planning in the case of water have to be done for a hydrological unit such as a drainage basin as a whole, or for a sub-basin. It has further emphasized that special multi-disciplinary units should be set- up in each State to prepare comprehensive plans taking into account the needs of not only irrigation, but also the various other water uses so that the available water can be put to optimum use. The National Water Policy has recommended to establish a standardized National information system with a network of data banks and data bases, integrating and strengthening the existing Central and State level agencies, and improving the quality of data and the processing capabilities for better planning. National Water Policy- 2002 The National water policy was revised by Ministry of Water Resources, GOI in April 2002. The Policy recommends for water resources planning where water resources development and management will have to be planned for a hydrological unit such as drainage basin as a whole or for a sub basin, multisectorally taking into account surface and ground water for sustainable use incorporating quantity and quality aspects as well as environmental considerations. The Policy recommends to establish river basin organizations for planned development of a river basin/sub basin and special multi disciplinary units for preparing comprehensive plans taking into account not only the needs of irrigation but also harmonizing various other water users. The Policy has prioritized water allocation in the order as follows: * Drinking water * Irrigation * Hydropower * Ecology * Agro and non agricultural industries * Navigation and other uses The Policy addresses a participatory approach to Water Resources Management where all the stakeholders, Water Users' associations and local bodies should particularly be involved in the operation, maintenance and management of water infrastructures/ facilities at appropriate levels. 61 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project 2.5.4 Tamil Nadu Water Policy Based on the concept of the National Water Policy of Government of India, the Government of Tamil Nadu has also formulated a water policy called 'Tamil Nadu Water Policy '. Tamil Nadu is the pioneer in the establishment of river basin organizations suggested in National Water Policy 2002. The institute for Water Studies drafted the above policy and submitted to Government in January 1994. It has been approved by the Government of Tamil Nadu and published in G.O. Ms. No. 716 PW (WR) Dept dt. 13.07.94. The Institute for Water Studies function as the implementing agency of the policy. The ultimate goal of the State's Water Policy is to develop a 'State Water Plan', which will be the blue print for all water resources development and use in the State. Within the framework provided by the National Water Policy, the broad objectives of the Tamil Nadu Water Policy are: 1. Establish a Management Information System (MIS) for water resources 2. Ensure preservation and stabilization of existing water resources 3. Plan for augmentation of utilizable water resources 4. Promote research and training facilities for water resources management 5. Establish allocation priorities for water use by different Sectors with provision of drinking water being of highest priority 6. Maximize multi purpose benefit from surface and groundwater, land and other resources 7. Provide adequate water for domestic users 8. Maximize hydro power generation within the constraints imposed by other water users 9. Provide adequate water for industry 2.5.5 The Tamil Nadu Groundwater (Development and Management) Act, 2003 This Act extends to the whole of the state of Tamil Nadu except the areas to which the Chennai Metropolitan Area Groundwater (Regulation) Act, 1987 extends. It shall come into force on such date as the Government may, by notification, appoint and different dates may be appointed for different areas and for the different provisions of this Act. A specific authority called as Tamil Nadu Groundwater Authority will implement the Act. The constitution of this authority is under consideration in the Government of Tamil Nadu. 2.5.6. Regulations and Procedures Compendium of Rules and Regulations, Part I, Rules for Water Regulation (1984) It contains the technical day-to-day rules for regulation of Reservoirs in 11 river basins in Tamil Nadu and it provides for legislative authority to PWD officers to operate and maintain reservoirs and distribution systems. 62 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project Compendium of Rules and Regulations, Part IIRules for Flood Regulation (1984) The reservoir levels, at which certain release rules are to be implemented, are prescribed. It provides the lists of the officials to be notified under prescribed conditions. It outlines steps to be taken in disastrous situations like cyclones and floods. Inland Waterways Authority of India Act No. 82 of 1985 This Act calls for the creation of the Inland waterways Authority of India to develop, maintain and regulate inland waters for shipping, navigation and other related matters, such as removal of obstructions, control discharge of materials and for conservation measures to protect the water ways. Inter-State Water Disputes Act No. 33 of 1956, as Amended This Act Provides for the adjudication of disputes relating to inter State Rivers and River Valleys by a Water Disputes Tribunal constituted by the Central Government upon receipt of a request for such action from a State that feels an Inter-State river dispute has or is likely to arise with a neighboring State. Before establishing the adhoc Tribunal, the Central Government must be of the opinion that the dispute cannot be resolved by negotiation. The decision of the Tribunal shall be considered final and binding upon the parties. Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Act, Tamil Nadu Act, No. 28 of 19 78, as Modified up to 31 August 1981. As per this Act, the Board has power over construction, drilling and altering of wells, ponds, tanks, and cisterns providing drinking water and the power to regulate, control and charge for existing or future use of groundwater for all purposes except irrigation, in the Chennai Metropolitan Area Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board Act No.4 of 1971 as Amended The Act creates a special board to address drinking water supply and drainage issues and problems in Tamil Nadu. The board is a corporate body consisting of appointed members of the public and officials from certain State agencies. Board is charged with developing and executing schemes for providing drinking water supplies and drainage facilities. Chennai Metropolitan Area Groundwater (Regulation) Act No. 27 of 1987 This act authorizes the Chennai Metropolitan Water supply and Sewerage Board to prohibit drilling new wells in the designated area unless the user first obtains a permit from the Board and to prepare a register of all existing wells. As per this act, pre-existing users, except agricultural users, must apply for a license within 15 days of date of Act. All new users must obtain a license from the Board. This Act directs the Government to issue instructions to the Board on the implementation of an artificial recharge scheme; This Act grants the Board power to adopt regulations to prevent seawater intrusion. 63 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project Tamil Nadu Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1983, No. SRO A-236 (a)/83 Gazette No. 348.dated September 30, 1983, Part III - Section I(a) It provides for organization and functioning of the Pollution Control Board. It prescribes functions of State Water Laboratory. The Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB) enforces the enactment on Environment and Pollution Control on Water, Air, and Environment Protection. As per G.O. Ms. No. 213 (ECI) Department dated 30.3.89 Environment and Forests, no new industry is to be cited within one km from water sources. Annexure I to these G.O gives the list of industries for which total ban has been imposed for location of the industries from the embankment of the water sources mentioned in Annexure II. The TNPCB will examine the case and obtain the approval of Government for setting up highly polluting industries from water sources, other than mentioned in Annexure II. The TNPCB has prescribed the effluent standards in BP Ms. 30 TNSCP dated 21.02.84. The Government reconsidered the regulation of this G.O. regarding locating new industries with reference to Water Sources has been modified from one km. to 5 km. Government Order Ms. No. 127 Environment and Forests dated 8.5.98 states that no new industries (Red category type) will be sited within 5 km. radius from Water Sources. The existing policy aspects both at national and state level have sufficiently empowered to execute water resource development projects and also to address the issues relating to environmental management for sustainable use of water and water development in the State. 2.5.7 River Basin Management and Development Board The River Basin Management and Development Board was constituted vide G.O. Ms. No.31, Public Works (W2) Department, dated 12.01.2001 to manage the water based activities of Palar and Tambraparani basins initially. The Honorable Minister for Water Resources is the Chairman with the members from all the Water User Departments in the Government, MLAs representing the constituencies in the river basin, Panchayat Union Chairman, Municipal Chairman, Panchayat Presidents of the concerned districts, Presidents of WUAs, concerned district Collectors, representatives of the concerned departments, representatives of Industries, representatives of NGOs and the officials from WRO. The Chief Engineer, WRO is the member secretary River Boards Act No. 49 of 1956 as Modified This Act declares that Central Government may exercise control over the regulation and development of inter-State Rivers and river valleys to an extent necessary to protect the public interest. The Central Government can establish a River Board to advise as to development and regulation, co-ordination of activities, allocation of costs and progress of development 64 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project 2.6 National Environment Policy The current National policies for environmental management are found in the National Forest Policy, 1988, the National Conservation Strategy and Policy Statement on Environment and Development, 1992, Policy Statement on Abatement of Pollution, 1992 and the National Water Policy, 2002. They have contributed to environmental management substantially. Salient Features of the National Environment Policy, 2004 are set out below: * Conservation of Critical Environmental Resources: To protect and conserve critical ecological systems and resources, and invaluable natural and man-made heritage which are essential for life-support, livelihoods, economic growth, and a broad conception of human well-being. * Intra-generational Equity: Livelihood Security for the Poor: To ensure equitable access to environmental resources and quality for all sections of society, and in particular, to ensure that poor communities, which are most dependent on environmental resources for their livelihoods, are assured secure access to these resources. * Inter-generational Equity: To ensure judicious use of environmental resources to meet the needs and aspirations of present and future generations. * Integration of Environmental Concerns in Economic and Social Development: To integrate environmental concems into policies, plans, programmes, and projects for economic and social development. * Efficiency in Environmental Resource Use: To ensure efficient use of environmental resources in the sense of reduction in their use per unit of economic output to minimize adverse environmental impacts. * Environmental Governance: To apply the principles of good governance (transparency, rationality, accountability, reduction in time and costs, and participation) to the management and regulation of use of environmental resources. Enhancement of Resource for Environmental Conservation: To ensure higher flows comprising finance, technology, management skills, traditional knowledge, and social capital, for environmental conservation through mutually beneficial multi-stakeholder partnerships between local communities, public agencies, and investors. 65 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project 2.7 Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 Similar to Water Act, the Air Act vests the regulatory authority on the State Pollution Control Boards and empowers them to enforce to air quality standards to prevent air pollution in the country. Section 21 of the act requires an application to be made to the state board to establish or operate any industrial operation. This act however, is not of major significance for the water and sanitation projects as no air polluting activities are anticipated. 2.8 The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 The Environment (Protection) Act, popularly known as EP Act, is an umbrella legislation that supplements the existing environmental regulations. Empowered by EP Act, the Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF), Government of India has issued notifications regulating siting of industry and operations, procuring clearance for establishing industries and development projects with appropriate EIA studies, coastal zone regulations and other aspects of environment. * Empowers the Government of India (section 6) to make rules to regulate environmental pollution by stipulating standards and maximum allowable limits to prevent air, water, noise, soil and other aspects of environmental pollution * Prohibits carrying out any operations that emits pollutants in excess of standards (section 7) * Regulates handling of hazardous substances and identifies the persons responsible for discharges and pollution prevention (section 9) * Section 17 deals with the offences committed by Government Departments * Formulated Environmental (Protection) Rules, 1986, Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 and Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical Rules, 1989 in accordance with the sections 6, 8 and 25 of EP Act. While the water supply and sewerage projects are not notified as the projects requiring ministry's clearance in the EIA notification issued in 1994, investment / development projects costing above Rs.500 million however require ministry's clearance. However since the present project investment is spread over three cities it will not attract this clause. 2.9 The Indian Forest Act, 1927 Section 5 states that after declaring the particular land as reserved forest, no fresh clearings for any purpose shall be made except in accordance with such rules made by State Government. Section 26 states the acts prohibited in such forest in addition to the section 5. 66 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project Sections 30, 32 fumish power to the State govemment to regulate certain acts (clearing for cultivation, or building or any other purpose of any land etc, in such forests) specified in the section, in protected forests. Section 35 fumishes power to state govemrnment to prohibit certain acts (clearing of vegetation etc) in lands not being the property of government. 2.9.1 Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980(as Amended In 1988) As per Section 26 of Indian Forest Act, 1927 number of activities are prohibited in forest areas and demands prior approval of the Central govenmment to use forest land for non- forest purposes. The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 prohibits large-scale diversion of forestland for non-forest use. As amended in 1988, no State Govenmment or any authority shall make such diversions except with the prior approval of the Central Government. 2.9.2. The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 Section 2 of the Act restricts the state govemrnment on the de-reservation of forests or use of forestland for non-forest purposes. 2.9.3. The Forest (Conservation) Rules, 1981 Rule 4 states the procedure to make proposal by state govermment seeking prior approval to de-reserve the forest for non-forest purposes (section 2 of Forest Act, 1980), provided that all proposals involving clearing of naturally grown trees in forest land or portion or thereof for the purpose of using it for afforestation shall be sent in the form of working plan / management plan. The provisions of this attracted in water supply and sanitation projects, when structures, transmission lines and other components are passing through forest areas. As presented in section 5.3.2, the proposed replacement of a part of the leaking rising main between Kundargi and Tumarguddi in Belgaum is aligned along the existing road abutting the reserved forests near Dasanhatti and Tumarguddi. Since the portion of the rising main to be replaced is not yet finalized the requirement of clearance from the forest department will be required only if the finalized portion falls within the designated forest area. 2.9.4. Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 This act promulgated to provide for the protection of wild animals birds and plants and for matters connected therewith. The provisions under this act are as below. * Section 9 of the Act mentions that no person shall hunt any wild animal specified in Schedule I * The act prohibits picking, uprooting, damaging, destroying, acquiring any specified plant from any forestland 67 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project * It bans the use of injurious substances, chemicals, explosives that may cause injury or endanger any wildlife in a sanctuary * No alteration of the boundaries of a National Park shall be made except on a resolution passed by the Legislature of State and * Destruction or damaging of any wildlife property in national Park is prohibited 2.10 Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical Rules, 1989 These rules aim at providing control for the generation, storage and Import of hazardous chemicals. According to these rules, the user of hazardous chemicals has to perform the following and dispose the hazardous waste as mentioned in the rules * Identify the potential hazards of the chemicals and to take adequate steps for the prevention and control of such hazards * Develop or provide information about the chemical in the form of safety data sheet and * Label the specified information on container of hazardous chemical and Chlorine used for disinfection of water is categorized as hazardous chemical as according these rules and usage of these chemicals above 10 tons per year attracts the provisions of these rules. At the rate of around I mg/I, the usage of chlorine for the existing supply levels will be more than 10 tons in all the three cities. Hence provisions under this rule will be applicable for all the project local bodies. 2.11 Notification on Coastal Regulation Zone, 1991 All coastal stretches of seas, bays, estuaries, creeks, rivers and backwaters which are influenced by tidal action up to 500 mts from the High Tide Line and the land between the Low Tide Line and the High Tide Line are declared as the area within Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ). However, the distance from the HTL to which proposed regulations will apply in the case of rivers, creeks and backwaters may be modified on a case to case basis for reasons to be recorded while preparing Coastal Zone Management Plans by the competent authority. However, in this latter case, the distance from the HTL will not be less than 100 meters or width of the creek, river or back water, which ever is less. These rules classify CRZ into three distinct zones of CRZ 1, 11 and III. While no development activities are permitted in CRZ I, specific activities that will not interfere with the coastal eco-system are allowed in CRZ 11 and 111. Water supply and sanitation projects, especially those in coastal areas or those projects, which are developed in CRZ areas, will attract the provisions of these rules. Since the present project activities do not fall near coastal areas the applicability of the CRZ does not arise. 68 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project 2.12 Irrigated Agriculture- Institutions The key focus areas for IAMWARM are on irrigated agriculture modernization and on integrated water resources management to improve the productivity of water.The proposed project development objective is to improve and sustain irrigation service delivery and productivity of irrigated agriculture with effective integrated water resources management in a river basin/sub-basin framework in Tamil Nadu. Institutional Modernization for Irrigated Agriculture (targeted modemization and improved asset inventory and management plans (for instance, dams, tanks, irrigation infrastructure, agricultural, horticultural, fisheries data) technical and managerial upgrading of irrigation development and service delivery institutions, modemization of manuals/procedures, computerization, LAN and WAN, knowledge management software, information management and sharing, public interaction, closer integration of WRO/PWD and Agriculture, Horticulture, Agricultural Engineering, Livestock/Fisheries Departments. Sustainable Agriculture modernization (cropping systems diversification and management to improve water conservation and farmer returns, integrated pest and nutrient management, public private Partnerships for extension, post-processing, certification, marketing) 2.12.1 Multi Disciplinary Project Unit (MDPU) Multi Disciplinary Project Preparation Panel (MDPPP) was constituted for evolving environmental action plan in Hanumanadhi Sub-basin drawing the professionals from all the line departments. The MDPPP has prepared an integrated micro level action plan for Hanumanadhi Sub-basin and implemented under WRCP Phase I. Since the IAMWARM project is a successor to WRCP Phase I, the MDPPP was converted as Multi Disciplinary Project Unit (MDPU) to review, monitor and implement the activities of various line departments under IAMWARM project. The prime objective of this multi-disciplinary approach is to increase the productivity of water on a joint sector model and the farmers shall have to share part of the project investment cost. The activities of the line departments under IAMWARM project are as follows: 69 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project Table 2.3 Activities of the Line Departrnents Department Responsibilities WRO of PWD Rehabilitation and Modemisation Agricultural Engineering Training and skill development to members Department of WUAs on high tech micro irrigation system Tamil Nadu Agricultural Adaptive Research Trails University Agricultural Department Procurement and supply of improved seed varieties, organic manure, introduction of System Rice Intensification (SRI) techniques Agricultural Marketing Transportation of agricultural products, information on latest market trends, cold storage, providing farm roads Horticultural Department Introduction of high yielding variety horticultural crops, application of organic manure, tissue culture for banana Fisheries Department Aquaculture in farm ponds, village ooranies and tanks, to provide additional income to the farmers Forest Department Raising "Social Forestry" on tank bunds, field boundaries, construction of check dams and growing vegetation in the catchment area Social Welfare Department Training on community organization, social welfare, education of the farming community 2.12.2 WRO- Environmental Cell Division The activities of the Enviromnental Cell Division under WRO/PWD are as follows: * Environmental base line data collection of the respective river basins. * Documentation of environmental and social issues and monitoring the work. * Water & Soil quality monitoring before restoration of water bodies and after restoration of water bodies. * Conducting field oriented demonstration projects related to environmental issues. * Creating environmental and social awareness among the stakeholders of the basin. 70 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project 2.12.3 Agricultural Engineering Department Agricultural Engineering Department proposes to disseminate the upgraded agricultural engineering technology information, high tech micro irrigation systems like drip, sprinkler and tower irrigation systems to all the water users in the basin. The main aim of the Agricultural Engineering Department works are as follows: * To improve the productivity of water per unit per land. * To improve the livelihood of farming and labour community * To create an infrastructure base for water conservation techniques. * To train the engineers and farmers on effective water management towards sustainable development * The Agricultural Engineering Department has already carried out the following components for achieving the above said goals. 2.12.4 Department of Agriculture The aim of the Agriculture Department is to improve the agricultural productivity through modemization of irrigation system, upgraded water management and farmers participation. The following components are being taken as action plan by Agriculture Department * Paddy SRI (System of Rice Intensification) demonstration * Improve the existing coconut garden * Organic farming- green manure seed distribution * Distribution of hand operated sprayers * Technology demonstration * Coconut coir compost demonstration * Vermicompost demonstration * Conducting seminars to create awareness by means of publicity 2.12.5 Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU) The main objectives of TNAU are to increase water productivity in agriculture and horticulture crops of the project. To achieve the above goal, TNAU has taken six Adaptive Research Trials (ART) under 14 anicuts. The principles in the ARTs are increasing the productivity of the crop through introduction of high yielding varieties The activities being carried out by TNAU are as below * System of Rice Intensification (SRI) * High density banana with fertigations * Drip irrigation in coconut, sugarcane * Micro sprinkler to groundnut, cotton, vegetables and pulses 71 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project 2.12.6 Horticulture Department The Horticulture Department has taken very few assignments * Tissue culture in banana growing * Hybrid/ high yielding vegetables 2.12.7 Fisheries Department The main objective of the Fisheries Department is to increase fish production and uplift the socio economic condition of the fishermen by implementing various welfare programmes such as * Increase fish production by scientific fish culture in tanks * Demonstration of fresh water prawn culture and fish culture in farm ponds * Installation of cages for rearing of fish lings 2.12.8 Agriculture marketing and agri business The main aim is to facilitate easy marketing facilities to the farmers. This department is undertaking the following activities. * Installation of solar dryer for chillies drying. * Construction of grading center for cleaning and value addition * Supply of mini vans and vegetables crates * Conducting farmers training 2.12.9 Forest department The Forest Department proposed to raise babul/ karuvel plantations on tank beds in plain catchment area. They have submitted an action plan indicating details on catchment management works in sensitive areas of the river basins, forest produce, water conservation, environmental and social benefits. 2.12.10 Social welfare and development of Women Department The aim of this department is to impart training for WUA's/ women farmers for which the following activities are being carried out under MDPPP * Group formation * Capacity building training * SHG Members Training * Animator & Representative Training * EDP Training a. Skill Training b. Skill Up gradation Training 72 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project c. Vocational Training 2.13 Participatory Irrigation Management The Government of Tamil Nadu have accepted the concept of Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) and encourages the farmers participation in the operation and maintenance of the irrigation water distribution systems in all the irrigation systems maintained by the Government in the State. Under WRCP, the PIM programme has so far been implemented to cover an area of about 6.0 lakh hectares; out of about 21 lakh hectares spread over 20 out of 30 districts in the State. 2.13.1 Water User Associations (WUAs) Totally 1965 Farmers Councils (WUAs) were formed and registered, as detailed below: Table 2.4 Farmers Councils 1 1997 - 2002 (irrigation systems) 1272 Nos. 2 2001 - 2002 (irrigation tanks) 620 Nos. 3 2003 - 2004 Under Scheme completion 73 Nos. Total 1965 Nos. 2.13.2 The Tamil Nadu Farmers' Management of Irrigation Systems Act 2000 This Act received the assent of the President on the 25th February'2001 and is published as Act No. 7 of 2001. It provides for Farmers' participation in the Management of Irrigation Systems and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. The main objective of this Act is to promote and secure distribution of water among its users, adequate maintenance of the irrigation system, efficient and economical utilization of water to optimize agricultural production, by involving the farmers and inculcating a sense of ownership of the irrigation system in them in accordance with the water budget and the operational plan. It also facilitates scientific and systematic development and maintenance of irrigation infrastructure through farmer organizations. The farmer organizations have been involved fully in the management and maintenance of the irrigation system for effective and reliable supply and distribution of water. The Act is having Seven chapters dealing with the matters relating to farmers' organization, functions of farmer' organization, funds of farmers organization, offences and penalties, settlement of disputes and miscellaneous matters. 2.14 Irrigation Acts 2.14.1 Bhavani Reservoir Irrigation Cess Act No. 16 of 1933 as Amended It covers allocation of water from the Bhavani Reservoir through the issuance of permits to registered landowners, designating the land, time of use, type of crops that may be grown, and distribution channel serving the land. It provides for the levy of water-cess (at maximum rates specified for type of crop) on permitted lands. 73 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project 2.14.2 Tamil Nadu Irrigation Cess Act No.7 of 1865, as Modified unto 31 October 1980 This is the fundamental water-cess or fee act for irrigation water use. It provides the policy basis for imposing a water charge. It establishes a policy of recovering a rate of return from beneficiaries of government funded irrigation projects. 2.14.3 Tamil Nadu Irrigation, Levy of Betterment Contribution Act No.7 of 1955, as Modified up to 31 October 1980. It provides for betterment assessments be made against the land which is significantly' benefited by the completion of certain improvement works. 2.14.4 Tamil Nadu Irrigation Tanks (Improvement) Act No. 19 of 1949, as Modified up to 30 April 1949. Under this Act, the Government has the authority to improve efficiency and capacity of government owned or operated tanks, regardless of location. The owners of land are subject to pay all or a portion of the costs of improvements. 2.14.5 Tamil Nadu Irrigation (Voluntary Cess) Act No. 13 of 1942, as modified up to 30 November 1980 This Act pertains to a special levy against lands for maintenance of certain irrigation and drainage works constructed or maintained by the Government. 2.14.6 Tamil Nadu Irrigation Works (construction of Field Bothies) Act No. 25 of 1959, as Amended The District Collector is authorized to require landowners to construct or improve field channels or ditches. This Act prohibits anyone from obstructing or interfering with the flow of water in a field. 2.14.7 Tamil Nadu Irrigation Works (Repairs, Improvement and Construction) Act No. 18 of 1943, as Modified up to 30 November, 1980 It empowers the Government to repair and improve private irrigation works, supply water from Government facilities to private irrigation systems, and construct new irrigation works as defined by the Tamil Nadu Estates Land Act of 1908. This Act provides for recovery of costs and fees. 2.14.8 Mettur Canal Irrigation Cess Act No. 17 of 1953 This act provides specific legislation for levying of water charges on certain lands irrigated under the Mettur Canal. 74 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project 2.14.9 Tamil Nadu Rivers Conservancy Act No.6 of 1884 as Amended in 1969 As per this Act the State government can declare a river or parts thereof, to be subject to conservation measures in designated areas. 2.14.10 Tamil Nadu Canals and Public Ferries Act No.2 of 1890 This Act extends the Bhavani Reservoir Irrigation Cess Act of 1933 to additional lands in Coimbatore and Salem districts. 2.15 Aquaculture Acts 2.15.1 Tamil Nadu Aquaculture (Regulation) Act. No 6 of 1996 It deals with aquaculture - culturing of shrimp, prawns, fish or any other aquatic life - in saline water, in saline soil but does not include fresh water aquaculture in coastal stretches of land, estuaries, creeks, rivers, and backwaters. The District Committee comprising District Collector as the Chairman, Chief Executive Officer of Brackish Water Fish Farmers Development Agency as the Member Secretary, Joint Director of Agriculture, Executive Engineer, PWD (Irrigation), Executive Engineer, PWD, (Ground Water), District Forest Officer, District Environmental Engineer of TNPCB, Regional Deputy Director of Town and Country Planning as members, shall examine applications, make enquiries in all aspects and forward the same to Director of Fisheries for granting license. 2.15.2 Nilgiris Game and Fish Preservation Act No.2 of 1879 It provides protection and prohibits selling of wildlife and fish from the Nilgiris District. 2.16 Tamil Nadu Agricultural Produce Marketing (Regulation) Act 1987 It deals to amend and consolidate the law relating to, and to make better provisions for, the regulation of buying and selling of agricultural produce and the establishment and proper administration of markets for agricultural produce in the State of Tamil Nadu. It is expedient to provide for the better regulation of buying and selling of agricultural produce and the establishment on proper administration of markets for agricultural produce in the State of Tamil Nadu. 2.17 Panchayat & Land Acts 2.17.1 Tamil Nadu Panchayat Act No. 35 of 1958, as Amended This Act prescribes purpose and manner of organizing village and town Panchayat. It authorizes Panchayat to construct and repair various small water related structures. This Act allows the Government to transfer to Panchayats the duty of protecting and maintaining any irrigation works or regulates distribution of water. 75 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project 2.17.2 Tamil Nadu Land Improvement Schemes Act No. 31 of 1959, as Amended The purpose is to carry out land improvement schemes in declared areas, public or private, other than forest preserves for conservation and improvement of soil and water resources (including groundwater), prevention and mitigation of soil erosion, protection of land against damage from floods or drought, protection of Reservoirs from sedimentation and reclamation of waste lands. It provides for establishment of Boards at three levels, viz., State, District and River valley catchment area for carrying out the Act. This Act could be considered as a key law for improving water resources development, utilization, management, and conservation in Tamil Nadu. 2.18 Implications of various Acts on IAMWARM Project Whenever a new project is conceived such as the IAMWARM, there is often the apprehension that there might be some implications by way of impacting on the existing organizations, institutional frameworks, policies and programmes. By its very nature agriculture modernization and water resource management are highly evolving subjects and there is constant transformation in the practices pursued by different line departments. For instance, there are a host of organizations such as * WRO, PWD * Agriculture Engineering Department * Tamil Nadu Agricultural University * Agriculture department * Agriculture marketing * Horticulture department * Fisheries department * Forest department * Social welfare department Naturally the functioning of the above departments would have an impact on agriculture modernization and water resource management because of the policy formulations evolved over a period of time. However, what is important to note is to determine the diverse aspects of the policy outcomes of the above departments and make them to function in consonance with the IAMWARM project. This obviously would mean that the IAMWARM project need not necessarily be pursued in isolation. There is a need to bring in some kind of congruence between the IAMWARM project and the existing line departments to achieve demonstrable results in some specific areas such as * Desiltation of tanks * Catchment degradation * Cold storage facilities * Marketing accessibility and information technology * Sewage treatment plants * Water weeds and juliflora * Migration * Social and environmental problems 76 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project 3 REVIEW OF PAST EXPERIENCES The Tamil Nadu Water Resources Consolidation Project (TNWRCP) was planned for a holistic development with an integrated vision for water sector development and management and user participation in planning and management to achieve a demand driven process. The strategy emphasizes on environmentally and socially sustainable basin approach for water resources planning and management, including conjunctive use of water. Agricultural intensification and diversification to be supported under this proposed intervention would contribute to creation of both on farm & off farm employment and create enabling environment for private sector participation. The project contributed to the poverty reduction and sustainable growth. The TNWRCP project is implemented in all the basins. The Project is a multi hierarchical programme, which addressed the existing deficiencies through a mix of institutional reforms and rehabilitation of physical assets. The ESA study has been carried out to provide input into the TNWRCP in accordance with the World Bank operational guidelines. The primary objective of the ESA study is to identify the key environmental and social issues related to the project. A wide range of data has been collected pertaining to physical, environmental and social aspects. The study has been carried out in seventeen river basins and environmental and social attributes has presented in the GIS platform in respect of Palar, Vaippar and Kothaiar. A detailed study is carried out on the Model Rehabilitation project being implemented in the Hanuman Nadi sub basin of Thamiraparani river basin on MDPU structure. The activities of various departments involved in this model project and the methodology adopted have been evaluated. Suggestions are made for each department's activities and for the over all structure of the MDPPP for incorporation while replicating the same to other basins. 3.1 Tamil Nadu Water Resource Consolidation Project (TNWRCP) Tamil Nadu Water Resource Consolidation Project (Phase I) was taken up in 1995 with the financial assistance of World Bank at an estimated cost of Rs. 11433 million and the project was completed on 30.9.2004. 3.1.1 Core objectives * To introduce Water Resource Planning by river basins across all users of water * To improve agricultural productivity through modemisation and completion of irrigation system, upgraded water management and farmers participation * To assure sustainability of water infrastructure and the environment and * To improve Institutional and Technical Capacity for managing the State Water Resources A macro level planning has been completed for 16 basins out of 17 basins in the State leaving the Cauvery river basins due to water dispute on sharing of water. The Water Resources Management Project was also piloted in the Hanumanadhi sub basin of Tambraparani 3.1.2 Lessons learnt from WRCP 77 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project The lessons learnt from the TNWRCP Project area as follows: * The Farmers' Management of Irrigation Systems Act 2000 (FIMS Act) is a much better basis for irrigation management than the Societies Act on which the SAR was based * A separate component for Land Acquisition and Economic Rehabilitation, with a separate LAER Cell, works well for acquiring land but there are still limitations in the ability to economically rehabilitate project affected persons * An extended and detailed policy preparation provided a sound basis for successful project implementation. * The economic impact of an irrigation project will be improved by the inclusion of an agricultural component with strong agricultural support services at the outset. Investment in agricultural services should be flexible enough with government extension services and tied to marketing networks. * More efficient procurement organization and procedures might avoid some delays in project implementation. A frequent training procedure during implementation is necessary, given the turnover of middle-level staff, to avoid delays in procurement aspects. * Covenants such as that to reduce subsidies to TNEB, which have little direct relevance to project activities and are difficult to enforce, should not be imposed since dealing with these takes considerable time and effort of both the Bank and Borrower with negligible returns. * Involving intended beneficiaries in planning, implementation and monitoring improved transparency, instills a sense of ownership and can reduce conflicts. * NGOs played a useful role in training farmers and WUAs but NGOs without adequate experience in this works should only be employed in conjunction with other experienced organizations capable of training the inexperienced. * Recognizing the role of WUAs as change agents, the involvement of women farmers and NGOs can create a multiplier effect. Convergence of various development schemes operating in WUAs should be routed through them to have additive effects. * In the case of financial management it is better to contract reputed firms instead of local small firms for software development and for quality based selection (QBS). * Twinning consultancies is a good idea but the terms of reference for such consultancies must be drafted with greater attention to details and the implementing agency should be supported derive maximum benefit from such arrangements. 78 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project * Focus on policy issues, institutional restructuring, cost recovery aspects should be consistent throughout the project implementation period. The key goals of IAMWARM project would naturally have a bearing on the outcome and the lessons learned from WRCP. In other words, it would be feasible and practical to juxtapose the lessons leamed from WRCP along side the key goals of IAMWARM project so that continuity is lent to the subject. What is important is to evolve the goals of IAMWARM project not loosing site of the outcomes of WRCP. 3.2 Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) The Government of Tamil Nadu had launched the scheme of Water Resources Consolidation Project (WRCP) in 1995, with the financing of the project by the World Bank. One of the four prime objectives of WRCP is "to improve the agricultural productivity through modernisation and completion of irrigation systems, upgraded water management and farmers participation". This objective was mostly achieved through System Improvement and Farmers Turnover (SIFT) programme, which constituted a major and most important component of Water Resources Consolidation Project implemented during the period from 1995 to 2004 The Government of Tamil Nadu have accepted the concept of Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) and encourages the farmers participation in the operation and maintenance of the irrigation water distribution systems in all the irrigation systems maintained by the Government in the State. Under WRCP, the PIM programme has so far been implemented to cover an area of about 6.0 lakh hectares; out of about 21 lakh hectares spread over 20 out of 30 districts in the State. 3.2.1 Experiences of PIM After the "Institutional Reforms" carried out under WRCP with the technical guidance and advice from the World Bank, the Public Works Department had been reconstituted into four Regions Viz., Chennai, Trichy, Madurai and Pollachi covering four groups of river basins existing in the State. The department has also been renamed as "Water Resources Organisation (WRO) of P.W.D." Each Regional Office is headed by a Chief Engineer of WRO and functions as the Basin Manager for the group of river basins delineated as regional operational area and brought under his control: WRCP was implemented in all the Regions except Trichy, which covers the Cauvery Basin. Water Resources Organisation (WRO) thus had been made responsible for involving farmers in the operation and maintenance decisions, turning over of Operation and Maintenance responsibilities of distribution systems to the farmers and other related activities. As a first step in the implementation of PIM under WRCP, the Centre for Water Resources of Anna University was involved and the methodology and approaches in implementing the programme of farmers involvement worked out. NGOs were also involved in mobilizing the farmers in the command area of WRCP and assist the field level officers of the WRO in forming the Farmers' Councils (equivalent to Water Users Associations - WUAs) 79 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project and registered under Tamil Nadu Societies Registration Act of 1975 since there was no specific Act on PIM in the State at that point of time. 3.2.2 Water User Associations (WUAs) Totally 1965 Farmers Councils (WUAs) were formed and registered, as detailed below: Table 3.1 Farmers Councils (WUAs) 1 1997 - 2002 (irrigation systems) 1272 Nos. 2 2001 - 2002 (irrigation tanks) 620 Nos. 3 2003 - 2004 Under Scheme completion 73 Nos. Total 1965 Nos. Experiences in Formation of WUAs In the initial stages, farmers were not cooperating with the WRO officials in organizing the village level meetings and they did not readily accept the new concept of PIM. Only a few farmers used to attend the meeting. The reasons for poor response was examined in detail and the ways and means to enhance the level of participation of farmers were discussed and analyzed taking into account the experiences of other States in this regard. 152 Assistant / Junior Engineers of O&M units of WRO were identified and appointed as FOT Team Leaders with necessary field supporting staff besides the deployment of 17 groups of NGOs. With the constitution of FOT Teams and with the involvement of NGOs, there were marked improvements in the attendance in the meetings in villages. Since enhancing the level of participation involves bringing in attitudinal changes among the farmers, it was realized that this job could effectively be done by NGOs in association with WRO field officials. With the deployment of NGOs, with Teams of Institutional Development Specialists (17 Nos.) and Social Organizers (281 Nos.), the much- needed social input was provided to both the WRO field officials and farmers. By building up necessary rapport with the farmers, NGOs were able to convince the farmers about the new concept of PIM programme after organizing a number of meetings in the villages. Necessary training was provided to the NGOs and their group (before deploying them to visit the villages), on how to promote PIM activities, since such type of activities were new to them. They took long time to absorb the message and transmit to the farmers to complete their assigned jobs. A Senior Advisor with necessary field experiences in the implementation of irrigation projects and with adequate management experiences was engaged during 1998 to fine-tune the process of implementation of PIM programme and to continuously encourage on the farmer's participation. His services are continuously being utilized. With the combined and united efforts of both the FOT Team Leaders and NGOs, village level meetings with the farmers were organised creating necessary awareness about the need and advantages of their participation in the irrigation management activities. More enthusiasm and acceptance were observed among the farmers' group as well as the WRO officials. 80 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project The office bearers of the Farmers Councils (FCs) were also provided with basic training by the Irrigation Management Training Institute (IMTI), which had been identified as the Nodal Agency for the design and organizing of training programmes under WRCP. With the completion of system improvement works mostly covering the rehabilitation and modernisation of the main canal systems of the irrigation systems proposed under IWRCP, attempts were made by the WRO officials in negotiating with the Farmers Councils (WUAs) for commencing the "Joint Management and Turnover Process" as contemplated under WRCP, to join together and make all decisions related to system operation and maintenance aspects. The members of the Farmer Councils were provided with an opportunity to get the benefit of "hands on experience" in the process of operation and maintenance of the systems atleast for one irrigation season. During November 2000, a Project Level meeting was organized at Pollachi covering the Parambikulam Aliyar Project (PAP) command, in which the Hon'ble Minister for Public Works and other political dignitaries participated, besides a very large gathering of farmers. Field observations and enquiries undertaken in some of the irrigation systems like Parambikulam Aliyar Project and Sathanur Project, indicated, the level of enthusiasm exhibited by the farmers (water users) in their participation in the process of decision making for system operation and maintenance. During the joint management process related to irrigation water distribution, it was brought to the notice of WRO officials by the members of FCs (WUAs) that even though improvement to the main systems were carried out under WRCP, the rehabilitation works of the distributaries and minors comprising of the distribution system were left out for most of the systems, considerably affecting the delivery of assured water supply to the tail ends. A suggestion was made to examine the need for carrying out the Minimum required rehabilitation works in the distribution systems to be turned over, so that these systems will be fit enough for such turn over. Environmental training may be given to WUA's by EC Divisions, where the WUA is taking much behind Co-ordination with NGO. 3.2.3 Success stories after implementation of PIM * It has provided a very good opportunity for regular contact between the farmers and the WRO officials and there is a good rapport developed. The farmers are generally ready to clean the supply channel and field channel systems of the tanks, where there is a possibility that the tanks may get some water. The distribution system under Major, Medium and Minor Irrigation systems are being maintained by WUAs concerned. * The office bearers of some WUAs, walked through the command areas under the area of operation of WUAs, and carried out the desilting of the field channels& uprooted the 'Neyveli Kattamani (Weed)' in the water spread areas before the onset of the monsoon, by utilizing the additional maintenance grant apportioned to them together with their contribution collected as a membership fee. * Dependence on the Government for everything is slowly getting reduced (Water distribution being done by the WUAs under WUA areas). * When the department carries out the operations, the schedules are strictly followed. But in the operations done by the WUAs, there developed flexibility & adjustments among the farmers according to their need, resulting into mutual co- operation. (Resolution passed and implemented by the Udumalai Kalvai Kudimangalam Village, 81 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project is a representative sample, which states, "During the recent first and second zone irrigation in PAP, instead of 15 days continuous supply of water for irrigation, the system of 5 days supply of water in 3 shifts was resorted to, resulting into supply of water up to tail end, to the entire satisfaction of farmers. As the system is overwhelming among the farmers of this WUA, this General Body insists on, that the system of 5 days supply of water in 3 shifts shall be implemented during all the irrigation seasons".) * Since a Managing Committee take the responsibility of solving the problems, then and there, the function of water regulation and distribution is going on smoothly. * Water pilferage by the farmers is considerably reduced, since the management of water is regulated by the WUAs also (the jurisdiction of a WRO section, may be up to 3OKms stretch, where 8 or more WUAs are functioning, the responsibility of watching and controlling the pilferages are now shared by the office bearers of WUAs also.) * It has provided an opportunity for some inter-transmission of water between the WUAs, to meet out the timely needs of water, developing a give and take policy. * Number of police cases is under decline, since the differences in opinion among the farmers are solved then and there by the WTUAs. * Quality and standard of maintenance works carried out by the direct supervision of WUAs are coming up to the expected standards. * Few of the court cases, which were long pending have been solved or withdrawn due to the strong and concrete efforts of the WUAs. * It has provided an opportunity to the farmers, who have lost their belief in solving their grievances, to come forward and make them solved by the WUAs. Mainly the WUAs have become a forum for expressing the views of every water user, which would enable the Department to provide the required service to the farmers in the matters of irrigation management, which would ultimately result into increased agricultural productivity. * Unity and co-operation developed among the farmers. * Certain conflicts arise among them are settled down by themselves. * When there is a failure of monsoon and scarcity of water, the mind set of farmers has been changed in such a way that the farmers themselves have come forward to distribute the available water equitably. * The farmers in the head sluice reach are willing-fully ready to allow the tail end farmers to use their lands for cultivation, in case of no assured supply of water to the tail ends. * The farmers extend their support to the WRO/Revenue Officials, in the eviction of encroachments in some catchment areas and canal systems. * The farmers who are accustomed to the practice of irrigation by transacting oral instructions are now functioning by passing resolutions after meetings & discussions. 82 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project * Registers are maintained by them. * The four sub committees as contemplated in the Act are formed and functioning in some areas. * The disparity among the farmers based on the land holdings, resulting into first priority to the maximum landholder and least supply to the minimum land holders/tail-enders are being now eliminated. * Farmers are participating in the water regulation operations, and the water for irrigation is being utilized economically. * It has become useful to increase the awareness, participation and commitment of people and to protect and enhance their well-being. It is useful to follow a participatory, transparent and objective approach. * Grievances of the farmers are solved at a single point in the field itself. * The habit of encroachments in the commands by the farmers is slowly diminishing, since the responsibility of safeguarding the irrigation systems has been realized by them, as the sense of ownership of the irrigation system has been inculcated in them, after the implementation of PIM. * Damages to the Public properties, by them either intentionally or unintentionally for their self-benefits have been reduced. * There are more chances now, for getting the development of ayacut increased, due to the feasibility of ensuring sustainable & equitable supply of water up to the tail end. 3.3 LAER (Land Acquisition and Economic Rehabilitation) Cell A separate component for Land Acquisition and Economic Rehabilitation, with a separate LAER Cell, works well for acquiring land but there are still limitations in the ability to economically rehabilitate project-affected persons This cell was created as per the suggestions made by the World Bank to expedite the land acquisition and implement the rehabilitation plans for the projects under WRCP. This cell is functioning under the supervision of Secretary to Government, PWD in the Secretariat. The cell has expedited the land acquisition plans and fast compensation settlements have taken place for the projects under WRCP. Hence, the same plans and procedures for land acquisition and settlement of compensation to the project affected people may be extended to all the projects under WRO. The cell is engaged in taking care of redressing grievances and mitigating negative social impacts of the people caused due to the construction of canals, reservoirs and dams, it is suggested that the Government of Tamil Nadu may consider to continue the cell as a permanent establishment. 83 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project 3.4 Environmental Cell Division (EC Division) There are three environmental cell divisions under WRO, PWD. The EC divisions are headed by an Executive Engineer at the regional level. The EE will report to Superintending Engineer at Chennai. The Chief Engineer (PF) will head the three environmental cell divisions. 3.4.1 Activities of Environmental Cell Divisions * Environmental base line data collection of the respective river basins. * Documentation of environmental and social issues and monitoring the work. * Water & Soil quality monitoring before restoration of water bodies and after restoration of water bodies. * Conducting field oriented demonstration projects related to environmental issues. * Creating environmental and social awareness among the stakeholders of the basin. 3.5 Pilot Project in Hanumanadhi Sub-Basin - Review Multi Disciplinary Project Unit (MDPU) was constituted to implement the WRCP under WRO, PWD. Since, IAMWARM project is a successor to WRCP which is also be implemented under MDPU adopting integrated approach with the participation of the line departments and the stakeholders using water from the basin. The prime objective of this multi-disciplinary approach is to increase the productivity of water on a joint sector model and the farmers shall have to share part of the project investment cost. A pilot model rehabilitation project was implemented in the "Hanumanadhi Sub-Basin of Thamiraparani river basin" under the supervision of MDPU. The strategy focuses on convergence of the following Agencies/Departments. 1. Water Resources Organization, PWD 2. Agricultural Engineering Department 3. Agriculture Department 4. Forest Department 5. Fisheries Department 6. Social welfare Department 7. Horticulture Department 8. Agriculture marketing and Agri Business Department 9. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University 3.5.1 Options * To go for rainwater harvesting * Introduce high tech farming with post harvest techniques * Ensure protection of farm produce till it reaches the consumers * Consumption of Water for Agriculture which is 80% to be reduced by adopting conveyance efficient techniques like Micro irrigation, pressure irrigation and flow irrgation using pipes 84 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project * Increase the storage condition of aquifer by providing farm ponds and rejuvenation of wells etc * Adopting cropping practices and tilling practices to reduce water consumption and increasing the yield per hectare by using less water 3.5.2 Water Resources Organization (WRO) The Water Resources Organization (WRO) under the Chairmanship of Engineer-in- Chief is assigned with the task of implementation of Model Rehabilitation and Modernization of Hanumanadhi sub basin in co-ordination with other departments and monitoring and evaluation of project achievements. Various works are taken up for 12 anicuts, 14 main channels and 50 tanks in the sub basin and the operational efficiency of the system is expected to improve after completion of all the works. They are * Protective works in the river bed * Strengthening of anicuts * Construction of head sluices at open take off channels * Lining of canals * Bund Protection * Providing shutters to sluices * Channel bank formation with roads * Providing ground water recharge ponds * Improving surplus arrangements to tanks * Cross drainage works The rehabilitation works such as desilting of tanks, lining of canals, construction of retaining walls, strengthening of bunds, repairing of sluices, gates and weirs are being undertaken by the WRO. As per the proposal and concept, the head reach water shall go to tail end and there should be a minimum guarantee for equal distribution of water upto the tail end. The rehabilitation works can help them to fulfill the aim and objectives. Observations Some people are objecting the lining of canals. Farmers expressed that a portion of the bed surface of the canal should not be lined to allow seepage of water which recharges the ground water. Seasonal conditions may be kept in view while undertaking the canal lining to ensure uninterrupted supply of water to the villages around the canal Proportioning of water should be done to ensure the proper supply of water to the tanks situated in the lower reaches of the basin. 3.5.3 Agricultural Engineering Department Agricultural Engineering Department proposes to disseminate the upgraded agricultural engineering technology information, high tech micro irrigation systems like drip, 85 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project sprinkler and tower irrigation systems to all the water users in the basin. The main aim of the Agricultural Engineering Department works are * To improve the productivity of water per unit per land. * To improve the livelihood of farming and labour community * To create an infrastructure base for water conservation techniques. * To train the engineers and farners on effective water management towards sustainable development * The Agricultural Engineering Department has already carried out the following components for achieving the above said goals. Observations The overall issues and requirement of mitigation measures in the basin are not covered. Importance is given in the mechanization of agriculture activities by providing drip sprinklers, seed harvesting machines etc. Contour bunding, vegetative barriers to arrest soil erosion are also essential in watershed development activities. 3.5.4 Agriculture Department The aim of the Agriculture Department is to improve the agricultural productivity through modernization of irrigation system, upgraded water management and farmers participation. The following components are being taken as action plan by Agriculture Department * Paddy SRI (System of Rice Intensification) demonstration * Improve the existing coconut garden * Organic farming- green manure seed distribution * Distribution of hand operated sprayers * Technology demonstration * Coconut coir compost demonstration * Vermicompost demonstration * Conducting seminars to create awareness by means of publicity Observations The Agricultural Department has taken many activities as said above. But there is not a clear correlation among the different components. According to a survey conducted in Pudukottai and Pollachi, farmers completely shifted from the inorganic cultivation practices to organic cultivation practices. They explained that total shifting is also possible and the yield is also good. While promoting organic farming mulching techniques, soil improvement, macro and micro nutrients, crop pattern, method of filling, control of insects by bio fertilizers and yield improvement plays important role. They shall have the detailed plan towards the policy change such as from inorganic farming concepts to organic farming techniques. 86 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project The farmers' participation or willingness, while in change of cultivation practices are to be addressed. 3.5.5 Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU) The main objectives of TNAU is to increase water productivity in agriculture and horticulture crops of the project. To achieve the above goal, TNAU has taken six Adaptive Research Trials (ART) under 14 anicuts. The principles in the ARTs are increasing the productivity of the crop through introduction of high yielding varieties The activities being carried out by TNAU are as below * System of Rice Intensification ( SRI) * High density banana with fertigations * Drip irrigation in coconut, sugarcane * Micro sprinkler to groundnut, cotton, vegetables and pulses Observations The activities aim to reduce the input cost and to maximize the profits, while doing ART (Adoptive Research Trial). But after completing the demonstration project, the farmer should come forward to adopt the technology. From the activities it was observed that, the input in land will be increased due to mechanization. In many places, the drip irrigation reduced the yield of coconut. Drip irrigation combined with inorganic pesticides will increase the salt concentration which leads to soil degradation. Based on the views of the farmers, drip irrigation combined with bio fertilizers may produce better results. 3.5.6 Horticulture Department The Horticulture Department has taken very few assignments * Tissue culture in banana growing * Hybrid/ high yielding vegetables Observations The intervention by horticulture department is comparatively very less. Horticulture crops play big role in building farmers economy. The waste lands can also be used for horticulture crops with less water and organic farming concepts. Hence they can do still better approach for all kinds of crops. 3.5.7 Fisheries Department The main objective of the Fisheries Departnent is to increase fish production and uplift the socio economic condition of the fishermen by implementing various welfare programmes such as 87 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project * Increase fish production by scientific fish culture in tanks * Demonstration of fresh water prawn culture and fish culture in farm ponds * Installation of cages for rearing of fish lings Observations The scientific approach put forth by the Fisheries Department is appreciable in all aspects. The only one precaution shall be taken in fish culture is farm ponds. Still the farmers using extensive fertilizers and pesticides. The excessive fertilizers and traces are - through run off to farm ponds. Hence the water quality shall be checked often in the farm ponds. Bioaccumulation of fertilizers through fishes will affect the human being. 3.5.8 Agriculture marketing and agri business The main aim is to facilitate easy marketing facilities to the farmers. This department is undertaking the following activities. * Installation of solar dryer for chillies drying. * Construction of grading center for cleaning and value addition * Supply of mini vans and vegetables crates * Conducting farmers training Observations The overall needs of the farmers for the marketing of their produce are not properly visualized. The basin wise concept was not taken into account, while preparation of their action plan for the basin and only the target-oriented works have been taken up. There are number of opportunities available for establishing marketing linkages to the farmers produce. A few areas are mentioned below for better understanding. 1. Establishment of decentralized cold storage may be thought of for the benefit of farmers using the solar energy. 2. Organic farming which is an emerging area may be promoted and capacity among the farmers built for obtaining certification and capitalization of available opportunities 3. Setting up of organic vegetable shops may be encouraged and special prices may be fixed to encourage the farmers to opt for organic farming. 4. Promote value addition to the agricultural produce by establishing micro enterprises with appropriate marketing linkages. 5. Capacity building may be planned to the farmers and self help groups in improving the quality in value addition products, packaging, branding etc to enter into the urban markets. 88 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project 3.5.9 Forest department The Forest Department proposed to raise babul/ karuvel plantations on tank beds in plain catchment area. They have submitted an action plan indicating details on social forestry, forest produce, water conservation, environmental and social benefits. Observations The hilly catchment area has degraded due to man made activities. But the Department proposed only one activity under MDPPP. Regenerating degraded catchment by undertaking by software and hardware approach is not covered. Since Hanumanadhi sub- basin is a model basin for water resources development activities, catchment plays an important role in arresting soil erosion, stopping deforestation and regenerating the degraded forest area, these activities shall also be considered as a basin wise approach. The Forest Department should also concentrate on overall issues in catchment area and the remedial measures such as gully plugging, contour bunding, construction of check dams, vegetative barriers, tree plantations etc in the hilly areas to arrest the soil erosion and maintain the eco systems. 3.5.10 Social welfare and development of women Department The aim of this department is to impart training for WUA's/ women farmers for which the following activities are being carried out under MDPPP * Group formation * Capacity building training * SHG Members Training * Animator & Representative Training * EDP Training a. Skill Training b. Skill Up gradation Training c. Vocational Training Observations 1. The Overall issues and the requirement of the basin are not visualized. 2. The Department would have been identified the potential areas for training which are having potential for employment. 3. An integrated enterprise development approach may be promoted for the women who have undergone EDP training.( Promotion of micro enterprises) 4. Setting up of women haats may be thought off with backward and forward linkages for promotion of marketing the products produced by the women directly to the consumers. 89 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project After review of the existing reports and had discussions with the senior officers of PWD, the following lessons are drawn from the implementation of pilot project on Haunmanadhi. 3.5.11 Lessons learnt * The pilot project launched at Hanumanadhi Basin is first of its kind in Asia integrating the activities of various line departments and has some results to show * The change in cropping pattem, modernized agriculture techniques has led to increase in the yield * Training given to farmers on latest irrigation techniques for high yielding variety of rice and other crops has changed socio economic profile of the farmers * In places like Pudukottai and Pollachi the farmers have completely shifted to organic cultivation and achieved better yield. This is the out come of the farmers getting exposure to organic farming techniques. This is an area for possible replication in other basins. * There are visible signs of empowerment among the farmers in the judicious use of water * The project has fallen short of its goals essentially because of inadequate rainfall over the last four years resulting in poor renewal of tanks * The project has not achieved results commensurate with the investments made due to project planning at short notice. * Most of the stakeholders are not clear about the objectives and activities of the project * Though a beginning was made to integrate all the line departments activities, the project could not achieve the full success due to gaps in coordination among the line departments officials. 3.6 Tamilnadu Women in Agriculture (TANWA) funded by DANIDA Women, in small and marginal farm families carry very heavy load of work both in the farm and house as compared to men. In India 78% of women are engaged in agriculture, compared to 63% of men. Their contribution to agriculture is immense but they have very little control over resources. Their participation in decision making process is also less. In this context TANWA project is designed to reorient and involve to them in agriculture. TANWA Project funded by the Danish International Development Assistance (DANIDA), in two phases starting from 1986. TANWA aims at increasing agricultural productivity and improving food security among small and marginal women farmers. The project is ended in 2002. 90 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project 3.6.1 Objectives * Improving the productivity and quality of life of all family members through securing full utilization of women's potential in agricultural production on small and marginal holdings * Transfer knowledge and skills from trained women farmers to fellow farmers * Improve access to existing agricultural extension services to women farmers * Increase women farmers' ability to use existing services * Increase the number of women agriculture officers in the Department of Agriculture * To strengthen farm women's position in society * To guide farm women to adopt relevant new technology and give them the appropriate skills through practical training 3.6.2 Strategy Technology is transferred to small and marginal women farmers through village based training, farm women conferences and follows up support at village level. Women agricultural officers have been recruited to train farm women. The five day training course covers a maximum of 10-12 skills related to crop production, animal husbandry, agricultural techniques, agro forestry, bio fertilizers, sericulture, pisciculture, apiculture etc 3.6.3 Lessons learnt * 215 women agricultural officers have been positioned for the first time with TANWA's initiatives * 60,000 women farmers have now been familiarized with more than 200 technologies and in tum they have shared these technologies with nearly 400,000 women * TANWA's farm women groups have gradually evolved and felt the need for joint action and networking * Agricultural productivity in these women's farms have increased from 14% to as high as 80% After review of the above scheme, it is proposed to establish and strengthen the women haats in the project for provide direct marketing facilities to the women group products. 3.6.4 Objectives of the Haat * The women Haat to be on lines of trade fair to bring together buyers and sellers of various regions * To help bring in the technology improvement in various product ranges * Conducting of thematic Haats like food processing to reach out producer women to specialized market segments for support for a range of product * To hold workshops with specialist in the various fields from the various parts of the Country as well as manufacturers who will be able to negotiate and discuss with women's groups, manufacturing various products for a tie up 91 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project * To create brand awareness and impart brand management techniques * Improving and introducing new economical packing techniques * Helping in evolving market accessible pricing strategies * Financial and marketing linkages Benefits of Haat Table 3.2 Benefits of Haat Market Needs Haat offers Exclusivity Competitive advantage; uniqueness by way of its distinctive features and the cost and value benefits that it would offer the quality, variety and ambience of the service provided Value (price/benefits) Insignificant fee charged compared to host of benefits provided (storage, trolleys, conference rooms, R&D etc) Comfort Information center, online booking and information of calendar of events, "an umbrella service" Performance Experience of the corporation in strategy formulation and implementation Networking Existing network with the organized and un-organized women groups and institutions will allow immediate access to market the concept Risk Reduction Strategy Build reputation, nurture contacts, compete vigorously on basis of expertise and successful experience 3.7 Pudhu Vazhvu Tamil Nadu has proposed to implement "Pudhu Vazhvu" project with World Bank's assistance. The project was approved by the World Bank in May 2005. 92 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project "Pudhu Vazhvu" meaning 'New Life' is to create opportunities and build social capital in poor communities and to involve the communities themselves in designing and implementing the changes that will affect their daily life. It is envisaged that the project will cover around 3,50,000 target families in 2300 Gram Panchayats comprising 12185 habitations in 70 backward blocks spread over 15 districts. 3.7.1 Objectives The specific objectives are to improve the livelihoods and empower the target rural poor (particularly women and other disadvantaged groups) through * Developing and strengthening pro-poor local institutions/groups (including village Panchayats) * Building skills and capabilities of the poor and * Financing productive demand-driven subproject investments. 3.7.2 Expected Outcomes * 20% increase in incremental income against base year for 50% of the target households by end of project * 70% target households should have increased their income * At least 70% of all identified vulnerable population e.g disabled and tribals are organized into SHGs and have accessed special assistance funds * At least 70% of SHGs/EAGs of the poor have accessed funds through linkage with banks and other financial institutions. In view of the above-mentioned ongoing developmental projects, the activities under this project facilitate integration of some of the ongoing development programmes in the State for the benefit of the stakeholders. The project will provide synergies and strengthen the development process of the State. 3.8 Social Welfare Schemes and Programmes The government schemes and programmes that are being implemented are as follows: 3.8.1 Schemes * Member Of Legislative Assembly Constituency Development Scheme (MLACDS) * Namadhu Gramam * Rural Housing Scheme * Sampooma Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY) * Swarnajayanthi Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) * Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY) * Rashtriya Sam Vikas Yojana (RSVY) * Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) 93 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project * Provision Of Urban Amenities In Rural Areas (PURA) Member of Legislative Assembly Constituency Development Scheme (MLACDS) MLACDS, a fully State Government funded scheme has the main objective of taking up works to bridge the infrastructural gaps in the Assembly Constituencies. Allocation per constituency was Rs.82.00 lakhs. The MLAs are recommended to prioritise the works for Drinking Water Supply works (Rs. 15.00 lakh), Namadhu Grammam Scheme (Rs. 15.00 lakh), Hostels for BC/MBC (Rs.5.00 lakh), laying of cement roads including Village Panchayat roads and street lights (Rs.15.00 lakhs). For the remaining Rs.32.00 lakhs MLAs have the liberation to propose other works in accordance with guidelines. During 2004-05, a sum of Rs. 192. 70 crores was released and 9983 works were taken up. Namadhu Gramam The scheme implemented since August 2004 has the objective of achieving cent per cent enrolment of children in schools, reducing infant mortality, eliminating female infanticide, poverty reduction and achieving village sanitation through people's participation. To encourage greater people's participation, Village Panchayats are given incentives for an amount of Rs.55 crores based on their performance. Thus, the scheme Namadhu Gramam involves motivated voluntary action for sustainable and holistic rural development. Highlights of Namadhu Gramam Thittam The major objective of the Namadhu Gramam Thittam is to ensure all round development of our villages across Tamil Nadu. These bold initiatives will be implemented with an outlay of Rs.200 crores. An initial provision of Rs.52.21 crores has been made in the Budget Estimates for this purpose. NABARD also will support the funding of this programme. Namadhu Gramam enables the principles of democratic decentralization and participatory approach to foster comprehensive development of every village in Tamil Nadu. Under this programme, the Gram Sabha will meet to draw up an action plan to ensure specific improvements in areas such as drinking water, sanitation, drainage, health, women empowerment, nutrition, cleanliness and hygiene, elementary education, environmental improvement, management of water resources, village roads and streetlights. The Gram Sabha will be assisted by officials from every Department to render all necessary assistance. Specific monitorable indicators will be spelt out to enable the Gram Sabha to monitor the performance of its action plan. This includes attention to dropout rates in local schools, village cleanliness and general health and hygiene. The purpose of this programme is to enable the Gram Sabha to focus on issues, which confer real benefits on the people and improve their quality of life and the living environment. Rural Housing Scheme The State Government formulated a new credit linked participatory programme for upgrading kutcha houses in rural areas. The scheme has the components of * Beneficiary contribution (Rs.5001-) * Government subsidy (Rs.25001-) and 94 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project * Loan component to be availed (Rs.70001-). The programme is being implemented through women SHGs. During 2004-05, a sum of Rs.5.00 crores has been released for upgrading 20.000 kutcha houses. Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)s The SGRY was launched in 2001 with the aim of providing wage employment in rural areas and thereby food security and improve nutritional levels by merging the Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) and Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (JGSY). The labourers engaged in works taken up under this programme receive rice as part of wages at the rate of 5 kgs. per man day. The Centre and State Govermment share cash component in the ratio of 75:25. During 2003-04, a total of 158996 works which includes 10630 Village Panchayat Tanks, 6651 thrashing floors, 6809 buildings for SHGs and 321 mat huts were taken up under this programme. Over 1,34,842 works including 12204 compost yards, 9177 village tanks, 188 multi purpose centers for fishermen, 733 mini godowns, 3180 Noon Meal Centre Buildings, 1254 Buildings for Self Help Groups and 246 drinking water ooranies were taken up during the year 2004-05. Swarnajayanthi Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) SGSY, launched in 1999, is a holistic programme of self-employment by organising the rural poor into Self Help Groups of 10-20 members through a mix of bank credit and Government subsidy. It brought all the earlier poverty alleviation programmes like IRDP, TRYSEM, DWCRA, SITRA, GKY and MWS under one umbrella. It is a credit-cum- subsidy programme. During 2003-04, to provide marketing support for SHGs products, the Govenmment launched the rural bazaar website and a State Level Federation i.e. District Supply and Marketing Societies (DSMS) in all the districts. Besides this, information kiosks i.e. RASI Centre (Rural Access to Services through Intemet) was extended to all the districts. Tamil Nadu ranks second next only to Andhra Pradesh in terms of number of credit linked SHGs. As on 315t March 2005, a total of 185921 SHGs were functioning in the State with a membership of 30 lakh women. Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY) (Rural Shelter Component) PMRY launched in 200-01 give financial assistance for selected basic services such as primary health, primary education, rural shelter, rural drinking water, nutrition and rural electrification. In 2003-04, 5803 new houses were taken up for a total outlay of Rs. 1877.76 lakhs. In 2004-05, 5478 houses were completed with an allocation of Rs.18. 78 crores. The total outlay on the above rural poverty alleviation schemes stood at Rs.88717.36 lakhs in 2003-04 and Rs.55330.00 lakhs in 2004-05. The Govemment of India's contribution towards the programmes constituted 43 per cent and 57.0 per cent in 2003-04 and 2004-05 respectively. Of the total expenditure of Rs.55330.00 lakhs in 2004-05, SGRY bagged a major share i.e. 56.00 per cent. Table below highlights the expenditure incurred on these poverty alleviation programmes. Rashtriya Sam Vikas Yojana (RSVY) 95 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project A new initiative, viz. the Backward Districts Initiative under the Rashtriya Sam Vikas Yojana (RSVY) (Development and Reform Facility) has been launched by Government of India with the main objective of putting in place programmes and policies with the joint efforts of the Centre and the States which would remove barriers to growth, accelerate the development process and improve the quality of life of the people. The scheme aims at focused development programmes for backward areas which would help reduce imbalances and speed up development. This component would cover 100 districts in the country. The identification of backward districts within a State has been made on the basis of an index of backwardness comprising three parameters with equal weights to each: (i) value of output per agricultural worker, (ii) agriculture wage rate and (iii) percentage of SC/ST population of the districts.. The number of districts per State has been worked out on the basis of incidence of poverty. In addition, thirty two districts which are affected by Left Wing Extremism would also be covered. Fifty Backward Districts and 16 districts affected by Left Wing Extremism in the country were to be covered in the Annual Plan 2003-04. The main objectives of the scheme are to address the problems of low agricultural productivity, unemployment and to fill critical gaps in physical and social infrastructure. The District Administration / Panchayat Raj Institutions accordingly would be required to prepare a Three Year Master Plan with nested Annual Action Plans. The Plan is to be based on a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) Analysis, review of ongoing schemes and identification of a few lead bottlenecks in development. The additionality is to be used to meet local needs through schemes in this lead sectors which would make a dent on the poverty of the district in a time bound manner. Thus, the prime objective is to address the problems of pockets of high poverty, low growth, low agricultural productivity, unemployment and poor governance by putting in place programmes and policies which would remove barriers to growth and accelerate the development process. An amount of Rs.45 crores would be provided for each of the districts covered over a period of three years at the rate of Rs. 15 crores per year for implementation of various developmental programmes such as drought proofing (soil conservation, afforestation, social forestry, wasteland development and minor irrigation); agriculture, horticulture, etc; infrastructure (road and power); social sector (health and education) and livelihood support (income generating activities such as hand looms, information technology, agricultural processing, etc). Under the scheme 15 per cent of the funds would be earmarked for maintenance of assets in health, education and veterinary sectors. The main focus and strategy of the scheme will be on infrastructure development and income generation for under-privileged. The NGOs and Self Help Groups will also be involved at every stage including plan formulation, implementation and monitoring. The districts from Tamil Nadu which have been identified for coverage under the Backward Districts initiative of RSVY are Tiruvannamalai, Dindigul, Cuddalore, Nagapattinam and Sivagangai. For the year W03-04, Tiruvannamalai district was approved for coverage and out of the allocation ofRs. 1500 lakhs to Tiruvannamalai district, watershed development works in 14 micro watersheds in 8 blocks, afforestation of degraded forests in 30 villages, improvement of 71.20 kms. of roads, expansion of Horticulture, floriculture and Medicinal plants in 200 ha. mass education of 1500 Health Volunteers, establishment of 18 information centers one in each block, modernization of handloom sector by training of 400 weavers on korvai attachment, provision of computer for modern design, effluent treatment plant, repairs to 31 Health Sub- Centres and 37 school buildings, infrastructural facilities to PHCs were provided. Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) 96 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project The PMGSY programme was launched in December 2000 with the objective of providing connectivity by way of all weather roads to the unconnected habitations in the rural areas. It aims to cover all habitations, with a population of 1000 persons and above in three years (2000-2003) and with a population of 500 to 999 by the end of the X plan i.e. 2007. It is a centrally sponsored scheme. The PMGSY covers only the rural roads i.e. Other District Roads and Village Roads. During the year 2003-04, 498 road works to a length of 1113.92 kms. at an estimated cost of Rs.26478 lakhs have been taken up. In 04-05 implementations of works costing Rs. 11791 lakhs was taken up. Provision of Urban Amenities in Rural Areas (PURA) PURA which was christened on August 15, 2003 aims at self-sustaining development of the country. It also seeks to reduce congestion in urban areas and bridge the rural-urban divide. The PURA model consist of 4 connectivities - physical, electronic, knowledge and economic - to enhance the prosperity of cluster of villages. Under physical connectivity, a group of 15-25 villages would be linked to one another by road and also a ring road accessible to each village. Besides roads, transport facilities and electricity have also been included. Electronic or digital connectivity means linking villages with modem telecommunication and information technology services, knowledge connectivity means establishing (in every 5-7 kms. of the ring road) a school, a higher education centre and a hospital and economic connectivity aims to establish good marketing facilities within this group of villages so that all the commodities and services of daily use can be produced and sold in these markets. Government of India has envisaged development of over 4000 rural clusters located in backward regions. A sum of Rs.300 lakhs for each cluster has been provided and thus Rs. I 2000 crores would be spent on the development of 4000 PURAs. In Tamil Nadu, out of 30 districts, 23 towns, with clusters / villages have been identified in 22 districts by Ministry of Rural Development. Government of India for implementing the PURA projects. 3.8.2 Programmes * Empowerment and Poverty Reduction * Self Sufficiency * Village Infrastructure Development Programme * Integrated Rural Housing Programme * Member of Parliament Local Area Development Programme (MPLAD) * Total Sanitation Campaign * Central Rural sanitation Programme * National Project in Bio Gas Development * Drought Prone Area Development Programme (DPAP) * Integrated Wasteland Development Programme (IWDP) * Community Welfare Development Programme 97 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project Empowerment and Poverty Reduction Programme This new programme implemented in 2004-05 would provide shelter, nutrition and health securities and welfare measures to 25 poorest of poor households in each village panchayat for which guidelines have been issued. A sum of Rs.5.00 crores has been released to the districts during 2004-05 for implementing the programme. Self Sufficiency Scheme This innovative participatory programme is implemented with demand driven approach. The objective of the scheme is to revive the concept of community participation in planning, execution and maintenance of community assets. Under this scheme, the public should contribute a minimum of 25 per cent of the total cost in the form of cash/kind or labour. The Government supplements the community efforts by providing 75 per cent of the project cost with technical support. By this way of participatory method, the scheme maximizes the utility value of the funds allocated by the Government. During 2004-05, Rs.40.00 crores was allotted and 2176 works were taken up. Village Infrastructure Development Programme Improvement of Village Standees was taken up with the assistance of NABARD for providing facilities such as construction of stalls, street lights, drinking water, toilets, approach roads, drainages etc. During 2004-05, 33 shandies at a cost of Rs.244.04 lakhs were provided with infrastructural facilities, such as construction of stalls, street lights, drinking water, toilets, approach roads, drainages, etc. with the assistance of NABARD Centrally Sponsored Schemes A slew of Centrally Sponsored Schemes are in operation in Tamil Nadu to address livelihood concerns and infrastructural requirements. Integrated Rural Housing Programme The Indira Awaas Yojana, a sub-scheme of JRY, operationalised from 1999-2000 with a view to help the rural people belonging to SC/STs, freed bonded labourers, non- SC/STs, ex-service men and disabled persons to construct dwelling units and upgradation of existing unserviceable kutcha houses. The total allocation under this scheme was Rs.154.25 crores in 2004-05. The upper permissible limit of construction assistance per new unit was fixed as Rs.25000 in plain areas and Rs.27500 in hill/difficult .areas. The funds under IAY are shared between Centre and States in the ratio of 75:25. During 2003-04, 36426 new houses were constructed with the State and Central Government's allotment of Rs.6240.15 lakhs and Rs.5606.80 lakhs respectively. During 2004-05, 37676 new houses were constructed under the scheme. 98 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project Upgradation of Unserviceable Kutcha houses into Pucca houses This is a sub- component of IAY. Government of India has revised the construction assistance for Upgradation for Rs.10,000 to Rs.12,500. During 2003-04, 18689 kutcha houses were upgraded with State and Central Government's allotment of Rs.467.23 lakhs and Rs.1401.69 lakhs respectively. In 2004-05, 19265 kutcha houses had converted into pucca houses. Table 3.3 Poverty Alleviation Programmes Expenditure Incurred Name of the Govt. of India State Government Total Scheme 2003-04 2004-05 2003- 2004-05 2003-04 2004- 04 05 SGRY 25201.5 20538.1 8400.5 6846.026 33602.5 30960. 0 0 3 67 Rural Housing - 7008.49 9026.48 6707.3 6398.355 13715.7 15424. IAY 0 9 84 Innovative Scheme Scheme Scheme for Rural House 65.84 Discontinu - Discontinu 65.84 - and Habitat ed ed Development Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana 1877.76 1877.76 - 1877.76 1877.7 (Housing) 6 Swama Jayanthi Gram Swarozgar 4398.68 - 1463.2 5852.91 7066.7 Yojana Scheme 3 34 Total 88717.3 55330. 6 00 (Rs. in Lakhs) Source: Department of Rural Development Member of Parliament Local Area Development Programme (MPLAD) The Member of Parliament Local Area Development Programme was introduced in 1993 to undertake developmental works of capital nature in the respective constituencies of the members of Parliament. In Tamil Nadu, there are 39 Lok Sabha MPs and 18 Rajya Sabha M Ps. Therefore the Govemment is entitled to receive annually Rs. 114 crores from GOI under the scheme. The works undertaken under this scheme includes construction of school buildings, village roads 1 approach roads, irrigation channels, bus shelters, desilting of village ponds, etc. During 2004-05, a sum of Rs. 102.00 crores was released by Govemment of India and 4135 works were taken up. Total Sanitation Campaign For improving sanitary condition in rural areas 'total sanitation campagn' projectwas implemented in the project districts. The cost of the project is shared between the Centre and State Governments and beneficiaries. So far this project is implemented in 29 districts with a total cost of Rs.327.32 crores. 99 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project Central Rural sanitation Programme This programme was restructured and introduced as total sanitation campaign in March 2002. It is a community-led and people centre programme. It emphasises on information, education and communication (IEC), Human Resource Development (HRD) and Capacity Development activities. The objectives of the programme are to bring about an improvement in the general quality of life and accelerate sanitation coverage in the rural areas, generate awareness creation and health education to cover schools in rural areas with sanitation facilities and promote sanitary habits among students, encourage cost effective and appropriate technologies in sanitation and to reduce the incidence of water and sanitation diseases. During 2003-04. 440227 individual household latrines. 156 sanitary complex for women, 5965 school toilets, 5276 anganwadi toilets and 77 Rural Sanitary Mark and Production Centres (RSM/PCs) were constructed. A sum of Rs. 1781 lakhs has been proposed in the budget estimate 2004-05 for this programme. National Project in Bio Gas Development This programme aims at promoting eco-friendly non-conventional energy source with multiple benefits. To prevent deforestation, production of enriched manure and to improve sanitation and hygiene by linking sanitary toilets with bio gas plants are the objectives of this programme. This is fully centrally sponsored programme with a subsidy component of Rs.2 100/- for general category, Rs.2880/- for SC/STs and small farmers and Rs.3500 for hilly areas. 3.9 Area Development In view of the fixed supply of area available for crop cultivation, agricultural growth depends critically 011 the increase in productivity, cropping intensity and crop diversification. In the above backdrop, rising population and dwindling net area cultivated have severely limited the potential for extensive and intensive cultivation. With a view to augmenting the availability of land resources ripe for development, the Department of Rural Development. Government of India has been formulating a host of area development programmes such as Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP), Integrated Wasteland Development Programme (IWDP) etc. Ultimately, the goal is to make the arid and semi arid lands arable. The fecundity of the soil will improve thanks to the execution of these schemes. Two area development schemes are implementing by the Department of Rural Development in the State. 3.10 Drought Prone Area Development Programme (DPAP) DPAP, which is implemented by adopting a holistic approach, is in operation since 1972- 73 covering 80 blocks in 17 districts. The major objectives of this scheme are optimum utilization of natural resources like land, water, etc., mitigation of adverse effects of droughts and prevention of ecological degradation. Apart from this, creation of gainful employment is fundamental to the philosophy of this programme. From 1995-96 onwards Watershed approach is being adopted in the implementation process and the participation of the local population is vital. Each watershed covers an extent of about 500 ha. Cost of developing a watershed is fixed at Rs.6000/- per ha. with effect from 1.4.2000. The span of the implementation period is spread over 5 years. About 297 watershed projects were completed in 1995-2000 involving an expenditure of Rs.5920.25 lakhs. 100 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project Government of India and Tamil Nadu share the expenditure on a 50:50 basis. Total area treated worked out to 1.49 lakh hectare during 2003-04, the Central assistance received was Rs.2428 lakhs and the State share Rs.88 lakhs. The State share outlay under "Assistance to DRDA under DPAP" will be Rs.700 lakhs during 2004-05. This programme is being implemented through DRDA at the district level and by the Agriculture Department at the State level. 3.11 Integrated Wasteland Development Programme (IWDP) The IWDP is being implemented since 1993-94 in non-DPAP blocks. This project aims at developing non-forest wasteland adopting watershed approach. The unit cost was set at Rs.6000/- per ha. with effect from 1.4.2000. It is a project funded through 100 per cent grant by Government of India. Expenditure of the scheme is shared between Government of India and State Government on a 11:1 basis. So far Government of India sanctioned 41 projects for implementation between 1993- 94 and 2003-04. II districts had been prioritized for developing wasteland at a cost of Rs.3300 lakhs covering an area of 55053 ha. during the period from 2003-04 to 2007-08. Districts selected are Coimbatore, Dharmapuri, Dindigu.J, Kancheepufam, Madurai (west), Ramanathapuram, Salem, Tiruvallur, Thiruvannamalai and Villupuram (west). Following the 73rd Constitutional Amendment, the Village Panchayat is being given more responsibility in implementing the IWDP. With effect from 2003-04 'Hariyali' guidelines are being followed for taking up new area development activities under DPAP and IWDP. The salient features of 'Hariyali' guidelines are that funds are being routed through the Presidents of Grama Panchayats, who are directly responsible for the implementation of the programme. 3.12 Provision of Infrastructural Facilities in Tribal Blocks 3.12.1 The objectives * To assist the ST families to cross the poverty line with special emphasis on improving * Agriculture, irrigation and education in tribal areas and * To provide basic infrastructure facilities for better living conditions. An amount of Rs.51.23 lakhs has been provided under budget estimate for 2004-05 3.13 Community Welfare Development Programme 3.13.1 Clean Village Campaign The clean village campaign programme encompasses all activities for environmental sanitation and protection such as management of solid and liquid waste including human and animal excreta, effective implementation of ban on plastics including collection and disposal of plastics, water conservation and rain water harvesting, conversion of bio-degradable waste into vermicompost through community participation. The major objectives of this campaign are: * To raise awareness of the community and the adverse consequences of current open defecation practices; 101 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project * To recognize the needs of different categories of people and promote sanitation needs of specific groups like children, women and adolescents, aged people, disabled etc. * To promote environmental sanitation in all institutions like anganwadies; schools, health centres, public places etc. * To develop and promote technology options for different geographic locations and conditions of water availability, depth of water table etc. * To promote the hygienic behaviour through change in knowledge, attitude practices and skills for improving environmental sanitations; * To empower the community and local governments in planning, implementation and strengthening their managerial capacity and responsibility on all aspects of environmental sanitation * To enable networking, coordination and better convergence of various agencies and groups working in the sector with a view to optimizing efficiency of implementation and ensuring sustainability of systems. A State Level Rural Sanitation Society has been formed to coordinate and direct the Clean Village Campaign programme and it will be linked with UNICEF sanitation programme. A sum of Rs.75 lakhs is provided for this purpose in the Budget Estimate, 2004- 05. 3.13. 2 Frame-work of Panchayat Raj Institutions (PRIs) For effective implementation of all the welfare programmes of the Government, decentralized planning is essential. Decentralized planning and grass root participation pivot on the strength and dynamism of the PRIs. With a view to provide constitutional status to local self 80vernment to impart certainty, continuity and strength, for devolution of powers to local bodies and for allotment of adequate resources were taken into account while the 73rd and 74th amendments to the constitution of India were carried out in 1992. In Tamil Nadu, there are 12618 village panchayats functioning of which 60 per cent have a population size of 1000-2000. About 20 per cent of the village panchayats have 2000- 5000 population. A total number of 385 panchayat unions in the State are distributed in 29 districts. Villupuram district has the (22) largest number of panchayat unions and Nilgiris has the lowest (4) number of panchayat unions. 102 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project Table 3.4 No. of Panchayats as on 2003-04 by Poulation SI.No Population No. of Village % share to Panchayats total 1. Upto 500 2. 500-1000 1317 10.4 3. 1000-2000 7628 60.5 4. 2000-5000 2473 19.6 5. 5000-10000 1113 8.8 6. 10000 above 87 0.7 Total 12618 100.0 Source: Directorate of Rural Development Training programmes have been proposed to the Chairpersons of the rural local bodies, covering areas like local administration, financial management, accounting procedures, constitutional provisions, Government Acts, rules, etc. to shoulder the administrative responsibilities of the bod,ies. These training programmes will be organised in a phased manner through SIRD and RETCs. An amount of Rs.65. 73 lakhs including Central share of Rs. 15. 73 lakhs have been provided during 2004-05. 3.13.3 Finances of the Village Panchayats Following the enactment of Tamil Nadu Panchayat Act 1994, two State Finance Commissions were constituted. These two Commissions had assessed the development that had so far occurred at the village level, identified gaps in developmental needs and recommended devolution of funds to the PRI to fill the gap between the total requirements and actual availability of funds. The Third State Finance Commission to study the financial position of the rural and urban PRls as of 31.3.2005 in harmony with Article 243 of the Constitution and Section 198(I) of Tamil Nadu Panchayats Act 1994 has been formed. The Terms and Reference of the 3rd State Finance Commission cover the entire gamut of issues ranging from collection of user charges for services rendered to governing principles in the distribution of finances between the State Government and PRls. It will focus on the enhancement of efficiency in the functioning of the PRI and demarcation of functions of the State Govermment and that of the local body at the existing levels of delegation of administrative power: dimension of the debt-servicing burden of the local bodies etc. Pool 'A' and Pool 'B' are two categories to which the State Finance Commission grant has been devolved. Pool 'A' category includes surcharge on stamp duty, local cess and local cess discharge, seignior age fees on minor minerals and 90 per cent of entertainment tax based on place of origin. Pool 'B' category forms all State 1 axes except entertainment tax. Under Pool 'B', 8 percent of total tax available excluding entertainment tax is divisible as grant to Local Bodies (87%) and reserve, equalization and incentive fund (13%). Rural and Urban Local Bodies share the grant on 58:42 rates. Similarly reserve, equalization and incentive fund is also shared on the same ratio. Funds set up part for rural Local Bodies is shared on the ratio of 47:45:8 between Village Panchayats, Panchayat Unions and District Panchayats respectively. 103 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project Further more, the Eleventh Finance Commission Grant has also been devolved to rural panchayats to meet the cost of maintaining civic services including primary education, primary health care, safe and potable drinking water, street lighting, sanitation including drainage and scavenging facilities etc. The quantum of resources accruable to Village Panchayats under Pool' A' category is influenced by interplay of factors such as location of Panchayats abutting urban centres, hub of services activities, robust performance of agriculture and small scale industry. Government establishments drive and initiative of the Panchayat Presidents in collection of property tax, water charges, voluntarily forthcoming of the villagers to timely pay theirlaxes and user charges etc. Under pool-A total revenue stood at Rs. 146.61 crores against Rs.223.49 crores in 2002-03. Surcharge on stamp duty is the single largest category under Pool-A contributing to 74 per cent of the aggregate resources in 2003-04. Table 3.5 Distribution of Panchayat Unions & Village Panchayats by District 2004-05 SL.No. Name of the District No. of Panchayat No. of Village Unions Panchayats 1 2 3 4 1 Kancheepuram 13 648 2 Tiruvallur 14 539 3 Vellore 20 753 4 Tiruvannamalai 18 860 5 Cuddalore 13 681 6 Villupuram 22 1104 7 Dharmapuri 8 251 8 Krishnagiri 10 337 9 Salem 20 385 10 Namakkal 15 331 11 Erode 20 343 12 Coimbatore 19 389 13 The Nilgiris 4 35 14 Thanjavur 14 589 15 Nagapattinam 11 434 16 Tiruvarur 10 430 17 Tiruchirapalli 14 408 18 Karur 8 158 19 Perambalur 10 322 20 Pudukkottai 13 498 21 Madurai 13 431 22 Theni 8 130 23 Dindigul 14 306 24 Ramanathapuram 1 1 429 25 Sivagangai 12 445 26 Virudhunagar I1 450 27 Tirunelveli 1_ 9 425 28 Tuticorin 1_ 2 408 104 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project .29 Kanniyakumari 9 g 99 Total 385 12618 Source: Directorate of Rural development 3.14 Rural Poverty Profile Poverty reduction has been a major goal of development policy. Thanks to implementation of wage and self-employment poverty alleviation programmes, the ratio of poverty has been on the wane over time. The proportion of people below the poverty line in rural Tamil Nadu, which was at 57.43 in 1973-74 declined 32.48 in 1993-94 and further to 20.55 in 1999-2000. The corresponding tall noticed in urban areas was from 49.40 to 39.77 per cent and 22.11 per cent respectively. Table 3.6 Trends in Incidence of Poverty in Tamil Nadu (In percentage) Year Rural Urban Combined 1973-74 57.43 49.40 54.94 1977-78 57.68 48.69 54.79 1983 53.99 46.96 51.66 1987-88 45.80 38.64 43.39 1993-94 32.48 39.77 35.03 1999-2000 20.55 22.11 21.12 Source: Union Planning Commission For the purpose of providing assistance under the poverty alleviation programmes, the Ministry of Rural Development has been periodically conducting survey/Census at the beginning of each Five Year Plan. However, there were discrepancies between survey results and the State estimates of poverty. Therefore to rectify this lacuna, multiple criteria using qualitative parameters like household occupation, housing condition, number of earners, asset condition had been taken to calculate the poverty line. In terms of Government of India guidelines, the State Government conducted the BPL Census 2002 as per the recommendations of the Report of the Expert Group on Identification of Households Below Poverty Line. A normative approach for identification of the rural poor was adopted by introducing a "score-based, ranking" based on relative deprivations revealed by certain socio-economic indicators in contrast to the 'income' and 'expenditure' approach adopted in the BPL Census, 1992 & 1997 respectively. The Methodology takes into account 13 scorable socio-economic parameters including operational holding of land, housing, clothing, food, security, sanitation, ownership of consumer durables, literacy, labour force, means of livelihood, status of children, type of indebtedness, migration and the nature of assistance preferred. The Survey was conducted using a Questionnaire Form having Basic Information about the individual household in Part A and Identification and sub- categorization of the household in the Part B Section. The profile of household gives the basic information about educational status, average monthly income of the household, type of operational holding of land, availability of land for house construction and access to drinking water supply. Besides these the social status of the 105 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project family is identified and probed whether the family is a beneficiary of any of the Government Welfare Schemes, The questionnaire further helps to collect information on the pall icipation of family members in SHG activity and the family was listed under BPL category during the last survey. The Part II of the questionnaire identifies sub-categorization of poor using thirteen scorable socio-economic parameters given in Part II - Statistical Tables of this document. Each of the indicators have "0" marks to "4" marks, Thus for the 13 parameters, the total marks will vary from 0-52 marks. From the above Score Based Ranking, the households have been classified into "Poor" and "non-poor". Given the methodological problems and other operational constraints the Government has crafted an ambitious project viz., Tamil Nadu Empowerment and Poverty Reduction Project (TNEPRP) with the objective of effecting a significant reduction in the level of poverty, empowering the vulnerable section of the society and improving livelihood security. It intends to supplement the on-going intervention in poverty alleviation and also build upon the success and develop new strategies. A beginning has been made with the implementation of Puduvazhvu Thittam targeting 25 most poor (ultra poor) families in each village panchayats of Tamil Nadu. The challenges involved in Rural Development are being resolutely tackled by a combination of good governance, aimed at effective implementation of programmes by ensuring synergy through convergence approach, people's participation and above all endeavoring to make rural development all inclusive. Table 3.7 Performance of Important Schemes during 2003-04 Sl. Name of the Objective s of the Scheme Employment Achievement No Scheme Generated Physical 2003-04 Financial (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) I. Rural Shelter Scheme: 1. Indira Awaas To Provide free houses to 37488 100.42 Yojana (IAY) the houseless families (New Houses) below poverty line in rural areas. 2. Upgradation Upgradation of Kutcha 19581 19.40 of houses of families living Unserviceable below poverty line Kutcha Houses 3. Innovative To popularise low cost 3 projects 65.84 Scheme for technology and usage of Rural housing locally available materials and Habitat in construction of buildings Development in rural areas 4. Pradhan To provide shelter, primary 6477 19.52 Mantri education, primary health, Gramodaya nutrition, water and Yojana (Rural electrification in rural areas 106 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project Shelter) II Pradhan To give connectivity with 50.76 kms. 43.370 Mantri Gram all weather roads to all Sadak Yojana unconnected rural (PMGSY) habitations with population above 500 by 2007 III Swarnajayant To provide sustainable 37607 SHG hi Gram income to the rural poor formed 60048 Swarozgar who are below poverty line women. 1259 Yojana by organizing them into physically (SGSY) SHGs. Training them for handicapped vocation and providing 23574 SC and them credit linkage with 1858 ST financial institutions benefited IV Sampooma The primary objective of 265.194 lakh 105128 171.07 Grameen the scheme is to provide mandays Rozgar additional wage Yojana employment in rural areas (SGRY) and thereby provide food Stream I security and improve nutritional needs (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Sampoorna The primary objective of 246.877 lakh 48718 164.95 Grameen the scheme is to provide mandays Rozgar additional wage Yojana employment in rural areas (SGRY) and thereby provide food Stream II security and improve -_ nutritional needs V Member of To take up developmental 5602 115.45 Parliament works identified by the Local Area concerned MP Development Programme (MPLAD) VI Restructured The programme envisages 451701 43.58 Central Rural a demand driven approach Sanitation with greater public Programme participation and more (RCRSP) emphasis give for IEC activities to create awareness among the rural masses VII National To present deforestation of 15000 chulas 0.150 Programme of minor forest product for Improved fuel to climate hazards to - chulas improve health and 107 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project hygiene of women to reduce drudgery in collection of fuel materials and in cooking VIII National To promote eco-friendly 2000 biogas 0.620 Programme of Non-conventional Energy plants Biogas Source with multi benefits like prevention of deforestation production of enriched manure and to improve sanitation hygiene Note: i. Criteria adopted for selection is a need based and priority wise ii. In respect of SGSY it is open to all (preference to RPL) that are willing to do manual work in minimum wages 3.15 HYDROLOGY PROJECT - I The World Bank have come forward to assist five Government of India agencies viz CGWB, IMD, CWC, NIH and CWPRS, and nine states viz., Gujarat, Maharashtra, Kamataka, Kerala, Tamilnadu, Andhra pradesh, Orissa, Madhyapradesh and Chattisgarh in the formation & execution of Hydrology Project-I. This project is intended to assist the Government of India agencies and the participating states setting up of a reliable and well designed network for collection, transmission, processing, storage and dissemination of data covering Surface water and Ground water both in terms of quantity & quality. * Agreement was signed between the World Bank and the Government of Tamil Nadu on 22.9.1995 . Project has become operative from 21.12.95 for a period of 8 years i.e., up to 31.12.2003 3.15.1 Integrated Data Center For Surface Water And Ground Water - Activities: The project can be broadly classified into two components viz., Surface water component and Groundwater component. (i) Surface Water Components * Collection of flow data from Gauging Stations in various river courses. * Collection of storage data from major tanks by installing Automatic Water level Recorders. * Monitoring of return / regenerated flows in select command areas and measurement of flow into sea. 108 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project * Surface water sampling locations have been designed for all river basins in Tamil Nadu and samples are being collected once in a month during flow period to assess the surface water quality. * Collection of Hydro meteorological data from rain gauge stations, full climatic stations and automatic weather stations. * Collection of data on reservoir sedimentation and water quality data by establishing level - I water quality laboratories and silt laboratories. * Improvement of infrastructure facilities - Office buildings, Site stores & Quarters etc., * Creation of database in the dedicated hydrological surface data processing software Viz., HYMOS. * Exchange of information within the State and Central Organization through the State Data Storage Centre. * The data are collected and primary validated in the sub-divisional data processing centre and are secondary validated in the divisional data processing centre before sending to state data processing centre. * Inter agency validation of data are done with India Meteorological Department and Central Water Commission. (ii) Ground Water Components * Collection of water level data from the existing 1746 observation wells. * Construction of 690 piezometers in the hard rock areas and 162 piezometers in the sedimentary formations and collection of water levels from digital water level recorders installed under HP. * Validation of water level data in three stages: i. Primary Validation at Divisional Data Processing Centre. ii. Secondary validation at Regional (Circle) Data Processing Centre. iii. Integrated Hydrological validation at State Data Processing Centre. * Creation of District wise database in Groundwater Data Entry Software (GWDES) at SDPC. * Upgradation of four water quality laboratories with new building and sophisticated equipments to analyze more pollution parameters. * Exchange of information within the State and Central Organization through the State Data Storage Centre. (iii) Water Quality * About 3400 ground water samples are being collected from shallow observation wells and bore wells. Surface water samples in all the 17 river basins are also monitored in 71 locations. The samples are tested for the suitability of domestic, agriculture and industrial purposes. * To carry out the above study four laboratories are functioning at Chennai, Trichy, Madurai and Pollachi. All the above Laboratories are recognized under EPA (1986) by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) Delhi. * The laboratories are having the facilities to analyze General Parameters, Pollution Parameters in addition to the Bacteria analysis 109 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project * The Chennai Laboratory is having the facility to analyze pesticide and toxic metals. The presence of toxic metals and pesticides in Ground and surface water are also being studied by this Wing. * Ground Water quality data are also available from 1972 onwards. * For general public and other Departments water samples are analysed at prescribed rates. (iv) Data Storage Centre * Stores and administers the storage of all field and processed hydrological data collected in the State. * Makes the data available to authorized Hydrological data users. * Maintains HIS-catalogue of all data stored in its own database and those stored in the data bases of other States and of the Central Agencies. (v) Creation of GIS Data sets under Hydrology Project - I. Spatial database is organized with 15' by 15' geographic area, corresponding to Survey of India toposheet of scale 1:50,000. These digital data sets are of high quality following the Quality Checking / Quality Assurance test strategies proposed by the World Bank. The following themes are generated digitally on 1:50,000 scale toposheet wise pertaining to Tamil Nadu. 1. Land use/cover 2. Soil 3. Geology & Structure 4. Geomorphology 5. Administrative boundary upto block 6. Hydrologic boundary upto water shed 7. Settlement upto village 8. Drainage 9. Transport network 10. Elevation Contours and spot heights. Tamil Nadu State is covered in 228 toposheets. All the GIS data sets will be available for various spatial analysis and queries that are related to Hydrology and water resources planning. 110 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project 4 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL INFORMATION Tamil Nadu, the Southem State of the Indian peninsula is spread over 1,30,058 km2 and lies between 08° 05" N andl3° 35" N and 760 15" E and 800 20" E. It is surrounded by the States of Andhra Pradesh in the north, Kerala in the west, Kamataka on the Northwest, Indian Ocean on the south and the Bay of Bengal on the east. The Eastem and Westem ghats of India meet in Tamil Nadu and run along its eastem and westem borders. The famous hill stations of Tamil Nadu like Udhagamandalam, Kodaikanal, Kothagiri and Yercaud are situated in this region. 4.1 Demography The growth in human population over the years has had both the positive and negative impact on overall quality of environment. As the demand for energy has increased the potential for electrical energy production has also been tapped to a great extent. Apart from that we have also realized the importance of non-conventional energy sources to minimize the pressure on the conventional energy sources. Growth in population has led to the enhanced growth in tourism. It is now considered to be one of the fastest growing industries in TamilNadu. The ever-increasing population migration leads to the problem of urbanization and human settlement. Urbanization is an inevitable challenge, which has to be faced and handled properly in the right perspective. The sanitation facilities, hygiene, sewerage, water supply and above all, proliferation of slums are the important concems. As per 2001 census, the population of Tamil Nadu is 62405679 and the sex ratio is 987. The sex ratio of children in Tamilnadu is 942. The density of population is 480 persons/sq.km. The percentage of scheduled castes in the state is 19 and that of scheduled tribes is 1.04.The percentage of literacy is 73.45 in TamilNadu. The total birth rate per 1000 is 18.3 and death rate is 7.6 District wise population details are given in annexure. The details of population in rural and urban areas of TamilNadu are given in the table below: Table 4.1 Total Population of Tamil Nadu Total Male Female Sex Area Density Total Population Population Ratio Total 62405679 31400909 31004770 987 130058.00 479.83 Rural 34921681 17531494 17390187 992 117532.75 297.12 Urban 27483998 13869415 13614583 982 12525.25 2194.29 111 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project Table 4.2 Total Child Population of Tamil Nadu Total Male Female Child Sex Area Density Children Children Children Ratio (Age 0-6) (Age 0-6) (Age 0-6) (Age 0-6) Total 7235160 3725616 3509544 942 130058.00 479.83 Rural 4232644 2189995 2042649 933 117532.75 297.12 Urban 3002516 1535621 1466895 955 12525.25 2194.29 Table 4.3 Total SC Population of Tamil Nadu Total Male Female Sex Area Density Scheduled Scheduled Scheduled Ratio Castes Castes Castes SC Total 11857504 5932925 5924579 999 130058.00 479.83 Rural 8308890 4159182 4149708 998 117532.75 297.12 Urban 3548614 1773743 1774871 1001 12525.25 2194.29 Table 4.4 Total ST Population of Tamil Nadu Total Female Male Sex Area Density Scheduled Scheduled Scheduled Ratio Tribes Tribes Tribes ST Total 651321 322404 328917 980 130058.00 479.83 Rural 551143 272397 278746 977 117532.75 297.12 Urban 100178 50007 50171 997 12525.25 2194.29 Table 4.5 Literacy rate in Tamil Nadu Total Male Female Literacy Area Density Literates Literates Literates Rate Total 40524545 22809662 17714883 73.45 130058.00 479.83 Rural 20319498 11835689 8483809 66.21 117532.75 297.12 Urban 20205047 10973973 9231074 82.53 12525.25 2194.29 Source:2001 Census of Tamil Nadu 4.1.1 Working population The working population of Tamil Nadu, 24.2 million in 1991, had increased to 27.8 million in 2001. However, statistics reveal that the proportion of workers to the total population had actually declined during the 40-year period of 1961-2001 from 45.7 per cent to 44.8 per cent, though there was an upward trend between 1981 and 2001, from 41.7 per cent to 44.8 per cent. What is disturbing is that the number of marginal workers increased from 1.4 million in 1991 to 4.1 million in 2001. This implies that the increase in the worker participation rate (WPR) was the result of an increasing number of marginal workers rather than main workers. The higher rate of worker participation in the rural areas, as compared to the urban areas, has been a disquieting trend, though the urban WPR accelerated at a faster rate when compared to the rural WPR during the period 1981-2001. A positive feature was that female WPRs, in both rural and urban areas, increased at a faster rate than male WPRs with the result that total female workers increased from 31.4 per cent in 1981 to 34.7 per cent in 1991. A salient point in the development of Tamil Nadu is that child labour has shown declining trends as the State's efforts in various social sector programmes have borne fruit. 112 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project Programmes such as mid day meals, incentives for school enrolment, free school uniforms, free bus passes, girl child development schemes and marriage assistance have made it possible for children to avoid entering the labour market. An accelerated growth rate of per capita income has enabled some households to withdraw the younger age group earners from working. The total work participation rate in the State is 44.67. 19% are main cultivators, 25% are agricultural labour, 5% are in household industries while 49% are other workers. Fig 4.1 gives the percentage of workers in Tamil Nadu. Fig 4.1 Percentage of workers in TamilNadu % of workers in Tamil Nadu 19.95 * Cultivators * Agricultural labour 49.23 o Household industrial workers 25.52 other workers 5.31 Source:2001 Census of Tamil Nadu 4.2 Tamil Nadu Human Development Report The Tamil Nadu Human Development Report is important as it provides insights into the process of development in a State characterised by heavy industrialisation, urbanisation, better growth rates and poverty levels which are below the national average. It not only identifies problem areas, it also assesses the successes of Tamil Nadu, especially in the areas of women's empowerment and social development. Based on a candid appreciation of the ground reality, the document highlights the future thrust areas for the government and civil society in the State. While this Report examines the HDI in Tamil Nadu, it goes beyond the HDI in order to investigate the overall human development situation in the State. The Report recognises that the HDI too is "limiting" in the sense that other dimensions of human development, such as shelter, social security and decision-making etc. that are also important for increasing overall well being, are not necessarily captured by the HDI. This Report not only serves as a summary of the human development scenario in Tamil Nadu, but also seeks explanations as to why the State has fared well in certain areas but not in others. Factors contributing to human development are disaggregated and analysed at the district level with a view to understanding the regional disparities and the reasons behind them. The Report also highlights the policy interventions that are required to correct such imbalances. There is no doubt that in the years to come, the Tamil Nadu HDR will become an important tool in planning for growth, social justice and equity in the State. 113 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project 4.2.1 Status of Human Development in Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu's HDI (2001) was 0.657 as compared to 0.571 for India. It is also well placed in the South Asian context and fares better than some of the neighboring countries of India. According to the Planning Commission, Tamil Nadu ranks third among the 15 major States of India, though on few specific indicators it lags behind some States. Within Tamil Nadu there are gaps and variations in the inter-district HDI, but its level of achievement suggests that high standards of literacy and health can be reached despite low per capita income. Even so, improvement of income levels would ensure improved literacy and health status. Table 4.6: District-wise HDI and GDI values, 2001 District HDI value GDI value Chennai 0.757 0.766 Kancheepuram 0.712 0.710 Thiruvallur 0.654 0.651 Cuddalore 0.644 0.643 Villupuram 0.587 0.582 Vellore 0.658 0.655 Tiruvannamalia 0.612 0.608 Salem 0.626 0.625 Namakkal 0.636 0.631 Dharmapuri 0.584 0.582 Erode 0.658 0.656 Coimbatore 0.699 0.697 Nilgiris 0.685 0.686 Tiruchirapalli 0.671 0.671 Karur 0.647 0.641 Perambalur 0.596 0.592 Thanjavur 0.630 0.629 GDI is important for comparing the stages of gender development and to assess the extent of gender equality. In this area, Tamil Nadu's achievement is better than the attainment of the country as a whole, while within the State there is a symbiotic correlation between human development and gender development indices. This reinforces the view that human development is not an end in itself; rather it is necessary to create an overall improvement in the condition of the people. 114 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project 4.3 Climate The maximum and minimum temperatures in the plains is 42.80 C and 12.00 C respectively and that of the hill stations is 33.50 C and 4.60 C respectively. The average annual rainfall in the State is 961.8 mm. The state benefits from northeast monsoon rains (October-December), unlike other parts of India, where southwest monsoons (June-September) bring more rain. In Tamilnadu, 85% of the total area benefits from the northeast monsoon; only 15% benefits from the southwest monsoon. 4.4 Water resources Water is the most important resource for the livelihood of the human beings. Tamil Nadu is water deficient state despite receiving approximately 950 mm of rainfall per year. Tamil Nadu has number of seasonal rivers. The surface water resources are almost fully harnessed by impounding the available water in 61 major reservoirs and also in 39,202 big and small tanks. As per the estimates, 60% of the ground water resources have also been utilized. So the management of available water resources on a sustainable basis becomes quite imperative. There are 17 river basin groups in Tamil Nadu, a majority of which are water stressed. There are 61 major reservoirs, about 40,000 tanks and about 3.0 million wells that heavily utilize the available surface water (17.5 BCM). Agriculture is the single largest consumer of water in the state, using 75% of the states water. Irrigation through a combination of canals, wells and tanks increases the reliability and availability of water for fanning and is essential for cultivating crops in much of the state. About 30% of the net irrigated area is watered by canals, 21% by tanks and 49% is fed by wells. The remaining area is irrigated by other sources such as streams and springs. Rainfed agriculture employing about 25% of farmers accounts for 46% of the net sown area of 5.5 million hectares. The per capita availability of water resources in Tamil Nadu is 900 cubic meters a year as against 2200 cubic meters for all India. 4.5 Forest Cover In Tamil Nadu 17.5% of the area.is covered under forest out of which a sizeable area is under degraded condition.Tamil Nadu is extremely rich in biodiversity but adequate attention has not been paid in the past to assess it effectively; as a result many species have become endangered. Tamil Nadu is rich in flora and fauna and some of its major wildlife sanctuaries like Mudumalai, Anaimalai(Indira Gandhi W.S), Madras Crocodile Bank trust, Guindy national park, etc, are situated in the hills of the Western ghats providing home to elephants, tigers, bisons and a variety of monkeys and deers. There are more than 3000 plant species found in Tamil Nadu, out of which a majority are found in the mixed deciduous forests of this region 4.6 Wetlands In Tamilnadu, we have utilized more than 90% of the available surface water and more than 60% of the available ground water. Since Independence, many dams have been 115 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project constructed to utilize the surface water and further development is almost nil. The recent studies indicate that irrigation through tanks is decreasing and irrigation through wells increasing. Drinking water source for most of the cities in Tamilnadu is from rivers, lakes and tanks. In olden days, the local people maintained these water bodies, which has diminished over the past few decades resulting in their dismal conditions. Presently people have started looking to the government for assistance. The wetland details are given in the following table: Table 4.7 Wetlands of Tamil Nadu Total number of water bodies |39,202 Panchayat Union tanks |20,413 Public Works Department tanks 8,903 Ex-Zamin tanks |9,886 Length of rivers and canals |7,420 kms [Area of reservoirs [52,000 ha [Area of tanks and ponds [6,92,000 ha. Area comprising brackish water (5,600 places) 400 ha. Area under mangroves |21 sq. km. 4.7 Agriculture 43% of Tamil Nadu's geographical area is under agriculture with a per capita figure of 0.0982 ha.of agricultural land. While agriculture and allied sectors account for nearly 62% of the total employment of the state, their contribution to economy is only 22%. In order to increase the productivity we have relied too much on improved crop varieties, fertilizers and pesticides. The residues of these have affected soil structure and polluted the water through leaching. India is the leader in fruit production in the world. The horticulture and plantation crops occupy a total of 7,53,985 ha. of area. However, there is need to improve the productivity of these crops on sustainable basis without affecting the overall land and water environment The principal food and non-food crops such as paddy, millets, pulses and oilseeds, cotton and sugarcane are being cultivated in the State. Paddy, a staple food crop, is grown extensively in the rice bowl districts viz. Thanjavur, Thiruvarur and Nagapattinam. Agriculture which suffered extensively during 2001 - 02, 2002 - 03, 2003 - 04 due to severe drought, experienced an appreciable revival fortunes during 2004 - 05. There was improvement in the area, production and productivity of various crops during 2004 - 05. The area production and yield rate of principal crops are given in the table below: 116 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project Table 4.8 Area Production and Yield Rate of Principal Crops Area (Lakh ha) Production (Lakh Yield Rate(Kgs./ba.) Crops tones) 2002- 2003- 2004- 2002- 2003- 2004- 2002- 2003- 2004- 03 04 05 03 04 05 03 04 05 (FFE) (FFE) (FFE) Paddy 15.17 13.97 19.09 35.77 32.23 53.02 2359 2308 2777 Millets 7.12 9.03 9.70 6.83 8.88 11.35 958 983 1170 Pulses 5.63 5.37 5.76 2.00 2.01 2.29 356 375 397 Food Grains 27.92 28.37 34.55 44.60 43.12 66.66 1598 1520 1929 Oil Seeds 5.92 6.95 8.22 7.60 9.64 13.20 1284 1387 1606 Cotton 0.76 0.98 1.43 0.84 1.23 2.18 188 213 259 Sugarcanes 2.61 1.92 2.32 24.17 17.66 23.40 9244 9192 10086 Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Chennai-6 Anticipating a favorable situation, the target proposed for 2005-06 is given in the table below: Table 4.9 Proposed productions for 2005-06 S1. No. Crops Area Production (L.Ha.) (L.MT) 1 Rice 20.00 78.00 2 Millets 11.00 15.51 3 Pulses 8.00 3.76 Total Food- 39.00 97.27 grains 4 Cotton 2.50 5.85 (L.bales) 5 Sugarcane 3.00 36.40 (Gur) I _I 6 Oilseeds 10.50 18.59 The agricultural performance of the state is given in the Table below. (Kg per ha.) Table 4.10 Agricultural performance of Tamil Nadu Crop Average Yield Highest yield in Tamil India Tamil India Nadu's Nadu place 117 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project Rice 1804 3350 3510 (Punjab) Second Jowar 769 962 962 (Tamil Nadu) First (Cholam) Bajra 610 1348 1348 (Tamil Nadu) First (Cumbu) Redgram 616 710 1301 (Bihar) Fourth Total Food- 1562 2238 3830 (Punjab) Fourth grains Total Oilseeds 710 1611 1611 (Tamil Nadu) First Groundnut 733 1784 1784 (Tamil Nadu) First Cotton 193 305 410 (Punjab) Third Sugarcane 6456 10677 106778 (Tamil First 2 8 Nadu) Source: Agricultural Statistics at a glance 2004 - Agrl. Statistics Division - GOI 4.7.1 Agriculture as major employment provider Agriculture continues to be the main stay for rural workers. Despite an absolute reduction in farm employment over the years, there is increase in the share of both male and female employment in agriculture crop production during the post-reform period compared to the pre-reform period in Tamil Nadu. While share of male employment in field crop production activities rose to 91 per cent from 88 per cent that of rural women employment in the same activity rose to 85.4 per cent from 83 per cent. In terms of employment absorption livestock activity followed with a share of 8.7 per cent for women employment. At the all India level there was relative stability during both periods. The share obtaining for crop production activity was 84 per cent and livestock II per cent in respect of female employment. It is evident that there is excessive dependence of rural workers on field crop production sector. The employment in field crop production in Tamil Nadu accounted for as high as 89.84 per cent and 89.52 per cent at All India. Although the excessive dependence on field crop production sector continued till the end of the nineties considerable restructuring of agriculture employment overtook in a number of States induced partly by shifts in domestic demand and partly by the opportunities thrown upon by the open economic regime The growth of employment in agriculture oscillated over from being positive in 1983- 94 to negative during 1993-00 in Tamil Nadu. The growth rates of employment (crop sector) in respect of field crap production for two sub-periods: 1983/1993-94 and 1993-94/1999- 2000 was from 0.57 per cent to (-) 1.30 per cent in Tamil Nadu. Employment growth in non- crop segments (plantations, livestock and fishing) has shown fluctuation. The rate of growth of employment of rural workers in the plantation sub-sector witnessed a decline from 5.68 per cent in 1983-94 to (-) 1.02 per cent during 1993-00 in Tamil Nadu. 118 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project The labour-absorptive capacity of agriculture as a whole is under stress due to declining land man ratio, increasing marginalization of holdings, labour-saving cropping pattern of adjustments, increasing mechanization of field crop operations, increasing treat to domestic agriculture through open door trade policy etc. need to be reiterated In particular. The employment in the non-farm sectors in majority of the States has witnessed varying degree of improvements in transport, storage - communications, construction and manufacturing (agro-based). However, the pace of rural non-farm employment expansion has failed to compensate the sluggish labour absorptive capacity of agriculture. Thus, the all- round setback in the non-farm sector is a matter of worry as it provides a major share of employment in rural economy. All accelerated pace of agricultural growth is the surest way of augmenting the pace of agricultural employment expansion. The strategies of the Government to achieve the goal in Agricultural sector are as follows: * Adoption of alternative cropping strategies derived for agro-climatic zone based cropping pattern evolved by TNAU to raise remunerative crops and to ensure maximum utilization of available land and water aiming to increase cropping intensity * As a part of Alternative Cropping Strategy, cultivation of Jatropha, Sugar beet and Sweet sorghum are aiming at, as announced by the Hon'ble Chief Minister on Contract farming basis through approved Industrial entrepreneurs for the production of Ethanol and Bio diesel. These crops are highly remunerative and can be grown in moderately fertile lands with comparatively less water * Taking up cultivation in vast tract of waste lands through Massive Comprehensive Waste Land Development programme as announced by the Hon'ble Chief Minister * Much emphasis on dry land development integrating Watershed Development and Waste land Development programme * Adoption of dry land development technologies and crop production technologies for dry land crops to step up the productivity * Identification and promotion of relevant technologies to bridge the gap between the potential yield and actual yield of major crops * Speedy transfer of technologies to the farming community through ICT (Information and Communication Technology) * Conduct of Seminars, Workshops and Intensive Pre-season campaigns involving line Departments to enthuse and assist farmers to harvest good crops and to get good profit * Efforts to provide technologies and advice on Agriculture, Horticulture soil and moisture conservation, Animal Husbandry etc., under one roof * Introduction of Contract farming system for Maize, Oilseeds, Pulses and Cotton in potential districts with assured buy back arrangements at pre-announced price or prevailing market price if it is high. The main objective of the programme is to ensure expansion of area under these crops and to motive farmers especially SF / MF farmers to get assured remunerative price for the produce 119 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project * Ensure availability of quality seeds on enhanced SRR through Public Private Partnership * Massive adoption of integrated nutrient management and integrated pest management technology with emphasis on eco friendly Agriculture Development * Much focus on restoration of soil through organic farming approach and to promote vermicomposting, compost making through plueorotus, green manuring etc * Efforts to provide site specific macro and micro nutrient recommendations on the basis of soil test village wise fertility Index * Promotion of micro irrigation to maximize water use efficiency * Empowerment of women by revitalizing TANWA groups. 4.7.2 Agricultural Marketing in Tamil Nadu Empowerment of farmers through what is called disintermediation in other words, eliminating the middlemen, common agents in marketing agricultural produce is essential. Because of revolution in Information and Communication Technology, E-commerce has been gaining momentum. Agricultural marketing is the process of encompassing all the steps involved from the producer to consumer including pre-and-post harvest processes such as assembling, grading, storage, transportation and distribution. Promotion of standardization and grading of agriculture products is the main function under institutionalized agricultural marketing. An effective quality control mechanism is imperative for improving the marketability of products. Demand influences the prices of agricultural produce to a great extent rather than supply conditions since market period is very short. As a result, farmers become more vulnerable to price fluctuations. Therefore, farmers need easy access to well-built market network on a regular basis to secure better price for their produce. In order to market agricultural produce, the Market Committee Act 1959 was amended as the Tamil Nadu Agricultural Marketing (Regulation) Act 1987. It was brought into force from 1.2.1991. At present there are 20 Market Committees with 273 Regulated Markets and 15 sub-markets covering the entire State except Chennai and Nilgiris districts. The strategy is to enable the farmers to realize a remunerative price for the produce on one hand and on the other to enable the consumer to buy agricultural produce at reasonable prices. To promote agricultural exports from Tamil Nadu three Agri-Export Zone (AEZ) one for cut flower at Hosur, Dharmapuri district, second for flowers at Doty, Nilgiris district and third for mango in Theni and 5 other districts has been established at a total cost of Rs.65.34 crores. It is also proposed to establish a AEZ exclusively for cashew at Cuddalore district through private sector participation at a project cost of Rs. 10.36 crores. Table4. 11 Value of Agricultural Produce Sold by Marketing Under this marketing network, forty Cooperatives important agricultural commodities are broughl (Rs. In crores) under the fold of the Marketing Cooperatives te si. Crop 2001- 2002- 2003-04 2004-05 No. 02 03 sell the commodities through 273 regulated I Foodgrains 24.75 40.44 38.73 35.08 markets. 96 commercial grading centres, 11 2 Cotton 116.71 92.51 90.43 94t59 3 Chillies 1.53 1.56 2.81 2.81 kapas grading centres, one tobacco - grading 4 Coffee - - - - centre. Total value of agricultural produce sold 6 Speaespices 0.37 1.93 0.7 71 by agricultural marketing cooperatives during 7 Oilseeds 24.62 15.11 16.09 13.06 2004-05 was at Rs.307.26 crores which i 8 Othetals 431.11 41006 340.87 307.26 moderately lesser than in 2003-04. Sugarcane Source: The Registrar of Cooperatives, Chennai - IO 120 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project gur and cotton are the major commodities traded through the regulated markets. 4.8 Irrigation Tamil Nadu with a geographical area of 130 lakh hectares is ranked eleventh in size among the Indian States. The net area sown in Tamil Nadu is about 60 lakh hectares of which about 30 lakh hectares or 50% get irrigation facilities from sources as given below: - Canals 9.50 lakh hectares Tanks 9.00 lakh hectares Wells & tube wells 11.50 lakh hectares 4.8.1 Development of Irrigation in Tamil Nadu The National Commission on Agriculture in 1976 assessed the ultimate irrigation potential of Tamil Nadu through Major and Medium Irrigation sources as 15.00 lakh hectares. At the commencement of the First Five Year Plan, (1951-1956) there were 23 Major and Medium Irrigation Projects benefiting 11.00 lakh hectares. In the IX plan period upto 2001-2002, the area under irrigation has risen to 29.72 lakh hectares. During the 10th Five Year Plan (2002-2007) upto 2003-2004, an additional irrigation potential of 2323 hectares has been created. During 2004-2005, additional irrigation potential of 7573 hectares is expected to be created and in the year 2005-06 an irrigation potential of 5143 hectares is proposed to be created. 4.9 Tank systems Tank systems re an integral part of Irrigated Agriculture system. The importance of controlled water supply is indispensable for the sustainability in low land paddy production, which varies enormously from region to region and country to country. What essential is the degree of importance given to the three elements of water management namely resource management within the watershed, conveyance to the crop fields and management within farm ? KVBfields. While water losses in the paddy fields are to be discouraged, they need not necessarily amount to the losses to the watershed as a whole, if they are converted into groundwater and pumped back to the surface. In India, the second largest rice producing country of the world, 80% of water is used for irrigation.. There are around 40,000 irrigation tanks in Tamilnadu, India, irrigating about 0.63 million ha of paddy fields. Whatever, the shortcoming at their creation, existing irrigation tanks remain as an asset to the sustainability of paddy agriculture in Tamilnadu, provided their live storage is not reduced and the related irrigation facilities are not deteriorated to serve the purpose. Past experiences show that availability of surface water resources are not always reliable, which has tumed the paddy fanmer's attention to the exploitation of ground water on a very much larger but manageablescale. The tables below describes the categorization of tanks, area irrigated by tanks in TamilNadu and the constraints in tank irrigation development. 121 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project Table 4.12 Categorization of Tanks in Tamil Nadu Type Command area No- of tanks 1. In charge of Local Govermnent a) rainfed small size < 20 ha 16,477 b) rainfed medium size 20-40 ha 3,936 2 In charge of State Govermment a) rainfed tanks >40ha 5,276 b) system Tanks varying 3,627 3. Old Private Tanks vmrying 9,886 Total 39,202 (Source: PWD) Table 4.13 Area irrigated by different sizes of Tank in Tamil Nadu a) < 200 ha 39,102 838,000 b) 200-280 ha 40 11,000 c) 280-400ha 30 11,000 d) > 400 ha 30 40.000 Total 39,202 900,000 (Source: AED) 122 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project Table 4.14 Constraints in tank irrigation development and required modernization measures Comnpoten Cate%ory Constraints Modernization measures Catchment * Soil erosion induced reduction in * Desilting of storage area and at Treatment tank storage and tendency for intake points silting up at intake points * Conservation of catchment through soil erosion control measures such as afforestation X_ _and terracing Tank * Insufficient top width and * Restoration of top width and free Bund freeboard due to soil erosion of board. top level * Reinforcement of bund top and *leakage slopes with lining. - Intake * Water leakage due to damaged * Provision of new slide gates and works shutters shutters * Broken water control facilities * Provision of new plugs, plug , such as Plugs and Barrels rods and barrels E X * Broken and damaged front and * Reconstruction of inlets and rear inlets and outlets outlets. Surplus * Insufficient length * Increase of length and WeLr * Damaged leaky body wall and modifications of crest shape to eroded rear protective works increase discharges. * Reconstruction and reinforcement of damaged works. Supply * Reduction of design discharge * Periodical desilting of supply Channel as a result of silting of channel channel. *Deterioration of stone masonry * Reconstruction of damaged channel portion and strengthening at Insufficient flow velocity due to vulnerable sites. weed growth * Cleaning of vegetation in the *Leakage channel. Distribution Network * Slow movement due to * Periodical repair of channel by obstruction by vegetation growth Water Users Association. *Heaxy seepage loss * Lining of main distribution * Salt inuiy in inundated conimand channel areas due to channel leakage * Proper maintenance of drainage channel J7 Operation and * Occurrence of non irrigated area * Lined channel with proper o Management due to insufficient water control regulating and diversion structures structures at off-take points. Irrmgation * Continuous over drawl without * Irrigation scheduling based on managemnent relevance to actual need, crop water requirements, unofficial restoring subordinating cropping pattern and effective equity to vested interests, small rainfall etc., land consolidation. size plot-to-plot irrigation Tank irrigation is a profitable technology in economic, environment and social terns but under present conditions of management it is deteriorating rapidly. Extent as well as reliability of this technology is decreasing. Because of potentials for additional rice cultivation for about 16 million ha under tank irrigation, it is important to select holistic improvement strategies that fully exploit the potentials of tank irrigation. In general, sustainable crop production requires better performance of these small-scale irrigation structures tanks, which needs modemization of physical structures, efficient distribution of water to and in farm fields as well as among the farmers and proper maintenance of tank system after the modernization through farmers participation. 123 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project 4.10 Dam Safety The Dam Safety Directorate was established in the year 1991 in Tamil Nadu with the object of giving assurance to safety of large dams in Tamil Nadu vide G.O. Ms No: 725 dated 18-04-91. At present there are 75 nos of PWD dams, (including 7 nos of small dams and 5 nos of drinking water supply reservoirs) and 38 nos of Tamil Nadu Electricity Board large dams. 4.10.1 Dam safety project. I The Dam safety Assurance and Rehabilitation Project in Tamilnadu was carried out from 1991-1998 with World Bank funds. Totally, an amount of Rs.22.82 crores had been spent under the following components: 1. Institutional strengthening Rs. 3.43 crores 2. Basic facilities Rs. 5.41 crores 3. Remedial works for dams Rs. 13.98 crores Basic facilities like access roads, back up powers, communication network, weather station etc. were provided for dams. Remedial works to the dams such as providing upstream face treatment to minimize seepage, providing additional surplus arrangements to discharge excess floodwater, strengthening of masonry and earthen dams etc. were carried out in 9 dams based on the recommendation given by the Dam Safety Review Panel. 4.10.2 Dam Safety Project. II Now, another proposals for rehabilitation and improvement works to 22 public works Department dams and for institutional strengthening for a value of Rs.709 millions has been sent to the Central Water Commission, in November, 2005 by the Government. Of Tamilnadu for posing under the Dam Safety Project -II which named as "Dam Rehabilitation and Improvement Project (DRIP) for getting assistance of the World Bank. In additional to the above, the World Bank has conducted workshops on DRIP and creation of new funding pattern, which is named as DRIF by World Bank with the public, private partnership and World Bank and other commercial and National banks and state Government. Contribution like RIDF is operated by NABARD. 4.10.3 PWD Dams The list of PWD dams are given below: 124 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project Table 4.15 PWD dams S.No River Basin Name of the Dam I Palar Basin Rajathope Kanar Mordhana 2 Varahanadhi Basin Vidur 3 Pennaiaru Basin Krishnagiri Sathanur Thumbalahalli Pambar Vaniar 4 Vellar Basin Willingdon Manimukthanadhi Gomukhi Kariakoil Anaimaduvu 5 Vaigai Basin Vaigai Manjalar Marudhanadhi Sothuparal 6 Vaippar Basin Pilavakkal (Periyar) Pilavakkal (Kovilar) Vembakottal Kullursandhal Anaikuttam Golwarpatti 7 Tambaraparani Basin Gundar Manimuthar Gatana Ramanadhi Karuppanadhi Adavinainar Koil Vadakku Pachaiyar 8 Kodayar Basin Pechiparal Perunchani Chittar Dam - I Chittar Dam - II Poigaiyar 9 Nambiyar Basin Kodumudiyar Nambiar 10 Ponniar Kelavarapalli Sulagiri Chinnar I Drinking Water Supply Poondi Reservoir Reservoirs Chembarambakkam Redhills Cholavaram Veeranan The detailed Dam safety plan, procedures and formats are detailed in Annexure 125 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project 4.11 Sand mining Sand mining in the riverbed is a lucrative job. This process is going on for years together. Government has approved certain sand queries from where sand is to be removed subject to certain rules and regulations. The entire sand in the river bed has been removed and the rocky bed is exposed in many places. A list of quarries maintained by the PWD Department is given in the table Table 4.16 Approved Sand quarries S.No Region Total No. of Functioning Quarries Approved 1 Chennai Region 124 35 2 Trichy Region 54 17 3 Pollachi Region 19 1 4 Madurai Region 42 11 Total 239 64 Region wise authorized sand mining spots in Tamil Nadu are given in the following tables Table 4.17 Authorized Sand quarries in Madurai Region S.No Name of the Quarry District River 1 Kamutdhi Ramanathapuram Gundar 2 Rajapati Thoothukudi Vaipar 3 Siragikottai Ramanathapuram Vaigai 4 Katchathanallur Sivagangai Saruganiyar 5 Virusampatti Thoothukudi Vaipar 6 Sirugudi Sivagangai Saruganiyar 7 Vasudevanallur Thirunelveli Vaipar 8 Eluvankottai Sivagangai Manimuthar 9 Sankaranatham Virudhnagar Vaipar 10 Athankarai Virudhnagar Vaipar 11 Mukkani Thirunelveli Tambaraparani Table 4.18 Authorized Sand quarries in Chennai Region S.No Name of the Quarry River 1 Panapakkam Araniyar 2 Manpakkam Araniyar 3 Veppedu Palar 4 Pinayur Palar 5 Ozhukuvakkam Palar 126 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project 6 Punjai arasanthangal Palar 7 Sembedu Kosasthaliyar 8 Vrinchipuram Palar 9 Vadakarai Palar 10 Poongodu Palar 11 Tirumalaicheri Palar 12 Thirupaachanoor Malattar 13 Karadipakkam ThenPennaiyar 14 Emapar Pennaiyar 15 Melsevur VarahNadhi 16 Thiruvakkarai VarahNadhi 17 Kizhaku madurthur ManimukthaNadhi 18 Kelapattu ManimukthaNadhi 19 Karuvepalankurichi Vellar 20 Alagianatham Pennaiyar 21 Kanchankollai Pennaiyar 22 Viramudaiynnatham Vellar 23 Elanthapattu Pennaiyar 24 Ippikonpalli/konjoji kothur Pennaiyar 25 Theertham/nerlagiri Markandeynadhi 26 Pathimaduvu/palanapalli Markandeynadhi 27 Kolathi Pennaiyar 28 Thatchur Cheyyar 29 Eyyakulathoor Cheyyar 30 Kilathur Cheyyar 31 Pavakkal Pambar 32 Kuppanatham Cheyyar 33 Samanur Chinnar 34 Murugampatti/karuveppampatti) (N o.1) Pennaiyar 35 Kelavalli/kengarapatti/echampadi(No.2) Pennaiyar Table 4.19 Authorized Sand quarries in Pollachi Region S.No Name of the Quarry River I Anaipalayam Amaravathy 127 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project Table 4.20 Authorized Sand quarries in Trichy Region S.No Name of the Quarry River 1 Murungapettai (Muthurasanallur) Cauvery 2 Nochiyam Cauvery 3 Thiruengoimalai Cauvery 4 Chinthavadi Cauvery 5 Thimmachipuravathiyamm Cauvery 6 Vathiyam Cauvery 7 Nanjai pugalur Cauvery 8 Achampuram Cauvery 9 Ogalur Marudaiyaru 10 Thalavai north Marudaiyaru 11 Kothamangalam-II Marudaiyaru 12 Southpalamanneri (Thirukkattupalli) Cauvery 13 Puthur Cauvery 14 Siddhamalli Cauvery 15 Vinnamangalam) Cauvery 16 Sendakkottai (Muthalseri) Nasuviniyar 17 Neyvellivadapathy Agniyar 4.12 Fisheries Tamil Nadu has a long and glorious tradition of maritime activities. The tropical climate is conducive for the breeding varieties of fishes throughout the year. The total fish production in the inland fishing was 1.01 lakh tonnes during 1996-97. However the marine fish products were in the order of 3.56 lakh tonnes Tamil Nadu is one of the prominent maritime States with rich potential in fisheries. The State has a coastal line of 1076 km. sharing 13.4 percent at Natioanl level and a continental shelf of about 41412 sq.kms. The State possesses 0.19 million sq.km of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) accounting for 9.7% of All-India EEZ. An extenet of 56000 ha. Of brackish water area available for aquaculture production of which 4455 ha. (8.0%) are under aquaculture in the State. Besides this, the fisheries sector provides employment opportunities to the coastal people and eams export eamings. Apart from marine fishing, the State is also endowed with inland fishing potential to the tune of about 3.7 lakh ha. Of water spread area comprising reservoirs, major irrigation and long seasonal tanks, short seasonal and ponds, estuaries and backwaters. 4.12.1 Fish Production Due to urbanisation and increasing F P population, there is an increasing demand foi 1 2 4|5 4. 2. EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project sea food. The State has introduced Fisheries Development Mission at Ramanthapuram district as a 15-point Programme during 2002 - 03. It mainly focuses on the production of both marine and inland fish through innovative and scientific methods in reservoirs, tanks and ponds. The overall fish production in the State has come down by 4.8% from 4.81 lakh tonnes in 2002 - 03 to 4.58 lakh tonnes in 2003 - 04. The share of marine and inland fish catch put together accounted for 8.0& of total National production in 2002 - 03. 4.12.2 Marine Fish Production The marine fish production through mechanised and non-mechanised boats had improved marginally by 0.5 per cent from 3.79 lakh tonnes in 2002-03 to 3.81 lakh tonnes in 2003-04. The total number of boats engaged in fishing operation decreased from 68036 in 2002-03 to 66684 in 2003-04. In marine fisheries, problems of over fishing, issues like crossing of international boundaries etc. are being addressed. Table 4.21 Marine Fish Catches by Boats Boats in peration (nu ber) Fish catches through (t nees) Year Mechanised Non- Total Mechanised Non- Total Mechanised Mechanised 2001-02 11444 53844 65288 187142 186719 373861 2002-03 11889 56147 68036 200468 178746 379214 2003-04 11969 54715 66684 204432 176716 381148 Source: Commissioner of Fisheries, Chennai -6 Tsunami of 26th December 2004, visually crippled the economy of coastal districts: impact being severe in the districts of Nagapattinam, Cuddalore, Kanniyakumari, Kancheepuram, Villupuram and Chennai. Thousands of boats, catamarams and fishing nets were destroyed (26112 wodden catamaram, 3402 RRP catamaram, 4170 Vallams, 2391 mechanised boats and 38177 fishing nets). There was extensive damaged to fishing harbours, fish landing centres and trading centres. Almost all the aquaculture farms were destroyed. Due to the damages cause to other infrastructure, Fishing and related activities came to a stand still for almost three months after tsunami. Even though restoration activities had been swiftly undertaken, tsunami had impacted the coastal economy considerably. Loss of marine fish production due to tsunami during 2004-05 is provisionally estimated at not less than 25 per cent of the normal production. 4.12.3 Inland Fish Production In order to step up inland fish production Fish Farmers Development Agency has been in operation in the State since 1976. There were 12 Fish Farmers Development Agencies in 2003-04. They develop scientific cultural practices in inland water fisheries. The quantum of inland fish production is a function of number of fish ponds/tanks and availability of water and size of investment. There are 1061 major reservoirs, 34734 major irrigation 129 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project tanks, 39283 seasonal tanks etc. Total catch by the source reveals that seasonal, tanks and major irrigation tanks alone accounted for 83 per cent of total inland fish production of 77307 tonnes in 2003-04. Inland fish production in the recent past had witnessed a declining trend. It declined from 102217 tonne in 2002-03 to 77304 tonnes in 2003-04. The fall in production is due to failure of monsoon and drying up of irrigation sources in three consecutive years. The Inland Fishery focuses on augmenting the fish production by utilizing the available inland water resources such as reservoirs, major and minor irrigation tanks, village ponds and tanks etc. The reservoir fisheries management is being undertaken in 44 reservoirs in the State by the Department and in eight reservoirs by the Tamil Nadu Fisheries Development Corporation. The Department has also taken over 32.000 ha. of major and minor irrigation tanks for stocking carp seeds and exploiting with the help of local fishermen. Table 4.22 Inland Fish Production: By Source S.No Sources 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 1. Major Reservoirs 973 1095 879 2. Major Irrigation Tanks (both perennial and long 36182 34734 195 seasonal) 3. Seasonal Tanks 42688 39283 64822 4. Estuaries and back waters 8591 7500 2800 5. Fish Farmers Development Agencies 3814 1686 2213 6. Rivers, Streams, Canals and other Water 11812 8500 - Sources 7. Miscellaneous (Rice fields, Swamps etc.,) 9631 9419 6404 Total 113691 102217 77304 Source: Commissioner of Fisheries, Chennai -6 4.12.4 Export of Fish Tamil Nadu is one of the major fish exporting States in India. The fish products are mostly exported through Chennai and Thoothukudi ports in the State. Marine fish export fetches good export eamings to the State. The total quantity of fish and fish products exported had come down by 2.4 per cent from 70147 tonnes in 2002-03 to 68462 tonnes in 2003-04. The State's share in fish export stood at 17 per cent at the national level (412017 tonnes). The value of total quantity exported worked out to 33.99 per cent of the all India export value. Table 4.23 Export of Fish and Fish Products Tamil Nadu All-India Year Quantity Value Quantity Value (Tonnes) (Rs. In Lakhs) (Tonnes) (Rs. In Lakhs) 2001-02 58482 201640 424470 595705 2002-03 70147 250787 467297 688131 2003-04 68462 207116 412017 609195 Source: Commissioner of Fisheries, Chennai -6 4.12.5 Other Development Initiatives Apart from the above activities, the State is implementing certain schemes for the health and wealth of fishery sector such as Fishermen Sea Safety Scheme, Fishermen Free 130 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project Housing Scheme, National Fishermen Savings-cum-Relief Scheme, Group Accident Insurance Scheme for Fishermen and the Project like Integrated Marine Fisheries Development Project Phase I and II etc. The Phase II of Integrated Marine Fisheries Development Project was kick-started in 1.4.1998 in 13 coastal districts in Tamil Nadu and planned to distribute 3565 fishing inputs to 100 villages to a tune of Rs.4506 lakhs in the State. The Tamil Nadu State Apex Fisheries Co-operative Federation Limited (T AFCOFED) started functioning from 6.11.1991 in Chennai as a Headquarters. At present, 580 Primary Fishermen Co-operative Societies and nine District Fishermen Co-operative Federation had become members in Tamil Nadu State Apex Fisheries Co-operative Federation Limited (TAFCOFED) and paid a share capital of Rs.89.09 lakhs. 4.12.6 Sustainable Fish Development In order to facilitate sustainability, the Government of India has imposed a 45-days ban on fish catching during summer season in notified areas in the sea with a view to arresting over-exploitation of fish. This policy contributes towards improved breeding of fish and ensuring sustainable development of fish population. The Supreme Court of India mandated that all the aqua farmers in the coastal areas should obtain approval from Aqua cultural Authorities of India. Aqua-farming is to be carried out beyond 500 metres from the high tide of the sea. This move is to regulate pisiculture in the Coastal Regulation Zone. The potential shrimp farming area consists of 56000 ha. in the State. As on March 2005, 2086 shrimp farms are functioning in 12 coastal districts (except Chennai) of the State. Of these, 883 shrimp farms had got approval from the Aquaculture Authority. The coastal aquaculture had become a thrust area under Fisheries Development Mission in the State. It is proposed to develop 1000 ha. of coastal saline land every year under aquaculture utilising low intensive traditional and improved traditional shrimp farming practices by utilising the support of other' agencies like Marine Product Export Development Agency (MPEDA) in the State. During the past three years (i.e. from 2002) aquaculture fuming has been under taken over an area of about 3100 ha. in the State with the approval of Aquaculture Authority. 4.13 Fertilizer Consumption The consumption of total fertilizer nutrients recorded a spectacular increase of 42.3% during 2004-05, after experiencing decelaration in growth in the preceding 4 years. Total nutrient consumption increased from 0.713 M t during 2003-04 to 1.015 M t during 2004-05. All the three nutrients registered positive growth. The consumption of N, P205 and K20 at 0.479, 0.206 and 0.330 M t, registered sharp increase of 26.6%, 29.8% and 87.3%, respectively, during 2004-05 over 2003-04. The fertiliser consumption recorded positive growth during both Kharif and Rabi seasons. Kharif:Rabi share in total fertilizer consumption changed marginally from 35.65 during 2003-04 to 36:64 during 2004-05. NPK use ratio changed from 2.2:0.9:1 during 2003-04 to 1.5:0.6:1 during 2004-05. The per hectare consumption of total nutrients increased from 114.5 kg during 2003-04 to 163 kg during 2004-05. 4.14 Pesticide Consumption Pesticides demands have been influenced by more awareness of the farmers for better crop yield. Pesticide usage for the cultivation of food crops among the different states of India showed a mixed pattern. Tamil Nadu consumes 1.2 to 2 kg/ha of pesticide which is followed by Andhra Pradesh and Punjab where 0.8 to 1.2 kg/ha is the rate of consumption. 131 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project The environmental load of pesticides in India in term of kg/sq.km. land area presents an interesting picture. Maximum pesticide load is found in the environment of Punjab, Haryana, Delhi and Tamil Nadu. The pollution load in these areas ranges from 70-100 kg/sq.km. land area. 4.14.1 Common Pests The list of common pests infected and the crops are given in the following table: Table 4.24 List of Common Pests S.No Name of the Pest Name of the Crop 1 Stem Borer Paddy 2 Green leaf Hopper Paddy 3 Leaf Folder Paddy 4 Leaf Spot Paddy 5 Powdery Mildew Groundnut 6 Wilt Sugarcane 7 Fruit Rot and Sigatoka Leaf Spot Banana 8 Tikka Disease Groundnut 9 Wilt of Paddy Paddy 10 Leaf Spot Groundnut 11 Red Rot Sugarcane 12 Powdery Mildew Grapes 13 Scab Apple 14 Powdery Mildew Peas, Pulses 15 Aphid white fly Cotton 16 Boll Worm - Stem and fruit borer Brinjal 17 Thrips and Mites Chillies 18 Bud and Army Worms Tobacco 19 Boll worm Maize, Potato and Onion 20 Echinocloa Grasses 21 Fusarium Leaf Spot Paddy 22 Powdery Mildew Soya bean, Tea 23 Cercospora Rust Citrus and Vegetables 24 Broad Leaved Weeds Cereals, Nuts and Maize 25 Powdery Mildew Mango, Pulses 26 Kernel Burnt Wheat 27 Blister Blight Tea 28 Pearl Millet and Downy Mildew Wheat 29 Leaf Blight Potato 30 Pod Borer Pulses 4.14.2 Integrated pest management Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is being adopted in the State for effective and eco- friendly pest and disease management under plant protection. The fanners were given training regarding the identification of predators and stamp out them. This has made the farmers 132 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project aware of the need to adopt the IPM technology to minimize the pesticides consumption and thereby save about 20 per cent of the crop loss due to pest and disease. During 2003-04, plant protection measures such as pest and disease management were carried out in the State. The pest management was carried out to the extent of 32.78 lakh ha. pest treatment under food crops and 17.7 lakh ha. under non-food crops. The area covered under disease treatment was of the order of 16.9 lakh ha. (food crops) and 9.2 lakh ha. (non- food crops) in 2003-04. Under Integrated Pest Management, the IP on demonstration has been carried out through Centrally Sponsored Schemes, Cotton Mini. Mission. II, Accelerated Maize Development Programme, Oilseeds Production Programme and National Pulses Development Project. It was of the order of 1500 nos., 70 nos., 30 nos., 1669 nos. and 536 nos. during 2003-04. During this period, the pest control measures such as seed treatment (26.4 lakh ha.) rat control (0.2 lakh ha.), weed control (0.2 lakh ha.) had been covered. The plant protection with regard to pest control is expected to improve by treating 12.4 lakh ha. for food crops and 8.0 lakh ha. for non-food crops during 2004-05 (upto October 2004). Disease control measures for food crops stood at 6.7 lakh ha. and non-food crops to 4.8 lakh ha. (upto October 2004) in 2004-05 4.15 Crop Diversification Given the constraint in terms of availability of irrigation for crops, traditional hydrophilic crops (like paddy, banana, and sugarcane) are increasingly subject to moisture stress. Hence, a crop diversification strategy that aims at a shift to crops requiring lesser moisture is increasingly becoming imperative. Crop diversification by a critically re-designed alternative cropping pattern based on agro climate zone may be demonstrated in the farmer's holdings to effectively utilise the natural resources. This could stabilize production and productivity in the State. If focused on switching from low value to high value crops; single crop to multiple/mixed crop; crop alone to crop with crop-livestock - fish apiculture and agriculture production to production with processing and value addition. This would bring high value and labour intensive crops and it could provide adequate income and employment opportunities to farming community in the State. Thus, there arose a need for raising "more crops per drop" with focus on drought resistant and less water consuming crops. Factors such as declining supply of cultivable land, growing population, rising urbanization, changing tastes and life styles have necessitated crop diversification. Monoculture leads to impoverishment of soil and low productivity. Hence farmers have to be advised to switch over the alternative crops which have assured market and consume less water. Cultivation of less water-intensive crops like sweet sorghum, sugar beat and Jatropha have the potential to intensify the crop diversification process and drive agricultural growth. 4.15.1 Jatropha In the context of steep increase in the prices of imported oil, attention is being focused on the feasibility of bio-fuel to meet the energy requirements of the economy. Cultivation of Jatropha is being encouraged substantially both by the State Government and the Centre. Jatropha cultivation is to be taken on one lakh acres under contract farming. The plant has the potential of providing employment to farmers and processors besides contributing to greening. It would contribute to the growth of rural industries for prolluction 133 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project of crude oil and refined oil. The cost of cultivation would be Rs. 10760 under dry land condition and Rs. 19560 under irrigated conditions. Economics of this crop are very encouraging. It is a diesel substitute. Lack of subsidy schemes and the need for higher investment are impeding the cultivation of Jatropha in the State. It is further reported that non-availability of quality seed material is also an inhibiting factor. 4.15.2 Horticulture Demand for the horticultural crops such as fruits and vegetables are income-elastic. The consumption pattern over a period of time titled towards horticulture products with steady increase in the per capita income. In the wake of growing population and swelling urbanization a favorable shift in consumption in favour of horticultural crops need more coverage of area. These value addition crops provide raw-materials to agro-based industries besides providing employment opportunities to rural masses. The crop diversification technique has been advanced to boost production and productivity of horticultural crops. The horticulture crops contain remarkable potential for export earnings in the State. The share of the State is 5.7 per cent in terms of area under horticultural crops and 7.7 per cent in terms of production at the national level. India's share in world production of coconut is the number one, vegetables second, natural rubber fourth, coffee sixth, fruits tenth and tea 29th. The horticultural sector consists of a wide range of crops such as fruits, vegetables, spices, plantation crops, floriculture, medicine and aromatic plants, cashew etc. Mango, banana, citrus, apple, guava, papaya and grapes share the bulk of fruit production. Horticulture is a potential source of diversification in agriculture. The shelf life of food grains is over three years or even more against fruits whose self life ranges between one week and 3 months. In view of this, strategies involve a separate road map for value addition in fruits and vegetables, adequate infrastructure such as cold storage, refrigerated transportation, rapid transit grading, processing, packaging and quality control. The State has a vast potential for successful cultivation of crops like mango, banana. Cashew, tapioca, medicinal plants and flowers which are being exploited intensive under the Horticulture Mission. The State has set up a Mission for Hollicultural Development aiming to achieve 8 per cent annual growth during X Five Year Plan in this sector. This gives impetus to production, processing for value addition and marketing of horticultural crops such as vegetables, fruits, flowers and medicinal plants. Tamil Nadu is the first State in India to set up a separate Mission for the development of horticulture. It also aims to double the horticulture production by 2011-12 in the State.) Objectives of Horticulture Mission * Improving production through balanced nutrition management * Evolving suitable mechanism for regulating the production of quality planting materials and giving impetus to research; * Creating & adequate infrastructure for post harvest management especially, preservation and marketing 134 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project Encouraging active involvement of farmers Association in the adoption of modem technologies. Beyond the Mission's thrust on the production of horticulture crops, it advocated crop development strategies such as adoption of IPM and INM techniques, training of farmers in latest technology, laying of demonstration plots, efficient irrigation management through installation of micro irrigation systems such as Drip Irrigation and Sprinkler Irrigation techniques. The State signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Agriculture and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority for setting up an Export Promotion Zone for cashew at Rs.10.36 crore. The zone will enhance export to Rs.100 crores in three years and provide employment to 20000 persons. Despite the failure of the monsoon in the last three years, the area under horticulture increased from 7.77 lakh ha. in 2002-03 to 8.25 lakh ha. (15.1 %) in 2003-04 and this area has been projected to 8.91 lakh ha. in 2004-05. The fruits, vegetables and plantation crops shared more than 75 percent of the area coverage under horticultural crops in 2002-03 and 80 per cent in 2003-04 and projected to 78 per cent in 2004-05. The overall production of horticultural crops had improved from 91.70 lakh tonnes in 2002-03 to 99.46 lakh tonnes in 2003-04 the growth being 8.5 per cent. The projected production stood at 107.45 lakh tonnes during 2004-05 showing a better prospect. The production of fruits and vegetables alone accounted for about 83 per cent in total production in 2002-03 and 85 per cent in 2003-04. The productivity of horticultural crops had experienced a dip of 14.2 per cent in 2002-03. However, it had regained its level by 2.2 per cent in 2003-04. Tangible improvement is anticipated in 2004-05. 4.15.3 Medicinal Plants With the growing importance of ayurvedic and siddha medicines, the importance of raising medicinal plants is Central to the State's health policy. Area and production of medicinal plants which are confined to Western Ghat districts and also in the districts of Thoothukudi, Dharmapuri Thiruchirapalli. Pudukkottai, Perambalur, Karur and the Nilgiris remained statistic during 2004-05. While, the extent of area covered by medicinal plants was around 4000 ha. total production was estimated at about 8000 tonnes giving an yield per hectare of two tonnes. Area and production are almost in constant proportion. The State implements State and Centrally-sponsored Schemes viz.. Integrated Horticulture Developmellt scheme (IHDS). Integrated Tribal Development Programme (ITDP). Western Ghats Development Programme (WGDP) and Hill Area Development Programme (HADP) during 2003-04 and also continued in 2004-05. Implementation of these schemes has impacted on area, production and yield. 135 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project Table 4.25 Area, Production and Yield rate of Horticulture Crops Area (lakh hectares) Production la tones Yield tones / ha. Crop 2002- 2003- 2004- 2002- 2003- 2004- 2002- 2003- 2004- 03 04 05 03 04 05 03 04 05 Fruits 2.23 2.21 2.39 40.14 36.09 39.08 17.96 16.33 16.37 Vegetables 1.62 1.91 2.06 35.99 46.73 50.59 22.25 24.47 24.53 Spices & condiments 1.46 1.54 1.67 6.25 6.93 7.50 4.27 4.49 4.50 Plantation crops 2.28 2.34 2.53 7.95 8.02 8.68 3.49 3.43 3.44 Flowers 0.18 0.20 0.22 1.35 1.62 1.75 7.65 7.97 7.99 Medicinal plants >100 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.08 0.08 1.90 1.90 Total 7.77 8.25 8.91 91.70 99.46 107.68 11.80 12.06 12.09 Source: Directorate of Horticulture and Plantation Crops, Chennai -6 The State has an estimated 130 million hectares of coastal land. Of which 33 million hectares are available for reclamation. This programme aims at transforming the rural economy by providing employment opportunities to agricultural labour and the rural poor. The crops like Sweet Sorghum and Jatropha other tremendous opportunities to farmers and improve their income and standard of life. The Sweet Sorghum crops needs 40 per cent of normal water-consuming crops and provides an average yield of 30 tonnes per acre and realizes Rs.10000/- per acre as net income within four months. Similarly, Jatropha, a hard shrub, gives attractive yield for 30 years and thereby could fetch more than Rs. 12000 per acre from the third year of cultivation. 4.15.4 Sericulture Sericulture has potential for employment and income generation. The productivity of silk production depends mainly on the quality of silk worms. The cocoon and raw silk production has been carried out in 26 districts in the State. The improved bivoltine races are being introduced in the State to improve yield rate and fetch higher income to the farmers. In terns of the cocoon and raw-silk production, five districts, namely, Dharmapuri (50.3%), Vellore (12.7%), Erode (10.6%), Coimbatore (6.7%) and Namakkal (3.7%) constitute a high share (85%) out of the total area coverage of 13486 ha. in Tamilnadu. The average yield of cocoons per 100 laying which prevailed at the end of IX Five Year Plan (2001-02) increased to 58.4 kgs. in 2004-05 (upto February 05) during the X Five Year Plan period. Tamil Nadu is also a major silk consuming State and the estimated requirement of silk would be 1500 metric Tonnes per year. The silk industry in the State is also in the process of adjusting itself to the changing requirements in post WTO. Marketing and branding initiatives like the Silk Mark also help in developing the market for silk products. 4.16 Water Weeds Water weeds like Eichornia, Ipomoea, Salvinia, Pistia, Trapa, Typha and Prosopis cineraria were found commonly in the water bodies. The aquatic weeds cause enormous damages to the water bodies leading to large-scale water depletion and reduces the water holding capacity of the water body. It also increases the rate of evaporation. The weeds 136 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project block the irrigation channels and does not allow the un-wanted matters to enter outside. The quality of water becomes altered so that it as a shelter of many disease causing vectors. It also affects fishing grounds and even block navigation. The entire biotic communities which depend upon these water bodies will be affected. 4.16.1 Remedial measures * The weeds such as Eichornia, Salvinia, Ipomoea and Pistia can be collected and used as manure * They can be used for the preparation of vermicompost * Some of the weeds can be used for the preparation of biogas * Weeds can also be used as medicine, fodder and food * Some weeds scavenge the in-organic and organic compounds from water so they can be used as a water purifier * Some weeds can be grown as ornamental. Usually the dominant weed Eichornia is grown in mud pots by the villagers. They have been called as the water orchids. * Tubers of Lotus and seeds of Trapa are the good source of food * Typha can be mainly used for basket making * Awareness programmes should be organised regarding conversion of water weeds into manure and production of biogas 4.17 Prosopis juliflora The plant is a perennial deciduous thorny shrub or small tree, to 12 m tall; trunk to 1.2 m in diameter, bark thick, brown or blackish, shallowly fissured; leaves compound, commonly many more than 9 pairs, the leaflets mostly 5-10 mm long, linear-oblong, glabrous, often hairy, commonly rounded at the apex; stipular spines, if any, yellowish, often stout; flowers perfect, greenish-yellow, sweet-scented, spikelike; corolla deeply lobate. Pods several- seeded, strongly compressed when young, thick at maturity, more or less constricted between the seeds, 10-25 cm long, brown or yellowish, 10-30-seeded. Seed compressed and oval or elliptic, 2.5-7 mm long and brown. Bearing fruits in 3 to 4 years, the trees are usually harvested by hand, often after the fruits have fallen. Fast-growing, drought resistant, and with remarkable coppicing power, Prosopis is a natural fuelwood candidate. With specific gravity 0.70 or higher, the wood has been termed "wooden anthracite", because of its high heat content, burning slowly and evenly and holding heat well. This species provides >90% of the fuelwood in some Indian villages (Sharma, 1981). Although no direct data on N-fixation of Prosopis are available, Felker and Bandurski (1979) suggest that tree legumes (exclusive of Caesalpiniaceae) fix between 155 and 580 kg/ha/yr. Soils under the crowns of legumes in the desert usually have 10 times more N (0.3%) than those under non nitrogen fixers (0-03%). 4.17.1 Economic applications 137 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project In places where juliflora is available, the rural people are directly depending on this for their livelihoods by selling the wood/converting as charcoal in the nearby towns. This needs to be up-scaled in the project for using this with a higher value added projects - Biomass based generation and biomass gasifiers. 4.17.2 Biomass based generation State Government has initiated efforts to encourage new power generation projects using wood and other agro residues and waste. District level and Taluk level studies were carried out and the information regarding the availability and potential in selected places in the State are available. The entrepreneurs who wants to promote biomass power plants may be encouraged under this project to come forward for setting up of power plants in the places where juliflora is abundantly available so that the farmers can get better remunerative price for this wood. This will enhance the income levels of the farmers. 4.173 Biomass gasifiers To meet the therrnal and electrical energy requirements of industries and other organizations a new scheme of installing gasifiers is being promoted by MNES. The village Panchayat under this project may be encouraged to install gasifiers for water pumping. 4.18 Livestock A perusal of total livestock population in Tamil Nadu since 1982 exhibits that there are variation across the Quinquennial Censuses particularly with reference to the population of cattle, sheep and goats. With respect to buffaloes, a steady decline has been noticed since 1982. As per the latest Quinquennial Livestock Census 2004, total livestock population stood at 249.41 lakhs - cattle at 91.41 lakhs, buffaloes 16.58 lakhs, sheep 55.93 lakhs, goats 81.77 lakhs and others 3.72 lakhs. In the case of poultry population, it increased by leaps and bounds - 182.84 lakhs in 1982. 359.41 lakhs in 2001 and 865.9 lakhs in 2004. Acceleration in the poultry is mainly due to heavy demand. Fodder problems is the main cause for decrease in cattle and buffaloes population. Government endeavours to upgrade the indigenous cattle and buffaloes to high quality animals. Table 4.26 Trends in Livestock Population (lakhs) - Tamil Nadu Year Cattle Buffaloe Sheep Goats Others Total Poultry 1982 103.66 32.12 55.37 52.46 18.26 261.87 182.84 (-4.03) (4.35) (4.69) (24.85) (135.31) (8.45) (27.44) 1989 93.53 31.28 58.81 59.20 20.85 263.66 215.70 (-9.77) (-2.62) (6.21) (12.85) (14.18) (0.68) (17.97) 1994 90.96 29.31 56.12 58.65 21.75 256.79 238.54 (-2.75) (-6.30) (-4.57) (-0.93) (4.32) (-2.61) (10.59) 1997 90.47 27.41 52.59 64.16 24.76 259.39 365.11 (0.54) (-6.48) (-6.29) (9.39) (13.84) (1.01) (53.06) 2001 91.82 27.08 53.47 68.08 4.78 245.22 359.41 (1.49) (-1.20) (1.67) (6.11) (-5.46) (-1.56) 2004 91.41 16.58 55.93 81.77 3.72 249.41 865.9 (1.03) (-39.51) (6.35) (27.45) (-3.85) (97.62) 138 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project Source: Directorate of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services, Chennai -6 The cattle population is concentrated in the districts of Villupuram, Thiruvannamalai, Vellore, Dharmapuri, Thanjavur, Pudukottai, Coimbatore, Cuddalore, Dindigal and Kancheepuram whereas the buffaloes are preponderance in the districts of Namakkal, Villupuram, Kancheepuram, Erode, Salem and Thiruvallur. These districts are called milk belts of the State. Productivity of cattle and buffaloes in Tamil Nadu is relatively low, going by the internatior Breedable Female Population standards. This is due to the predominance Lanes indigenous and native stock of animals. To impro Category 1997 2001 2004 the cattle stock, the Tamil 'Nadu Livesto Cate Exotic and 12.61 18.78 25.89 Development Agency has brought all breedii Crossbred 32.02 28.34 15.28 activities under a single umbrella and an artifici 0 Indigenous insemination programme is being carried out. pure - decline in breedable female population is noticed Total 44.63 47.12 41.17 200'4 Quinqunnial Livestock Census - from 47. o Murrah& 3.74 4.97 2.90 lakhs in 2001 to 41.17 lakhs in 2004 in respect Graded 13.64 10.18 6.11 0Indigenous cattle and from 15.15 lakhs to 9.01 lakhs in respc Total 17.38 15.15 9.01 of buffaloes. The share of breedable female exotic and crossbred cattle accounted for 28.32% (25.89 lakhs) and indigenous and native pure works out to 16.72% (15.28 lakhs) of the total cattle population of 91.41 lakhs during 2004. Among breedable female buffaloes population the share of murrah graded was 17.49% (2.90 lakhs) and indigenous 36.85% (6.11 lakhs) out of the total buffalo's population of 16.58 lakhs during 2004. 4.18.1 Milk production After agriculture, dairy is the largest employer in the State particularly among the women. The milk production and availability are as follows: In conformity with the growin population, rising urbanisation and changii Milk Production (lakh tonneas consumption pattem and increasing per capis income, milk production has grown to meet t current as well as the future demands. The mi :0 production doubled in 1980's, whereas the pa of growth in milk production somewhat slow, down in 1990s. 200-01 2000.02 202 20030 2002.00 Per Capita Requgrement and Milk production rose from 46.22 lakh tonnes in 2002-03 to 47.53 lakh tonnes in 2003-04 and further 220 improved to 47.84 lakh tonnes in 2004-05. 215 DF 1 1 4 Despite increase in milk production, State's share 210 l during 2003-04 at All India level hovered around 200 5.9 per cent in 2001-02 and 5.4 per cent in 2003-04. 20 200 - 20 2004 The per capita availability of milk per day was 204 139 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project gms. in 2002-03, 209 gms. in 2003-04 and 210 gms in 2004-05, the increase being 2.9 per cent. Tamil Nadu Cooperative Milk Producer's Federation procured milk through 7117 and 7493 Primary Cooperative Societies in the State during 2003 - 04 & 2004 - 05. The total milk production by societies had improved by 17.6 per cent from 18.88 LLPD in 2002-03 to 22.21 LLPD in 2003-04 and further improved by 7.0 to 23.76 LLPD in 2004 - 05. These societies procured more than 17 per cent of the State total milk production of 47.53 lakh tonnes in 2003-04. The quantity of milk sold had also gone up from 6.53 LLPD in 2002-03 to 6.91 LLPD in 2003-04 and improved to 8.09 LLPD(17.1 %) in 2004-05. The value was to the tune of 85.71 lakh per day and 90.70 lakh per day respectively. The value of the milk products had plummeted in the case of the products such as butter, ghee tetra pack SM I Ltr. tetra pack - SM 200 ml. cheese, mysorepak, butter milk and flavoured milk during 2003- 04 compared to the preceding year 2002-03. The value of milk products sold for the quantity of SMP (12064.5MTs), Butter( 1631.9 MTs) and Ghee (7949.1 MTs) to the tune of Rs.9244.46 lakhs, 802.62 lakhs and 8860.09 lakhs respectively. However, the quantity and sale of milk, milk powder (4437.6 mt.), Tetra pack - TM 1 Ltr. (75058 litre), ice creams (133841 litre), Gulabjamun (1525 kgs.), khova (289452 kgs.), curd (517900 nos.) and Maavin (77026 nos.) had witnessed an increasing trend from Rs.2300.04 lakhs in 2002-03 to Rs.4328.27 lakhs in 2003-04 in the State. Table 4.27 Milk Products and Value Tamil Nadu All India Percapita availability Year % Share of (gms. per day) (Lakh tonees) Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu All India 2001-02 49.88 (1.9) 844 (4.3) 5.9 219 (1.4) 225 (2.3) 2002-03 46.22 (-7.3) 862 (2.1) 5.3 204 (-6.8) 230 (2.2) 2003-04 47.53 (2.8) 881 (2.2) 5.4 209 (2;5) 231 (0.4) 2004-05 47.84 (0.65) - 210 (0.48) Source: Directorate of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services, Chennai -6 4.18.2 Milk yield The average yield rate of milk from exotic and crossbred animals improved from 6.150 kgs. in 2002 - 03 to 6.177 kgs. in 2003 - 04 and further to 6.244 kgs. in 2004 - 05. The yield rate of indigenous cows rose from 2.554 kgs. in 2002 - 03 to 2.663 kgs. in 2003 - 04 and further to 2.680 kgs in 2004 - 05. The milk yield of buffaloes increased to 4.20 kgs. in 2004 - 05 from 4.125 kgs in 2003 - 04 and 4.112 kgs. in 2002 - 03. 140 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project Table 4.28 Average Yield Rate of Milk (Kgs., / Animal / day) = Category 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 I. Cows a. Exotic and Crossbred 6.320 (4.0) 6.150 (-2.69) 6.177 (0.44) 6.244 (1.08) b. Indigenous 2.760 (-0.1) 2.554 (-7.46) 2.663 (4.28) 2.680 (0.64) II. Buffaloes 4.200 (0.1) 4.112 (-2.09) 4.125 (0.32) 4.200 (1.82) Source: Directorate of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services, Chennai -6 4.19 Poultry India is the fourth largest producer of eggs in the world and the eighth largest producer of broilers. The industry tumover is estimated at Rest 10,000 crores per annum. An annual output of 30,000 million eggs and 1000 million broilers yielding five lakh tones of poultry meat. The poultry sector provides employment to 100 million people and accounts for about 2 % of the total GDP of India. Bird performance is comparable to the best in developed countries. Currently 4 states Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab and Tamil Nadu account for more than 50 percent of the total output of eggs and broilers in the country. The domestic market for eggs and poultry meat is large and growing due to changes in the life styles higher awareness of health consciousness of the urban populations. Several breakthroughs in poultry science and technology have led to development of genetically superior birds capable of high production. Manufacturing of high tech poultry equipment for producing feed, pharmaceuticals and health care products including vaccines are factors contributing to the higher productivity. Corporate houses promoting fresh chilled or frozen chicken sales at superior ,clean, hygienic outlets has also added to the promotion of poultry products. In the coming future, India will see witness the new different ways the poultry products are sold. Live chicken sales will continue-to be sold along with the entry of big corporate players giving the sector a big boost, in the form of branding of eggs and chicken and its value added products, helping better promotion of the industry as such. However domestic poultry industry is plagued with high costs of feed, high taxes and inefficient supply chain. Several measures are necessary to improve the status of the poultry industry. Unorganized slaughter processes need to be replaced by designated slaughtering areas with investments in rendering plants. Infrastructure in for transportation and cold chain has to be created to improve supply chain efficiency. Consumer awareness has to be improved as regards hygienic techniques of slaughtering. Poultry is a sector very appropriate for government - private sector joint man-ship 141 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project 4.20 Water Borne Diseases Water-borne diseases are any illness caused by drinking water contaminated by human or animal faeces, which contain pathogenic microorganisms. The full picture of water- associated diseases is complex for a number of reasons. Over the past decades, the picture of water-related human health issues has become increasingly comprehensive, with the emergence of new water-related infection diseases and the re-emergence of ones already known. Data are available for some water-, sanitation- and hygiene-related diseases (which include salmonellosis, cholera, shigellosis), but for others such malaria, schistosomiasis or the most modern infections such legionellosis or SARS CoV the analyses remain to be done. The burden of several disease groups can only partly be attributed to water determinants. Even where water plays an essential role in the ecology of diseases, it may be hard to pinpoint the relative importance of aquatic components of the local ecosystems. 4.20.1 Malaria Malaria still continues to be one of the major Public health problems in certain pockets of TamilNadu. The following factors contribute for the persistence of malaria. 1. Migration of population for various reasons. 2. Rapid urbanization. 3. Tremendous developmental activities especially construction of buildings, over bridges etc. 4.20.2 Malaria situation in Tamilnadu: * In Tamil Nadu State during 90's a total of 1,20,029 cases were recorded out of which 59.6 % were recorded from the urban areas and 40.4% in rural. * The coastal villages of Ramanathapuram, Paramakudi and Nagapattinam and riverine villages of Dharmapuri,Krishnagiri and Tiruvannamalai were endemic for malaria. * Due to the intensive control measures like active and passive surveillance, vector control measures etc. taken up by the PH dept the malaria case incidence has been drastically brought down to 43053 in 2000. * At present the coastal villages of Nagapattinam which were once endemic are almost free from malaria. * The incidence of malaria in Ramanathapuram and Tiruvannmalai show a decreasing trend. However, Malaria is emerging as a problem in Nagerkoil. The following table shows the incidence of malaria in rural and urban areas of Tamilnadu. 142 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project Table 4.29 Malaria incidence in rural and urban Areas of Tamil Nadu Year State Cases Rural Chennai Chennai Cases Cases % 1990 120029 48478 51272 42.7 1991 144762 57403 67013 46.3 1992 151633 52298 72314 47.7 1993 148057 42908 76749 51.8 1994 104964 39736 48352 46.1 1995 92375 40739 41822 45.3 1996 80586 27249 45930 57.0 1997 72426 23429 41735 57.6 1998 63915 16023 40475 63.3 1999 56366 12141 38165 67.7 2000 43053 7574 31861 74.0 2001 31551 5121 23652 75.0 2002 34523 5490 27205 78.8 2003 43396 12233 29058 67.0 2004 41640 10841 28229 67.8 2005 40594 13560 25153 62.0 2006(May) 9778 2512 6656 68.0 Provisional 143 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project The following are the details of cases and deaths due to the ADD/Cholera in Tamil Nadu. Table 4.30 Details of ADD/Cholera in Tamil Nadu Year Acute Diarrhoeal Diseases Cholera Cases Deaths Fatal rate Cases Deaths Fatal rate 1997 78025 520 0.67 2261 2 0.09 1998 77677 368 0.47 1807 0 0.00 1999 74583 266 0.36 1807 1 0.06 2000 64130 195 0.30 1328 1 0.05 2001 59511 159 0.27 1110 1 0.09 2002 69889 199 0.28 1591 3 0.19 2003 58784 66 0.11 390 1 0.26 2004 77333 119 0.15 1500 2 0.13 2005 70465 65 0.09 777 1 0.13 2006 (Janto 23933 18 0.08 99 1 1.01 M ay) I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _I__ _ _ __ _ _ _ 4.21 Municipal Solid Waste The implementation of Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules 2000, has become the mandatory responsibility of the Urban Local bodies. Based on the above Rules, Government of Tamil Nadu have issued instructions to all Urban Local bodies to set up waste processing and disposal facilities. In addition to this, the Hon'ble Supreme Court has directed cities with one million plus population to file an Action Plan for solid waste management and all the cities in Tamil Nadu having million plus population namely, Chennai, Madurai and Coimbatore Corporations have filed their Action Plans before the Hon'ble Court. The Commissionerate of Municipal Administration has taken initiatives in facilitating the preparation of similar Action Plans by all other ULBs in order to comply to the Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules 2000 in a time bound manner. The main requirement in this regard is the identification of suitable land for locating disposal facilities. About 56 Municipalities and 5 Corporations have adequate land and the Government have so far assisted 19 Municipalities for procurement of land. Action is being taken to complete the process of identifying suitable land in the remaining Urban Local Bodies. Apart from making available required land for compost yards, it is also proposed to * improve efficiency in primary collection * increase the fleet strength for the secondary transportation * use modern equipments in the disposal / land filling areas. The present generation of garbage in ULBs ranges between 9000 - 10000 M.T. per day. Collection and segregation of garbage at source is practised in 70 % wards in Municipalities in the State. The goal is to achieve 100 % source segregation, disposal of garbage in a scientific manner and making the streets and roads, garbage free.The privatization of Solid Waste Management has been encouraged in all Municipalities and Corporations. Self Help 144 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project Groups are also being involved in Solid Waste Management. In Chennai City, the per capita generation of solid waste per day is 500 gms. The estimated generation of solid waste per day is 3200 MTs of garbage and 500 MTs of debris. 4.22 Disaster Management Managing unpredictable disasters such as floods and earthquakes had posed severe challenges to Administration (Government). But the occurrence of the devastating tsunami on 26-12-2004 which struck Indian coast causing enormous damages to the life and property in the coastal areas of Tamil Nadu was the most gruesome and daunting. Tsunami affected as many as 13 districts in Tamil Nadu and the scale of destruction was grave in the districts of Nagapattinam, Cuddalore and Kanniyakumari. Besides leaving nearly 8000 people dead, it rendered many thousands homeless and affected the livelihood security of lakhs of persons. It has virtually crippled the economy in the coastal areas due to the destruction of fishing gear (vessels, nets, boats, etc.) and severe damage caused to the infrastructure. The scale of destruction being unprecedented, relief and rehabilitation measures posed real challenges. Government of Tamil Nadu resolutely faced the challenge and a massive relief and rehabilitation programme was launched to tide over the crisis. The Government mobilized government machinery, civil society, NGOs and Corporate sector in Relief and Rehabilitation measures in the affected areas. The response to the challenge has been widely acknowledged. 4.23 Rainwater Harvesting The State government has initiated rain water harvesting as a multi-pronged strategy under Government's 15-Point Programme to ensure water security to the State's entire population as mandatory. It was emphasized to save every drop of water for safe drinking and other purposes like agriculture, industry, government offices, schools, hospitals, buildings. Rain water harvesting was recently introduced in the State for direct collection of water. Rainwater could be stored either for direct use or recharged into the ground water acquifer for use. The Rain Water Harvesting method viz., Roof-top Harvesting and Roof- top/Open Space. Harvesting is being adopted in the State. This could augment rainwater into open and bore wells and thereby improve the ground water recharge and meet the demand for water during water crisis. The Metro Water Board and TWAD Board have constituted exclusive RWH Units. The rainwater harvesting concept has also become mandatory and implemented in the State with the following basic objectives. * To conserve and augment the storage of ground water by creating awareness among public * To reduce water table depletion by participating various agencies * To improve the quality of ground water by imparting training to individuals/organizations/Government Agencies * To arrest sea water intrusion in coastal areas and offer technical guidance and assistance based on the geological formations * To avoid flood and water stagnentation in urban areas and to promote RWH both in individual and in public places 145 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project * To control formation of cracks on walls and also to assure proper maintenance of the harvesting structures after installation. The State had created rain water harvesting structures through the departments like Highways, Rural Development, Municipal Administration and Water Supply, Tourism Development Corporation and Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowment, Agriculture and School Education. Under this campaign, a total number of 257.76 lakh water harvesting structures were constructed in the State. Of these structures, structure created by Agricultural Engineering Department was for the purpose of augmenting rain water into wells and farm ponds. The RWH structures for agricultural purpose accounted for 1.41 lakh numbers, out of the total 257.76 lakh numbers. Since the water resources are scares, the State Government with the help of the Central Government is implementing the programmes viz. comprehensive wasteland development programmes and the National Watershed Development Project for rain fed areas. These programmes will help to enhance the conservation methods and recharging the groundwater levels. 4.24 Comprehensive Wasteland Development Programme There are two components under this programme - Participatory Watershed Development and Development of Public Wastelands by corporate houses, small companies and federation of women-run SHGs. These two components are being implemented on a micro watershed approach. 4.25 Participatory Watershed Development Under this programme a subsidy of Rs.8500/- is being provided per hectare. In 2002 - 03 this component was implemented in 10 districts of Tamil Nadu covering a target of 55,000 ha on a pilot basis with a fund of Rs.30 crores. An area of 21,771 ha was tackled and 23.66 lakh seedlings (15.39 lakh agro-forestry and 8.27 horticulture) were planted. Measures for improving the water conservation can be adopted from the National Watershed Development Project for rain fed areas which is a centrally sponsored scheme. Under this approach village watershed committees have been formed and made mandatory on their part to plan, implement, monitor and maintain the watersheds. The objectives of all the initiatives that are launched are fostering natural resources, stepping, water productivity and protect ecological balance. 146 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project 4.26 Information Technology in Tamil Nadu Information Technology is used in various Government Departments of Tamil Nadu.like Revenue, Transportation, Judiciary, Secretariat and also in Universities and colleges.The power of IT has reached the villages indicating an easier and faster communication access for the rural people. Public-private Government Academia jointly promoted the SARI( Sustainable Access in Rural India) rural connectivity pilot project in Melur taluk, Madurai district. The State has a long tradition of scientific and technological innovation. The distinct advantages enjoyed by the State are: a large reservoir of highly skilled technical manpower (an annual turnout of 79000 Engineering Graduates and 58500 Diploma holders), investor- friendly policies, sound infrastructure facilities, sustained efforts to attract foreign direct investment and State level IT Task Force to implement the IT policies. Management Information System is increasingly being introduced by the Government in all the State Government Departments. The State has already formulated a policy on IT. The policy on Information Technology - Enabled Services (ITES) and a comprehensive Hardware Policy are being prepared. With the formulation of the new Hardware policy (under preparation), Tamil Nadu will have comprehensive policy initiatives in all three major areas of IT industry. The Hardware policy will enable the State to emerge as a major destination for investment in hardware manufacture also and will provide a boost to employment opportunities. The phenomenal growth in IT and ITES sectors brightens placement opportunities for the professionals and other graduates in Tamil Nadu. Tamil Nadu has succeeded in establishing a state of the art IT infrastructure system. Facilities at TIDEL Park have been fully utilized. Because of continuous demand for infrastructure facilities the State has made an effort to establish two more parks viz. one at Siruseri and other in Mahindra City with 1000 acres and 1700 acres respectively. Apart from Chennai, Coimbatore is emerging as a tier-2 exporter of software and BPO services. During 2003-04, Coimbatore exported software and IT- related services to the value of Rs. 100 crores. It is expected to increase to Rs. 1000 crores in the next few years. The Government is also proposed to develop Coimbatore and Hosur as hubs for ITES and BPO and companies such as HSBC and WIPRO are showing interest to set up companies in Coimbatore. The State Government plans to create a Knowledge Industry Townships (KIT) with an aim to set up knowledge-oriented industries and the Information Technology Corridor. The KIT is designed to provide high quality integrated township facilities with civic amenities and facilitate to set up new units. 147 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project 4.26.1 IT Enabled Services (ITES) Policy 2005 The Government of Tamil Nadu unveiled ITES Policy on 9th September 2005. The basic objectives of the policy are: * To get the maximum global ITES investments to Tamil Nadu * To develop Human Resources specific to ITES Sector * To create world class infrastructure for IT & ITES and an enabling framework or protection of intellectual property and data * To generate employment and other ITES opportunities in major cities in Tamil Nadu * To provide a conducive environment for the sector by reducing regulations and increasing Opportunities. This policy seeks to establish the State as the global ITES capital and consolidate its leadership position by leveraging the inherent strengths of the State. IT Enabled Services are Human Intensive Services that are delivered over telecom networks or the internet with a range of business segments. The business segments include Medical Transcription. Legal Database Processing, Remote Maintenance, Back Office Operations, Data Processing Call Centers, Human Resources Services, Insurance Claim Processing, Business Processing Outsourcing etc. All administrative, physical and infrastructure incentives offered in IT Policy 2002 shall be applicable to ITES sector also. The highlights of the Policy includes enacting legislation to entire data security, customer privacy and deal with IT related violations in general and encouraging establishment of information Technology Enabled Services (ITES) Parks in tier-2 and tier-3 cities. Strengthening the language capabilities of students will be a key sector the Government will focus on. The Government will encourage universities and institutions in the State to create institutional infrastructure for acquiring foreign language skills. Further the Policy states that taking computer literacy in schools to the next level, the Government will provide language and ITES skills to students. Being aware that the future manpower needed by the ITES sector is still in the schools, imparting of ITES skills at the level of standards 9 to 10 will be taken as a goal from academic year 2005-06 onwards. It is also proposed to celebrate the birth anniversary of the Mathematical Genius Ramanujam (Dec 22) and Information Technology day in Tamil Nadu. 4.26.2 IT Kiosks in Rural India In rural India, more than half of India's villages lack telephone connectivity, let alone Internet access. The lack of information and communication infrastructure results in people having to waste time and money chasing information and govermnent officials. Lack of clarity in processes, and corruption and mismanagement in systems and operations, is rampant. The inaccessibility of information affects the rural poor more than other sectors of the community. Similarly, lack of market information (on commodity prices, various input suppliers, etc.) leads to loss of income and exploitation of rural entrepreneurs by middlemen. Such exploitation and losses further marginalize small and marginal farmers and village artisans. 148 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project The implications of this scenario on the rural people (with differential impacts on the poor and other vulnerable groups) are three-fold: * Loss of income * Loss of time * Loss of opportunity In this context, Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) can play a significant role in making information available at a reasonable cost. ICTs promise to provide innovative solutions to the problems of poverty and inequality by accelerating development and introducing transparency into systems and operations. The IT Kiosks can also be effectively put to use for disseminating the information on environment and social aspects. This will help in generating awareness among the community at large. The ultimate idea is to get the stakeholders to zealously work for the furtherance of environment and social concerns. 4.26.3 Information from IT Kiosks * Market information and linkages * Price of agriculture commodities * Storage facilitation * Knowledge and extension facilitation * Irrigation facilitation * Harvest and transportation of produce * Seeds, fertilizers and pesticides * Farm machinery In the present context of IAMWARM project, additional information pertaining to the environmental and social issues in each river basin can also be made available to farmers through these rural kiosks. The issues that can be focused are: * Soil types and suitable crops * Crop yield * Meteorological data * Population and live stock census * Encroachments in water bodies * Government schemes and programmes * Education and employment 149 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project 4.26.4 ITC e-Choupal - A Case Study of linking Agriculture and CSR ITC's International Business Division, one of India's largest exporters of agricultural commodities, has conceived e-Choupal as a more efficient supply chain aimed at delivering value to its customers around the world on a sustainable basis. The e-Choupal model has been specifically designed to tackle the challenges posed by the unique features of Indian agriculture, characterized by fragmented farms, weak infrastructure and the involvement of numerous intermediaries, among others. Pakka os a l=t 44 \ 0 IimI n I Adat X CDD Kaccha V. 0./ y _ etDep)- a L i Adat Money Lender e-Choupal' also unshackles the potential of Indian farmer who has been trapped in a vicious cycle of low risk taking ability > low investment > low productivity > weak market orientation > low value addition > low margin > low risk taking ability. This made him and Indian agribusiness sector globally uncompetitive, despite rich & abundant natural resources. Such a market-led business model can enhance the competitiveness of Indian agriculture and trigger a virtuous cycle of higher productivity, higher incomes, enlarged capacity for farmer risk management, larger investments and higher quality and productivity. Further, a growth in rural incomes will also unleash the latent demand for industrial goods so necessary for the continued growth of the Indian economy. This will create another virtuous cycle propelling the economy into a higher growth trajectory. 150 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project The Model in Action Appreciating the imperative of intermediaries in the Indian context, 'e-Choupal' leverages Information Technology to virtually cluster all the value chain participants, delivering the same benefits as vertical integration does in mature agricultural economies like the USA. 'e-Choupal' makes use of the physical transmission capabilities of current intermediaries - aggregation, logistics, counter-party risk and bridge financing - while dis- intermediating them from the chain of information flow and market signals. With a judicious blend of click & mortar capabilities, village internet kiosks managed by farmers - called sanchalaks - themselves, enable the agricultural community access ready information in their local language on the weather & market prices, disseminate knowledge on scientific farm practices & risk management, facilitate the sale of farm inputs (now with embedded knowledge) and purchase farm produce from the farmers' doorsteps (decision making is now information-based). Real-time information and customized knowledge provided by 'e-Choupal' enhance the ability of farmers to take decisions and align their farm output with market demand and secure quality & productivity. The aggregation of the demand for farm inputs from individual farmers gives them access to high quality inputs from established and reputed manufacturers at fair prices. As a direct marketing channel, virtually linked to the 'mandi' system for price discovery, 'e-Choupal' eliminates wasteful intermediation and multiple handling. Thereby it significantly reduces transaction costs. 'e-Choupal' ensures world-class quality in delivering all these goods & services through several product / service specific partnerships with the leaders in the respective fields, in addition to ITC's own expertise. While the farmers benefit through enhanced farm productivity and higher farm gate prices, ITC benefits from the lower net cost of procurement (despite offering better prices to the farmer) having eliminated costs in the supply chain that do not add value The Status of Execution Launched in June 2000, 'e-Choupal', has already become the largest initiative among all Internet-based interventions in rural India. 'e-Choupal' services today reach out to more than 3.1 million farmers growing a range of crops - soyabean, coffee, wheat, rice, pulses, shrimp - in over 31,000 villages through 5200 kiosks across six states (Madhya Pradesh, Kamataka, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Rajasthan). The problems encountered while setting up and managing these 'e-Choupals' are primarily of infrastructural inadequacies, including power supply, telecom connectivity and bandwidth, apart from the challenge of imparting skills to the first time internet users in remote and inaccessible areas of rural India 151 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project Several altemative and innovative solutions - some of them expensive - are being deployed to overcome these challenges e.g. Power back-up through batteries charged by Solar panels, upgrading BSNL exchanges with RNS kits, installation of VSAT equipment, Mobile Choupals, local caching of static content on website to stream in the dynamic content more efficiently, 24x7 helpdesk etc. Going forward, the roadmap includes plans to integrate bulk storage, handling & transportation facilities to improve logistics efficiencies. As India's 'kissan' Company, ITC has taken care to involve farmers in the designing and management of the entire 'e-Choupal' initiative. The active participation of farmers in this rural initiative has created a sense of ownership in the project among the farmers. They see the 'e-Choupal' as the new age cooperative for all practical purposes. This enthusiastic response from farmers has encouraged ITC to plan for the extension of the 'e-Choupal' initiative to altogether 15 states across India over the next few years. On the anvil are plans to channelise services related to micro-credit, insurance, health and education through the same 'e-Choupal' infrastructure. 4.27 Study Area The IAMWARM project is for the entire State of Tamil Nadu covering 117 sub- basins in 17 river basins of Chennai, Palar, Varahanadi, Ponnaiyar, Paravanar, Vellar, Agniyar, Pambar & Kottakaraiyar, Vaigai, Gundar, Vaippar, Kallar, Tamirabarani, Nambiyar, Kothaiar, Parambikulam & Aliyar Project. In the first year 41 sub basins are proposed under this project. The methodology adopted for this study includes stakeholders consultations, field visits, secondary data collection, compilation and interpretation. 152 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project Baseline environmental and social information pertaining to the 17 river basins namely Chennai, Palar, Varahanadi, Ponnaiyar, Paravanar, Vellar, Agniyar, Pambar & Kottakaraiyar, Vaigai, Gundar, Vaippar, Kallar, Tamirabarani, Nambiyar, Kothaiar, Parambikulam & Aliyar Project are discussed in detail in Annexure I. The maps of the sub basins are also given in Annexure I 4.27.1 Basin Map t / '- ,9,> , KAR NATAK OF -q , < , * 1 ;\ A / 2- 8EdG . I 415 MDPxN ',CEAN 153 EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project 4.27.2 Sub Basin Map SELECTED SUB BASINS FOR THE Ist YEAR OF IAM WARM PROJECT N A ANDHRA PRADESHb .han PO' ,eW , ar hal d - / - 9D8B Eunl4f 17 Aga arn \ 3 S;giS t)Nnm kslBENGAL C . Cauvery P Parw ur 21 - l Ivaatr 23 80801e58y . 1 - f6Kurr 23 SmkkaVa 0Th-n,|- T--veu PtSd5B~~ P u P1IF a ub nlyyar s N- 2Vn e 4 7 Pamb r REGION $NO SUB BASIN P,G ,Z Ch- 1 Ko-CthN "n S2 ',hTs'> r < < Ch m CCCOlL 32 Kain.e O, - -hle 3s1S K \ - -1 nh 3 &nAQe Ocal 34 k28e,sOo' ndaiaaMl ~-1 14 Ch^a INDIA OCEAN a GN - Ground Noutd 3B Snroul~~o 37 Us,.Ar KERLAO O 10 0 9SE4 o nd.N2d,2 FOR OU PRPddy2S V4 V.sAd1 1 54 nsdh, ~i-5 CH-Chlh-, sd>s , NDI OCEA GN b B. 19-snd u 3 3ko 9.8 w 2, Pahn, GULFOUCI PR^ItTO* -CL Padd 25 SO. yar X OF S - 42ugarciine 2 s g M1AR274I EPTRI ESA for TN-IAMWARM Project 4.27.3 Chittar Sub Basin (Drainage Map) CHITTAR SUB BASIlps . . .. ...... .5DRAIBE MH -EAL S C/ ALEE tA 2\ o^- 0 100%) areas between 1997 and 2003. This has further defined into Critical and Semi critical zones, which indicate an alarming rate of 8 blocks. Surface Water Potential According to runoff coefficient of 0.15 adopted for plains for south-west and north east monsoon and based on the total surface water potential for 75% probably, the total Chennai basin has annual surface water potential of 784 MCM. Surface water potential during South west monsoon 248.0 MCM Surface water potential during North east Monsoon 422.0 MCM Surface Water Quality Based on the sample collected from BOD, heavy metals content, coliform content in the water collected from the Cooum, Adyar, and Buckingham canal are much in excess of permissible limits for domestic use. Pollution of surface water in Chennai City is very high due to addition of industrial and municipal waste. Ground Water Quality The general fall of groundwater level in Chennai basin group was observed to be lm and 2m for 10 years and 20- years respectively. It is observed that the Chennai basin group is predominantly sodium chloride type. The ground water available in Chennai basin group is free from iron and fluoride. The nitrate content is seen in groundwater in the areas near Arakkonam. Overall pH, Chloride, EC and TDS level exceeds in Cooum river and similarly, Kosathalaiyar water quality exceeds the limit in selected areas i.e. urban areas in North Chennai indicate the water quality level having high value of EC. Industries In Kosathalaiyar sub basin,out of the 96 industries ,nearly 50% of the industries are consuming less than 10 KLD of water for the industrial production. Some of the major chemical industries situated in Eranavur, Manali, Kosapur of Puzhal Block are utilizing 1000 KLD to 18000 KLD. Nearly 50% of industries are having trade effluent and 38 industries are having arrangement for treating the effluent and using it within their premises for various uses. Severe problem relating to air and water exit in North Chennai area i.e. Manali, Ennore areas. Tannery industry located in Chrompet area create pollution problem leading to contamination of groundwater in Pallavaram and Chrompet. Sewerage System Chennai city's sewerage system is serving for more than 41 lakhs population consists of a network of gravity sewers, force mains and pumping stations serving different parts of the city. Due to raw sewage inflow into the waterways level of B.O.D is A-2 Annexure-I very high in all river area within the city. Solid waste In general, MSW is a continuous problem for all over India and TN is no exeption. The mix of sewage water into the system, spoils the environment at the tail end of the Cooum and Adayar rivers. Forest The total area of forests located in the basin is 29,855 ha, which forms 5.1% of the total area. Flora and fauna details Guindy National Park, Arignar Anna Zoological Park and Pulicat lake Bird Sanctuary are some of the major spots in the basin. Agriculture The major crop is paddy as it occupies 69.3% of the gross cropped area. In the basin 3,66,858 tones of paddy, 5109 tones of oil seeds, 8206 tones of millets, 541 tones of pulses and 7,70,849 tones o-f sugarcane are produced on an average per annum. Water weeds It is observed from the field offices in Chennai Basin area that the aquatic weeds growth, ipomoea, locally known as Kadal Palai is found to be in almost 80% of the tanks. According to the officials the plant growth varies between 40% and 80% in various tanks. In general weeds growth restricts the water storage and loss in capacity of the tanks. There are nearly 47 tanks have been identified affected by the above weeds Sedimentation Siltation studies done in Kaveripakkkam tank show that average annual silt load is 0.0519 MCM/year and average annual silting rate is 0.0003228 MCM/Sq.Km. The studies done in Konasamudram tank show that annual rate of silting is 0.0 13 MCM. Sand mining Excess quarrying of sand from Cooum river near A.N.Kuppam anicut has resulted in washing away of anicut portion. The causeway near Tiruvallore Railway station across Cooum, the Karanodai Bridge across Kosathalaiyar in Chennai - Calcutta highway and the Tamaraipakkam anicut were affected due to excess sand quarrying. Sea water intrusion Seawater intrusion has started in many places, resulting in soil loosing their fertility and found uneconomical for cropping. Seawater instruction is noticed around Minjur belt, north of chennai and about 10000 ha. in Gummidipoondi, Sholavaram, and Ponneri blocks are affected. A-3 Annexure-I Encroachments River basin is being encroached for various kinds of activities;which includes urban activities, farming activities and industrial activities. Out of 1591 tanks in the basin, majority of the tanks are affected by encroachments near Arani, Periyapalayam, Pooneri and this may create the chances of occurrence of flood during monsoon period by arresting the free flow of water in the river Fisheries There are 58 Marine fishing villages are located in Thiruvallur district with a population of 55,000. The fisherman community use mechanised boats for their fishing activities and there are roughly 800 mechanised boats and 2500 Kattumarams are being used. Two fishing farms located in this region one at Pulicat and another at Chetpet using fresh water with a total production of 15,948 tonnes in the basin. Inland fishing is dominant in Kancheepuram district as there are 64 fisherman villages with a population of fisherman 45,000 identified in the district as per 2002 figures. The total production of fishing in Pulicat lake is 928 kg/ha. The Inland Fish production in Kanchepuram is 8221 Tonnes in 2002-01. Adayar Estuary and Creek Chennai is one of the few cities having an estuarine ecosystem. The Adayar creek is of a tidal type and a part of the natural estuarine ecosystem located right in the heart of the city. The Adayar river, of which the creek is a part, is highly polluted. But at the estuary there is still vegetation and nesting of migratory birds. The ecological functions of a creek can be summarised as follows: a)Acts as a natural flood control system b)Prevents storm damage by retaining storm water. c)Maintains water balance in the region. d)Is a nutrient-rich spawning ground for aquatic life. e)Provides visual contrast and diversity to the landscape. f)Cleans polluted water and prevents eutrophication. g)Supports biodiversity. Diseases Acute Diarrhea is a major disease prevailing in the basin, however there are no deaths reported under this disease. In addition Dysentery and Jaundice is prevalent in the basin (majority of the areas lies in Tiruvallur district) and few deaths reported due to Dysentery and Jaundice. This is due to contamination of sewage water and lack of knowledge with the people to boil and drink the water for safety reasons. A-4 Annexure-I Sub Basins under IAMWARM for the lst year Araniyar, Kusathalaiyar, Cooum and Adyar River are the four important rivers in this basin, each having its own sub basin to drain the surface runoff. Kosathalaiyar sub basin The Kusathalaiyar River originates from the surplus waters of Kaveripakkam tank, which is one of the irrigation tanks supplied by Palar Anicut. Kesawararn anicut has been constructed across the Kusathalaiyar with a regulator to supply water to Cooum River. Nagari and Nandhi rivers are the tributaries of Kusathalaiyar just above Poondi reservoir. Chennai basin contains of 4-sub basin, Sathayamoorthy sagar, popularly known, as Poondi reservoir is the only reservoir constructed across Kusathalaiyar. Red Hills, Cholavaram and Chembarabakkam are the other reservoirs in this basin. System deficiencies 1. Overall efficiency of tank irrigation system is 30-40%* 2. There is 15-20% reduction in tank storage capacity due to siltation 3. Poor water scheduling 4. Inadequate supplies produce water stress condition and yield is reduced. 5. Water losses due to unlined canals Proposed actions 1. Conjuctive use of surface and ground water 2. Renovating old tanks, desilting of ponds and supply channels and water harvesting 3. Crop rotation 4. Selective lining to canals where seepage loss is appreciable A-5 Annexure-I PALAR RIVER BASIN Demography Palar river basin consists of 20 taluks spread out in Vellore, Kanchepuram and Tiruvanamalai districts. There are 45 blocks covering the river basin within these nearly 507 villages and 46 towns According to 2001 population, the population concentration in villages is works out to be 10,87,765 and in urban areas (Municipalities and Townpanchayats) is 15,12,565 and total population located within 5 Km areas is 25,00,3334, which shows quantum of population concentration near to palar river basin. Location The Palar river basin lies between 120 14' N and 13037 N latitudes and 77048'40" E and 800 14'40" E longitudes. The total area of the basin is 18,300 km2 of which 10,910 km2 is present in Tamil Nadu. The basin area is spread in the districts namely, Vellore, Tiruvannamalai and Kancheepuram covering 4,710 kM2, 4,013 km2 and 2,187 kM2, respectively. The Palar river basin is bounded on its Northern side by the Swarnamughi river basin of Andhra Pradesh and the Chennai basin on the Northeastern side. Hydrology Palar River originates in Nandhi Durg, Kolar district in eastern part of Karnataka State at an elevation of 800m above MSL, which passes through the hilly terrain of south western part of Andhra Pradesh and enter into Tamilnadu on the west of Vaniyambadi town and flows through Vellore, Thiruvannamalai and Kancheepuram Districts and finally enter into Bay of Bengal near Sadarangapattinam The total length of the river is estimated to be about 350 Km.The important tributaries are Poiney, KavundinyanagaNadhi, Malattar, Cheyyar, Agaram, Kiliyar and Vegavathi Geology Palar river basin consists of hard crystalline rock masses of Archaean age in most of the basin area and sedimentary rocks of Gondwana, tertiary and quaternary age on the eastern part of the basin. A-6 Annexure-I Hydrogeology The hydrogeology of the Palar river basin is such that 87 % of the area under the basin is hard crystalline rock while the remaining 13 % is sedimentary. The general depth of the bedrock varies from 10 m to 60 m where crystalline formations are found. Ground water is found to occur in semi confined / confined or water table conditions. Surface Water Potential Palar river basin receives an average annual rainfall of 1039 mm. The Palar River Basin having an annual potential of 1758 MCM and average annual flow into the sea works out to be 12.5 TMC. Ground Water Potential The ground water potential of the basin is 2610.32 MCM. Surface Water Quality Analysis of water samples shows that during the flow pH, Electrical Conductivity, Total Hardness, Chloride and Coliform values are within the limits. Dissolved Oxygen falls below 5 mg/lit at places such as Koudanaya river, Nandhiyalam village, Rajakal head sluice, Mettur village and at stretches between Wallajabad to Asur due to mixing of Tannery effluent with water. This affects the aquaculture in the area. The river water is contaminated with domestic sewage. It is also found that Total Dissolved Solids is beyond the tolerable limit in tannery-polluted areas. Chloride is above the acceptable limit but below permissible limit. Total hardness fluctuates above and below tolerable limits and Biological Oxygen Demand is found to be very high in some head works. Ground Water Quality The ground water in Upper Palar basin is highly unsafe for domestic and irrigation purposes owing to the high chloride values which exceed the permissible limits. In Kamandala Naganadhi, Upper Cheyyar and Lower Cheyyar zone the salinity and chloride values are within the acceptable limits. In the Lower Palar zone comprising Wallajabad, Kanchepuram and Mamandur ground water contains high salinity and chloride caused by industrial and tannery effluents. Moderate salinity is observed in Kilsathamangalam, Nallulumalai, West Salai, Vendur and Thirukallukundram. Industnral effluents have polluted ground water in Pemambut, Ambur, Thuthipattu and Vaniyambadi. The chloride concentration is of the order of 1000 mg / I against the standard of 250 mg / 1. In certain packets at Pemambut, Ambur and Vaniyambadi irrigation water has high sodium concentration and is grouped under high saline and sodium water. A-7 Annexure-I Industries There are 120 large and medium scale industries and 11,000 small-scale industries are functioning in the basin area. This includes manufacturing of Textile, Wood, paper products rubber plastics, chemical, leather etc. There are sizable numbers of large scale industries are engaged in Leather, Automobiles, and Chemical products in this region. Vaniyambadi, Ambur, Arcot, Ranipet, Kanchepuramn, Chengelput and Cheyyar. There are nearly 473 Tanneries are located in Vellore and Vaniyambadi region. Sewage and Solid waste There are number of towns that are located all along the river course i.e. Vaniyambadi, Ambur, Pallikonda, Vellore, Ranipet, Arcot, Gudiyattam, Peranambattu, Arani, Tiruvettipuram, Chengam, Kanchepuram, Ayyampettai, Walajabad, Chengalpattu etc. discharging heavy amount of untreated sewage water without any treatment into the river course and nearby water source. Dumping of solid waste along the river margins and tanks, which block the natural, recharge capacity of the water source. Water weeds Out of 661 tanks in the Palar Basin areas, it is identified that nearly 200 tanks in the basin having weed growth for 80%. Agriculture Rice, Cholam, Cumbu, Ragi, Sugarcane, Pulses, Groundnut, Banana and Coconut, are cultivated extensively in Vellore district, while Cotton is cultivated in a few places. The total land used for cultivation of these crops is 2,76,062 ha. Rice, Ragi, Sugarcane, Pulses, Groundnut and Coconut are the major crops cultivated in Kanchepuram district. Land used for cultivation here is 2,324 ha which is comparatively lower than that used in Vellore District. The major crop in this river basin is paddy. Seismic Zones The basin area is falls under the Zone II of seismic zones classification. The basic seismic coefficient for Palar basin is 0.02 and the importance factor for all types of dams is 3. The design of dams and water retaining structures are based on IS: 1893 - 1984. Forest Forest Department records show a total extent of 1,92,461 ha under forests in the Vellore district. Among this area 89 % is Reserve forest, 2.6 % is Reserve Land and 8.4 % under unclassified forests. The total forest area in Tiruvannamalai district is 42,630.41ha. Kancheepuram district has a reserves forest area of 230.19 km2 while the reserved lands and unclassified forestlands are 5.61 km2 and 2.31 km2 respectively. A-8 Annexure-I Sea Water Intrusion Seawater intrusion is not predominant in the coastal area except some pockets near Kalpakkam, where the large-scale water extraction and sand mining activity trigger the factor of seawater intrusion especially in Vayallur areas in Thirukazukundrm block. Sedimentation Average annual rate of silting in the Uthiramerur tank, Maduranthakam tank, Dusi - Mamandur tank and Kalavai tank were 0.45 %, 0.051 %, 0.593 % and 2.37 % respectively. A loss of 37.63% and 16.24 % capacity were observed in the Maduranthakam tank and Uthiramerur tank in 1985 and 1987 Encroachments Out of 661 tanks in Palar river basin, majority of the tanks are affected by encroachments. Damal tank is encroached by 25%. Dumping of Solid Waste is also one among the reasons for encroachment. Vegavathi river area near Ayyampettai encroached by 50%. River margins near Vellore, Ayyampettai, Wajajabad, Ambul, Vaniyambadi, Arni, Vandavasi and several other places are affected by encroachments. Fisheries Inland and marine fishing are practiced in this basin. Brackish water fish farm at Vaninchavadi produce about 1 tonne /annum. Fishing in Kalavai Tank situated in Vellore district with fish production about 9000 tonnes. The marine fish production is estimated at 700 tonnes/annum. Diseases Acute Diarrrhoea Disese (ADD) is prevalent in all districts. Gastroenteritis is the most prevalent disease in Vellore and Thiruvanamalai districts. Malarial fever is also a common disease and Iodine Deficiency is a common problem in Vellore and Vaniyambadi region. Sub basins under IAMWARM for the 1St year Cheyyar Sub Basin Cheyyar sub basin originates from Javadhi hills and flow through Thiruvannamalai and Kanchipuram districts and confluence with Palar near Thirumukkodal village in Walajabad. The maximum area is in Thiruvannamalai distict.The total area of the sub basin is 4311.88 sq.km. Cheyyar sub basin has 8 taluks i.e. Chengam, Thiruvannamalai, Aarcot, Cheyar, Polur, Uthiramerur, Vandavsi and Arni. There are 6 tributaries to the Cheyyar river and it has 2 reservoirs and 8 major anicuts. Paddy is the major crop in the sub basin. A-9 Annexure-I System deficiencies 1. Overall efficiency of tank irrigation system is 30-40% 2. There is 15-20% reduction in tank storage capacity due to siltation 3. Poor water scheduling 4. Inadequate supplies produce water stress condition and yield is reduced. 5. Water losses due to unlined canals Proposed actions 1. Conjuctive use of surface and ground water 2. Renovating old tanks, desilting of ponds and supply channels and water harvesting 3. Crop rotation 4. Selective lining to canals where seepage loss is appreciable Kliyar Sub Basin Kliyar sub basin has four taluks i.e. Wandiwash, Uthirumerur, Mladuranthakam and Cheyyar. Wandiwash taluk consists Uthiramerur and Pemamallur blocks. Uthirumerur taluk consists of two blocks i.e. Kalasappakkam and Chetput. Maduranthakam taluk consists of Maudranthakam block and Cheyyar taluk consists of three blocks i.e. Lathur, Cheyyar and Anakkavur. System deficiencies 1. Overall efficiency of tank irrigation system is 30-40% 2. There is 15-20% reduction in tank storage capacity due to siltation 3. Poor water scheduling 4. Inadequate supplies produce water stress condition and yield is reduced. 5. Water losses due to unlined canals Proposed actions 1. Conjuctive use of surface and ground water 2. Renovating old tanks, desilting of ponds and supply channels and water harvesting 3. Crop rotation 4. Selective lining to canals where seepage loss is appreciable 5. Use of drip and sprinkler irrigation. A-10 Annexure-I PENNAIYAR RIVER BASIN Demography The population, density of the basin is 4334 persons per sq.km. The literacy rate is 62.3% for male and 49.2% for female. The birth and death rates are 17.23 and 5.94 per thousand as per 2001 statistics. The distribution of population between urban and rural is 15% and 85% respectively. Agriculture is the main occupation of rural population. The farmers mostly depend on tank irrigation and well irrigation besides areas under projects like, Krishnagiri Reservoir, Sathanur Reservoir etc. Most of them are marginal and small farmers and there is inequality in the distribution of lands. This aspect has seriously eroded the economic viability of farm, leading to reduced efficiency, productivity and profit margin. Location Pennaiyar River originates on the south-eastern slopes of Chennakesava Hills, northwest of Nandidurg in Karnataka State at an altitude of 1000 m above M.S.L. After flowing through Karnataka, the river enters Tamilnadu near Begalur village of Hosur Taluk. Pennaiyar river basin is bounded by Cauvery basin at its West, Vellar basin at South and Palar & Varahanadhi river basins at its North. The geographical co-ordinates of this basin are Latitude 11°45'00" North to 13014'00" North and Longitude 77045'00" East to 79045'00 East. The total area of the basin in Tamilnadu State is 11,257 Sq.Kms. Hydrology The Pennaiyar river is having 10 tributaries, namely, a. Chinnar-I, b. Chinnar-II, c. Markandanadhi, d. Pullainpattinadhi, e. Pambar, f. Vaniar, g. Kallar, h. Pambanar, i. Musukundanadhi and j. Thurinjalar. There are 7 major Anicuts namely Nedungal Anicut, Kumarapatti Anicut, Ichembadi Anicut, Sathanur pick up Anicut, Tirukkoilur Anicut, Ellis Choultry Anicut and Sornavur Anicut, 152 Minor Anicuts and about 22 open offtake channels. Total ayacut of the basin is 90806 Ha. Geology The geology of the area include metamorphic complex meta sediments and younger intrusives of Archaean formations on the central and western portion and the overlying sedimentaries of upper Cretaceous, tertiary and quaternary formations of the eastern part. The Archaean formations include granite gneiss, chamockite, hybrid gneiss and mixed gneiss, magmatites, denites, pyroximites etc. of Dharwar group and Dolerite. Pegmatite, granites synites, carbonatites of younger intrusives. Hydrogeology Pennaiyar river basin is underlain by crystalline formations on the western part of the basin and by sedimentary formations in the eastern coastal part of the basin. The thickness of the weathered zone varies from 5 to 60 m bgl. The yield of the boreholes range from 27 1pm to 205 1pm. In hard rock area yield varies from 60 to 180 1pm and transmissivity vary A-li Annexure-I from 0.45 m2/day to 338.4 m2/day. In sedimentary formations, the yield of the borewells ranges from 61 Ipm to 1273 Ipm and transmissivity ranges from 17.5 m2/day to 1133 m2/day. Ground Water Potential The zone of water level fluctuation varies from 3.90 m to 10.78 m in hard rock areas and from 2.15 m to 7.10 m in alluvium areas. The water level elevation above MSL varies from 80.0 m to 40.Om in hard rock areas and from 40.Om to Om in sedimentary formations of the basin. The hydraulic gradient of ground water in the basin is 3.15 rn/km in hard rock areas and from 0.93 rn/km in sedimentary areas.The Total Ground water potential in Pennaiyar basin is 1560 MCM. There are about 172 observation wells in this basin. Ground Water Exploitation This river basin is converted into 51 blocks. Out of 51 blocks, 32 blocks are over exploited, 2 blocks are critical 13 blocks are semi critical and 4 blocks are safe. Surface Water Potential The annual surface water potentialin the 4 zones based on 75% dependable rainfall is 1282 MCM. Surface Water Quality The quality of water in kelavarapally dam is polluted drastically due to the effluent and sewage let into the Pennaiyar River on the upstream side of kelavarapally reservoir. The surface water quality of krishnagiri reservoir shows that the water is alkaline in nature and the DO was present at near saturation levels; the nitrate concentration varied from 0.1-0.4 mg/l, while phosphate varied from 0.1 - 1.0 mg/l. Ground Water Quality In the basin, the chloride values do not exceed the limit. Total hardness above 180 mg/l exists in nearly 90% of ground water basin, which restricts the use of water for industries. Ground water in Melumalai, Mettupatti, Periyadobhai, Hanumanthapuram, Chinnamuthur, Bargur, Agaram, Kunnathur, Anandur, K. Vetripatti, Harur, Pappireddi areas are found to contain fluoride above the permissible limit of 1.5 mg/l. Ground water quality impairment has occurred on account of excessive salinity and fluoride in about 20% of the hard area of the basin. In the sedimentary area of the basin, the ground water is suitable for human consumption and irrigation use. A-12 Annexure-I Industries In the Ponnaiyar river basin there are about 7146 numbers of small-scale industries and medium industries. The small scale industries include food, beverage, tobacco, cotton, textile, paper, leather, chemical, metal and machinery products and the large and medium industries belongs to the categories like, fertilizer, paper, sugar, automobiles, textiles and machinery products Forest The catchment area of Pennaiyar basin is having reserve forests to an extent of 97.25 Sq.Km. the reserve forest area covers 3 major reserve forests mainly Sanamavu Reserve Forest, Kamasandra Reserve Forest and Maharaja Kadai Reserve Forests. The types of forests found in the catchment are tropical dry mixed deciduous forests, Secondary dry deciduous forests and dry deciduous scrub forest. There are also plantations like Eucaluyptus, Bamboo, Tamarind and Cashew in some parts of the catchment Deforestation The reserved forest area in the catchment area falling in Hosur, Krishnagiri, Uthanagarai and Dharmapuri taluks are in a highly degraded condition. While the forest area in Harur taluk, especially Chettari hills are fairly dense. The areas in Tirupattur taluk are fairly open due to heavy influences, especially goats. The forest in Chengam and Thiruvannamalai taluks are open due to excessive goat rearing and illicit felling of trees. Agriculture In this basin major crop is paddy. Oil seed crops like groundnut, millets like cholam, campu, varagu, ragi, pulse crops like blackgram, greengram, sugarcane and banana are also cultivated in this area. The extent of crop area irrigated is 62227 Ha and the extent of Non-system crop area is 412106 Ha. Seismic Zones The basin area is falling under the Zone II. The basic seismic coefficient for Pennaiyar is taken as 0.02 and the value of importance factor of all types of dams is considered as 3. And being designed based on the specifications specified in IS 1893 - 1984. Sedimentation The loss in storege capacity of Krishnagiri Reservoir in 26 years is 30.81% and the rate of silting is 1.19. Classification of reservoir curves indicated the Krishnagiri reservoir to be flood-plain-foot-hill type A-13 Annexure-I Soil Erosion Severe zones of erosion are seen in the Veppanapally water shed, the middle and lower part of Markhandanadhi water shed, the lower part of Nachikuppam water shed and the lower Pennaiyar water shed. Solid Waste Dharmapuri, Thiruvannamalai, Villupuram, Cuddalore and Vridachalam municipalities are having compost yards. Other municipalities and town panchayat are not having disposal facilities. There is absolutely no solid waste collection and disposable mechanism at village level in river basin area. Salinity The Electrical Conductivity values in the hard rock area varied from 350 to 6400 micro siemens per centimeter. It has been observed that 19% of the wells exceeds the recommended limit of 1500 mg/l, which approximately corresponds to the Electrical conductivity value of 2250 microsiemens per cm. Saline pockets in hard rock area fall around Krishnagiri, near Thirupattur- around Papparapatti, Thoranapatti, Andiappanur and Alangayam and near Dharmapuri. Sea Water Intrusion Sea water - fresh water interface is observed only shallow-phreatic aquifer located along the coastal width 1.5 - 4.0 km. Potable aquifer zone dispositioned in the range between 40 mts and 200 mts at Cuddalore O.T., General Hospital, Villipalayam, Kudikady and Periyapattu Diseases The observed general trend is that the number of cases of water borne diseases reported is larger during post monsoon period. Acute Diarrohea diseases (ADD) is the major disease reported in the basin Sub basins under IAMWARM for the 1st year Chinnar la sub basin Chinnar I-a sub basin originates from Hosur taluk and it is having an area of 144.52 sq.km. This has been identified as a deficit sub basin at the rate of 0.25%. The registered ayacut of this sub basin is 461.87 Ha. System deficiencies A-14 Annexure-I 1. Unassured supply of water and prolongued drought 2. Low crop yields 3. Over exploitation of ground water 4. Non adopting modem irrigation and agriculture practices 5. No organized coordination among the farmer communities Proposed actions 1. Strengthening of existing tank bunds and repairs to head sluice and surplus weir 2. Providing hitech micro irrigation facilities 3. Encouraging horticulture crops like fruits, vegetables, spices and medicinal plants 4. Training to farmers and water user association members Chinnar lb sub basin Chinnar 1-b sub basin originates from Hosur taluk and it is having an area of 280.65 sq.km. This has been identified as a surplus sub basin. The registered ayacut of this sub basin is 749.47 Ha. System deficiencies 1. Unassured supply of water and prolongued drought 2. Low crop yields 3. Over exploitation of ground water 4. Non adopting modem irrigation and agriculture practices 5. No organized coordination among the farmer communities Proposed actions 1. Strengthening of existing tank bunds and repairs to head sluice and surplus weir 2. Providing hitech micro irrigation facilities 3. Encouraging horticulture crops like fruits, vegetables, spices and medicinal plants 4. Training to farmers and water user association members Vaniar sub basin Vaniar is one of the tributaries of Pennaiyar River. It originates from the shaveroys hill ranges at an altitude of 1420 m above MSL and enters into the plains above 5km in Mullikadu in Papireddipatti taluk of Dharmapuri district. The total length of the river is 55 kms and the catchment area is 1100 sq.km. There are 2 reservoirs, 42 anicuts and 8 tanks in the sub basin. The total ayacut is 8003.16 Ha. A-15 Annexure-I System deficiencies 1. Damaged anicuts 2. Canal silting and encroachments 3. Over exploitation of ground water 4. Non adopting modem irrigation and agriculture practices 5. No organized coordination among the farmer communities Proposed actions 1. Provision of sand vent with shutter arrangements and construction of head sluices 2. Strengthening of existing tank bunds and repairs to head sluices,anicuts and surplus weir 3. Canal lining and eviction of encroachments 4. Providing hitech micro irrigation facilities 5. Rehabilitation of Vaniar dam infrastructures 6. Training to farmers and water user association members Muskundhanadhi sub basin Muskundhanadhi sub basin originates from Kalrayan hills and extends through eastem part of sankarapuram and Rizivandhayam area. The total area of the sub basin is 175.59 sq.km. It is having 11 anicuts and 22 tanks. The average annual of the sub basin is 950 mm. it is proposed to construct a reservoir in the upper reaches of the river. The registered ayacut of the sub basin is 1185.71 Ha. Proposed actions 1. Desilting of tanks 2. Strengthening of existing tank bunds and repairs to head sluices,anicuts and surplus weir 3. Canal lining 4. Altemate cropping 5. Introduction of micro irrigation facilities Pennaiyar upto Krishnagiri dam sub basin The sub basin originates from Hosur taluk and has an area of 680.59 sq.km. this is a deficit sub basin at the rate of 0.39%. The registered ayacut of the sub basin is 5250.39 Ha. System deficiencies 1. Unassured supply of water and prolongued drought 2. Low crop yields 3. Over exploitation of ground water 4. Non adopting modem irrigation and agriculture practices 5. No organized coordination among the farmer communities Proposed actions A-16 Annexure-I 1. Strengthening of existing tank bunds and repairs to head sluice and surplus weir 2. Providing hitech micro irrigation facilities 3. Encouraging horticulture crops like fruits, vegetables, spices and medicinal plants 4. Training to farmers and water user association members A-17 Annexure-I VARAHANADHI RIVER BASIN Location Varahanadhi basin is situated between Latitude 110 55' North and 120 30' North and Longitude 790 05' East 800 05' East. The total basin area is 4357 Sq. km of which 4214 sq. km lies in Tamil Nadu and 143 sq. km. lies in Pondichery State. The districts covered by the basin are Kancheepuram, Thiruvannamalai and Villupuram Districts.This basin is bounded by Palar basin on the North, Ponnaiyar basin on the West and South and Bay of Bengal on the East. Hydrology The Varahanadhi River originates in between the borders of Kilpenathur taluk of Thiruvanamalai District and western borders of Gingee Taluk in Villupuram District. The total length of the river estimated to be 78.50 Km with a total catchment area of 1936.75 Sq.Km. Varahanadhi River basin consists of two sub basins namely Varahanadhi and Ongur, the smaller sub basin called Nallavur or Kondamur located between Varahanadhi and Ongur sub basins, Other tributaries of this basin include Annamanagalam, Nariyar, Tondiar, Pambaiyar, Pambai channel and Chengai odai. Geology The terrain of Varahanadhi River Basin consists of different type of rocks, which is dominated by Crystalline by 87%, and sedimentary rock by 13 % and alluvial found along the coastal areas. The Varahanadhi basin completely drains in Villupuram district and geological formation identified underlain by crystalline metamorphic complex in the western parts of district and sedimentary tract in eastern side. Hydrogeology The hydrogeology of this basin is such that 87 % of the area under the basin is hard crystalline rock while the remaining 13 % is sedimentary. The general depth of the bedrock varies from 10 m to 60 m where crystalline formations are found. Surface Water Potential: The river basin has the water potential of 416 MCM based on 75% dependability of rainfall. Ground Water Potential The utilizable ground water recharge, draft and balance potential of Varahanadhi basin has been estimated, which shows the overall ground water recharge potential of 1482 MCM. Therefore, the total potential for this basin is estimated to be 1898 MCM. Ground Water Exploitation A-18 Annexure-I Varahanadhi river basin has been exploited fully by excess of water withdrawal, which makes the entire classification under over exploited category. According to 2003 data from the ground water department reveal that 7 blocks are identified with over exploitation ground water resources. Surface Water quality Varahanadhi is a non-perennial river and flow is possible only during the rainy days i.e. north east monsoon period and since last two years there is no water is identified in the river basin area. Ground Water Quality The ground water quality in different villages in the block of Villupuram, Tiruvannamalai and Kancheepuram (Varahanadhi River basin area only) indicate presence of EC value of 3640 microsiemen/cm in Omandur in Tindivanam Block of Villupuram District and 3140 in Orathur in Villupuram Block in Villupuram District . Similarly in Chitamur Block, the presence of EC value of 4890 microsiemen/cm indicates the quality is unfit for any safe use. Industries There are about 30 large and medium scale industries and more than 2,600 small scale industries are functioning in this basin area. These industries mainly engaged in manufacturing of Oil, Sugar, machinery, Textile, chemical, leather, food, beverage, plastic paper, fertilizer, cement products etc. There are sizable numbers of large industries engaged in food, tobacco, textiles, automobiles, Chemical products in the region. Agriculture Dominant irrigated cropping is paddy as it occupies 52.7% of the gross irrigated area. The other important irrigated crops in this basin cultivated in rotation with paddy are groundnut, sugarcane, millets like, cholam, cumbu and ragi, pulses, cotton etc. Under unirrigated cropping it is groundnut based. The organic farming in river basin support for growing of fruit and vegetable crops including flowers. There is high potential exist for organic farming in this are, which need proper attention for maintaining long term organic farming activities in the basin area. A-19 Annexure-I Forest Forest areas in this district contribute about 7.77% of the total area, which spread in the basin area bordering Salem, Dharmapuri and Tiruvanamalai Districts with divisions of Reserve Foret, interface forest and social forest. Teakwood, rosewood and Sandal wood trees are found to be grown in the hills. Sand mining The sand mining is a major problem in this basin, which poses major treat to riverbed of Varahanadhi. However the Water Resources Organisation having approved 5 places of sand quarry in this basin Water Logging In the urban areas of Gingee, Villupuram etc. are having the problem of water logging in selected pockets due to lack of drainage and storm water provisions. Water Weeds This basin is affected by the waterweeds in general. Out of 1421 tanks, nearly 100 tanks have been identified with 100% weeds growth spread out in the entire basin. Remaining tanks have 10% to 25% with aquatic weeds such as Cyprus rotundas, (korai, Velikattan. Seismic Zones The basin area is falling under the Zone II. The basic seismic coefficient for Varahanadhi is taken as 0.02 and the value of importance factor of all types of dams is considered as 3. And being designed based on the specifications specified in IS 1893 - 1984. Diseases The observed general trend is that the number of cases of water borne diseases reported is larger during post monsoon period. Acute Diarrohea diseases (ADD) is the major disease reported in the basin Varahanadhi sub basin System deficiencies 1. Overall efficiency of tank irrigation system is 30-40% 2. There is 15-20% reduction in tank storage capacity due to siltation 3. Poor water scheduling A-20 Annexure-I 4. Inadequate supplies produce water stress condition and yield is reduced. 5. Water losses due to unlined canals Proposed actions 1. Conjuctive use of surface and ground water 2. Renovating old tanks, desilting of ponds and supply channels and water harvesting 3. Crop rotation 4. Selective lining to canals where seepage loss is appreciable 5. Use of drip and sprinkler irrigation. A-21 Annexure-I VELLAR RIVER BASIN Demography Vellar river covers fully Athur taluk of Salem District, Thittagudi and Kallakurichi taluks of Villupuram District. It covers partly Harur taluk of Dharmapuri District, Salem taluk of Salem District, Rasipuram taluk of Namakkal District, Ariyalur & Perambalur taluks of Perambalur District, Udayarpalayam, Thuraiyur Taluks of Trichy District, Kattumannar Koil, Chidambaram & Vridachalam Taluks of Cuddalore District. Location The Vellar river basin is located in the Northern part of Tamilnadu state, between latitude 11° 13' North and 120 00' North and longitude 780 13' East and 790 47' East. The total area of the Vellar river basin is 7659 Sq. Km. A portion of Dharmapuri, Salem, Trichy, Villupurain and Cuddalore districts are covered in Vellar river basin. This basin lies in between Ponnaiyar basin in the north and Cauvery basin in the south. Hydrology The river Vellar is having 6 tributaries. They are (i) Anaimaduvu, (ii) Swethanadhi, (iii) Kallar, (iv) Chinnar, (v) Manimukthanadhi, (vi) Gomukhi. A portion of Dharmapuri, Salem, Perambalur, Trichy, Villupuram and Cuddalore districts are covered in Vellar river basin. The Vellar basin is a medium river basin in Tamilnadu. The river Vellar originates at Chitteri hills in Salem District, flows entirely within Tamilnadu and falls into Bay of Bengal at Portonovo. Geology Both Archaen and sedimentary formations occupy this basin. Archaen group of rocks occurs on the western part of the basin (82% of-basin area) and sedimentary formations of cretaceous, tertiary and quatemary systems on the eastern part. Hydrogeology The depth to water level of aquifer varies from 2m to 15m in hard rock area and lowest water level is 9.00m in alluvium. The zone of water level fluctuation varies from 2.20m to 13.39m in hard rock areas and varies from 2.83m to 16.40m in sedimentary areas. The hydraulic gradient of ground water in this basin is 2.75m/km in hard rock areas and 0.65m/km in sedimentary areas. The average hydraulic gradient of Vellar river basin is 1.70m/km. Stage of Ground Water Exploitation Out of 39 blocks, the State Ground Water Department has identified 7 blocks as safe (< 70%), 11 blocks as semi critical (70% to 90%), 1 block as critical (90% to 100%) A-22 Annexure-I and 20 blocks as Over -exploited (> 100%). Water potential The annual total water resource potential of this basin is 2409 MCM. This basin also receives surplus water of 78 MCM from Veeranam tank of adjoining cauvery basin at Sethiathope anicut. Thus the total water potential of this basin is 2415 MCM. Surface Water Quality It is found that during flow pH, EC, Total Hardness, Chloride, Coliform values are within the limits. But in Koudinyar river, Palar in Nandhiyalam village and Palar river in Rajakal head sluice near perumbakkam on Kanchepuram to Arcot route, Palar in Mettur village enroute from Walajabad to Asur the Dissolved Oxygen falls below the limit of 5mg/lit, which is due to Tannery effluent mixing with water this effects the aquaculture in the area. Total dissolved solids are very high beyond the tolerable limit. Chloride is above the acceptable limit but below permissible limit, Total hardness fluctuates above and below tolerable limits and Biological oxygen demand found to be very high in some head works. Ground Water Quality In Mangalur, Thiyagadurgan, Viragathur, Kalathur, Edaicheruvai, Miralur, Keerapalayam, Karikai Athur and Peddanaickanpalayam areas, the quality of ground water is salined and unsafe for human consumption. The Chloride values are also high in these areas. The nitrate values are also found to exceed the permissible limits indicating the nitrate risk. The chemical composition data for few bore wells in Portonovo, Sethiathope and Purudakurayapettai locations indicate that they are of good quality. Overall ground water quality assessment indicate that about 80% of the ground waters are good to moderate in quality and may be used for human consumption and utilization purposes. Industries There are 9229 industries located in basin area. The water pollution due to industrial activities is minimum except ground water pollution in Pennadam area in Perambular district and discharge of Neyveli mining waters into Wallaja tank Sewage and Solid Waste There is no Sewage treatment plant either for municipalities or Town Panchayats. They are letting untreated/ primary treated sewage either on land or into water bodies. There are very few villages in Vellar basin is having community toilets. Except Vridhachalam municipality, no composting yard for solid waste management is available in Vellar River Basin. There is absolutely no solid waste collection and disposable mechanism at village level in river basin area. A-23 Annexure-I Forest Thick dense forest occurs in the chitteri and Kalrayan hills. Medium dense forest occurs in the Kolli, Pachamalai, Chitteri and Kalrayan hills. Low dense forest and shrub forests are well developed in the slopes and foot of hills. Isolated pockets of reserve forest occur in the basin. Total forest area of the basin is about 27 % Seismic Zones The basin area is falling under the Zone II. The basic seismic coefficient for Vellar is taken as 0.02 and the value of importance factor of all types of dams is considered as 3. And being designed based on the specifications specified in IS 1893 - 1984. Agriculture The major crop of this basin is paddy. Oil seeds crop like gingelly, groundnut, coconut, sunflower and castor, millets, pulses and sugarcane are grown in this area Sedimentation Though there are 5 reservoirs in this basin. In Wellington Reservoir, the loss in capacity over 61 years is 22.58% and % capacity loss per year is 0.36%. Some of the watercourses of the system run near the river Vellar and occurrence of the heavy rains due to the effect of cyclone results in floods in Vellar causing breaches and damages to the banks and structures in the irrigation system. Water logging Water logging seems to be a serious problem at least in one of the six tank ayacuts studied (Ambapuram, Kummadimoolai, Nathamedu, Chokkankollai, Kothavacheri and Sathappadi tanks). The farmers reported that about 25% of the total cropped area under Ambapuram tank are affected by water logging. Water weeds Kothavacheri, Nathamedu, Kummididmoolai, Sathappadi and Chokkankollai tanks are infested with weeds such as Water hyacinth and Ipomoea SP. A-24 Annexure-I Sea Water Intrusion In the coastal area, i.e in Cuddalore district the analysis of water samples from bore wells and open dug wells were done. Open dug wells in the coastal villages Thopuiruppu, C-Muttlur, Kallai and Portnovo shows poor quality ground water. Deep bore wells drilled at Periyakomatti, Thatchakadu, Chidambaram IB, Pinnathur and Pichavaram shows very poor quality of water (EC- 12800 micromhos, TDS-7682 mg/1). Sub basins under IAMWARM for the 1st year Manimuktha nandhi sub basin The basin originates in Kalryan hills with drainage Area of 749.54 Km having I two drainages namely Mani river and Muktha river originating in the Northern par of the eastern slope of the Kalrayn Hills in Sankarapuram Taluk at an altitude of about 40 km and the Muktha River flows for 32 km. Manimuktha Nadhi sub basin having 18 Anicuts, 49 PWD tanks, and one Manimuktha Nadhi reservoir having the total Ayacut of 5027 Hectares. Average rainfall is 950mm in this sub basin. Upper Vellar sub basin It originates at an altitude of 1266m. At its starting pointing, it is known as Anaimaduvu River is called Anaimaduvu reservoir. Upper Vellar sub basin is having sixty-five Anicuts and thirty-three PWD tanks. Lower vellar basin The lower velar river starts from Tholudur Anicut and finally falls into portnova in Bay of Bengal. The basin is situated between latitude 110 13' N-12° 00'N and Longitude 78° 13' E-79° 47'E. The total area of this basin is 1753 Sq.Km. the total length of lower Velar River is 128 kms. The total register Ayacut of the sub basin is 44,166 hectares. The annual rainfall of the sub basin is 1165 mm System deficiencies 1. Submersion of standing crops during heavy flood times. 2. Silting of channels and breaches of bunds in tanks and of channels. 3. Lack of adequate control of regulating structures like anicut etc., 4. Deteriorated canal with low efficiency and their inspection roads. 5. Full growth of Neyveli Kattamanakku, and other scrup jungles obstructs the free flow and ayacuts at the tail end area suffering for inadequate supply. A-25 Annexure-I Proposed actions 1. Lining of channels. 2. Rehabilitate the Irrigation Structures such as anicuts, regulators, head sluices inlets, bed dam and tank sluices weirs etc., 3. Desilting channel. 4. Formation of fore shore bund in tanks. 5. Flow measurements structures etc., 6. On farm Development works to Anicuts and Tanks etc., 7. Construction of community wells etc., Anivari odai sub basin Anivariodai originates in Perambalur taluk joins the vellar on its right flank at about 10 km below the confluence point of Chinnar. The total irrigated area is 1140 hectares and 59 tanks. The total population is 0.126 million. System deficiencies 1. Old irrigation network 2. Low Water use efficiencies 3. Inadequate transportation, storage and marketing facilities Proposed actions 1. Lining of channels. 2. Rehabilitate the Irrigation Structures such as anicuts, regulators, head sluices inlets, bed dam and tank sluices weirs etc., 3. Desilting channel. 4. Formation of fore shore bund in tanks. 5. Flow measurements structures etc., 6. On farm Development works to Anicuts and Tanks etc., 7. Construction of community wells etc., A-26 Annexure-I VAIGAI RIVER BASIN Demography In the Vaigai basin there has been a progressive increase in population in the last three decades. The projected figure for the year 2015 AD is about 46 million. Increase in population in the areas of catchment is also responsible for degradation and environmental impact. The catchment area hitherto untouched started getting exploited for daily domestic needs of the local inhabitants who have started concentrating in the area. Location Vaigai basin is one of the major seventeen river basins in Tamilnadu. It lies between the geographic co-ordinates N latitude 90 15' and 100 20' and E longitude 770 10' - 790 05'. Vaigai river basin covers an area of about 7031 sq. km. and lies in the Madurai, Theni, Dindigul, Sivagangai and Ramnad Districts of Tamilnadu. Hydrology The hydrology of the vaigai basin has been worked out sub basin wise. The vaigai river basin has been divided into ten sub - basins from the origin to the sea. The total sub basin area is 7031.46 Sq.km against the basin area of 7039 Sq. km. The major tributaries namely Suriliar, Theniar, Varatar, Nagalar, Varahanadhi, Manjalar, Marudhandhi, Sirumalayar, Sathiar, Uppar etc. constitute the sub basins of vaigai basin. Vaigai basin consists of ten minor basins of Suruliar, Upper Vaigai, Theniyar, Nagalar, Varahanathi, Manjalar, Sirumalaiyar, Sathaiyar, Uppar and Lower vaigai. The major reservoirs in this basin are Periyar, Vaigai, Sothuparai, Manjalar and Marudhanadhi reservoirs. Geology This area consists of Archaean formations like granite, chamockites, granite gneiss, and quartzite and Quatemary formations like alluvial sediments upper gondwana, tertiary sand stone. Hard rock occupies 74% sedimentary 26% of total area. Hydrogeology The borehole lithological and aquifer parameter studies have revealed the existence of weathered granular aquifer, phreatic to semi confined aquifer in the alluvium and valleyfills in the crystalline rock formation and confined to semi confined aquifer conditions in the sedimentary formations. The depth of bedrock thickness in the crystalline formations varies from 9 to 60m below ground level in the fracture zones. Valley fill thickness is varying from 10 to 25m below the ground level including the fracture zones. Alluvial thickness and the extent is phreatic and confined to the river. A-27 Annexure-I The thickness is varying from .10 to 25m and the lateral extent is 6 to 12 km beyond Madurai. Ground Water Potential Water levels are being observed in number of shallow observation wells and borewells in the entire vaigai basin. Water levels are observed every month during the first week. Hydrographs for all the wells are being maintained. As per the estimate, the net recharge of the Vaigai Basin is about 993.07 MCM. The net extraction is around 540.37 MCM and balance potential available is 452.70 MCM Surface Water Potential The surface water potential of the basin is 2025.92 Mcum based on 50% dependability and 1571.01 Mcum based on 75% dependability Surface Water Quality As per the samples taken from Peranai regulator indicates that water is clear and contains lesser amount of chemical constitutions such as TDS, P04, NO2. Most of the physico - chemical parameters are within the permissible limits. This can be attributed to lesser human activities and provision of effluent treatment plants provided by the industries discharging their effluent into the river. Ground Water Quality The wells located at Ramanathapuram, Valantharavai, Idayanvalasai and Periyapattinam with the EC values ranging from 1125 to 2590. In other places like Mandapam, Devipattinam, Chithayankottai, Sembadayarkulam, the quality of water is poor with EC values ranging from 3125 to 6240. The poor quality is due to marine sedimentation in this area. Sand Mining Indiscriminate and illegal sand mining was going on at an alarming rate throughout Vaigai riverbed. Sand was mined to a depth of more than 3 mts and even more in some places. As a result in a major portion of the river the entire sand in the riverbed has been removed and the rocky bed is exposed in many places like Mannadimangalam, Thenur and Thiruvedagamn villages. A-28 Annexure-I Sedimentation The studies revealed that the capacity of the reservoir as on 1976 is 178.191 Mcum as against the original capacity of 194.785 Mcum. The rate of silting was observed to be 0.473% per year and the average rate of sedimentation per sq. km. of catchment area was 0.0004 Mcum. It was also observed that the useful life of the vaigai reservoir was estimated to be 155 years. So, the catchment area should be stablised by suitably addressing the causes of soil erosion. Encroachment On both sides of the Vaigai people encroached and constructed houses. Apart from the banks the riverbed is also encroached. Vaigai River from the headreach to the tail end, this menace of encroachment is there everywhere. Especially in the reaches where small villages and towns are located close to the main river and the irrigation channels taking off from Vaigai River and its tributaries the encroachment problem is predominant. The Raja Boobala Samudhram tank in Budipuram of Theni district is one of the classic example of encroachment. Solid Waste Vaigai River is no exception. Solid waste dumping is a problem for all the river basins. The tributaries of Vaigai like Theniyar, Varahanadhi etc. get the same treatment. Solid waste is dumped into the irrigation channels also in the Cumbum valley area. In the head reach in Varusanadu village solid waste is dumped in the river course. In Chinnamanur the solid waste is collected by vehicles and dumped in the compost yard. But the people living near by the river and the channel put their household solid waste in the channels nearby. In Periyakulam municipality the solid waste is dumped in the existing compost yard. In Madurai city the position is alarming. Even though large quantity of solid waste is collected and dumped in the compost yard people living on both banks of river dump the solid waste into the river. Similarly lower down reaches in Tiruppuvanam and Paramakudi the solid waste are put into the river and the irrigation channels. In Paramakudi the solid waste is dumped in the compost yard situated in Urapuli village near Paramakudi. Water Logging A large area lies downstream of Sakkarakottai Kanmai near the villages Therkutharavai, Vallimadavalasai, Viranvalasai, Kannanendal and Pallamorkulam. Another stretch of land lies near the villages Naganada chaultry, Madattur, Pannakarai and Nattakulam. Another area lies near the villages Vannankundu, Badratharavai, Regunathapuram, Karantharavaikudi. In addition to this water logged area is available near Rettaiurani, Tamaraikulam, Vellariodai and Manangudi. Salinity In vaigai basin the coastal areas such as Sivagangai and Ramanathapuram districts have been affected with soil salinity. The other districts such as Theni, Dindigul and Madurai are not affected with salinity. The coastal saline soils such as in A-29 Annexure-I Ramanathapuram and Sivagangai districts have saline ground water table at shallow depth. Both the ground water and the soils are rich in chlorides and sulphates of sodium, magnesium and calcium. The soil salinity and depth to ground water table vary with the season. Soil salinities are maximum in dry seasons and minimum in monsoon months. Industries The industries in the vaigai basin are categorised as Rubber, Textiles, Spinning, Sugar, Distillery, Food Beverages, Dyeing, Pulp and Paper, Electro Platting chemicals, Dairy and Miscellaneous. These industries have been further classified as Red, Orange and Green categories depending upon the pollution level of the effluent. Agriculture In this basin there are well knitted irrigation systems from where water is supplied for irrigation from major reservoirs, anicuts, channels etc in addition to the tank systems. The dominant crops cultivated in the Vaigai basin are paddy, cholam, cumbu, ragi, green gram, black gram, chillies, groundnut, gingelly, cotton, sugarcane, vegetables and banana. Seismic Zones The basin area is falls under the Zone II of seismic zones classification. The basic seismic coefficient for Vaigai Basin is 0.02 and the importance factor for all types of dams is 3. The design of dams and water retaining structures are based on IS: 1893 - 1984. Water Weeds The two common weeds responsible are "Eichhornia crassipes" and "Ipomea carnea". In Vaigai River, Ipomea carnea is the major bank and shore weed. Severe blockage of water by Ipomea carnea has led to the formation of mini silt islands (Isles) in the rivers, which now grow several weedy bushes and cause floods. Water hyacinth also dissiminates in larger places and causes severe disturbance in Vaigai River. Besides these two notorious waterweeds, the other waterweeds such as Pistia, Nelumbo, Nymph, Hydrilla, Vallisneria etc., causes some problems in Vaigai River. A-30 Annexure-I Diseases The important water borne diseases in the basin are caused acute diarrhoeal diseases, reproductive tract infection, Amoebiasis, Worm infestation, typhoid fever, Viral fevers Jaundice and Malaria Sub basins included in IAMWARM for the Ist year 1. Swedhanadhi sub basin Swedhanadhi originates from kolli hills in Rasipuram taluk of Salem district at an altitude of 1417 m above MSL. The sub basin is having 33 anicuts and 18 tanks. System deficiencies 1. Silting of supply channels 2. Anicuts are in dilapidated condition 3. Erosion of side banks Proposed actions 1. Strengthening of head works and repairing the anicuts 2. Lining of supply channels and reconstruction of sluices 3. Construction of field channels upto 10 Ha 4. Desilting of sathaiyar dam and tanks 2. Varaganadhi sub basin Varaganadhi originates from western ghats and joins vaigai near Gullapuram. It has 11 anicuts and 31 tanks. The total area of the sub basin is 390.The total annual rainfall in the sub basin is 851 mm. The total ayacut is 3041.18 Ha. System deficiencies 1. Silting of supply channels 2. Anicuts are in dilapidated condition 3. Erosion of side banks 4. Water use efficiencies are minimum 5. Inadequate facilities of transportation and marketing Proposed actions 1. Strengthening of head works and repairing the anicuts 2. Lining of supply channels and reconstruction of sluices 3. Construction of field channels upto 10 Ha 4. Desilting of sathaiyar dam and tanks 3. Sathaiyar sub basin A-31 Annexure-I Sathaiyar originates from sirumalai hills and flows southward and empties into Vaigai River. The basin covers an area of 819 sq.km. The total ayacut of the sub basin is 4279.89 Ha. System deficiencies 1. Silting of supply channels 2. Anicuts are in dilapidated condition 3. Erosion of side banks 4. Water use efficiencies are minimum 5. Inadequate facilities of transportation and marketing Proposed actions 1. Strengthening of head works and repairing the anicuts 2. Lining of supply channels and reconstruction of sluices 3. Construction of field channels upto 10 Ha 4. Desilting of sathaiyar dam and tanks 4. Manjalar sub basin Manjalar originates from Palani hills and runs towards east and joins Vaigai River near Koottathu. There are 9 anicuta and 9 tanks in this sub basin. It receives an annual rainfall of 775 mm. The total sub basin area is 470 sq.km. The total ayacut of the sub basin is 2155.53 Ha. System deficiencies 1. Silting of supply channels 2. Anicuts are in dilapidated condition 3. Erosion of side banks Proposed actions 1. Strengthening of head works and repairing the anicuts 2. Lining of supply channels and reconstruction of sluices 3. Construction of thrashing floor at every village A-32 Annexure-I AGNIYAR RIVER BASIN Demography The total population of the basin based on 2001 census is 1021222. In this basin male population (505487) constitutes 49.50 % of the total population. The total female population (515735) of 2001 has an edge over male population constituting 50.5% over the total population of the basin for 2001. The total population density of the basin (Based on 2001 census) is 302.63 / Sqkm Location Agniyar River Basin is located in between latitudes 900 55' N to 1000 48' N and Longitudes 780 14' E to 700 30' E. The total area of Agniyar basin is 4,566 km2 and lies entirely within Tamil Nadu. It has three minor river basin namely Agniyar, Ambuliyar and Southvellar. The western portion is 200m above sea level and tapers towards the east and reaches sea level. Tank irrigation plays an important role and there are about 40,00 irrigation tanks irrigating about 76,350 ha. Hydrogeology The bore wells drilled in the crystalline area are shallow ranging in depth between 30 and 60 m and the bore wells drilled in the sedimentary formation are medium to deep ranging from 150 to 350 m depth. The yield of the wells in the Archaean formation varies from 5 to 50 1pm, where as in the sedimentary formation yield of the wells various between 25 to 500 Ipm. In the cretaceous formations, the yield varies between 5 1pm to 60 Ipm. In the alluvium formation, the yield of the well varies between 100 to 1000 Ipm.Artesian conditions were encountered in Manalmelkudi and in Kattumavadi Villages. The maximum yield of well is found in Kuppaikudi and in Orathanadu area. Ground Water Availability The total ground water potential in this basin is 920 MCM Surface Water Potential This is a small river basin comparatively with lesser drainage area. The 75 % annual weighted rainfall of this basin is 652.93 mm the annual surface water potentials are assessed for 75 % dependable rainfall for Agniyar River Basin is 585 MCM. The total surface water potential is about 697.54 million cum. A further quantity of 499.81 million cum of water is receiving from Grand anaicut canal summing the total surface water potential of the basin to 1197.34 million cum. A-33 Annexure-I Ground water potential The average annual ground water potential is 984.89 Million cum. Surface Water quality The maximum value of salt concentration of 8,448 ppm is recorded at Sathankulam and Aranikulam tanks. The minimum value of 3,200 ppm is recorded at Keemakanmoi, Periyakulam Eri, Kothamangalam and Periyakulam. Ground Water quality The ground water quality study of Agniyar basin reveals that the water quality is found to vary from good to moderate in most parts of the basin. Electrical Conductivity (EC) in this basin is varying between 0.9 mhos/cm to 1.34 mhos/cm. Sodium Absorption Ration (SAR) ranges between 1.4 and 36.6. In places like Avudayarkoil Aranthangi and Annavasal etc of this basin SAR is found to be higher than that of the permissible value of 1.4. Hence in those places water is not suitable for irrigation. The geo-chemical type of this basin is sodium chloride.' Generally a moderate ground water quality prevails in many parts of the basin. Agriculture The cropping pattern is slowly changing into other pattern depending upon the availability of water source. Rice is the major crop in Agniyar basin. Other important crops are Groundnut, Cotton, Pulses, Millets, Gingelly, Chillies and Sugarcane. Rice is grown in three seasons, namely Kuruvai, Samba and Thaladi. The major crop is Groundnut, which occupies 68.49 % of gross rain fed crops. Other important dry land crops like Millets and Cotton are raised in rotations with Groundnut. Forest The forest coverage in this basin is very low, about 5 % of the basin area. Sand mining Sand mining is a very common phenomenon in rural area and is being transported through bullock carts, mini tractors and lorries Aquatic environment There are about 30 fishing villages with a population of 0.18 Million. Inland fishing through tanks and ponds is 4,500 tones per annum. A few aquaculture industrial units are located in the coastal areas of this basin in Anadaikadu, Rajamadam, and Eripurakkai of Pattukottai Taluk of Thanjavur District and around Kattumavadi of Avudaiyarkoil Taluk in Pudukkottai District. A-34 Annexure-I Solid waste Solid waste management is one of the important factors to be taken care in respect of environment. Among the municipalities, pudukkottai is doing extensive solid waste management programmes and on the other hand in pattukottai it is being paid less importance than in pudukottai. A quantity of about 25 to 30 MT is generated per day and composted an aerobically. Diseases The types of diseases prevailing in the basin are Fever, Typhoid fever, Tuberculosis, Leprosy, Twakrogam, Verinam, Hypertensive diseases, Isehemic diseases, Sivogam, Nasrogam and others. Water weeds All ponds situated nearer to the habitations are the sources and the existence of waterweeds. The tanks affected by waterweeds are water hyacinth, salvania, water penywort, spirulina, giant brown kelp and red seaweed. Sub Basins Ubder IAMWARM 1st year Agniyar Sub Basin The Agniyar river otherwise Known as "Agnanavimochana" originates from the surplus of Kulathur tank in Kulathur Village, Kulathur taluk of Pudukottai District at latitude of 10° 35 N and longitude of 78° 46 E and at a distance of 36km from Trichy along Trichy-Pudukkotai road. The river runs for a distance of about 80 km from its origin and joins the Bay of Bengal at about 5 km South of Rajamadam Village of Pattukkottai Taluk. Agniyar has three tributaries namely Nariar I, Nariar II, and Maharaja Samudram. Ambuliyar Sub Basin River Ambuliyar has its origin in the catchment area of Manjamviduthi tank of Alangudi Taluk, Pudukottai District. The River after traversing a total distance of 48 km empties into Bay of Bengal in Ammanichatram Village of Pattukottai Taluk in Thanjavur District. The total sub basin area of Ambuliyar is 759.70 km2. In the Upper Ambuliyar basin there are no tributaries, but two tributaries join in the lower Ambuliyar Basin. A-35 Annexure-I South Vellar Sub Basin The South Vellar River originates as a stream in Kumarikatti reserve forest area near Manjinampatti Village, 20 km Northwest of Thuvarankurichi in Manapparai Taluk of Tiruchi District. The total length of South Vellar River from its origin to its confluence with sea is about 137 km. The total basin area of Vellar River is 1931.51 km2. The main tributaries of South Vellar River are Nerunjiludiar and Gundar. System deficiencies 1. Most of the anicuts, sluices and weirs are in damaged condition 2. Water use efficiencies are minimum due to old irrigation practices 3. Inadequate facilities of marketing, storing and transportation Proposed actions 1. Providing equitable distribution of irrigated water by better water management 2. Rehabilitation of anicuts, tanks and lining of supply channels, desilting of tanks. 3. Alternate crop pattern 4. Adopting sprinkler and drip irrigation 5. Creating awareness among farmers, public and local bodies. A-36 Annexure-I PAMBAR RIVER BASIN Demography The total population of the basin based on 2001 census is 1021222. In this basin male population (505487) constitutes 49.50 % of the total population. The total female population (515735) of 2001 has an edge over male population constituting 50.5% over the total population of the basin for 2001. The total population density of the basin (Based on 2001 census) is 302.63 / Sqkm. Location The Pambar basin is bounded by the longitudes 7807'20" E to 7907'9" E and latitudes 9044'19"N to 10025'32"N. It is spread over the districts of Pudukkottai, Sivagangai, Trichy, Dindigul, Madurai and Ramnad. Hydrology The main river Pambar (one of the minor rivers in Tamil Nadu) originates in left side Callingullah of Thamaraikanmoi which is the tail end tank of Thamaraikanmoi group, in Thirumayam village and taluk in Pudukkottai district and traverse through Pudukkottai district & Ramanathapuram district and gets divided into three courses and finally falls into the Bay of Bengal .The rivers Kottakariyar, Thenar and Virusuliar alias Manimuthar are the three tributaries joining the main river Pambar. Geology The area is comprised of Archaean complex on the northwest and overlain by upper Gondwana, Tertiary and recent to sub recent formations on the east. Cretaceous fornations occur in the sub surface. Hydrogeology The thickness of weathered zone varies from 20-40m BGL. In Crystalline formations the depth of bore wells range from 14-82m BGL. The Yield of the bore wells range from 50 1pm to 200 1pm. In the sedimentary formations, the thickness of sandstone varies from 70-lOOm BGL. The depth of the bore well ranges from 27m to 429m BGL. The yield of the bore wells ranges from 50-500 1pm. Surface water potential Rainfall is the only source that contributes to this potential. Isohyetal method was used to arrive at the average rainfall using Isohyets for all the 3 different seasons. The surface water potential of the basin is 508.8 Mcum Ground water potential A-37 Annexure-I The ground water potential of the basin is 1085.14 Mcum. Surface Water Quality The quality of surface water at Pambar basin is found to be contaminated but the contamination level has to be considered low which is good both for human consumption and irrigation use. Ground Water Quality Areas of Pudukottai and Ranmad Districts the TDS in water exceeds 2000 ppm which limits its use for internal consumption In Pambar basin the following areas are having high nitrate content namely Keelasevalpatti, Kattukudipatti, Kottaiyur & Sambanur.The EC in the lower reaches are found to vary much from the permissible limits. Pulipatti and Kottampatti of Melur taluk are the areas posing potential danger of fluoride. Agriculture Of the total cultivable area of 112510 ha, 75293 ha of area is covered under wet agriculture and the remaining 37217 ha under dry crops. There are only a few wells in the command area and in dry crop area for supplementation. Mostly rainfed dry crops are raised in the dry lands and only in areas where well irrigation facility is available, irrigated dry crops are raised, Some farmers, raise irrigated dry crops even in the absence of wells in their lands, by purchasing water from adjacent wells. Sand mining At present sand mining is not being done any where in the basin area due to non- availability of sand. Water weeds Of the waterweeds generally found in waterway, Ipomoea and water hyacinth are the two plants that are common. While Ipomoea is commonly found in many tanks in the basin, water hyacinth grows prolifically in Ooranies. Seismic zones The basin area is falling under the Zone II. The basic seismic coefficient for Pambar is taken as 0.02 and the value of importance factor of all types of dams is considered as 3. And being designed based on the specifications specified in IS 1893 - 1984. Solid waste Water bodies of the nearby areas are invariably used for disposal. Six such cases A-38 Annexure-I have been noticed in Pambar basin, which are Tiruppathur where All the solid waste produced by the town population is disposed off in the foreshore of Panikkanendal tank, Singanpunari is yet another town that deposits its solid waste of 5 tonnes, in the Palar river which flows very near to the town, Thirumayam and Ponnamaravathi the waste is dumped in dumped at foreshore of Vengai kanmol and Thirumukkani tank. Diseases Acute diarrhoeal disease, cholera, Typhoid, Jaundice, Malaria, Measles and chicken pox are the diseases common in all areas of the basin. Salinity The taluks affected by salinity in this basin are Devakkotai, Thirupattur and Thiruvadanai. The range of percentage of area affected in the basin is 30-100% Literacy The literates of the basin are 620820, which constitute 60.79% of the total population. The no. of male literates is 367341 constituting 59.17 % and the female literates (253479) constitute 40.83 %. System deficiencies 1. Low level of tank bunds and deep bed sluices reduce the storage capacity of the tank 2. Dilapidated conditions of sluices and weirs resulting in uncontrolled water delivery 3. Lack of adequate control of regulating structures like anicuts Proposed actions 1. Improving the overall irrigation efficiencies by rehabilitation of conveyance and storage system 2. Conjunctive use of surface and ground water by giving awareness to farmers 3. Lining of field channels to the required extent 4. Rehabilitation of system and non system tanks and anicuts A-39 Annexure-I GUNDAR BASIN Demography Gundar Basin is having a total population of 2,289,876 of which 1,149,875 is male population and 1,140,001 is female population. Within the basin Madurai South Taluk area is having highest population 944,663 of which male 478,419 and female 466,244. Location Gundar river basin is one of the major river basins of Tamil Nadu with a drainage area of 5912 Sq. km. It is located between the geographic co-ordinates Latitude 90 05'N- 100 03'N and Longitude 770 35' E - 780 35' E. It is situated in between Vaigai basin in the North and Vaippar basin in the south. The basin covers part of Madurai, Sivagangai, Virudhunagar, Ramanathapuram and Thuthukudi Districts Hydrology The Gundar River takes its rise from the Eastern slope of Varusanadu hills at an altitude of 500 m and about 60 km westward of Madurai city. Gundar basin includes Vembar, Palar and Kottakudiar (Uthirakosamangaiar) sub basins. Vembar sub basin is located in the southern side of Gundar Basin. Palar and Kottakudiar (Uthirakosamangaiar) sub basins are located on the northern side of Gundar Basin Geology Gundar river basin comprises crystalline rocks of Achaean age on the Northwest and sedimentary rocks of tertiary and quaternary age on the southeastern coastal area. Archaean and sedimentary formations are more or less equally distributed in this area. Hydrogeology The thickness of withered zone in crystalline areas is from 15 to 40 m and highly sheared and jointed zone is from 10 to 60m below ground level. Depth to bedrock varies from 10 to 60m in the crystalline formation and is in the increasing trend in the coastal sedimentary. The depth of the boreholes drilled in the crystalline formations ranges from 24 to 50m in general. The reported yield of bore wells in the crystalline formations range from 18 to 836 liters per minute (1pm). The specific capacity values varying from 0.001 to 0.09 m3/min/m indicate that the hard rock in the basin is generally poor aquifers. Transmissivity varies from 16 to 168 m2 / day. About 40 % of the basin area is occupied by sedimentary formation. Specific capacity of bore wells in the sedimentary formations range from 0.00018 m3/min/m to 0.226 m3/min/m. A-40 Annexure-I Surface water quality There is no surface flow in the basin due to failure of monsoon, hence surface water quality as on date could not be assessed and reported. However the past experience shows that the surface water in the basin is generally good and fit for irrigation and other purposes. Ground Water quality Ground water quality is generally good in small patches within the basin in Thirumanglam, Vilathikulam, Thiruchuli, Madurai and Ramanathapuram taluks with total dissolved solids ranging between 31 - 499 mg/l. Except a few patches in major portion of Ramanathapuram, Kadaladi, Mudukulathur, Kamudi and Paramakudi Taluks the quality of groundwater is poor with total dissolved solids above 2000 mg/l. Almost 75% of the basin area the quality is moderate with TDS ranges between 501 to 1999 mg/l. Fluoride concentration in drinking warer is high in Narikudi,T. Meenakshipuram,P.Pudupatti, Ramanujapuram villages of Madurai district.The nitrate concentarion is also high in Utthappanaickanur, Chinnakattlai and Elaiarpathi villages. Industries In this basin there are 1293 small, medium and large-scale industries with various kinds of activities. Most of the industries are small and medium scale industries and there is only a few large scale industries. Out of 1293 industries 1037 are located in Madurai South and Thirumangalam Taluk and 256 are in rural area. Concentration of industries is high only in urban areas - Madurai and Thirumangalam Taluk. In rural areas the numbers of industries are thin. Waterweeds There is lush growth of Juliflora on the Kattanur tank bund of Virudhunagar district. In Girudhumal river within Madurai city limit in the stretches wherever sewage water from the adjoining habitats let into the river there is abundant growth of water Hyacinth. Near Ellies Nagar growth of water Hyacinth choked the Girudhumal River. Valaiveesi Teppakulam near Ellis Nagar and Virahanur Tank are fully infested with water Hyacinth.Ipomoea is present in majority of tanks in Gundar basin. Encroachments The Gudumal River has been encroached and the solid wastes and Garbage collected from the houses situated in the vicinity are being dumped in Girudamal. The encroachments in other channels, which are flowing across Madurai city, cause much damage to the life and property of people during floods. A-41 Annexure-I Solid Waste The Major Source Of Solid Wastes Dumped in water bodies is the Madurai city lying in the South of river Vaigai. Various locations of water bodies namely Gridhumal River, supply channels passing through Madurai city and tanks. Agriculture The main occupation of people living in Gundar Basin is only agriculture and Cattle rearing. 80 % of the population is having their livelihood by means of these two sectors only. Most of the lands are rain fed used for cultivation of dry crops like Ground nut, Millets, Cotton and Pulses. The area under tanks is cultivated with crops like Paddy, Cotton, Millets and Pulses according to the availability of water in the tanks. Perennial crops like Sugarcane, Banana and Flowers are cultivated in the tank fed areas supplemented by wells. Literacy Total literate population in the basin is 1,611,937 of which male literate 907,124 and female literate 704,813. In the basin 70.39% people are literate. Within the basin Madurai south taluk having highest population is also having highest male literates 498,495 and female literates 423,250. Sub basins under IAMWARM for the Ist year Therkkar sub basin Therkkar River originates from the northern end of Doddappanaicken hill ranges near Usilampatti in Madurai District. There are 271 tanks situated within the Therkkar minor basin chatchment area. The total ayacut under these tanks is 9736.09 ha. Paralaiyar sub basin The river Paralaiyar is a tributary of Gundar River. It starts about 11 Kms west of Manamadurai that is from the surplus of Keelapasalai Tank and is fed by surplus of many Vaigai fed tanks in Manamadurai taluk of Sivagangai District. The river runs into two arms up to Mosukudi where it joins together and runs through Manamadurai, Pramakudi, Kamuthi, and Mudukulathur Taluks. The total area of sub basin is about 670 sq.km.The total No of tanks benefited under this basin is 41. The total ayacut under this basin is about 1586.00 Hec. A42 Annexure-I The cropping pattern of this system 1st crop is paddy and the 2nd crops are chilly, groundnut, pulses, vegetables and cotton. System deficiencies 1. The system is one of the old system existing for more than hundred years, as such requires rehabilitation. 2. Heavy accumulation of silt due to hilly region and contour nature of canal system. 3. No scheme works were done during the passt years. Results non-effective irrgation. 4. Lack of adequate control of regulating structures like anicut etc., 5. This sub basins totally consistes of Non system tanks. Hence this non-system tank requires rehabilitation. Proposed actions 1. Improving the supply channels to improve and assure the irrigation efficiency of the conveyance system by rehabilitation of the supply channels in the way of desilting and lining the supply channel. 2. Rehabilitation of non-system tanks and its components like sluices, weirs etc., 3. Rehabilitate the Anicut by Repairs and Reconstruction of Anicuts. 4. Improve the River system and channel by River Training works. 5. To improve the facilities by agriculture by providing Thrashing floor, 6. Construction of open wells, etc., 7. To improve the Basic Activities of the WUA by constructing Buildings for water users Associations. A43 Annexure-I KALLAR RIVER BASIN Demography The river basin covers three taluks i.e, Kovilpatti, Ottapidaram and a small part of Vilathikulam. Under Kovilpatti it comes around 23 panchayats, under Ottapidaram it comes around 24 panchayats and under Vilathikulam taluk 9 panchayats. Thus there are 56 panchayats with a population of 52517 in Kovilpatt. 71158 in Ottapidaram 29795 in Vilathikulam. Location The river basin Kallar including Korampallamaru is situated entirely in Tuticorin district between the latitudes 8 0 45' N and 9 0 09' N and longitudes 77 0 45' E and 78 0 13' E. 40.66% of the total area of Tuticorin district (4621 kn2), which accounts to about 1878.80 km2 is covered by the Kallar river basin area. There are two rivers in this river basin. They are the Kallar River in the northern side and Korampallam River in southern side. This basin is surrounded by Vaippar basin in the north, Tambiraparani basin in west and south and the Gulf of Mannar in the east. Hydrology The Malattar is the main tributary of river Kallar. The catchment area of the basin is 465.7358 sq. km. There are eight anicuts in the Kallar river basin. Geology The basin is covered by geological formation of Archaean, tertiary and recent to sub-recent periods. The Archaean sets up of rocks are identified at Ottapidaram and Vilathikulam taluks which are found to have crystalline metamorphic complex exposed in many areas. Tertiary rock sandstones are recorded in the coastal village of Pattinamarudur. Hydrogeology The quaternary sediments occurring in this basin are represented by laterites, older alluvium, recent alluvium and teri sands. In this alluvial formation, the depth of the bore wells drilled varies from 18m to 302.4m BGL. Seismicity The north east part of Tamil Nadu including Chennai is included in zone III according to the revised seismic zoning map. The remaining areas come under the zone II. Kallar river basin including Korampallamaru is included in zone II where the seismic activities are comparatively less. A-44 Annexure-I Surface water potential Total surface water potential of this basin is 203 MCM, which is roughly 0.8% of the available surface water potential of the state. Ground water potential The ground water details for the Kallar river basin are observed from seven stations, namely Eppodumvendran, Idaiseval, Keelakarai, Kadumbur, Kulathur, Pasuvandanai and T.Duraiyoor. The ground water levels in all the seven stations were declining gradually in the past few years Surface Water Quality High TDS is observed in wells near the coastal tracks. High nitrate concentration is noticed in Vilatikulam, Kovilpatti, Kayathar, Pasuran thanai, Puthiamputur and Eppodum ventran. Domestic sewages of wayside villages are directly discharged into the river. The industrial effluents allowed into the river cause water pollution in several areas. Major industries located in Thoothukudi in Kallar basin spoil marine eco system. Sterilite industry also located in this basin is causing water pollution. Ground Water Quality Kallar basin is not having enough water resources and the rural population depends on ground water for drinking purposes. For fresh water the EC ranges from 10 to 1000 micromhos/cm. In kallar basin area the EC ranges from 600 to 9000 micromhos/cm which is an indication of water pollution.pH is also high on the alkaline side, ranging from 7.10 to 9.0. The total hardness and total dissolved solids are also high in all the places. The average concentration of sulphates and chlorides are very high. Nitrate exceeds the drinking limit of 45 ppm. Ground water of kallar basin is generally hard to very hard in nature, with high sulphates, bicarbonates and high concentration of nitrates. The ground water quality is poor in most of the area of Kallar basin. Forest The forest cover area that is found around the river basin is 2341.01 hectares. The forest area cover under the RF (reserve forest area) was noticed only at two places in kallar river basin. 1. Kurumalai - 1258.24 hectares - this comes under the Kovilpatty taluk and 2. Salikulam - 1082.77 hectares - present in the Ottapidaram taluk. There are 5 Reserve Forests in the basin. Agriculture In the Kovilpatti taluk, which comes under the Kallar basin area, constitutes of 73.57% of dry lands and 26.43% of wetlands. The Ottapidaram taluk area, which comes under the Kallar basin area, consists of 82.05% of dry lands and 17.95% of wetlands. As A45 Annexure-I in the case of Vilathikulam taluk under the basin area the dry land percentage was as high as 96.11% while the wetland percentage was a low 3.89%. In average, the kallar basin area consists of 83.91% of dry land and 16.09% of wetlands. Among cereals, paddy, cumbu and cholam occupy greater proportion of the area. Green gram and black gram are the major pulses cultivated. Among spices, coriander and chillies accounts for greater proportion of the area. In the non-food category cotton occupies the major area. Sand mining Among the villages covered the river basin, illegal sand mining is carried out in Mullur. Water flows through the Kallar and Korampallam only during the rainy seasons. Due to the sand mining the free flow of water is interrupted and much water doesn't reach the end region of the river. Industries A total of 57 match industries and the waste are dumped in a pit and finally burnt. The effluents are discharged in to the open drains. So far, there has been no pollution problem in the activity of these small-scale industries. Calcium factories/ bone mill at Chozhapuram village sends out foul smell in the area. There are 12 salt pans and 6 match factories. Solid waste Ottapidaram block has this consistent problem where the solid wastes are dumped into water bodies. Soil Erosion Erosion is witnessed near Tharuvaikulam and Vellapatti in a slow and steady pace. The Pattinamarudur coast has remains of rocks on the shore that clearly portrays the action on waves on the rocks leaving behind ruptured marks. In the river basin the dry lands occupy the major share compared to wetlands Waterweeds Eppodhumvendran tank has sometimes the infestation of Eichomia sp., Lemna major and L. minor. Other than that there is no major water infestation for this basin area. Water logging and salinity Water logging is a phenomenon when the soil is clay in nature. These types of lands avoid the percolation of water and water is easily retained. As for salinity this occurs in almost all the coastal villages of Ottapidaram and Vilathikulam taluks. The villages that face salinity problem in the coastal area include Veppalodai, Vadakkukalmedu, Therkukalmedu, Tharuvaikulam, Pattinamarudur and Sakkammalpuram. The salinity problem occurs throughout the year. A46 Annexure-I Sea Water Intrusion The seawater intrusion is found to be a major problem in some of the villages in both Kallar and Korampallam river basins. Irrational exploitation of the groundwater by digging bore wells has paved way for the intrusion of the seawater into the ground water table. The effect of seawater is felt up to a distance of 9 Km towards the villages in Ottapidaram and Vilathikulam taluks. Diseases Most of the villages in both the river basins were devoid of any proper drainage system or sanitation system. The water borne diseases in both the basin areas are found to be caused by bacteria and viruses. The major bacterial diseases are Cholera, Typhoid, Paratyphoid, Dysentery, Diarrhea, Leptospirosis and Tuberculosis. System deficiencies 1) This system is a good old system existing for more than thousand years, as such requires rehabilitation. 2) Heavy accumulation of silt due to hilly region and contour nature of canal system. 3) The deteriorated condition of the conveyor system resulting in heavy seepage, leakage, especially in the left out portions of WRCP Phase I. 4) Lack of adequate control of regulating structures like anicut etc., 5) Deteriorated canal with low efficiency and their inspection roads. 6) Rehabilitation of system and non system tanks. 7) Lack of awareness among the farmers for effective utilization of water. 8) Lack of modem communication system for effective water regulation Proposed actions 1. Improving the overall efficiency of the conveyor systems. 2. Rehabilitation of system and non system tanks. 3. Conjunctive use of surface and ground water in all sources by giving awareness among farmers. 4. Providing micro irrigation wherever possible in consultation with line departments. 5. Introducing horticultural crops requiring less water consumption. 6. Introducing modem techniques in crop cultivation like SRI, Vermi compost, coir pith etc., by giving awareness among farmers using demo plots. 7. Providing check dams, gully plugging etc., so as to increase the ground water recharge and reduction in soil erosion. 8. Providing adoptive research trials and publicity, seminar etc, among the farmers of the sub basin with the help of TNAU. 9. Providing modem communication system for effective water regulation. A47 Annexure-I KODAIYAR RIVER BASIN Demography Kothaiyar basin has an area of 1523 Km2 and it covers almost the entire Kanyakumari District. There are four Municipalities, five urban town Panchayats, sixty- one rural town Panchayats and one Panchayat Township. The population density of this basin is 994 people per Km2 as against state population density of 428 people per Km2 Location Kodaiyar river basin is located between latitude 08005 N and 08035 N and longitude 77005 E and 77035 E. This basin lies at the southern most tip of Indian Peninsular. This is a small basin having an area of 1533 Sq.Km and hilly area of 607 Sq. Km, which is more than 1/3rd of basin area. The entire basin in the north and Nambiyar basin in the east and Neyyar basin of Kerala state in the west. Out of four taulk of Kanniyakumari districts it covers the full extent of Villavancode, Kalkulam and Agastheeswaram taulk and most of Thovalai taulk. Hydrology The river Kodaiyar originates in the western slope of Western Ghats and falls into Arabian Sea near Thengapattinam in the name of Tambaraparani. The river has got two main tributaries - Kodaiyar and Paralayar.The river Kodaiyar is the major tributary of river Kuzhithuraiar and it originates on the western slopes of Agasthia hills at an altitude of 1500m M.S.L. and has many tributaries of which Chittar I and Chittar II are major ones. Geology The geological formations met within the Kothaiyar river basin belong to the Archaean, Tertiary and Quarternary ages. The Archaean formations include garnetiferous sillimanite gneiss, gametiferous biotite gneiss, felspathic gneiss and charnockite. The tertiary formations include thin bands of shell limestone, sandstone and variegated clay, which are overlain by recent to sub recent kankar, laterite, terisands coastal alluvium and soils. Hydrogeology Groundwater in this basin occurs under water table conditions in the weathered zones of gneiss and charnockites. The depth of well extends upto 40m below ground level (bgl). The water level varies from 19 to 25m in summer and in winter it reaches to ground level to 3m below ground level. Weathered and partially weathered zone underlying the topsoil varies from 8m to 65m bgl. Water Potential A48 Annexure-I The surface and groundwater potential of Kodayar basin is 925 MCM, 342.1 MCM and Pazhayar Sub Basin is 95.5 MCM, 117.09 MCM respectively. Surface Water Quality The entire sewage coming from the Municipal limits of Nagercoil is let into Pazhayar River and its branch Parakkaikal. This poses considerable pollution. Surface water quality is affected due to coir retting along the coast of Kanyakumari district. Ground Water Quality The chloride contents in the well near Mylady exceeds the permissible limit of 1000 mg/lit, the content being 1175 and 1283 mg/lit for pre and post-monsoon period respectively. However in well Aralvoimozhi increased sulphate content is noted over certain periods. In Mylaudy and Aralvoimozhi nitrate content is found to be high. In general water quality is found to be good in most areas. Agriculture Kothaiyar basin has a total cultivated area of 106559 ha. The net area sown on an average is 80944 ha and area sown more than once is about 19816 ha. The major crop is paddy. The oil seeds crop like gingelly, groundnut, castor, millets like cholam, cumbu, ragi, pulse crops like green gram, red gram, balck gram, and sugar cane occupies the remaining area. Forest The Forests in Kanyakumari District are verdant and virgin and are said to be 75 million years old. Of the total district area of 167130 ha. Government Forests occupy an area of 50486 ha which comes to about 30.2 % of the total District geographic area. The forest area is 30.2 % of total district geographical area, which is next to Nilgiris district with 59 % and Dharmapuri District with 38 % in the State. The District is having 52% of its forests as dense forests coming only second to Dharmapuri District with 58 %. Sand mining Sand mining is severe in the places of Chitharai, Mancaud, Themanoor and Kuzhithurai of the basin area. Soil Erosion There is the specific catchment degradation problem in the watershed of this basin. The areas severely affected by this basin are Kanyakumari and Thengaipattinam. Encroachment The river basin is degraded and damaged due to different types of encroachments. The waterspread area of most of the ponds reduced and increased siltation. The encroachment of the channels and their banks reduced or totally obstructed the flow of A49 Annexure-I water. Weeds Waterweeds are a major problem in most of the ponds in Kanyakumari district. The blocks affected by waterweeds are Rajakkamangalam, Agasthesswaram, Kallakulam and Vilavancode. The dominant weeds are Eichhomia, Ottelia, Lotus, Lilly, Ipomoea, Salvinia, Pistia, Trapa, Typha and Neptunia. Sea Water Intrusion Kanniyakumari Districts covers a long coastline running for about 65km. Length. Cystaline rocks comprising granite occupy most of the 6 miles area from sea cost and gneiss acts as a barrier to seawater intrusion. The coastal area of the basin is affected by this saline water intrusion. Sea Water intrusion is recorded in many coastal villages, particularly in Anjugrarnam, Manakudy, Puthalam, Pallam, Eathamozhy, Rajakkamangalam, Kadiyapattinam, Colachel, Midalam, Enayam, and in many others particularly during summer. Diseases The common water borne diseases prevalent in the basin are malaria, diarrhea, Jaundice, Japanese encephalitis and cholera. Solid waste Some of the ponds in Municipal; and Town Panchayat areas were filled up with solid wastes and now converted into play grounds, stadiums; and for construction of buildings. Seismic Zones The basin area is falling under the Zone II. The basic seismic coefficient for Kodaiyar is taken as 0.02 and the value of importance factor of all types of dams is considered as 3. And being designed based on the specifications specified in IS 1893 - 1984. Literacy The literacy rate is 85.7% for males and 78.39% for females as against the state literacy rate of 74.83% for males and 52.29% for females. Pazhayar sub basin Pazhayar is one of the sub basins of Kodayar basin considered for treatment under IAMWARM Project. The river Pazhayar actually originates in the Northern slope of A-50 Annexure-I Western ghats from Kurathimalai at an altitude of 550m above M.S.L. Thadavaiyar, Ulakkaruviar, Koya Odai, Alanthuraiyar and Poigaiyar are the tributaries of Pazhayar.The river Pazhayar, a medium size river originating near Surulacode, drains the Pazhayar basin and finally enters the Arabian Sea near Manakudy after traveling a distance of 35km. The Pazhayar sub basin area is 476 sq.km. System deficiencies 1. This system is a good old system existing for more than thousand years, as such requires rehabilitation. 2. Heavy accumulation of silt due to hilly region and contour nature of canal system. 3. The deteriorated condition of the conveyor system resulting in heavy seepage, leakage, especially in the left out portions of WRCP Phase I. 4. Lack of adequate control of regulating structures like anicut etc., 5. Deteriorated canal with low efficiency and their inspection roads. 6. Rehabilitation of system and non-system tanks. 7. Lack of awareness among the farmers for effective utilization of water. 8. Lack of modern communication system for effective water regulation Proposed actions 1. Improving the overall efficiency of the conveyor systems. 2. Rehabilitation of system and non-system tanks. 3. Conjunctive use of surface and ground water in all sources by giving awareness among farmers. 4. Providing micro irrigation wherever possible in consultation with line departments. 5. Introducing horticultural crops requiring less water consumption. 6. Introducing modem techniques in crop cultivation like SRI, Vermi compost, coir pith etc., by giving awareness among farmers using demo plots. 7. Providing check dams, gully plugging etc., so as to increase the ground water recharge and reduction in soil erosion. 8. Providing adoptive research trials and publicity, seminar etc, among the farmers of the sub basin with the help of TNAU. 9. Providing modern communication system for effective water regulation. A-51 Annexure-I KOTTAKARIYAR RIVER BASIN Demography The basin has a total population of 5,12,046. Out of this male population is 250061 accounts for 48.84% and the female population is 261985 accounts for 51.16%. The average population density of the basin is 229.41 persons/sq.km. The percentage of male literacy of the total male population is 73.78% where as the percentage of female literacy is 55.34. Location The Kottakaraiyar basin lies in between 78023'42" E to 79°1'12. 5" E longitude and 9°29'20" N to 1002'56" N latitudes. The basin extends over a total area of 2232.06 Km2 in the districts of Madurai, Sivagangai and Ranmad. Hydrology Kottakaraiyar River is a jungle stream formed by the surplus of many tanks in Sivaganga and Thiruvadanai taluks. The river originates from Kottakaraiyar anicut constructed just below the link channel in Suryankottai River. Geology The area is comprised of Archaean Complex on the north west and overlain by Upper Gondwana, Tertiary and recent to sub recent formations on the east. Creataceous formations occur in the Sub-surface. Overlying the Archaeans, upper gondwana formations, known as Sivaganga beds of upper Jurassic age crop out over cretaceous formations of lower cretaceous formations consist of top forming marker limestone bed and the bottom forming the clay sandstone with shale formations. Hydrogeology The basin is built up of Archean rocks comprising of Gneisses and Charnockites on Western part and sedimentary rocks comprising of Tertiary sandstone and laterite in the Eastern portion. The thickness of weathered zone varies *from 20-40m BGL. In Crystalline formations the depth of bore wells range from 14-82m BGL. The Yield of the bore wells range from 50 1pm to 200 1pm. In the sedimentary formations, the thickness of sandstone varies from 70-lOOm BGL. The depth of the bore well ranges from 27m to 429m BGL. The yield of the bore wells ranges from 50-500 1pm. A-52 Annexure-I Surface Water Potential The total surface water potential of the basin is 310.92 Mcum.15% of rainfall recorded is available in the form of surface flow in any season. Ground Water Potential The total ground water potential of the basin is 304.69 Mcum Surface Water Quality Sewage disposal is a daily phenomenon, the sewage ponds up in low pockets and gets diluted only when the tank receives water. This amounts to large-scale contamination and affects soil crop and, ground water, as also the health of humans and cattle and aquatic life. Ground Water Quality In Kalaiyarkovil, Thondi, Thiruvadani, Devakottai, Sivangangai areas, the ground water quality is found to be saline and unsafe for human consumption and the chloride values exceed the permissible limits. In Ilayangudy, Sivagangai and Semburam of Karaikudy taluk the ground water wells are found to have excessive nitrates causing nitrate contamination. In some areas of Manamadurai, and Paramakudy taluks, fluoride in ground water is below the lower tolerable limit of 0.4-ppm .In Thondi of Tiruvadanai Taluk and in RS Mangalam the TDS exceeds 5000 ppm. Potable water is available in areas near the coast only at very shallow depth of 6m. Industries Except for a few textile industries, there are no major industries in this basin. Small-scale industries are needed to be established in order to generate employment in the villages. Agriculture Agriculture is the main occupation of the basin population besides Cattle and sheep-goat keeping and poultry. Of the total cultivable area of 82038 ha, 57715 ha of area is covered under wet agriculture and the remaining 24323 ha under dry crops. Mostly rainfed dry crops are raised in the dry lands and only in areas where well irrigation facility is available, irrigated dry crops are raised. Some farmers, raise irrigated dry crops even in the absence of wells in their lands, by purchasing water from adjacent wells. Seismic Zones The basin area is falling under the Zone II. The basic seismic coefficient for Kottakariyar is taken as 0.02 and the value of importance factor of all types of dams is considered as 3. And being designed based on the specifications specified in IS 1893 - 1984. Water weeds A-53 Annexure-I The weed growth is the major issue of concern in this basin. Most of the water- spread area is covered with ipomea, water hyacinth. Ipomoea is commonly found in many tanks in the basin. Water hyacinth grows prolifically in Ooranies. An average of about 15% of the basin area is estimated to have been covered by these pest plants. The problems encountered in the basin due to the prolific growth of these plants are Water logging In low-lying areas near the coast water logging conditions prevail. Theseeas are located between Tondi and Devipattinam. The average width of the area affected is about 1.2 km. Sea Water Intrusion Seawater intrusion is a problem near coastal areas. In R.S.Mangalam, and other coastal areas, potable water is available only in depths up to 6m. In R.S.Mangalam, the TDS exceeds 7000mg/litre. Diseases Acute diarrheal disease (A.D.D), cholera, Typhoid, Jaundice and Malaria are the diseases that affect the basin population generally. Respiratory disorders and TB are common in Vellalore and areas where stone quarrying is doneLeprosy is prevalent in all areas although the prevalence rate is small. Sub basins under IAMWARM for lst year Kottakariyar sub basin Kottakariyar sub basin originated from RS Mangalam tank and confluences at Palk Strait near Puthukadu. Nattarkal and Nattar are the tributaries of the basin. The total area of the sub basin is 1427.20 sq.km. Saruguniar sub basin Saruganiar river is the first river of the basin originating from Alavaikottai tank of Sivagangai Taluk and confluences at R.S. Mangalam big tank and a part of this falls in Kottakariyar.The Surplus of this tank empties into the Palk Strait near Puthukadu. The total area of the sub basin is 557.56 sq.km A-54 Annexure-I System deficiencies 1. Low level of tank bunds and deep bed sluices reduce the storage capacity of the tank 2. Dilapidated conditions of sluices and weirs resulting in uncontrolled water delivery 3. Lack of adequate control of regulating structures like anicuts Proposed actions 1. Improving the overall irrigation efficiencies by rehabilitation of conveyance and storage system 2. Conjunctive use of surface and ground water by giving awareness to farmers 3. Lining of field channels to the required extent 4. Rehabilitation of system and non system tanks and anicuts A-55 Annexure-I NAMBIYAR RIVER BASIN Demography The total population of Nambiyar basin as per 2001 census is 155926 and the male population is 74491 and that of females is 81435. Location Nambiyar River Basin is located in the Southern most part of South India and situated between 8 °33' N and 8° 33' N altitude and the longitude 770 28 E and 780 6 E. The total area of the basin is 2084 Sq.Km. This basin is bounded by Tambaraparani basin in the North, Pazhayar and Valliyoor basin on the West, Bay of Bengal on the East and Indian Ocean on the South. Hydrogeology Water level in winter reaches ground level and in summer it lowers down to 1 Om. Draw down in the ayacut is 2m and recuperation requires 15 hrs. Nearly 2736 wells are located and each well irrigates an area of 1.7 hectares. The non-ayacut area of the sub- basin is 67930.3 hectares. The weathered thickness in the non-ayacut extends up to 17m. Average depth of the well is 1 m. Water level in summer lowers down to 9m and reach 4m in winter. Draw down in the non-ayacut is 1.5m and the recuperation requires 15hrs. Seismicity In the seismic Zoning Map of India published by Bureau of Indian Standards, the basin lie in Z one II, which corresponds to seismic intensity VI on M.M. scale. However, the western part of the basin is close to zone III that corresponds to seismic intensity VII. Surface water potential The annual surface water potential for 75% dependability is 203.87MCM Ground water potential The ground water potential of the Nambiyar basin can be taken as 274.74 MCM/year Industries Palmyra industry is in many places. The cottage industries include be-keeping, artificial flowers making, cane furniture, wood turning industry, tailoring etc. Safety matches are done in many places. Handloom weaving, beedi rolling and net weaving are predominant in some places. Cotton and yarn and textile are the main items produced by the large-scale industries. A-56 Annexure-I Agriculture Wet crops like paddy, banana, fruits and vegetables, groundnut pulses, millets, cotton are grown and irrigated dry crops like groundnut, pulses, and millets are grown in the basin Forest The forest area is only 12.7%, which is very much low compared to national standards, dense forest occurs only in the high altitude ranges of Mahindragiri and surrounding areas. In the plains medium and low dense forest and scrub forest developed. Water Weeds Most of the Basin area is covered with waterweeds like Eichomia crassipes, (Mart.) Solms. Lamb, Ipomea carnea Jacq, Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce. Due to the encroachment of these weeds the flow of water and ground water potential are severely affected. Besides these weeds there are other minor weeds are also seen in the basin. Diseases The incidence of water borne diseases is high. Malaria is in high order in Tirunelveli district. System Deficiencies 1. As the irrigation network is age old, the existing conveyance distribution systems are functioning with moderate / less efficiencies. 2. Due bto outdated old traditional method of irrigation practices, the water use effieciencies are also minimum. 3. The income of the farmers are mainly from agricultural outputs and thereby the living standards of the farmers and their dependant are not enriched. 4. Due to inadequate facilities of transporting, storing and marketing, the full bebefit of the hard works are not rewarded. This in turn reflects in the growth of the Nation. Proposed actions 1. Improving the over all irrigation efficiency of the existing irrigation system. 2. Saving surface water to possible extent and planning for rain water harvesting. 3. Rehabilitation and modernization of the irrigation structures. 4. Improving the overall conveyance efficiency and in also providing equitable distribution of irrigation water. 5. Improve the system tanks and Non system tanks. 6. Adopting Sprinkler and drip irrigation. A-57 Annexure-I 7. Conjunctive use of surface and Ground water in all sectors. 8. Awareness and participation of women in WUA. A-58 Annexure-I PARAMBIKULAM ALIYAR RIVER BASIN Demography The total basin population is 14, 61,744.There is a significant growth rate in this basin. Valparai taluk is less thickly populated and there has been a reduction in its growth rate by 4%. The literacy percentage is 65.44 in the basin. Location Parambikulam Aliyar Project (PAP) basin is one of the inter-state project of Kerala and Tamil Nadu lies between latitude 10010'N and 100 30'N and Longitude between 760 and 77013E. The total catchment area of PAP is 841 km2. The PAP command area is located in parts of Pollachi, Udumalpet, Palladam and Triuppur taluks in Coimbatore district. A little part of the areas extends into Kangeyam and Dharapuram taluks of Erode district. Hydrology Parambikulam River has its origin in Ramakrishna hills and confluence with Challakudi River, the catchment of this dam lies in both Tamilnadu and Kerala state areas, which is dense forest. The total catchment area of PAP is 841 sq.km. The PAP successfully accomplished the diversion of integration of 8 west flowing rivers of which 6 in the Annamalai hills and 2 in the plains for the benefit of drought prone areas of Coimbatore and Erode districts of TamilNadu and stabilizing the existing irrigation system in Chittorpuzha of Kerala.The important tributaries of PAP river basin are Upper Nirar, Thunakadavu, Sholayar and Thirumoorthy. Geology The basin area of PAP consists of metamorphic igneous rocks. Hydrogeology The potential hard rock aquifers are found in Coimbatore district. The existences of deeply weathered and fractured zones are noticed along certain lineaments, which are capable of yielding potential supplies. Surface Water Quality In Thunakadavu dam, the TDS concentration is high. The impounded surface water from Upper Aliar is also very soft with low mineral matter content but however shows somewhat higher figures compare to other dam sources. Surface water is getting contaminated due to coconut fibre soaking. The units of textile industry are contributing most of the contamination and pollution. A-59 Annexure-I Ground Water Quality The ground water quality is generally alkaline with pH values ranging from 7.2 to 9. The quality of water in the major part of the area is moderate. Ground water of moderate salinity (less than 200 micromhos/cm) occurs in areas adjoining the various 2000 micromhos/cm has been observed in areas around Palladam and Udumalpet. The poor quality of water is noted in Unjavelampatti, Chinnapoolanginar, Dhali, Udumalpet and Poosaripatti villages. The highest value of EC of >8000 microsiemens/cm is observed in Chinnapoolanginar. Nitrate concentration is reaching as high as 1200 mg/l. Excessive concentration of nitrate in ground water is found in udumalpet pollachi, negamarn, annamalai and kottur. In Anamalai, there is a large fluctuation in the nitrate concentration in ground water over a period of time. Some of the areas with excess fluoride in groundwater are Eachanari, Vadachiittoor, Sangampalayam, Vedasandur, Unjavelampatti, Kolarppatti, Devanurpudur, Erisanampatti, and Karamadaiyur. The occurrence of fluoride is attributed to appetite rich granties gnesis. Agriculture The total cropped area is about 190907 Ha which is about 39% of the total basin area. Main crops are cereals, pulses, oil seeds and fibre .Tea plantations are conspicuous in hilly reasons. Paddy is cultivated in the some low-lying pockets. Coconut farmers are suffering for need of water in Pollachi, Udumalai and Palladam areas. Forest Indira Gandhi wild life sanctuary is one of the important catchment area of the PAP. There are about 320 bird species in the sanctuary. Anamalai wild life sanctuary is the largest sanctuary in Tamil Nadu with a wide variety of flora and fauna including many endemics. Catchment degradation There is excessive deforestation in Western Ghats. Cattle growing are polluting the river system. Due to cattle washing in the water bodies, there is a spread of leptospirosis disease in vk pudur, anaimalai, kothur and samathur. Seismic Zones The basin area is falling under the Zone II. The basic seismic coefficient for PAP is taken as 0.02 and the value of importance factor of all types of dams is considered as 3. And being designed based on the specifications specified in IS 1893 - 1984. Salinity Ground water of moderate salinity (less than 200 micromhos/cm) occurs in areas adjoining the various 2000 micromhos/cm has been observed in areas around Palladam A-60 Annexure-I and Udumalpet. Such poor quality, areas are generally covered by black cotton soil with poor drainage. The urban areas of Palladam, Udumalpet and Tiruppur have contributed to higer salinities due to human activities and also due to textile industry to some extent. Sand mining Sand mining is done in water-spread areas of Aliyar and Thirumurty dam. This has lead to ground water depletion in the riverbed. Water logging Water logging is found in certain places like Poosaripatti and Anamalai in Pollachi taluk, Ammapatti in Gudimangalam block, Kongalnagar, salayur and C.P.Kinar in Udumalpet block. Water Weeds Waterweeds are a major problem in the PAP basin. The waterweeds like Pistia and Eichornia cover larger area of water body in Anamalai, Kottur and Samathur. Diseases Water borne bacteria are responsible for causing cholera, dysentery and gastro enteritis. Diseases like Malaria, Yellow fever, filariasis are distinctly seen in Anamalai, Kottur, Somanur, Dhali of the basin. Tribals A total of 4600 tribals with 6 major tribal communities in 35 settlements in PAP basin. Tribals play a criucal role in preserving forest and wild animals and primitive agricultural practices. Natural organic farming and bio control of pests are practiced. Palar sub basin Palar is one of the sub basins of PAP basin. The average rainfall in this sub basin is 90 cm. A-61 Annexure-I System deficiencies 1. 40% of the conveyance system has been rehabilitated under wrcp phase 1 2. Conveyance efficiency gets reduced to greater extent 3. Tail end areas are not getting equitable supply of water Proposed actions 1. Increasing application efficiency from 65 -85% 2. Rain water harvesting 3. Replacement of inefficient agricultural pumpsets 4. Construction of godowns, drying yards and supply of tarpaulins 5. Reduce the conveyance and distribution losses and improve it to 70-80% by field channel lining A-62 Annexure-I TAMBRAPARANI RIVER BASIN Demography This is the largest basin, 212 revenue villages are included in this area. It starts with Tirunelveli taluk and ends with Tiruchendur taluk of Tuticorin district. The total area of this river basin is 1,57,090.7 hectare. Total population of this area is 4,83,632. The total female population (2,49,938) is larger than the male population (2,33,694). The overall literacy rate of Tamiraparani river basin is 57%. In this area 66% of the male population and 53% of the female population are literates Location The River Tamiraparani is located in the world map, between 080 8' and 090 23' N latitude and 770 09' and 770 54' E longitude. The total area of the district is 6,823 sq. km. The river basin of the district includes Shenkottai, Tenkasi, Sankarankovil (Part) Veerakeralampudur, Ambasamudram, Nanguneri (Part), Tirunelveli and Palayamkottai taluks. In the Thoothukudi district Srivaikuntam and Tiruchendur Taluks (Part), are in the river basin. The total area of the basin constitutes 5942 sq km the whole basin lies fully in the boundaries of Tamilnadu. Hydrology The river Tambraparani originates at Agastya-Malai (Pothigai Hills) on the Eastern slopes of Western Ghats at an altitude of 200 OM and it confluences with the bay of Bengal at Gulf of Mannar. The total length of river is 120 K.M. (80 K.M. in Tirunelveli District and 40 K.M. inThoothukudi District approximately. Kariyar, Servalar, Pambar, Manimuthar, JambuNathi, Ramanathi, GadanaNathi, Patchaiyar, Chittar are the tributaries of Tambraparani. The river drains with its tributaries an area of about 4500 sq. km. Hydrogeology The aquifer thickness in the sedimentary area ranges between 5.0 to 40.0 m underlain by clay, Sand stone, shale or weathered rock, water table in aquifer varies from I Om to 18.Om bgl. Surface water and ground water potential The annual water potential of the state including surface and ground water is assessed as 46,540 Mm3 (1643 TMC) where as the estimated demand is 54,395 Mm3 (1921 TMC) as of now and is likely to shoot up to 57,725 Mm3 (2038 TMC) by the year 2050. Surface Water Quality The Calcium Carbonated hardness varies from 20 - 125 mg/l. Though the hardness of water in Tambraparani basins was not very high, even that the level was A-63 Annexure-I found to be ecologically effective. The amount of Chloride ion was ranges from 7 - 28 mg/I, this moderate level of Chlorides cause sufficient water pollution. The values of TDS ranges from 20 - 201 mg/l. BOD ranges between 1.0 - 5.0 mg/I. and COD ranges between 8.0 - 200 mg/I. Ground water quality The ground water is fit for domestic and industrial purpose in inland area while in coastal areas, there is Saline water intrusion results in high concentration of TDS and minerals like chlorides and renders the ground water unsuitable for the purpose for which they were serving. Industries The industries located within 5 km from the banks of Tamiraparani River are Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation Workshop, Papanasam, Coats Vyolla Limited, Vickramasingapuram, Sun Paper Mills, Cheranmadevi and TamilNadu State Corporation Workshop Tirunelveli. In addition to that many small-scale industries are also located along the banks of the river. There are 26 industries in the basin area. Agriculture Paddy, Banana, Sugarcane, Groundnut, Chillies, cotton, Sorghum, Cumbu, Ragi, Vegetables and Pulses are the various crops raised in Tamiraparani basin area. In dry regions, diversified cropping patterns exist and no single crop claims a large share of the gross cropped area. Millets are cultivated in dry lands as rainfed crops. The dominant crops cultivated in the Tamiraparani are paddy, banana, groundnut, chillies, cholam, cumbu, ragi and maize. In this basin, the major crop is paddy as it occupies 60.7% of the gross cropped area. Forest The reserve forest is comprised of two adjacent wildlife sanctuaries viz. Kalakkad wild life sanctuaries and Mundanthurai Wild life Sanctuaries. Both in Tirunelveli district and also part of Veerapuli and Kilamalai reserve forest in Kanyakumari district. The total area of the reserve is 895 sq. km The total catchments area of this basin is 4500 sq. km. of which hilly catchments area (western ghats) is 688 sq. km. The papanasam reserve forest, part of kalakad- Mundanthurai tiger reserve is included in this catchment. Catchment Degradation The total catchment area of this basin is 4500 km2 of which hilly catchment area is 688 km2. The Papanasam reserve forest and a part of Kalakad - Mundanthurai tiger reserve constitute the catchment area. In the Upstream areas of Thamiraparani River, removal of vegetation, erosion of bank materials, absence of canopy cover are the common features. A-64 Annexure-I Soil Degradation Tamiraparani river basin with tropical climate typically faces the problem of soil degradation to a higher degree during summer, as vegetation dries up and the ground is loosend, topsoil-developing cracks. Subsequently heavy rains carry huge quantum of silt in to the river. Waterlogging Water logging is found in the taluks of Palyamkottai, Ambasamudram, Tirunelveli and Srivaikuntham of Tirunelveli District in Tambraparani Basin Water logging in Tirunelveli district is not permanent in nature. Salinity In the areas like Punnakayal and Athur in Thoothukudi district, the backwater flows in to Tambraparani River. Due to this the ground water in the adjoining places has been contaminated. In sawyerpuram area, where the ground water extraction is little bit larger scale, high salinity is noticed in ground water due to presence of calcareous materials Encroachment Encroachment is intensive in plains of the river, channel and ponds. Encroachments occur in Chittar Water Basin in 27 villages, in Gundar 2, in Hanumannadhi 14, in Karuppanadhi 5, in Tambraparani 49 and in Manimuttar lvillage. Water Weeds The invasion of waterweeds is more pronounced in this basin. Eichhomia and Ipomoea are the most dominant weeds in this basin. The infestation ranges from 10 to 100% in the tanks in this area. In Melathiruvenkatanathapuram tank Nymphaea Stellata (Lily), Melumbium Speciosum (Lotus) are seen. Pistia is seen in tanks in Muneerpallam, Kilanatham, vagaikulam, Udaiarkulam, etc. The infestation of waterweeds is estimated to be 3200 ha in this sub-basin Solid Waste Out of the 21 local bodies, which are letting untreated raw sewage in to the river, only the Tirunelveli municipality is provided with a sewerage scheme for part of the town. This scheme covers the main town and palaya pettai area. The total length of the sewers is about 40km. Pumping station is located to the east of Nainarkulam. Diseases When the water is released from the Papanasam reservoir, bad odur is felt. A-65 Annexure-I Impounded water in the reservoir contains ova of mosquitoes and other virus germs causing malaria, Typhoid, Cholera etc. Seismic Zones The basin area is falling under the Zone II. The basic seismic coefficient for Tambraparani is taken as 0.02 and the value of importance factor of all types of dams is considered as 3. And being designed based on the specifications specified in IS 1893 - 1984 Sub basins under IAMWARM for the 1st year Manimuthar sub basin The river Manimuthar is a major tributary of the Tamiraparani. It arises from the dense forest atop Senkutheri in Ambasamudram taluk at the height of about 1300 m. above MSL. The tributaries of the Manimuthar are the Keezha Manimuthar (lower or eastern Manimuthar) and the Varattar. The river runs from its source for a distance of 9 km. and confluences with the Tamiraparani near Kallidaikurichi. The catchment area of the river is 100.55 km2 The total area of the Manimuthar sub basin is 199.5 sq km. The total area of this sub basin is 4,204.47 hectare and total population is 20,459. Among this female population is 10,304 and male population is 10,155. In manimuthar sub - basin 72% male population is literate and 54% of female population is literate. Though the female population is higher than the male population the literacy rate of female population is low. System Deficiencies 1. Heavy silt accumulation due to hilly region 2. Deteriorated condition of conveyor system resulting in heavy seepage, leakage especially in the left out portions of WRCP phase- 1 3. Lack of adequate control of regulating structures like anicuts, sluices Proposed actions Improving the overall irrigation efficiency of conveyor system by rehabilitation of channels, tanks and anicuts 1. Conjunctive use of surface and ground water 2. Adoption of latest technology in agriculture Chittar sub basin Chittar sub - basin is the second largest area in the Tamiraparani river sub - basin. 127 revenue villages are come under Chittar sub - basin. The total area of this sub - basin is 1,51,547.8 hectare. Total population of this area is 4,68,577. Male population is 2,31,790 and female population is 2,36,787. In chittar sub - basin the total literacy rate is 47%. The male literacy rate is 58% and female literacy rate is 35%. A-66 Annexure-I There are 17 anaicuts in Chittar irrigation system. Total ayacut is 9646 ha. Of this 2074 ha is irrigated directly and 7,570 ha is irrigated indirectly. Total number of villages benefited is 120 and there are 4,294 wells in this area. Tank irrigation is the major source in this sub basin. System Deficiencies 1. Heavy silt accumulation due to hilly region 2. Crop failure 3. Traditional methods of irrigation practices 4. Difficulty in transportation 5. Damages due to wild animals Proposed actions Improving the overall irrigation efficiency of conveyor system by rehabilitation of channels, tanks and anicuts. 1. Providing drip and sprinkler irrigation systems to conserve ground water 2. Constriction of rain water harvesting structures such as farm ponds 3. Adoption of latest technology in agriculture 4. Construction of Gabion structures across the waterways to arrest siltation in the downstreamn tanks Lower Tamiraparani sub basin System Deficiencies 1. Heavy silt accumulation due to hilly region 2. Deteriorated condition of conveyor system resulting in heavy seepage, leakage especially in the left out portions of WRCP phase-1 3. Lack of adequate control of regulating structures like anicuts, sluices Proposed actions 1. Conjunctive use of surface and ground water 2. Adoption of latest technology in agriculture 3. Providing thrashing floors, farm roads for easy conveyance and to get quality farm products 4. Training the farmers in hitech irrigation systems 5. Improving the overall irrigation efficiency of conveyor system by rehabilitation of channels, tanks and anicuts VAIPPAR BASIN Demography A-67 Annexure-I Vaippar basin area further covers 14 taluks and 17 panchayat unions. The taluks covering fully within the basin are Srivilliputhur, Rajapalayam, Sattur, Virudhunagar, Sivakasi and Sivagiri while covering part of taluks of Peraiyur, Thirumangalam, Aruppukottai, Kariapatti, Kovilpatti, Ettayapuram and Vilathikulam and Sankaran kovil. Location Vaippar river basin is located in the southern most part of South India and situated between latitude 80 59'N to 90 49'N and longitude 770 15 E to 78° 23' E. This basin is bounded by Vaigai basin and Western Ghats on the western side, Tambaraparani and Kallar river basin on the southern side and Gundar river basin on the northern side and the Gulf of Mannar on the east. The basin area of 5423sq.km covers the administrative districts of Virudhunagar (68%) Madurai (7%) Tirunelveli (5%) and Thoothukudi (20%). There are 9 municipalities, 6 town panchayats and 13 rural town panchayats. Hydrology The river Vaippar is known as Nichabandhi in the upper reaches. Only after the confluence of Deviar with Nichabandhi the river is called as Vaippar.The River originates at an altitude of 1,651 m above MSL in the Vasudevanallur reserve forests on the Eastern slopes of the Western Ghats at Neduntheri Mottai in Sivagiri Taluk of Tirunelveli district. Hydrogeology The occurrence and movement of groundwater in the hard rocks are controlled by the secondary porosity developed in them. Since the greater part of Virudhunagar District is underlain by crystalline metamorphic rocks of Archaean age, weaker zones like joints, fractures and fault zones and the pore spaces in the weathered zone play a dominant role in determining the water bearing and yield characteristics of these rocks. The weathered thickness in this formation varies from 4-30 mt and depth to basement varies from 10-63 mt. The maximum and minimum water levels are observed as 1 mt and 25 mt below ground level. Ground Water Potential The ground water potential is 1167 MCM, which is roughly 4.9% of the available total ground water potential of the state. There are at about 148 observation wells in the basin covering an area of 18.3 sqkm. Surface water potential The total storage capacity of this basin as created now is 638.86 mcm (104.46mcm + 559.40 mcm). Surface Water Quality A-68 Annexure-I The surface water quality is generally good in all sub basins, low in TDS (<0.5 gms/cm), chloride medium to hard (temporary) alkaline in nature. All streams and tanks complied with drinking and irrigation quality standards. The surface water is low in T.D.S. and Chlorides, medium to hard (temporary), alkaline in nature and complies with drinking and irrigation water quality standards. The E.C. value varies from 0.13 ms/cm to 1.46 ms/cm. Nitrogen concentrations are less than 5 ppm. Ground Water Quality Water samples show that certain parts in Virudhunagar and Sivakasi are having less fluoride content (<0.4 mg/i) while in Aruppukottai, Kariapatti, Sathur and Rajapalayam area, the content is above 1.5 mg/I. In Vaippar basin, Srivilliputhur, Alangulam, Sathur, Naduvakurichi and Vellankulam are areas of high concentration of nitrate. The industrial effluents discharged by the textile and dying units contaminate the ground water. Industries In the Vaippar basin about 76 major and medium industries and 9000 minor industries are located mostly concentrated in Sivakasi, Srivilliputhur, Sattur, Rajapalayam and Virudhunagar taluks of Virudhunagar district, Kovilpatti in Thoothukudi district and Vasudevanallur in Tirunelveli district. Textile, cement, chemical industries, match and fireworks industries are prominent in the area. Sattur, Sivakasi and Rajapalayam are the leading industrial towns in this basin. Agriculture In Vaippar basin, major area is under black soils viz., Vertisols and less area red soils and other types of soils. Paddy, sugarcane, cotton, Chillies, Vegetables, Pulses, Millet, Groundnut and Sunflower are the crops raised in Vaippar basin area. Paddy is the principal crop extensively cultivated in the state. Paddy is grown in all the districts in the state. It accounted for 32.8% of the total cropped area in the state during 2000-01. Seismic Zones The basin area is falling under the Zone II. The basic seismic coefficient for Vaippar is taken as 0.02 and the value of importance factor of all types of dams is considered as 3. And being designed based on the specifications specified in IS 1893 - 1984. Forest The total area of this basin is 5423 km2 of which plain area is 4841 km2 and hilly area is 582 km2. The Vasudevanallur reserve forest, Rajapalayam reserve forest and Srivilliputtur reserve forest of Western Ghats are included in the hilly catchment area. A-69 Annexure-I Water Logging Water logging temporarily occurs during rainy season in Virudhunagar and Thoothukudi Districts. It is understood that we can expect a possible drainage problem if the E.C value of the soil exceeds due to the salinity of soil. Water Weeds The common waterweeds present in the river basin are water hyacinth, Ipomea, Nymphaea Typha and water lettuce. Water hyacinth and Ipomea Carnia are common everywhere. These are present in Vilathikulam, Rajapalayam and Sivagiri taluks. Sand mining Sand has been removed to a depth of about 1.80 m in the Nagariyar River near Kallanai anicut in Seithur village, Rajapalayam taluk. As a result, there is no flow of water on the left side of the river through Kallanai anicut to the lower down tanks. Sand mining is noticed on the upstream side of the Rajapalayam - Kalingapatti Road bridge near Vadakarai Village in the Sevalperiar river to a depth of about 1.20 m. Sand mining was found to be severe on the down stream side of the road bridge leading to Shenbagathoppu, in the head reach of Anathalaiyar river which joins Kayalkudiyar river near the origin. Sand mining is alarming on the upstream and down stream of the check dam as well as in the vicinity of the infiltration well for a depth of about 1.20m and 2.50m respectively. Solid waste In Vaippar basin there are 9 Municipalities, 6 urban town Panchayats and 13 rural town Panchayats. Rural town Panchayats Solid waste generated/day (1) T.Kallupatti 2.4 MT (2) Pudur 2.2 MT (3) Sethur 5.5 MT (4) S .Kodkulam 3.5 MT (5) Kariapatti 3.8 MT (6) W.Pudupatti 2.4 MT (7) Sundarapandian 2.5 MT (8) Mamsapuram 5.5 MT (9) Rayagiri 3.1 MT (10) S.Pudur 3.6 MT (11) Thiruvengadam 1.9 MT (12) Sivagiri 6.4 MT (13) Vasudevanallur 6.4 MT A-70 Annexure-I Seawater intrusion Seawater intrusion is experienced in Vilathikulam taluk of Vaippar basin. The river Uppodai is an estuarine complex area having the influence of the tidal seawater that can be felt to a distance of 5-6 km. inland. At Keelzhavaippar village, where the Vaippar river joins the sea, sea water intrudes upto Vaippar bridge and extends upto Subramanyapuram making ground water and drinking water saline. Diseases Acute Diahhoreal disease, Respiratory tract infection, whooping cough, Arthritis and Viral fevers are more prevalent than other diseases in Virudunagar district while Malarial cases numbering about 194 were reported in Kil Vaippar, Vaippar and Vembar villages in Thoothukudi district. Respiratory tract infection, Anaemia, Typhoid and Viral fevers are common in Sankarankovil taluk of Tirunelveli district. In Kovilpatti area, gastro-enteritis, dysentery, cholera, jaundice and meningitis are reported. Sandaiyur hamlet in T.kallupatti block, Madurai District has old leprosy cases and in M.Puliampatti few people are affected by hydrosol and filaria. Goiter is found in T.Kunnathur while corneal ulcer (eye problem) in Peraiyur block. Sub basins under IAMWARM for the 1st year Nichabanadhi Sub basin Vaippar is called as Nichabanadhi in the head reach. It originates in Vasudevanallur reserve forest on the eastern slopes of Western Ghats in Sivagiri Taluk of Tirunelveli District. Ullatrumottai and Pudumalai Kavu are the other two hills on the other side of Kerala State. This sub basin area is 565 sq.km out of which the hilly area is 62 sq.km. There are 18 anicuts, 15 system tanks, and 151 non-system tanks in this sub basin. The command area is 5683.71 ha. Kalingalar sub basin The river Kalingalar, a tributary of Nichabanadhi, originates in the Vasudevanallur reserve forest area, just north of the origin of Nichabanadhi at an altitude of about 1325 m. The total drainage area of this sub basin is 111 sq.km. There are five anicuts across Kalingalar. There are 31 tanks under this sub basin. The total registered ayacut including system and non-system ayacut is 2451.22 ha. Sinkottaiyar sub basin Sinkottaiyar originates near Aruppukottai area at about 100 m above MSL. Sinkottaiar starts in the plains with a catchment area of 487 sq.km. Aruppukottai and Nagalapuram towns lie in this sub basin. The command area under this sub basin comes under non-system ayacut. 37 tanks feed an extent of 2105.82 ha. Sindapalli uppodai sub basin Sindapalli Uppodai is a tributary to Arjunanadhi and it is a small sub basin. It A-71 Annexure-I originates at an altitude of about 120m above MSL near Duraisamypuram village of Sivakasi taluk. Sindapalli uppodai has a plain catchment area of 177 sq.km. There is no anicut across Uppodai. There are 25 non-system tanks in this sub basin and the total registered ayacut is 842.60 ha. Arjuna nadhi sub basin Arjunanadhi is a major tributary to Vaippar River Periyar reservoir was constructed in the year 1976 across the river Periyar with a capacity of 5.452 mcm to benefit 388.5 ha. System deficiencies 1. The system is a good old system existing for more than hundred years, as such requires rehabilitation. 2. Heavy accumulation of silt due to hilly region and contour nature of canal system. 3. Lack of adequate control of regulating structures like anicut etc., 4. Deteriorated canal with low efficiency and their inspection roads. 5. The system and Non-system tanks are to be rabilitated. Proposed actions 1. Rehabilitation of system and non-system tanks, Anicuts. 2. Introducing hitech irrigation methods including drip and sprinkler irrigation. 3. Laying of pipelines for water conveyance. 4. Water harvesting structures for ground water recharge. 5. Sinking of new bore wells and electrification. 6. Thrashing floors and farm road in necessary places. 7. Providing modem agriculture machineries. 8. Providing retaining structures where erosion is high. 9. Conjunctive use of surface and ground water in all sources by giving awareness among farmers. 10. On farm development works. 11. Replacement of old pumps sets. 12. Desiliting of existing inflow / outflow and drainage channels. 13. Farm pond 14. Community Wells. 15. WUA Buildings. 16. Training and exposure visits for farmers and project staff. A-72 Annexure-I CHENNAI BASIN 1. Districts and Coverage of area S.No District Districts area District areas % of area in falling in the in the basin Sq.Km. basin (Sq.Km) I Chennai 174 174 100 2 Tiruvallur 7857 4275 54.4 3 Vellore 6077 1093 17.98 Source: IWS, Tharamani 2. Details of Sub basin area S.No. Name of the Basin Area of the Basin (Sq.Km) 1 Araniyar 763 2 Kusaithaliyar 3240 3 Cooum 682 4 Adayar 857 Total 5542 Source: IWS, Tharamani 3. Geographical Spread- Taluk and Blocks S.No Name of District Taluk Block River Basin 1 Chennai Chennai 2 Thiruvallur Gummidipoondi Gummidipoondi Ponneri Sholavaram Minjur Uttukottai Ellapuram Tiruttani Tiruttani Thiruvelankadu Pallipattu Pallipattu RKPet Thiruvallur Poondi Kadambattur Tiruvallur Poonamalle Poonamele 3 - Kanchepuram Sriperumbudur Kunnathur A-73 Annexure-I 4 Vellore Arakkonam Kaveripakkam Nemili Arakkonam Sholigar Walajapet Walajapet 4. Details of Major Reservoirs S No Name of the Capacity (MCM) Command Dam/Reservoir Before After Area (ha) Raising FRL Raising FRL 1 Poondi 77.96 97.98 NIL 2 Red Hills 80.71 93.46 NIL 3 Cholavaram 25.63 25.30 NIL 4 Chembarabakkam 88.36 103.23 5, 452 5. Water Potential of Sub-basins S.No Name of Sub- Utilisable Net Balance Percentage basin ground ground potential in of water water in MCM development recharge in MCM 1 Araniyar 140.49 69.10 71.39 49.18 2 Kuasithalaiyar 549.99 448.66 101.33 81.57 3 Cooum 206.70 148.28 58.42 71.34 4 Adayar 222.21 102.82 119.39 46.27 Total 1119.39 768.86 350.53 68.69 6. Water exploitation areas Basin Overexploited Critical Semi-Critical > 100 % 90- 100 % 70%-90% Safe < 70% Exploited Exploited Tiruvallur Ellapuram Kadambatthur Gummidipoondi Villivakkam Minjur Poonamalle Madhavaram Pallipattu Pooneri RKPet Sholavaram Thiruttani Thiruvallur Tiruvelankadu Vellore Sholingur Nemili Arakkonam Walaja Kaveripakkam Kanchepuram Kunnathur A-74 Annexure-l 7. Water Demand and Water Balance S No Purpose 1999 2004 2019 2044 1 Domestic uses 230.88 253.32 320.62 432.79 2 Agriculture 3655.57 3655.57 3033.69 2619.11 3 Industries 129.35 172.46 301.81 517.38 4 Livestock 38 38 38 38 5 Power 22.4 23 25 30 6 Environment 28 28 28 28 7 Total 4104.2 4170.35 3747.12 3665.28 8 Water Balance -2078.2 -1739.35 -1316.12 -1234.28 (MCM) I I I (Source: State framework resources Plan of Tamil Nadu) 8. Land use / Land cover S. No Description Area (ha) 1 Geographical area 5,54,200 2 Forest 28,264 3 Barren and uncultivable waste 17,734 4 Land under non - agricultural use 1,45,755 5 Cultivable waste 12,192 6 Permanent pastures and other crazing land 12,192 7 Current fallows 74,817 8 Other fallows 52,649 9 Land under Misc. use 15,518 10 Net area sown 1,95,078 (Source: State Framework resources plan PWD/WRO) 9. Crops and extent of cultivation S Crop Season Area Gross Irrigated Area No (ha) (%) Paddy Samba 79,390 60.3 1 Navarai 29,205 22.2 Soranavari 23,070 17.5 Sub Total 1,31,665 100 A-75 Annexure-l 2 Ground Nut Dec-April 37,622 19.8 3 Sugar cane Jan-Nov 8,546 4.5 4 Cholam 5 Cumbu Mar-Jun 5,395 2.8 6 Ragi 7 Vegetables Feb-July 3,545 1.9 Pulses 8 Black gram Feb-April 3,545 0.7 Green gram 9 Gingelly Jan-May 1,039 0.5 10 Chillies Feb-July 1,019 0.5 (Source: Environmental Status report of Chennai Basin, 2001) 10. List of tanks with weeds S.No Location Name of Tank Type of Weed 1 Kakkalur Kakkalur Tank Ipomea 2 Kadambattur Kadambattur Prosopis 3 Pandur Pandur Prosopis 4 Panambakkam Panambakkam Big Ipomea and Small Tank 5 Senji Senji Big tank Ipomea 6 Valliyur Valliyur tank Ipomea 7 Pattaraiperumpudur Pattaraiperumpudur Prosopis Manjakuppam 8 Misrakandapuram Misrakandapuram Prosopis 9 Mylerwada Mylerwada Prosopis 10 Athimanjari Athimanjari Ipomea 11 Janakarajakuppam Janakarajakuppam Prosopis Padmapuram 12 Peddanaganpudi Peddanaganpudi Prosopis 13 Silambu Silambu tank Ipomea 14 Vediyankadu Vediyankadu Prosopis 15 Veeramangalam Veeramangalam Ipomea 16 Medur Medur Large Prosopis 17 Guduvanjeri Guduvanjeri Tank Prosopis 18 Andavoyal Andavoyal Ipomea 19 Aladu Aladu ex zamin Prosopis tank 20 Vembedu Vembedu ex zamin Ipomea tank 21 Tatamanji Tatamanji system Prosopis tank 22 Kattur Kattur system tank Prosopis 23 Pralayambakkam Pralayambakkam Ipomea A-76 Annexure-I PWD tank 24 Nallur Nallur Tank Prosopis 25 Gnayar Gnayar tank Ipomea 26 Perungavoor Perungavoor tank Prosopis 27 Amoor Amoor tank Prosopis 28 Nerkundrum Nerkundrum tank Ipomea 29 Athipattu Athipattu Thangal Prosopis PWD tank 30 Arani Arani PWD Tank Ipomea 31 Puduvoyal Puduvoyal ex Ipomea zamin tank 11. List of Red Category industries in Kosasthalaiyar Basin No.of Industries Disposal of Effluent Total Using Using Letting out in no in Generatin with in with in open Name of the g Trade their their ditches/storm S.No. Industry basin effluent premises premises water drains 1 Chemical 40 21 15 15 6 2 Rubber 2 2 1 1 1 3 Steel plant 4 1 1 Elector 4 Planting 1 1 1 Oil&Refiner 5 Y 3 3 2 3 6 Paper&pulp 1 1 1 1 7 Engineering 8 2 1 1 1 8 Foundry 6 2 2 2 9 Cement 1 1 1 1 10 Tannery 4 3 3 1 2 11 Fertilizer 4 3 3 1 2 Thermal 12 Plant 3 13 Pesticide 1 Petrochemic 14 al 2 2 2 1 1 15 Non-ferrous 1 Miscellaneo 16 us 15 8 7 8 Total 96 50 38 33 17 A-77 Annexure-l 12. Prevalent Diseases Reported Cases Year Acute Diarrhea Dysentery Cholera Jaundice Malaria 2002 7098 2678 435 324 45 2003 7247 2455 345 267 43 13. Population details Districts Region Population Persons Male Female Vellore Total 30,26,432 15,29,944 14,96,488 Rural 20,66,718 10,48,055 10,18,663 Urban 9,59,714 4,81,889 4,77,825 Kanchipuram Total 24,42,179 12,44,756 11,97,423 Rural 14,29,610 7,24,502 7,05,108 Urban 10,12,572 5,20,257 4,92,315 Tiruvallur Total 27,38,866 13,90,292 13,48,574 Rural 12,46,832 6,25,817 6,21,015 Urban 14,92,034 7,64,475 7,27,559 Chennai Total 42,16,268 21,61,605 20,54,663 Rural 0 0 0 Urban 42,16,268 21,61,605 20,54,663 14. Literacy level Districts Literate Persons Male Female Vellore 1572292 950943 621349 Kanchipuram 1980898 1096992 883906 Tiruvallur 1857231 1041183 816048 Chennai 3079004 1670094 1408910 (Source: Statistical handbook of Tamil Nadu, 2002) A-78 Annexure-I 15. Tourist attractions S District Tourist Place/Pilgrim center No 1 Chennai Fort St. George, Santhome, AnnaSquare, Deer Park, Snake Park, Marina, Kapileswar Temple, Besant nagar temple 2 Vellore Vellore Fort, Elagiri,Rathinagiri and Sholingur 3 Kancheepuram Anna zoological park, Mammallapuram,VGP golden beach, MGM, Kishkintha and Kancheepuram temple 4 Tiruvallur Poondi reservoir, Sriperumbudur, Thiruverukadu and Thiruttani (Source: Statistical Handbook of Tamil Nadu, 2002) A-79 Annexure-I 16. Sewage generation Nature Estimate Existence Ope of disposal d of n and quantity Population Sewage Sewerage (C/P Upto Upto Upto No Water Body 2001 Generati Under ) Primary Secondary Teritiary Treatment on Ground Reserv (MLD) (C/P) River oir Land A) Corporation Chennai 4,216,268 112 yes - yes No 112 B) Municipalities . Thiruvallur 45,517 12.60 P- - Yes 3.50 - 9.10 Avadi 230,913 55.00 - P - - Yes - 55.00 Ambathur 302,492 54.00 - P - - - Yes - 2.00 52.00 Kathivakkam 32,556 14.70 - P - - - Yes - - 14.70 Madhavaram 76,793 16.50 - P - - - Yes - 16.50 7.6 Thiruvottiyur 211,768 49.62 Km.(p) P - - - Yes 40.00 9.62 Alandur 146,154 43.50 P - - - Yes - 43.50 Thambaram 27.30 P - - - Yes 27.30 A-80 Annexure-I 137,609 . ._=_ =__ Pallavaram 143,984 28.65 - P - - - Yes 28.65 C Town Panchayats (Urban) Thruverkadu 30,734 9.00 P P - - - Yes 7.00 2.00 Thiruthani 38,502 12.00 - C - - - Yes 12.00 Poonamallee 42,522 8.50 - C - - - Yes 8.50 Manali 28,174 - - P - - - Yes - Porur 28,782 2.80 - P - - - Yes 2.80 Nature Estimate Existence Ope of disposal d of n Upto and quantity Population Sewage Sewerage (C/P Upto Upto Teritiary No Water Body 2001 Generati Under ) Primary Secondary Treatment on Ground Reserv Towns (MLD) (C/P) River oir Land Ponneri 24,205 5.40 - P Yes 5.40 Naravarikuppam 18,327 - - P Yes Minjur 18,327 2.50 P Yes 2.50 A-81 Annexure-I Puzhal 20,297 1.00 - P Yes -1.00 Chinnasekkadu 9,744 - - P Yes - Thirunindravur 29,395 - - P Yes - Uthukottai 10,639 - - P Yes - Maduravayal 44,127 7.00 P P - - - Yes 7.00 Thirumazhisai 15,271 4.80 - P - - - Yes - - 4.80 Gumudipoondi 16,116 3.30 - P - - - Yes - - 3.30 Pallipat 8,904 - - P - - - Yes - Pammal 49,744 10.75 - C - - - Yes - 10.75 Anakaputhur 31,733 5.20 - P - - - Yes - 5.20 Chitlapakkam 25,292 4.75 - P - Yes - 4.75 Kundrathur 25,028 9.85 - P - Yes 9.85 Nandhampakkam 9,093 6.55 - -- Yes = 6.55 N.Guduvancherry 27,386 6.43 - P - Yes 6.43 Perungalathur 27,386 5.30 P- - Yes 5.30 A-82 Annexure-I Nature Estimate Existence Ope of disposal d of n Upto and quantity Population Sewage Sewerage (C/P Upto Upto Teritiary No Water Body 2001 Generati Under ) Primary Secondary Treatment on Ground Reserv (MLD) (C/P) River oir Land Puzhudivakkam 29,086 6.90 - P - - - Yes -6.90 Sriperumpudur 16,085 4.75 - P - - - Yes -4.75 Sholinganallur 15,519 3.85 - P - - - Yes -3.85 Pallikaranai 22,503 3.80 - P - - - Yes = - 3.80 Thiruneermalai 29,086 6.85 - P Yes -6.85 Total 6,236,061 545.15 _ _ _ _ 1369.85 17. Status of solid waste management waste management Workers for solid waste anagement Recycling If yes Population Availability as annual 2001 Solid Waste Management Total No./1000 Of Compost Manure Productio (Tonnes) No. Population Yard Yes/No n A-83 Annexure-I Minjur 18,327 4.5 4 90 15 Puzhal 20,297 2.85 Chinnasekkadu 9,744 NA Thirunindravur 29,395 3.5 3 98 18 Uthukottai 10,639 NA Maduravayal 44,127 2.5 0.5 20 10 Thirumazhisai 15,271 NA Gumudipoondi 16,116 NA Pallipat 8,904 5.50 5.00 90.91 28 0.70 Nil No Pammal 49,744 5.50 4.50 81.82 6 0.31 Nil No Anakaputhur 31,733 3.80 3.50 92.11 10 0.58 Nil No Chitlapakkam 25,292 4.20 4.00 95.24 14 0.56 Nil No Kundrathur 25,028 2.50 2.25 90.00 8 0.72 Nil No Nandhampakkam 9,093 - - - - - Nil No N.Guduvancherry 27,386 - - - - - Nil No Perungalathur 27,386 3.50 3.25 92.86 13 0.68 Nil No Puzhudivakkam 29,086 - Nil No Sriperumpudur 16,085 1.76 1.50 85.23 21 2.33 Nil No Sholinganallur 15,519 1.25 1.00 80.00 3 0.13 Nil No Pallikaranai 22,503 2.50 2.00 80.00 6 0.60 Nil No Thiruneermalai 29,086 1.25 1.00 80.00 3 0.13 Nil No Total 6,236,061 A-84 Annexure-I PALAR BASIN 1. Geographical Area and Coverage S.No. Districts Area (sq.km.) 1 Vellore 4710.58 2 Kanchepuram 2187.90 3 Thiruvanamalai 4012.19 Total 10,910.67 Source: IWS Report, Tharamani 2. Geographical Spread- Taluks and Blocks S.No District Taluk Block 1 Vellore Walajapet Sholinghur(part) Walajapet (part) Arcot Arcot Timiri Gudiyatham Gudiyatham Pemnampet Katpadi KVKuppam Katpadi Tirupattur Tirupattur (part) Natrampalli (part) Vaniyambadi Madhanur Jolarpett(part) Alangayam (part) Vellore Anicut Vellore Kaniyambadi Arakkonam Kaveripakkam (part) Nemili (part) Kanchepuram Kanchepuram Kanchepuram (part) Walajabad (part) Chengalpattu Kattankaolathur (part) Thiruporur (part) Thirukazhukun drum Thirukazhukundrum Sriperumbudur Sriperumbudur (part) A -85 Annexure-I Uthiramerur Uthiramerur Maduranthagam Achrapakkam(part) Madhurantagam(part) Cheyyar Lathur (part) Chittamur(part) Thiruvanamalai Cheyyar Vembakkam Cheyyar -_ Annakavur Vandavasi Pernamallur (part) Thellar (part) Vandavasi(part) Polur Polur Kalasapakkam Chetput Thiruvanamalai Thurijinapuram(part) Chengam Jawadhi Hills Pudupalayam Chengam(part) Thandrampet(part) Ami Arani West Arani 3. Zone wise surface water potential S.No. Name of zone 75% Dependable Surface Water Resource in MCM South West North East Annual 1. Upper Palar 147.46 162.44 409.52 2. Lower Palar 81.25 117.46 245.57 3. Kavundanilya 45.94 50.57 137.55 Naganadhi 4. Upper Cheyyar 113.53 135.99 315.09 5. Lower Cheyyar 90.22 112.54 261.52 6. Kiliyar Palar 121.54 207.48 388.75 Total for Palar River Basin 599.94 786.48 1758.0 Source: State Frame Work Report, IWS, Tharamani A -86 Annexure-I 4. Ground Water exploitation areas - 2003 District Over Critical- 90% to Semi Safe - less exploited- 100% Critical- 70% than 70%* Greater than to 90% 100% Kanchepuram Tiruporur Thirukalikundrum Chittamoor Acharapakkam Kattankalathur Uthiramerur Walajabad Kanchepuram Madurantagam Lathur Sriperumpudur Vellore Kaniyambadi Nemili Walaja Anaicut Kaveripakkam Madanur Peranampet Gudiyatham KVKuppam Katpadi Thirupattur Alangayamn Nattrampalli ____ ___ ____ ___ Jolarpet_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Arcot Timiri Vellore Thiruvanamalaiai Chengam Javadhi Hills Annakavoor Tellar Thurinjipuram Ami west Arni east Peranamallur Vandavasi Chetpet Kalasapakkam Cheyyar Polur Vembakkam Pudupalayam Thandarampet A -87 Annexure-I 5. Total Water Requirement (in MCM) S. No Purpose 1999 2004 2019 2044 1. Agriculture 3655.57 3655.57 3655.57 3655.57 2. Domestic 116.88 127.82 160.64 215.33 3. Industrial 64.65 86.20 150.85 258.60 4. Live Stocks 60.09 60.09 60.09 60.09 5. Power 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 TOTAL 3907.19 3939.68 4037.15 4199.59 6. Land use pattern S.No Land Use Type Area (hectares) 1 Forest area 2,18,620 2 Barren and Uncultivated 42,412 (Including wasteland) 3 Non agricultural 1,72,042 4 Cultivated wasteland 18,804 5 Permanent pastures and grazing land 15,219 6 Current Fallows 93,128 7 Other Fallows 46,244 8 Miscellaneous Use 10,762 9 Net area sown 4,76,836 (Source: Status report of the Palar basin, 2003) 7. Population Districts Region Population Male Female Vellore Total 34,82,970 17,43,871 17,39,099 Rural 21,64,654 10,85,192 10,79,462 Urban 13,18,316 6,58,679 6,59,637 Kanchipuram Total 28,69,920 14,55,302 14,14,618 Rural 13,35,189 6,73,387 6,61,802 Urban 15,34,731 7,81,915 7,52,816 A -88 Annexure-I Tirvanamalai Total 21,81,853 10,93,191 10,88,662 Rural 17,81,304 8,93,132 8,88,172 Urban 4,00,549 2,00,059 2,00,490 (Source: Statistical handbook of Tamil Nadu, 2002) 8. District wise literacy level Districts Literates Male Female Vellore 22,46,052 12,66,981 9,79,071 Kanchipuram 19,80,898 10,96,992 8,83,906 Tiruvannamalai 13,17,651 7,73,367 5,44,284 (Source: Statistical handbook of Tamil Nadu, 2002) 9. District wise Tourist attractions S.no District Tourist Place/Pilgrim center 1 Vellore Vellore Fort, Elagiri,Rathinagiri and Sholingur 2 Kancheepuram Anna zoological park, Mammallapuram,VGP golden beach, MGM, Kishkintha and Kancheepuram temple 3 Tirvannamalai Sattanur, Javvadu Hills and Tiruvanmalai temple A -89 Annexure- I 10. Environmental Status of Domestic sector - Sewerage Condition-Towns in Palar River Basin Existence of Nature of Estimat Sewerage disposal ed Populat Sewage Unde Upto Upto No and quantity Name of the town ion Generat r Prima Seconda Upto Treatm ion Grou Open ry ry Teritiary ent Water Body 2001 (Lakh nd (C/P) Reserv Lit) (C/P) River oir Land Dharapadavedu (TP) 30070 12.00 Yes Kalinjur (TP) 16853 7.20 Yes 7.20 Kangeyanallur (CT) 12669 6.00 Yes 6.00 Gandhinagar (Katpadi Extn) (TP) 9487 4.00 Yes 4.00 Pallikonda (TP) 20771 10.40 Yes 10.40 Shenbakkam (TP) 13390 7.20 Yes 7.20 Sathuvachari (TP) 44942 20.00 Yes 20.00 Konavattam (CT) 9359 4.00 Yes 4.00 Allapuram (TP) 26948 12.00 Yes 12.00 Thorapadi (TP) 13924 6.40 Yes 6.40 Palavansathu (CT) 16962 8.00 Yes 8.00 Odugathur (TP) 8148 4.00 Yes 4.00 Virupakshipuram (CT) 12885 5.60 Yes 5.60 Thuthipattu (CT) 6984 2.40 Yes 2.40 Uthayendram (TP) 11567 5.60 Yes 5.60 Jaffrabad (CT) 6631 2.40 2.40 Tiruvanamalai Polur (TP) 25505 11.20ONo Yes Yes 11.20 A -90 Annexure- I Arani (M) 60815 21.OONo Yes - - - Yes 21.00 Kannamangalam (TP) 7316 2.1ONo Yes - - - Yes - - 2.10 Peranamallur (TP) 5557 1.75 No Yes - - - Yes - - 1.75 Tiruvethipuram (M) 35201 14.14No Yes - - - Yes - - 14.14 Pudupalayam (TP) 10005 7.00 No Yes - - - Yes - - 7.00 Kalambur (TP) 13291 4.20 No Yes - - Yes - - 4.20 497.54 1512565 529.7081 8 12. Water Quality Analysis - Palar River (Selected Locations, Wells and Parameters) District Block Village Well Date of EC_GEN pH_GEN Ca S04 No collection Palar River Kancheepuram Thirukazhukkuntram Vayalur U23091 1/24/03 860 8.2 Kancheepuram Thirukazhukkuntram Vayalur U23091 4/24/03 920 7.8 Kancheepuram Thirukazhukkuntram Vayalur U23091 7/27/03 790 7.5 48 5 Kancheepuram Thirukazhukkuntram Sadras U23089 7/21/03 1060 8.4 54 77 Kancheepuram Thirukazhukkuntram P. V. Kalathur 02001 7/21/03 670 8 44 29 Kancheepuram Kattankolathur Patravakkam 02026 7/30/03 810 8.4 40 65 Kancheepuram Kattankolathur Karunilam 02012 7/21/03 1380 8.1 86 86 Kancheepuram Kancheepuram Orikkai Water Works 2403 7/31/03 370 8.5 24 1 9 Kancheepuram Kancheepuram Kailasanatharkoil U23005 7/31/03 1520 8.1 36 44 Kancheepuram Walajabad Walajabad 02037 7/31/03 1620 8.3 52 144 Vellore Kaveripakkam Karivedu U23029 7/17/03 1420 8 40 81 Vellore Kaveripakkam Karivedu U23029 1/9/03 1600 8.6 Vellore Arcot Pudupadi 21527 7/18/03 6300 7.5 20 350 Vellore KV Kuppam Latteri 21541 7/24/03 1430 8.1 68 115 A -91 Annexure- I Vellore Gudiyatham Gundalapalli 21547 7/24/03 2560 | 7.7 40 226 Vellore Gudiyatham Arumbaruthi 21511 7/25/03 2640 8.2 72 211 Vellore Natrampalli Kothur 21542 7/29/03 1410 8.4 22 72 Vellore Vaniyambadi Vaniyambadi 21/6/03 3550 8.3 Vellore Vaniyambadi Vaniyambadi 23023 4/11/03 3680 8.2 Vellore Vaniyambadi Vaniyambadi 23023 7/28/03 3800 8.5 48 211 Vellore Vaniyambadi Natrampalli 21543 7/29/03 1270 8.3 24 91 Vellore Vaniyambadi Vengili 21512 7/28/03 1430 8.2 58 106 Vellore Vaniyambadi Thekkupattu 21544 7/28/03 1260 8.2 16 71 Vellore Madhanur Kommeswaram 21550 7/28/03 3430 8 120 274 Vellore Anaicut Perumugai 23071 7/25/03 950 8.2 20 62 Vellore Vellore Poigai 23078 1/10/03 1740 8 sathyamangalam Vellore Vellore Poigai 23078 4/8/03 2450 7.9 sathyamangalam Vellore Walajahpet Sengalnatham 21556 7/19/03 6600 7.6 40 523 Vellore Walaja Sathambakkam U23042 7/19/03 760 7.7 30 35 Vellore Walajahpet Gudimallur 21529 7/19/03 900 8.4 34 45 Tiruvannamalai Cheyyar Natteri 21578 8/12/03 2970 7.5 168 149 Tiruvannamalai Cheyyar Dusi 21577 8/19/03 1410 7.8 36 61 Kancheepuram Thirukazhukkuntram Vayalur U23091 1/24/03 78 4 Kancheepuram Thirukazhukkuntram Vayalur U23091 4/24/03 113 4 Kancheepuram Thirukazhukkuntram Vayalur U23091 7/27/03 106 5 463 200 Kancheepuram Thirukazhukkuntram Sadras U23089 7/21/03 138 3 646 265 Kancheepuram Thirukazhukkuntram P. V. Kalathur 02001 7/21/03 74 3 404 170 Kancheepuram Kattankolathur Patravakkam 02026 7/30/03 149 4 461 295 A -92 Annexure- I Kancheepuram Kattankolathur Karunilam 02012 7/21/03 213 11 824 380 Kancheepuram Kancheepuram Orikkai Water Works 2403 7/31/03 50 2 236 125 Kancheepuram Kancheepuram Kailasanatharkoil U23005 7/31/03 277 8 993 120 Kancheepuram Walajabad Walajabad 02037 7/31/03 213 5 1005 190 Vellore Kaveripakkam Karivedu U23029 7/17/03 269 3 781 300 Vellore Kaveripakkam Karivedu U23029 1/9/03 383 2 Vellore Arcot Pudupadi 21527 7/18/03 1914 5 3571 1800 Vellore KV Kuppam Latteri 21541 7/24/03 149 19 917 325 Vellore Gudiyatham Gundalapalli 21547 7/24/03 468 41 1634 410 Vellore Gudiyatham Arumbaruthi 21511 7/25/03 447 23 1591 300 Vellore Natrampalli Kothur 21542 7/29/03 163 17 859 305 Vellore Vaniyambadi Vaniyambadi 23023 1/6/03 865 22 Vellore Vaniyambadi Vaniyambadi 23023 4/11/03 822 21 Vellore Vaniyambadi Vaniyambadi 23023 7/28/03 978 17 2342 900 Vellore Vaniyambadi Natrampalli 21543 7/29/03 199 7 680 355 Vellore Vaniyambadi Vengili 21512 7/28/03 213 13 848 500 Vellore Vaniyambadi Thekkupattu 21544 7/28/03 128 8 755 265 A -93 f I I i i Annexure-I PENNAIYAR BASIN 1. Basin Area District Wise S. Name of the Total Area of the % Area of the % Area of No. District Area of basin falling in District falling basin falling in the the District in the basic the District District 1. Dharmapuri 9622 6744.03 70 59.91 2. Vellore 6077 460.35 7.57 4.09 3. Thiruvannamnalai 6312 1761.00 13.54 7.59 4. Villupuram 7222 2195.22 30.4 19.5 5. Cuddalore 3678 1002.44 27.25 8.91 11257.00 100.00 2. List of Blocks S.No. Block Name Taluk Name District Name 1. Papireddipettai Harur Dharmapuri 2. Harur Harur Dharmapuri 3. Morapur Harur Dharnapuri 4. Uttangarai Uttangarai Dharmapuri 5. Dharmnapuri Dharmnapuri Dharmnapuri 6. Nallamapalli Dharmapuri Dharmnapuri 7. Palacode Palacode Dharnapuri 8. Kaveripattanam Pochampalli Dharmnapuri 9. Bargur Krishnagiri DharmAapuri 10. Krishnagiri Krishnagiri Dharmapuri 11. Kelamangalam Dhenkanikottai Dharmapuri 12. Veppanapalli Krishnagiri Dharmapuri 13. Sholagiri Hosur Dharmapuri 14. Hosur Hosur Dharmapuri 15. Karimangalam Palacode Dharmapuri 16. Mathur Uttangarai Dharmapuri 17. Pennagaram Pennagaram Dharmapuri 18. Thally Dhenkanikottai Dharmapuri 19. Alangayam Vaniyambadi Vellore 20. Thirupattur Thirupattur Vellore 21. Kandili Thirupattur Vellore 22. Nattarampalli Thirupattur Vellore 23. Jolarpet Thirupattur Vellore A-94 Annexure-I S.No. Block Name Taluk Name District Name 24. Yercaud Yercaud Salem 25. Ayodhyapattinam Valapadi Salem 26. Peddanayakkampalayam Attur Salem 27. Thiruvannamalai Thiruvannamalai Thiruvannamalai 28. Thandrampattu Chengam Thiruvannamalai 29. Chengam Chengam Thiruvannamalai 30. Pudupalayam Chengam Thiruvannarnalai 31. Thurinj apuram Thiruvannamalai Thiruvannamalai 32. Kilpennatur Thiruvannamalai Thiruvannamalai 33. Kandamangalam Villupuram Villupuram 34. Kolianur Villupuram Villupuram 35. Kanai Villupuram Villupuram 36. Thiruvennainallur Ulundurpettai Villupuram 37. Thirukovillur Thirukovillur Villupuram 38. Mugaiyur Thirukovillur Villupuram 39. Rishivandiyam Kallakurichi Villupuram 40. Sankarapuram Kallakurichi Villupuram 41. Kalarayan Hills Kallakurichi Villupuram 42. Ulundurpet Ulundurpet Villupuram 43. Tiyagaidurgam Kallakurichi Villupuram 44. Gingee Chenji Villupuram 45. Thirunavalur Ulundurpettai Villupuram 46. Annagraman Panruti Cuddalore 47. Panruti Panruti Cuddalore 48. Cuddalore Cuddalore Cuddalore 49. Vridachalam Vridachalam Cuddalore 50. Kurinchipadi Cuddalore Cuddalore 51. Kamimapuram Vridachalam Cuddalore 3. Storage Capacity and Command Area of Reservoirs S.No. Name of the Reservoir Capacity Ayacut in MCM in Ha. 1. Krishnagiri 66.10 3642 2. Sathanur 229.00 18222 3. Pambar 7.00 1620 4. Shoolagiri Chinnar 2.30 352 5. Vaniar 11.80 4212 6. Thumbalahalli 3.70 884 7. Kelavarapalli 13.10 3240 _ Total 333.00 32172 A-95 Annexure-I 4. Ground Water Availability Zone Wise S.no Zone Recharge Recharge Extraction Balance area Km2 MCM/Yr MCM/Yr MCM/Yr 1. Zone I (basin area from 1005 102 88 14 Karnataka territory to Krishnagiri reservoir) 2. Zone 2 (from Krishnagiri 3876 550 497 53 to Sathanur Dam) 3. Zone 3 (from Sathanur to 1533 222 198 24 Thirukovilur anicut) 4. Zone 4 (Thirukovilur 2075 625 560 65 anicut to sea) Total 8489 1499 1343 156 Source: IWS Report, PWD, WRO. 5. Projected water demand and water balance for various uses in Mcm. S.no Purpose 1999 2004 2019 2044 1 Domestic uses 74.69 80.56 96.43 122.88 2 Agriculture 2668.8 2668.8 2321.4 2089.78 3 Industries 104.39 139.18 243.57 417.54 4 Livestock 53.84 53.84 53.84 53.84 7 Total 2901.72 2942.38 2715.24 2684.04 8 Water Balance -31.72 -72.38 154.76 185.96 Source: State framework resources Plan of Tamilnadu 6. Water Requirement for Irrigation Purpose Crop 1 Area in Ha. Net Crop Water l __ | Requirement Mm3 SYSTEM AREA Paddy 23973 206.80 6020 51.93 Groundnut 13981 63.45 Ragi 12433 50.45 Sugarcane 5820 75.66 Total 62227 448.29 A-96 Annexure-I NON-SYSTEM AREA Paddy (tanks) 28579 246.54 Paddy (Others) 41166 355.12 Sugarcane 26436 343.68 Total 412106 945.34 Source: IWS Report, PWD, WRO 7. Classification of Ground Water Exploitation S.no Block Name Classification as on January 2003 1. Papireddipatti Over Exploited 2. Harur Over Exploited 3. Morapur Over Exploited 4. Uthangarai Over Exploited 5. Dharmapuri Over Exploited 6. Nallamapalli Over Exploited 7. Palacode Over Exploited 8. Kaveripattanam Semi Critical 9. Bargur Over Exploited 10. Krishnagiri Semi Critical 11. Kelamangalam Safe 12. Veppanapalli Over Exploited 13. Sholagiri Semi Critical 14. Hosur Semi Critical 15. Karimangalam Over Exploited 16. Mathur Over Exploited 17. Pennagaram Critical 18. Thally Safe 19. Alangayam Over Exploited 20. Thirupattur Over Exploited 21. Kandili Over Exploited 22. Nattarampalli Over Exploited 23. Jolarpet Over Exploited 24. Yercaud Safe 25. Ayodhyapattinam Over Exploited 26. Peddanayakkampalayam Over Exploited 27. Thiruvannamalai Over Exploited 28. Thandrampatty Over Exploited 29. Chengam Over Exploited 30. Pudupalayam Over Exploited 31. Thurinjiapuram Over Exploited A-97 Annexure-I S.no Block Name Classification as on January 2003 32. Kilpennatur Over Exploited 33. Kandamangalam Over Exploited 34. Kolianur Over Exploited 35. Kanai Semi Critical 36. Thiruvennainallur Over Exploited 37. Thirukovillur Semi Critical 38. Mugaiyur Over Exploited 39. Rishivandiyam Over Exploited 40. Sankarapuram Over Exploited 41. Kalarayan Hills Safe 42. Ulundurpet Over Exploited 43. Thilyagaidurgam Semi Critical 44. Gingee Over Exploited 45. Thirunavalur Critical 46. Annagranam Semi Critical 47. Panruti Semi Critical 48. Cuddalore Semi Critical 49. Vridachalam Semi Critical 50. Kurinchipadi Semi Critical 51. Kammapuram Semi Critical Source: GW, PWD, WRO, Taramani. 8. Land use/ Land cover S.no Description Area (ha) 1 Geographical area 125700 2 Forest 8500 3 Barren and uncultivable waste 4 Land under non - agricultural use 3700 5 Cultivable waste 6 Permanent pastures and other crazing land 7 Current fallows 29750 8 Other fallows 722300 9 Land under Misc. use 28700 10 Net area sown 65000 Source: State Framework resources plan PWD/WRO A-98 Annexure-I 9. Cropping Pattern and Crop Calendar Ist Crop lInd Crop IlIrd Crop Paddy (Aug.-Jan.) Ragi, Millet, Bajra & Pulses (Jan to April) Paddy (Oct.-Feb.) Paddy (Feb.-Jun.) Groundnut (Nov.-Feb.) Paddy (Dec.-Apr.) Groundnut (Jul.-Oct.) Banana (Jan.-Dec.) Sugarcane (Jan.-Dec.) Sorghum (Jan.-Apr) 10. Disease Prevalence A. Diarrhoea - _ _ (In Nos.) S.no District Year 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Cs Ds Cs Ds Cs Ds Cs Ds Cs Ds 1. Dharmapuri 2258 24 1386 10 1876 31 1433 17 1797 7 2. T.V.Malai 8891 15 5733 3 7441 2 8909 7 8167 1 3. Vellore 9675 20 7706 26 6014 23 5781 20 5884 16 4. Villupuramn 3940 33 2498 8 1601 8 2620 7 2121 0 5. Cuddalore 4733 4 5359 17 3724 12 3862 11 3176 5 B. Cholera (In Nos.) S.no District Year 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Cs Ds Cs Ds Cs Ds Cs Ds Cs Ds 1. Dharmapuri 14 0 4 0 12 0 18 2 30 1 2. T.V.Malai 8 0 11 0 6 0 11 0 3 0 3. Vellore 37 0 33 0 20 0 13 0 8 0 4. Villupuram 20 0 8 0 15 0 10 0 5 0 5. Cuddalore 6 0 6 0 7 0 4 0 1 0 A-99 Annexure-I C.Dysentery (In Nos.) S.no District Year 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Cs Ds Cs Ds Cs Ds Cs Ds Cs Ds 1. Dharmapuri 5457 0 3869 0 4016 0 4016 0 4691 0 2. T.V.Malai 3888 0 1678 0 1200 0 1636 0 2024 0 3. Vellore 4293 0 4723 0 6202 0 3598 0 3476 0 4. Villupuram 4439 1 1742 0 00 0 0 0 0 5. Cuddalore 3343 0 310 0 1790 0 834 0 314 0 D. Typhoid (In Nos.) S.no District Year 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Cs Ds Cs Ds Cs Ds Cs Ds Cs Ds 1. Dharmapuri 126 0 46 0 83 0 349 0 201 0 2. T.V.Malai 149 0 82 0 272 0 229 0 169 0 3. Vellore 66 0 143 0 279 0 305 0 122 0 4. Villupuram 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5. Cuddalore 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 E. Jaundice (In Nos.) S.no District Year 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Cs Ds Cs Ds Cs Ds Cs Ds Cs Ds 1. Dharmapuri 14 0 36 0 0 0 11 0 10 0 2. T.V.Malai 55 0 10 0 17 0 65 0 13 0 3. Vellore 16 0 2 0 85 0 25 0 104 0 4. Villupuram | 11 0 2 0 0 0i 0 0 0 0 5. Cuddalore 56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Source: DMS, Chennai. A-100 Annexure-I 11. Population Details Districts Region Population Persons Male Female Vellore Total 3026432 1529944 1496488 Rural 2066718 1048055 1018663 Urban 959714 481889 477825 Dharmapuri Total 2442179 1244756 1197423 Rural 1429610 724502 705108 Urban 1012572 520257 492315 Tirvanamalai Total 2042979 1030052 1012927 Rural 1800051 907424 892627 Urban 242928 122628 120300 Cuddalore Total 2280530 1148729 1131801 Rural 1527936 770160 757776 Urban 752594 378569 374025 Villupuram Total 2943917 1484573 1459344 Rural 2517447 1269889 1247558 Urban 426470 214684 211786 Source: Statistical handbook of Tamilnadu 2002 12. Literacy level Districts Literate Persons Male Female Vellore 1572292 950943 621349 Dharmapuri 1376328 - Tirvanamalai 917548 580423 337125 Cuddalore 1443851 834940 608911 Villupuram 1675027 991886 683141 Source: Statistical handbook of Tamilnadu 2002, DES of TamilNadu A-101 Annexure-I 13 Tourist attractions S.no District Tourist Place/Pilgrim center 1 Vellore Vellore fort, Elagiri, Rathinagiri and Sholingur 2 Dharmapuri Hogenakal, Krishnagiri dam, Vanniyar dam and Teerthamalai 3 Tiruvanamalai Sattanur, Jawadu Hills and Tiruvanmalai temple 4 Cuddalore Pitchavaram, Chidambaram and Vadalur 5 Villupuram Tiruvakkarai, Kalrayan Hills, Mylam Temple and Tirukoilur Temple Source: Statistical handbook of Tamilnadu - 2002 A-102 Annexure-I 14. Industries S. Name & Location Raw materials used Production Water consumption Quantity of ETP/STP Solid waste details No. of Industry capacity m3/day effluent details m3/day 1. Premier Mills Ltd. Cotton - 190 T/m Yam: 200 T/m Domestic: 400 Sewage : 300 ETP ETP sludge: 927 Lathur Village Polyster fibre - 25 Cotton, Process: 950 KLD constructe T/year Hosur Taluk T/m Synthetic and Cooling & Boiler Effluent: 950 d as per Dharmapuri Dist. Textile dyes - 5 T/m polyster Blow down: 250 KLD TNPCB Acetic acid - 3.7 T/m Fabric: 25 lakhs norms Common salt - 18 mts/m T/m etc. 2. Lakshmi Ring Ammonia gas- 36 Ring travellers Domestic: Not Sewage: Not ETP Nil Travellers Ltd. m3/day available available constructe Peramdepalli Nitrogen- 12 m3/day Process : 28 Effluent: Not d as per Village Methanol - 30 available TNPCB Hosur Taluk Lts/day norms. Dharmapuri Dist. LPG - 24 m3/day 3. Kallakurichi Sugar cane - 7.5 lakh Sugar - 7500 Process : 650 Effluent: 650 ETP Ash - 12 T/day Cooperative Sugar T/month T/m Domestic: 100 Sewage: 50 constructe dumiped in low lying Mills Ltd. Lime - 150 T/m Molasses - 2700 d as per areas. Moongithuraipattu Sulphur - 30 T/m T/m TNPCB Kallakurichi Taluk Bagasee - 22500 norms. Villupuram Dist. T/m 4. Chemplast Sanmar Not available Not available Not available Not available ETP i) Yeast - 1.6 T/day Ltd. Marigampalli installed as used as manure Village, Krishnagiri per ii) ETP sludge 87/ Taluk, Dharmapuri TNPCB day disposed as A-103 Annexure-I S. Name & Location Raw materials used Production Water consumption Quantity of ETP/STP Solid waste details No. of Industry capacity m3/day effluent details m3/day Dist. norms land fill iii) Fly ash - IT/day disposed as land fill 5. Mira Textiles & Waste kraft - boxes Kraft paper - 750 Domestic : Not Sewage: Not ETP Not available Industries (India) & cuttings - 28 T/day T/m available available installed as Ltd. (Paper Alum - 0.85 T/day Process : 200 Effluent: 200 per Division) Rosin - 0.08 T/day TNPCB Vadakkunemili Starch powder - 0.1 norms. Village, Thirukoilur T/day Taluk Villupuram Dist. 6. Arunachala Milk Cow milk - 30000 Processed milk - Domestic: 1.5 Sewage: 1.2 ETP Not available Product lts/day 25000 lts/day Process : 50 Effluent: 50 installed as Nallavanpalayam per Thiruvannamalai TNPCB norms 7. K.C.V. Milk Firm Milk - 5000 Its/day Processed milk - Domestic : 2.0 Sewage: 1.5 ETP Not available Pudukoilur Village 4000 lts/day Process: 15 Effluent: 15 installed as Chengam Taluk per T.V.Malai Dist. TNPCB norms 8. Arunal Milk Milk - 12000 Its/day Processed milk - Domestic : 2.0 Sewage: 1.5 ETP Not available Products 10000 Its/day Process: 25 Effluent: 25 installed as Thiruvadal Street per A- 104 Annexure-I S. Name & Location Raw materials used Production Water consumption Quantity of ETP/STP Solid waste details No. of Industry capacity m3/day effluent details m3/day Thiruvannamalai TNPCB norms 9. Heritage Foods Milk - 5000 Its/day Processed milk - Domestic : 2.5 Sewage : 2.0 ETP Not available India Ltd., 400 Its/day Process: 30 Effluent: 30 installed as Thirunamanallur per Thiruvannmalai TNPCB Dist. norms 10. Arunachalam Not available Not available Domestic: 10 Sewage: 9 ETP Not available Sugars Ltd. Process : 610 Effluent: 610 installed as Malapambadi per Village TNPCB T.V.Malai Taluk norms 15. Solid Waste Details A. Dharmapuri District S. Name of urban Popula- Solids waste Collection Workers for solid Availability Recycling If yes, No. local body tion T/day efficiency waste management of compost as manure quantity of yard Yes/No annual Yes/No production inT Genera- Collect- Total No/1000 tion ion No. population a. Municipalities A-105 Annexure-I 1. Dharmapun 64696 45 38 84% 90 1.39 Yes Yes 48 2. Krishnagiri 64587 30 25 83% 68 1.03 No No - 3. Hosur 84394 12 9.5 79% 35 0.78 No No - Total 213677 87 72.5 82% 193 1.04 b. Town Panchayats I 1. Harur 21523 3.5 3.4 100% 35 1.59 Yes Yes 4.5 2. Palacode 18667 4.5 4.5 100% 20 1.1 No No - 3. Karimangalam 12035 0.8 0.8 100% 25 1.35 Yes Yes 0.8 4. Pennagaram 15306 3 3 100% 20 1.18 No No 5. Kaveripattanam 14378 4 4 100% 25 1.51 No No - 6. Kelamangalam 11052 3 3 100% 9 0.9 No No - 7. Uthangarai 15443 2.5 2.5 100% 19 1.31 No No - 8. Papireddipatti 8583 0.25 0.25 100% 6 0.7 No No - 9. Bargur 12582 1.8 1.8 100% 12 1.0 No No - 10. Mathur 15257 3 3 100% 7 0.69 No No - Total 165437 30.35 30.35 100% 196 1.11 5.3 Source: District Environmental Profile, Dharmapuri District. B. Thiruvannamalai District S. Name of urban Popula- Solids waste Collection Workers for solid Availability Recycling If yes, No. local body tion T/day efficiency waste management of compost as manure quantity of % yard Yes/No annual Yes/No production inT Genera- Collect- Total No/1000 tion ion No. population a. Municipality I 1. Thiruvannamalai 130567 18.0 15.0 83.3 4 0.03 Yes No I A-106 Annexure-I Total 130567 18.0 15.0 83.3 4 0.03 Yes No b. Town Panchayats 1. illpennathur 12468 1.0 1.0 100 7 0.56 Yes No 2. Chengam 23223 5.0 5.0 100 25 1.29 Yes No 3. Pudupalayam 10005 1.0 1.0 100 11 1.67 Yes No Total 45696 7.0 7.0 100% 43 1.17 Source: District Environmental Profile, Thiruvannamalai District. C. Villupuram S. Name of urban Popula- Solids waste Collection Workers for solid Availability Recycling If yes, No. local body tion T/day efficiency waste management of compost as manure quantity of % yard Yes/No annual Yes/No production in T Genera- Collect- Total No/1000 tion ion No. population a. Municipalities 1. Villupuram 95455 7.2 6.0 90 66 1.2 Yes No Nil Total 95455 7.2 6.0 90 66 1.2 Yes No Nil b. Town Panchayats 1. Kallakurichi 36793 4.8 4.0 83.3 34 1.11 No No Nil 2. Thiyagadurgam 13633 2.4 2.0 83.3 18 1.26 No No Nil A-107 Annexure-I 3. Sangarapuram 12263 1.2 1.0 83.3 8 0.72 No No Nil 4. Thirukoilur 27197 3.6 3.0 83.3 36 1.26 No No Nil 5. Thiruvennainallur 8582 1.2 1.0 83.3 9 1.02 No No Nil 6. Ulundurpet 19258 3.6 3.0 83.3 15 0.8 Yes No Nil Total 117726 16.8 14 83.3 120 1.03 16. Raw Water Quality Data of Kelavarapalli Dam for the year 2003 - 2004 S. No. Parameter April May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2004 2004 1. Turbidity 27 31 27 22 21 16 20 21 21 19 25 2. Electric Conductivity 1026 1047 1041 993 916 824 843 872 995 1013 1044 3. Total Dissolved Solids 718 733 729 965 641 612 590 610 697 709 731 (mg/,) 4. pH 7.7 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.6 7.8 7.8 7.5 7.8 7.6 7.7 5. Total Hardness (mg/l) 242 248 254 244 242 216 211 225 245 254 259 6. Iron (mg/1) 0.34 0.32 0.32 0.34 0.32 0.18 0.34 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 7. Nitrates (mg/l) 2 2 7 7 12 9 7 8 7 7 4 8. Chlorides (mg/1) 134 149 152 145 130 124 120 120 126 128 144 9. Fluorides (mg/l) 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.5 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.4 0.5 10. Sulphates (mg/l) 7 6 9 33 15 12 8 8 10 10 12 11. Phosphates (mg/l) 6.2 7.9 5.0 5.9 8.7 10.6 7.8 6.3 7.6 9.6 8.5 A-108 Annexure-I 12. COD (mg/l) 83 76 81 50 41 50 13. Total coliform 9000 900 16000 1600 1600 - 3000 14. Fec. Coliform 220 10 240 23 130 - 120 Source: TWAD Board, Krishnagiri 17. Treated Water Quality Data of Kelavarapalli Dam for the year 2003 - 2004 S. Parameter April May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. No. 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2004 2004 1. Turbidity 4 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 4 4 5 2. Electric Conductivity 1067 1093 1084 1037 970 916 874 904 1031 1044 1074 3. Total Dissolved Solids 747 766 759 726 679 641 612 633 722 731 755 (mg/,) I_ I I _ 4. pH 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.6 7.7 7.7 7.6 7.7 7.7 7.7 5. Total Hardness (mg/l) 258 255 274 254 240 227 216 234 256 260 267 6. Iron (mg/l) 0.07 0.1 0.1 0.07 0.13 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.1 0.1 0.1 7. Nitrates (mg/l) 2 3 6 8 12 12 6 7 7 6 4 8. Chlorides (mg/l) 159 162 171 157 150 138 130 132 140 143 146 9. Fluorides (mg/i) 0.4 0.4 0.45 0.45 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.35 0.35 0.4 0.45 10. Sulphates (mg/1) 159 67 70 65 59 39 36 38 40 44 52 11. Phosphates (mg/1) 1.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 1.5 2.0 2.4 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.5 12. COD (mg/l) 50 55 - 25 - - 25 - 30 - 13. Total coliform 4 0 0 0 0 14. Fec. Coliform 2 0 0 0 0 A-109 VARAHANADHI BASIN 1. Geographical Area and Coverage S.No. Villupuram Thiruvanamalai Kanchepuram Total area of the 7217 6191 4433 districts (Sq.Km.) Basin area in the 3138 306 770 districts (Sq.Km.) Percentage areas 43.48 4.94 17.37 of the districts Percentage of 74.47 7.28 18.27 areas of basin in each district 2. Geographical Spread- Taluks and Blocks Name of Area District Taluk Block River Basin (Sq.Km.) Varahanadhi 4214 Villupuram Melmalayanaur Melmalayanur Vallam Gingee Tindivanam Mailam Marakkanam Vanur Vanur Villupuram Vikkravandi Villpuram Kandamangalam Thiruvanamalai Thiruvanamalai Kilpenathaur Kanchepuram Cheyyar Chittamur Maduranthagam Achrapakkam A-l10 3. Projected water demand and water balance for various uses in Mcm. S.No. Purpose 1999 2004 2019 2044 1 Domestic uses 43.1 47.13 59.22 79.38 2 Agriculture 1604 1604 1364 1204 3 Industries 30.15 40.2 70.35 120.6 4 Livestock 28.68 28.68 28.68 28.68 7 Total 1705.93 1720.01 1522.25 1432.66 8 Water Balance 192.07 177.99 375.75 465.34 Source: State framework resources Plan 4. Total Water Demand S.No. Purpose Total Water Demand 2004 2019 2044 2050 1 Agriculture 1604.00 1604.00 1604.00 1604.00 2 Domestic 127.82 160.64 215.33 228.37 3 Industrial 40.2 70.35 120.6 132.7 4 Livestocks 28.68 28.68 28.68 28.68 Total 1720.01 1762.25 1832.66 1849.59 Balance 177.99 135.75 65.34 48.41 (potential is 1898) 5. Ground water exploitation in 2003 Over-Exploited Critical Semi Critical (> 100 %) (90 and 100 %) (70 and 90%) Gingee Vanur None Kandamangalam Vikravandi Villupuram Mailam Marakanam Melmalaiyanur Vallam A-ill 6. Drought Prone Areas S.No District Block Name of Habitation affected 1 Villpuram 1. Pinnalur Melmalaiyanur 2. Porkunam 1 .Sengamedu Vallam 2. Melkalavai Vikravandi Sivaperumalpalayam Elayandipattu Kadagampattu & Vannur Mettu Street 7. Waste Lands District Block Waste Land % to total Land Villupuram Melmalaiyanur 3084.33 8.97 Gingee 526 1.42 Vallam 1991.9 7.10 Mailam 1038.27 3.64 Marakkanam 2790.25 6.57 Vannur 5322.18 11.83 Vikravandi 1787.67 7.48 Villupuram 504.06 2.55 Kandamangalam 364.04 1.81 Kilpenathaur 2501.59 9.22 Chitamur 5552.02 16.79 Achrapakkam 3663.61 10.69 3084.33 8.97 8. Catchments areas S.No. Catchment Area District Taluk Block I Varahanadhi Villupuram Gingee Melmalayanur Tindivanam Gingee Vanur Vallam Villupuram Mailam Marakkanam Vanur Vikkravandi Kandamangalam Villupuram A-112 9. Forest Coverage - Catchment Area Classification Extent in Ha. Percentage to total -_ Forest Area Geographical area 4,21,700 Forests 32,757 7.70 Current fallow area 48,327 77.24 Other fallow area 15,168 15.06 Total 100.00 10. Major soil types District Taluk Red Sandy Clayey Brown soil Loam Loam clayey Villupuram. Villupuram 15 40 45 Vanur 30 40 3 Gingee 60 40 - Tindivanam 40 40 20 Tiruvanamalai Tiruvanamalai 55 42 3 - Kancheepuram Cheyyur 10 - - 90 Madurantagam 10 - 25 65 11. Land use classification S. No Description Area (ha) 1 Geographical area 421400 2 Forest 32757 3 Barren and uncultivable waste 29805 4 Land under non - agricultural use 66910 5 Cultivable waste 11200 6 Permanent pastures and other crazing land 4342 7 Current fallows 48327 8 Other fallows 15168 9 Land under Misc. use 13482 10 Net area sown 194409 A-113 12. Seasons of Cropping S. Ist Crop J Season II nd Crop ] Season N I. Irrigated Crop 1. Paddy-Samba Aug/Se Paddy-Navarai Jan/Feb p to to Dec/Jan Mar/Ap r 2. Paddy-Samba Sep/Oct Paddy-Somavari Mar/Ap to r to Jan/Feb Jun/Jul 3. Paddy-Samba Jul/Aug Groundnut/Millet/Pulses/Ginge Dec/Jan to ily to Mar/ Nov/De Apr c 4. Paddy-Samba Aug/Se Chillies/Cotton/Vegetables/Oni Feb/Ma p on r to To Jul/Aug Dec/Jan 5. Sugarcane Jan to Sugarcane planted Nov to planted Nov Oct II. Un Irrigated Crop 6. Groundnut/Puls Jun/Jul Pulses/Gingelly/Ragi Oct/No es to v to Sep/Oct Dec/Jan 7. Millet/ Pulses Jun/July Pulses/Gingelly Oct/No to v to Sep/Oct Dec/Jan 13. Area under Crop Cultivation District Blocks Cropping pattern Area (hect.) Villupuram. Melmalayan Paddy, Groundnut, Cumbu or ur ragi, sugarcane, Gingely, 8.97 Gingee Cotton, Pulses 1.42 Vallam 7.10 Mailam Paddy, Groundnut, Cumbu or 3.64 ragi, sugarcane, Gingely Marakkanam 6.57 A- 114 Paddy, Groundnut, Cumbu or Vannur ragi, sugarcane, Gingely 11.83 Vikkravandi Paddy, Groundnut, Cumbu or 7.48 Kandamanag ragi, sugarcane, Gingely lam 2.55 Villupuram 1.81 14. Population details Districts Region Population Persons Male Female Tirvanamalai Total 2042979 1030052 1012927 Rural 1800051 907424 892627 Urban 242928 122628 120300 Villupuram Total 2943917 1484573 1459344 Rural 2517447 1269889 1247558 Urban 426470 214684 211786 Kanchipuram Total 2442179 1244756 1197423 Rural 1429610 724502 705108 15. Literacy level Districts Literate Persons Male Female Tirvanamalai 917548 580423 337125 Villupuram 1675027 991886 683141 Kanchipuram 1980898 1096992 883906 A-1 15 16. Tourist attractions S. No District Tourist Place/Pilgrim center 1 Dharmapuri Hogenakal, Krishnagiri dam, Vanniyar dam and Teerthamalai 2 Cuddalore Pitchavaram, Chidambaram and Vadalur 3 Villupuram Tiruvakkarai, Kalrayan Hills, Mylam Temple and Tirukoilur Temple 4 Trichy Mukkombu Anicut, Puliyoncholai, Rock fort Temple and Sri Rangam 5 Salem Yercaud, Sangagiri, Kolli Hills, Tiruchengodu and Taramangalam Source: Statistical handbook of Tamilnadu - 2002 A-116 Annexure- I 17.Water Quality Analysis -2003 District Tahsil / Village Well No Date of EC-G PH_ Ca Mg Na K HCO3 Taluk collecti EN GEN on Villupuram Chenii Chinnanolambai 33002 1/6/03 1140 8.2 Villupuram Chenji Alampundi 33017 1/6/03 820 8.5 = = =_= Villupuram Chenji Melmalayanur 33005 1/8/03 1410 8.4 Villupuram Chenji Melmalayanur 33005 7/7/03 2040 8 104 83 191 13 543 Villupuram Chenji Kilmampattu 31518 7/15/03 2300 8.1 48 83 258 28 470 Villupuram Chenji Alampoondi 31520 7/15/03 800 8.5 20 50 74 5 243 Villupuram Chenji Sathampadi 31526 7/15/03 2660 8.4 28 126 368 15 311 Villupuram Tindivanam Salai 33014 1/6/03 710 8.3 - -- Villupuram Tindivanam Vadasiruvalur 33008 1/8/03 2230 8.3 =_=_= Villupuram Tindivanam Kilsevur 33012 1/8/03 1300 8.3 Villupuram Tindivanam Omandur 31523 7/14/03 3640 7.9 164 173 322 8 177 Villupuram Tindivanam Vadasiruvalur 33008 7/14/03 2440 8.2 24 92 285 98 397 Villupuram Tindivanam Kilsevur 33012 7/14/03 1040 8.5 20 36 124 38 220 Villupuram Tindivanam Salai 33014 7/15/03 750 8.5 14 43 97 5 243 Villupuram Tindivanam Avanipur 31528 7/16/03 970 8.4 30 36 127 8 183 Villupuram Tindivanam Saram 31529 7/16/03 730 8.7 30 39 55 32 162 Villupuram Vanur Perumpakkam 33030 1/6/03 890 8.4 - Villupuram Vanur Bommayapalayam 33045A 1/11/03 890 8.4 - Villupuram Vanur Bommayapalayam 31555 7/14/03 220 8.2 20 21 5 5 64 Villupuram Vanur Kiliyanur 31530 7/16/03 860 8.3 22 60 87 5 294 A-117 Annexure- 1 Villupuram Vanur Perumpakkam 33030 7/16/03 1030 8.6 14 43 131 98 275 Villupuram Vanur Bommayapalayam 33045A 7/16/03 990 7.7 32 21 104 149 189 Villupuram Villupuram Orathur 33042 1/8/03 1250 8.2 Villupuram Villupuram Kilperumpakkam 31532 7/7/03 1430 8.1 50 61 159 5 311 Villupuram Villupuram Orathur 33042 7/7/03 3190 8.1 312 83 225 196 482 Villupuram Villupuram Esalam 31531 7/10/0 2430 7.8 40 95 414 5 537 3 Villupuram Villupuram Athanurvinayagapu 31533 7/10/0 1000 7.8 76 51 92 3 403 ram 3 Tiruvannam Tiruvannam Thatchampattu 23038 1/4/03 1210 7 alai alai Tiruvannam Tiruvannam Kilpennathur 21515 1/7/03 1860 8 alai alai Tiruvannam Tiruvannam Polagunam 23112 1/7/03 1180 8.2 alai alai Tiruvannam Tiruvannam Kilpennathur 21515 4/21/0 1850 8 alai alai 3 Tiruvannam Tiruvannam Thandarai 21516 7/10/0 590 8.5 32 16 69 6 116 alai alai 3 Tiruvannam Tiruvannam Nachanendal 21559 7/10/0 450 8.4 20 22 53 4 122 alai alai 3 Tiruvannam Tiruvannam Palayanur 21560 7/10/0 800 8.7 16 43 87 6 165 alai alai 3 Tiruvannam Tiruvannam Thatchampattu 23038 7/10/0 2000 7.9 76 83 219 9 311 aalai lai 3 A-118 Annexure- I Tiruvannam Tiruvannam Thiruvannamalai 23005 7/11/0 1210 8.2 48 54 120 6 305 alai alai 3 Tiruvannam Tiruvannam Kunnamurinji 21513 7/12/0 1040 8.1 10 26 189 9 433 alai alai 3 Tiruvannam Tiruvannam Kolakkaravadi 21514 7/12/0 1650 8.6 40 22 288 22 214 alai alai 3 Tiruvannam Tiruvannam Kilpennathur 21515 7/14/0 1780 8.4 20 75 235 9 195 alai alai 3 Tiruvannam Tiruvannam Mangalam 21565 7/14/0 1030 7.8 50 39 101 10 268 alai alai 3 Tiruvannam Tiruvannam Poyyanandal 21566 7/14/0 740 8.3 48 34 51 5 116 alai alai 3 Tiruvannam Tiruvannam Keekalur 21568 7/14/0 1300 8.3 38 55 147 7 238 alai alai 3 Tiruvannam Tiruvannam Keekkalur 23111 7/14/0 1340 8.3 20 69 143 7 195 alai alai 3 Kancheepur Madurantag Acharapakkam 13244 1/23/0 1000 8.3 am am 3 Kancheepur Madurantag Mugaiyur 13251 1/23/0 1050 8.3 am am 3 Kancheepur Madurantag Puthirankottai 13002 1/24/0 370 8.8 am am 3 Kancheepur Madurantag Sitravadi 13005 1/24/0 900 8.3 am am 3 Kancheepur Madurantag Sitravadi 13005 4/25/0 570 8.2 am am Il_ _ 3 _ ______ A-119 Annexure- 1 Kancheepur Madurantag Acharapakkam 13244 4/25/0 860 7.6 am am 3 Kancheepur Madurantag Mugaiyur 13251 4/25/0 900 7.4 am am 3 Kancheepur Madurantag Orathy 02036 7/21/0 580 8.4 58 13 48 9 98 am am 3 Kancheepur Madurantag Salaiyur 02014 7/27/0 2920 7.4 240 66 334 3 336 am am 3 Kancheepur Madurantag Chithamur 02015 7/27/0 4890 7.8 272 185 460 59 281 am am 3 Kancheepur Madurantag Thennampattu 02035 7/27/0 1150 8.8 28 22 202 7 415 am am 3 ___ ___ _____ Kancheepur Madurantag Kadugupattu 13004 7/27/0 330 7.8 30 5 39 2 183 am am 3 Kancheepur Madurantag Malaivaiyavur 13009 7/27/0 700 8.6 36 21 71 41 268 am am 3 Kancheepur Madurantag Vinayaganallur 13240 7/27/0 1500 7.2 124 29 150 23 342 am am 3 Kancheepur Madurantag Ammanur 13242 7/27/0 380 7.6 32 13 37 3 171 am am 3 Kancheepur Madurantag Acharapakkam 13244 7/27/0 800 7.4 62 29 74 3 183 am am 3 Kancheepur Madurantag L.Endathur 13246 7/27/0 680 7.8 64 28 39 6 238 1 am I am I ____ 1__3 __ _ _ __A 1 A-120 i I I I i I I I Annexure-I VELLAR BASIN 1. District Wise River Basin Details S.no. District Area of the Area %age area of %age area of District in covered by the district the basin Km2 Vellar Basin covered in the covered by Km2 basin the district a. Dharmapuri 9622 69 0.72 0.90 b. Salem 5205 2439 46.85 31.84 c. Perambalur 3691 1545 41.85 20.17 d. Trichy 4404 113 2.56 1.48 e. Villupuram 7222 1855 25.68 24.22 f. Cuddalore 3678 1638 44.53 21.39 Total 7659 100% 2. Revenue divisions and taluks of the basin Name of the district Name of the revenue division Name of the taluks Dharmapuri Dharmapuri Harur Krishnagiri Hosur Hosur Palacode Pennagaram Dharmapuri Krishnagiri Denkanikottal Uthangarai Villupuram Kallakurichi Villupuram Thirukoilur Thirukoilur Tindivanam Ulundurpet Villupuram Vanur Cuddalore Chidambaram Cuddalore Cuddalore Panruti Virudhachalam Vridhachalam Salem Salem Yercaud A-121 Annexure-I Attur Salem Mettur Attur Sankari Gangavalli Omalur Edapadi Trichy Trichy Trichy Lalgudi Sri Rangam Musiri Manaparrai Musiri Thottiyam Manachennalur 3. Land use/ Land cover S. No Description Extent in sq. km. 1 Total Geographical Area 7659.00 2 Forest 369.86 3 Barren and Uncultivable waste 4 Land put to non-agricultural use 1914.86 5 Cultivable waste 6 Pastures & Other Grazing lands 617.22 7 Land under tree and groves 28.29 8 Current fallow 9 Other fallow 638.29 10 Net area sown 4090.66 Total (2 to 10) 7659.00 11 Area sown more than once 1433.42 12 Gross area sown 5524.08 13 Irrigated area 1427.64 A-122 Annexure-I 4. Ground Water Assessment S.no. Zone Recharge Discharge Balance MCM MCM MCM 1. Zone 1 (Swedanadhi, Kallar river 308 274 34 subbasins upto Tholudur regulator) 2. Zone 2 (Manimuktha, Gomukhi 435 370 65 subbasins upto Vridachalam) 3. Zone 3 (From Tholudur to 232 213 19 Sethiathope anicut) 4. Zone 4 (below Sethiathope anicut to 47 42 5 sea) Total 1022 899 123 5. Population (In Millions) Area 2004 2009 2014 2029 2054 Urban 1.123 1.325 1.563 2.411 3.259 Rural 3.519 3.828 4.164 5.517 6.87 Total 4.642 5.153 5.727 7.928 10.129 6. Crop Water Demand S.no Crop Duration NIR Area Area Total Water in mm cultivated in cultivated in area Demand ha @ 40% ha @ 75% in ha MCM 1. Paddy Aug-Jan & 790 81637.25 3483.75 85121 1559.02 Oct-Feb 2. Cholam Feb-May 408 2602 2602 14.15 3. Cumbu Feb-May 408 6474 6474 35.22 4. Ragi Feb-May 458 2257 2257 13.78 5. Greengr Feb-May 300 113 113 0.45 am 6. Blackgra Feb-May 300 147 147 0.59 m A- 123 Annexure-I 7. Sugarca Jan-Dec 1800 14471 14471 347.30 ne 8. Cotton - 650 1136 1136 9.85 9. Groundn Sep-Feb 500 17010 17010 113.40 ut 10. Gingelle Sep-Feb 400 2142 2142 11.42 y 11. Sunflow Jan-May 500 2 2 0.01 er 12. Chillies Sep-Feb 850 6063 6063 68.71 13. Onion Sep-Feb 400 2977 2977 15.88 14. Turmeri Sep-Dec 850 1145 1145 12.98 c 15. Banana Jan-Dec 1800 1104 1104 26.50 Total 81637.5 71309 14276 2229.26 4 7. Present and Future Water Demand (In MCM) S.no. Sector 2004 2009 2014 2029 2054 1. Domestic a. Urban 36.89 43.52 51.34 79.2 107.05 b. Rural 51.37 55.89 60.79 80.54 100.3 Sub Total 88.26 99.41 112.13 159.74 207.35 2. Agriculture 2229.26 2229.26 2229.26 1938.87 1745.36 3. Livestock 51.17 51.17 51.17 51.17 51.17 4. Power generation 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0 5. Industries a. Small Scale 15.16 19.34 24.67 51.28 173.65 b. Large Scale 40.55 51.74 66.02 137.23 464.7 Sub Total 55.71 71.58 90.69 188.51 638.35 Total 2424.9 2451.92 2483.75 2339.29 2643.23 A-124 Annexure-I 8. Ground Water Exploitation S.No. Block Name Classification as on January 2003 1. Papireddipatti Over Exploited 2. Thalaivasal Over Exploited 3. Gangavalli Over Exploited 4. Attur Over Exploited 5. Pethanayakampalayam Over Exploited 6. Ayothipattinam Safe 7. Valapadi Over Exploited 8. Pammarathupatti Over Exploited 9. Namagiripettai Over Exploited 10. Kollimalai Safe 11. Vennandurai Over Exploited 12. Sendamangalam Over Exploited 13. Sendurai Safe 14. Veppur Over Exploited 15. Veppanthatti Over Exploited 16. Perambalur Over Exploited 17. Alathur Over Exploited 18. Ariyalur Semicritical 19. Thirumanur Safe 20. Andimadam Safe 21. Thuraiyur Over Exploited 22. Uppliyapuram Over Exploited 23. Thiyagadurgam Semi Critical 24. Sankarapuram Over Exploited 25. Rischivandhiyam Over Exploited 26. Kallakurichi Critical 27. Chirmasalem Semi Critical 28. Kalrayanmalai Safe 29. Ulundurpet Over Exploited 30. Parangipettai Semi Critical 31. Bhuvanagiri Semi Critical A-125 Annexure-I S.No. Block Name Classification as on January 2003 32. Keerapalayam Safe 33. Kammapuram Semi Critical 34. Vridachalam Semi Critical 35. Kurinjipadi Semi Critical 36. Nallur Semi Critical 37. Kattumannar Koil Semi Critical 38. Mangalur Semi Critical 39. Portonovo Safe Source: GW, PWD, WRO, Taramani 9. Fisheries S. District Total Total Inland Estuaries and Inland Marine No. Coastal Fresh Water Brackish Quantity Quantity line in Spread Area Water Area in Ton/ in Ton/ Kms in Ha in Ha Annum Annum a. Dharmapuri Nil 1628 Nil 160 Nil b. Salem Nil 15346 Nil 213 Nil c. Perambalur Nil 10400 Nil 4637 Nil d. Trichy Nil 10634 Nil 225T Nil e. Villupuram 41 1881 Nil 68 1.1 f. Cuddalore 57.5 18866 9100 5240 28345 10. Land Use Classification S.No. Classification Area 1. Aquaculture 1.56 2. Barren Rocky / Stony waste 124.74 3. Coastal wet lands 0.33 4. Deciduous 375.16 5. Dry Crop 979.05 6. Ever Green / Semi Ever Green 129.78 7. Fallow 219.51 A-126 Annexure-I 8. Forest - Blanks 18.36 9. Forest - Plantations 265.6 10. Gullied / Ravenous land 38.96 11. Industrial area 0.39 12. Land with scrub 207.9 13. Land without scrub 114.32 14. Marshy/Swarnpy land 2.13 15. Other Forest land 109.65 16. Plantation 1043.86 17. Reservoirs/Lakes/Tanks 253.82 18. River/Stream 100.64 19. Rural Settlements villages 223.92 20. Salt affected lands 57.39 21. Salt pans 0.18 22. Sandy area 5.52 23. Scrub forest 363.38 24. Town and cities 26.1 25. Unnotified forest area 299.12 26. Water logged 0.68 27. Wet crop 2418.26 11. Live Stock Population S.no. Block Plough Buffa Cows Goat Sheep Pig Poul Animals loes try A. Salem District 1. Attur 3742 14456 23653 6546 6914 48200 2. Ayodyapatinarn 1474 1552 569 925 2754 1139 3. Gangavalli - 7330 3669 37763 4709 4132 16065 4. Panamarathupatti 5901 - 5256 15438 4399 2476 89190 5. P.N.Palayam - 14795 23703 32149 8634 6798 133486 6. Talaivasal 9860 18043 36072 10996 6734 234725 7. Valapadi 7720 18852 21814 8597 4690 45714 B. Villupuram District A-127 Annexure-I S.no. Block Plough Buffa Cows Goat Sheep Pig Poul Animals loes try 1. Chinnasalem 21298 17752 40313 22300 - 13315 36320 2. Kallakurichi 29089 9668 28384 32100 - 20398 35914 3. Kalavayan Hills 10683 2884 15102 6300 - 4143 88233 4. Rishivandiyam 4130 1086 7318 7200 - 1740 53430 5. Sankarapuram 30250 6342 18565 10500 - 1835 80300 6. Thigadurgam 18878 11332 22439 36000 - 5230 45340 7. UIlundurpet 28114 2937 35430 25300 - 10130 - C. Cuddalore District 1. Bhuvanagiri 9650 4520 9725 6136 - 2100 23330 2. Kanimapuram 14760 6468 32689 7340 - 4300 13713 3. K.M.Koil 63848 45060 40464 52000 - 15212 61926 4. Keerapalayam 7226 12343 12622 8302 - 3200 22661 5. Kumaratchi 6642 6807 7329 4401 - 2100 26600 6. Mangalur 18630 7979 34984 12336 - 4500 8073 7. Nallur 16234 11822 40482 23229 - 5600 38388 8. Portonova 5732 2863 4397 2067 - 1200 28424 9. Vridachalam 14105 10893 42365 18124 - 8300 38636 Source: District Statistical Hand Book 12. Industries S. Name & Address Category STP/ETP APC Distance Mode of No. of Industry Status Measures from Water Disposal Status Source 1. India Cement Ltd. Red - STP Installed Within 1 km Treated Alathiyur Large Installed from effluent on Senthurai Taluk Annaivari their own Perambalur Dist. Odai land (Cement) 2. Madras Cement Red - STP Installed Within 1 km Treated Ltd Large installed from effluent on Alathiyur Annaivari their own Senthurai Taluk Odai land A-128 Annexure-I S. Name & Address Category STP/ETP APC Distance Mode of No. of Industry Status Measures from Water Disposal Status Source Perambalur Dist. (Cement) 3. Ambica Sugars Red - ETP Installed On the banks On land Ltd. Perambalur Large Provided of Vellar adjacent to Dist. river river (Sugar) 4. Supreme Renewal Red - ETP Installed On the banks On land Energy Ltd. Large Installed of Vellar adjacent to Perambalur Dist. river river Source: TNPCB, Trichy. 13. Population details Districts Region Population Persons Male Female Dharmapuri Total 2442179 1244756 1197423 Rural 1429610 724502 705108 Urban 1012572 520257 492315 Cuddalore Total 2280530 1148729 1131801 Rural 1527936 770160 757776 Urban 752594 378569 374025 Villupuram Total 2943917 1484573 1459344 Rural 2517447 1269889 1247558 Urban 426470 214684 211786 Salem Total 2992754 1551357 1441397 Rural 1605726 841200 764526 Urban 1387028 710157 676871 Trichy Total 2388831 1194133 1194698 Rural 1274516 636558 637958 Urban 1114315 557575 556740 Source: Statistical handbook of Tamilnadu 2002 A-129 Annexure-I 14. Literacy level Districts Literate Persons Male Female Dharmapuri 1461245 872014 589231 Cuddalore 1443851 834940 608911 Villupuram 1675027 991886 683141 Salem 1752966 1033301 719665 Trichy 1689780 927388 762392 Source: Statistical handbook of Tamilnadu 2002 A-130 Annexure-I VAIGAI BASIN 1. The distribution of the basin area in different districts S.no Name of the district. Area of the Area covered by district in Sq. the basin in sq. km. km. 1. Madurai 6565 3913 2. Dindigul 6058 1587 3. Ramanathapuram 4232 770 4. Sivagangai 4086 761 Total 7031 2.List of blocks and taluks Blocks Taluks Districts Cumbum Uthamapalayam Uthamapalayam Chinnamanur Bodinayakanur Bodinayakanur Theni Theni Theni Periyakulam Periyakulam Andipatty Andipatty Mayiladumparai - Dindigul Dindigul Athoor Battalagundu Nilakottai Nilakottai Didigul Natham Natham Kodaikkanal Kodaikkanal Vadipatti Vadipatti Alanganallur Madurai East Madurai North Madurai West Madurai Thirupparankundram Madurai South Melur Melur Kottampatti Sivagangai Sivagangai Thiruppuvanam Manamadurai Sivagangai Manamadurai Ilaiyangudi Ilaiyangudi Paramakudi Paramakudi Ramanathapuram Nayinarkovil A- 131 Annexure-I Bogalur Ramanathapuram Ramanathapuram Thiruppullani Mandapam Rameswaram 3.List of sub basins and their areas Area (Sq. Km.) Total area S.No Name of Sub-basin Plains Hills (Sq. Km.) 1 Upper Vaigai 244.02 532.75 776.77 2 Suriliar 564.92 151.54 716.46 3 Theniar 386.96 237.74 624.70 4 Varattar - Nagalar 512.78 122.92 635.70 5 Varahanathi 234.91 155.38 390.29 6 Manjalar 241.76 228.24 470.99 7 Sirumaliar 474.20 51.04 525.24 8 Sathiyar 667.27 151.73 819.00 9 Uppar 847.36 5.34 852.70 10 Lower Vaigai 1212.74 7.86 122.60 TOTAL 5386.92 1644.54 7031.46 3. Land Use / Land Cover S.no Category Area Extent in sq. km. 1. Sparsely irrigated Crop land 1037 2. Dry crop land 1086 3. Intensively irrigated Crop land 2192 4. Semi Deciduous Forest 662 5. Dry Deciduous Forest 481 6. Scrub Forest 855 7. Low Evergreen Forest 49 8. Urban built up land 27 9. Water spread area of Vaigai dam 26 10. Plantations 150 11. Coconut groves 61 12. Coastal plantations 39 13. Swamps 45 14. Barren rocky outcrop 107 15. Uncultivable waste 225 A-132 Annexure-I TOTAL [7042 4. Surface water potential Dependability zone 50% 75% 90% Zone 1 993.75 814.89 729.41 Zone 2 266.37 192.30 170.50 Zone 3 279.86 224.22 184.24 Zone 4 112.34 86.56 79.38 Zone 5 373.50 261.04 209.19 5. Projected water demand for various uses in Mcm. S. No. Purpose 1999 2004 2019 2044 1 Domestic uses 142.09 151.99 181.61 231.03 2 Agriculture 3840 3840 3966 3966 3 Industries 46.82 62.42 109.24 187.26 4 Livestock 28.08 28.08 28.08 28.08 5 Environment 12 12 12 12 6 Total 4068.99 4094.49 4296.93 4424.37 7 Water Balance -1496.99 -1522.49 -1724.93 -1852.37 6. Classification of forest area Area S.No Category Extent Sq. Area % Km. 1 Semi deciduous forest 662.36 9.42 2 Dry deciduous forest 480.94 6.84 3 Scrub forest 854.96 12.16 4 Low Evergreen forest 49.31 0.70 5 Plantations 149.88 2.13 A-133 Annexure-I 7. Solid Waste Collection In Major Towns CivicDaily S.no Name of the Local Body St Population Generated Status garbage (M.T) 1 2 3 4 5 1 Cumbum M 58713 23.400 2 Pudupatty T.P 9977 0.170 3 Kamayagoundanpatty T.P 12165 0.225 4 Highwavys T.P 7028 5 Gudalur T.P 35442 0.500 6 Hanumanthanpatty T.P 9436 0.045 7 Uthamapalayam T.P 22871 0.125 8 Kombai T.P 12820 0.400 9 Pannaipuram T.P 8924 0.110 10 Thevaram T.P 14501 0.665 11 Markayankottai T.P 5829 0.805 12 Kutchanur T.P 6118 0.088 13 Odaipatti T.P 13116 0.062 14 Chinnamanur M 38327 4.500 15 Bodinayakkanur M 73430 7.300 16 Melachokkanathapuram T.P 11661 0.110 17 B. Meenachipuram T.P 7207 0.076 18 Boothipurarm T.P 9623 0.110 19 Theni M 85424 20.000 20 Palanichettipatti T.P 11750 0.551 21 Veerapandi T.P 14248 0.350 22 Periyakulam M 42039 7.300 23 Vadugapatti T.P 12353 0.455 24 Thamaraikulam T.P 10264 0.986 25 Thenkarai T.P 11616 1.085 26 Devathanapatti T.P Y 13772 0.135 27 Genguvarpatti T.P 10569 0.115 28 Andipatti T.P 22992 1.254 29 Vathalakundu T.P 20032 NA 30 Pattyveeranpatty T.P 7744 NA A-134 Annexure-I 31 Pannaikadu T.P 9396 NA 32 Ayyampalayam T.P 21221 NA 33 Nilakottai T.P 19630 NA 34 Sevugampatty T.P 9521 NA 35 Vadipatty T.P 21750 0.480 36 Sholavandan T.P 21661 0.350 37 Alanganallur T.P 11064 0.445 38 Palamedu T.P 8187 1.180 39 Paravai T.P 16346 0.115 40 Vilangudi T.P 21073 0.790 41 Anaiyur T.P 38302 1.160 42 Madurai C 922913 350.000 43 Thirupparankundram T.P 39009 1.982 44 Melur M 33743 6.160 45 A. Vellalapatty T.P 7068 0.410 46 Thiruppuvanam T.P 21435 0.825 47 Manamadurai T.P 26284 0.950 48 Ilayankudi T.P 19100 0.850 49 Paramakudi M 84299 14.100 50 Ramanathapuram M 61974 11.800 51 Mandapam T.P 15779 1.000 52 Rameswaram T.P 7560 4.870 * NA - Not Availed M - Municipality TP - Town Panchayat C - Corporation 8. Industries Industries - ear 2005 Water requirement- mcm S. No Sub basin Large Small Large Small Total Growth rate/ per capita in 0.08 0.08 2500 2.50 cum 1 Upper Vaigai 9 1264 8054 1.15 9.69 2 Suriliar 0 872 0.00 0.80 0.80 3 Theniyar 3 702 2.85 0.64 3.49 4 Varatar and Nagalar 14 1053 12.81 0.96 13.77 5 Varahanadhi 6 1064 5.69 0.97 6.66 6 Manjalar 12 1437 11.39 1.31 12.70 7 Sirumalaiar 20 3256 18.51 2.97 21.48 8 Vaigai -Sathiar 37 7568 34.16 6.91 41.07 A-135 Annexure-I 9 Vaigai - Uppar 33 7190 29.89 6.56 36.45 10 I LowerVaigai 5 2047 4.27 1.87 6.14 Total 140 26451 128.12 24.14 152.24 Industries - year 2020 Water requirement - mcm S. Sub basin Large Small Large Small Total Growth rate/ per capita in 0.08 0.08 2500 2.50 cum_____ _ 1 Upper Vaigai 17 2236 15.11 2.04 17.15 2 Suriliar 0 1543 0.00 1.41 1.41 3 Theniyar 6 1242 5.04 1.13 6.17 4 Varatar and Nagalar 25 1863 22.67 1.70 24.37 5 Varahanadhi 11 1882 10.07 1.72 11.79 6 Manjalar 22 2542 20.15 2.32 22.47 7 Sirumalaiar 36 5760 32.74 5.26 38.00 8 Vaigai -Sathiar 66 13389 60.44 12.22 72.66 9 Vaigai - Uppar 58 12721 52.89 11.61 64.50 10 Lower Vaigai 8 3621 7.56 3.30 10.86 Total 248 46799 226.64 42.70 269.37 9. Land use pattern S.no Category Area Extent Km2 Area % 1 Sparsely irrigated Crop land 1037 15 2 Dry crop land 1086 14 3 Semi Deciduous forest 662 9 4 Dry Deciduous forest 481 7 5 Scrub forest 855 12 6 Low evergreen forest 49 1 7 Intensively irrigated crop land 2192 31 8 Plantations 150 2 9 Water spread area of Vaigai dam 26 1 10 Coconut groves 61 1 A-136 Annexure-I I Barren/ rocky out crop 107 1 12 Urban built up land 27 1 13 Coastal plantations 39 1 14 Swamps 45 1 15 Uncultivable waste 225 3 10. Population Details Districts Region Population Persons Male Female Theni Total 1094724 553118 5411606 Rural 502509 255241 247268 Urban 592215 297877 294338 Madurai Total 2562279 1295124 1267155 Rural 1129028 569988 559040 Urban 592215 297877 294338 Dindigul Total 1918960 966201 952759 Rural 1246956 627672 619284 Urban 672004 338529 333475 Ramnad Total 1183321 582068 601253 Rural 883508 433090 450418 Urban 299813 148978 150835 Sivagangai Total 1150753 565594 585159 Rural 826427 404561 421866 Urban 324326 161033 163293 Source: Statistical handbook of Tamilnadu 2002 A-137 Annexure-I 11. Literate Statement Name of the Name of the Total Literate Agricul- Agricultural No. of District Block Population turist Labourers households 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Theni Cumbum 101211 51573 3866 23209 16367 Uthamapalayam 111453 60784 5994 29834 20976 Chinnamanur 72660 34781 6144 29922 17120 Bodinayakkanur 167751 106392 7282 43809 NA Theni 173985 121300 6405 28897 18125 Periyakulam 188318 120609 7496 43988 32453 Andipatty 103703 43110 12876 29393 20970 K.Myladumparai 69278 24310 9082 23231 16404 Dindigul Batlagundu 96346 4816 9462 21098 21860 Kodaikanal 98598 53006 5020 9932 23415 Athur 136099 72001 10174 34004 32813 Dindigul 302507 198007 10668 24029 65954 Nilakotai 196833 34705 16790 29568 26497 Natham 119222 48396 1441 2565 25488 Madurai Vadipatty 96807 56182 6069 31832 25300 Alanganallur 95934 36576 8493 30163 21593 Madurai west 127108 76484 6201 20353 27940 Madurai east 122235 65130 8280 27552 45104 Thirupparankundram 213399 124262 8769 21798 26852 Melur 115006 56712 21413 27121 26830 Kottampatti 98944 42324 19972 22630 22802 Sivagangai Thiruppuvanam 102005 52022 15178 15485 22279 Sivagangai 124879 62977 19496 11856 27620 Manamadurai 106866 34084 17368 13819 21018 Ilayankudi NA NA NA NA NA Ramanathapuram Paramakudi 137700 103528 16139 7097 15348 Nainar kovil 49349 21602 19334 9805 9060 Bogalur 39107 18098 9597 4220 8791 Ramanathapuram 109609 62989 94430 5379 12722 Thiruppullani 102448 43418 12830 6415 21364 Mandapam 156267 89976 6452 4437 21440 A-138 Annexure-I 12. Tourist Attractions S.n Toruist / Pilgrim Place Centre, Festival 1 Suruli falls Tourist spot 2 Veerapandi Gowmariamman kovil Pilgrim centre 3 Kuchanur Saneeswaran kovil Pilgrim centre 4 Vaigai Dam Tourist spot 5 Sothuparai Dam Tourist spot 6 Kumbakarai falls Tourist spot 7 Devathanapatti - Moogilanai Kamatchiamman kovil Pilgrim centre 8 Kodaikanal Tourist spot 9 Kutladampatti falls Tourist spot 1 0 Madurai Tourist spot / Chittirai Festival a) Meenakshiamman kovil Pilgrim centre b) Koodal Alagar kovil Pilgrim centre c) Vandiyur Mariamman kovil Pilgrim centre d) Alagar kovil Pilgrim centre e) Thirupparankundram - Murugan kovil Pilgrim centre f) Gandhi Muesium Tourist spot g) Thirumalai Naicker Mahal Tourist spot 11 Megamalai (Chinna suruli falls) Tourist spot 12 Paramakudi Chittirai Festival 13 Rameswaram Tourist spot 14 Devipattinam Tourist spot 15 Thiruppullani Pilgrim centre 16 Thiru Uthirakosamangai Pilgrim centre 13. Details of Sewage Disposal In Major Towns Sno Name of the Local Civic Populio Dailuy water generated Body Status (lakhs/ltr/day) (lakhs/ltr/das) 1 Cumbum M 58713 39.00 31.20 2 Pudupatty T.P 9977 4.09 3.27 3 Kamayagoundanpatty T.P 12165 5.47 4.38 A-139 Annexure-I 4 Highways T.P 7028 4.29 3.43 5 Gudalur T.P 35442 16.30 13.04 6 Hanumanthanpatty T.P 9436 3.30 2.64 7 Uthamapalayam T.P 22871 9.38 7.50 8 Kombai T.P 12820 5.13 4.10 9 Pannaipuram T.P 8924 4.19 3.35 10 Thevaram T.P 14501 6.24 5.00 11 Markayankottai T.P 5829 2.45 1.96 12 Kutchanur T.P 6118 3.01 2.41 13 Odaipatti T.P 13116 5.25 4.20 14 Chinnamanur M 38327 36.52 29.22 15 Bodinayakkanur M 73430 55.69 44.55 16 Melachokkanathapurm T.P 11661 4.66 3.73 17 B. Meenachipuram T.P 7207 3.60 2.88 18 Boothipuram T.P 9623 5.77 4.62 19 Theni M 85424 93.00 74.40 20 Palanichettipatti T.P 11750 4.23 3.38 21 Veerapandi T.P 14248 6.41 5.13 22 Periyakulam M 42039 38.00 30.40 23 Vadugapatti T.P 12353 3.71 2.97 24 Thamaraikulam T.P 10264 2.98 2.38 25 Thenkarai T.P 11616 3.95 3.16 26 Devathanapatti T.P 13772 6.20 4.96 27 Genguvarpatti T.P 10569 5.18 4.14 28 Andipatti T.P 22992 8.74 6.99 29 Vathalakundu T.P 20032 NA NA 30 Pattyveeranpatty T.P 7744 NA NA 31 Pannaikadu T.P 9396 NA NA 32 Ayyampalayam T.P 21221 NA NA 33 Nilakottai T.P 19630 NA NA 34 Sevugampatty T.P 9521 NA NA 35 Vadipatty T.P 21750 10.66 8.53 36 Sholavandan T.P 21661 14.06 11.25 37 Alanganallur T.P 11064 6.74 5.39 38 Palamedu T.P 8187 5.28 4.22 A-140 Annexure-I 39 Paravai T.P 16346 10.88 8.70 40 Vilangudi T.P 21073 9.27 7.42 41 Anaiyur T.P 38302 13.45 10.76 42 Thirupparankundram T.P 39009 15.60 12.48 43 Melur M 33743 10.43 8.34 44 A. Vellalapatty T.P 7068 4.73 3.78 45 Thiruppuvanam T.P 21435 13.00 10.40 46 Manamadurai T.P 26284 14.82 11.86 47 Ilayankudi T.P 19100 5.74 4.59 48 Paramakudi M 84299 16.71 13.37 49 Ramanathapuram M 61974 11.45 9.16 50 Mandapam T.P 15779 4.60 3.68 51 Rameswaram T.P 14.00 11.20 M - Municipality TP - Town Panchayat NA - Not Availed A-141 Annexure- I 14. List of Observation Wells Co-ordinates Depth Water Depth Level in S.No Well No Location District in Meter Latitude Longitude Toposheet No DMitsr (ctLyt) (BGL) (JuLy9) 1 83046 Kullappagoundanpatti 09 39 44 77 16 35 58 G / 06 Theni 12.30 07.50 2 83045B Cumbum 09 44 07 77 17 52 58 G /06 Theni 18.20 15.40 3 83053A Erasakkanaickanur 09 47 31 77 23 55 58 G / 05 Theni 32.00 27.75 4 83054 Uthamapalayam 0948 15 77 1944 58G/05 Theni 12.00 09.90 5 83069A Sangarapuram 09 54 34 77 20 05 58 G /05 Theni 25.05 19.10 6 830554A Kombai 09 50 21 77 17 49 58 G / 05 Theni 23.10 17.45 7 83070 T.Meenakshipuram 09 53 00 77 16 54 58 G/05 Theni 23.10 16.20 8 83068A Seelayampatti 09 52 17 77 23 36 58 G /05 Theni 14.50 05.10 9 83085 Kodangipatti 09 59 33 77 26 31 58 G /05 Theni 08.70 02.10 10 83010A Bodinaickanur 10 00 14 77 21 26 58 F /08 Theni 10.85 06.30 11 83011A Theni 10 01 58 77 29 23 58 F / 08 Theni 20.40 07.20 12 83009 Venkatachalapuram 09 55 00 77 28 29 58 G / 05 Theni 28.40 07.80 13 83553 Kadamalaikundu 09 48 44 77 30 29 58 G / 09 Theni 11.45 07.60 14 83067 Kandamanur 09 55 21 77 31 29 58 G / 09 Theni 19.90 05.20 15 83084 Arappadithevanpatti 10 00 27 77 32 06 58 F / 12 Theni 17.24 06.80 16 83086A Lakshimipuram 10 04 56 77 31 25 58 F/ 12 Theni 21.55 06.05 17 83087 Vaigaiputhur 10 03 31 77 35 26 58 F / 12 Theni 09.35 06.40 18 83501 Gandhipuram 10 07 40 77 33 17 58 F/ 12 Theni 09.64 04.28 19 83500 Kottarapatti 10 08 17 77 42 04 58 F/ 12 Theni 08.81 06.30 20 83088 Gullapuram 10 03 52 77 38 36 58 F / 12 Theni 09.55 04.52 21 83023 Devathanapatti 10 08 34 77 38 50 58 F / 12 Theni 11.01 02.62 22 83100 Vengadasastrikottai 10 09 13 77 47 23 58 F /06 Dindigul 11.10 05.50 23 83021A Pallapatti 10 08 25 77 54 40 58Fi16 Dindigul 15.43 04.82 A-142 Annexure- I 24 83092A Neerathan 10 03 09 77 58 35 58F/ 16 Madurai 10.65 03.38 25 83014 Solavanthan 10 01 14 77 57 46 58F/ 16 Madurai 07.10 03.90 26 83080 Nagari 10 01 04 78 02 04 58 J / 04 Madurai 06.50 02.85 27 83094B Thavacheri 10 04 23 78 06 56 58 J /04 Madurai 08.63 Dry 28 83020A Valayapatti 10 08 54 78 07 10 58 J / 04 Madurai 06.00 04.20 29 83079 Koolapandi 10 00 37 78 09 00 58 J /04 Madurai 04.60 05.28 30 83027 Puliankulam 09 52 59 78 11 02 58 K / 04 Madurai 06.10 05.15 31 83076 Varichur 09 54 30 78 15 30 58 K / 05 Madurai 07.60 04.75 32 83075 Karuppayiurani 09 56 00 78 11 30 58 K / 01 Madurai 08.35 05.15 33 83019 Parali 10 08 54 78 11 05 58 J / 04 Didigul 06.80 04.72 34 83095 Pulipatti 10 05 04 78 17 20 58 J / 08 Madurai 07.00 05.30 35 83017 T.Palaiyur 09 57 08 78 18 32 58 K / 05 Madurai 09.65 06.85 36 83078 Melapathinettankudi 09 59 45 78 19 52 58 K / 05 Madurai 08.40 04.96 37 83077A Urankanpatti 09 59 50 78 25 44 58 K / 05 Madurai 09.65 05.45 38 83096 Thumbaipatti 10 05 06 78 21 34 58 J /08 Madurai 05.34 01.70 39 83233 Thirumansolai 09 51 09 78 19 50 58 K/05 Sivagangai 08.64 05.21 40 83236 Nallakulam 09 51 35 78 23 20 58 K/ 05 Sivagangai 08.64 02.91 41 83124B Rajakambeeram 09 43 05 78 25 10 58 K/ 06 Sivagangai 09.80 07.85 42 83123B Manamadurai 09 42 00 78 27 00 58 K / 06 Sivagangai 08.60 05.50 43 83129B Ilaiyankudi 09 37 35 78 37 35 58K/10_ Sivagangai 11.00 08.00 44 83128B Paramakudi 09 32 40 78 35 40 58K/10 Ramnad 05.70 02.47 45 83275 Bogalur 09 24 25 78 42 50 58 K/ 11 Ramnad 11.66 05.63 46 83277 Vairavanendal 09 24 35 78 46 05 58 K/ 15 Ramnad 03.50 02.06 47 83136A Devipattinam 09 28 00 78 54 00 58 K/ 15 Ramnad 05.45 02.20 48 83279A Sathrakudi 09 25 40 78 54 00 58 K/ 15 Ramnad 04.17 02.78 49 83134A Ramanathapuram 09 22 15 78 49 50 58 K/ 15 Ramnad 09.35 06.70 50 83280 Valantharuvai 09 20 10 78 54 50 58 K/ 15 Ramnad 08.64 05.73 51 83281 Chembadaiyarkulam 09 20 00 78 58 00 58 K/ 15 Ramnad 04.98 03.34 52 83282 Uchipuli 09 18 20 79 01 10 58 0 / 03 Ramnad 02.98 01.75 53 83132A Thiruppulani 09 17 00 784950 58K/ Ramnad 06.60 04.24 A-143 Annexure- I A-144 Annexure-I AGNIYAR BASIN 1. Details of Taluks in the Basin S.No District Taluks 1 Pudukkottai Alangudi 2 Arathangi 3 Avudayarkoil 4 Gandarvakkottai 5 Kulathur 6 Pudukkottai 7 Thirumayam 8 Thanjavur Pattukottai 9 Peravurani 10 Tiruchirapalli Viralimalai 2. Anicuts present in the Sub Basins of Agniyar Agniyar Sub Basin Ambuliyar Sub Basin South Vellar Sub Basin Sinayakkudi Pallathividuthy Kilikudi Andakulam Kothamangalam Pinnakudi Agniyar (or) Pulavankadu Senthangudi Visalue Maniyavayal Chithathikkadu Keemanakanmoi Madathukkadu Nelhadikkadu Sundarapatti Poovanam Adaikkathevan Senthamangalam Kollukkadu Pumping Holdsworth scheme Sethukanmoi Kothamangalam Narpavalakudi Veeramangalam Avudayarkoil Karunkadu Manalur Keeranur Manamelkudi A-145 Annexure-I 3. Land use / Land cover Description Area (ha) Geographical area 4,56,600 Forest 2,3743 Barren and uncultivable waste 9,132 Land under non - agricultural use 1,09,584 Cultivable waste 14,155 Permanent pastures and other crazing 4,109 land Current fallows 64,381 Other fallows 27,853 Land under Misc. use 8,218 Net area sown 1,95,425 (Source: Environmental Status report of the Agniyar River Basin) 4. Projected water demand and water balance for various uses S No Purpose 1999 2004 2019 2044 1 Domestic uses 29.55 31.48 37.29 46.98 2 Agriculture 2344 2344 1916.86 1631.81 3 Industries 25.64 34.18 59.82 102.54 4 Livestock 14.8 14.8 14.8 14.8 6 Total 2413.99 2424.46 2028.77 1796.13 7 Water Balance -409.99 -420.46 -24.77 207.87 A- 146 Annexure-I 5. Crop Productivity S.No Description of crop Area (in hectares) Productivity in Kg/hec 1 Paddy 83500 3158 2 Cholam 326 1306 3 Cambu 30 2796 4 Ragi 278 2316 5 Maize 180 2068 6 Varagu 209 918 7 Green gram 37 543 8 Black gram 2140 518 9 Red gram 1390 505 10 Horse gram 210 0 11 Ground nut 27549 1448 12 Gingelly 1481 453 13 Chillies 181 569 6. Diseases prevailing in the basin S.No Name of the disease No. of patient treated 1 Fever 2458 2 Typhoid fever 410 3 Tuberculosis 1691 4 Leprosy 480 5 Twakrogam 0 6 Verinam 95 7 Vatham 15957 8 Hypertensive disease 414 9 I$ehemic heart disease 857 10 Sivorogam 0 11 Nasrogam 234 12 Others 43744 7. District wise area and population details Districts Region Population Persons Male Female Trichy Total 23,88,831 11,94,133 11,94,698 Rural 12,74,516 6,36,558 6,37,958 Urban 11,14,315 5,57,575 5,56,740 Thanjavur Total 22,05,375 10,91,557 11,13,818 A-147 Annexure-I 8. District wise literacy level Literate Districts Persons Male Female Trichy 16,89,780 9,27,388 7,62,392 Thanjavur 14,90,568 8,25,006 6,65,562 Pudukottai 9,19,086 5,25,743 3,93,343 9. Tourist attractions District Tourist Place / Pilgrim center Trichy Mukkombu Anicut, Puliyoncholai, Rock fort Temple and Sri Rangam Thanjavur Darasuram, Grand Anicut, Thanjavur Temple, Thiruvaiyaru, Thirukandiyur and Kumbakonam Pudukottai Viralimalai, Avudayiarkoil, Kudumiammalai, Pudukottai, Sittanna vassal, Narthamalai A-148 Annexure-I PAMBAR BASIN 1. Taluk wise Basin Area Name of District Name of Taluk Area of the Basin Sq.Kms Pudukottai Tinumayam 385.39 Aranthangi 19.27 Avadayarkoil 83.50 Trichy Manapparai 54.60 Sivagangai Tiruppathur 789.13 Devakottai 346.85 Karaikudi 452.83 Sivagangai 35.33 Madurai Melur 356.49 Ramnad Tiruvadanai 353.28 Dindigul Natham 475.32 Dindigul 22.48 Total 3374.47 2. Land use Area as a % of S.No Description in ha Total Area of the basin 1 Total area of basin 337447 100 2 Forest 31864 9.44 3 Barren and Uncultivable land 10650 3.16 4 Land put to non-agriculutural use 53164 15.75 5 Cultivatable waste 14577 4.32 6 Permanent pasture and grazing 1547 0.46 land 7 Land under miscellaneous trees 6759 2.00 groves not included in net sown area 8 Current fallows 48688 14.43 9 Other fallow lands 57688 17.09 10 Net Area sown 112510 33.35 A-149 Annexure-I 3. Surface water potential Season Calculation Yield Mcum SW Monsoon 0.15x3374.47xlOOx152.74/1000 152.74 NE Monsoon O.15x3374.47x i OOx206.65/1000 206.65 Summer 0.15x3374.47x100x149.414/1000 149.414 Total 508.8 4. Ground water Potential Ground Water Potential GW potential of the Basin for the whole Block portion of the block ha-m ha-m Total Available Basin GW GW GW Name of Taluk Name of Block for area in Available Available Total Irrigation the for for potential block irrigation industry available ha ha-m 1) Sivagangai Dt. Devakottai Devakottai 4562 4481 34685 5043 83 5126 Kannanur 3888 3833 Karaikudy Sakkottai 4818 4706 5283 5972 157 6129 Kallal 6358 6185 Tiruppathur Tiruppathur 5501 5345 78913 11695 350 12045 Singampunari 4180 4083 S.Pudur 2364 2267 Sivagangai Sivagangai 9563 9364 3533 689 13 702 Kalayar koil 12298 12090 2)Ramnad Dt., Tiruvadanai Tiruvadani 5874 5673 35328 611 173 2784 RS Mangalam 1000 775 3)Pudukottai Dt., | Tirumayam Tirumayam 6221 6069 38539 6635 196 6831 Arimalam 5251 5098 Ponnamaravathi 5478 5296 1 1 1 Aranthangi Aranthangi 9745 9463 1927 56 13 469 Avadayarkoil Avadayarkoil 10462 10302 8350 2169 34 2203 4)Trichy Dt. Manapssparai IMarungapuri 19054 18825 15460 11059 127 11086 5)Madurai Dt. Melur IMelur 112902 112609 35649 |9682 |148 19830 _Kottampatti 16607 16589 _ | ___ 6)Dindigul Dt. Natham |Natham 5936 15716 147532 606 177 4783 Dindigul Sannarpatti 5193 |4981 12248 285 |12 297 _ 1 _ 1337447 150902 1383 52285 (1 ha-m = O.OlMcurn) or 509.02 13.83 522.85Mcum A-150 Annexure-I 5. Projected water demand and water balance for various uses in MCM S No. Purpose 1999 2004 2019 2044 1 Domestic uses 35.21 37.31 43.6 54.07 2 Agriculture 1960.73 1960.73 1815.28 1637.52 3 Industries 51.89 69.18 121.07 207.54 4 Livestock 24.98 24.98 24.98 24.98 6 Total 2072.81 2092.2 2004.93 1924.11 7 Water Balance 443.81 463.2 -375.93 -295.11 Source: State framework resources Plan of Tamilnadu 6. Places of Fluoride contamination. S.No Name of Taluk Name of Village Fluoride content in ppm 1 Melur Pulipatti 2.0 Kottampatti 2.5 7. Places of Nitrate contamination. S.No Name of Taluk Name of Village Nitrate content in ppm 1 Melur Pulipatti 66 2 Tiruvadanai Tondi 1302 3 Karaikudy Karaikudy 128 4 Vetriyur 177 8. Cropping Pattern Name of District S. No Name of . o Crop Pudukottai Dindigal Sivagangai Ramnad Madurai 1 Rice Sep-January Aug-Dec Aug-Nov Nov- June-Oct June-Oct to March Aug-Dec Jan-March 2 Groundnut July-Sep Jan-May Throughout (oil Seeds) the year Rice Oct-January Cumbu or Feb-May Jan-July to Mar-June Ragi Aug-Sep June-Sep A-151 Annexure-I 3 Groundnut July-October June-Oct July-Nov Chilles Oct-Feb Maize March-June Jan-May Aug-Sep Feb-June Aug-Jan 4 Ragi July-Oct June-Oct Rice Oct-Feb Cotton Feb-June Aug-Sep to Feb-March Feb-Aug Feb-Aug Jan-Feb to Sep-Oct June-Dec 5 Groundnut June-Oct Dec-April Black Nov-Feb June-Aug Mar-May grarn Horse Aug-Nov grarn,Ragi Gingelly Dec-March 6 Sugarcane Throughout Jan-Dec the year 9. Crop Yield S.No Name of Crop Yield in Kg/ha Pudukotttai Sivagangai Dindigul Ramnad Madurai 1 Rice 2825 2680 3200 2552 3932samba 61 OOkuruvai 2 Millets 1201 1680 1000 1103 1039 3 Pulses 587 570 620 491 416 4 Groundnut 724 690 950 885 1505 5 Gingelly 370 610 - 404 - 6 Cotton 358 2720 2200 2.4 bales 848 7 Sugarcane 9700 12400 8900 8 Chillies 808- 9 Sunflower 351 A-152 Annexure-I 10. Water Demand for agriculture Area Area Net IlnoName of under under CW NIR Field GIR crop tank well R Mcum efficiency Mcum irrigation irrigation cm 1 Rice (1) 67764 86.05583.11 0.4 1325.25 2 Rice (2) 7529 86.05 64.79 0.75 86.38 3 Irrigated dry 5582 31.85 17.78 0.75 23.70 __ Tota 1435.33 CWR - Crop Water Requirement, NIR - Net Irrigation Requirement GIR - Gross Irrigation Requirement. 11. Diseases in Sivagangai District during January-March 2004 S. Name of block ADD Malaria Chickenpo Measles TB Leprosy No x 1 Thirupathur 5 1- - 2 Sakkottai 1 4 - 15 13 3 Devakottai 7 - 2 7 1 4 Kaimankudi 1 - - 1 - 5 Kalayarkovil 6 1 1 - 4 2 6 Kallal 5 - - - 21 2 Total 25 1 7 - 48 19 12. Abstract of district wise population No of Area of Population (2001 Census) Si.No Name of Name of Villages the basin Districts Taluk situated in Sq.km the basin Male Female Total 1 Dindigul Dindigul 4 22.48 6074 6042 12116 Natham 43 475.32 74258 72486 146744 Total 47 497.80 80332 78528 158860 2 Madurai Melur 38 356.49 64878 65615 130493 3 Sivagangai Tiruppathur 96 789.13 118753 125942 244695 Sivagangai 5 35.33 2697 3241 5938 Karaikudy 70 452.83 67969 70094 138063 Devakottai 55 346.85 31523 29107 60630 Total 216 1624.14 220942 228384 449326 A-153 Annexure-I 4 Trichy Manapparai 8 54.60 8677 8724 17401 5 Ramnad Tiruvadanai 43 353.28 41133 43094 84227 6 Pudukottai Tirumayam 73 385.39 7442 77719 152145 Aranthangi 8 19.27 5800 4252 10052 Avudayarkoil 22 83.50 929 9419 18718 Total 104 488.16 89525 91390 180915 GRAND TOTAL 465 3374.47 5054871 5157351 1021222 13. Literacy Population S.No NameDof Name of Literacy (2001 Census) Districts Taluk Male Female Total 1 Dindigal Dindigal 4207 3033 7240 Natham 49792 32447 82239 2 Madurai Melur 45596 31758 77354 3 Sivagangai Tiruppathur 84088 35305 119393 Sivagangai 1989 1770 3759 Karaikudy 55313 49418 104731 Devakottai 25589 20011 45600 4 Trichy Manapparai 5907 3885 9792 5 Ramnad Tiruvadanai 29472 28696 58168 6 Pudukottai Tirumayam 53874 39621 93495 Aranthangi 4340 2338 6678 _Avudayarkoil 7174 5197 12371 Total 367341 253479 620820 14. Category of Tourist spots No Name of the Place Category Location I Pillayr patti Temple Pilgrimage Centre Pillayar Patti village 2 Thirukoshttiur Temple Pilgrimage Centre Thirukoshttiur village in Thiruppathur taluk. 3 Kundrakudi Temple Pilgrimage Centre Kundrakudi A-154 Annexure-l (v) near Karaikudi 4 Oriyur church Pilgrimage Centre Oriyur in Thiruvaadani taluk. 5 Vettangudi Bird Sanctuary (Tourist In between Bird Sanctuary spot) Thiruppathur and S .S. Kottai 6 Thirumayam Fort Tourist Spot Thirumayam A-155 i i i i i I Annexure -I GUNDAR BASIN 1. Sub basin area S.No. Sub Basins Area Sq.km 1 Terkkar 894 2 Goundanadhi 714 3 Upper Gundar 867 4 Lower Gundar 1638 5 Palar 312 6 Kottakkudiar 770 Vembar 717 Total Area 5912 2. Surface Water Potential Surface Water Potential in Mm3 S.No Sub Basins S.W. Monsoon N.E. Monsoon Annual 1 Terkkar 33.93 53.80 87.73 2 Goundanadhi 25.98 44.47 70.45 3 Upper Gunder 28.00 49.55 77.55 4 Lower Gunder 52.70 97.59 150.29 5 Palar 6.00 21.38 27.38 6 Kottakkudiar 15.38 51.08 66.46 7 Vembar 14.13 41.59 55.72 Total 176.12 359.46 535.58 3. List of villages having fluoride value > 1.50 mg/l S.no Taluks Village Fluoride mg/l MADURAI DISTRICT 1 Madurai south Avaniyapuram 1.70 Chinnakattalai 1.80 2 Thirumangalam Kollarampatti 1.60 3 Usilampatti Veppanental 1.90 Uthappanaickanur 1.90 T.Meenakshipuram 2.80 4 Thiruchuli Narikudi 3.70 5 Aruppukkottai P. Pudupatti 3.60 A-156 Annexure -I Ramanujapuram 2.50 Kovilankulam 2.40 4. Industries Type Taluk G Total VIRUDHUNAGAR DIST Aruppukottai 0 15 8 0 23 Kariyapatti 0 2 2 0 4 Thiruchuli 0 1 1 0 2 0 18 11 0 29 MADUTRAI DIST I Madurai South 36 447 223 0 706 Usilampatti 0 41 1 0 42 Peraiyur 0 1 2 0 3 Thirumangalam 13 212 106 0 331 49 701 332 0 1082 SIVAGANGAI DIST Manamadurai 1 86 11 4 102 _ 1 86 11 4 102 RAMANAD DIST Paramakudi 0 24 0 0 24 Mudukulathur 0 3 0 0 3 Kadaladi 0 6 1 0 7 Kamudhi 0 15 1 0 16 Ramnad 4 17 0 0 21 4 65 2 0 71 THOOTHUKUDI DIST - Vilathikulam 0 3 6 0 9 0 3 6 0 9 Total 54 873 362 4 1293 A-157 Annexure -I 5. Pilgrimage Centers, Tourist Spots And Sanctuaries Pilgrimage Location Centers/Tourist spots / Festivals Period Sanctuaries Pilgrimage centers & Temples Madurai SriMeenakshi Chithirai festival April Sundareswarar Temple Festival of cradle April Navaratri festival September Madurai Koodal Azhargar temple Masi Magam Float February/March Festival Thirupparakundram Lord Panguni Uthiram March - April Subbramaiya Temple Madurai Mariamman teppakulam Adi krithigai July - August Mariamman Temple Float faestival January- February Thiruchuli Thirumeninathan Bhramotchavam April - May swami Temple festival Birth place of Sri Ramana Maharishi Uthirakosamangai Natarajar Temple Arudhra festival December Thiruppullani Adi Jegannatahaperumal Temple Erwadi Ibrahim syed Aulia Annual festival Dargha Tourist spots Madurai Mannar Thirumalai Through out the Naikar Mahal year A-158 i Annexurel KALLAR BASIN 1. Taluk wise area S.No Taluk Area covered by basin % of area of the (Hectares) basin covered by the Taluk 1. Kovilpatti 32227.375 40.77 2. Ottapidaram 36195.36 45.79 3. Vilathikulam 10619.265 13.44 2. Details of Anicuts S.No Name of the Length of Channel fed tanks Ayacut Anicut channel (acres) (_) Kallar river basin 1. Ketchilapuram 780 Kilavipatti 112.02 2. Sivanthipatti 2750 Erachi 45.45 3. Thuraiyoor 2500 Semmaputhur 154.25 4. Athikinar 1900 Athikinar 318.00 5. Kattaboman (Left) 1000 Kalmedu (Therku and 443.80 Vadaku) 6. Kattaboman 300 Pattinamaruthur, 700.22 (Right) Tharuvaikulam (new) 7. Pattinamaruthur 4000 Pattinamaruthur 299.80 8. Melaarasaradi 1000 Tharuvaikulam (old) 388.00 3. Surface water potential of Kallar basin including Korampallamaru Period Surface water potential Southwest monsoon 12.96 MCM Northeast monsoon 66.79 MCM Annual 124.56 MCM Diversion from Tambiraparani basin for irrigation 6.59 MCM A- 159 Annexurel 4. Dominant crops S. No Taluk Irrigation Predominant crops 1. Vilathikulam Irrigated Paddy, Cumbu, Coconut, cotton, Vegetables, chilli and Onion Unirrigated Cholam, Cumbu, Valli, Black gram, Green gram, Maize, Gingily, Sunflower, Caster, Cotton, Tamarind, Chenna, Coriander, Fodder cholam and Drychilli 2. Ottapidaram Irrigated Paddy, Cumbu, Coconut, Vegetables, Chilli (Dry), Onion, Gerry leaves and Flowers Unirrigated Cholam, Cumbu, Black gram, Maize, Green gram, Gingily, Sunflower, Cotton, Chenna, Coriander, Fodder Cholam, Chilli (Dry) and ._ Onion 3. Kovilpatty Irrigated Paddy, Maize, Coconut, Cotton, Vegetables, Dry chilli, Onion and Flowers Unimrgated Cholam, Cumbu, Maize, Valli, Black gram, Green gram, Sunflower, Cotton, Coriander, Fodder cholam And Tamarind 6. Crop yields S.No | Average yield (kg/ ha) Crops j I. Food grains Cereals and Millets 1. Paddy 3990 2. Cholam 889 3. Cumbu 1434 4. Ragi 1930 5. Pulses 6. Black gram ] 288 7. Green gram 440 II Oil seeds 8. Cotton (in terms of lint) 131 9. Ground nut 1650 10. Gingily 182 11. Sunflower 434 III Other crops 12. Chillies 434 A-160 Annexurel 7. List of Industrial units, their Category, Type and Size SI. No Name of the Industrial unit Category Type and Size 1. Sahaya matha salt refinery, Kallurani Salt O/L 2. Kavin chemicals, Subramaniapuram Chemicals R/S 3. Sujana power limited (Gangai kondon), Power plant R/L Keelarasadi 4. Arasan syntax limited, Ottapidaram Spinning O/L 5. South India Bromine & chemical (P) Chemical R/S limited, Veppalodai 6. VPS Spinner, Eppodumvendran Spinning O/M 7. Krithiga spinning mill, Eppodumvendran Spinning O/M 8. Kalpage chemicals, Melarasadi Chemical R/S 9. Sona Chemicals, Nagampatti Chemical R/S 10. Sree Venkateswara carbides, Chemical R/S Pasuvanthanai 11. Alex match works, Ottapidaram Match R/S 12. Sri Palani andavar match works, Match R/S Ottapidaram 13. Pearl city spinning mills, Melarasadi Spinning O/S 14. Sri Murugan spinning, Eppodumvendran Spinning O/S 15. Sujana power limited (Thoothukudi), Power plant R/L Keelarasadi 16. Loyal textiles mills limited, Koilpatti Spinning O/L 17. Lakshmi Mills Limited, Koilpatti Spinning O/L 18. Arasan Fertilizer's (P) Limited, Fertilizer R/M Kadambur 19. K.R. Exports (P) Ltd., Nalattinpudur Spinning O/M 20. Arasan Phosphates (P) Ltd., Kadambur Chemical R/S 21. Madurai Agro - Chemical And Pesticide R/S Fertilizers, Koilpatti 22. Thangam Match Works, Keelaeral Match R/S 23. Appolo Match Company, Koilpatti Match R/S 24. Perfect Match Company, Koppampatty Match R/S 25. Liberty Match Co. (P) Ltd., Kadambur Match R/S 26. Golden Chemical, Koilpatti Chemicals R/S 27. East India Match Factory, Kovilpatti Match R/S 28. Jayam Match Works, Kovilpatti Match R/S 29. Vennus Match Factory, Kovilpatti Match R/S 30. Maheswari Match Factory, Kovilpatti Match R/S 31._ Victory Match Factory, Kovilpatti Match R/S 32. iAntony Match Factory, Kovilpatti Match R/S 33. Meenatchi Match Factory, Kovilpatti Match R/S 34. The Hindu Match Factory, Kovilpatti Match R/S 35. Annamalai Match Factory, Kovilpatti Match R/S A-161 Annexurel 36. Victory Steel Rolling Mill, Kovilpatti Steel rolling R/S 37. Kirasan Fire Works, Kovilpatti Match R/S 38. Ananth Match Industries, Kovilpatti Match R/S 39. Aruna Match Industries, Kovilpatti Match R/S 40. Alaguram Match Industries, Kovilpatti Match R/S 41. Baskaran Match Industries, Kovilpatti Match R/S 42. Country Match Industries, Kovilpatti Match R/S 43. Eswari Match Industries, Kovilpatti Match R/S 44. Jagath Match Industries, Kovilpatti Match R/S 45. Jaya Match Industries, Kovilpatti Match R/S 46. Kadalai Match Industries, Kovilpatti Match R/S 47. Kamatchi Match Industries, Kovilpatti Match R/S 48. Lakshmi Match Industries, Kovilpatti Match R/S 49. Yesesde Match Industries, Kovilpatti Match R/S 50. Mahalakshmi Match Industries, Match R/S Kovilpatti 51. Liberty Match Industries, Kovilpatti Match R/S 52. Mahanath Match Industries, Kovilpatti Match R/S 53. Pope teaking Match Industries, Kovilpatti Match R/S 54. Prabhath (Ettayapuram) Match, Match R/S Kovilpatti 55. Liberty Match Co. Pvt. Ltd, Match R/S Pandavarmangalam, Kovilpatti 56. Ranganathan Match Works, Kovilpatti Match R/S 57. Srilakshmi Match Industries, Kovilpatti Match R/S 58. Sri Palaniandavar Match Works, Match R/S Kadambur 59. Sundaravel Match Industries Kovilpatti Match R/S 60. The Comerin Match Works, Kovilpatti Match R/S 61. The Kisan Match Works, Kovilpatti Match R/S 62. The Original Wax Industries, Kovilpatti Match R/S 63. Vishwanathan Match Industries, Match R/S Kovilpatti 64. TNSTC, Kovilpatti Engineering O/S 65. Ponnay Cotton Willow Industries, Ginning O/S Kovilpatti 66. K. Velayutham Chetty Farm, Kovilpatti Oil mill O/S 67. Industrial Chemicals, Kurukkuchalai Lime O/S 68. Vishala Knit - Wear (P) Limited, Garments G/S Kovilpatti 69. Valli Garments (P) Limited, Kovilpatti Garments G/S 70. TVT And Sons, Keelaeral Ginning G/S A- 162 Annexurel 8. Taluk wise population details S.no Taluk Population 1. Kovilpatti 54475 2. Ottapidaram 58732 3. Vilathikulam 12749 9. Literacy details S. Village Literacy [Male 1 Female No rate % % % Kovilpatty 1. Achankulam 90 70 30 2. Edaiseval 90 70 30 3. Kannakattai 25 50 50 4. Koppampatti 40 50 50 5. Manthitoppu 50 70 30 6. Nalatinpudur 60 50 50 7. Pungavarnatham 25 50 50 8. Thottampatti 80 60 40 9. Kadumbur 10 50 50 10. Keelairal 55 75 25 11. Kurumalai 70 30 70 12. Mudukalankulam 15 70 30 13. Cholapuram 75 70 30 14. Uthupatti 15 70 30 15. Semmapudur 55 75 25 16. Vadakuvandanam 25 50 50 17. Therkuvandanam 40 30 70 Ottapidaram 18. Adanur 50 70 30 19. Eppothumvendran 50 80 20 20. Dalavaipuram 50 40 60 21. Kuttanayakanpatti 90 70 30 22. Kollanparambu 90 50 50 23. Meenachipuram 15 50 50 24. Mullur 55 70 30 25. Ottapidaram 50 70 30 26. Pasuvanthanai 50 70 30 27. Tharuvaikulam 20 50 50 28. Vedanatham 60 60 40 29. Chandragiri 25 60 40 30. Jegaveerapandiyapuram 80 50 50 31. Shanmugapuram 99 50 50 32. Keelamangalam 60 50 50 A- 163 Annexure 1 Annexure- I 10. Chemical Analysis of Water Samples (Ground Water) KALLAR RIVER BASIN TALUK: KOVILPATTI VILLAGE:KADAMBUR S. Date E.C pH Mg Na K HCO3 CO3 SO4 Cl NO3 TDS TH RSC SAR SSL GCT No Ca _ 1. 1/91 6700 8.4 488 353 460 49 67 18 1512 1400 137 4451 2670 - 3.9 High CaCI 2. 7/91 No sample 3. 1/92 6400 8.3 464 335 437 47 61 18 1440 1333 180 4235 2535 - 3.8 High CaCl 4. 7/92 6600 8.2 380 389 368 39 110 0 1075 1453 161 3920 2550 - 3.2 High CaCI 5. 1/93 7000 7.9 480 450 575 39 67 0 1728 1595 291 5192 3050 - 4.5 High CaCI 6. 7/93 8900 9.2 620 353 828 55 146 0 1872 1843 242 5886 3000 - 6.6 High CaCI 7. 1/94 1400 8.8 60 69 69 117 244 24 86 216 124 987 435 - 1.4 C3S1 CaCI 8. 7/94 500 8.5 30 28 23 26 79 24 6 89 32 298 190 - 0.7 C2S1 CaCI 9. 1/95 6600 8.1 464 399 529 47 177 0 1574 1446 236 4748 2800 - 4.3 High CaCl 10. 7/95 8000 7.9 220 693 437 59 92 0 1392 1879 298 5024 3400 - 3.3 High CaCl 11. 1/96 9000 8.4 440 369 920 90 122 30 1872 1773 254 5829 2700 - 7.7 High CaCI 12. 7/96 1000 8.0 40 51 78 47 214 0 149 145 2 619 310 - 1.9 C3S1 CaCI 13. 1/97 670 8.1 28 58 12 1 171 0 24 121 0 330 310 - 0.3 C2S1 CaCI 14. 7/97 3190 7.9 144 182 202 8 98 0 178 766 248 1777 1110 - 2.6 C4S1 CaCi 15. 1/98 7100 8.4 176 516 69 39 73 18 374 1432 112 2773 2560 - 0.6 High |CaCI 16. 7/98 No sample A- 164 Annexure-I KODAIYAR BASIN 1. Reservoirs S No Name of Dam / Capacity Annual Normal Ayacut area Reservoir (MCM) Storage Opening of in (ha) (MCM) Reservoir 1 Pechiparai Dam 152.36 152.36 1st June Combined 2 Perunchani Dam 81.84 81.84 1st June Ayacut of Kodaiyar 3 Chittar Dam - I 17.28 17.28 1st June Kodteis system is 4 Chittar Dam -II 28.55 28.55 1st June 36836 Ha 5 Kodaiyar 118.50 118.50 (Upper Dam) I 6 Kodaiyar (Lower Dam) II 0.883 0.883 7 Kuttiyar Dam 0.227 0.227 - 8 Chinna Kuttiyan 2.776 2.776 Dam 9 Poigaiyar 2.700 2.700 250 Reservoir Total 405.116 37086 2. Land use / Land cover S. No Description Area (ha) 1 Geographical area 153300 2 Forest 45543 3 Barren and uncultivable waste 2980 4 Land under non - agricultural use 22801 5 Cultivable waste 128 6 Permanent pastures and other crazing 63 land 7 Current fallows 762 8 Other fallows 1066 9 Net area sown 79699 A-165 Annexure-I 3. Total Demand of Kodayar Basin & Pazhayar Sub Basin Sector Kodaiyar Basin Pazhayar Sub Basin Domestic 31.33 MCM 18.22 MCM Irrigation 728.33 MCM 297.97 MCM Live stock 3.40 MCM 1.56 MCM Industries 2.31 MCM 10.58 MCM TOTAL 765.37 MCM 328.33 MCM OR 765 MCM 328 MCM Water Budget 1267-765 = 502 MCM Net deficit 328-213= 115MCM 4. Surface water quality- February 2004 1 Station KOD KOD KOD KOD KOD KOD KOD KO KOD KOD - Code 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 D8 9 10 2 Station 1701 1701 1701 1701 1701 1701 1701 170 1701 1701 Code 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 108 09 10 _ _ N o__ _ __ _ _ 3 Date 27.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 of 2.04 2.04 2.04 2.04 2.04 2.04 2.04 2.04 2.04 Collec tion 5 EC - - - - - - - limho/ cm 6 Do 4.41 5.98 4.88 3.70 3.78 4.13 2.88 2.31 4.41 mg/t_ _ = 7 Temp. 27 27 28 28 27 29 28 29 28 ')8 Colour 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 Code rQ -9Odour 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Code 1 P 9.9 9.5 9.4 9.0 9.1 9.3 9.5 9.9 9.6 1 EC 5.77 8.34 16.3 5.45 23.7 4.49 14.4 7.38 10.9 0 1 imho/ 7 5 4 1 cm A-166 Annexure-I I TDS 0.03 0.05 0.10 0.03 0.14 0.02 0.09 0.04 0.06 2 mg/l 6 2 2 4 8 8 0 8 8 1 TSS 1.0 1.2 1.0 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.8 3 mg/l I1NH3 - - - - - - - - 4 mgN/i I_I_I 1 N03 0.46 0.52 0.69 0.92 0.52 1.33 0.99 0.57 0.55 z 5 mgN/l = 1 Total C 6 Pimg/I 1 BOD 0.85 0.56 1.13 2.86 1.86 1.96 2.31 1.96 0.86 7 mg/l I *1 COD 6 6 12 18 20 20 24 1 18 14 O8 mg/l 1 Phen. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 Mg caco >- 3/1 = 2 Total 6 3 10 18 8 35 40 37 10 X 0 mg - caco3/l 2 Total 22 22 34 60 28 120 114 114 38 1 mg m caco3/I .. 0 2 Ca ++ = 2 img _ _ caco ,./I__ ___ _ _ 2 Ca ++ 5.61 3.21 10.4 10.4 11.2 24.0 28.0 21.6 5.61 3 mg/l 2 2 2 5 6 4 2 Mg 5.27 9.23 5.27 22.4 12.3 39.5 29.0 39.5 15.8 4 ++mg/ 2 6 6 1 6 2 - I 2 Na+ 5 mg/l o2 K+ . 6 mg/l 2 Cl 15.8 8.52 9.94 12.7 14.2 44.0 35.5 45.4 18.4 7 mg/l 2 8 1 2 0 4 6 2 So4 - 0.37 0.16 0.27 0.17 0.04 0.25 0.04 0.05 0.01 8 mg/l- 2 Co3 - - - - - - - 9 mg/i __ 3 Hco 3- 6 3 10 18 8 35 40 37 10 0 mg/l =3SI - - - - - - - - - I I mg/l I A-167 Annexure-I 3 F mg/l - 2 3 B mg/l- - - - - - - - 3 3 Total 7 2 4 4 8 6 2 9 4 4 MPN/ __ lOOmi 3 Faccal 2 <2 <2 2 4 2 2 6 2 u 5 MPN/ -_ 1 OOml 3 Chloro- - - - - - -- - 6 phyll - A mg/l 3 Fe - - - - ----- 7 mg/l 5. Industrial effluent contributors in Kanniyakumari District Name of Industry Nature Sewage Trade Solid S.no (KLD) effluent Waste (KLD) (KLD) 1 Arasu Rubber Rubber 1.50 100 15 Corporation, Mylar 2 Indian Rare Earth Ltd, Rare 230 1170 5 Manavalakurichi Earth 3 Arasu Rubber Rubber 250.00 2400 15 Industries, Manalodai 4 Arasu Rubber Rubber 5.00 70 50 Corporation, Keeriparai. 5 Anusm Rubber Rubber 0.75 100 Nil Industries, Vellamadam 6 Coromandal Proclorite Rubber 1.60 20 Nil Ltd. Kariakonam 7 Cormarin Latex Rubber 0.40 0.20 Nil Products, Nagercoil. 8 Kurian Abraham Ltd. Rubber 0.10 5.00 Nil Thucklay. A-168 Annexure-I 6. Crops grown SNo Soil Series Crops Grown Rainfed Irrigated I Thalakudi Pulses Banana 2. Kanyakumari, Coconut Coconut Thengaipattinam 3. Kumarakovil, Tapioca Banana Muzhucode 4. Kalkulam, Aramboly, Pulses Paddy, Banana thengampudur, Suchindram, Kottaram, Therur, Dharmapuram 5. Thiruvattar, Navalkadu, Pulses Paddy, Banana, Thuckalay Coconut 6. Marthandam Spices Paddy, Coconut Rubber, Spices 7. Thovalai, Colachal Cashew Orchard crops, Coconut 7. Normal area and productivity of major crops S.No. Crop Area in hectare Normal yield in Kg/Ha. 1. Paddy 31000 6900 kgs. of paddy (Both Crops) 2. Tapioca 9000 15000 kgs 3. Coconut 22586 10000 Nuts 4. Banana 5100 25000kgs 5. Pulses 3500 250kgs 6. Rubber 18327 1200kgs 7. Cashew 1800 2000kgs 8. Mango 1750 20000kgs. 9. Arecanut 750 500000 Nuts 10. Pepper 113 1500 kgs/ha 11. Glove 518 1250-2500 kgs /ha 12. Pine apple 81 50 M.T. ha 13. Jack 754 30.40 M.T. /ha 14. Tamarind 1731 5.6 M.T. / ha A-169 Annexure-I 8. Main forest types Main Types Extent (ha.) Tropical Wet evergreen Tropical Semi evergreen 35600 Tropical Moist evergreen 5233 Littoral & Swamp 215 Tropical dry deciduous 6385 Tropical dry thorn 548 Tropical dry evergreen 450 Sub-tropical broad leaved Montane Wet Temperate Others 805 Total 49236 9. Location and area affected by soil erosion Level of Slight Erosion (el) Moderate Erosion (e2) Severe Erosion (e3) Erosion Areas Kalkulam, Aramboly, Thalakudi, Kanniyakumari, affected by Thengampudur, Kumarakovil, Thengaipattinam. erosion Suchindram, Kottaram, Marthandam, Therur, Navalkadu, Thiruvattar, Thovalai, Thuckalay, Dharrmapuram Colachal Mullucode Total Area Area 49,791 3,830 affected by (ha) 37,400 Erosion 10. Water logging S No Taluk Village Extent (ha) 1 Agastheeswaram 1. Chettikulam 2.73 2. Melakulam 2.00 4.73 2 Vilavancode 1. Pandiapuram 2.54 2. Melanadarkulam 3.58 3. Kelenadarkulamn 3.45 4. Tamaraikuklan 5.47 15.04 A- 170 Annexure-I 3 Thovalai 1. Aralvaimozhi 2.33 2. Kavalkinaru 3.71 3. Vadakankulam 4.09 10.13 4 Kalkulam 1. Thiruvettor 2.17 2. Vinadu 1.09 3. Pandiapuram 4.40 4. Alagiamandapam 3.96 5. Megamandapam 4.01 15.63 11. Solid Waste Management in Municipalities S.N Category Mun icipality o Nagercoil Colachel Padmanabhapura Kuzhithura m i Population 208751 23535 20051 20326 No. of 51 24 21 21 wards Quantity of 62.5 M.T. 5.25 M.T. 4 M.T. 5.13 M.T. Municipal Solid Waste generated per day Percentage 59.3 90% 100% 77% by of Municipal collection 33% of collected by Municipal market lease Solid and others Waste Mode of At Compost Disposed on Disposed at On land in disposal Yard land Municipal Compost compost (whether Yard yard disposed on land or roadside or water bodies etc) Whether Yes 51 Wards Yes. 24 Yes 21 Wards Yes 21 Source Wards Wards A-171 Annexure-I segregation started and if so in how many wards How the Aerobic Heap Stored in By making compost The source method bags at compost yard segregated segregated Waste are waste is being being disposed by disposed at heaping present? method Whether Yes 51 wards Yes. 24 Yes 21 wards Yes 21 door to Wards wards door collection has been started, if so in how may wards Whether The Site has Site has been Present compost No. Suitable site has been identified and yard is being promboke been identified for NOC yet to maintained for the site in and identified compost yard be obtained last 50 years around 5 for compost and also KM radius yard. If so visited by of the whether A.E.E.T.N.P. Municipal NOC has C. Board, limit been Nagercoil. obtained NOC will be from obtained. TNPCB Whether Site to be No Proposed to one -do- site for ascertained portion of existing secure compost yard may landfill has be convert as been landfill site. identified? If so, whether NOC has been obtained from TNPCB IF NOC NOC will No. The Joint Compost making is Action is A-172 Annexure-I has been be obtained. Inspection of done as aerobic being taken obtained Site for RDO, AEE method. to purchase for compost land fill to be of Pollution new yeard/secur ascertained Control compost e landfill, At present Board and yard. what is the dumping of Municipal status of waste is Commissione site? carried out in r is in Whether the existing progress. any activity compost yard. The date to for be fixed by composting RDO after is carried the out? Or inspection of whether site. NOC any proposals to dumping of be sent waste is carried out in the new site Any There is no No. Landfill Proposed to Nil remediation existing land site available improve the activity has fill site for this compost and with been started Municipality road, light water for the old supply fence and landfill site. watchman shed. If so furnish the details 12. Population- 2001 Leve Name TR Total Total Total Tota SC SC Tota ST ST 1 U Popln Male Fema I SC Mal Fem 1 ST Ma Fem le Popl e ale Popl le ale n. n. Distr Kanniyamu Tota 16760 8322 8437 677 333 3434 544 267 2765 ict mari 1 34 69 65 12 65 7 3 8 Distr Kanniyamu Rur 58210 2895 2925 268 132 1363 356 177 1788 ict mari al 7 16 91 48 10 8 1 3 Distr Kanniyamu Urb 10939 5427 5511 408 201 2070 188 905 977 ict mari an 27 53 74 64 55 9 2 Talu Vilavancod Tota 53365 2664 2672 119 582 6170 812 394 418 k e 1 0 32 18 92 2 Talu Vilavancod Rur 23400 1168 1171 471 226 2454 331 165 166 A-173 Annexure-I k e al 8 90 18 5 1 _ _____ Talu Vilavancod Urb 29964 1495 1501 727 356 3716 481 229 252 k e an 2 42 00 7 1 Villa Kilamalai Rur 291 137 154 0 0 0 147 71 76 ge R.F. al I Villa Mancode Rur 10457 5046 5411 254 121 133 43 20 23 ge al Villa Arumanai Rur 7820 3761 4059 265 135 130 0 0 0 ge al Villa Vellomcode Rur 17252 8538 8714 194 97 97 14 9 5 ge al I Villa Edaicode Rur 7248 3560 3688 199 85 114 5 3 2 ge al I Villa Palugal Rur 6917 3392 3525 105 52 53 0 0 0 ge al - Villa Vilavancod Rur 10432 5234 5198 168 82 86 0 0 0 ge e al Villa Pacode Rur 7633 3755 3878 604 271 333 0 0 0 ge al Villa Nattalam Rur 11037 5559 5478 183 94 89 4 2 2 ge al I_I Villa Kannathoor Rur 13121 6574 657\ 204 103 101 0 0 0 ge al 47 Villa Kulappuram Rur 20767 1039 1037 339 158 181 0 0 0 ge al 3 4 Villa Methukum Rur 20101 1010 9998 583 289 294 87 42 45 ge mal al 3 Villa Kollencode Rur 6158 3064 3094 255 118 137 31 18 13 ge al Villa Ezhudesam Rur 18776 9522 9254 1 0 1 0 0 0 ge al Villa Arudesam Rur 14762 7354 7408 269 127 142 0 0 0 ge al I_I Villa Painkulam Rur 21337 1070 1063 394 192 202 0 0 0 ge al 2 5 Villa Keezhkula Rur 12403 6429 5974 0 0 0 0 0 0 ge m al Villa Killiyoor Rur 4019 2009 2010 81 36 45 0 0 0 ge al Villa Paloor Rur 9243 4684 4559 0 0 0 0 0 0 ge al I_I__ Villa Midalam Rur 14234 7074 7160 617 301 316 0 0 0 ge al Tow Kadayal Urb 19183 9376 9807 616 288 328 258 127 131 n (TP) an Tow Arumanai Urb 15071 7461 7610 500 226 274 18 5 13 A-174 Annexure-I n (TP) an Tow Edaikodu Urb 23453 1155 1190 620 286 334 9 4 5 n (TP) an 1 2 Tow Pazhugal Urb 17686 8662 9024 634 332 302 29 16 13 n (TP) an I_I_I Tow Kaliyakkavi Urb 13311 6577 6734 287 149 138 0 0 0 n lai (TP) an I_I Tow Pacode (TP) Urb 22781 1152 1125 37 23 14 0 0 0 n an 8 3 - Tow Kuzhithurai Urb 20503 1006 1043 341 161 180 27 13 14 n (M) an _ _9 4 . Tow Unnamalaik Urb 20666 1048 1017 129 63 66 9 5 4 n adai (TP) an 8 8 - Tow Nallur (TP) Urb 15563 7850 7713 158 79 79 6 2 4 n an Tow Pudukadai Urb 9037 4598 4439 163 85 78 0 0 0 n (TP) an - Tow Kollankodu Urb 34425 1739 1703 811 384 427 85 38 47 n (TP) an 3 2 - Tow Ezhudesam Urb 18741 9419 9322 173 850 887 2 0 2 n (TP) an 7 Tow Kilkulam Urb 17345 8789 8556 22 11 11 0 0 0 n (TP) an Tow Killiyur Urb 19273 9856 9417 395 212 183 0 0 0 n (TP) an Tow Karungal Urb 15952 7820 8132 356 174 182 38 19 19 n (TP) an I Tow Balapallam Urb 16652 8105 8547 471 238 233 0 0 0 n (TP) an Talu Kalkulam Tota 53781 2664 2713 171 854 8636 303 149 1542 k 1 3 94 19 79 3 2 0 Talu Kalkulam Rur 16271 8082 8188 531 268 2639 248 121 1263 k al 4 8 6 9 0 2 9 Talu Kalkulam Urb 37509 1856 1894 118 586 5997 550 271 279 k an 9 66 33 60 3 Villa Veerapuli Rur 1708 845 863 66 38 28 151 747 766 ge R.F. al 3 Villa Veerapuli Rur 630 308 322 0 0 0 587 287 300 ge Extn. (Old al Kulaseka- rapuram) Villa Thirpparapp Rur 4281 2140 2141 156 79 77 33 16 17 ge u al Villa Aruvikkarai Rur 11377 5551 5826 155 86 69 11 4 7 ge al I I I I I_I Villa Surulacode Rur 5452 2839 2613 120 610 598 242 121 121 A-175 Annexure-I ge al 8 Villa Velimalai Rur 822 416 406 261 129 132 0 0 0 ge Forest al Villa Mecode Rur 5009 2474 2535 32 16 16 0 0 0 ge al Villa Attoor Rur 12261 6119 6142 124 64 60 4 1 3 ge al I I_ I Villa Veeyanoor Rur 21315 1057 1074 148 68 80 3 1 2 ge al 2 3 Villa Valvachago Rur 5117 2518 2599 50 25 25 21 11 10 ge stam al Villa Thiruvitham Rur 11175 5592 5583 549 263 286 0 0 0 ge -code al Villa Thackalai Rur 7073 3562 3511 366 184 182 0 0 0 ge al Villa Kalkulam Rur 6509 3121 3388 411 207 204 0 0 0 ge al Villa Eraniel Rur 21433 1049 1094 766 386 380 44 19 25 ge al 1 2 1 Villa Colachel Rur 10176 5282 4894 13 7 6 0 0 0 ge al Villa Thalakkula Rur 6466 3060 3406 313 158 155 0 0 0 ge m al Villa Kurunthenc Rur 15482 7730 7752 530 280 250 7 4 3 ge ode al Villa Kadiapattin Rur 16428 8208 8220 171 80 91 17 8 9 ge am al Tow Thiruparapp Urb 21736 1070 1102 212 100 112 80 41 39 n u (TP) an 9 7 Tow Thiruvattaru Urb 18272 8989 9283 158 77 81 18 8 10 n (TP) an Tow Kulasekara- Urb 16351 8241 8110 341 166 175 62 31 31 n puram (TP) an Tow Ponmani Utb 13480 6727 6753 630 325 305 36 15 21 n (TP) an Tow Kumarapura Urb 13938 6931 7007 92 46 46 5 2 3 n m (TP) an Tow Kothinallur Urb 15880 7761 8119 160 77 83 0 0 0 n (TP) an Tow Verkilambi Urb 18003 8784 9219 135 69 66 0 0 0 n (TP) an Tow Athur (P) Urb 11744 5922 5822 84 38 46 8 3 5 n an Tow Valvaithan- Urb 16686 8282 8404 150 76 74 2 0 2 n koshtam an (TP) A-176 Annexure-I Tow Mulagumud Urb 18057 8746 9311 272 135 137 0 0 0 n u (TP) an Tow Kappiyarai Urb 13368 6675 6693 222 108 114 0 0 0 n (TP) an . Tow Thiruvithan Urb 16397 8074 8323 942 471 471 9 4 5 n kodu (TP) an 3 Tow Vilavur Urb 13672 6719 6953 369 193 176 0 0 0 n (TP) an Tow Padmanabh Urb 20075 9967 1010 211 105 1062 7 1 6 n a-puram an 8 2 0 (M) Tow Villukuri Urb 13696 6773 6923 716 337 379 0 0 0 n (TP) an Tow Alur (TP) Urb 12379 6126 6253 796 390 406 8 4 4 n an - Tow Eraniel (TP) Urb 9305 4640 4665 511 254 257 0 0 0 n an Tow Kallukuttam Urb 16989 8487 8502 369 169 200 0 0 0 n (TP) an Tow Neiyyur Urb 12288 6037 6251 426 214 2\12 0 0 0 n (TP) an Tow Reethapura Urb 11887 5716 6171 844 419 425 11 5 6 n m (TP) an Tow Kolachal Urb 23787 1199 1179 602 293 309 0 0 0 n (M) an 6 1 Tow Manavala- Urb 10412 5190 5222 364 190 174 2 0 2 n kurichi (TP) an 2 Tow Mandaikadu Urb 12375 6188 6187 142 70 72 0 0 0 n (TP) an Tow Thingalnaga Urb 12562 6127 6435 501 255 246 9 2 7 n jr(TP) an Tow Vellimalai Urb 11760 5859 5901 710 341 369 293 155 138 n (TP) an Talu Thovala Tota 11071 5505 5566 123 618 6193 690 360 330 k 1 9 7 2 81 8 Talu Thovala Rur 56014 2781 2820 683 337 3461 589 310 279 k al 3 1 1 0 Talu Thovala Urb 54705 2724 2746 555 281 2732 101 50 51 k an 4 1 0 8 Villa Veerapuli Rur 240 121 119 0 0 0 223 113 110 ge R.F. al Villa Ananthapur Rur 4635 2349 2286 380 193 187 0 0 0 ge am al I_I Villa Azhagiapan Rur 2807 1407 1400 273 136 137 0 0 0 ge di-puram al I-I Villa Derisanamc Rur 5349 2639 2710 804 376 428 0 0 0 A-177 Annexure-I ge ope al Villa Arumanallo Rur 9200 4522 4678 395 191 204 251 129 122 ge or al Villa Chiramada Rur 1302 671 631 1 1 0 0 0 0 ge m al Villa Esanthi- Rur 2112 1023 1089 255 127 128 0 0 0 ge mangalam al Villa Erachakula Rur 5489 2689 2800 117 594 584 0 0 0 ge m al 8 Villa Thirupathis Rur 4881 2372 2509 900 441 459 31 18 13 ge aram al I _I_I I_I Villa Chenbagara Rur 11820 5959 5861 194 964 981 11 6 5 -ge manputhur al 5 Villa Thovala Rur 7446 3694 3752 700 347 353 73 44 29 ge al Villa Thekkumala Rur 733 367 366 0 0 0 0 0 0 ge i West al Tow Azhagiapan Urb 12183 6029 6154 640 320 320 3 1 2 n dia-puram an (TP) __ Tow Boothapand Urb 14743 7308 7435 109 537 555 2 1 1 n i(TP) an 2 - Tow Thalakudi Urb 8568 4285 4283 911 470 441 0 0 0 n (TP) an I-I I_I Tow Aralvaimoz Urb 19211 9622 9589 290 149 1416 96 48 48 n hi (TP) an 7 1 Talu Agasthees- Tota 49385 2442 2495 261 128 1334 909 434 475 k waram 1 2 86 66 60 12 8 Talu Agasthees- Rur 12937 6398 6538 998 489 5084 159 79 80 k waram al 1 5 6 3 9 Talu Agasthees- Urb 36448 1803 1841 161 791 8264 750 355 395 k waram an 1 01 80 77 3 Villa Vadasery Rur 9660 4799 4861 162 824 805 4 3 1 ge al 9 Villa Nagercoil Rur 1486 758 728 469 232 237 0 0 0 ge al Villa Theroor Rur 4326 2150 2176 745 374 371 33 18 15 ge al Villa Marangoor Rur 1969 996 973 504 294 255 11 4 7 ge al Villa Kulasekara- Rur 2499 1234 1265 253 133 120 15 8 7 ge puram al Villa Eraviputhoo Rur 2715 1363 1352 523 260 263 15 6 9 ge r al I_I Villa Suchindrum Rur 851 429 422 573 292 281 42 19 23 ge al A-178 Annexure-I Villa Vadiveeswa Rur 5254 2577 2677 139 675 715 22 12 10 ge ram al 0 -_ Villa Neendakara Rur 6792 3393 3399 236 118 118 0 0 0 ge -A al . Villa Vempanoor Rur 10994 5396 5598 236 112 124 0 0 0 ge al I-I_I I Villa Neendakara Rur 18443 9352 9291 113 536 602 0 0 0 ge -B al 8 Villa Dharmapura Rur 19684 9692 9992 689 324 365 0 0 0 ge m al Villa Madhusood Rur 14842 7355 7487 389 186 203 0 0 0 ge ha-napuram al - - Villa Thengam- Rur 3733 1832 1901 0 0 0 0 0 0 ge puthoor al - - Villa Parakkai Rur 2130 1076 1054 248 117 131 0 0 0 ge al Villa Thamaraiku Rur 10749 5269 5480 479 236 243 9 4 5 ge lam al Villa Agasteeswa Rur 4632 2185 2447 70 31 39 0 0 0 ram al Villa Azhagappa- Rur 384 180 204 120 53 67 0 0 0 ge puram al I_I_ Villa Kanyakuma Rur 8228 4149 4079 292 147 145 8 5 3 ge In al I Villa Thesur (TP) Urb 6937 3459 3478 206 101 1048 71 30 41 ge an 7 9 Tow Marungur Urb 10103 4971 5132 487 216 271 0 0 0 n (TP) an Tow Nagercoil Urb 20817 1029 1052 708 350 3580 370 177 193 n (M) an 9 07 72 4 4 Tow Acharipalla Urb 12755 6384 6371 249 140 109 1 1 0 n m(TP) an Tow Ganapathip Urb 13711 6789 6922 472 223 249 0 0 0 n uram (TP) an I_I Tow Suchindram Urb 12052 5921 6131 108 511 577 94 50 44 n (TP) an 8 - Tow Myladi (TP) Urb 9001 4545 4456 288 133 155 29 11 18 n an Tow Alagappapu Urb 8121 3769 4352 593 274 319 0 0 0 n ram (TP) an I_I Tow Puthalam Urb 11835 5921 5914 382 174 208 0 0 0 n (TP) an Tow Thengam- Urb 12675 6330 6345 611 308 303 13 6 7 n puthdur an (TP) A-179 Annexure-I Tow Thenthamar Urb 11106 5433 5673 106 54 52 1 1 0 n ai-kulam an (TP)__ _ Tow Kottaram Urb 9919 4939 4980 946 477 469 0 0 0 n (TP) an _ _ __ _ _ _ _ Tow Anjugrama Urb 9353 4633 4720 123 604 631 0 0 0 n m (TP) an _ 5 Tow Agasteeswa Urb 8995 4416 4579 300 151 149 2 1 1 n ram (TP) an - Tow Kanyakuma Urb 19739 9884 9855 269 125 144 169 78 91 n ri (TP) an 13. Population growth during the last century Growth and Variation Year Total population Increase in Increase in % numbers 1901 359248 1911 422260 63102 17.56 1921 494125 71865 17.02 1931 581851 87726 17.75 1941 676975 95124 16.35 1951 826380 149405 22.07 1961 996915 170535 20.64 1971 1222549 225634 22.63 1981 1423399 200850 16.43 1991 1600349 176950 12.43 2001 1669763 69414 4.34 14.Area, Population, Literates:2001-2002 SI. Name of the Blocks/ Area Population Literate No Municipalities (kM2) Persons Male Female Persons Male Female 1. Agastheswaram 143.35 115188 56778 58410 85970 44282 41688 2 Rajakkamangalam 135.49 127325 63980 63345 92573 48516 44057 3. Thovalai 360.91 97802 49117 48685 71075 37722 33353 4. Kurunthancode 109.54 168810 85460 83350 119818 63016 56802 5 Thuckalay 127.41 162019 81739 80280 117437 61607 55830 6 Thiruvattar 88.37 159182 80261 78921 109262 57402 51860 A-180 Annexure-I 7 Killiyoor 138.86 151034 76515 74519 105231 55695 49536 8. Munchiri 71.45 175454 88584 86870 116522 61656 54877 9 Melpuram 27.57 173426 86422 87004 120296 63380 56916 10. Nagercoil 19.37 190084 94834 95250 152274 78393 73881 Municipality 11 Padmanabapuram 6.47 19269 9680 9589 14961 7875 7086 12 Colachel 5.18 24305 12320 11985 16822 8731 8091 13 Kuzhithurai 5.15 19226 9467 9759 14740 7513 7227 15. Tourist attractions S.No District Tourist Place/Pilgrim center 1 Kanniyakumari Circular fort Vattakottai, Padmanabhapuram, Thiruparappu, Udayagiri, Muttam, Kanniyakumari, Suchindram 16. Disease Prevalance S.No Name of Taluk Name of Disease No. of persons affected in last 10 year 1 Agasthesewaram 1. Malaria 927 2. Diarrthoea 154 3. Jaundice 433 4.Japanese encephalitis 31 5. Chloera 374 1919 2 Kalkulam 1. Malaria 464 2. Diarrthoea 37 3. Jaundice 573 4.Japanese encephalitis 12 5. Chloera 241 1327 A-181 Annexure-I 3 Thovalai 1. Malaria 379 2. Diarrthoea 43 3. Jaundice 141 4.Japanese encephalitis 201 5. Chloera 248 1012 4 Vilvancode 1. Malaria 272 2. Diarrthoea 93 3. Jaundice 343 4.Japanese encephalitis 12 5. Chloera 241 17. Soil erosion S No Taluk Villages prone to Soil Quantum of Soil Erosion Eroded (ha) I Agastheeswaram 1. Rajakkamangalam 4.33 2. Suchindrum 2.96 3. Theroor 4.42 4. Dharapuram 3.01 15.72 2 Kalkulam 1. Thuckalay 4.56 2. Thiruvattar 3.88 3. Padmanabapuram 5.55 4. Korthankode 4.94 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 8 .9 3 3 Thovalai 1. Pothapandy 5.45 2. Manavalakurichi 2.65 3. Vattakottai 3.10 11.20 4 Vilvancode 1. Kuzhithurai 2.96 2. Killiyoor 5.01 3. Melpuram 5.66 4. Munchirai 11.33 A-182 Annexure- 1 18. Quality of ground water (Selected wells from the Kodaiyar river basin during Jan-Feb-2004) S. Name of the Site pH EC C03 HCO3 CL SO4 Total Ca Mg Na K Total RSC SAR Classi- No. fication 1. Nagercoil (047) 7.96 0.8 0.4 0.8 8.0 - 9.2 1.0 2.0 5.4 0.02 8.42 - 6.27 CiS5 2. Pothayari 8.09 0.32 0.4 0.2 1.5 - 2.1 1.6 .2 0.96 0.012 2.772 - 1.01 CIS, 1.2 3. Therekal-puthoor 8.66 2.62 2.8 4.0 21.0 - 26.2 0.8 .4 27.8 0.012 29.012 0.4 36.1 C3S3R1 4. Athithapuram 8.62 2.57 1.6 3.2 20.0 - 26.0 0.8 .2 25.2 0.07 26.27 5.0 35.6 C3S3R3 5. Kristhu Nagar 8.12 0.61 1.6 2.6 3.0 - 7.2 . 1.2 2.2 4.9 0.057 8.357 0.8 3.76 C1SiRi 6. Thovalai 8.27 2.02 0.8 1.2 18.0 - 20.8 1.8 7.8 13.9 0.95 24.45 - 8.96 C2S1 7. Thevasakayam 8.29 1.22 0.8 0.4 10.5 - 11.7 2.8 2.8 5.0 0.012 10.612 - 2.99 C2S1 8. Aralvaimozhi 8.39 1.18 0.8 1 10.5 - 12.3 3 2.8 5.08 0.0 11.88 - 2.98 C2SI 9. Mupanthal 8.09 0.76 1.2 0.8 6.5 - 8.1 3 2.0 2.52 0.58 8.1 - 1.59 CIS, 10. Aralvaimozhi 8.12 1.58 0.4 1.2 14.5 - 16.9 3.4 7.2 4.94 0.012 15.552 - 2.14 C2SI 11. Kavalkinaru 8.45 0.79 - 1.6 4.5 - 6.5 2 1.0 4.42 0.06 7.48 - 3.62 CIS, 12. Anjugramam 7.82 14.5 1.2 0.8 161 - 161.8 3.8 79.2 85.2 3.53 171.73 - 13.22 C5S3 13. Levanjipuram 8.05 1.1 1.2 2 10.5 - 13.7 2.2 4.8 4.59 0.08 11.67 - 2.45 C2S1 14. Azhahappapuram 8.48 0.66 0.8 1.2 4 - 6.4 1.8 2.2 4.13 0.04 8.17 - 2.92 CIS, 15. Myladi 8.26 1.82 1.2 1.0 16.0 - 17.8 4 3.0 14.9 0.05 21.95 - 7.96 C2S5 16. Suchindram 8.52 1.1 0.8 0.2 9.5 - 10.9 2.4 4.4 5.0 0.44 12.24 - 2.71 CIS, 17. Nesamony Nagar 8.66 0.45 0.8 0.2 3.5 - 4.5 1.6 1.2 1.59 0.26 4.65 - 1.34 Cis1 18. Asaripallam 8.47 0.35 1.6 0.2 2.5 - 3.5 0.4 0.8 2.48 - 3.68 - 3.22 C2S, 19. Santhapuram 8.47 1.08 0.8 0.4 9 - 11.0 4.0 2.4 5.28 0.73 12.41 - 2.96 CIS, 20. Friday Market 8.51 0.8 0.4 0.2 7.5 - 8.5 3.0 1.2 4.64 0.33 9.17 - 3.22 CIS, 21. Mootharuni 8.44 0.22 0.8 0.2 2.0 - 2.6 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.03 2.603 - 1.12 CIS, 22. Monday Market 8.09 1.03 0.4 0.4 9.0 - 10.2 3 1.4 5.11 0.48 10.59 - 3.23 C2SI 23. Thickanamcode 8.04 0.28 0.2 0.2 2.5 - 3.1 1.0 0.8 1.65 0.05 3.5 - 1.75 CIS, 24. Karungal 8.3 1.12 0.6 1.6 10.0 - 11.8 5 1.4 4.69 0.19 11.28 - 2.62 C2S1 25. Paloor Kulakari 8.45 0.28 0.6 0.4 2 - 3.0 0.6 1.4 1.04 0.05 3.09 - 1.04 CIS, A-183 Annexure- I 26. Killiyoor 8.32 0.25 0.8 0.2 2 - 2.6 0.4 1.0 0.59 0.07 2.06 - 0.70 C1S1 27. Kaichoondi 7.95 1.73 0.8 0.8 18.0 - 19.6 3.6 1.4 13.9 0.14 19.04 - 8.79 C2SI 28. Nambali 7.76 0.53 - 0.6 5.0 - 5.6 1.6 1.2 2.52 0.14 5.46 - 2.14 CISI 29. Venkanchi 7.88 0.38 - 0.4 3.5 - 3.9 1.2 .6 2.5 0.12 4.42 - 2.63 CIS, 30. Choozhal 7.92 0.11 - 0.4 1.0 - 1.4 0.4 .4 0.73 0.05 1.58 - 1.15 CIS, 31. Chengavilai 8.52 0.66 0.6 0.4 6.0 - 7.0 1.4 2.4 3.78 0.35 7.93 - 2.82 C1SIR, 32. AVM Canal East 8.03 26.5 0.4 1.0 329.5 6.0 336.9 16.6 65.0 240.43 8.15 330.18 51.59 - C5S3R1 33. Colachel 8.40 1.94 1.6 1.0 15.5 - 18.1 2.6 3.4 16.30 0.25 22.5 9.42 - C2SIRI 34. Kurumpanai 8.49 0.84 0.8 0.5 7.5 - 8.8 1.8 2.2 4.47 0.06 8.53 3.16 - CISIR, 35. Inigo Nagar 8.40 0.68 0.8 0.4 6.0 - 7.2 1.2 0.8 4.62 0.05 6.67 4.62 - CISIR1 36. Mel Midalam 8.34 0.51 0.4 0.6 4.5 - 5.5 0.6 0.6 4.17 0.14 5.37 6.97 - CISIR, 37. 8.02 1.15 0.8 0.4 10.0 - 11.2 3.4 1.8 5.17 0.14 10.51 3.2 - C2SIRI 38. Keezhkulam 8.16 0.68 0.4 0.2 6.5 - 7.1 1.6 0.6 4.22 0.16 6.58 4.02 - C1SIR1 39. Thengapattanam 8.20 1.17 - 1.4 12.5 - 13.9 2.6 2.0 9.30 0.14 14.09 6.11 - C2S1RI 40. Virivilai 8.09 1.34 0.8 0.4 13.0 - 14.2 2.4 2.4 11.3 0.49 16.59 7.29 - C2S2R1 41. Thoothoor 8.16 0.48 0.8 0.2 4.0 - 5.0 1.8 1.4 1.96 0.35 5.51 1.55 - CISIR1 42. Kirathoor 7.95 1.31 0.8 0.4 15.0 - 16.2 2.8 0.4 13.04 0.54 16.78 10.35 - C2S2R1 43. Kannanagam 7.00 0.50 - 0.6 5.5 - 6.1 0.6 1.4 3.0 0.05 5.05 3.0 - CISIR1 44. Kozhivilai 7.50 0.88 - 1.0 9.0 - 10.0 2.2 0.2 4.76 0.85 8.01 3.37 - C1SIR1 45. Kuzhithurai 7.58 0.57 - 0.8 5.5 - 6.3 2.4 0.4 3.48 0.19 6.47 2.95 - C,SIR, 46. Marthandam 7.63 0.43 - 0.4 4.0 - 4.4 0.2 1.6 2.61 0.107 4.51 2.75 - CISIR, 47. Eraviputhoor 7.60 0.83 - 0.4 9.0 - 9.4 5.2 0.6 4.60 0.468 10.668 2.75 - CIS1R, Kadai 48. Mulagumoodu 7.80 0.42 - 0.8 3.5 - 4.3 0.6 1.6 1.96 0.12 4.28 1.88 - C1SIR1 49. Manali 7.95 0.32 - 0.2 3.0 - 3.2 1.4 0.2 1.96 0.16 3.72 2.20 - CISIR, 50. Muttichanparai 7.89 0.14 - 0.6 2.0 - 2.6 0.5 1.5 0.59 0.05 2.65 0.59 - CISIR1 51. Villukuri 6.30 0.69 - 0.8 7.0 - 7.8 1.2 1.2 4.61 0.58 7.57 4.23 - CIS1R, 52. Parvathipuram 8.84 1.65 9.6 1.6 8.5 1.6 21.3 12.0 2.0 19.56 0.012 23.572 19.56 8.5 C2S2R2 53. Chunkankadai 8.34 1.28 2.4 2.6 10.0 - 12.5 5.0 0.2 5.05 1.067 11.317 7.14 - C2SIRI 54. Thottiyode 8.36 1.02 1.2 2.0 8.0 - 11.2 3.6 2.8 5.21 0.04 11.65 2.92 IC2SI A-184 Annexure- 1 55. Azhakiamandapam 8.22 0.67 1.2 0.6 6.0 - 7.8 3.0 2.2 2.91 0.176 8.286 1.82 - C2S1R1 56. Verkilambi 8.30 0.40 1.2 0.4 4.0 - 5.6 2.8 0.6 2.47 0.149 6.019 1.90 - C2S1R1 57. Thiruvattar 7.96 1.18 0.8 4.0 8.5 - 13.3 4.6 0.2 4.59 3.51 12.90 2.96 - ClS,R, 58. Cherupaloor 7.84 0.94 - 1.6 8.0 1.5 11.1 2.0 4.8 4.61 0.346 11.756 2.505 - CISIR, 59. Kulasekaram 6.75 0.60 - 0.8 5.5 - 6.3 2.2 0.6 3.29 0.203 6.293 2.79 - ClSIR, 60. Thirparappu 6.18 1.28 - 0.8 11.5 - 12.3 3.4 0.2 8.08 0.67 12.35 6.03 - C2SiRi 61. Kalial 6.49 0.22 - 1.6 2.0 - 3.6 2.0 0.4 0.93 0.26 3.39 0.85 - C,S,R, 62. Melpuram 6.38 1.15 - 1.2 11.0 - 12.2 4.8 1.4 5.08 0.302 11.582 2.88 C2S1R1 A-185 i I Annexure-I KOTTAKARIYAR BASIN 1. Taluks in the basin S.No Name of District Names of Taluks lying in the Basin 1 Madurai Melur Total for the District 2 Sivagangai Sivagangai, Devakottai, Karaikudy, Ilayangudy, Manamadurai, Total for the district 3 Ramnad Thiruvadanai Paramakudi Ramnad Total for the district Grand Total for the basin 2. Ground Water Potential Total Basin Potential GW Potential of the basin taluk area available for ha.m Name of the taluk T aluk__ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ For Area Total . . Total Irrigation Industrial irngation ha ha m Qty Requirement Requirement ha m Sivagangai 7386721861 21454 14682 14409 273 Devakottai 8671 8450 8314 1281 1261 20 Manamadurail22046158 5542 1145 1030 115 Karaikudy 1188311176 10891 1608 1567 41 Ilayangudy Full 6157 5985 172 Melur 4175 1950919216 1151 1134 17 Tiruvadanai 56203 4090 3837 253 Paramagudy 167001158 1042 264 237 27 Ramnad 1606 1472 1325 91 82 9 A-186 Annexure-I Total 3046929542 927 (or) 304.89 295.42 9.27 Mcum 3. Depth to water level below ground level in observation wells Well Name of S.No No. Station 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 Sivaganaga ___ iDt 8316 1 3 ISembanur 7.62 4.75 6.07 8.2 6.95 6.2 4.81 6.2 6.55 6.1 6.55 3.22 8312 2 2 Sivaganai 9.61 1.6 6.65 9.6 9.65 10.2 2.73 1.77 4.8 8.2 8 10.2 8323 3 7 Tamarakki 7.71 4.9 5.19 6.3 5.85 7.9 3.1 3.4 2.27 5.52 5.3 2.55 8324 Naattrasan 4 3 kottai 7.87 5.4 7.08 8.75 9.9 7.8 7.3 5.9 6.75 5.4 7.9 4 8324 Satharasan 5 2 kottai 9 4.05 5.65 6.65 4.65 5.8 4.42 1.75 5.65 4.32 4.5 3.55 Madurai Dt 8307 Uranganpat 6 7 ti 6.09 4.1 4.75 5.5 8.12- 1.4 1.25 1.7 2.8 3.4 Ramnad Dt = == 8314 7 OC Tondi 5.3- - 4.55 4.8 2.6 3.65- 3.6 4.4 2.1 8314 RS 8 IA Mangalam 4.2 3 3.29 3.86 3.9 3.3 3.9 3.3 3.36 2.42 3.2 3.6 4. Category of industries in the basin S.No Category of the Industry Total No of Industries 1 Stone crusher 1 2 Rice, Oil, Flour Mill 2 3 Weaving and textile Industries 9 4 Auto work shop 2 5 Agro Industries 1 6 Plastic industry 1 7 Brick Kilns 9 8 Auto spares Industry 1 A-187 Annexure-I 9 Wood industry 1 10 Food and allied food products 2 11 Chemical industry 1 12 Others 5 Total 35 5. Details of Percolation Ponds Constructed Nam ofResrveNo Of S.No Name of Taluk Forest Percolation Ponds 1 Sivagangai Kollangudi (N) 1 Allur 1 2 Karaikudi Panagudi 1 Keelapoongudi 1 ____ Ilandaikulam 1 6. Cropping Pattern Name of District S No Name of Crop Pudukottai Dindigal Sivagangai Ramnad Madurai I Rice Sep-January Aug-Dec Aug-Nov to Nov- June-Oct June-Oct Jan-March March Aug-Dec 2 Groundnut July-Sep Jan-May Throughout the (oil Seeds) year Rice Oct-January Cumbu or Feb-May Jan-July to Mar-June Ra_i Aug-Sep June-Sep 3 Groundnut July-October June-Oct July-Nov Chilles Oct-Feb Maize March-June Jan-May Aug-Sep Feb-June Aug-Jan 4 Ragi July-Oct June-Oct Rice' Oct-Feb Cotton Feb-June Aug-Sep to Feb-March to Feb-Aug Feb-Aug Jan-Feb Sep-Oct June-Dec 5 Groundnut June-Oct Dec-April Black gram Nov-Feb June-Aug Mar-May Horse Aug-Nov gram,Ragi __I__ Gingelly Dec-March A-188 Annexure-I 6 Sugarcane Throughout Jan-Dec the year 7. Average Yield of the Crops S. No. Crop Normal area Ha Average Average Production Productivity M.T. KG /Ha 1. Paddy 1,30,373 242101 1857 2. Cholam 2,118 1851 874 3. Cumbu 807 976 1210 4. Ragi 1,351 1140 844 5. Total Millets 4,893 4883 998 6. Minor millets 617 316 512 7. Pulses 3,623 1909 527 8. Cotton 2867 Bales 7282 Bales 2.54 Bales 9. Groundnut 6,039 5423 898 10. Sunflower 168 101 601 11. Gingeily 1,540 653 424 12. Chillies. 16,163 15306 947 8. Population Details S.o am o Nmeof Vilae Area of Population (2001 Census) S.N Naeof Namofsituatedsi the basin Districts Taluk sthaedbain K-m2 Male Female Total 1 Madurai Melur 4 41.75 12349 12463 24812 2 Sivagangai Sivagangai 96 738.67 77219 81708 158927 Manamadurai 13 122.04 7867 8085 15952 Karaikudy 12 18.831 8671 9178 17849 D____ evakkottai 34 86.71 18865 19847 38712 Ilayankudy 52 378.97 47656 51457 99113 _____Total 207 1445.22 160278 170275 330553 3 Ramnad Paramnakudy 27 167.00 20033 21438 41471 ____Thiruvadanai 59 562.03 54951 55415 110366 ____ anad 6 16.06 24501 23941 4844 ________ otal 92 745.0 A 7-7434A -7927168 A- 189 Annexure-I Grand Total 3031 2232.061 2500611 2619851 5120466 9. Disease prevalence- January to March 2004 S.no Name of Add Mal- Chicken Measles TB Leprosy Block aria -pox 1 Manamadura 8 2 27 1 3 2 1 2 Ilayangudy 32 5 - - - 2 3 Kallal 5 - 21 2 4 Devakottai 7 - - - 3 5 Sivagangai 49 1 - 4 2 4 6 Kalayarkovil 6 1 1 - 4 2 Total 137 9 28 5 30 15 10. District wise literacy level Districts Literate Persons Male Female Madurai 1795751 1003506 792245 Ramnad 760819 422992 337827 Sivagangai 745735 419480 325895 11. District wise Tourist attractions 1 Tuticorin Kattabomman Memorial Fort,Jain cave Temple, Thiruchendur temple 2 Tirunelveli Mundanthurai, Papanasam, Courtallam, Manimuthar, Uvari ,Kalakadu, Ancient Shiva Temple an Vaishnava Temple Sculptures A-190 i i i Annexure-I NAMBIYAR BASIN 1. Area of the sub basins S.No. Name of Sub -Basin Total Area in Sq. Km Plain Hill 1. Hanumanadhi 316.61 61.39 378 2. Nambiyar 959.21 86.79 1046 3. Karumeniar 660.00 Nil 660 Total 1935.82 148.18 2. Hydrology of the river Basin Origin Length Km Tributaries Reservoirs Hanumanathi Marathan Odai 43.5 Kallandi Odai Nil Sooravali Odai Kuthirapanchan Odai Nambiyar Thirukarankudi 48.0 Thamaraiyar 2 Parattaiyar Karumaniyar Manimutharu Channel 46.5 Nil 3. Block wise Ground water Potential (in MCM) S.No Name of Ground Utilizable Net Balance Wells feasible Blocks water Ground Ground ground for Recharge water water water devolvement Recharge Recharge draft 01 Nanguneri 88.02 74.82 18.29 56.33 3062 A- 191 Annexure-I 02 Radhapuram 43.81 37.24 27.26 9.98 541 03 Valliyur 64.09 54.47 27.61 26.86 1455 04 Kalakkadu 5.74 38.88 20.90 17.98 974 05 Sathankulam 41.65 34.56 24.45 18.91 523 06 Tiruchendur 43.23 32.43 22.76 16.67 521 4. Water Quality: - Radhapuram Name of the Electrical pH Calcium Magnesium Sodium Bicarbonate Sul Chlorine Nitrate Total village Conductivity +iPotta Hco3 Co3 phate Soilids Kavalkinaru 2000 8.3 20 6.3 327 140 36 125 447 81 1169 Radha puram 2350 8.4 48 44 404 92 18 106 496 298 1160 Valliyur Name of the Electrical pH Calciun Magnesium Sodium + Bicarbonate Sulphate Chlo Nitr Total Village Conductivity Pottasium Hco3 Co3 rine Soilids Nallur 690 8.1 18 33 85 214 0 24 110 7 384 Panagudi 4700 8.3 232 156 473 31 12 240 1007 589 2725 Valliyoor 5900 8.0 384 141 619 61 0 269 1319 806 3569 S No Location Ec NO3 Fe F I Valasaikinaru 1300 15.0 0.32 0.3 2 karungadal 950 15.0 0.48 0.1 3 Alakinaru 1060 11.0 0.16 0.2 4 Mudalur 2050 4.0 0.16 0.1 5 Periatalai 660 2.0 0.16 6 Tiruchendur 4050 3.0 0.16 0.8 7 Kayamozhi 330 4.0 0.16 0.2 8 Udankudi 1920 5.0 0.32 1 0.6 A-192 Annexure-I PARAMBIKULAM ALIYAR PROJECT BASIN (PAP) 1. Number of blocks and taluks S.No Taluk Block No. of villages 1 Pollachi Anamalai 19 Pollachi(n) 48 Pollachi(s) 29 kinathukadavu 35 2 Udumalpet Gudimangalam 24 Madathukulam 18 Udumalpet 51 3 Valparai Valparai 71 4 Palladam Palladam 21 Sulthanpet 21 Sulur Pongalur 5 Tiruppur Tiruppur 6 Dharapuram Mulanur 21 Dharapuram 28 Kundadam 22 7 Kangeyam Kangeyam 20 Vellakovil 16 2. Land use classification Description Area (ha) Geographical area 346200 Forest 77894 Barren and uncultivable waste 4609 Land under non - agricultural use 36478 Cultivable waste 937 Permanent pastures and other crazing land 755 Current fallows 59292 Other fallows 7333 Land under Misc. use 1623 Net area sown 157279 A-193 Annexure-I 3. Salient Features of the dams Name of River Catchm Yield Height of Active Capacit Cost Dam ent in Dam from storage y in (Rs (miles2) TMC foundation( depth (ft) Tmct Lakhs ft)__ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ ) Upper Nirar Nirar 29 9.0 90 0.039 178 Lower Nirar Nirar 39 2.5 165 45 0.274 547 Sholayar Nirar 47 2.5(TN 345 160 5.392 1125 Parambikulam Thunakada 88.2 14.0 240 72 17.820 405.4 vu Thunakadavu Thunakada 16.7 85 22 0.557 60 vu Peruvaripallam Peruvaripal 6.10 111 0.20 34.3 lam Aliyar Aliyar 76 9(upto 145 120 3.864 294.9 Manak adavu) Thirumoorthy Palar 31 1 122 60 1.935 237.80 4. Details of Canals and Ayacuts S.No Name of Canal Length in km Ayacut in Acres 1 Pollachi Canal 48 23488 2 Vettaikaranpudur Canal 17.2 11181 3 Aliyar Feeder Canal 13.15 4665 4 Udumalpet Canal 30.50 58292 5 Sethumadai Canal 8.20 5044 6 High Level Canal 2.00 2477 7 Old Aliyar Ayacut 5 Anicuts 6400 8 Parambikulam Main Canal 125.4 316383 9 Dhalai Channel River and Tank 2800 10 Indirect ayacut in three tanks Tanks 93.4 431664 Sub-Basin wise Ayacut 1 Aliyar dam old and new ayacut 51588 2 Thirumoorthy dam Old and new 380106 ayacut A-194 Annexure-I 4.32 Lakhs Acres 5. Projected water demand and water balance for various uses in Mcm. SI. Purpose 1999 2004 2019 2044 No. 1 Domestic uses 44.6 47.89 57.74 74.16 2 Agriculture 1558 1558 1558 1558 3 Industries 33.21 44.28 77.49 132.84 4 Livestock 11.81 11.81 11.81 11.81 6 Total 1647.62 1661.98 1705.04 1776.81 7 Water Balance -480.62 -494.98 -538.04 -609.81 6. Physico Chemical Characteristics S.No Characteristics Kadamparai Upper Aliar Nirar dam Sholayar dam surface dam surface dam water surface water surface water water 1 Electrical 20-40 60-85 16-55 25-55 conductivity Reciprocal meg ohms per Cm 3@ 200C 2 Total Solid ( 105°C 20-27 39-68 14-50 20-54 mg/1 3 Total Hardness as 9-20 23-44 5-22 10-24 CaCo3 mg/1 4 Total Alkalinity as 9-13 18-24 7-26 8-22 CaCo3 mg/I 5 PH 7.2-7.8 6.8-7.8 6.2-8.6 6.4-8.5 6 Nitrate Nitrogen as 0-0.3 0.2-1.0 0-0.3 0-1.0 N mg/1 7 Chloride as Cl mgl 3-5 4-8 2-10 4-8 8 Iron as Fe mg/i 0.05-0.30 0.15-0.70 0.05-0.35 0.05-1.40 A-195 Annexure-l 7. District wise area and population details Districts Region Population Persons Male Female Coimbatore Total 4224107 2156280 2067827 Rural 1435036 727610 707426 Urban 2789071 1428670 1360401 Erode Total 2574067 1306039 1268028 Rural 1384746 704855 679891 Urban 1189321 601184 588137 8. District wise literacy level Districts Literate Persons Male Female Coimbatore 2916996 1621164 1295832 Erode 1532258 894339 637919 9. Heritage Resources 1 Coimbatore Coimbatore, Sengupatti, Bhavani sagar dam, Thirumoorthy hills, Perur and Maruthamalai 2 Erode Bhavani, Kasturibagram, Kodumudi and Bannari A-196 Annexure-I TAMBRAPARANI BASIN 1. The distribution of the basin area in different districts S.No. Districts Area of the District Area covered by the (Sq. Km) Basin (Sq. Km) 1. Tirunelveli 6780 5317 2. Thoothukudi 4649 625 2. Water balance statement S. No. Purpose 1999 2004 2019 2044 1 Domestic uses 48.72 51.44 59.63 73.25 2 Agriculture 2645 2645 2645 2645 3 Industries 34.86 46.48 81.34 139.44 4 Livestock 21.32 21.32 21.32 21.32 6 Total 2749.9 2764.24 2807.29 2879.01 7 Water Balance -680.9 -695.24 -738.29 -810.01 3. Cropping Pattern Crop II Crops Advance Annual Single Crop Crop Kar Pishanam Kar Crop Kar Paddy Paddy Paddy Banana Paddy Sorghum (Jun-Sep) (Oct-Feb) (Apr-July) Sugarcane (Oct-Feb) Cumbu Sugarcane Ragi (Annual) Maize Banana Millets (Annual) Groundnut Thinai Samai Varagu Etc. A-197 Annexure-I 4. Crop Rotation (Taluk wise) I Taluk Wet Land Garden Dry Land 1. Tirunelveli Paddy-Paddy-Pulses- Paddy-Pulses Pulses Gingelly Paddy-Pulses Paddy-Pulse Pulses Paddy-Cotton Paddy-Cotton Gingelly Paddy-Sholam Paddy-Sholam Cholam Paddy-Groundnut Banana Avuri Banana Paddy- Vegetables Sugarcane Paddy- Groundnut 2. Palayamkotta Paddy-Paddy-Pulses- Paddy-Pulses i Gingelly Paddy-Pulses Paddy-Cotton Pulses Paddy-Sholam Paddy-Sholam Gingelly Paddy-Groundnut Banana Cholam Banana Paddy- Avuri Vegetables Sugarcane Paddy- Groundnut 3. Alangulam Paddy-Paddy-Pules Paddy-Pulses Pulses Paddy-Pulses Paddy-Cotton Groundnut Paddy-Cotton Paddy-Chilly Gingelly Paddy-Chilly Paddy- Groundnut Paddy-Vegetables Paddy- Vegetables Banana Banana 4. Ambasamudr Paddy-Paddy-Pulses Paddy-Pulses Pulses am = Paddy-Pulses Paddy-Cotton Gingelly Banana Paddy-Chilly Cholam Sugarcane Banana Vegetables 5. Tenkasi Paddy-Paddy-Pulses Paddy- Cholam- Groundnut Pulses- A-198 Annexure-I Gingelly Paddy-Paddy-Gingelly Paddy Cholam- Pulses Paddy-Pulses-Banana Paddy-Cotton/ Groundnut- Chilly Pulses Paddy-Chilly-Cotton Banana Sugarcane 6. Shenkottai Paddy-Paddy- Paddy- Cholam- Pulses/Gingelly Pulses/Gingell Pulses y Paddy-Pulses Paddy- Cholam Cotton/Chilly Paddy-Chilly/Cotton Groundnut- Pulses Paddy Sugarcane Banana Paddy-Vegetables Sugarcane 7. Sankarankoil Cotton-Paddy Pules-Paddy Pulses Chilly-Paddy Cotton-Paddy Cotton Vegetables-Paddy Gingelly Cholam Sugarcane Sugarcane Gingelly Banana Banana Sunflower Sunflower 5. List of Industries in Chittar sub basin Location Category Name of the S.No Industry 1 Oil mills Alankulam Green 2 Modem Rice mills Alankulam Orange 3 Fibre industry Pattakurichi OR 4 Modem rice mill Tiruchitrambalam Orange 5 Vaigai Agro products Poolankulam Green 6 Yogambigai Andipatti SR Chemicals 7 Thatha soap company Andipatti Green 8 Saw mill Pettanadarpatti I Orange A-199 Annexure-I 9 Stone Crusher Pettanadarpatti I OR 10 Stone Crusher Thippanampatti OT 11 15 Nos. of Modem Keelapavoor Orange rice mill 12 Chunnambu powder Keelapavoor SR Industry 13 Pot making Industry Keelapavoor Green 6. List of industries in Tambraparani river basin S.No Name of the industry Location Category 1 Chamber Brick making Thirukkolure Orange Industry - 5 Nos. 2 Attai Industry Angamangalam Green 3 Ricemill Angamangalam Orange 4 Brick Maal Alikkudi Orange 5 Brick Maal-61 Kilpidagai Orange Varadarajapuram 6 Spinning Mill Parpankulam Orange 7 Krishna chemicals Nochikulam SR 8 Bell Pins Sivanadiyarkulam OR 9 Paper (Attai) Company Mela Green Tiruvengadanadapu ramn 10 Polytheen Preparing Munnerpallam SR company 11 Soap making industry Munnerpallam Green 12 Chunnambu making industry Munnerpallam SR 13 Kathiravan chemicals Munnerpallam SR 14 Steel plate company Munnerpallam SR 15 New Indian Hume Pipe Ponnakudi SR 16 Lazza Ice Cream company Ponnakudi OT 17 Stone Crusher company Ponnakudi OR 18 Chemical cleaning powder Ponnakudi SR 19 Brick works Vilagam Green 20 Brunda Cotton mill Mannar kovil Orange 21 Bigayan Industries- Mannar kovil SR Chunnambu powder 22 Ragavendra spinning mill Sutthamalli Orange 23 Kompu mill Kodaganallur Orange 24 Nellai Concrete construction Alangarapperi Orange A-200 Annexure-I Ltd. 25 Chunnampu powder industry Madavakurichi SR 26 Attai mill Kondanagaram SR 7. Cottage Industries S. No Item of Manufacture Total 1 Appalam 158 2 Bee Keeping 7 3 Confectionery 11 4 Artificial flowers 6 5 Aloe Fibre extraction Palm yarn and 10 6 Coconut fibre 64 7 Laundry 45 8 Leather goods making 63 9 Ornamental and jewellary 6 10 Ornamental leather crafts 197 11 Weaving cotton wool textiles 329 12 Tailoring 11 13 Cane furniture 11 14 Agar bathis making 269 15 Korai mats, dates baskets, hand bags, 276 16 window screens 10 17 Palmyra leaf-fancy utility articles 89 18 Palmyra rafters, stoma, furniture cots, etc. 57 19 Wood Turning Industry, other wood works 69 20 Winding of silk, thread, cotton thread and 45 21 artificial yam 52 22 Coconut leaf 34 23 Beads 19 24 Plastic wire knitting to furniture 147 25 Pickles and mixture making 131 26 Puffed Rice 65 27 Basket (Eathel-Kambu) 129 28 Brass, Copper Vessels 23 29 Country Bricks 19 30 Pottary 6 31 Blacksmithy 1 32 Wet Grain Pounding 12 33 Photo framing 24 Silk cotton pillow and mattress Homemade snacks A-20 1 Annexure-I Total 2395 8. Water Logging S. Period - Seasonal / Name of the Village Location throughout the No. Year 1. Melapattarn South of the Essakkiyamman All through the year koil / Kalvettankuli 2. Parpankulam Kalvettankuli-2 All through the year 3. Krishnapurarn West of the village All through the year (kalvettankuli) 4. Paraikulam Near Paraikulam & South of All through the year Uthamapandiyakularn 5. Brammadesam Near main road (Upto 15- Rainy Seasons only 20m) 6. Athalanallur Survey No. 94 Return flow water 7. Kabaliparan Near Urvalnthankulam Rainy Seasons only 8. Pappakudi Nanthan thattai Throughout the year, Return flow water. 9. Menaparanallur Return flow water, 15-20 m 10. Suthamalli Near Veterinary Hospital Rainy Seasons only Near Palvoor bus stand Rainy Seasons only Pattankallur Rainy Seasons only 11. Mangalakurichi During rainy seasons 12. Karunkulam Way to Karunkulam, west side water weeds are in the Durng rainy seasons area. 9. Diseases Authoor Polia, Uterus kasba Tumor Avanpperi Fever Seasonal Chettiyapatth Jaundice,Dysentry Waterborn Seasonal A-202 Annexure-I U e Kachinavilai Cholera,Jaundice, Waterbom dysentery e Khansahipura Typhoid fever Seasonal m Kilpattam Typhoid, fever Seasonal Kilanatthiam Fever Seasonal Kodarankula Diarrhoea Waterborn Seasonal m e Krishnapuram Elephanttiasis, Thyroid Deficiency & fever Laksmipuram Jaundice,Dysentry, Waterbom Seasonal e Manapadaivee Fever Seasonal du Marudur Disease due to Climate only Melapattam Fever Seasonal Melaputhaeri Fever Seasonal MelaTiruveng Cholara,Jaundice, Seasonal adanadapuram Mookuperi Typhoid,Jaundice, Waterborn Cholera e Mutur Typhoid fever Seasonal Nalumavadi Cholera,Jaundice, Waterborn dysentery e Nangaimozhi Jaundice,Dysentry Waterborn e Nochikulam Chicken-Pox, Water Seasonal Typhoid, Jaundice, Born fever Palyamchettik Fever Seasonal lam I 10. Population details Districts Region Population Persons Male Female Tirunelveli Total 2801194 1372082 1429112 Rural 1499062 729830 769232 Urban 1302132 642252 659880 Thoothukudi Total 1565743 764087 801656 A-203 Annexure-I Rural 903811 f 437599 466212 Urban 661932 326488 335 44 Source: statistical handbook of Tamilnadu 2002 11. Literacy level Districts Literate Persons Male Female Tirunelveli 1917238 1041964 875274 Tuticorin 1140959 598669 542290 Source: statistical handbook of Tamilnadu 2002 12. Tourist attractions Tuticorin Kattabomman Memorial Fort,Jain cave Temple, 1 Thiruchendur temple 2 Tirunelveli Mundanthurai, Papanasam, Courtallam, Manimuthar, Uvari ,Kalakadu, Ancient Shiva Temple an Vaishnava Temple Sculptures A-204 Annexure-I 13. Water Quality RaaaGadan Gopala S Si. Quality/Paramate Mukkud Keelase dhi- a Gopala Vellan Cheran samudr Mukku Mukku No.227/2 No r al val Pottal nadhi- amudra kuli madevi am Aladiyur dal I dal Il 004 pdrDam m rive -site river.... I pH 6.8 6.7 6.7 7 6.6 6.5 7.7 7.9 7.9 7.7 8 7.8 2 Ec 0.13 0.15 0.74 0.07 0.13 0.09 0.15 0.13 0.1 0.32 1.46 1.45 3 Carbonate (dsm-1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.6 1 0 Bicarbonate (m 0.8 1 5 0.2 0.8 0.4 1 0.8 0.6 2.2 8.6 5.8 4 eg/lit) 5 Chloride (m eg/lit) 0.5 0.5 2 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 3 6.5 6 Sulphate (m eg/lit) 0 0 0.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2.2 7 Calcium (m eg/lit) 1 1.2 1.8 0.6 1 0.6 1 0.6 0.8 1.8 4 2.8 Magnecium(m 4 0 0 0 0.2 0.4 0 0.6 1 6.8 8 eg/lit) 0.3043 0.3478 1.652 0.173 0.2391 0.217 0.3043 0.3043 0.1956 0.8695 9.345 3.978 P ottaium (m 0.012) 001 Pottasium (m 0.0128 0.0256 0.0256 0.012 0.0128 0.012 0.0128 0.0128 0.0128 0.0256 0.2051 0.9743 10 eg/lit) 8 8 Sodium 0.3043 0.449 0.97 0.317 0.2391 0.396 0.3928 3043 0.3092 0.7937 5.91 1.815 11 Absorption Ratio 4 7 A-205 Annexure-I (m eg/lit) 12 Residual Sodium carbonate (m 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 eg/lit) CISIR CiSi 13 Classification CISIRl CISIRI CISIRI 1 CiSIRl RI CISIRI CISIRI ClSlRl CISIRI C2SlRl C2SlRl 14 Major salt Calcium Calcium Magnesi Calciu Calcium Calciu Calcium Calcium Calcium Calcium Sodium Magnesi bicarbona bicarbon um m bicarbon m bicarbon bicarbon bicarbon bicarbon bicarbon um te ate bicarbon chlorid ate chlorid ate ate ate ate ate chloride ate e e A-206 Annexure-I 14. DATA RECORD OF SURFACE WATER SAMPLES COLLECTED FROM TRIBUTARIES OF TAMIRAPARANI RIVER FOR THE MONTH OF FEBRUARY 2004 E.C.Sub division III PWD Tirunelveli 6 Field Determinations General Nutrients Org. matter Alkalinity Hardness Major ions Other In( ,- ) ---- - -b- - Q) 0 R~~~~~~( Cd f- k [ * S - UOO ) Cd Q u 0 0 00'.'0~ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10.11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 3, SI 150201 12/02 NILNIL18.77 26 7 1 8 1.60.110.6NIL I NIL 0.28 6 0 310 274 NIL 51 96 NIL NIL 71 0 NIL 64 NIL NI S2 150202 12/02 NIL NIL14.71 26 7 1 8.2 0.5 0 0.4 NIL 1 NIL 0.56 10 0 315 26 NIL 57 78 NIL NIL 67 0 NIL 65 NIL NI S3 150301 12/02 NIL NIL 4.13 26 7 1 7.5 20 0.1 0.4 NIL 0 NIL 0.56 6 0 40 30 NIL 4 13 NIL NIL 13 0 NIL 7 NIL NI S4 150302 12/02 NIL NIL 4.13 28 7 1 7.9 1410.10.8NIL 1 NIL 0.56 6 0 410 24 NIL 4 14NILNIL87 0 NIL 60 NIL NI S5 150401 12/02 NIL NIL 4.41 26 7 1 7.3 2.610.2 1.6 NIL 0 NIL 0.56 6 0 58 32 NIL 8 12 NILINIL 13 0 NIL 9 NIL |NI S6 150401 12/02 NIL NIL ......................... No Flow ................ S7 150501 12/02 NILINIL146.91271 7 1 |6.41 8 10.110.81NIL| 1 |NIL| 0 | 2 | 0 | 60 | 32 |NIL| 8 1O|NILNIL17 0 NIL 6 NILNI S8 150502 12/02 NILINIL ......................... No Flow................ Distance in Location km from Identification origin 1 Agastiar falls 12 Bathing Ghat A-207 Annexure-I 2 Vikkiramasingapuram 14.9 Madura Coats - above effluent mixing point. 100 m U/S of road bridge from main road to Madura Coats 3 Vikkiramasingapuram 15 D/S of Road bridge - do - 4 Kannadian Anicut 19 Crossing river D/S of Manimuthat Confluence 5 Ambasamudram 21 D/S of Road bridge between Ambasamudram and I _Kallidaikurichi 6 Ambasamudram 30 D/S of Gadana River Confluence. 7 Ariyanayakipuram Anicut 35 D/S of Mukkudal 8 Cheranmadevi 39 Side of Sun Paper Mill 9 Cheranmadevi 39.2 D/S of Road bridge Crossing the river - 200 m below Sun I_ Paper mill 10 Tharuvai 52 Below Confluence point of Pachaiyar River 11 Kurukkuthurai (Tirunelveli Town) 57 Near Murugan temple 12 Tirunelveli 59 U/S of Road Bridge opposite of Collectorate 13 Vellakovil (Palyamkottai) 61 D/S of Cremination Shed. 14 Pottal 64 Near Drinking water Tapping point 15 Manappadaiveedu 67 U/S of Drinking water Tapping point 16 Sivalapperi 71 D/S of Road Bridge & Drinking water Tapping point 17 Marudur Anicut 77 Near Kaliavoor 18 Karungulam 88 Near Drinking water Tapping point 19 Srivaikuntam Anicut 96 Near Srivaikuntam 20 Eral 110 Cause way Crossing - D/S 21 Attur 115 D/S of Highway bridge Crossing Drinking Water Tappint Point A-208 Annexure-I 15. Water requirement for different uses S.No Uses Water Requirement ( Quant ity Kl3 e 1997-98 2010 2025 2050 (a) Surface Water 1 Irrigation 318 339 366 463 2 2. Domestic 17 24 36 65 3 3. Industries 21 26 47 57 4 4. Power 7 15 26 56 5 5. Inland Navigation 7 10 15 6 Environment 5 100 7 Evaporation losses 36 42 50 76 Total 399 458 635 732 (b) Ground Water 1 Irrigation 206 218 245 344 2 Domestic and Municipal 13 19 26 46 3 Industries 9 11 20 24 4 Power 2 4 7 14 Total 230 252 298 428 Grand Total(a+b) 629 710 933 1160 16. Surface water and ground water potential S No Description 2001 2010 2025 2050 %tofthe S o Dsrpin (TMC) (TMC) (TMC) (TMC) total in 2050 1 Domestic 2222 2438 2791 3460 6.00 2 Irrigation 49978 49978 49978 49978 86.58 3 Industries 1555 1633 1757 1985 3.44 4 Power 118 138 162 180 0.31 5 Live Stock 519 519 519 519 0.90 6 Aguaculture 2 2 2 2 7 Recreation 1 1 1 1 8 Navigation - - -- 9 Minimum - - 800 1600 2.77 Flows 10 Total 54,395 54,709 56,725 57,725 100.00 A-209 Annexure-I 17. List of reserve forests in the Tamirabarani Name of the Name of the .Area in ha (as S.No Dist Taluk Name of the District per register of Dist alukRF) I Tirunelveli Tirunelveli TIRUNELVELI RANGE: Thalaiyuthu R.F 585.11 Gangaikondan R.F 441.16 Palayamkotta 1. Sivalapperi R.F 87.87 i 2. Melapattam R.F 404.86 3. Muthur R.F 343.37 2 Thoothukudi 1 .Kuthiraimozhi R.F 5152.31 Tiruchendur 1. Vallanad R.F 2054.85 Srivaikuntam 2. Kaliyavoor R.F 68.45 3. Tirunelveli SHENKOTTAI RANGE: Shenkottai 1. Puliyarai R.F 4106.94 2. Vellakal Teri R.F 346.84 3. Vadakarai Kilpidagai 3 (b) 176.26 4. Vadakarai Kilpidagai North 28.74 5. Vadagarai Kilpidagai 235.87 6. Achampudur Grazing BlockI 58.38 7. " Block II 88.89 8. Ayikudi Grazing Block 92.34 Kadayanallur Upper Slopes 580.37 portion COURTALLAM RANGE: 2974.43 1. Courtallam Upper slopes 687.96 2. Extension No.1 & Lower 93.87 slopes 58.20 3. Extension No.11 & Lower 65.61 slopes 29.48 4. Extension No.111 & Lower 12.76 slopes 5. Vasudeva Estate 10.78 6. Panchanthangi Estate 74.26 7. Old Sy.No.1357 of Ilangi 2.52 8. Addition to CTM, RF , T. 1459.54 Parvatham Estate 562.46 9. Hope Estate 474.34 10. Extn. IV to CTm RF 66.03 11. Kadayanallur Upper slopes 0.36 A-210 Annexure-I 12. Chinnakadu R.F 13.41 13. Kadayanallur Upper 3 Cz 1480.03 Slopes 788.83 14. Alkondal Nethiyuthu, 5.03 Sherrnadevi 357.70 15. Addition to Chinnakadu 7.80 16. Kadayanallur addition 9 bits 55.73 17. Krishnapuram Upper slopes 150.34 18. Krishnapuram Upper slopes 227.60 Extn. 891.21 19. " Addition 1598.21 20. Kottamalai reserve 1284.94 21. '4 addition 48.00 22." Extension 23. Kavalkattu parambu 24. Mayamankurichi 6495.55 SankaranKov 25. Chokkampatti 4250.88 il 26. Vairavankulam 130.19 27. Uthumalai 158.08 28. Vellakal Parambu 7.41 0.90 SANKARAN KOVIL 3.58 RANGE: 2.42 1. Vasuduvanallur Upper 2.86 slopes 21.28 2. " Lower slopes 1157.35 Tenkasi 3. Chinthamani block A+B 6964.18 4. Narayanapuram 5. Addition to Vasudevanallur 6. Addition to Thirumalapuram 59115.00 Ambasamudr 7. Addition to Mealpulaiangudi am 8. ,, Melachinthimani 9. ,, Narayanapuram 106643.72 10. Konamparambu 11. TN. Pudukudy 12. Sivagiri R.F. wise details available with W.W Mudanthurai Sanctuary TOTAL A-21 1 Annexure-I 18. Land use FrsBarren Land but Land Curre Fores un- non - Cultivab Grazing under nt Other Net Total t un- non le waste Land mis- fallow fallows area area S No Taluk cultivab agricult cellaneo s sown area (ha)e land ure (ha) (ha) us trees (ha) (ha) (ha) (h) ha (a)(ha) (ha). 1 Tirunelveli 1026 1337 12989 11490 3094 591 2189 13439 9924 56079 2 Palayamkott 836 2193 7762 2861 388 593 806 9931 5056 30426 ai 3 Nangunen 22359 6873 14114 19892 2094 666 4588 11723 12044 94353 (Part) 4 Ambasamud 59153 3602 13051 13455 1288 1425 2061 5019 19412 118466 ram 5 Tenkasi 6762 833 8285 640 155 155 2472 9350 17735 46327 6 Alangulam 3351 995 2923 2388 256 510 1501 14670 6576 33170 7 V.K. Pudur 38 409 3651 1035 30 510 1666 12183 6559 26081 8 Shenkottai 9045 251 3531 176 157 403 81 688 10997 25329 9 Sankarank 1018 15797 1392 106 370 122 4817 28830 10798 oil 92 6 1 10 Srivaikund 252 2023 12420 5289 5235 774 466 4519 22058 59495 am 0 7 11 Thiruchen 555 977 8313 7896 3 - 286 6055 15946 47608 dur 4 4 A-212 Annexure-I VAIPPAR BASIN 1. Reservoirs, Anicuts, Channels, Tanks and Ooranies Direct System Non system o - chann Supply Channel T_*3 Z Sub Basin .u el Tan Ayacut Tan Ayacut z Ayacu No. Lmngth In k in ha k in ha. O t_ tin ha k 1. Nichabanadhi 18 -- 24 39.48 15 1709.81 151 3973.90 71 2. Kalingalar 5 77.41 9 14.00 6 1129.07 25 1244.74 3 3. Deviar 24 -- 27 44.14 26 3454.50 90 4423.53 31 4. Nagariar 15 92.38 11 14.83 16 1672.90 15 370.49 6 5. Sevalpeyar 6 -- 6 14.27 15 982.78 24 598.52 37 (Mudangiyar) 6. Kayalkudiar 9 42.10 8 15.30 8 559.62 34 968.91 24 7. Vallampatti 1 -- 1 3.80 1 27.04 17 652.23 45 Odai 8. Sindapalli -- -- -- -- -- -- 25 842.60 52 Uppodai 9. Arjunanadhi 32 532.15 65 124.24 62 4359.52 173 5564.27 327 10. Kousiganadhi 1 -- 1 4.5 1 122.07 121 3425.01 73 11. Sinkottaiyar -- -- -- 4 239.80 36 740.20 94 12. Uppathurar 4 4 4.79 -- -- 37 2105.82 76 13. Vaippar 3 -- 3 14.65 5 699.42 54 2741.17 377 11 14956.5 27651.3 Total 744.04 159 294.00 159 802 1216 7 3 9 A-213 Annexure-I 2. Land use pattern in the Vaippar river basin S.No Land Use Type Area (hectares) I Forest area 62105 2 Barren and Uncultivated 10711 (Including wasteland) 3 Cultivated wasteland 6215 4 Permanent pastures and grazing land 1080 5 Current Fallows 36677 6 Other Fallows 48945 7 Net area sown 286479 8 Gross area sown 295281 3. Categorization of Blocks -January 2003 Over- Critical exploited between Semi critical 70 Safe less than Saline greater than 90 and 100 and 90 % 70 % 100% % Virudhunagar District (11 Blocks) a a. 1. Kariapatti 1. Aruppukottai Rajapalayam 2. Watrap 2. Sivakasi 2. Narikudi 3. Srivilliputhur 3. Sattur 4. Vembakottai 4. Trichuli 5. Virudhunagar Tirunelveli District (3 Blocks) 1. Kuruvikulam _ 2. Vasudevanallur a. Sankarankoil Thoothukudi District (3 Blocks) 1. Kovilpatti 2. 1. Pudur Vilathikulam Madurai District (2 Blocks) 1. Kallikudi 2. T. Kallupatti A-214 Annexure-I 4. Ground Water Development - January 2003 S. No. Category Total Number 1 Over exploited 138 2 Critical blocks 37 3 Semi critical blocks 105 4 Safe blocks 97 5 Saline blocks 8 Total 385 5. Total Water Requirement S. No Purpose 1999 2004 2019 2044 1 . Agriculture 1457.51 1457.51 1373.49 1261.65 2. Domestic 55.01 66.02 98 152.01 3. Industrial 30.93 41.24 72.17 123.72 4. Live Stocks 13.76 13.76 13.76 13.76 5. Power - - - TOTAL 1557.21 1578.53 1557.42 1551.14 Water Balance 225.79 204.47 225.58 231.86 6. Cropping pattern S.No. Crop Season 1. Paddy Pishanarn (September-October) 2. Paddy Samba (August) 3. Paddy Kar (May-June) 4. Cotton Irrigated (February-March). 5. Cotton Un-irrigated (September-October) 6. Sugarcane Mid Season (February-March) 7. Groundnut Un-irrigated (July-August) 8. Pulses Un-irrigated A-215 Annexure-I (October-November) 9. Cumbu Un-irrigated (September-October) 10. Cholam Un-irrigated (September-October) 11. Chillies Irrigated (February-August) 7. Cropping pattern Cropping pattern S. No. Name of Taluk Under irrigated condition Under rainfed I condition I. _ Tirunelveli District Paddy, Banana, Sugarcane, Millets, Pulses, 1. Sankarankovil (part) Chillies, Cotton, Vegetables Cotton, Sunflower . .g .Paddy, Banana, chillies, Cotton, Millets, 2. Sivagi Onion, Sugarcane, Vegetables Pulses, II Virudhunagar District 1. Rajapalayam Paddy, Banana, Chillies Millets, Pulses, Cotton 2 . . u .Paddy, Sugarcane, Pulses, Millets, 2. Svilliputhur Chillies, Banana groundnuts, Gingelly 3. Virudhunagar Paddy, Chillies, Cotton Millets, Pulses, Cotton Paddy, Groundnut, Millets, Cholam, Millets, 4. Sattur Pulses, Chillies, Cotton Cotton, Coriander. 5. Aruppukottai (part) Paddy, Chillies, Millets, Pulses, Groundnut, Cotton Groundnut, Cotton. III. Thoothukudi District Kovilpatti, Ettayapuram, | Paddy TCotton, Pulses, Millets 1 Vilathikulam (part) _ IV. Madurai District 1 Peraiyur (part) Sugarcane, (lesser extent) Cotton, Pulses, I__Peraiyur_(part)_Cholam 2. Tirumangalam Paddy, Cotton Cotton, Pulses, 2. Tirumangalam Groundnut, Cholam A-216 Annexure-I 8. Water quality analysis S. Vr P /sVRP VRP S.N Parameter Vnr CP u/s V17 V15 Kondan Periadhi W v7eri Tank Tank 1. PH 7.4 7.1 7.0 7.0 7.2 6.7 2. Ec.umho/cm 3000 700 400 250 1200 1700 3. TDS, mg/l 1823 386 221 141 727 1015 4. TSS, mg/l 4.5 3.5 2.5 2 4.5 5 5. N1H3, mg/l 0 0 0 0 0 0 6. N03+N02, as N 16 3 1 0 12 15 g/i 7. Total P, mg/l 0 1.06 0.64 0.84 0.73 2.3 8. BOD, mg/l 3.0 3.2 1.8 0.8 1.2 1.4 9. COD, mg/l 11 26 11 3 28 20 10 Phen, mg CaCo3/1 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 Total, mg CaCo3/l 630 205 145 105 315 400 12 Total, mg CaCo3/l 580 190 135 100 300 450 13 Ca mg CaCo3/1 160 75 50 50 125 200 14 Ca mg/l 64 30 20 20 50 80 15 Mg, mg/l 102 28 21 12 42 61 16 Na, mg/l 460 67 23 14 92 161 17 K, mg/l 5 20 14 7 90 68 18 Cl, mg/l 525 78 32 11 184 266 2. 19 So4 , mg/l 211 23 17 12 24 67 20 Co32, mg/l 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 HCO3, mg/l 769 250 177 128 384 488 22 Si,mg/l 85.4 4.6 23.5 13.9 25.7 66 23 F, mg/l 1.00 0.88 0.49 0.48 0.51 0.52 24 B, mg/l 0.47 0.11 0.13 0.02 0.12 0.14 25 Total MPN/100 ml 2800 900 800 2800 2800 800 26 Faecal, MPN/lOOml 1100 500 260 2800 1100 260 27 SAR 11.7 2.98 1.22 0.85 3.27 4.67 9. Major and medium industries 76 No. Cement industries 3 nos. Sugar industry 1 no. Textiles / spinning 24 nos. Chemical and chemical products Including match industries 5 nos. Metal and metal powder industries 6 nos. A-217 Annexure-I Printing industries 31 nos. Rubber industry 1 no. Other industries manufacturing, Electronics, etc. 5 nos. Small Scale Industires 9486 Nos. 1. Food products 702 2. Tobacco products 47 3. Cotton Textile products 441 4. Wool, Silk, Fibre products 88 5. Jute, Henfo, Mesta textiles 5 6. Textile products 260 7. Wood products 822 8. Paper products 1143 9. Leather products 26 10. Petroleum, Rubber products 365 11. Chemical products 3966 12. Non metal, mineral products 191 13. Basin metal Alloys products 24 14. Metal products 458 15.Machine tool products 251 16. Electrical rnachinery products 173 17. Transport Equipment products 218 18. Other products 306 10. Weeds S. No. Location Taluk Plant identified 1. Kondaneri tank Rajapalayam Water hyacinth 2. Periyathikulam tank Rajapalayam Water hyacinth 3. Valaikulam Srivilliputhur Ipomea carnea 4. Vasudeva nallur Periyakulam . .a. tank- left flank surplus course of Sivagir taluk Ipomea carnea Kalingalar river, a tributary of Vasudevanallur (Veli Kathan) Nichabanadhi 5. Melapannandhikulam tank fed by Rasingaperikal of Ullar river 6. South of Panaiyur village in Sankaran koil A-218 Annexure-l Nichabanadhi river taluk 7. South of Ammankulam village 8. South of Thamarai anicut at 8 Pandyan Nagar hamlet. Chinthalakarai, Meenakshipuram Vilathikulam Water hyacinth, 9. Karuppur, Thalaikattupuram and taluk Water lilly and Vilathikulam Ipomea carnea 11. Soil Alkalinity, Salinity and Acidity Sl.No. Types of soil Taluks Covered Area in Hectare 1. Alkaline Rajapalayam & Srivilliputtur 610 Sattur & Virudhunagar 1119 Aruppukkottai & Tiruchuli 678 Kovilpatti 1270 Vilathikulam 440 Total 4117 2. Saline Rajapalayam & Srivilliputtur 1827 Sattur & Virudhunagar 1224 Aruppukkottai & Tiruchuli 155 Kovilpatti 1600 Vilathikulam 440 Total 5246 3. Acidi Rajapalayam & Srivilliputtur 290 12. Soil erosion S.No TALUK Water shed Name Extent Villages Covered 1. Rajapalayam Solaiseri High Mettupatti, Solaiseri, Sundarajapuram. Sundarajapuram High Sundarajapuram, Solaiseri Mettupatti High Mettupatti, reserve forest 2. Srivilliputtur Khansapuram Very High Khansapuram S. Kodikulam Very High S. Kodikulam A-219 Annexure-I 3. Sattur Gangarkottai High Gangarkottai, Panduvarpatti 0. Reddiapatti High 0. Reddiapatti, Muthandipuram, Elayirampannai Gangarakottai Panayadipatti - I High Panayadipatti, Achankulam, Servaikkaranpatty, Elayirampannai, Gangarakottai. Panayadipatti - II Very High Panayadipatti, Vijayakarisalkulam, Thayilpatti, Ehirkottai, Kangarseval, Vembakottai. 13. Population Districts Region Population Persons Male Female Madurai Total 2562279 1295124 1267155 Rural 1129028 569988 559040 Urban 1433251 725136 708115 Virudhunagar Total 1751548 870820 880728 Rural 974186 482821 491365 Urban 777362 387999 389363 Tirunelveli Total 2801194 1372082 1429112 Rural 1499062 729830 769232 Urban 1302132 642252 659880 Thoothukudi Total 1565743 764087 801656 Rural 903811 437599 466212 Urban 661932 326488 335444 A-220 Annexure-I 14. Literacy level Districts Literate Persons Male Female Madurai 1795751 1003506 792245 Virudhunagar 1152516 650601 501915 Tirunelveli 1917238 1041964 875274 Thoothukudi 1140959 598669 542290 A-221 i II i I Annexure - I Population details of Tamil Nadu District wise population of Tamil Nadu Are I Population State/Distri a | Total Rural Urban ct (Sq. Femal Femal Fea km) cTotal IjMale e Total Male Total Male Fe Tamil 11300 62405 131400 31004 |34921 |17531 017390 127483 |13869 |13614 Nadu 58 679 1909 1770 681 494 187 998 415 583 Chennai 174 45436 {22195 121241 ----- Not Arise ---- 43436 22195 21241 ~45 39 06 ------ 4 5 139 ~06 Kancheepur 24433 8774 14572 14202 13425 67609 66640 15349 78114 75391 am 68 42 26 02 15 7 66 7 9 3 27547 137 37 24 20 2562 ~15000 ~76835 ~73172 Thiruvallur 3424 56 7 49 74 2 2 82 5 7 Cuddalor 3678 22853 1 1509 111344 115310 177178 75924 175436 137912 137523 Cuddalore 3678 95 08 87 134 6 8 1 2 9 .29603 14924 14679 F25334 T12774 12560 42691 121502 121189 iVillupuram [7217 173 42 ;31 156 115 41 17 7 0 Vellore | 134773 17410 117362 121693 10880 10812 13079 65299 65500 60717 83 13 19 90 29 198 |Thiruvanna 21861 10958 10902 17853 89573 88962 40076 20012 |20064 Imalai 6 25 59 166 164 18 6 1 1 0 Salem 5220 163 15636 14527 16261 85245 177370 3901 71118 67900 46 13 13 162 13 19 84 0O 4 14934 175955 |73391 194823 148236 46586 54523 27718 26804 Naakl 3262 11 II 0 15 ~ 5 2 6 6 F 128563 114735 113827 24003 112401 111602 145594 123347 22247 Dharmapuri 19622 0 03 54 22 32 6 1 0 1 0 97 Is 5 12 12 . 25815 {13092 112722 113875 170543 268210 11939 |60384 59012 lErode [8209 00 78 122 137 6 1 63 2 1 42718 >21760 120958 :14516 73469 j71695 8202 14413 13788 ~Coimbatore 17469 56 131 125 153 I9 4 103 32 71 76214 37835 ~38379 J30753 .15187 ~15565 ~45460 122647 i22813 The Nilgiris 2549 F12 1 0 224 Tiruchirapp 1109 24183 12085 12098 12792 63861 j64058 11391 |56991 56924 alli 6 66 [34 32 104 !7 7 62 7 5 Karur93568 46553 1p47014 62443 '31092 231350 31125 |15461 115664 j_arur __ 16 8 18 0 12 8 6 6 0 A-222 Annexure - I Peablr 49364 2450 '41442 120680206 Perambalur 1 24614 79220 139334 39886 6 24 14 6 19 72 Ariyalur 69552 334676 134876 61653 30767 130886 78985 39093 9 - . . 22161 106 19 4675 72649 474108 74856 3701F4 37841 iThanjau ~8 00 [77 3 4 1 5 6 Nagapattina 14888 73907 r74976 11585 57601 58254 33028 16306 16721 m 39 4 5 57 0 7 2 4 8 1 1694 158078 58869 93223 46350 46872 123724 11728 11996 Thiruvarur 216174 4 0 1 12 9 3 2 1 14i596 72430 ~73530 12112 ~60051 161070 ~24-8 38 ~12378 12459 |Pudukottai 4651o 0 1 17 1 6 4 9 |5 Madurai |6565 25782 13033 12748 ]11340 157303 156098 114441 173032 171384 Madui 63 38 25 6 9 76 7 9 *- 1 10939 155298 154096 150210 125515 124695 159184 129783 29400 ITheni 50 6 0 9 2 7 1 4 7 Dinigu [65819230 196813 ~95487 112497 ~62907 ~62068 ~67325 133906 [33418 Dindigul 14 7 7 62 3 9 2 4 8 Ramanatha 2 11876 158337 |60422 88521 143329 |45192 130239 |15008 15230 |puram | 04 6 8 0 0 0 4 6 8 Virudhunag - 17513 187037 88092 197395 48262 |49133 177734 38775 38959 jar 801 6 15 16 6 0 5 °0 5 11553 156694 58840 82927 140509 142717 32608 16185 16423 Sivaganga 4086156 7 9 2 3 9 4 4 0 Tirunelveli [6810 1~23 13339 13900 ~14157 ~38879 ~72694 413082 ~64514 66310 188 39 49 42 7 5 6 2 4 Thoothukud 15722 76682 80545 90750 43925 46824 166477 32756 33720 1 4i62t173 d3 07 0 4 6 3 9 4 | Kanyakuma 116760 183226 84376 58210 28951 29259 |10939 154275 155117 iri 18134 19 5 7 16 11 27 3 4 Source: Statistical Handbook of Tamil Nadu 2005 District wise literates in Tamil Nadu Literates 1 State/District Total ! Rural Urban | Total !Male! Female Total Male Female |Total Male | Female Tamil Nadu F40524545 |22809662 J17714883 20319498 11835689 8483809 20205047 110973973 19231074 Chennai F3336695 11799981 11536714 I----------Not Arise------- 1333 6695 fi799981 1l536714 Kancheepuram 1952198 1088943 863255 791700 457846 333854 1160498 631097 -529401 A-223 Annexure - I Thiruvallur 1865707 1047763 1817944 !736374 427393 308981 !1129333 |620370 [508963 Cuddalore [1420488 |820726 99762 |872343 1521901 1350442 548145 298825 1249320 Villupuram 1650528 977374 [673154 |1347727 809944 537783 302801 167430 135371 Vellore [2203552 1245076 958476 1276373 |741671 F534702 927179 503405 423774 Thiruvarm1297151 761403 535748 1014930 605600 409330 282221 155803 |126418 |Salem 1734442 1021772 712670 819312 506149 313163 915130 515623 9507 iNamakkal [903802 526412 377390 538212 320242 217970 365590 206170 159420 Dharmapuri [1516221 906943 609278 1204910 733162 471748 |311311 |173781 |137530 Erode [1521955 887907 F634048 |726792 440042 286750 6795163 447865 347298 |Coimbatore [2945278 1648814 1296464 F847250 |493911 353339 2098028 1154903 943125 !The Nilgiris 541099 |296573 |244526 |202668 |113834 |88834 338431 |182739 |155692 Tiruchirappalli 1673478 |926354 [747124 787843 455246 332597 885635 471108 414527 IKarur 1566728 328103 238625 345850 206907 138943 220878 121196 99682 IPerambalur 286197 167406 118791 230818 137385 93433 55379 30021 |25358 Ariyalur 388605 232385 156220 334760 202879 131881 F53845 |29506 24339 'Thanjavur |1476256 F814354 661902 912445 515621 396824 563811 298733 265078 INagapattinam 996580 548142 F448438 751618 418324 333294 244962 [129818 115144 Thiruvarur 788302 435421 F352881 608297 340202 t268095 180005 [95219 84786 Pudukottai 907376 520281 F387095 719477 F419697 299780 187899 100584 87315 Madurai 1776654 |991010 |785644 673502 397156 576346 1103152 F593854 |509298 Theni 692797 398150 |294647 2932508 174522 118686 399589 223628 175961 Dindigul 1181746 681698 500048 710461 421948 288513 710461 421948 |288513 Ramanathapuram 757344 421041 336303 534155 302194 231961 223189 118847 104342 Virudhunagar [1136574 641062 495512 586525 339594 246931 550049 301468 248581 ,Sivagangai F738000 |414755 323245 491768 283769 207999 246232 130986 115246 Tirunelveli |1829064 1997278 |831786 891282 490721 400561 937782 506557 431225 Thoothukudi 1131406 593868 537538 622745 329518 293227 i508661 |264350 244311 IKanyakumari 11308322 668667 639655 446153 |228311 1217842 1862169 [440356 |421813 Source: Statistical Handbook of Tamil Nadu 2005 A-224 Annexure - I District wise Scheduled Castes population Scheduled Castes State/District | Total | Rural | Urban Total Male Female Total Male Female Female fTamil Nadu 11857504 |5932925 F5924579 8308890 4159182 4149708 3548614 1773743 1774871 Chennai 598110 301835 |296275 ----------NotArise---------- |598110 301835 296275 Kancheepuram 721989 362097 359892 496932 249258 247674 225057 112839 112218 Thiruvallur 600658 301316 299542 400496 F200050 200446 200362 |101266 F99096 |Cuddalore 634479 318713 315766 514729 359264 255465 119750 59449 60301 Villupuram 810931 408234 |402697 740441 373085 367356 170490 35149 F35341 IVellore |714054 |354551 F359503 5505677 |251749 253928 208377 102802 105575 Thiruvannamalai 467532 233572 233960 412993 206740 206253 54539 26832 27707 |Salem F475738 244391 231347 |288559 149374 [139185 [187179 F95017 92162 INamakkal |280776 [143014 137762 212849 108271 [104578 [67927 34743 33184 lDharmapuri |416951 212136 |204815 363285 185061 F178224 53666 F27075 26591 Erode 422204 213312 208892 273677 138667 |135010 [148527 74645 73882 |Coimbatore |630675 315869 314806 310714 156044 154670 [319961 159825 160136 The Nilgiris 238014 117792 120222 85485 42423 43062 152529 75369 77160 Tiruchirappalli 399493 197917 201576 261417 129181 132236 138076 68736 69340 Karur 190260 94194 96066 144327 71518 |72809 459933 22676 23257 Perambalur 149145 73866 75279 128590 63753 34837 20555 10113 10442 Ariyalur |151220 |75326 75894 [140236 69792 70444 10984 5534 5450 |Thanjavur 399653 198820 |200833 332385 [165344 7i6704167268 33476 33792 Nagapattinam |441231 1219933 |221298 399441 [199346 200095 41790 20587 21203 Thiruvarur 378314 188682 189632 342530 [171053 171477 35784 17629 18155 Pudukottai |249471 |123701 125770 F221161 [109583 F111578 28310 |14118 114192 Madurai 323252 162595 160657 223475 [112697 110778 99777 49898 49879 |Theni 211800 107109 104691 116509 [59274 57235 95291 147835 47456 1Dindigul 376170 89066 187104 |269809 |135694 |134115 |106361 F53372 152989 IRamanathapuram 216312 |107381 |108931 |186059 192158 93901 30253 15223 15030 Virudhunagar |332297 |164930 1167367 F239324 |118805 |120519 F92973 146125 146848 Sivagangai 188857 92590 96267 15925677886 81370 |29601 114704 114897 Tirunelveli 481052 233605 247447 294885 142786 [152099 186167 90819 95348 Thoothukudi F288954 F143013 T145941 4216801 1107116 [109685 |72153 35897 36256 Kanyakumari |67712 33365 34347 26848 13210 13638 |40864 20155 27 A-225 Annexure - I District wise Scheduled Tribes population Scheduled Tribes State/District j Total Rural - Urban Total Male Female |Total | Male | Female [Total Male Female TamilNadu 651321 328917 322404 [551143 |278746 272397 [100178 550171 50007 Chennai 6728 3368 F3360 1---------- Not Arise ---------- |6728 3368 3360 |Kancheepuram 26508 [13267 [13241 [18062 9066 8996 8446 4201 4245 |Thiruvallur |37858 [18880 r18978 [28885 |14466 |14419 18973 |4414 14559 jCuddalore [11773 15920 15853 7241 |3641 13600 14532 |2279 2253 [Villupuram [63920 32294 131 626 6 1687 3 1149 30538 2233 1145 |1088 Vellore 163040 |31860 |31180 58237 129455 |28782 14803 12405 |2398 |Thiruvannamalai |72760 !36928 |35832 |69198 |35129 j34069 3562 |1799 |1763 Salem |103921 52693 |51228 |98722 |49988 j48734 |5199 12705 12494 |Namakkal 51416 26039 j25377 150454 |25552 24902 |962 j487 1475 Dharmapuri 59549 30520 29029 57763 29592 |28171 |1786 |928 i858 |Erode |17693 18933 18760 [15120 17573 17547 12573 [1360 |1213 Coimbatore j29103 [14738 114365 [19559 |9880 9679 19544 [4858 j4686 The Nilgiris |28373 |14017 114359 [19600 19753 19847 08773 |4261 |4512 iTiruchirappalli [18912 9596 19316 014383 17324 t7059 j4529 |2272 |2257 |Karur |1450 1711 j739 11075 1533 1542 j375 |178 |197 |Perambalur 3307 [1708 [1599 !2768 |1423 |1345 1539 j285 1254 IF3267 Ariyalur 8529 4228 14301 7907 13926 3981 0622 !302 !320 JThanjavur 3641 |1773 |1868 |1302 1649 5653 - 2339 |1124 |1215 - -~F F 4 4 Nagapattinam 13420 |1734 11686 j1618 j84 79|10 |10 82 Thiruvarur 2673 1310 :1363 |971 8493 4 478 1702 |817 18559 Pudukottai 4792 398 432 214 218 360 184 176 Madurai 5972 3060 12912 2054 1074 980 3918 1986 11932 Theni 1686 855 1831 1046 531 515 640 324 316 Dindigul 6484 3320 3164 3512 1773 1739 2972 1547 1425 IRamlanathapuram |1078 55 522 396 [212 184 682 344 338 |Virudhunagar 12357 11158 1199 1953 1485 1468 |1404 1673 |731 -- - 3 Sivgani108 56 57 75 31490 8 0 4 6 Tirunelveli |8358 i4080 4278 3202 1574 1628 5156 2506 2650 Thoothukudi 3494 1762 1732 16060 504 556 128 1176 Kanyakumari 5443 f78 2765 43561 11773 j788 1882 905 977 A - 22 lDhannauri F5549226 Annexure - I A-227 Annexure-I Agniyar Sub Basin (Drainage Map) AGNIYAR SUB BAN N A DRAINAGEE MAP CAUIVABSY EIN f 'O \ \ ( z LEGE ND KArjunanadhi SUB BasIN BD g M .. 4 0 ISi S* B..a sooan SINUAHALEI ARAl SUBBBASI SCALE ARJUNANAADHI SUB BASI2N KW7 N.A-34 D DRAINAGE MAPN. VAGAIBAI Stl>) ) < \k R- ,Y SU KAYALKUJDIAR SUB BASIN - =-gS\ % u. ArBon SCL SINDAPALLI ODAI SUB BASIN , A - 227 Annexure-I Cheyyar Sub Basin (Drainage Map) CHEWYAR SUB BASIN PiW No .02 D DRAINAGE MAP P~~~oWOI 6uD0 Boo..j6u Eb Lk~~ ~ '>" ,., IJ P.,, fO0 B, 11- LEGEND m. o~ 8- E-1sl SCALE T-. Chittar Sub Basin (Drainage Map) CHrrrAR SUB BASIN .o- so DA0-00 } DRAINAGE MAP -AA. AS' .2 4g. A - 228 Annexure-I Kiliyar Sub Basin (Drainage Map) KIU YAR SUB BASIN r DRAINAGE MAP A C-HEYYAR SUB BASIN < PALAR SUJB BASIN St-9 V4RNAANADHI BASIN -R C ..S @ :2T-n / R-W SCALE - Sww SO .B BO-. Bo Kosathaliyar Sub Basin (Drainage Map) KOSAThALAIYAR SUB BASIN ND AI1D DRAINAGE MAP AAANDHR AR SUBI BASIN COIJ YVER SUJB BLASIN-, 9 B.ds ^1e SCALE S.lient A Sub B- B29ly A - 229 Annexure-I Kottakaraiyar Sub Basin (Drainage Map) KOTTAKARAIYAR SUB BASIN Plate No :LM-22 0 DRAINAGE MAP A MANIMUTTAR B BAS9N SALGAA SU B ASIN Lower ~ Taiaprn Su Bsn (Daiag Map OWTGANIMAAIN 9UB BA9 N \ >tttr230 Annexure-I Manimukthanadhi Sub Basin (Drainage Map) MANIMUNTA NADHI SUB BASIN DRAMAGE MAP 71 7-1\.t tC~AL Nambiyar Sub Basin (Drainage Map) NAMBIYAR SUB BASIN | Fw0lSMo 0 D DRAINAGE MAP SSRUMUOV*R SUB BASIN O MAEG N D HANUUANADHI SWBEASIN .s~~,\ - 2SCALE A -23 1 Annexure-I Palar Sub Basin (Drainage Map) MIABt SUB3 BASN tNoLM2 AA Pam\barSbBsn(riaeMp K. . ., PAMAR SUB BASIN P- 12 A ' - 232 S\< - cg,.DRAINAGE MAiP Cz TwlgI Rar 4 R-AL DRAIN^D IkAA / - A3s Annexure-I Terkar Sub Basin (Drainage Map) TERKAR SU ASIN PINO IW300 WAGA1B3SIN , D-PWAGE MAP I ' GRIL NDAD. S AIN S LEGEND - J~ W~ I. S , =It_l St, SCAL_ _ Upper Vellar Sub Basin (Drainage Map) UPPER VELLAR SIUB BASIN - , T DRAINAGE MAP MT-' tU. -e SCALE .Sl. A -233 Annexure-II STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIVE WORKSHOPS AT RIVER BASINS OF TAMIL NADU t- -7 M2' 3 ., .u. . w . f ji[ I -- 'l# A-2i34'\" Annexure-II a ';- Ju!l V- trn -s-. -- -S- til eel em, ½ t:- . ND '; - .I . -.t - '.4 - / A-235 Annexure-Il -- IF A-23 >~-2-36 Annexure-IlI DAM SAFETY Introduction In pursuance of the resolution of the first conference of State Ministers of Irrigation held at New Delhi during July 17-18. 1975, Dam Safety Organization was established in the Central Water Commission in June 1979 to assist the State Governments to identify causes affecting safety of dams and allied structures and to render advise in providing suitable remedial measures. After carrying out detailed studies the organization has issued guidelines for Safety Inspection of dams. Rationale For Dam Safety Plan Dams are major structures storing large quantities of water and any out right failure may cause serious damage to Jives and property on the downstream. Even a partial failure may gradually lead to destruction and loss of effectiveness of the structure to hold water and provide benefits for which it was built. It is therefore, essential that the Dams are designed and constructed with meticulous care and maintained as stipulated in the 0 & M Manuals. In spite of this, it is possible that they develop conditions of distress or failure due to factors such as excess flow and deformations and failures due to improper evaluation and consequent design of foundations or unprecedented seismic conditions. To meet the normal day-to-day operational conditions and to account for unexpected conditions of water flow, the geology and seismicity, institutional capacity, work procedure and plan are essential. Tamil Nadu Dam Safety Directorate Dam safety Directorate in Tamil Nadu was established in 1991 to carry out regular monitoring works of all large dams for both PWD & TNEB as per the guidelines of the CWC. Dam Safety Assurance & Rehabilitation Project (Dam Safety Project - 1) funded by the World Bank was carried out during the years 1991-98. Some of the important works carried out by the Sam Safety Directorate are as: 1. Preparation of Health Status Report of PWD & EB dams for 106 nos. for 4 monsoon periods in a year viz Pre Monsoon, Monsoon-I, Monsoon-II and Post Monsoon periods and sending them to Government and all the Regional Chief Engineers of PWD & TNEB for carrying out remedial works to the deficiencies pointed out therein and follow up action 2. Carrying out Phase-I inspection of all dams in a cycle of five years, by a Dam Safety Panel of five members headed by the Director, Dam Safety Directorate. Atleast 25 dams are to be covered in a year and inspection reports are to be prepared for taking follow up action on them. A-237 Annexure-Ill 3. Carrying Phase-II detailed investigation by an independent panel of experts for the required distressed dams. 4. Form the Health Status Reports of the four monsoon periods, Annual Consolidated Health Status Report is prepared and sent to Central Water Commission every year. Now the Dam Safety and Improvement Project (DRIP) is likely to be approved by the World Bank in March 2006. Tamil Nadu is also included in the project. The total project cost is USD 400 million and the project period is six years. The implementation of the project is to be monitored by Dam Safety Directorate. Dam Rehabilitation & Improvement Project (DRIP) The following works are proposed under this project which is to be implemented with the World Bank assistance. 1. Adopting modem design tools in the dam safety works. 2. Carrying out dam safety status inventory & updating on a GIS platform. 3. Conducting Dam Brake analysis, Emergency Action Plan & preparation of inundation maps for few selected dams. 4. Organizing training in dam safety. 5. Arranging and accompanying with the Dam Safety Expert Committee inspection and interacting with them. Arranging collection of field particulars called for by them, follow up action on their inspection reports etc are to be carried out by the Dam Safety Directorate. 6. Getting approval of the World Bank for the bids in time. 7. The project shall be carried out as per Central Water Commission guidelines and their vetting are to be obtained them and there. 8. Consultancies are to be field for hydrology and review of for dams if not already done. 9. Prompt monitoring of execution of works by the Regional Chief Engineers are to be done by Dam Safety Directorate. 10. Any other dam safety works which will be taken in the course of the project. The following project proposals are included under the project. Project proposals under the Dam Rehabilitation and Improvement Project (DRIP) Component - I: Institutional Strengthening Sl.No. Description Estimated Cost Rs. in Million 1. Strengthening the Dam Safety Directorate with total staff strength of 26.60 34 nos. (staff salary for the project period of six years) 2. Organising Training on Dam Safety to the WRO personnel both 6.40 National and International. A-238 Annexure-Ill 3. Cost of Dam Safety Expert Commnittee (National Expert Team) visits 11.00 for the project. Total 44.00 Component - II: Revised proposals for Dam Rehabilitation and Improvement Sl.No. Name of Dam and works proposed Amount Identified Rs. in Million rank 1. Pechiparai Dam 90.00 I Providing upstream face treatment 2. Manimuthar Dam 81.70 2 Providing upstream face treatment 3. Perunchani Dam 200.00 3 i. Providing additional spillway. ii. Gates & hoists for additional spillway iii. Providing backing concrete. 4. Ponnaiar Dam 35.00 4 Providing fuse plug 5. Manimukthanadhi Dam 39.00 5 i. Standardization of earthem bund ii. Rehabilitation of stilling basin iii. Providing surplus regultor 6. Siddhamalli Dam 25.00 6 Providing breaching section 7. Amaravathy Dam 7.00 7 Rehabilitation of Amaravathy Dam with the following works: i. Special repairs to the Right side apron and revetments of Amaravathy River bridge below Amaravathy Dam. ii. Special repairs to the left side ghat road and Dam top road left flank of earth dam of Amaravathy Dam. iii. Special repairs to the right side ghat road and Dam top road right flank of earth dam of Amaravathy Dam iv. Special repairs to approach road from (D/S side of Dam) entrance gate to AMC culvert @ Amaravathy Nagar. v. Special repairs to approach road from AMC culvert (D/S side of Dam) to Kallapuram Regulator at Amaravathy Nagar. vi. Construction of additional Generator room @ Amaravathy Dam. vii. Providing lightening arrester and lighting arrangement in the earth dam portion of Amaravathy Dam. viii. Providing Additional 70 KVA Generator set in Amaravathy Dam. ix. Replacement of rubber seals in spillway, River sluice and canal sluice etc. in Amaravathy Dam. x. Rehabilitation of Earth Dam of Amaravathy Dam (raising the right flank bund, filling the cracks, reconstructing parapet wall, and forming black topped road etc.) 8. Vaigai Dam 60.00 8 Rehabilitation and strengthening measures to masonry dam, earth dam pick up anicut and link canal 9. Parambikulam Dam 10.65 9 Rehabilitation of Parambikulam Dam and earth saddle dam at Parambikulam in Palghat District 10. Aliyar Dam 13.625 10 Rehabilitation and moderisation of Aliyar Dam and its appurtenant A-239 Annexure-IIl structures under PAP system. 11. Kodaganar Dam 13.95 11 Rehabilitation of shutters of old regulator and stilling basin and leading channel of right and left main canal. 12. Karuppanadhi Dam 4.50 12 Rehabilitation to embankment, river sluice gate and parapet wall. 13. Gundar Dam 1.00 13 Rehabilitation to embankment and access road 14. Gomukhi Dam 4.00 14 Rehabilitation to stilling basin and providing flood bank 15. Thirumoorthy Dam 20.60 15 Rehabilitation of earth dams 16. Kudhiraiyar Dam 11.00 16 Rehabilitation of Kudhiraiyar Dam 17. Lower Nirar Dam and Upper Nirar Weir 6.80 17 Rehabilitation of Lower Dam and Upper Nirar weir with the following works: Lower Nirar Dam i. Reaming of drainage shafts and uplift pressure holes. ii. Rehabilitation of spillway oghee portion, tunnel entry revetment and downstream revetment iii. Rehabilitation of ghat road leading from lower Niar Dam to Cinchona I.B. and road lead to left flank of lower Nirar Dam. Upper Nirar Dam i. Rehabilitation of oghee spillway portion entry revetment and cone rap revetment at upper Nirar Weir. ii. Rehabilitation of revetment to the right flank of leading channel to upper Nirar tunnel from 74 M to 110 M downstream left flank and right flank side revetment at Upper Nirar Weir. 18. Noyyal-Athupalayam Reservoir 6.74 18 Rehabilitation of Noyyal-Athupalayam Reservoir 19. Thunnakkadavu & Peruvari Pallam 10.30 19 Rehanilitation of Thunnakkadavu and Peruvari Pallam Dams with the following works. i. Special repairs to spillway pointing and construction of a gauge weir at Thunnacadavu Dam. ii. Special repairs to roads of Thunacadavu Dam. iii. Special repairs to Chutes and revetment of Thunacadavu Dam. A-240 Annexure-III iv. Construction of masonry retaining wall above rock level from LS 1220 m to 3673 m ('4000 to 12050') of leading channel from Thunacadavu Reservoir to SPT entry. v. Desilting the leading channel from Thunnacavadu Reservoir to SPT entry. vi. Providing power supply arrangements ( 4000' of leading channel from Thunacadavu Reservoir to Sarkarpathy Tunnel Entry. vii. Supply of 12.5 KVA generator stand by to Thunacadavu Dam. viii. Special repairs to chutes, revetment and top drain of Peruvaripallam Dam. ix. Special repairs to roads of Peruvaripallam Dam. 20. Ramanadhi Dam 13.00 20 Rehabilitation to access road, revetment, sluice shutter and parapet wall 21. Gatana Dam 5.00 21 Rehabilitation to access road, revetment and parapet wall 22. Polar Porundalar Dam 5.70 22 Rehabilitation of parapet wall, pointing the masonry and painting structures. Total 664.565 or 665.00 Total cost for Component I & II = Rs. 709 Millions. Action Plan "Guidelines for Safety Inspection of Dams" issued by CWC gives a detailed description of works related to inspection and analysis for assessing safety of an existing dams. These are to be followed in conjunction with the CWC publication, which describes all the items in detail. Size Classification Size classification is done based on storage or height whichever gives the large size category as per Table Table: Size classification Category Storage (ha) Height (m) Minor <12.5 and >6 <12 and >8 Medium >12.5 and <6250 >12 and <30 Major >6250 >30 Selection of Dams to be investigated The selection of dams to be investigated should be based upon an assessment of existing developments in flood hazard area. Dams that are high or having a significant hazard potential should be given first and second priorities, respectively. Inspection priorities within each category should be developed from a consideration of factors such A-241 Annexure-Ill as size class, age of the dam, population size in the downstream flood area and potential developments anticipated in flood hazard areas. Engineering data for all the dams in a basin/sub-basin should be collected as per Format 1. Field inspection The field inspection of the dam, appurtenant structures, reservoir area, and downstream channel in the vicinity of the dam should be conducted in a systematic manner to minimize the possibility of any significant feature being overlooked. Based on the guidelines issued by CWC and the findings of the field works conducted for ESA- TN-IAM WARM, a checklist is prepared and presented in Format 2. Evaluation of Hydraulic and Hydrologic features The spillway capacities and free board allowances of a very vulnerable dam should be adequate to insure against failure of the dam during the most severe flood or sequence of floods considered reasonably possible irrespective of the apparent infrequency of occurrence of controlling conditions Evaluation of Structural stability This should be based on design and construction data, operating records post construction changes and seismic stability. If required more detailed investigation and analysis should be carried out as per "Phase II- Investigation" In addition, accessibility of the dam sites and control structures should be assessed. Proper public awareness programmes should be implemented for the population may be affected by any catastrophic condition or failure of dam. Representatives of population residing downstream of the dam should be involved in operation and maintenance of the dams. Action plan for dam safety at different stages Keeping in view the foregoing, a summary action plan is suggested as below: (A) New Dams New Dams shall be investigated, designed and constructed as per the guidelines, procedures, IS codes and the state-of-the art dam engineering. However, the designs can also be verified by the Dam Safety Organization of the state. It is necessary that a complete report giving all the details of hydrological evaluations, geological data and analysis, Construction material quality and construction details and all data and drawings be prepared along with the completion of the project. Work on this should be commenced by the Chief Engineer in-charge when 50% of the project work is completed. The report should contain all important drawings of the dam as constructed, including geological features, technical and quality control data that need to be kept for posterity. Preparation of design memorandum of all the aspects of design is a good practice, which should be applied to major and medium projects. It is desirable that all major and medium projects A-242 Annexure-Ill are guided by a panel of experts even from the stage of design, if not investigation, till the project is completed. Each project should have an operation and maintenance manual prepared in consultation with the design and construction engineers. In addition, for each project, a disaster preparedness plan is to be prepared. (B) Old Dams (i) Pre- Planning Stage All dams should have completion reports giving all requisite topographical, hydrological and geological details and construction drawings with details of foundations and superstructures and foundation treatment and other special provisions built in. These should be carefully preserved in the office of the Executive Engineer who should inspect once in a year all the dams above 30 m in height under his charge. The Assistant Engineers should inspect every year all the dams in their charge and prepare reports in Format 1 and also indicate, if in their opinion, any malfunction is observed so that the senior officer could look into the same. All inspection reports prepared by the Executive Engineer should be submitted to the Superintending Engineer who will examine these and forward the reports of those dams to the Chief Engineer. The Chief Engineer after considering the recommendations of Superintending Engineer and after making a detailed site visit may recommend these cases to the State Dam safety Organizations for their opinion and further action. (ii) Planning Stage Before planning the remedial measures, the dam would be inspected in detail by the Chief Engineer and / or the Experts in the State Dam Safety organization who will suggest further surveys and investigations, if required. Based on the data of the surveys and investigations, the rehabilitation works will be designed under the supervision of Chief Engineer or the Dam Safety Organization. Thus the planning phase will cover both planning, designs as well as the preparation of specifications and Tender documents (iii) Implementation Stage Implementation may be under contract or by department itself depending on the nature and quantum of work that will be executed according to the design. The work will be supervised by the officers In charge of the Dam. As far as major dams are concerned, the rehabilitation works would also be inspected by the Chief Engineer at as close intervals as he considers fit and by other junior officers at time intervals fixed by the Chief Engineer. (iv) Post Implementation Stage If the Rehabilitation works are done properly as per specifications under close departmental supervision, the structure is expected to provide benefit for a long time. Still, regular annual inspection is required and minor problems if any, should be attended to immediately. A-243 Annexure-Ill Knowledge base and Information disclosure All details of dams shall be incorporated into the knowledge base and used for planning and allocation of investments related to dam safety. This information shall be supplied with simple easily identifiable indicators to the people at risk as a part of information disclosure. This information shall be maintained at the WtJA and sub project WRO offices. The contents should include: * General details and status of the Dam, in terms of safety * Indicators to identify safety hazards * The people responsible for the effective functioning, their addresses and phone numbers * Emergency plan, in case of dam break. Record Maintained at Site Records that may be required for proper inspection and maintenance shall be available at site. These should be properly maintained and kept up to date by including latest information available. Data in respect of upstream gauging stations, flood warning system and communication channels, if installed should be properly maintained. General 1. Final detailed Project Report and details of modifications done during construction and a set of final drawing (as executed) 2. Index Plan of the area in which the dam is located showing important towns, roads, rail routes and communication facilities 3. Index Plan of downstream area showing natural flood zone, flood zones corresponding to spillway design, flood and dam break flood and all important towns/villages and properly laying in these flood zones 4. Contour map of dam site extending up to 200 m or 10 times the dam height (whichever is less) on upstream and downstream, showing all features of the dam like toe lines, fills, drains, relief wells, access roads etc. 5. Record drawings of longitudinal section of dam foundation or cut off trench showing details of foundation stratigraphy, stage wise construction of COT filling and raising of dam, section embankment, zoning details and foundation treatment. 6. Record drawings of cross-sections of dam showing details of foundation treatment, under seepage control, zoning, internal and external drainage all protective arrangements and stage-wise construction 7. Contour plan of dam site with foundation trench showing details of foundation treatment and foundation drainage 8. Contour plan of reservoir basin 9. Contour capacity and area capacity curve 10. Reservoir maps showing silted basin, if observed 11. Plan of the catchment area showing rain gauge stations and capacities of upstream storages 12. Material properties adopted for design 13. Details of design criteria followed A-244 Annexure-IIl 14. Design report on flood studies and spillway design flood 15. Design reports of outlets, power outlets, river sluices, intake, conduit, energy dissipation arrangements and details of gates of hoists 16. Geological data on the foundation and abutments 17. Copies of reports, details of special foundation and abutment treatment carried out 18. Record of tail channel geology and tail channel erosion 19. Instrumentation drawing with details 20. Instrumentation data and behavioural record 21. Details of communication systems such as telephones, wireless etc., directory of important key officers, flood-warning procedures 22. Flood forecasting system 23. Photographs showing various phases of construction, pre-construction etc. Earth-Rock-fill Dams 1. Stage wise construction record of the dam showing volumes and heights achieved in each season and rate of progress 2. Record of special compaction done near concrete/masonry structures, abutment contracts and outlet locations, if available 3. Summarized records of compaction control, sampling and complete laboratory and field-test results on all recorded samples 4. Foundation details and geology as observed 5. Data of water intake test 6. Detailed drawings and record of relief well observations 7. Design report for the earth dam, covering the under seepage control, stability of embankments and junctions with masonry dam, instruments installed etc. 8. Drawings showing the typical cross sections including zoning, drainage arrangements, and details of slope protections provided for etc., as per actual construction 9. Details and location of instruments embedded / installed in and around the structures 10. Record of corrective measures, repairs and treatment that have been done subsequent to construction 11. Details of design criteria followed 12. Photographs showing all phases of construction 13. Important inspection reports and reports of consultants Concrete/Masonry Dams 1. Details of construction history including stages of construction particularly in low blocks where considerable time has elapsed prior to resumption of work 2. Summarized data on control tests carried out during construction in respect of concrete, mortar and their constituent materials, if available 3. Reports on hydraulic model studies 4. Drawings showing the details of energy dissipation arrangements including foundation levels of apron, wells and end weir. A-245 Annexure-IIl 5. Details and location of instruments embedded/installed in and around the structure. 6. Summarized data collected by embedded/installed instruments 7. Detailed drawings of all service facilities like internal lighting, emergency lighting, drainage etc. 8. Drawing showing the uplift measurements and pressure relief arrangements 9. Summarized data of uplift pressure observed 10. Summarized data of seepage, leaching in the drainage gallery downstream face of the dam and their locations etc. 11. Record of corrective measures, repair treatment that have been done subsequent to completion 12. Important inspection reports and reports of consultants 13. Details of design criteria followed 14. Photographs showing all phases of construction Operation and Maintenance 1. Gauge data of the river prior to and after completion of work 2. Detailed observations on flood discharges 3. Detailed observations of hydraulic performance of energy dissipation basins 4. Record of past performance stating briefly the defects developed and remedial measures carried out 5. Drawings of outlets, maximum discharge capacity, maximum design operating head 6. Standing orders regarding operation of the dam a. Designers operating criteria b. Standard operating procedure c. Flood forecasting procedures d. Gate operation procedures e. Emergency action plan A-246 Annexure-III Format 1: Engineering Data Format (A) General * Name of the Dam - Project * Location - River, Sub-basin, Basin, Village/Tehsil/District/State * Type of Dam * Year of completion * Height of Dam (Elevation, Deepest foundation, River bed, FRL, MWL. Top of Dam) * Impounding capacity at F.R.L., at M.W.L * Index map showing location of dam, catchment area, downstream area subject to potential damage due to failure of dam or failure of operating equipment. * Nearest downstream city, town, village which can be located on the map. Its distances from dam and population. * Extent of economic development in downstream area. (B) Project Features * Salient features, * Construction drawings indicating plans, elevation and sections of the dam and appurtenant structures including the details of the discharge facilities such as outlet works, spillways and operating equipment * Emergency preparedness - Communications, Downstream Warning Systems Auxiliary power, Remote Operation and Security of the site (C) Hydrology * Description of Drainage basin-Drainage area and basin runoff characteristics * Design flood-design assumptions and analysis, storage of flood control zone * Spillway capacity and flood routing criteria * Area capacity curves * Elevation of crest, type, width, crest length, location of spillway. Number, size and type of gates * Type, location, capacity, entrance and exit levels of other outlet works * Emergency draw down capacity * Type, location, observations and records of hydro meteorological data (D) Geology and Foundation * Rock types, logs of borings of geological maps, profiles and cross-section, location and special problems (fault. shear zones, solutions, channels, etc.) * Effects of geology on design, * Adequacy of investigation. * Foundation treatment, grouting, drainage, etc. * Cut-off A-247 Annexure-III (E) Construction * History-including diversion scheme, construction sequence, construction problems, alterations, repairs. (F) Operation and regulation * Plan under normal conditions and during floods and other emergency conditions Flood Warning Systems (G) Operation record * Experience during past major floods. (H) Stability and stress analysis of the dam * Spillway and appurtenant structures and features including the assumed properties of materials and all pertinent applied loads (I) Instruments and records of performance observations * Any known deficiency that may pose a threat to the safety of the dam or to human life and property A-248 Annexure-IIl FORMAT 2 Proforma for Periodic Inspection of Dams with Ungated Waste Water Name of Dam: District Circle Basin SRLD No Division A. General Date of inspection S No. Item Remarks 1. Name of Project 2 Purpose of project: water supply / power / multipurpose / irrigation 3 Name of Dam (a) Latitude and longitude (b) catchment area 4 Year of completion 5 First filling (year / levels) 6 A . Benefits assured: (a) Irrigation (RABI / KHARIF)(Hect) (b) Water supply (Cum) © Other benefits B. Benefits achieved preceding year (a) Irrigation (RABI / KHARIF)(Hect) (b) Water supply (© Other benefits 7. Important controlling levels (in meters) (a) Top of dam (b) Maximum A-249 Annexure-III © Full reservoir level (d) Sill level of irrigation sluice (e) Spillway crest level (f) Minimum draw down level (g) Lowest river bed level (h) Deepest foundation level 8. Salient Features (a) Dead storage capacity (b) Area of foreshore at FRL C Design flood adopted (PMF/SPF/ any other) (d) Design spillway discharge capacity. Type and length of spillway with location (e) Location still level and capacity of low level outlets and scouring sluices (f) Height of the dam Above deepest foundation Above lowest river bed (g) Gross storage capacity At FRL At MWL (h) Length of the dam (at crest) in meters 9 Name and designation of the inspecting officer 10 Date of inspection and the corresponding reservoir water level 11 Maximum and minimum water level reached during the fast season with dates 12 Maximum overflow during proceeding monsoon with dates 13 History of past distress, if any, and brief details of remedial measures carried out 14 Does the officer in charge of the operation and maintenance of dam possesses all the records as given in the guidelines by the Dam Safety Organisation 15 When and by whom was the dam inspected immediately preceding this inspection? 16 Are the items pointed out during the fast inspection properly attended to? If not, state deficiencies yet to be corrected 17 Whether catchment area has been verified on the basis of latest toposheet? If yes, state the out come A-250 Annexure-IIl Proposed Dams for Rehabilitation and Improvement 1. Pechiparai Dam 2. Manimuthar Dam 3. Perunchani Dam 4. Ponnaniar Dam 5. Manimukthanadhi Dam 6. Siddhamalli Dam 7. Amaravathy Dam 8. Vaigai Dam 9. Parambikulam Dam 10. Aliyar Dam 11. Kodaganar Dam 12. Karuppanadhi Dam 13. Gundar Dam 14. Gomukhi Dam 15. Thirumoorthy Dam 16. Kudhiraiyar Dam 17. Lower Nirar Dam & Upper Nirar Weir 18. Noyyal - Athupalayam Reservoir 19. Thunnakkadavu & Peruvari Pallam 20. Ramanadhi Dam 21. Gatana Dam 22. Palar Porundalar Dam A-251 I Annexure-IV INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN Introduction Pests and diseases cause enormous loss to agricultural production all over the world. Farmers use plant protection chemicals to control the insect / pests and disease to protect the crops. However, farmers use plant protection chemicals indiscriminately due to lack of knowledge and ignorance. Many a time, when the required chemicals are not available locally, the farmers have to manage with poor substitutes. Unwarranted and indiscriminate use of insecticides / pesticides results in developing resistance in the crop pests. Although the use of pesticides is low in India as well as in the State of Tamil Nadu, the potential health hazards are enormous due to their widespread and persistent use and multiple exposures. Many a time, the residues of harmful pesticides are found in the food grains, fruits and vegetables beyond the permissible limits. It has been estimated that 20 per cent of all foodstuff in India contains pesticide residues above permissible limits compared to 2 per cent globally. The agro-chemicals / pesticides also serve as a source of non-point pollution of water sources. Pesticides also kill beneficial insects (predators), which are natural checks for many crop pests. Rationale for Pest Management Plan Constitutional and Legal Provisions The Government of India and the State Government are striving hard to discourage the use of hazardous Plant Protection Chemicals (PPC) and to promote the use of environment friendly techniques under the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programme. It encourages the use of botanicals, pheromones, bio-control agents and microbial pesticides, The " Prevention of Food Adulteration (PFA) Act " is the policy tool which regulates the quality of food products manufactured, sold and consumed in India. Pesticides are noted contaminants and are defined as harmful to human health. Many of the formulations such as BenzeneHexaChloride (BHC), Carbofuran, Dimethoate, Endosulphan, Lindane, Monocrotophos, which are banned in the developed countries are still used as PPC in India and account for a sizable proportion of the PPC used. Thus, it is imperative to promote the awareness about the health impacts of these chemicals and the need to adopt more sustainable IPM techniques. Moreover, large quantities of spurious pesticides are sold in the market taking advantage of farmer's ignorance and illiteracy. The Insecticide Act of 1968 has been suitably amended by the Parliament during 2000 to ensure supply of quality pesticides to farmers and to deal with offenders. Under the Insecticide Act 1968 and Rules 1971, there is a provision for analyzing farmers' samples free of cost to discourage dealers of spurious pesticides. World Bank provisions The World Bank Safeguard Policy OP 4.09 on Pest Management aims to avoid excessive use of pesticides and promote environmentally sound and sustainable pest A-252 Annexure-IV management. The frameworks shall encompass IPM and integrated nutrient management with the overarching purpose of developing the project areas as organic - based production model. The IPM technique promotes to manage pest populations through use of biological control, cultural practices, and the development and use of crop varieties that are resistant or tolerant to pests. Pests, Diseases and Nutrient Deflciencies Depending upon crops grown and farming practices adopted in the project basins, pest problems occur in a variety of forms. Pre-eminence of certain crops in specific river basins and agro-climatic zones imparts eco-specificity of the pest problems. Borer/cutworm caterpillar: Borer/cutworm caterpillar seriously affects Soybean and gram crops grown in most of the river basin areas. Leafhoppers, grasshoppers and bugs: All pulses and oilseed crops grown in various river basins are affected to a varying extent by the hoppers and bugs. Rats: They affect all kinds of field crops and storage products. Storage pests: There are varieties of storage pests that affect stored grains. Diseases: They occur in various forms and are caused through seed-borne/ soil-borne/ air- borne sources. Seed-borne diseases such as rusts and smuts affect mostly the wheat crop that is grown in most irrigated river basins. Soil-borne diseases such as wilts affect mostly pulses like gram. Air-borne diseases include powdery mildews, blasts and leaf spots, which affect both cereal and pulse crops. Weeds: They cause serious limitations to achieving optimum crop yields by offering competition to crop plants for water, nutrients and light and also by serving as hosts to several pests. Weed pressure is greater and more serious in competition to direct seeded rice because of the preponderance of Carbon 4 cycle (C4) weed species, while rice plants are Carbon 3 cycle (C3). Weed pressure is not serious in transplanted rice. Direct seeding of rice is a more common crop establishment practice in the rice growing areas. More than native weeds, exotic weeds like Phalaris minor and Avena ludoviciana (Wild oats) are highly menacing to the wheat crop. In many basins other exotic weeds such as Parthenium hysterophorus (Congress grass), Lantana crameri, Ipomea cornea, Water hyacinth. etc. have invaded uncultivated areas including grazing lands, irrigation and drainage channels and ponds causing ecological/environmental problems. Nutrient disorder in soils and crops: Even under the present sub-optional agricultural development scenario, the crop uptake of nutrients (macro, secondary and micro) far exceeds the amounts supplied through application of fertilizers, which is grossly inadequate and unbalanced. The results are multiple nutrient deficiencies in soils amounting to degradation of the productivity potential associated with nutritional disorder in crop plants consequent to lack of supply of depleted nutrients. Generally, secondary and micronutrients become more growth limiting. A-253 Annexure-IV The incidence of insect pests and disease problems as well as other problem manifestations (weed pressure. nutrient disorder. etc.) are likely to intensify with increased agricultural intensification in terms of enhanced cropping intensity and crop diversification with inclusion of fruits, vegetables and other high-value plants, requiring more stringent solution framework. The existing remedial practices include, application of chemical pesticides, manual weeding techniques and application of chemical fertilizers to augment the productivity levels. The application levels are low as compared to the national average figures due to non-affordability in lieu of the marginal returns. This may well be considered as a potential for introducing sustainable pest management techniques. Some of the experiences in the Tamil Nadu region in the use of appropriate pesticides and eco-friendly pest control are as below. These are concerned with paddy and grams. * Paddy. The pests that infest paddy are stem borer, brown plant hopper (BPH), sheath blight and blast. Stem borer is effectively controlled by spraying chloropyriphos, and mixing carbofuran granules in the soil two weeks before transplantation. Brown plant hopper is effectively controlled by spraying thiomethaxame. Monocrotophos and imidacloprid are also found to be effective in pest control. * Grams. The most common pest for grams is helicoverpa (Green Pod Borer). A spray of neem oil mixed with endosulfan or quinalphos is found to be effective in controlling this pest. * Biological control. Use of bio-agents such as Nuclear Poly Hedrosis Virus (NPV) and Bacillus thuringensis (BT insecticides) is found to be quite effective in pest control. * Non-insecticidal Pest Management. Spraying cow slurry (cow dung, cow urine and non-edible green leaves soaked together and fermented for three weeks) is one of the efficient methods for pest control for all crops. Further the residual cow slurry is also used as manure. Support for IPM As mentioned earlier improved access to water resources as a result of sub-project activities shall lead to intensification of agriculture, consequently leading to increased usage of plant nutrients and pesticides. The project proposes to increase farmers' awareness towards benefits of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) techniques through training in the sub-project region, and thus wean them away from excessive usage of chemical fertilizers and pesticides to environmentally benign organic substitutes and sound management measures. A-254 Annexure-IV Procedures for Preparation of IPM The proposed activities related to IPM and INM are to be taken up by an extemal agency including monitoring and evaluation (facilitated by the MDPU and Agriculture Specialist). This team would evaluate the IPM component for effectiveness and scaling- up implications. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) IPM involves carrying out management activities that result in the density of the potential pest population being maintained below the problematic pest level, without endangering the productivity and profitability of the farming system, the health of humans and animals and the quality of the adjacent and downstream environments. The interventions underlying IPM address the following: * Increasing biological diversity to disrupt pest habitat through periodic replacement of cultivated crop varieties, intercropping, crop rotation and crop diversification oriented to disruption of pest habitat and consequential minimization of pest incidence * Adoption of farming practices to escape pest incidence through appropriate tillage practices, trash management and optimizing sowing date such that possibility of pest / disease occurrence is minimized * Cultivating crop varieties resistant to pests and diseases * Adoption of bio-control agents such as application of plant / bio-products (bio- pesticides) and augmenting insect pathogens or other natural enemies (including birds) * Increasing the farmers' awareness levels on IPM through conduct of technical training courses at village level. The training should focus on philosophy and principle of 1PM, identification of different insect pests and diseases, and application of different IPM strategies including selection and usage of chemical pesticides. Extension agencies and NGOs shall be involved in organizing the training courses. * Extension agencies shall organize regular field demonstration activities pertaining to application of IPM technology. * Mass Media such as TV and Vernacular Newspapers should transmit information and knowledge on 1PM * Pesticide retailers at village level should be provided with information materials to increase their knowledge on selection and usage of pesticides since farmers seek their advice on pesticide usage A-255 Annexure-IV Measures to Increase Farmers' Preference to IPM * Making quality biocontrol agents/ bio pesticides available at village level through the involvement of local NGOs. * Making available the seeds of improved pest/disease resistant HYVs (High Yeilding Varieties) * Encouraging farmers to adopt IPM practices including use of chemical pesticides based on proper understanding of farmers resources, knowledge, attitudes and perceptions with respect to IPM * Monitoring and forewarning farmers of pest and disease situations * Providing subsidies to farmers for adopting IPM technology * Allowing price premiums on agricultural produces based on IPM technology * Facilitating certification and marketing of IPM - based products. * Help create institutional arrangements for IPM enforcement * Securing NGOs' involvement in persuading farmers to opt for adoption of IPM technology Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) Public consultations at various levels indicated that under the existing cropping systems, the nutrient outputs grossly exceed the nutrient inputs and the fertilizer use efficiency is sub-optimal The most appropriate strategy for reducing the scale of mining and for increasing fertilizer use efficiency is to practice 1NM. The basic principle of INM is the maintenance of soil fertility, sustaining agricultural productivity and improving farmers' profitability through judicious and efficient use of mineral fertilizers, organic manures and bio- fertilizers. The INM package has area-specific implications depending upon the availability and performance of the various components. The interventions underlying INM shall: * Adopt soil-tests based optimum nutrient use levels, ensuring adequacy of Phosphorus level to meet the competitive demands of crops and P-fixation capacity of soils * Working model for integration of organic manures and NPK fertilizers for sustainable high yields/farmers' resource - based target yields * Inoculation of soybean and other legume seeds * Inclusion of legumes in rotation * Adopt improved (modem) crop management practices to ensure cultivation of HYV, timely sowing and adequate crop stand establishment, timely weed control and plant protection and proper water management. A-256 Annexure-IV * Accelerate the adoption of INM through: o Technical training courses at village level for improving farmers' knowledge base. The training shall focus on concept and contents of INM, integration of organic and inorganic resources in consideration of farmers' resource base for mobilizing various nutrient sources, improvement of quality and quantity of FYM making use of NADEP compost system. Including vermiculture and use of bio - fertilizers. (Extension agencies and NGOs shall be involved in organizing training courses). * Involved in NGO's: o Orienting farmers to organic and biodynamic farming approach involving the use of FYM, green manures, crop residues, vermicompost, biofertilizers and biopesticides while understanding their resources and targeted yields. o Facilitating certification and marketing of certified organic produces with appropriate price premiums through Government Departments * Create institutional mechanism for facilitating adoption of INM in general and organic farming in particular, and for monitoring of practices adopted in producing organic products, keeping full track of production processes and products from field to sale point as well as for arranging organic certification and marketing In addition to the above-mentioned interventions, the implementing agency shall ensure that the Pest Management Plan shall: * Document the list of all pest control products and confirm that they comply with the selection criteria in OP 4.09 * Under the existing practices and pest management concerns to ascertain that, the project planning and implementation stages address the issues. * Ensure that main elements of the plan are reflected in the work contractor The implementing agency shall review the same periodically for effective implementation including the post implementation monitoring after one year to appreciate the level of achievement. Monitoring and Evaluation (M & E) The M & E will involve establishing a base line on the current status to evaluate the impact of project interventions. The M & E of IPM will be based on pre-defined parameters such as adoption of companion cropping system, planting of trap crops, A-257 Annexure-IV following crop rotation, adoption of biological and mechanical methods of pest control, use of parasites and predators, adoption of bio-pesticides. IPM & INM Training Costs As a part of the TN-JAM WARM, several programmes have been devised to generate awareness towards IPM and INM practices. The tentative costs of such programmes are given in following Table. Table: Costs of IPM & INM programmes SI. Item Institution Units Total Unit Total cost No. quantity cost (Rs. (Rs. '000) for 6 years '000) 1 Fanning Agricultural Hectare 5,700 4 22,800 Demonstration Department (INM) 2 IPM village Agricultural No. of 500 100 50,000 Department Villages 3 NADEP Agricultural Numbers 40,000 15 60,000 composting Department demonstrations 4 Vermiculture Agricultural Numbers 40,000 1 40,000 demonstrations Department 5 Demonstration for Horticulture Numbers 550 50 27,500 vegetable Department production clusters Total 2,00,300 Organic Farming Organic farming means a process of developing a viable and sustainable agro- ecosystem. In general, farming practices in these areas are geared to mono crop (usually paddy) in river basins and alluvial tracts, and poly crop agriculture (grams, millets, oil seeds etc) in the up lands. Watershed management also leads to increase in ground water resources in the river basins and sub basins. As this should facilitate more assured irrigation, crop diversification and selecting suitable crops according to soil and agro climatic conditions would be beneficial in getting income from a variety of crops. The other aspects related to increased crop production/diversification is greater use of pesticides, insecticides and fertilizers. Excessive use of this chemicals leads to the development of resistant pests. This can be counteracted by laying equal importance to bio-fertilizers and manures (refer Integrated Pest Management Plan, Annex - II). A-258 Annexure-V CULTURAL PROPERTY MANAGEMENT PLAN Introduction Cultural properties of significance in the State of Tamil Nadu may consist of one or more of the following: Religious Centers, Cultural heritage sites, Archaeological monuments, Sacred groves etc. Cultural property could also include sites, structures, objects and natural landscapes with archaeological, pale ontological, historical, architectural, and religious or other cultural significance. There exists a strong linkage between religious cultural properties and water bodies, be it a pond, a lake, a dam, a stream or a river in India. Over the years religious and cultural values develop surrounding such cultural properties. Thus, the project should not only include provisions to protect and enhance such properties, if impacted by physical interventions, but also address the religious sentiments and values attached to any physical feature or structure of the irrigation infrastructure Rationale for Cultural Property Management Legal Provisions Certain Legal provisions exist with regard to the rehabilitation policy of the State of Tamil Nadu. The Archaeological Survey of India has its own guidelines regarding the development of any activity in vicinity of the monuments etc of archaeological importance. The plan for protection/relocation has to be made along with measures to deal with chance finds during project implementation according to the State and Central laws applicable to such finds. Requisite studies, investigations and consultations with local people have to be held. This may include study of available data and maps, carrying out of additional surveys as may be required, examination of possible alternatives and determination of mitigation measures which may be protective works around the site or relocation of the object in another location in similar surroundings as per local law in force. Specific consultations have to be held with project affected groups and local NGOs based on prior information of findings to be furnished to them. Impacts on archaeological or other cultural sites of significance are remote in the proposed project. However, the centuries-old tanks mostly have associated cultural property that may be impacted during rehabilitation. This, and other potential cultural property issues should be further studied in detail with respect to the physical investments and an appropriate cultural Property Action Plan or a framework for such a plan should be developed that will include screening, mitigating and enhancing affected sites, as well as including chance finds and procedures for civil works contracts. World Bank Provisions The World Bank Policy on cultural property (OP/BP/GP4. 11) aims to assist in the preservation of cultural property where part of a bank -financed operation, and to avoid its elimination. If any of the cultural properties are to be relocated or constructed afresh A-259 Annexure-V due to proposed additional works under the TN-IAM WARM, then an inventory of the properties of cultural significance have to be made and measures suggested for their protection, enhancement or elimination after consulting the appropriate Authorities and the Stakeholders. Cultural Property Management The project procedures shall follow a consultative approach for the identification of cultural properties and religious and cultural values of the people in the sub-project region. Based on the intervention measures proposed, all concerned stakeholders should be consulted to adequately address any adverse impacts on cultural properties or on access to properties to which values are attached. In case of unavoidable relocation of such properties, agreement with relevant authorities shall be undertaken for replacement. Procedures Procedures to be followed for identification of cultural properties and values of significance attached to irrigation schemes have been presented in the following table. A Cultural Property Expert shall be hired as per requirement for cultural property assessment in the sub-projects Table: Procedure and Indicators for Cultural Property Management S.No. Stages Procedures Coordinator Process & Outcome Indicators 1 Stakeholders Consultation MDPU with the Number of for identification of values & help of Cultural Consultations. possible impacts Property Expert List of Issues (MDPU) Classification of cultural MDPU with the List of Cultural properties into: help of Cultural Properties with * National Property Expert associated Archaeological significance significance (MDPU) * State Archaeological Significance * Regional Cultural Significance * Local Cultural Significance Inclusion of issues and MDPU with the Requirement of impacts into the SC 1 and help Cultural clearances or SC2 screening Matrices of Property Expert detailed the SEMF consultations for Planning Stage (MDPU & Cultural A-260 Annexure-V Property Expert) 2 Planning Stage Stakeholders consultations MDPU with the Inclusion list of for identification of impacts help of Cultural agreed safeguard due to sub project Property Expert measures in the interventions, agreement draft plan over mitigation, (MDPU) compensation and enhancement measures Approval of Stakeholders on MDPU with the Signed Minutes the final plan proposals help of Cultural of Meeting Property Expert (MDPU) 3 Implementation Implementation of MDPU with the OK card on Stage compensation, relocation and help of Cultural implementation impact mitigation measures Property Expert of all listed before initiating physical safeguard sub-project activities measures (MDPU) Monitoring for possible MDPU with the Number of impacts during construction help of Cultural grievances Property Expert (MDPU & Cultural Expert) 4 Post Stakeholder Consultations to MDPU with the ICR (MDPU& implementation ensure proper help of Cultural Cultural Expert) Stage implementation of safeguard Property Expert measures for preparation of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ IC R_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Criteria for selection of cultural properties - pre planning stage The criteria for the selection of sites suitable for enhancement have to be based on four factors: * The historical importance * Importance for the local people * The religious significance * Scope for enhancement, if any The importance of the site for the local people as well as the historical significance has to be identified through extensive discussions with the local community and general observations of the sites and structures. The scope for enhancement includes the possibility of any further improvement, availability of space for enhancement and the likely benefits for the local community. Poor condition of some historical structures could be a constraint in selecting sites for enhancement. Such sites though having high historical values may exist in a very bad physical condition. At such places, enhancement measures have no meaning without restoring the main structure, which is beyond the scope of the enhancement works. Categorization of Properties - Pre-planning Stage A-261 Annexure-V In case of non-avoidance of negative impacts, consultation with the communities and the various stakeholders including the Governmental and Non-governmental organizations in the project area has to be conducted as an integral part of the project preparation. Further, the properties have also to be categorised into different types based on their usage, social importance and historical /regional / national significance. The information gathered should include the age of the structure, importance for the local people, religious significance, historical importance, the size of the population using it, suggestions for enhancements, willingness of people to participate, etc. The site observation also provides vital inputs in concept formulation. It provides the general information about the condition of the main structure and the surrounding, visibility of the enhancement site from the project area, the scenic beauty of the site as well as the surrounding area etc. All relevant information like consultations, documentations, etc. of the Cultural Properties should be incorporated into the GIS Knowledge Base. Consultation Process - Planning Stage Community consultation has to be undertaken to make explicit the social factors that remain behind the importance of the site for the local people. Also, it may be carried out to know the associated social/historical significance, in discussions with the local community and general observations of the sites and structures. The consultation process includes the socio-cultural analysis and specifically addressed issue of how the community can get best benefit out of it. The consultations are normally held at local (community) level. The objective of the consultation is to minimize the negative impacts in the project area and their involvement in the enhancement process. The process further has to try to identify and assess all major economic and sociological characteristics of the village to enable effective planning and implementation. During the process, efforts may be made to ascertain the views and preferences of the stakeholders. Suitable Questionnaire should include formats for documenting the community consultations carried out, especially at the enhancement/relocation sites bringing out the key concerns of the stakeholders and actions/modifications taken with regard to those suggestions. Valid reasons should be placed in the documentation if certain suggestions are not incorporated in the plan proposals. The likely impacts at different stages have to be documented along with corresponding mitigation measures and the responsible agency for undertaking the implementation of mitigation measures. The WRO shall be responsible for the monitoring of the activities that are implemented as part of any sub-project by the works contractor. Proposed Actions / Mitigation Measures - Implementation Stage Proposed actions refer to the positive actions to be undertaken during the implementation stage of the sub-project for the benefit of the stakeholders. The mitigation measures proposed for religious/cultural property/space shall be part of the project and will be solely finalized based on the concerns of the stakeholders. A-262 Annexure-V In case of property having historical importance, wherein Archaeological Survey of India comes into picture, and procedures of the ASI along with World Bank requirements as mentioned earlier shall be complied. Post Implementation Stage Reconnaissance visits after a year to the completed sub-project sites by WRO for assessment and rectifications of any long-term impacts due to sub project interventions should be carried out. The department shall also review the outcome of the interventions, as documented in the previous stage of the project implementation to be aware of the accomplishments. A-263 i I i Annexure-VI RESETTLEMENT FRAMEWORK Introduction The Government of Tamil Nadu through the WRO has initiated the TN-JAM WARM with an aim to pilot reforms options for enhancing the productivity of water, through crop diversification and over all well being of the people. The project would seek to restructure the Water Sector to significantly improve performance in water resources planning, allocation and management for sustained multi-sectoral use by adopting a river basin approach. Sub-Project interventions proposed under TN-IAM WARM are limited to rehabilitation of existing structures and introduction of other software measures like extension works related to agriculture, fisheries, livestock development, etc. Since no new schemes are being proposed, resettlement issue will not crop up. However, as a safeguard measure a Resettlement Framework has been prepared to address any displacement as a result of any sub-project activity. Tamil Nadu State Policy on Rehabilitation (SPOR), 2002 also recognizes the need for a special focus on the resettlement and rehabilitation of affected people in the water sector. Rational For Resettlement Framework The ESA study looks into the likely resettlement impacts due to the TN-JAM WARM that follows a Programmatic approach wherein various sub projects shall be identified and taken up for improvement in different years. In the absence of precise sub project intervention measures at the present stage a Resettlement Plan or an Abbreviated Resettlement Plan (if impacts are minor or displaced persons are <200 as per WB OP 4.12) is not feasible. It is proposed that as per the Screening Exercise sub projects requiring Resettlement / Abbreviated Resettlement Plans shall be identified and such plans shall be prepared in conformity to the Resettlement Policy Framework for the present study. The Resettlement Policy Framework is an amalgamation of the SPOR and World Bank Policy on Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP) Based on the study, it is concluded that activities that may result in involuntary resettlement are: 1. Relocation of structures 2. Up gradation / Additional physical for improving and expanding the water storage or supply coverage 3. New physical works (if found necessary) 4. The interventions may require displacement of persons depending on the scale of the work and level of encroachments. The probable impacts include: 5. Impact / Loss of land and other immovable assets A-264 Annexure-VI 6. Impact / Loss of livelihood systems/income opportunity (due to loss of productive land, due to impact to structure where livelihood activity is being carried out; etc.) 7. Impact / Loss of Community Property Resources (religious structures, grazing land etc.) 8. Impact / Loss of Access (between settlements, to agriculture lands, to markets etc.) Support for Project Affected Persons-Broad Principles & Objectives of R&R framework Both the TN State Policy on Rehabilitation 2002 and the OP/BP 4.12 in combination shall form the guidelines for the Resettlement & Rehabilitation Framework for this project. Resettlement Plans shall be prepared in accordance with this R&R Framework. Principles (State Policy on Rehabilitation 2002) Given below are the major Principles for Rehabilitation as laid down in the State Policy on Rehabilitation 2002. 1. Improve or at least regain the standard of living the displaced families had been enjoying prior to their displacement. 2. Special attention will be paid to rehabilitation of the displaced families belonging to scheduled castes and schedules tribes as well as those of small and marginal farmers. There will be no discrimination between families displaced from revenue and from forest villages. 3. Compensation will be paid to land owners and lease holders within the specified time limit, as far as possible Allotment of land to them as per their eligibility under the policies of the Government will also be considered. Allotment of land to non-lease holders will also be considered, on availability of land, as per the policy of the Government. 4. The oustees will be paid, suitable compensation for their agricultural land, residential plot and other properties. If land is allotted to them at the new place, appropriate price will be taken thereof from them. 5. Adequate civic facilities will be provided in the new settlement. As for as possible, efforts would be made to provide necessary physical and social infrastructures at the time of settlement itself. 6. In the process of rehabilitation it will be ensured that the families who were living in social groups in the affected village, are settled, as for as possible, in the same manner. If possible oustees shall be rehabilitated within the command area or near A-265 Annexure-VI about the submergence area. Efforts will be made to ensure that the rehabilitated families get mixed up with the families already living at the new place. 7. Priority will be given to members of displaced families in jobs in the project's construction works and other works, as per their skills. They will be the first claimants for allotment of any surplus land within the command area of the ongoing projects. In view of their number, reservation of land for them may also be considered. A certain percent will be set aside for allotment / distribution of shops in the township developed for the project area. 8. A grant scheme will be chalked out for the rehabilitation of agricultural labourers and non-agricultural families at the new place, to help them start self- employment. After completion of an irrigation project, the work of fishing and its sale will be given to cooperative societies of the oustees, as far as possible. 9. The work of land acquisition and rehabilitation will go side by side to minimize the inconvenience to the oustees. Land acquisition will be done phase-wise and first those areas will be acquired that are needed the first. Land more than necessary should not be acquired in any case. 10. In case any building etc remains unaffected after completion of the irrigation project, these can be used for community purposes for the new settlements. 11. Availability of food grains will be ensured at both old and new places right from the time the process of re-settlement starts. Procedure for Preparing Resettlement Plan Resettlement Plan Process Planning for Project Affected Persons (PAPs) should be initiated in the Pre- Planning stage through regular consultations with the affected persons. Voluntary relocation should be encouraged to the extent possible, as most of the relocation shall pertain to encroachers. If the likely impacts are more the Resettlement Plan should be prepared for the project. The activities that will guide the preparation of such a Resettlement Plan are presented in table below: A-266 Annexure-VI Table: Procedure & Indicators for Resettlement Sub project Procedure Coordinator Process & stage Outcome Indicators (Monitoring Agency) Pre-Planning Identify locations in the sub- MDPU helped by List of issues that project that might lead to Resettlement Expert trigger displacement of people Resettlement Plan affecting either private lands, (Resettlement encroached govemment Expert) lands, structures or assets linked to livelihood Stretches where land MDPU helped by Maps showing land acquisition is likely to be Resettlement Expert acquisition transferred on to the land locations (MDPU) revenue maps and alternatives sought to minimize acquisition Consultations with the MDPU helped by Video records, affected communities to Resettlement Expert Photographs, arrive at agreeable solutions Signed minutes of and encourage voluntary meeting (MDPU eviction from encroached Resettlement areas Expert) Revision of sub-project MDPU helped by List of modified intervention activities Resettlement Expert sub-project incorporating the outcomes activities (MDPU of consultations Resettlement Expert) Inclusion of issues and MDPU helped by Requirement of unavoidable impacts Resettlement Expert Resettlement Plan identified into the SCI and (MDPU, SC2 screening Matrices of Resettlement the SEMF. Expert) Planning Super imposition of Total MDPU helped by List of tribal Station Drawings of Resettlement Expert villages on sub- Irrigation Schemes on project map Revenue Maps. (MDPU, Resettlement Expert) Identification / location MDPU helped by List of tribal project interventions on the Resettlement Expert villages on sub- sub-project drawings and project map demarcating the area that (MDPU would be required for Resettlement implementing the Expert) interventions. Identification of the plots to MDPU helped by Maps showing land A-267 Annexure-VI enlist the project-affected Resettlement Expert acquisition families. locations (MDPU, Resettlement Expert) Baseline survey that consists MDPU helped by Final List of PAPs of 100% census survey of Resettlement Expert (MDPU, the affected families and the Resettlement types of loss shall be Expert) undertaken. The day of such survey shall be treated as the 'cut off' date. Socio economic survey MDPU helped by List of key issues consisting of 20% sample of Resettlement Expert (MDPU, total affected families to Resettlement establish the socio-economic Expert) status of the families affected. Formulating compensation MDPU helped by Budget for and assistances that need to Resettlement Expert compensation & be provided to compensate assistance by type the loss the affected families and numbers (MDPU, Resettlement Expert) Preparation of the Land MDPU helped by Number of Acquisition Plan and Resettlement Expert households notified Schedule required as per the (MDPU, Land Acquisition Act. Resettlement Expert) Implementation Disbursement of MDPU helped by Number of compensation and Resettlement Expert households Assistance as per the compensated & Rehabilitation assisted (MDPU, Plan/Framework Resettlement Expert) Preference for jobs in the MDPU helped by Number of persons project as per RP Resettlement Expert offered jobs MDPU, Resettlement Expert) Sub project Procedure Coordinator Process & stages Outcome Indicators (Monitoring Agency) Training on agriculture and MDPU helped by Number of persons allied activities as a part of Resettlement Expert trained (MDPU, TN-LAM WARM Resettlement A-268 Annexure-VI Expert) Implementation of MDPU helped by OK card of safeguards measures as per Resettlement Expert implemented Resettlement Plan proposals measures (MDPU, Resettlement X__ -Expert) Post Evaluation of the success of MDPU helped by See Table 9.2 Implementation programs & safeguard Resettlement Expert measures undertaken & Follow up activities based on lessons leamt The following table lists the Impact Indicators to be monitored in the Planning (through Socio-economic surveys) and Post Implementation Stages of the sub-project cycle to monitor and evaluate the impacts of the project. Table: Impact Indicators for evaluation of PAP's Item Impact Indicators Frequency Responsible Agency Economic Income Project related & Planning Stage Independent Conditions Independent means but assisted Post agency/Intemal by the project Housing Changes Implementation monitoring by in quality over a period of time. Stage MDPU Changes in occupation Skill portfolio Migration profile Social Verification of cases of voluntary Planning Stage Independent Conditions donation of land, Representation Post agency/Intemal in Community based institutions, Implementation monitoring by Indicators of participation Stage MDPU Empowerment, School enrolment Health and morbidity Household infrastructure, electricity, potable water, living space etc. Additional Details Related To Resettlement Plan Resettlement Plan Contents In accordance with the Social and Environmental Management Framework prepared to integrate Environmental and Social Safeguard measures in the main project, A-269 Annexure-VI all sub projects should be screened for their likely adverse impacts, in the Pre-Planning Stage. If the issues related to resettlement are triggered, a Resettlement Plan or an Abbreviated Resettlement Plan has to be prepared for the concerned sub project. Such a plan should be prepared at the Planning and Design Stage of the project preparation, wherein physical intervention measures shall be planned and designed. The contents of the Resettlement Plan to be prepared for individual sub projects consistent to the Resettlement Framework are as follows: * Baseline census and socio-economic survey information * Specific compensation rates and standards * Policy entitlements related to any additional impacts identified through the census or survey * Description of resettlement sites and programs for improvement or restoration of livelihoods and standards of living * Implementation schedule for resettlement activities * Detailed cost estimate Approval of Resettlement Plan The following Committees as per the scale of Resettlement (Major or Minor) may review and approve the Resettlement Plan. * State Level Committee (in case of Major Projects- those which necessitate transfer of 100 acre or more land due to land acquisition or for any other reason) * District / Division Level Committees for minor projects Likely Categories of Displaced persons Involuntary Resettlement is remote in TN-LAM WARM given nature of project interventions that pertain to mere up gradation and modernization of existing irrigation schemes and other small physical works like improvement of ponds for fisheries development, canal and dam, hydro etc. Additional submergence in reservoirs shall only be restricted to projects where possibilities of creating additional storage exist. Thus estimated population displacement shall be limited in the present project. The likely categories of displaced persons based on eligibility for entitlements as per the framework are given in table below: A-270 Annexure-VI Table: Eligibility Criteria SI. Affected Definition No. Population Category SPOR Definitions I Project Affected A person who has been ordinarily living in the area, which is Person (PAP) / likely to be submerged temporarily or pennanently due to a Project Displaced project or which is required for a project, for at least one year Person (PDP) from the date of publication of the notification Under Section 4 of the Land Acquisition Act, and has been practicing a business or occupation for a living there or has been cultivating a land for at least three years. Project Displaced A family comprising displaced persons as defined above includes Family (PDF) the husband, wife and minor children and others such as window mother, widow sister, unmarried sister, unmarried daughter or aged father, depending on the head of family. Every major son/ daughter of a displaced family (who has become maj or on the date of notification Under Section 4 of the Land Acquisition Act, will be considered a separate family) 2 (a) Landless person A person who holds no agricultural land himself or a joint land / Agricultural with his family member or who has no other land for agriculture. laborer Persons who work as agricultural laborers will also be placed under this category. (b) Small farmer A person who owns 2 hectares un-irrigated or 1 hectare or less irrigated land. (c) Marginal fanner A farmer who owns I hectare un-irrigated or 0.5 hectare or less irrigated land. Additional Definitions 3 Urban Oustees Displaced families in urban areas (Areas identified as Urban by the Census of India, 2000) 4 Rural Oustees Displaced families in rural areas (Areas identified as Rural by the Census of India, 2000) 5 Encroacher A person who has trespassed into Government/ private/ community land to which he/ she is not entitled to 6 Squatters Person who has unauthorized by settled on the land or building for shelter or livelihood 7 Below Poverty Line The subsistence level of income is called the Poverty line. BPL is (BPL) a sum fixed by the Planning Commission, Government of India and families that have an income below this sum fall within the vulnerable or poor or disadvantaged class A-271 Annexure-VI 8 Vulnerable Persons All category of people who are socially distressed or / Groups economically backward fall under this group. They may include, but not limited to the following: People living Below Poverty Line and or are earning 25% above the poverty line Members of the Schedule Caste/ Tribe community/ Other Backward Caste Women headed households Orphans and destitute Disabled and aged Land less person 9 Title holder This includes the persons who can establish their usufruct rights of the property they claim to be their own. Cut off for titleholder is the date of issuing notice under section 4(1) of the Land Acquisition Act (Amended) of 1984. 10 Non-title holder Any person unable to establish his/her right to the property he/she is occupying without a legitimate evidence for being the owner is called a non-title holder. Cut off Date for Non titleholder refers to the date of Census Survey which should be completed 2 years prior to the section 4 (1) notice under the L A Act. The present policy framework is a combination of the State Policy on Rehabilitation, 2002 and the World Bank Policies on Involuntary Resettlement, OP/BP 4.12. The State Policy on Rehabilitation, 2002 is a model policy for the state, provisions of which are minimum and mandatory in the respective policies of different departments. The SPOR provisions are similar in spirit to the WB Policies though, at places, certain provisions and entitlements are not explicitly spelt out. The Summary Entitlement Framework adopted for the TN-IAM WARM is given in the following table. Any other unforeseen impacts shall be documented and mitigated based on the principles agreed upon in this policy framework. A-272 Annexure-VI Table: Summary Entitlement Framework Category Impacts and Entitlement as per SPOR Additional Entitlements of assistance conforming to WB Impacts criteria Policies Non Titleholder Non itleholders T itleholders itleholder TiIeoler V* NV* V NV V INV V NV LAND Loss of Compensation Yes Yes Yes Yes Agricultu for land at full (If (If ral Land replacement reven revenue cost, free of ue or or forest fees or other forest land charges land occupie occupi d for ed for min. 3 min. 3 years years from from date of date project of sanction projec) t sancti on)- Agricultu Land based Yes Yes No No ral Land resettlement options (if >25% and subject to availability) Loss of Alternative Yes Yes No No Residenti Residential al Land Plot (Rural / Urban) Loss of Compensation Yes Yes No No Urban for land at full Land replacement cost, free of fees or other charges - OTHER IMMOVABLE ASSETS Loss of Replacement Yes Yes Yes Yes Structures or compensation for structures A-273 Annexure-VI and other non- land assets - Loss of Compensation Yes Yes No No trees for perennial crops and trees, calculating as annual net product value multiplied by number of years required for new crop to start producing Loss of Advance Yes Yes Yes Yes crops notice to harvest non- perennial crops, or compensation for lost standing crop Loss of Rights to Yes Yes Yes Yes reusable salvage assets materials from existing structures, trees, and other assets PHYSICAL RELOCATION Uncertain Consultation, Yes Yes Yes Yes ty of counseling resettlem regarding ent site resettlement alternatives and assistance in identifying new sites and opportunities and option of housing in resettlement sites in cases of cluster relocation Hardships Grant for Yes Yes Yes No in accessing A-274 Annexure-VI immediat housing e schemes, or reestablis other support hment to assist poor and vulnerable tenants in reestablishing their homes Shifting Shifting Yes Yes Yes Yes hardships (transportatio n) assistance LIVELIHOOD Hardships Transition Yes Yes Yes Yes during Assistance - Transitio agricultural n period extension services, cooperatives, Employment Assurance Scheme, Insurance Scheme, etc. -_- Lack of Rehabilitation Yes Yes Yes Yes financial Grant in aid support for 1 year during transition Loss or Special Yes No Yes No diminishe support (only (only d (financial) for landles landle livelihood additional 3 s) ss) years - Loss of Additional Yes No Yes No original support livelihood mechanisms for vulnerable groups in reestablishing livelihood - - COMMUNITY RESOURCES Loss of Re- Yes Yes Yes Yes Communi establishment ty or Resource development s of Community Resources like grazig A-275 Annexure-VI lands, structures, etc. | l l l l l l l ACCESS Loss of Creation of Yes Yes Yes Yes access to new Civic Facilities Facilities and Transportatio n routes - - - V* - Vulnerable NV** - Non Vulnerable Valuation of Assets The Valuation of assets lost as a result of Involuntary Resettlement should be calculated on the following basis: * Valuation of lands in private possession - possible market price will be paid to the concerning person * Valuation for house - The amount of compensation for all other properties like house, will be equal to the expenditure that would have been incurred on restoring it to its original condition. The compensation for house will be equal to the cost of a house under any Housing Schemes * Valuation for trees - The price of fruit bearing trees will be determined on the basis of the annual income from fruits of the tree and the value of its wood Organizational procedures for RP Implementation The organizational procedure for implementation of the Resettlement Plan after its approval by the concerning administrative department is as follows: * The outline of the project along with the Resettlement Plan after its approval by the concerning administrative department will be published in local dialect for public information in the project area and will also be presented before the gram sabhas and in case of urban areas before the urban units for their information. The same system will be followed in private schemes also * Under section - 4 of the Land Acquisition Act, the process of primary notification may be started. During this process, and otherwise, too, people and their organizations will have the right to seek information about any aspect of the project. In case it is decided to retain the information for some reason, a notification to this effect should be issued giving the reason A-276 Annexure-VI * The resettlement sites will be selected in consultation with the affected as well as the host communities. For this, first the potential affected persons will be properly informed about the new area and their visits to the new areas will be organized to acquaint them with the families already living there. Any action for new settlement will be taken only as per the advice of the affected as well as the host communities * Entitled persons, their eligibility and entitlements as identified in the RP shall be verified and the Project Authorities in co-ordination with the Revenue Department should disburse their entitlements Grievance redress mechanism The grievance redress mechanism as detailed in the SPOR is as follows: * In small plans, where one fourth of the concerning people, particularly members of scheduled castes and schedule tribes do not agree to the plan presented for them, the cases will be considered by district / division level committee * Such cases of major plans, too, will be first considered by district/ division level committee and in case the matter is not resolved, then alone these will be referred to the state level committee and its decision will be final * Disputes pertaining to any matter within the ambit of the Resettlement Framework / SPOR and its implementation, such as identification of the beneficiaries, the benefits to them etc., will be, as far as possible, resolved by the district/ division level committee * Special land acquisition courts will be established for disposal of cases pertaining to acquisition of lands, to avoid delay in their disposal through normal judicial process Funding through Project All resettlement funding shall be through the main project. Separate Resettlement Plans or Abbreviated Resettlement Plans shall be prepared for each sub project during the Planning & Design Stage. Detailed Cost Estimates based on intervention measures proposed shall be prepared and approved by the State or the District / Divisional Committees. The document shall then be submitted to the Bank for its approval and subsequent release of funds. Contingency Fund A special fund with an initial amount of Rs.50 crores will be created to help those in distress due to displacement or related reasons that cannot be provided assistance under the general procedures. For this, a special cess will be levied on mineral, power and forest based industries and the industries with heavy investment. (Refer Section 27 of the SPOR). This fund can be used by the rehabilitation department, in consultation with A-277 Annexure-VI the state level committee as a contingency measure. The Bank in the next disbursement shall replenish this additional amount. State Requirements of Consultations As per the State Policy on Rehabilitation, the following consultations are pre- conditions for any development work (Refer Section 14 of the SPOR): * Gram Sabha should be consulted for acquisition of land for public purpose like construction of any project or for any other work and / or alternative use of other resources * All economic establishments will require presenting their stand in an open forum. The State government in such a situation shall stand for the weaker sections and to protect their interests. In case of tribal societies it will be specially seen that any step of the State or any action of the parties concerned does not create a rift in the society. Guidelines for Implementation and Monitoring The general features of implementation and monitoring mechanism includes the following: Basic responsibility of R&R for these water resources projects is vested with the WRO. This should be carried in consultation and support from the concerned line departments. The project authorities shall constitute R&R cells within the department for timely preparation and effective implementation of the R&R program. As the whole activity under R&R is multi-disciplinary in nature, it is an absolute necessity to have effective participation, cooperation and involvement of most of the basin level and project level officials to prepare and execute suitable rehabilitation plans. In case of any grievances regarding the rehabilitation, the project affected persons shall approach the R&R Cell that will be established at the head office level of the WRO. A-278 Annexure-VII TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY Introduction Tribal communities represent a vulnerable section of the community who are prone to exploitation and marginalization in the process of development, due to low levels of literacy and awareness. They are intimately dependent on the forest for almost all-human activities. At times, these tribal population centers become central points for activities, damaging their eco-system. Fire, grazing, shifting cultivation, smuggling and poaching are such activities. The Government of India has identified tribal populations in Trichi, South Arcot, North Arcot, Dharmapuri and Salem who requires Integrated Tribal Development Programme for their upliftment. In order to improve the economic conditions of the tribals living in the above districts, Hill Area Development Programme (HADP) and other schemes were implemented. They have helped create forest-based assets in tribal areas besides providing employment opportunities at their doorsteps. The concentration of tribal population in various blocks varies considerably with most of the tribal area being concentrated in different pockets in the State of Tamil Nadu. The Directorate of Tribal Welfare, GoTN, have identified 36 Scheduled Tribe communities in 13 districts. Of these, 6 Tribal communities, i.e., Toda, Kota, Kurumbas, Irular, Panian and Kattunayakan have been identified as Primitive Tribal Groups. Rationale for Tribal Development Strategy Constitutional and Legal provisions Several legal provisions have been provided in the Indian Constitution and legislative organs, to ensure protection and assistance to the tribal communities of the Country. The Constitution of India in its 244 (1) and (2) in part X has listed Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas under the Fifth and Sixth Schedules envisaging special system of administration. The provisions are meant to assist tribal populations in utilizing their rights and to develop their economic, educational and social status. The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 has made provisions for reservations for Vulnerable Groups such as SC, ST and women for effective participation and involvement in decentralized governance. The tribal population is given opportunity for participation through reservation at three levels of Panchayats. Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act (PESA), 1996 has given control of land, forests and water in the hands of tribal through Gram Sabha (Village Assembly). Land tenancy act, controls marginalization of tribal household through restriction of transfer of land from tribal to non-tribal persons. The Applicability of PESA provisions in Tribal Areas is as follows. A-279 Annexure-VII * The Gram Sabha shall be involved during the identification and planning of land uptake and resettlement in view of the mandatory provisions under the act that includes: * Approval of development plans and programmes * Acquisition of land for development projects and rehabilitation of persons affected in consultation with Gram Sabha or Panchayat. At the planning and implementation stage it will be coordinated at state level * Consensus for any legislation with customary laws and practices for management of resources * Panchayat to manage water bodies * Ownership of minor forest produce * Prevention of alienation of land World Bank Operational Policy, (OP 4.10) This policy contributes to the Bank's mission of poverty reduction and sustainable development by ensuring that the development process fully respects dignity, human rights, economies and cultures of indigenous peoples. For all projects that are proposed for Bank financing and affect Indigenous Peoples, the Bank requires the borrower to engage in a process of free, prior and informed consultation. Such Bank financed projects include measures to (a) avoid potentially adverse effects on the Indigenous Peoples' communities: or (b) when avoidance is not feasible, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for such effects. Bank financed projects are also designed to ensure that the Indigenous Peoples receive social and economic benefits that are culturally appropriate and gender intergenerationally inclusive. * Because of the varied and changing contexts in which indigenous peoples live and because there is no universally accepted definition of "indigenous Peoples", this policy does not define the term. Indigenous Peoples may be referred to in different countries by such terms as "indigenous ethnic minorities," "aboriginals", "hill tribes", "minority nationalities, "scheduled tribes" or "tribal groups". For purposes of this policy, the term "Indigenous Peoples" is used in a generic sense to refer to a distinct, vulnerable, social and cultural group possessing the following characteristics in varying degrees: (a) Self-identification as members of a distinct indigenous cultural group and recognition of this identity by others; A-280 Annexure-VII (b) Collective attachment to geographically distinct habitats or ancestral territories in the project area and to the natural resources in these habitats and territories; (c) Customary cultural, economic, social, or political institutions that are separate from those of the dominant society and culture; and (d) An indigenous language, often different from the official language of the country or region. A group that has lost "collective attachment to geographically distinct habitats or ancestral territories in the project area"; (paragraph 4 (b)) because of forced severance remains eligible for coverage under this policy.8 Ascertaining whether a particular group is considered as "Indigenous Peoples" for the purpose of this policy may require a technical judgment (see paragraph 8, OP 4. 10). In addition to the provisions under constitutional and legal provisions, several entitlements have been provided as appropriate mitigation measures. These are based on participatory approaches envisaged by the Center and State Governments involving tribal population in addressing the social issues accruing from the projects. Socio Economic Profile of Tribals Distribution of Tribals Table: Tribal Population in Tamil Nadu Sno Name of the District Name of the Area Total Tribal Tribal Area (Sq.Km.) Population of Population the area Namakkal Kolli Hills 224.85 38,449 30,665 2 Salem Yercaud Hills 147.50 33,353 21,676 3 Salem Kalrayan Hills 319.21 21,395 20,665 4 Salem Arunuthumalai 29.02 11,879 6,604 5 Salem Pachamalai 109.92 24,161 6,583 6 Tiruvannamalai Jawadhu Hills 310.35 59,448 49,962 7 Villupuram Kalrayan Hills 600.00 32,756 29,991 8 Dharamapuri Sitheri Hills 188.00 29,890 14,353 9 Trichy Pachamalai 128.83 13,397 7,894 Source: Annual Tribal Sub-Plan, 2003 - 04, Commissionarate of Tribal Welfare, Go TN. Out of 5.74 lakhs of Tribals, 2.78 lakhs are non-workers and the remaining 2.96 lakhs workers, 1.34 lakhs are cultivators, 0.93 lakhs are Agricultural Labourers, 0.04 A-281 Annexure-VII lakhs are House - hold workers, 0.47 lakhs are other workers and 0.18 lakhs are Marginal workers. Characteristics of Tribal areas Tribal people mostly live in hills and forests. The coverage of forest varies from one area to the other, but it can be said that about half of the tribal area is covered with forests. In such a situation, any programme of economic development must rest on the use and exploitation of the forests. The terrain, which the tribal cultivate, is hilly and undulating. With the increasing pressure on land, undulating areas and steep slopes have been brought under cultivation with consequent loss of fertility and soil erosion. In addition to this, no irrigation facilities are available. Agriculture is carried out in tribal areas under these conditions and circumstances. Sparseness of population is another special feature of tribal areas. Communication facilities are scanty and difficult in tribal areas. Such a situation raises a real problem as to how the benefits of the development programmes should be extended to a majority of the tribals living in interior areas. Even today, the social customs and way of living of the tribals remind us of their dependence on natural environment. The most distinct aspect is their community- centered way of life and their social customs (like marriages, dispute resolution or celebration of festivals). Though development in some forms has reached their settlements, it has not influenced their dependence on natural resources and occupation. They still maintain their distinct way of life with a majority of their household tasks and livelihood dependent on the existing natural resources. The following activities represent the dependence of the tribals on the natural resources: Livelihood: The main economic activity of the tribal population is agriculture on which they are completely dependent for their only source of income. The land is cultivated once or twice a year, depending on the terrain, soil and monsoon. Almost all the tribal populations depend on animal husbandry for their secondary source of income, if not primary. Animal Rearing: Rearing of animals has been the oldest form of subsistence and prime activity of many of the tribal groups. It provides additional income to the tribal households. The natural forestland, wasteland and natural vegetated area have been the most easily accessible source for fodder and grass for their animals. Though there has been a shift from the nomadic life to a settled agriculture based life, the tribal population is dependent on the natural vegetation and land for animal rearing. Minor Forest Produce: The tribal groups were chiefly engaged in hunting / gathering or in sustenance agriculture. Access to their traditional resources like forests, streams and animals has been severely restricted with the Government's measures to reserve the forests with an intention to protect them. For the household tasks and other activities, the tribal people are dependent on the forest and its produce. Gathering of forest wood is an important activity, engaging the women folk of the tribal village. The nearby forest area provides the fuel for cooking and heating purposes. A-282 Annexure-VII Water: The main source of water for the tribals has been the rivers and streams along with other water bodies in proximity to the settlement. These provide water for the household and agricultural activities. In many areas, these water bodies provide food for the tribal people. In some cases, ground water extracted through tube wells also provides drinking water to them. Irrigation: Though the agricultural activities are rain fed, other main sources of irrigation are ponds, tanks and wells. The tribal farmer depends on these sources for irrigational purposes when monsoon fails. Grazing lands used by tribal people should not be impacted due to the project. Every single case acquisition of forestland for the project has to be studied and requisite clearances from the concerned departments have to be sought. State departments under the Forest Conservation Act will be responsible for providing the clearances in such cases. Any take over of lands belonging to other Government Departments should be carried out through the requisite clearance procedures of the concerned departments. Support for Tribal Groups Special measures should be undertaken for upliftment of the tribal communities residing in each sub-project area. In the Sub-projects where the tribal people form a part of the beneficiaries, steps should be undertaken to include them in all the stages of the project. Where existing schemes of the government are operational, effective linkages with the programmes shall be established to maximize project benefits to the tribes. Tribal groups if directly affected by the project should be compensated and assisted as per the entitlement provisions laid down in the Resettlement Framework of the project. The project should endeavor to mainstream people from the tribal households residing in the sub-project area. An early consultation with such groups should be undertaken to identify measures to provide benefits of the intervention measures to tribal communities. Special Measures for Tribal upliftment can be taken up through the following programs: * Designing the sub-projects on a participatory framework where consultation with stakeholders at every stage remains the main focus of project activity * Separate Focus Group Discussions for identification of opportunities for the tribes through sub-project physical and institutional interventions * Provision of access to local resources like ponds for fisheries, grazing grounds for livestock development, minor forest produce for economic returns, handicrafts, etc. A-283 Annexure-VII Inclusion mechanisms for adequate representation into Local Decision making bodies like Panchayats, WUAs, etc. Procedure for Preparing Tribal Development Plan Involvement of Tribal groups in problem identification and design of solutions has to be ensured through the entire cycle of sub-project interventions. Table 7.9 presents the activities to be undertaken by the implementing agency to ensure inclusion of tribal issues in the main project. Table: Activities and Indicators for inclusion of Tribal issues Sub project stage Procedure Coordinator Process & Outcome Indicators (Monitoring Agency) Pre planning Identify locations of State EE, WRO helped List of tribal declared Tribal pockets by Information villages on sub- and villages with Tribal Management cell project map population above 25% (Tribal Expert) through GIS database Identification of Tribal EE, WRO with List of all Tribal community stakeholders Gram Sabhas community heads at site in the sub-project (Tribal Expert) Sensitization and consul EE, WRO helped No. of discussions tation through PRA and by PR & Media and minutes of the Focus group discussions Experts, MDPU, meeting (Tribal with Tribal groups. WRO. Expert) Identification of EE, WRO helped Documentation of environmental and social by the the issues (Tribal issues of the tribals and Environmental, Expert) possible impacts as a Social & Tribal result of the project experts, WRO Inclusion of issues and EE, WRO helped Justifications for impacts identified in the by the preparing, Tribal previous row into the Environmental, Development Plan SCI and SC2 screening Social & Tribal (Tribal Expert) Matrices of the SEMF. experts, WRO Planning and Joint walk through, EE, WRO helped List of Spatial & Design Consultations and PRA by the Non spatial issues techniques to establish Environmental, (Tribal Expert) A-284 Annexure-VII existing concerns related Social Tribal to: experts, WRO & * Land availability and Gram Sabhas Tenure * Access to irrigation * Representation in WUA's * Existing Government schemes * Dependency on Minor Forest Produce (MFP) and common property resources Discussions on possible EE, WRO helped List of Safe guard intervention measures by the measures (Tribal through the project, their Environmental, Expert) likely impacts and Social & Tribal safeguard measures experts. (mitigation and monitoring) to be incorporated into the project activities. * Loss of agricultural & homestead land * Loss of structure & immovable assets * Loss of livelihood * Loss of common property resources Consultations with tribal EE, WRO helped List of safeguard groups on the Draft Plan by the measures into the & Tribal Development Environmental, Draft Plan. Plan Proposals for further Social & Tribal suggestions. experts. Implementation Disbursement of EE, WRO, Other Measures Compensation and line agencies undertaken as per Assistance as per the helped by the State Checklist Rehabilitation / District Level suggested in Tribal Plan/Framework. Committee & Plan Preferernce for jobs in the Tribal expert (Environmental, project as per RP. Social & Tribal Training on agriculture experts) and allied activities as a part of MPWSRP Implementation of EE, WRO helped Measures safeguards measures as by the undertaken as per A-285 Annexure-VII per Tribal Development Environmental, Checklist Plan proposals Social & Tribal suggested in Tribal experts Plan (Environmental, Social & Tribal experts) Post Evaluation of the success EE, WRO helped (See Relevant Implementation of programs & safeguard by the Table for Impact Stage measures undertaken Environmental, Indicators) Social & Tribal experts Follow up activities based EE, WRO, Other List of modified on lessons leamt line agencies Programs helped by the implemented Environmental, (Tribal Expert) Social & Tribal experts The following table lists the Impact Indicators to be monitored throughout the sub-project cycle to monitor and evaluate the impacts of the project. Table7.10 Indicators for evaluation Items Impact Indicators Frequency Agency Economic Income Project related & Planning Stage, Independent Conditions Independent means but assisted by Post Implementation agency/Internal the project Stage monitoring by MD Housing Changes in quality over a period of time Food Security Changes in occupation Skill portfolio Migration profile Social Representation in Community based Planning Stage Independent Conditions institutions: Post Implementation agency/Internal Indicators of participation Stage monitoring by Empowerment, School enrolment, MDPU Health and morbidity Household infrastructure: electricity, potable water, living space etc. A-286 Annexure-VII Displacement of Tribes Given below are some key aspects to be considered for tribal groups affected by displacement. While addressing key issues pertaining to compensation to the PAPs or group belonging to a tribal community the following are to be considered: Their socio- economic characteristics, type of land, land ownership, dependence of tribal population on such lands, tenure rights and access to various categories of lands. The following are key aspects to be addressed during the finalization of entitlement framework: * Land has to be looked upon not only as source of livelihood but also as inevitable nexus for tribal identity. * Special prerogative and rights of tribal communities associated with territories inhabited by them has to be considered. * Recording of community rights on land has to be ensured. * Failure of record of rights over land under cultivation or any other usage has to be eradicated. * Faulty recording of chief as owner of land when he only manages community land has to be replaced by community ownership. * Recording of actual usage of land has to be ensured. The mitigation measures suggested for the various impacts identified during to the project should be in accordance with the various constitutional and legal provisions. These should have to be duly incorporated in preparation of entitlement framework for the PAP from tribal communities. The following part gives the options for entitlement framework for tribal population. The following are the options for entitlement framework: * Compensation for Loss of Land * Compensation for Loss of structures and assets * Compensation for Loss of Livelihood * Compensation for Loss of common property resources * Compensation for Loss of Grazing/camping/passage/minor forest produce * Compensation for Clearance of Encroachers / Squatters At the project planning stage, approval of selected projects, assessment of land requirement, ascertaining land ownership, identification of affected population, tenurial rights, etc. should be undertaken and approved by the Gram Panchayat. This should be compulsory for the final selection of projects and prior to preparation of the DPR. A-287 Annexure-VII Suitable administrative framework consistent with traditional practices to safeguard traditions and customs of tribal communities to protect the tenurial rights and access to the MFP should also be complied with. This should be as per the conferring rights of the MFP on Panchayats or Gram Sabhas considered under PESA. Grievance redress should be in conformity with that proposed in the Resettlement Plan. Institutional Arrangements The WRO is the main responsible agency for identification of the impacted persons belonging to the indigenous groups. The WRO is accountable in terms of incorporating the existing traditional systems of these groups for the effective implementation of the projects. Involvement of Panchayats becomes important for incorporating and management of the impacts within the existing Joint Forest Management (JFM), approaches of rural decentralization and development. The Panchayats should also be engaged in carrying out the surveys and consultations with the tribal people. The Gram Panchayat at the grassroots level may take care of land acquisition following PESA Act. At the District Level, an Assistant Engineer may look into aspects of land acquisition. Introduction a Social Cell within the WRO structure will strengthen it in taking care of redressing grievances and mitigating negative social impacts caused by the project, especially on indigenous peoples. The Cell should have staff fully aware of provisions of IPDP, adequate understanding on norms and customs of and respect to the indigenous peoples. Implementation Strategy The main guiding principle of the IPDP should be finalized to provide compensation mechanisms and measures required for the project. The Social Cell of the MDPU, WRO should appraise the plan and ensure proper implementation including grievance redressal. The MoU among all stakeholders before implementation should ensure that interests of the tribal population within the sub-project region are duly addressed. Information pertaining to the schedule of the IPDP activities shall be provided to the community in advance, following Land Acquisition Act adopted by the State and the WRO. The rehabilitation measures shall continue during the construction stage. Some of the key aspects to be incorporated within the sub-project activities include: * Building a knowledge base within the WRO to effectively plan for Tribal development * Preparing a sound Monitoring and Evaluation Framework to assess the project impacts * Training Programs for Tribals towards capacity enhancement and awareness building * Effective implementation of the identified safeguard measures. A-288 Annexure-VIII GENDER ISSUES Introduction Gender is one of the central determinants of differential access to, use of, and control over economically productive resources (land, labor, technology, capital, training, information). This in turn has implications on the productivity, flexibility, responsiveness and dynamism of the economy. The gender imbalance as regards access to and control of economically productive resources leads to a lower response to economic incentives than would be the case if these differentials were reduced. Women are excluded or benefited in a limited way, or some times even negatively impacted by projects. Past experiences have revealed that the magnitude of impacts of development projects is significant on women if simultaneous efforts are not undertaken to mainstream them into the project. Thus, there is an urgent need for providing social justice and welfare measures for reducing such impacts on probable project affected women. Rationale for Gender Action Plan Constitutional & Legal Provisions The principle of gender equality is enshrined in the Indian Constitution in its Preamble, Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties and Directive Principles. Accordingly, the Constitution not only grants equality to women but also empowers the State to adopt measures of positive discrimination in favor of women. The National Commission for Women was set up by an Act of Parliament in 1990 to safeguard the rights and legal entitlement of women and the 73rd and 74th Amendments (1993) to the Constitution of India require seats to be reserved for women in local bodies at Panchayat and Municipal levels, thereby laying a strong foundation for their participation in decision making at the local levels. The National policy for the Empowerment of Women (2001) is intended to create a positive environment for the overall development of women. In line with the National Policy, the GoTN too has formulated a Women's Policy, which aims at ensuring visibility to women in all spheres by strengthening their role, increasing self-confidence and empowering them. The policy has identified 14 major areas and concerns and defines concrete actions to address the issues related to the empowerment of women. Support for Gender Issues Special measures should be undertaken for the upliftment of the women in each sub-project area. In all Sub-Projects, conscious efforts shall be made to include the following provisions: A-289 Annexure-VIII * Provision of equal voting rights to wives of farmers entitled to vote for WUAs. * Parallel WUA Committees (of women members only) to manage supportive agricultural activities like vermin-compost, canal management, rights to turf on canal and dam embankments, etc. * Support to Self Help Groups engaged in dairy, food processing, etc. * Empowering women for sustainable income generation on their own * Creating alternative livelihoods for women has to be integrated with project formulation * Creating facilities for financing of women entrepreneurs * Trainings on alternative livelihoods to women * Encourage provision of inheritance rights to women * Social justice to oppressed women members of rural societies * Social protection measures have to for vulnerable women of the rural societies * Encouragement of Women's participation in developmental process Procedure for Preparation of Gender Action Plan Involvement of women groups in identification of impacts and opportunities through sub-project activities shall from the basis for preparation gender sensitive sub- project activities. The procedure to be followed and Process and Outcome Indicators for constant monitoring are presented in the following table: Table: Activities and Indicators for Inclusion of Gender Issues Sub-Project Procedure Process & Outcome Stage Indicators Pre-Planning Identify Gender likely Issues of the List of issues (Gender project region through GIS database. Expert, MDPU) Organize women stakeholders meeting Number of consultations to sensitize and discuss the preliminary (Gender Expert, MDPU) findings Identify key areas of constraints that Number of consultations & may be improved through the project signed minutes (Gender such as access to Food, Water, Fuel Expert, MDPU) wood, Fodder, Physical & Social Infrastructure, Decision Making Bodies, etc. A-290 Annexure-VIII Incorporate and highlight the issues in List of issues mentioned the Screening Formats SC 1 & SC2 (Gender Expert, MDPU) Planning Joint Walkthrough (if possible), List of issues identified on Consultations and PRA exercises with sub-project map and their women groups to identify possible inclusion in Sub-Project impacts and opportunities for Gender Action Plan (Gender preparation of Sub-Project Gender Expert, MDPU) Action Plan Consultations for fine tuning the Number of meetings & proposals of Sub-Project Gender Action signed minutes (Gender Plan Expert, MDPU) Implementation Implementation of safeguard measures Measures undertaken as per and grievance redress mechanism on Checklist to be prepared compensation, assistance and training, under in the Sub-Project etc. of Project Affected Women Headed Gender Action Plan. Households (Gender Expert, MDPU) Post Implementation of Awareness Building, See Table 7.3 for Impact Implementation Training, Assistance in availing Credit indicators facilities, etc. to create an enabling environment of equal opportunities to women Table: Impact Indicators of Post Implementation Stage Items Impact Indicators Frequency Agency Economic Income Project related & Planning Stage Independent Conditions Independent means but assisted by Post Implementation agency/Internal the project Housing Changes in Stage monitoring by MDPU quality over a period of time Food Security Changes in occupation Skill portfolio Migration profile Wages obtained Social Representation in Conmnunity Planning Stage Independent Conditions based institutions Post Implementation agency/Internal Indicators of participation Stage monitoring by MDPU Empowerment A-291 Annexure-VIII School enrolment Health and morbidity Household infrastructure electricity, potable water, living space, etc. Implementation Strategy The implementation and monitoring mechanism should be designed to look into the benefit of women stakeholders through the following measures: * Stakeholders' consultation process has to be opted for all the stages of planning and implementation of the projects under consideration where women as an important stakeholder group should be consulted for finalizing strategies for their welfare. * All the strategies related to gender development actions for the water resources projects are vested with the MDPU (WRO). This should be carried out in consultation and support from the concerned line departments. The project authorities should constitute Social Cells with gender experts within the department for timely preparation and effective implementation of the gender action programmes. * Basic responsibility of gender development actions for the water resources projects is vested with the MDPU (WRO). This should be carried out in consultation and support from the concerned line departments. The project authorities should constitute Social Cells for timely preparation and effective implementation of the gender action programmes. * Activities under gender action programme should necessarily have effective participation, cooperation and involvement of most of the basin level and project level officials to prepare and execute suitable action plans. In case of any grievances regarding the gender action plan the project-affected women may approach the Social Cell that will be established at the basin and head office of the WRO * It is proposed that Gender Experts be nominated at the level of CE in all the project basins. Development of Consultative Strategies Introduction Purpose of consultation is to increase participation in the project, especially of those who have not been traditionally excluded an active role. Women and vulnerable persons and families have to participate more effectively. Consequently, there would be A-292 Annexure-VIII higher participation of women and decreased gender disparity with respect to access, usage and fulfillment derived from water Increased participation would also help reduce poverty. Participation would generate awareness, enhance knowledge and allow for better income generating practices. Reorganized water sector would directly impact agricultural productivity that can be optimized by participative processes. Purpose of participation is to increase productivity of water. Insufficient availability of water is only a part of the water problem. Water productivity does not stop at storage or conservation; it extends to its effective utilization. The utilization can be made more efficient by combining efforts of all those using or managing water. The conclave is fairly encompassing and includes a number of stakeholders. These stakeholders should be consulted to improve efficiency of usage and productivity. Target Participants Consultations should be held at different levels, starting from the community to key programme functionaries. Intermediary level would be Members of Water Users' Associations, NGOs, and elected representatives, especially those belonging to the Panchayati Raj Institutions, among others. Time of Consultations Consultations should be carried out at all stages of the project life cycle. Process of Consultations The process of consultations should be kept very simple and largely informal. The consultations should always be a two-way process between facilitators and the constituents of the consultative groups. The facilitators and the group members should not be pitched against each other and also not for cross purposes. Consultations should be carried out in a congenial environment at a venue, which is amenable to the participants. It is important to ensure that group composition is as per the purpose of consultations. For instance, an all male group is hardly likely to throw sufficient light on gender Issues or only-women group may not be able to come up with final solutions on water usage tariff. There is a need to debate the purpose of consultation before forming the group. These pre-consultative discussions should be carried out with key-informants of the area. It is important to familiarize with the group before the consultations. Usage of local language and phrases is highly recommended All group consultation facilitators must undergo training prior to initiating the process Consultations need to be recorded faithfully and analyzed without prejudices. Forms of Consultations There could be several forms that a consultation could take. The forms of consultations are tied to the purpose. Some possible examples are given in the following table. A-293 Annexure-VIII Table: Consultative Type and Purpose Consultation type Purpose Meetings (general, special) Information generation or dissemination Group discussions/Focus group To arrive at consensus or discussions debate merits of issues in a focused manner In - depth interviews To prove concepts Principles of Consultations Consultations are norms of participatory management tools but it is essential to base project related consultations on some principles. Consultations for TN-IAM WARM was based on principles mentioned here and are proposed that these principles should serve as thumb rules for later phases of the project too. * Water has infinite value (but finite potential/usage?) * Women/Gender * Poverty Phase Wise Need of Consultations The project life cycle has been divided several phases for effective management. Briefly the need for consultations through the phases is outlined here. Preplanning Stage The foremost requirement of this stage is Disclosure of Project Interventions to all concerned stakeholders in the sub-project area. This phase is for identification and prioritisation of the projects. Consultations here would be largely with the community and WUA to identify needs and concerns to identify appropriate projects and assign priorities. These consultations would be more to establish demand rather than what can be provided. Some official consultations could also be carried out to provide feedback from the community and also to fix priorities. The foremost requirement of this stage is Disclosure of Project Interventions to all concerned stakeholders in the sub-project area. Planning and Design Stage It is necessary to develop a stakeholders' participation plan, eventually leading to consultations at this stage would be to develop physical plan for proposed projects. Some A-294 Annexure-VIII consultations here would be carried with the community but most should be with WUA, DC and PCs. If the project is to become more participatory then it is necessary to carry out extensive consultations during this phase. The design phase would require technical inputs and thus primary consultations would be with project functionaries and design consultants. However, here also people should be a part of the consultations as the project is going to affect them. Some situation requiring extensive consultations with the people would include: preparation of Dam Safety Plan, Pest Management Plan, Cultural Property Management plan, Resettlement Policy framework. Tribal Development Strategy & Action Plan and Gender Action Plan. The foremost requirement of this stage is to undertake a Joint Walk through with all concerned stakeholders in the sub-project area. Implementation and Operational Stages At the implementation phase, primary tasks would be rehabilitation of structures and strengthening of structures. There would be a need to enhance stakeholders' involvement during these processes. This phase would ensure maximized participation of all stakeholders. Consequently, at the operational stages, participation would ensure improved project performance and equitable distribution of project benefits. Regular consultations would decrease possibilities of conflicts. Post Implementation Stage Once the project has been implemented and peoples' demands have been factored in, occasional consultations would provide constant feedback as a project monitoring tool. There is need for consultations as a tool of agriculture extension. Consultations would help in agricultural diversification. A community monitoring system should be developed and implemented. Village Imrersions (an overnight stay in sub- project villages) to adequately record the success and shortfalls of the project should be undertaken as a lesson learning exercise. A-295 Ii I I Annexure -IX INSTITUTIONS WORKING ON WATER RELATED ISSUES IN TAMIL NADU Roles and Responsibilities of government organizations involved in utilization / management of Water Resources in Tamil Nadu Table: Roles and Responsibilities of Government Organizations Agency / Department Roles and Functions Water Resources Organization is in charge of the WRO - PWD water bodies, its maintenance and operation and regulation mainly on irrigation It is responsible for Command Area on farm Agricultural Engineering development activities including establishing Department (AED) Farmers' Organizations, Catchment (water shed) Stabilization and Soil Conservation It is responsible for developing and implementing Tamil Nadu Water Supply programmes for drinking water supplies and and Drainage Board drainage facilities throughout Tamil Nadu except Chennai Electricity Board It is responsible for developing hydroelectric and other electric power and providing it to users It is responsible for prevention and control of water Pollution Control Board pollution and for restoring water quality to desirable levels It provides extension services to farmers, soil Agricultural Department testing, input on supply- of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and agricultural research It collects levy and water charges from farmers. Revenue Department The Collectors coordinate closely with PWD with respect to water deliveries Responsible for protection of forest and enhancing Forest Departmentthwaesd the watershed Look after supply of drinking water to several Department of Municipal municipalities and provision of sewerage facilities. Administration It also provides for sinking bore wells and maintenance of all systems Rural Development Responsible for some tanks having a command area Department of less than 100 acres, related to irrigation only Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply Responsible for planned development and A-296 Annexure -IX and Sewerage Board operation and maintenance of water supply and sewerage systems for the city of Chennai. It also prepares long term plans to meet future water supply and sewerage disposal needs Transport Department Takes care of transport facilities, mainly road transport and other inland water transport Takes care of development activity in the field of Industries Department Industry and also increases the marketing facilities of the market produced The activities involved exploration and exploitation of marine resources, inland and brackish water fish Fisheries Department and fish production. Activities also cover preservation of fish produced, export and extension and education of fishermen community Tourism Department Takes care of improving tourism facilities and development of Tourist Centers Director of Animal Husbandry Looks after the Welfare of animals Department of Environment Deals with the Environmental Management issues concerning the State List of Universities/Educational Institutions Alagappa Chettiar College of Engineering Madural Kamaraj University and Technology Anna Institute of Management, Chennai Madural Kamaraj University: Directorate of Distance Distance Education Anna University Manonmaniam Sundaranar University Annamalai University National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli (Formerly REC, Trichy) Bharathiar University Online Courses of Animal Sciences Academy Bharathidasan Institute of Management Periyar University Bharathidasan University Sarasvati Mahal Library, Thanjavur Connemara Public Library Stanley Medical College Dr. MGR Medical University Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University University) Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai Tamil Nadu Open University (TNOU) (IIT, Madras) A-297 Annexure -IX Institute of Child Health and Hospital for Tamil Nadu Science City Children Institute of Community Medicine, Tamil Virtual University (TVU) Madras Medical College Institute of Mathematical Sciences, University of Madras Chennai Madras Medical College (MMC) Universities in TN Madras Institute of Development Studies Veterinary & Animal Sciences University List of NGOs Thiruvallur 1 Integrated Rural Community 2 Integrated Women Development Development Society (IRCDS) Institute (IWDI) Post Box No . 7 14/57, Thiru Nagar 44/11, Thanthai Periyar Road, Villivakkam Rajajipuram Pin - 600 049 Pin - 602 001 6280970/6190489 3 Rural Institute Of Community 4 Thirupani Trust Associaton Education Trust No. 13-43/440, Cholan Street 31, Mettu Street New Rajaji Puram, Periya Kuppam Periya Kuppam Thiruvallur - 602 001 Thiruvallur - 602 001 04116-64416 Vellore 5 Village Education And 6 Exnora Green Cross, Development Society (VEDS) 1/15 Keseav Pillai Street, 7 B Pillaiyar Kovil Street, I Cross, Dkm College Road, Sankaranpalayam, Vellore - 632001 Vellore North Arcot - 632 001 Phone No. 0416-2263500 Phone No- 0416-227102 Web :- www.exnora.org Email. exnora-vellore@hotmail.com A-298 Annexure -IX 7 Centre For Environment 8 Centre For Rural Education And Friendly Technologies Economic Development For 8, Maligai Kandappa Chetty Oppressed Mass Trust (CREEDM) Street 15/19, Shivsakthi Nagar Ambur Pudupet Road, Tirupattur Post Pin - 635 802 Pin - 635 601 04174-47962 04179-21307 9 Gandhian Guild For Rural 10 Guru Samrat Trust (GST) Education Employment And No.4, New Street Nature (GREEN) Trust Chenguttai 9, Kangeyanellore Road Katpadi - 632 007 Municipal Colony, Gandhi 0416 - 242494, 244763 Nagar Pin - 632 006 0416-246838 11 Integrated Human Development 12 Integrated Rural Development Society (IHDS) Society (IRDS) No.141, Kilvadugunkuttai No.2, Tiruppur Kumaran Street Karasamangalam, Latteri, 0416 Selavanpet - 212301 0416- 227019 13 Tribal Rural Urban Service 14 Trust In The Area Of Social Society (TRUSS) Activities 79, S.R.P. Nagar No. 1, Polachi Amman Koil Ii Street Karai Village And Post, Ranipet Arakkonam Via Pin - 631 001 Pin - 632 404 04177-30150 04172-23174 15 Victory Youth Association - 16 Women's Awareness And Rural Vicya Development (Ward) No. 8/1, Kanagadurgai Amman Chinnapalampakkam Koil Street Vellore Palanipet, Arakonam Pin - 632 113 Pin - 631 002 04173 -41507 04177-24346 17 Women's Welfare Association 18 Radhakrishan Educational Fountion For Rural Development Trust Near Udayam Weigh Bridge, 4/ 56 Vadokankuti Anna Nagar Anna Nagar Archamagalam Post, Lithari- Salem Road, Tirupattur 632202. Pin - 635 601 245354 / 245142 A-299 Annexure -IX 19 Neru Youth Welfare Association Srigaravel Manikagar Street Viruthapitu Post - 632006. 16 Tribal Rural Arabian Severe Society 79, S.R.P,Kari Post, Via Ranipati-6032404. Chennai 20 Aquaculture Foundation Of 21 Eco Science Research Foundation, India, 98, Baaz Nagar, 3/621 East Coast Old No- 4, New No-40, Road, Kapaleeswarar Nagar, Chennai- 600 041 Neelankarai, URL: www.Erfindia.Org Chennai - 41 URL: www.Aquaculturefoundation.In 22 Madras Naturalist Society, 23 Worldwide Fund For Nature India No-8, Janaki Aveneue, 123/5, New No.297, I St Floor, Abirampuram, T.T.K. Road, Alwarpet, Chennai - 600 018 Chennai - 600 018 URL: www.Blackbuck.Org Phone No-044-24997107 Email: www.ftnso@Sify.Com 24 Trust For Restoration Of 25 Ryuan Foundation International Ecology And Environment (RYFO), 12, First Cross Street, 8, West Mada Street, V.P.Colony, Srinagar Colony, Chennai - 600 023 Chennai - 600 015 Phone No - 044-24721444 Phone No: 044-2351993 Email: Felixryan@Sify.Com 26 National Water Harvesters 27 Madras Naturalists Society (MNS) Network Tn Unit, 8, Janaki Avenue, 162 B, Greams Lane, Abhiramapuram, Thousand Lights, Chennai - 600 015 Chennai -06 Phone: 044-24347943 Phone No: 044-28290038 Email: Sara2551970@Yahoo.Co.In A-300 Annexure -IX 28 Group For Nature Preservation 29 Citizen, Consumer And Civic And Education (GNAPE) Action Group (CAG) New No.30, Block Ii 6, Ii Cross Street, Gandhi Mandapam Road, Karpagam Gardens, Kotturpuram, Adayar, Chennai - 600 020 Chennai - 600 085 Phone No- 044-24914358 Phone No: 044-52016406 Email: Bj(Cag.Ilmas.Ernet.In URL: www.Gnape.Org, 30 Toxics Links 31 Centre For Indian Knowledge 8, Fourth Street, Systems, Venkateshwara Nagar, 30, Gandhi Mandapam Road, Adayar, Kotturpuram Chennai - 600 020 Chennai - 600085 URL: www. Toxicslink.Org Phone No: 044- 24471085, 24475862 URL: www.cliks.org, 32 Madras Crocodile Bank Trust, 33 The Centre For Research On New Post Bag No - 4, International Economic Mamallapuram - 633 104 Order, (CRENIEO), Muthukadu, Phone No: 04114-272958 Mahabalipuram, Chennai URL: Email: crenieo@vsnl.net www.Madrascrocodilebank.Org 34 Amm Murugappa Chettiyar 35 C.P.R. Environmental Education Research Centre, Centre, Tharamani, Chennai - 600 113 No. 1 Eldams Road, Alwarpet, Phone No. 044-22430937 Chennai - 600 018 URL: www.amm.org Phone No: 044 - 24320756 URL: www.cpreec@vsnl.com 36 Green Peace 37 Centre For Action Research On New No.47, 2nd Cross Street, Environment, Science And Ellaiyamman Colony, Society - CARESS Gopalapuram, Chennai - 160, Sivananda Road 600086 Gill Nagar Ext 2, Choolaimedu URL: www.Greenpeace.Org Chennai - 600 094 Phone No: 4727691, 4725870 A-301 Annexure -IX 38 Centre For Women's 39 Ramanujam Foundation For Development And Research Agriculture And Human 5/359, Annai Indira Nagar Potential Development Okkiyampet 8/4, I St Cross Street Thuraipakkam, Logiaah Colony, Saligramam Chennai - 600 096 Chennai - 600 093 Phone: 4482821,4963621 40 M S Swaminathan Research 41 Society For Social Forest Research And Foundation 9,East Bogar Road 3rd Cross Street T.Nagar Chennai -17. Tharamani 4343092. Industrial Area Chennai -600 013 Phone. No.044- 22541229,22541698, UJRL: www.mssrf.org 42 Chennai Eco Club(CEC) 43 Pasumai Thaayagam 57,4th Street,Pathbanaba Nagar. Pasumai Thaayam, Adyar, Chennai - 600020. No: 9, Lathawood Anenue, Fax :4864095 / 4865938 Mahalingapuram, Chennai - 34. Email: ushaven@vsnl.com Kanchipuram 44 Madras Crocodile Bank Trust, 45 Humanitarian Organisation For Post Bag No - 4, Rural Development Mamallapuram - 633 104 6, G.S.T. Road, 1st Floor Phone No: - 04114-272958 Madurantakam Web: - Pin - 603 306 www.Madrascrocodilebank.org, 04115-52835,52319 Email: - mcbtindia@vsnl.net 46 K-Nelvoy Womens 47 Rural Education Development Development Society Society (REDS) (KNWDS) la, Brahmin Street Mudugarai Village Old Mampakkam Post New Mampakkam Post Madurantakam Taluk - 603 306 Madurantakam Taluk - 603 306 48 The Rural Development Project 49 'C Aims' Post Bag. 3, Koman Nagar 3,West Mada Street, Acharapakkam 46, Thaiyur Post 603301. Pin - 603 103 04115-22019. A-302 Annexure -IX 50 Rural Education And Economic 51 Social Education Development Development Society (REDS) Society (SETS) 16,Selvavinagar Temple Street, 56,La.Endathure. Post, Mathuratham -603306. Vuithramalur Via 603406. Dharmapuri 52 Rural And Environemnt 53 Bommanur Society For Village Development Centre, Development 280, New Oddapatty Quarters, Bommanur Post Valluvar Nagar, Collectorate Palacode Taluk Post, Dharmapuri - 636 705 Pin - 636 805 Phone 04348 - 38288 Phone No - 04342-284868 EMAIL- redcdp@rediffmnail.com 54 Dharmapuri Rural Management 55 Rural And Environment And Advancement Development Centre ( REDC) Society (DHARMAAS) 280, New Oddappatty Quarters No.H. 11 Tnhb Colony Valluvar Nagar Eranahalli Post Pin - 636 705 Palacode - 636 808 56 Social Transformation 57 Rural And Environmental Economic Progress Society Development Center (STEPS) 280,Puduothampati Quarters Nadupatty Village And Post Vailvarnagar Mathur(Via) Dharnapuri - 636705. Potchampalli Taluk - 635 203 04342- 30868 Fax: 04342- 61240 58 Thehamallai Environmental Awareness Moment 5/96 Nellinagar, Pedamanarri Dharmapuri - 636703. 04342-63573, Fax: 04342-60459 pp A-303 Annexure -IX Salem 59 Social Education And 60 Bureau Of Rural Environmental And Environmental Development, Development Service 101-A/10, Kalimammanpandel Thumbal Post St, Annathanapatty, Attur Taluk Salem - 636 002 Pin - 636 114 61 Karippatty Rural Organisation 62 Omalur Block Women Welfare And for Peoples Education Uplift Organisation A.N. Mangalam Post 11/9, Telephone Exchange Road Karippatty Via Omalur Post Pin - 636 106 Pin - 636 455 04290-20509 63 Poolavari Agaraharam Mahalir 64 Rural Education And Development Sangam Project (Read Poolavari Post Project) Pin - 636 010 20, Opp Chitra Theatre Lane 0427-872253 Attur Post, Pin - 636 141 04282-42847 65 Social Education And 66 Society For Development Of The Environmental Development Oppressed (Sdo) 10/4/10-Kaliamman 40, Avaiyar Street Pandal Street Mullaivadi, Attur Taluk - 636 141 Annathanapatty Pin - 636 002 67 Society For Ecological Development Nalukkalpalam Sakkarachesttypatty Post, Omalur Taluk Pin - 636 05 Erode 68 Agitation Committee Air And 69 Peoples Society For Rural Education Water Pollution And Environmental Vellankadu Post Development (PSREED) Thindal, 1/24, North Street Erode - 638 009 Gobipalayam, Alukuli Post Phone No: - 0424-76246 Gobichettypalyam Taluk - 638 453 04285-54754 A-304 Annexure -IX 70 Swami Vivekananda Sevashram 71 Human Integrated Life And (SVS) Learning Kanakkampalayam Kadampur Post 638503 Kallipatty Via Sathiyamangalam Taluk Pin - 638 505. 04285-63431 72 Sugam Gramiya Valrchi 73 Centre For Education And Niruvanam Environmental Development Kadampur Post- 638503 Puthovatalli Post Sathiyamangalam Taluk Sathiyamangalam Via - 638401 74 Agar Social Service Centre 75 Womens Organisation In Rural 109, N G 0 Colony Development Tharapuran-638666 442, Thiruchengodu Road Phone:04258-20541 Pallipalayam, Erode-638006 Phone: 04288-40212 76 Rural Educational And 77 Rajendra Foundation For Environment Agricultural Development Service Research And Rural Development Plot No 10 Sivasakathi Nagar, Kasarimangalam Post Tharapuram-638657, Phone Chitthur-638302 04258-24479 Phone:04256-39258 78 Environmental Production Centre Shikayanagar College Erode Phone: 0424-222271, 21348 Nilgiris 79 Save Nilgiris Society, 80 Nilgiri Wildlife And Environment Nilgiri Centre, Association, Ootocamund, C/o District Forest Officer, Nilgiris - 0423-442530 Nilgiris North Division, EMAIL - Mount Stewart Hill, beejaykay@sifymail.com Ootacamund - 643 001 EMAIL - lamons@vsnl.com A-305 Annexure -IX 81 Keystone Foundation, 82 Malayaha Makkal Maruvazhvu Kotagiri - 646 217 Manram Phone - 04266-272277,2722977 No: 14-56, Club Road Web: - www.keystone- Kotagiri foundation.org, Pin - 643 217 Email:- sneh@keystone- foundation.org 83 Network Of Education 84 Rural Development Society Environment Development Nallakotta, 643225 Society - NEEDS Phone: 68217 23, Sterling Road Bishop Town, Ooty Pin - 643 001 85 Village Development Centre 86 Gris Wild Life Environment Gramiya Bhavan Association Aruvangadu-643202 District Forest Officer Nilgris Mounts Start Hill 96285 12800 Uthagamandalam rdocnr@giasmdO 1 .vsnl.net.in 87 Rajendra Foundation For Agriculture Research Rural Development Chettair-638302 Kesimangalam Post, Bhavani Taluk Namakkal 88 India Vision Charitable Trust, 89 Foundation For Health Education Punjaipudhupalayam, And Economic Development - Koothampoondi Post, HEED Thiruchengode Tk, 30, Subramaniapuram Namakkal - 637 202 Mohanur Phone No - 04288-230833 Pin - 637 015 Email - nallsl(sify.com Off: 04286-55303 Res.: 04286-55603 90 Human Mirror Trust 91 Mahathma Gandhi Elainger Narpani Thuraiyur Main Road Mandram Alanganatham Village And Post 1 a, Muniyan Shandu Pin - 637 061 Rasipuram Taluk 04286-20594,21309 Pin - 637 408 04287-20895 A-306 Annexure -IX 92 Scientific Education And Art 93 Women's Organisation For Rural Development Society Development (Word) 2/4, Selliyaee Palayam Village Post Bag No. 1 Oduvankurichi Post, Rasipuram Pandamangalam, P.Velur Taluk Taluk Pin - 637 208 Pin - 637 406 7 Meras Poinusawmy Illam, West Kalvai Vatapari,Kumarpaliam 94 Women's Village Deveploment 95 Rotary Community Caries For Organisation (World) Environment Post Box No:1, Padamagalam, 32 -L -2 ,V.K.S Complex, 2nd 637208. Mokanular Road, 04268 - 22960. Namakal - 637002. 04286 - 26007 96 Womens Organisation In Rural Development, 442, Tiruchengode Road, Pallipalayam, Namakal - 638 006 Phone No= 04288-240212 Ariyalur 97 Gandhi Gramodhaya Society 98 Rural Education And Action Velayuthanagar, Development - READ Jayankondam (Post) 1926, 8/58, Sakthi Vinayagar Street Pin - 621 802 Viilandai- Andimadam 04331 -50183 Pin - 621 801 04331-42583, 42483 Nagapattinam 99 Nehru Social Education Centre 100 Tamil Nadu Dalit Educational Ayakkaranpulam - 2 Development Trust Sethi (P.O.) (TANDET) Pin - 614 707 Patthar Building 04369-74431 Manalmedu & Post, Mayiladuthurai Taluk Pin - 609 202 A-307 Annexure -IX 101 Women's Association For Rural Development No.39, Keelavadambokki Street(Upstair) Kilvelur Taluk Kilvelur - 611 104 Coimbatore 102 Zoo Outreach Organisation, 103 Annamalai Environmental Society 79, Bharathi Colony, 15, Udumalai Road, Peelamedu, Pollachi, Coimbatore - 642 001 Coimbatore - 0422-2573629 Phone No- 04259-28872 Email- ksureshn@hotmail.com 104 Salim Ali Centre For 105 Siruthuli, Ornithology And Natural Iii Floor, Raheja Apartments, History, Avinashi Road, Coimbatore - Anaikatty P.0, Coimbatore - 641018 641 108 URL: www.siruthuli.org Phone No.0422-2657102, 2657088 URL: www.saconindia.org 106 Centre For Environment 107 People's Education For Education, Development Organisation (PEDO) Tamil Nadu State Office, 188, Elango Street, A.N. Palayam 734, Presidents Hall, Avinashi Kaniyur, Udumalapet Taluk Road, Coimbatore - 642 203 Coimbatore - 641018 Phone: 0422-2215885 URL: www.ceeindia.org 108 Rural Health and Environment 109 Non Conventional Energy And Development Rural Development Trust (RHEDT) 78 A Cithi Vinagar Colony 25, Main Vilas Street Vadavalli Karamadaai, Coimbatore - 641 Coimbatore 641041 104 110 Nature Conservation 111 Centre Of Environment Education Foundation Field, 9 Valipalayam Ropeway, Valparai - 642 127 2 Nd Street Web:- www.ncf-foundation.org Thirupur-641602 email:- podocarp@vsnl.net Phone 702276 Fax: 01-0421-743543 A-308 Annexure -IX 112 Tamil Nadu Green Centre 113 Mettupalayam Wildlife Preservation 5/1/338 Main Road Society Mettupalayam-641301 250, Main Road, Phone 04254- 22166, 04266- Metuupalayam - 641 301 72247 E-Mail: greentn@hotmail.com 114 Wildlife Preservation Society (WPS), 65, Velankani Temple, Opp. Petrol Bank, Karamadai Road, Mettupalayam - 641 301 Karur 115 Inba Seva Sanga, 116 Gramium P.O Sevapur, 38, M.B.S. Agraharam Tharangampatti, Gopal Mahal (Near) Karur - 621 311 Kulithalai - 639 104 04323-22842,23709 117 Snekithi 118 Social Welfare Organisation of V. Puthur,Sathiyamangalam Rural Development (SWORD) Post 13/25, South Street Kulithalai Taluk Mylampatty Post Pin - 639 120 Kulithalai Taluk - 621 301 04323-45620 04551-73490 119 Society for Community 120 Society For Education And Organisation and Rural Environment Development - SEED Education - SCORE Puthur Village And Post Kosur Post Thogamalai Via Thogarnalai Via Pin - 621 313 Pin- 621 313 04323-52482 121 Society For Education And 122 Society For Women Action And Peoples Action For Rural Development (SWARD) Development (SEPAD) Mahadanapuram Post Panchayat Union Office Road Pin - 639 106 K.Paramathy 04323-42616 Pin - 639 111 04324 - 383388 A-309 Annexure -IX 123 Village Improvement 124 Village People's Education For Association (VIA) Rural Development Post Box No. 14 Association - VPERDA Kulithalai 16/A/2 East Mudaliyar Street Pin - 639 104 Kadambarkovil, Kulithalai Pin- 639 104 04323-24739 125 Society For Community 126 Inba Seva Sangam Organisation And Rural Annai Genetic Garden Education Savapur Post Thondaman Sinam Post Karur-621311 Thogaimalai Via-621313 Phone: 04332- 79228, 79227, 79229 Thiruvarur 127 National Mother And Child 128 Pirabavathi Jeyapprakash Narayanan Welfare Organisation Women Welfare 142/27, South Street And Development Association Tiruturaipoondi (PIRAJEWEDA) Pin - 614 713 Kudoor, Mangudi Post 04369-20409 Tiruvarur Taluk Pin - 610 103 129 Society For Community 130 Jawarhalal Rural Centre For Organisation And Rural Economic Development Social Development Change Alangottai Post Mettupalayam Post-614715 Mannargudi Taluk Phone: 04369-32423 Pin - 614 018 Thanjavur 4367-70420 131 Rural Development Federation 132 Centre For Ecology And Research (RDF), 538, Ranivaikkal Street, 1/52, South Street, Thanjavur - 613009 Thirunageswaram, Thanjavur- 612 204 Phone No - 0435 -60352 133 Centre For Ecology And 134 Chackratees Educational Society Research 53, Attumanthai Anjalkara Street No.538, Ranivaikkal Street East Gate Pin - 613 009 Pin - 613 001 04362 - 50410 A-310 Annexure -IX 135 Earth 136 Guild For Integrated Development 4/108, Main Road Education (GUIDE) Thippirajapuram, Kumbakonam 158, Parvathi Nagar Pin - 612 402 Nanchikkottai Road Nanchikkottai Post 137 Margarat Social Development 138 Rural Institute For Community Society Health Trust (Rich Trust) 1345/4, New Vanakkara Street Post Bog No.1, Manampuchavadi Pandanallur, Thiruvidaimaruthur Pin - 613 001 (Tk) Pin - 609 807 0435-50781 139 Centre For Ecology And Research 538, Rani Vaikkal St Thanjore-613001 Phone: 04362-21410, Fax: 40459, Email richisoft@gemini Theni District 140 Vidiyal 141 Thiyana Malai Trust Kariyappan Post, 3/66 Devidrapuram Theni - 625 528 Keezha Vadakarai Phone No.04546-229215 Periyakulam-625601 Email. Theni District vidiyal386@rediffmail.com 142 Society for Rural Development 143 Association for Needy Growth and and Protection Of Environment Environmental (SRDPE), Liberation - ANGEL 1588, periyakulam road, 8-7/16a, Agraharam Street allinagaram, Aundipatty Theni - 625 531 Pin - 625 512 phone no- 04546-74973 04546-42738 email- srdpe@hotmail.com 144 Community Development 145 Kamala Nehru Mahalir Mandram Centre (C.D.C.) Anaaimaalaianpatti Post Near Primary Health Centre Pin - 625 526 Devadanapatti Pin - 625 602. 0456-35269 A-311 Annexure -IX 146 Literates Welfare Association 147 Rural Education Environment (Law) Awareness and Main Road Development Society Kadamalaikundu Post 5-3/5, Kumarapuram 2nd Street Aundipatti Taluk - 625 579 Aundipatty 04554-27324 Pin - 625 512 04546-43948 148 Vidiyal (Centre For Social 149 Vinoba Rural Development Interaction) Sevalaya - Vrds Kariyappanpatti Karkkayankottai Rasingapuram Post Chinnamanur Via Pin - 625 58 Pin - 625 552 150 Ganthi Sava Samithi 151 Vaigai Natural Centre 19 B Rathakrishnan Ricemil St V. Nee. Govt. Hr. School Cinnamannur-6255 15 Periyakulam-625601 Phone: 32968 152 Dhanam Trust 82VOCNagar Cinnamanur-625515 Phone: 04554-47497 Madurai 153 Sustainable Agriculture And 154 Institute Of Environmental Environemental Voluntary Education Action M-329 Ropw Type, 43, T.P.M. Nagar, Ellis Nagar, Virattipathu, Madurai - 625 010 Madurai - 625 01 0 Phone No- 0452-604082 155 Environemnt Production And 156 Seva (Sustainable Agriculture and Improvement Council (EPIC), Environmental Voluntary Action) Anbu Manai, Dr. Radhakrishnan 45, T. P.M. Nagar, Street, Virattipathu, Bibikulam, Madurai - 625 002 Madurai - 625 010. Phone No- 0452-531545 Phone No - 0452-2380082 Web: - www.seva-ngo.org, Email:- numvali@sanchamet.in A-312 Annexure -IX 157 Development Of Humane 158 Annai Mary Foundation - AMF Action Foundation, A. Vethamuthu Illam 18, Pilayar Kovil Street, S.S. Bharathi Nagar Colony, Pin - 625 018, Phone No- 69115 Madurai - 625 016 Phone.No. 0452-2610794, 2610805 Web. www.dhan.org Email. dhan@md3.vsnl.net.in 159 Association For Gramarajyam 160 Centre For Rural Education And and Rural Integrated Development Development - AGRID 3-1-309, Main Road "Sarvodaya Illam", M.P. Nagar T. Vadipatty Vadipatti Taluk Pin - 625 218, 04543-54453 Pin - 625 218, Phone No-04543- 54343 161 Institute Of Environmental 162 Integrated Rural People Education Development Society M-329, Row Type 23, Jj Street Ellis Nagar Thiruppalai Post Madurai - 625 010 Pin - 625 014 0452 - 608558 163 Madurai Institute Of Peace 164 National Institute Of Women Child Science and Rural Health Trust Gandhi Museum 1, North Street Pin - 625 020 Mudhichiyam 91-452-530291 Pin - 625 020 0452-520821 165 Organisation For Rural 166 People Association For Growth And Development - ORD Education - Page 5/22, Puliyagoundampatty No. 9, Sahayamatha Street Karumathur Post, Gnanaoliviipuram Thirumangalam Taluk Pin - 625 016 Pin - 625 514 0452-608805 20952 Pp A-313 Annexure -IX 167 People's Association For Rural 168 People's Organisation For Rural Women Development Health, Education And Trust (PARWD) Economic Development (PREED) Valayankulam (Village & Post) 5/165, Gandhi Nagar Via Postal Training Centre Kappalur Post Pin - 625 022 Pin - 625 008 0452-601713 04549-24365 169 Power Project 170 Recard Society 7-1-59, Kallar Street Gsms Illam, 33/50a21, Ochathevar Cholavandan Street Pin - 625 214 Keelapudur, Usilampatti 04543-59236 Pin - 625 532 04543-27409 171 Reform Trust 172 Rural Action for Cooperation and Oviya Campus Economic Keeripatti, Usilampatti Taluk Development Trust - Race Trust Pin - 625 532, Ph: 04552-41156 Valanadu Kaikatti, Pirampatti Post Kovilpatti Via, Manaparai Taluk Pin - 621 305, Ph: 04332-74330 173 Rural Development Society 174 Rural Development Trust 6/126, Main Road, Kalligudi Plot No. 3/379a, Muneeswaran Post Nagar Tirumangalam Thiruppalai Post Pin - 625 701 Pin - 625 014, 682882 175 Shepherd (Society For Human 176 Social Development And Peace Equality People's Health Trust - SDPT Education And Rural Vellaimalaipatti, Development) Uthappanayakkanur Post 97, Ayynar Colony Usilampatti Taluk Thanakkankulam Post Pin - 625 537 Pin - 625 006 0452-882438,98431-12453 177 Society For Training, Education 178 Society For Women's Education And Motivation - Stream Economic Development Sadiyandi Mooper Street 328-B, Pandian Nagar Kallikudi Road, T. Kalluppatty Melur Pin - 625 702 Pin - 625 106, 0452 - 816294 A-314 Annexure -IX 179 Socio Economic And 180 Socio Human Resource Educational Trust - See Trust Development Centre Post Box No. 8 43, Nalliah Naicker Street Pin - 625 020 Alanganallur 0452-538509 Pin - 625 501 181 Voc Rural Development Centre 182 Women's Action For Rural Katchaikatty Post Development - Ward Vadipatty Taluk 12, Nellaiappan Lane Pin - 625 218 Tirumangalam 04543/54164 Pin - 625 706 04549-20038/21219 183 Women's Emancipation And 184 Mother Thersa Jeen Rural Women Development Trust Development Association Gandhinagar Selva Vinayagam Kovil St Usilampatti (Tk) Parasana Colony Chellampatti - 625 566 Avinapuram Madurai-625012 185 Sool Nilai Eyal Kulu 186 Institute of Environmental 0 G P M Girls Hr. Sec. School Education Thallakulam M 329 Row Type Madurai-625002 Ellis Nagar Phone 530031 Madurai-625010 Phone: 0452-608558 187 Mma Pengal Munatra Sangam 188 Rural Education and Comprehensive 8/73 P G S M Avenue Activities For Rural Devlopment Solavanthan Main Road Oothadevar Vedi Thengalpatti-625514 Killaputhor Uchilampatti-626532 189 The Govanet Centre for 190 Sugam Social Service Development A Thotiyapatti 2/43 Kottai St Thi Puthupatti Post Nagamalai Puthokottai Madurai District-655704 Madurai-625019 Phone 0452-85457 191 Sathana Vigas 192 Sarvathiya Trust Kattachananthal 52 Rajive Steet Kathakinaru Oet Muniswara Nagar Madurai-625107 Thirupanai-625014 Phone:0452-822846 Fax 0452 531451 A-315 Annexure -IX 193 Peoples Association for Rural 194 Educational Trust of India Development Jeeva Streer Main Road Pethoniyapuram Valayankulam Madurai-625016 Postal Trainning Centre Phone: 0452-605927 Madurai-625022 195 Pandiyuor Ramasamy Pillai 196 Youth And Rural Development Trust Centre Kurungi Street 24 B Kasthuribai Nagar Bharathiyar Nagar Main Road Malur-625 101 Krishnapuram Colony Phone: 0452-815947 Madurai-14 Phone: 532905/46380 197 Good Will Social Work Centre 198 Society for Training and Rural No.5 South Streer Extn Reconstruction Singarayar Colony 7-5 6 A Suthanthira Pavanam Madurai-2 Podinakkanpatti Road Vadipatti-625 218 199 Volandury Social Service 200 Society for Education Action and Organisation Environment Kachaikatti Post 12 Bharathi Nagar Vadipatti-625 218 Sigganthar Savadi Madurai-625018 201 Integrated Rural People Development Society 23, J J Street Thirupavai Post Madurai Phone: 682429 Virudhunagar 202 Annai Dr. Muthulakshmi Reddi 203 Institute For Social Awareness And Rural Women's and Child Rural Development (INSARD) Development Society 13, Shanmugavel Nagar Main Road Kottaipatti Aruppukkottai Vembakottai Post, Sivakasi Pin - 626 101 Taluk Pin - 626 131 A-316 Annexure -IX 204 Rose Institute Of Development 205 Sri Vivekananda Seva Sangam Services (RIDS) 1/1545, Pandian Nagar 3/27, M.R. Pudur Rosalpatti M.Reddiapatty Pin - 626 001 Pin-626 118 04562-365035 04566-84467 Ramanathapuram 206 Village Education for Action 207 Bharatha Matha Seva Sangam and Development Trust (BHAMA) (VEAD) Kottaiyour, Mandapasalai 21, P.O. Nagaram, Kamuthi Via Via Nainarkoil, Pin - 626 118 Paramkudi Taluk, Ramanatahpuram - 623 705 208 Grama Makkal Munnetra 209 Nehru Ilaingar Mandram Maiyam 4/224, St. Oriyur Road Kalloor L.K. Nagar, Thiruvadanai Tiruvadanai Taluk Pin - 623 407 Pin - 623 407 04561-54415 04561-379241 210 Reconstruction of Economic 211 Mayill Nature Club Vision and Emancy Fashion of No 41, Theniyursaliyr St Women Vinayakar Colony Trust Koranad 2/4 2 C3 Punnmadai Road Mailaduthurai R S Mangalam Post-623 525 Tirunelveli 212 Tirunelveli Wild Life 213 Smart Environmental Science Cell, Association, Ambai Road, Abcoy Gardens, Araikulam, Munnirpalam, Madurai Road N.H.7 Tirunelveli - 627 356 Sankaranagar - 627 357 Phone No - 0462-300113 Email - tvl-radhika@sanchar.in A-317 Annexure -IX 214 Action Group For Rural 215 Samaritans Organisation (AGRO) 2/133, Maruthakulam And Post 336,S.R.R Nagar Tirunelveli Sethurayan Pudur Post Pin - 627 151 Tirunelveli - 627 358 04635-56332 Email: agroganesan(yahoo.com 216 Society for Women Education 217 Sri Manonmani Rural Development and Economic Society Transformation (SWEET) Main Road 54, South Street Alangulam Perumbathu, Nanguneri Pin - 627 851 Pin - 627 108 04633-70275 218 Women and Child Development 219 Womens' Renaissance Centre Society 9, Srinivasagam Nagar B Colony 26 Main Road V.M. Arockianathapuram, Maharaja Nanguneri Nagar Post Pin - 627 108 Pin - 627 011 220 Arumpugal Arakattlai 221 Rural Association for Community H 109 Anbu Nagar Education Society Thirunelvali-627011 Chettiyar St Phone: 0462-584373 Rathapuram Post- 627111 Phone: 04637-35538 222 Thirunelvali Mavatta Exnora 223 Indira Ganthi Educational Youth International Mayatta Kilai And Rural Development Society 4 A Minnagar 1 T 3 Rd Street Thenkosi- 627818 N G 0 Colony Phone: 04633-24497 Mellagaram-627818 Phone: 04633-26274 224 Mahathama Ganthi Save 225 Ammar Rajive Ordesen Welfare Mandram Association 4/69 Main Road 3/52 Main Road Vannikonangal Post Mannuoor Sangaran Kovil T K-627957 Thirunelveli-627201 Phone: 04636-86186 Phone: 0462-85105 A-318 Annexure -IX 226 Integrated Development Inciavatives And Alternatives Foundation 7 Perumal Kiol St Krishnapuram Kadayanullur-627759 Phone: 04633- 42026 Fax: 04366-4120 TUTICORIN 227 Programme For Rural Education 228 Society for Education, Action and And Social Service Development (SEAD) Trust (Press) 1, 2nd Floor, Vsr Compound Shanmugasigamani Nagar Madurai Road, Vilathikulam Koivilpatti Pin - 628 907 Pin - 628 501 229 Society For Rural Development 230 Rural Economic Development Organisation Society 74/4, North Street 9 Dr Edison Compuntor Pannikulam (Via Kayathar) Thiruchanduoor-628215 Pin - 628 952 Phone: 04639-45612 04632-61738 Fax: 04639-45393 231 Suganthi Devathasan Marine 232 Chevalier Roche Society, Research Instuite Derose Centre, Nehru Nagar, 44 Katarkarai Salai Old State Bank Colony, Thothoogudi-628001 Thoothukudi - 628 002 Phone: 0431-340350 WEB- www.chevaliar.org Fax: 91- 461- 340550 WEB:- www.sdmri.org EMAIL:- jkpatti@sanchamet.in 233 Community Eco Balance Construction Network Post Box No: Nazareth 628617 Phone: 91-4639-77553 A-319 Annexure -IX KANYAKUMARI 234 Young Men's Christian 235 Natural Resources Development Association Project P.O Mullankinavilai, Vivekananda Puram, Kanniyakumari - 629 157 Kanniyakumari - 629 702 Phone No -04652-232700 Phone No- 04652-246296 Email- Email- deema-smal@rediffmail.com ngc-vknardep@sanchemet.in 236 Society for Environmental 237 Conservation Of Nature Trust, Education and Development, 43-C, Lagrace Water Tank Road, 52, F, Nanjil Nagar, Nagercoil - 629 001 Nagercoil - 629 002 Phone No- 04652-23527 Phone No - 04652-203924 Email- manian@md2.vsnl.net.in 238 Vivekananda Kendra - Nardep, 239 Action Group For Rural Vivekanandapuram, Organisation(AGRD) Kanniyakumari - 629 702 1/239 Periyar Nagar Phone:- 04562-246296 Suthumalai, Thirunelveli-627604 Web: - www.vkendra.org Email. 04362-342302 ngc-vkendra(sancharnet.in Fax: 331035 ualagam@md3.vsnl.com.in CUDDALORE 240 Association for Integrated Rural 241 Health Education Association For Welfare Rural And Tribals - Heart 2/86, North Street Annapooma Illam C. Kotthangkudi Thopu, 1-A. Indira Nagar, Vridhachalam Chidambaram Pin - 606 001 Pin - 608 002 04143-63123 242 Manushe 243 Swami Ramakrishna Educational 49, Kottathangarai Street Society Parangipettai Omampuliyur Village And Post Pin - 608 502 Via - Ayyangudi, Kattumannarkoil 04144-53247, 23326 Taluk Pin - 608 306 A-320 Annexure -IX 244 Womens Education and 245 Pace Organization Center Economic Development Society Post Bag No: 54, - WEEDS Sethaparam - 608001 No. 49/365, 4th North Cross Road Mariyappa Nagar, Chidambaram Pin - 608 002 246 Trust run by D.Murugaiyan 247 Vairam Thelisis Education Centre D.Murugaiyan, 3/261, K.Vairakannu, 32, Kannuthoppu Thirumalai Illam, Madappuram, street, Thiruthuraipoondi 614 713 Thiruthuraipoondi, Thiruvarur 248 Trust run by A.Ganesan 249 Thiruvalluvar Uzhavar Mandram A.Ganesan, Nalangattalai, S.Balashanmugam, Sembangudi Vishnupuram post, Iravancheri post, Thiruvarur-612603 via, Thiruvarur-609506 Krisnnagiri 250 Jayabharathi educational trust 251 Trust run by K.Poongodi M.Theerthagiri, Thiruvanapatti K.Poongodi, 308 Nethaji road, village, Uthangarai, Krishnagiri Pazhaiyapettai post, Krishnagiri- 635 304, 635001 Sivagangai 252 Viva Organic farm P.R.V. Varadharajan, Kamaleshvari Illam, Rajendra Prasad St., Paganeri, 630 558. Virudhanagar 253 Action for Rural integration and 254 Rural Institute for community social eduation(ARISE) Health (RICH) A.Selvakumar, Sivalingapuram, P. Srinivasa raghavan, Mudukkankulam post Krishnapuram, P.Thottiankulam Kariyapatti via, Virudhunagar, (Po), Thiruchuli 626 129 626 106 A-321 Annexure -IX 255 Sun Bio tech, 256 People's Organisation and Social S .Mukesh, 2/181 A North street, institution of transformation Sethu Narayanapuram, Development Vathira irruppu via, POSITIVE TRUST No.16, TNHB Virruthunagar 626 132. Colony, Madurai road, -Palayampatti 626 112 257 Rehoboth Agribusiness 258 Trust run by Consultancy S.Ramar, 34, Perumalpatti nadar, Ist R.Nakkeeran, 4/323 Thangam East street, Srivilliputhur, Nagar, Vathirayiruppu post, Virudhunagar 626 125. Virudunagar-626132 259 JEYPEE Biotechs 260 VISION Trust R.Palaneeshwar, 25, Chinnaiah Vision, 44, D.M.P. Kittangi street, school street, Virudunagar- Virudunagar 626001 Namakkal 261 Women's organisation for Rural 262 Radio Farmer's Association Development R.Thangarnani, M.A. 36. Paraiyur R.Sivakamavvalli,P.O.Box Ayyampalayam, Kumarapalayam, No.1. Pandamangalam Trichengode, 638 183 Post,P.Velur Taluk, Namakkal District. 637 208 263 Heals Rural Training Centre, 264 Vasantham Iyarkai Velan Pannai Opp. To Sugar Mills, S. Manivannan, Moganaur, 637 015 3/116,Kannimarkadu,Samayasangili, Pallipalayam, Namakkal-638008 265 Sustainable life trust S.Prathapan, 19/20, S.B.M.Compound, Semmedu Village Post, Kolli hills, Namakkal 637 411 Coimbattore 266 Imayam Social Welfare 267 Positive sign foundation Association 8A/12. 10th. Street cross, Anna S.Jayakumar,10/35 K.Sathya Nagar, Peelamedu, Coimbatore 641 Nagar, Ganapathy, Coimbatore - 004 6 41 006 A-322 Annexure -IX 268 Sulabha Agriculture 269 National Agricultulral Development organisation Trust. Sulabha Agriculture M.shanmugam, Lawyers Garden, Organisation, Oorupannadi Eripatti post, Pollachi 642 205. nivas, Kottur, Malayandipattinam, Pollachi 642114, 270 Coimbatore Eco Farmers 271 Kalpaviruksha Association Dr. B.A. Uma, Thekupalayam, CEFA, 25 Periyannan Nagar, Coimbatore 641 020 Thadagam road, Coimbatore - 25. 272 Indian society for certification 273 Green Kovai, AIM for Seva of organic products D.S.Raman, ISCOP, RASI building 162/163, Arsha Vidya Gurukulam Ponnaiah rajapuram Coimbatore Anaikatti 641 001 Coimbatore-641108 Erode 274 Eden Organic Farm creators 275 Sri Amman Organic Farn, 21, Arulagam Building, Vengiyampalayam, Pasur, Erode Udumalai Road, 638 154 Dharapuram 638 656 276 Rajendra Foundation for Agrl. 277 Pasumai Angadi, Research and Rural Shop No. 65, Velayuthasami Development, Complex, Muthur Road, Kesarimangalam P.0, Bhavani Vellakovil 638 111 Taluk, Erode 278 The Falcon Bio control (Selvi 279 Trust run by B. Vanathi) C. Loganathan, 55, Nethaji street, Tamil Nadu Vermi culture Vairapalayam, Erode 638 003 Hatcheries, Reliance Tower Road, Mettankattuvalasu, Erode 638 109 280 Ever Agro Corporation, 122, 281 Trust run by Park Road, Vaiyapuri complex, A.S.Kumar, 44 Mariamman koil Moolapattarai, Erode 3. street, Iyyampalayam, Kavunthapadi, Bhavani taluk, Erode. 282 P.Dhanasekaran, 283 Service unit for development Maniampalayam, activities in rural areas Iyyampalayam post, SUDAR, 435 A, Rangasamuthram, Kavunthapadi via, Erode Murthy tyres building, Upstair, Sathyamangalam 638 402 A-323 Annexure -IX 284 Trust run by 285 Trust run by Elanchezhiyan S.P. Ramalingam, Annur S.Elanchezhiyan Athanikarar Gounder Thottam, Uthandiyur thottam Uthandiyur post, post, Sathyamangalam, Erode Sathyamangalam, Erode 638 402 638 402 286 Thalaimurai Organic farm 287 Iyarkai Organic farm M.Kumar, 69, Kenchanur post, M.V.Shanmugah raj Sathyamangalam, 3/250 K.K.Thottam,Mangalapatti Erode 638 401 Post, Muthur via, Erode 638105 288 Iyarkai Agricultural Farmers Group Iyarkai Agricultural Farmers Group, 5/339, Ramapuram Thottam, Thalavadi, Erode- 638461 Karur 289 R.N.Agro Farms 290 Centre for Human Resource Chinnadharapuram, Development Trust, (CHRD) Karur -639202 N. Subramanyan, CHRD Trust, 8/139 B, Kumarapalayam, Chellandipatti post, Vellianai, Karur 639 118 291 Cherur trust E. Vellaichamy, Panikampatti, Kulithalai taluk, Karur Madurai 292 Kokila Hospital and Herbal 293 Indian Medicine and herbal Training Centre promoters organisation Dr. J.Jeyavenkatesh, Kokila hospital and Herbal training Kokila Hospital 27/1D -1, centre campus, 27/lD-1 Jaihindpuram Jaihindpuram Ist Street, 1st street, Madurai - 625 011 Madurai 625 011. 294 Association for rural 295 Annai mary Foundation development Haven for positives K. Joseph Binsant, 41 D, 7/800, V.Denes Amaladevi Jawahar street, Melakuilkudi Vethamuthu Illam, Bharathi nagar, road, Nagamalai pudukottai, Madurai-625018 Madurai 625019 A-324 Annexure -IX 296 Rural Development Trust 297 Sakthi Vermicompost unit S.Chinnasamy, K.Sivaswamy Agro Project Coordinator, Sanampatti Anaikaraipatti, Pandiarasapuram post, Madurai- Vandari post, Peraiyur taluk, 625209 Madurai 625 705 298 SUMAREES Trust B.Rajagopal 66, Devarayan street, Thirumagal Nagar, Madurai-625009 Thiruvannamalai 299 Sugarcane grower Farmers 300 Rural Health and Economic Welfare Association, 17/A CC Development Society (RHEDS) Road, Pollur 606 803. Meyyur Village and Post, Vanapuram, Thiruvannamalai 606 753. 301 Rural Development Society, 302 Trust run by P.Dhandapani, 3/520, (RDS), Kanji. Vaiyapuri chetty street, M.Kannabiran, Pillaiyar koil Melsozhankuppam, Adhamangalam chetty street, Kanji village, via, Polur Taluk, Thiruvannamalai Thiruvannamalai 606 702. 303 Trust run by R.Krishnamoorthy 304 Sai Jothi Charitable trust R.Krishnamoorthy, North street, Sai Jothi Charitable Trust,No. 3 Veeranur post, Adhamangalam Poomalai Sales Complex, Anna post, Polur Taluk, Salai, Thiruvannamalai 606 601 Thiruvannamalai 305 Voice of nature 306 Association for Rural Tribes V. Ramakrishnan, HIG 507/75, 582/3, Bharathiyar street, Mullipet, TNHB, Tamarai Nagar, TNHB opposite, Thiruvannamalai- Thiruvannamalai 632316 307 Thiruvannamalai Taluk farmer's Exnora S.Natarajan, 62 A, Krishnan street, Thiruvannamalai Trichy 308 Community Organisation and 309 Association For Human Integrated Rural Education (CORE) Massive Social Action (AHIMSA) Secretary, CORE, 1-207 C, Sona Complex, Tiruchy 28 Thuraiyur Road, Road, Vaiyampatti 621 315. R.S.Complex, Musiri 621 211 A-325 Annexure -IX 310 Srimath Andavan Arts and 311 G.B. Food Oils private Ltd, 108, Science College, Ganapathy Nagar, Thiruvanaikoil, 108, Ganapathy Nagar, Trichy-5. Thiruvanaikovil Trichy 5. 312 Mavalipatty Nanbargal Narpani 313 Bringing Integration and Rural Mandram & Youth Development Development Centre. P.Ramasamy, 4/44. Nadupaty (Po), K.Jeya Thirupathi, Mavalipatty Vaiyampattu (via), Trichy, 621 315. (Po) Musiri, Trichy 621 205 314 Awareness and Community 315 Sarvodhya Foundation transformation foundation. B. Sathya. 158/1 13th cross. Anbu ACT, 144 Main road, Nagar, Crawford, Trichy 620 012. Kovilpatti, Manaparai taluk, Trichy 621 305. 316 PENI-'EL' Educational trust 317 Tamil Nadu Agri Clinic S. Johnson, Peniel Nagar, N.Rajasekaran, 14 Premier Towers, Angarai post, Lalgudi taluk, Karur road, Trichy 620 002 Trichy 621 703 318 Individual Development 319 Rajiv Gandhi Social Service Trust, Foundation A.R.Velu, 58/lKovilpatti Nangil Vedha, Room No.2, 3rd road,Manapparai,Trichy 621 306 floor, N.S. Building, Opp. To Premier towers, Trichy 620 002. 320 Integrated Rural Development Foundation S.R. Naveen Balaji 104, Raja colony, First cross, Cantonment, Trichy-620001 Thanjavur 321 KKM Bio tech 322 A. Veeraya Vandayar Memorial Sri C/o. Chitra Agency, 74 Pushpam College Abraham Pandithar Street, Sri Pushpam College, Thanjavur 613 001. Poondi 613 503 Thanjavur Dist. 323 Periyar Maniyammai College of 324 MENS Service trust Technology for Women S.G. Selvi, Padapannar Vayal, Periyar Maniyammai College., Somakadu post, Peravurani taluk, Vallam, 613 403, Thanjavur Thanjavur 614 804 A-326 Annexure -IX 325 Integrated Women Development 326 Organic farming awareness Centre association K.Murugaiyan, 135 Main road, Thiruvenkadam, Irandingattalai post, Ammanpettai, Vethiyapuram Kumbakonam-612202 post, Thanjavur 613 205 Dharmapuri 327 Development Education and 328 Council for Integrated Development, environment protection society A.Pallipatti post, Pappireddypatti (DEEPS) Taluk, Dharrnapuri 636 905. M. Sankar, BDO OfficeRoad, Pennagaram 636 810 329 R. Dharmalingam, Rural 330 Heritage Herbs India Development Society, 4/9 A, 1/213 Al. Aisshwaryam Nest, Agraharam st., Kadathur, Vivekananda colony, Near Silk Pappireddypatti 635 303. Farm, Avalapalli Road, Hosur, 635 109 331 ARIMA Service trust 332 Tribal Health Initiative V. Kirubanandham, FTC Dr. Lalitha Regi, Theerthamalai Convenor, Mookareddi patti, A Post, Dharmapuri District 636 906. Pallipatti, Pappiredi patti taluk, Dharmapuri 636 905 333 Institute of Enterpreneurship Development(IED) IED 5/1358, T.A.M.S Colony,Elakkiampatti, Dharmapuri-636705 Nilgiri 334 Centre for tribals and rural 335 The Earth Trust, development trust, Ealamanna, 13/19 A6 Hema College, Bharathi Mango range, Nagar, Kethi post, Nilgiris. The Nilgiris 643 220 336 A.M.Agro Products 337 Jeyam Agrotech A.M.Abibulla, Panthalur post, 6/440, Isaac lane, Panthalur taluk, Aruvankadu, Nilgiris 643 233 Nilgris-643202 A-327 Annexure -IX 338 Bacto Agro Culture care PVT Limited E. Radhakrishnan, Bharatha Nagar, Kolapally post, Nilgris- 643253 Tuticorin 339 Kokulam Arakattalai, Jamin 340 Women's Education and Kodankipatti, Kuruvarpatti post, Employment Development Society. Vilathikulam, Tuticorin dist. S.Charles, Mudalur post, Tuticorin Dt. 628 702. 341 Centre for education social 342 Rural Agroservice and institute of welfare and agricultural rural Natural farming development P.Rosari, 8/74, Rajapalayam, L.Rajan, S.D.A. Church street, Arockiapuram post, Tuticorin- Muthugai nagar,Nalathinputhur, 628002 Tuticorin 628 716 343 Rural Service Trust V.Ganapathi raman,Masarpatti Nenmeni,Tuticorin 626 202 344 Paathai Trust 345 Vishwa export, V.Kennady 1/42. South Street, 5/322, E.P. Colony, Alampatti, Kamanayakkanpatty Kovilpatti 628 501. Thoothukkudi Dist. 628 720 Theni 346 Agent for Organic Fertiliser and 347 Malar social society, Herbal pesticideT.Tamilselvan, M.Shanthi 4/9Ramugowdar street, Vinobaji nagar, Karuppasamy Kamayakoundanpatti, Theni Koil street, Bodi Pudukottai 348 Pasumai Thangam Arakattalai, 349 Indian Microbial Agricultural centre, 275, North street, Anandha solai Pisanathur village, Pokishakaranpatti, Kandharvakottai Vaithur post, 622 203 613 301 A-328 Annexure -IX 350 Rural Development 351 Goshakthi Arakkattalai Organisation, Bharathipuram,Vaithur post 45, Meenakshipuram road, Pudukkottai 622203 Arimalam post, Pudukottai 622 201 352 Rights Trust A.Kanagavalli, 1/81, Vamban Nal Road, Kalyanipuram, Kotthakottai post, Thiruvarangulam via, Pudukkottai dist-622303 Dindigul 353 Trust run by M.Jayaseelan. 354 Trust run by K. Subrarayan, Sengulam post, Natham taluk, Chellakuttiyur, Kovilur post, Dindigul Vedasanthur taluk 624706 355 Village Welfare trust, 356 Serene Secular Social Service 5/199, Teachers Quarters, NGO Society, S. James Victor, Colony, South Street, Kosavapatti post, Dindugal 624 005, Sanarpatti via Dindugal 624 304 357 Rural organization for social 358 Sirumalai Evergreen Multipurpose education trust. community Development society M.Palaniammala, West Street, G.F.Viswasam, 7-8, Little Flower Old Batlagundu, Dindigal Dist. Home, 624 202 A.Vellodu, 624 307 359 Child Trust 360 The Health Wealth Social Service Chandra Saravanan, No.4-12-2 trust Arunaslapuram, Dindigul Road, 17/3 /5 Aarthi Theatre road, YMR Batlagundu, 624 202 Patti. Dindigul 624 005 361 Jaya Bharath Agro Agencies 362 RELIEF Trust S. Kandasamy, 246/9 B2 Balu 23 NGO Colony, complex, Gandhi Market, Dindigul 624 005 Ottanchatram 624 619 363 Rural social Education 364 Peace Trust, Thasaripatti, &WelfareCentre Kuttam post, Vedasanthur C.R.Tamilvanan 624 711 5/166 St.Marys Teachers Colony, N.G.O.Colony Post, Dindigal 624 005 A-329 Annexure -IX 365 Rural Integrated Development 366 Peoples Welfare Trust Organisation T.Perumal RIDO, 9-3-56, North street, 69, East car street Sithayankottai-624708 Dindigul-624001 Chennai 367 Medi herbal nature and food 368 Bio track technology pvt. Ltd. products, 32, Ist floor, C 60, Anna Nagar 41/3 1, Manickam Nagar, Ajax, Plaza, Iind Avenue, Anna Nagar, Thiruvotriyur, Chennai 600 019. Chennai 600 040. 369 Service civil International 370 Bharat Krishak Samaj 193/8 Asiad Colony, Anna 37, Lake view Road,Adambakkam, Nagar West Exten, Chennai-600088 Chennai 600 101 371 Madras social service society, 372 EVERGREENS Agency for Natural Kolping tower, IInd floor, 329, Resources T.T.K road, Alwarpet, N.K. Shanmugam, 36, 18 th Avenue Chennai- 18 Ashok Nagar, Chennai- 6000083 373 Chinu Exports Bio Products Division 26/636 27th.St.Korattur Chennai.80 Kanyakumari 374 Green mark Agro inputs 375 Green land Organic manure, Ltd.,No.3, Ist floor, Lakshmi Bersil & Co., 78, New Assist Complex, Aralvoimozhi, building Muthamil Street, Kanyakumari Nagercoil 1 376 Trust run by 377 Jayam united service trust, T. Glori bai, Kakavilaiparambu, 13/15 A, Krishna Illam, Thamburan Moovatrumugam post, Koil street, Vadakur, Kanyakumari 629 177 Thovalai 629 302 378 Kumari Eco-Friendly Farming 379 TSUNAMI Trust Services (P) Ltd., A.Dimon Arul G.C.Prateep, Kumari Eco Kodimunai post, Colachel via, Friendly Farming Services (P) Kanyakumari-629251 Ltd., Chankai, Kanjiracode Martandam 629 155 A-330 Annexure -IX 380 Rural Uplift Centre 381 Victory Organic farm S.Chrishtopher Dr.C.Thiruvaranganathan Theepam Dhumpali Iranipuram A. 155, N.G.O Colony Kanyakumari 629197 Kottar post Kanyakumari-629002 Cuddalore 382 Centre for Agricultural 383 EID Parry Ltd., awarenss and rural development Nellikuppam Sugarcane factory, (CAARD) Cuddalore CAARD, S. Bharathi Raja,M.Sc.(Ag), CAARD, Vilathur, Thirupaniyapuram, Melavanniyur post, Cuddalore 608 302. 384 Indo Europian Institute for 385 V.V.V Club Natural Medicine Nabard, district dev. Office, 223, Indo Europian Institute for nethaji road, manjakuppam, Natural Medicine, cuddalore No. 5, Bharathithasan Street,Manjakuppam, Cuddalore 607 001. 386 Basarass Biocon(India) 387 RA Agro Traders PVT.Limited JP Rajasekar, 7 first cross, Friends Basarass Biocon LTD Nagar, Opp. To Employment Office, 3/320, MainRoad, Eraiyur, Cuddalore 607 001 Pennadam, Cuddalore-6061 11 388 Mega Agricultural Service 389 Biodyanamic trust Trust, 240 East street, V.R. Raaja Murugan Karmangudi post, Biodynamic Association, 19, south Cuddalore 606 110 street, Vridachalam, Cuddalore- 606110 390 Biodyanamic trust A.K.V.Raja Inthren, Biodynamic Association, 19, South street, Vnrdachalam, Cuddalore-606110 Salem A-331 Annexure -IX 391 Trust run by 392 Mettur Nature Society, 83 A, Pudu R.Sivam, Virudhampatti P.O. Colony, Karumalaikudal, Mecheri via, Mettur taluk, Metturdam, 636 402 Salem 393 Green Star Agri.consultancy 394 Rural Education and Development K.Shanmugavel, B.Sc(Ag), Project Founder & Director, Green Star READ, 37 A Avvaiyar street, Agi consultancy, Muthampatti, Mullaivadi, Athur post, Salem Tholasampatti(via), Mettur (Tk) 636141. Salem, 636 503 395 SAMRAT, 396 Jai Agro Service, 172/1, Sukkampatti, Salem- Opposite to Ponni Co- peratives, 636122 Middle Street,Thammampatty, Salem-636113 397 Rural awareness of 398 Trust run by Environment and social Manigandan,1/1, organization M.Perumapalayam, Salem-6361 11 RAESO, 77-5/2-39-C9, 4th cross, Shivayanagar, Salem 636 004 399 Omalur block women welfare 400 Trust run by uplift organization C.Nallathambi,4/1 1, New street, K.Saroja, 11/9, Telephone Kadaiyampatti post, Omalur taluk, exchange road, Omalur post, Salem-636351 Salem-636455 Kancheepuram 401 Rasi Agricultrual Consultancy 402 Foundation for organic agriculture, Centre, 154/2, GST Road, 348/166, Anna salai, (Rattinakinaru) Chengalpet 1 Chengalpet 603 002. 403 Tamil Nadu Organic farming 404 Natural Educational Environmental and Herbal farmers Association Agricultural Development Society. N.Dhayanidhi, 21 Devarajan G.Gopalakrishnan, 66 B, street, Vedhachalam Nagar, Sengazhuneerodai Street, Chengalpet, Kancheepuram Kancheepuram 631 502. Thirunelvelli A-332 Annexure -IX 405 Organic farming association St. 406 "Ilayabharatha" (M) Guidance Fathima Annai Agricultural Centre, 1/271, Youth Club building, farm North St., Mannur 627 201. Organic farming association St. Fathima Annai Agricultural farm, South Kuniyur, Cheranmagadevi 627 426 407 Sri Parasakthi Trust, 408 Viswa Export 226, LRS Palayam St., Tenkasi 5/322 EB Colony, Alampatti, 627 811. Kovilpatti, 628 501 409 Health Trust 410 Brindha Agro FarmService, 18, St. 6-121. Esckiamman Koil St., Xavier's Shopping Complex, St. Sanganapuram (Po), Tirunelveli, Johna's College Road, 627 114 Palayamkottai, Tirunelveli 627 002. 411 TANWA Self Help Group 412 Sri Ganga Seva Sangam C. Ramathilagam, Shenbaga kal A. Ponnuvel, 49/3, Middle street, Oadai street, Vasudevanallur, Duraisamiyapuram, Sivakiri taluk, Sivakiri Taluk, Tirunelveli Tirunelveli 627 758 413 ESR Chairtable trust, 82, Sanror 414 Iyarkai Velanmai Mempattu North street, Chinthamani, sangam,70/2, South Puliyangudi post, Sivakiri taluk, street,Sanarpatty, Tirunelveli- Nellai dist. 627 855 627201 Villupuram 415 Village Development Society. 416 Pasumai Farmers Association, F. Joseph, Village Development Thirukovilur Road, Society Nilayam, Karunanidhi Devapandalam 606 402 Chettiyar Illam, Valathi Post, Villupuram 604 208 417 Paasumai Thamilagam, 1 418 Sri Bio Natural India, KK Nagar, Nattarmangalam, Vallam post, Salamedu, Villupuram 605 602 Gingi, Villupuram 604 206 419 Udayam Trust, Kakanoor Post, 420 Greenworld Agri Clinic,10 Town Kedar Via, panchayat vanigavalagam, Villupuram 605 402 Salem main Road, Chinnasalem-606201 Nagapattinam A-333 Annexure -IX 421 Farm women discussion group 422 Annai Indira Social Education Poomima Mary kanth, Farm centre. Women discussion group, 1/249. Sumaykha Eazilaham, PUshpavanam 614820 pushpavanam, Vedaranyam (TK) Nagapattinam Dist. 614 809 423 Trust run by V.Sadasivam 424 K.P.T. Organic farm V.Sadasivam, Elumichampatty, K.S. Ramiyan, Konari Rajapuram, Kodangudy post, Mailaduthurai taluk, Nagapattinam Mayiladuthurai, Nagapattinam- 612201 609314 Vellore 425 Gramapura Magalir Muligai 426 Velanmai Vithai Mayam.No.5, Vivasaya Mempattu Sangam IELC Complex, MC Road, Ambur- Vadagarai, 635 802 Minnur (P.O)-635807. 427 SOLAI PROGRAM, 428 Organic farming and Vermiculture Dr. R.D.Rajan, Hatcheries CAH College.R.Yusuff Christian pet village, Post, Sheriff, Technical Section, CAH Vellore - 632 059 College, Melvisaram. 429 Rajiv Gandhi Educational and 430 REACH trust, Charitable Trust. 71/50 Chellaperumal street, G.Anbalagan, 63/1 Maniyakara Sholingar 631102. street, Arakonam, 631 001. Vellore District 431 Trust run by M.Ramamoorthy 432 Guru Samrot Trust M.Ramamoorthy, V.Dakshinamurthy, No. 4, New Sokkalampatti, Vettapattu post, Street, Senguttai, Katpadi post, Nattrmpalli via, Vellore-635852 Vellore 632 007 433 Maha Organic Inputs private Ltd., M. Mahalingam, 1/367 Katpadi Road, Latteri, Katpadi Taluk. Vellore 632 202.632 509. A-334 I i Annexure-X LIST OF OFFICIALS CONSULTED DURING THE STUDY Sri. M.Palaniappan, Sn Rajagopalan, Chief Engineer (PF)Retd World Bank Consultant, WRO, PWD, Chennai MDPU,Chennai Sri Vibhu Nair, IAS Sri Muthaiah Director, Chief Engineer,(O&M), MDPU Inter State Water Resources, Chennai PWD,WRO, Chennai-6 Er. Abrantham, Dr. K.Abranantham, Incharge Chief Engineer (PF) Joint Chief Engineer(PF), WRO, PWD, Chennai WRO, PWD, Chennai Dr. Paul.P.Appasamy, Sn.S.Janakarajan, Professor, Professor, Madras School of Economics, Madras Institute of Developmental Studies, Chennai Adayar, Chennai. Sri S. Rajasekharan Sri R.Goplakrishnan Executive Engineer, Executive Engineer, WRO, PWD, WRO, PWD, Tiruvannamalai Kanchipuram Sri A.P. Jaya Prakash Sri V. Balasubramaniam Executive Engineer, Assistant Engineer WRO, PWD, WRO, PWD, Tindivanam Athur Sri S. Sundara Murthy Sri R. Radhakrishnan Assistant Executive Engineer Assistant Executive Engineer WRO, PWD, Pudukottai WRO, PWD, Pudukottai Sri S. MohanRaj Sri S. Prabhakar Assistant Executive Engineer Junior Engineer WRO, PWD, Pudukottai WRO, PWD, Pudukottai Sri K.Gopalakrishnan Sri S.Ayub Khan Executive Engineer, Assistant Executive Engineer WRO, PWD, Sivagangai WRO, PWD, Sivagangai Sri Md. SalimBabu Sri V. PushpaRaj Assistant Executive Engineer Assistant Executive Engineer WRO, PWD, WRO, PWD, Sivagangai Madurai Sri P.Nandakumar Sri A.T. Narasimhan Assistant Executive Engineer Assistant Executive Engineer WRO, PWD, Madurai WRO, PWD, Paramakudi Sri K.S. Abdul Rashid Sri R.Sampath Assistant Executive Engineer JE, WRO,PWD WRO, PWD, Paramakudi Paramakudi Sri M.Chinnappan Executive Engineer, P.A. to EE WRO, PWD, WRO, PWD, Paramakudi Madurai A-335 Annexure-X Sri V.Sugumaran Sri R.Pandy Assistant Engineer Assistant Engineer WRO, PWD, Madurai WRO, PWD, Madurai Sri Selvaraj Sri Rustham Ali Assistant Engineer Executive Engineer, WRO, PWD, WRO, PWD, Madurai Srivalliputtur Sri G.Rajesh Sri C.Chelladurai Assistant Engineer Assistant Executive Engineer WRO, PWD, Madurai WRO, PWD, Srivalliputtur Sri C.Ayyasamy Sri M.Gnana Sekhar Assistant Engineer Assistant Executive Engineer WRO, PWD, Srivalliputtur WRO, PWD, Srivalliputtur Sri Rajbandra Bose Sri R.M. Subramanian Assistant Executive Engineer Assistant Executive Engineer WRO, PWD, Srivalliputtur WRO, PWD, Perambalur Sri K.Chandrasekharan Sri P.S. Rajamaniakam JE,PWD, Perambalur JE,PWD, Perambalur Sri V.Anantham Sri V.Sundararn Assistant Engineer Assistant Engineer WRO, PWD, Perambalur WRO, PWD, Perambalur Sri Nirmalan Christudas Sri A.Subramanian Assistant Executive Engineer Assistant Executive Engineer WRO, PWD, Tirunelveli WRO, PWD, Tirunelveli Sri P.Siva Pragasam Sri P. Pugalendhi Section Officer Assistant Engineer WRO, PWD, Tirunelveli WRO, PWD, Tirunelveli Sri Narayana Murthy Sri A.MohanDas Executive Engineer Assistant Engineer WRO, PWD, Nagercoil WRO, PWD, Nagercoil Sri P.Sasikumar Sri M.M.Layarasan Assistant Engineer Assistant Executive Engineer WRO, PWD, Nagercoil WRO, PWD, Nagercoil Sri M.Subrainaniam Sri R.Selvarajan Executive Engineer Assistant Engineer WRO, PWD, Valliyoor WRO, PWD, Valliyoor Sri N.Ganeshan Sri K.Manickachari Executive Engineer PA to EE WRO, PWD, Tiruvallur WRO, PWD, Tiruvallur Sri G.Kartikeyan Sri Khaleel Ahmed Assistant Engineer Assistant Executive Engineer WRO, PWD, WRO, PWD, Tiruvallur Tiruvallur Sri M.Venkateswarlu Sri Oorkhavalan Assistant Engineer, AE dept Assistant Executive Engineer Tiruvallur WRO, PWD, Srivalliputtur A-336 Annexure-X Mr.John, Sri. Ganesan Assistant Executive Engineer, Junior Engineer,Retd MDPU, Plan Formulation,WRO, PWD, Chennai Chepauk, Chenai-6. Sri Thirumalai Sri Mahalingam, Deputy Chief Engineer, GIS Dept, IWS WRO, PWD, Tharamani, Chennai Chennai Sri Pasumalaithavan, Sri.Santhanam' Consultant, Technical Secretariat, GIS, Consultant, IWS, Taramani, Technical Secretariat, Taramani, Chennai. Chennai Sri Siva Subramaniam Ms. Seethalakshmi, Assistant Executive Engineer Joint Coordinator,Marketing Dam safety dept. TN Women Development Corporation PWD, Chennai Chennai Sri Subramanian Murugeshan Dr. Raja Ram, IAS, HR & Admn Director, TN Social welfare Dept Department of Rural Development, TN Pudhu vazhvu Society Saidapet, Chennai Chennai Sri Gandhi Sri Thyagi, Additional Director, System Manager,CDD, Dept. of Environment, Social welfare Dept Saidapet, Chennai Chennai Dr. Thomson Jacob Dr. Vidyasagar Dept. of Environment Consultant, Dept. of Agriculture Saidapet MDPU, Chennai Chennai Sri M.SeethaRaman Ms. Mangalam Balasubramanian Dept. of Agriculture Coordinator, Women SHG's MDPU, T.Nagar, Chennai Chennai Ms. Mangala Ms. Valarmati Agriculture Officer Agriculture Officer Dept. of Agriculture Dept. of Agriculture Chennai Chennai Sri M.Kesavulu Sri Vijay Anand Assistant Executive Engineer Assistant Engineer MDPU, WRO, PWD, Chennai Chennai Sri Mariappan Sri Chakravarthi Assistant Executive Engineer Assistant Engineer MDPU, WRO, PWD, Chennai Chennai A-337 Annexure-X Sri Sakkarji Ms K.Vani Assistant Engineer Assistant Engineer WRO, PWD, Chennai WRO, PWD, Chennai Ms Vijayalakshmi Ms. Susheela Assistant Engineer Assistant Engineer WRO, PWD, Chennai WRO, PWD, Chennai Sri Arivelagan Sri S. Ayyappan Assistant Engineer, ICRP dam Assistant Engineer, ICRP dam WRO, PWD, Krishnagiri WRO, PWD, Krishnagiri Sri A.Rajendran Sri D. Shanthinathan JE, WRO, PWD JE, WRO, PWD Athur Tindivanam Sri N.Jayaraj Sri Elangovan JE, WRO, PWD Executive Engineer Kanchipuram WRO, PWD, Coimbatore Dr. SundaraRaj Dr. Samuel Pal Raj Rtd.Dean.Fisheries College, Tuticorin Prof & HOD, Natural Resource and waste Chennai recycling dept. Madurai Dr. Manimaran Sri P. Anbazhagan Associate Professor IDA,Chennai Fisheries Research Institute Tuticorin Sri M.Ramadasu Sri.Edgar, IDA,Chennai Agricultural Engineer, Agriculture Engineering Department, Valliyoor, Chennai. Sri.M.Mali Arasan, Assistant Executive Engineer, WRO/PWD, Nagercoil, Chennai. A-338 ANNEXURE-XI SCHEMATIC PRESENTATIONS TAMILNADU POPULATION MAP Tami Nad ANDHRA PRADESH Tamil Nadul- Population Map KARIATAKA - /I- Bay-- B or - KERAL j Palk StMi lxgendo \M1nnar J * aINDIAN OCEAN (c) Conpo Infob. Pot. d. 20D142 Social Development -r - e. .t '-- Land Acquisition and Economic Rehabilitation WI v Cultivation by Women Self-Help Groups ENVIRONMENT Gabion Structure near Kalimangalam Village I- Soil Erosion fi |Management in I Noyyal Catchment Promotion of Organic Farming 2 IAMWARM PROJECT AREA Activities: Information/Analysis Stakeholder Decisions on Water Supply, Demand Planning & Management Spatial & Non-Spatial Analysest Models/Decision Support Systems 7-M Surveys & Remote Sensing GPS Stakeholder Views Maps/Attribute Dat 3 Merging Analysis with Participation Decisions4~~. Participation-, Analysis4 NE' O TANKS IN TAMILNADU . 4 TANK IRRIGATION IN TAMILNADU - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ I............ i .. - . I.. DRIP IRRIGATION SYSYEMS s ...... . ..f. \ . . . .. . \ I: I).. W ,. .t . . *5 F Market Water Quality Testing & Sanitation Provison - - - . f- -- Mafrket Waste- M,erstg or wkwnfrssnniy- e Pd5 -ied. O.m nd- Vermi-composffng W.vuas 15. IT Agricultural Waste Management --Livestock IPM Pedd"pdwyN IPNM - lrfile - I - W U Animal Waste A t A lClean Milk production - I (Fodder iat lt;iit -- .Quality i . kfControl Awareness/TraIninglOutreach on i Hygienic environmentally sustainable agriculture for: Handling/ *Farmers/Farmer Field Schools Testing/ *Agricultural Inputs Sellers Marketing *General Public *Line Departments d arkrt Water Quality TestngA Sanftation PrwoAsion -L E-Ipetal - lo* Vermi-composting ft~(ns mr55nlmffrS Co, -nd S.Mne- for Agricultural Waste 4 : - - - Management - 1 - Livestock IPM Clean Milk Production grraffffnt anri monitoring Fodder e - sQuality fControl Non-farm Income Generating Activities H nic SHGs Vocational Training. Veffri-conffosting. etc Handling/ | Youth Gops : O&M of IT i =Control afenss u. r*.scanrsexs.9t deosvld ay,plays, wall wniting Farmers Schools /Joit WtIktuhsKiks (IPM, IPNM, sil tesming, water manwenent Hygienic banned Pesdfes fopesbctdes. bofertkzes, aalfeorgaNhc fOOd matin) Handling/ Agri Input Seller s Awarenes BaiklingTraining Testing/ (bcanned pesticids. bnoesides, bfetlizers, rytxcin, etc.) Marketing _General Public Awaenes suinoTrain.ngiWebsies GeLneralP lc (pestDcide use, safe and orgar.c food) Ii~IinDep~metI Trairsng, outreach, knowledge maniagement MDPU ine eparment i I Annexure-XII REFERENCES 1. Burkart, A. 1976. A monograph of the genus Prosopis (Leguminosae subfam, Mimosoideae) J.Arn.Arb.57 (3/4). 2. CE (PF), MDPU Library Copy - Executive Summary for the Assessment of Micro Level Environmental Status of River Basins of Tamil Nadu. 3. DANIDA - Government of Andhra Pradesh (1994) State Agricultural Policy Frame Work in Andhra Pradesh. 4. DANIDA - Government of Andhra Pradesh (1995-96) Work and Training Needs of Women in Agriculture, Role and Status of Women in Agriculture in Andhra Pradesh. 5. DANIDA - Government of Tamil Nadu (2003-04) Social Welfare and Nutritious Meal Programme Department Policy Note. 6. EPTRI, Hyderabad Report - Environmental and Social Assessment of River Basins of Tamil Nadu, September, 2004. 7. Government of Andhra Pradesh (2004), Report of the Commission on Farmer's Welfare, Hyderabad. 8. Government of Tamil Nadu (2003-04), (2004-05) Report of Economic Appraisal, Chennai. 9. Government of Tamil Nadu and DANIDA/TANWA (1986) Technical Manual for Farm Women Training - Tamil Nadu Women in Agriculture - TANWA Phase II. 10. Government of Tamil Nadu and DANIDA/TANWA - TANWA Project - A Profile, November, 1995. 11. Government of Tamil Nadu - Tamil Nadu Water Resources Consolidation Project - Implementation Completion Report, May, 2005. 12. Micro Level Environmental Status Reports of 16 River basins of Tamil Nadu. 13. "Pudhu Vazhvu" a Manual by Tamil Nadu Pudhu Vazhvu Society, Chennai. 14. Information Technology Kiosks in Rural India (2002) by Satyam Mishra, Chairman, Young Entrepreneurs. 15. SEMF Report, Madhya Pradesh Water Sector Restructuring Project, Volume 3, April 2004. A-345 Annexure-XII 16. Social and Environmental Assessment of Kamataka Community Based Tank Improvement Project, Volume I, 2001. 17. Social and Environmental Assessment of Kamataka Community Based Tank Improvement Project, Volume II, 2001. 18. Tenth Five Year Plan: Diversification needed in Agriculture by Dr. Rajasekharan, Chief (Agriculture) Planning Board, Kerala, October 2003. 19. Tamil Nadu Corporation for Development of Women Limited, Report of DAWN of New Hope, Chennai 20. Tamil Nadu Government Report (2003) Tamil Nadu's approach to Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) and Farmer's Organization and Turn Over (FOT), Chennai. 21. www.envis.tn.nic.in 22. www.tn.gov.in 23. www.tn.nic.in 24. www.tnrsp.com 25. www.tnhealth.orM 26. www.wetlands.org 27. www.indiastat.com 28. www.ppi-ppic.orM 29. www.lenntech.com 30. www.eicinfonnation.com 31. www.chennaicorporation.org 32. www.hppcb.nic.in 33. www.irrigationscheduling.com 34. www3.grips.ac.gp 35. www.mapsofindia.com A-346