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' 34>cl>eKTir'IBHo pa6oran1.11 a Ka~ecrae ceKperape~ B npOAOil)l(eHI.IIe pasJJ,ena, nocasm.(eHHoro Ill CTeHorpaKHOCTH CTapwero 3KOHOMHL4eCKOrO COBeTHHKa BHU,e-npe3~­ AeHTa no 3KOHOMHKe H ~~tccneAoBaHH~M H AHPeKTopa no aHanlf13Y 3KOHOMH"tecKoill nonHTHKH H KOOPAHHaU.HH. Ao npH- XOAa Ha pa6ory B M6PP 6bln rnaeHbiM 3KOHOMI!lCTOM AreHTCTBa Me:>KAYHaPOAHoro pa3BHn1~ CWA. Ben npenoAaearenbCKYIO pa6ory e YH~~teepcHTeTe KnapKa ,., KonneA)Ke Ce. TpoHU,bl. ~en~eT~ aeropoM 6onbworo 'i~cna pa6or no eonpocaM pa3BHTH~ roproeoill H Q>HHaHconoill no- nHT"'KH. B nocneAH!fle nS~Tb neT omloeHoe BHHMaHllte YAen~eT roproBbiM H nnare:>KHbiM ngo6neMaM crpaH, nepe:>KHBaiO~Hx nepexoAHbl~ nep~~toA. CreneHb AOKTopa 3KOHOMHKH np~~tcao­ eHa rocnoAHHY M~xanonynocy KonyM6HACKHM yH~eepcH­ reTOM. A3BMATapp A3BHA Tapp - rnaBHbl~ 3KOHOMHCT OTAena Me)I(AyHapoAHO~ roprosnr.1 AenapraMeHTa Me:>KAyHaPOAHOill 3KOHOMHKH M6PP. 3aHHMasiCb 3KOHOMio1KOA nepeXOAHOrO neplltOAfi, nplltHII1Man YL4aCTHe B MlltCCHSIX M6PP B PoCCVIII1, BeHrPHH, nonbwe, 3croHHVI, J1aTBVIH, llHTBe lit YKpaHHe, noAroroeHn MHOrO'iHCneHHble ny6nHKaU,HH 10 AaHHbiM npo6- neMaM. Ao npHXOAa B M6PP npenoAaBan B YH~..teepc~1Tere WTaTa Oraiilo, a TaK:>Ke 6bln CTapWHM 3KOHOMHCTOM Cl>eAepanbHOA roproeoill KOMHCCHH CWA. ~en~eTCSi aeropoM HeCKOJlbKHX KH~~tr H MHO:>K8CTBa CTaTeill, BKTIIO'iaSI CTaTbH S "3KoHoMerp~Ke" (Econometrica), "063ope 3KoHo- MWieCKVIX ~1ccneAOBaHHA" (Review of Economic Studies), "E:>KeKBapTaJlbHOM 3KOHOMHL4eCKOM ~pHane Me*AyHa- POAHOH 3KOHOMVIKH" (Journal of International Economics), "Me)I(AyHaPOAHOM 3KOHOMHL4eCKOM o63ope" (International Economic Review) ,., u063ope 3KOHOMHKH 1.1 cTaTHCTii!KH" (Review of Economics and Statistics). AoKTopcKaSI creneHb np~..tcy>KAeHa rocnOAVIHY Tappy YHIABepcHreroM 6payHa. X Aaropbl pa3,11,enoa XaHceHY YH1o1sepc1neroM Konopa.o,o. rp3Ta &ynn &81JTJIOMeM lKa 6ynn nOJ'IY'iiMla creneHb Marncrpa a WKone En&AMMMP KoHoaanoa ynpasneH,.,~ 1o1M . .l].)K. KeHHeAif'l (fapsapACK1.1H B118AI.1M1.1P KoHoaanoa - rnaBHbiH 3KOHOMMCT YHHsepcHrer) a 1990 r. perHoHanbHoro AenapraMeHra Eaponbl ,., UeHTpallbHO" Aalil111 M6PP, OlB9'18eT aa pa601y no Mal1Kn KoHHOIUIM Poce1o1111. Pa6oraer a M6PP c 1986 r., MMeer 6ollbWO~ MaHKn KoHHOilllH, npoc:Peccop YHif'IBepcHrera onblr a o6nacn1 npoMblwneHHOH nonlo1TI.1K1.1 ,., Ma"aMIA, B HaCTOS~u.tee BpeMS~ SIBilsteTCSI roprosbiX pectx>PM. PaHee 38HI.1Man BbiCOKMe I10CTbl npHrnaweHHbiM 119KTOPOM no 3KOHOMHKe 1,11 B npaBI,IITellbCTBe AacrpanMM. rOCfliO.AI,IIH KOHOBallOB l,llalOilHAOlUI,IIM 06st3atiHocrn p,~,~~peKTopa nporpaMMbl 3aKoH~IIIn Aacrpani.1HCKMH Ha~IIIOHallbHbiH MCHeA)t(MeHTa SKOHOM~ecKOM nOili,IITVIKI,II B Ko.nyM- YHHBepcHrer. 61i1MCKOM YHI.1eepmiJTeTe, npoAellaHHast !,liM 3a nocneAHee ape~ pa6ora,., noe3,0JIHHSI TOprOBOM M 4>1.1HaHCOBOM (xl>ep APYfMX {xnon~eosoUI) 3KOHOMHIG1. 3a nocn~ee speMs:~ ero crpaH 6biBWero CoaercKoro C:o103a A11R pa6oTbl Ony61MKOBaHbl B "3KOHOMI.1Ke" {Economica), 3KOHOMIII"'9CKOH Cll}'JK6bl np1.1 B1.1U,e-nJpe3MA8HTe. ")KypHane MC*AYHaPOAHble AeHbrl,ll 1,11 cP~,i~H8HCb1" PaHee paoorana a AenapTaMeHrax l())lo'fOA Acjlpi.11G1 (Journal of International Money and Finance). 1.1 3KOHOM&.f\lea~QJ,yHapoAfiOH 3KOHOM!f1KM rocnoJJ,I.1H KoHHOJlJlH nO.IJY'flilll a YHKarCKoM roprosJM M MHaHcoa. CreneHb AOJCTopa 3KOHOM1.11G1 YHIIIBepc,.,rere. npl..1cY*AeHa rocno>Ke KP}'MM CraHKAYH8POAHoro 38 pa6ory no 3cTOHMH. COBMeCTHO C nHpi,IITTOM BalliOTHoro ¢»OHA8 {MBCD). CtaTbiO B HSCTOSIU4M~ Copca 1o1 APYr,.,MI.1 cnetzy~an1.1craM1.1 nposen PM c6opHI.1K Han1.1cana, pa60TaR no AByxfOAM~HOMY 1.1ccneAoBaHio1~ a o6nacr1.1 BHewHe" roproan~ KOHTPSKTY a M6PP a Ka'teCTBe crapwero 3KOHOMio1CTa, nplll6anrlii~CKHX rocy,o.apcTB. PaHee pa6oran a OTAene orae~a101J4ero 3a patiory no YKpai..1He. PaHee npoMblwneHHOCTI.1 H roproaJWI MSPP, a raJOKe pa6orana a p,enapTaMeHTaX A'J1.11.1 1.1 A. eosrnaan~n rpynny cne~HanHcroa no AotcropCK)IIO creneHb rocno)l(3 paHcyaaa ne rann Matep03KOH0Mio1Ke B J)aMKaX 3kO~OMH\.feCKO~ MHCOOH nOfiY"'1.111a B MH'MraHCKOM YH1.1Bepclo1rere. B F'yMbiHl-1~ nocne ee B03Bpali4eHio1SI B M6PP B 1990 r. B Ka'iecrae cne~1.1an~t~~cra no MaKpoaKo- A*OHH3W HOMHKe pa6oTall B raareMane, Cy,D.aHe H lt1tiA1,111o1 B A>KoH Haw - crapw,.," 3KOHOMHCT OTAena J)SMK&~ (,1CCJteAOBaHI.1H M6PP. no ~OH l-13 3ll1X Mm~CAY.iapQAHOH TOpr08111o1 M6PP, a TaiOKe QAMH 1.13 CTpaH ~M ony6111.1KOB8Hbl CTaTbM, K80CiiOU.U.f8cs:l AMPeKTopos OC'Y11'8CTEU1A8MO~ BoeMMPHbiM &iHKOM aonp.ocos nprJMbiWneHHoro pa3BMrnR, a rOJOKe KHHra ,., OOH nporpaMMbl paCWMP8HL4R ToproanM. B no npo6neMe ou.eHIG1 SKOHOMI.1~eciG1x npoetcroa. HaCTORLLtee apeMR B cocraae MMCC1o1~ Y'48CTByeT B CreneHb .t1.0d<.Topa 3KOHOMI.11Q1f npwcaoeHa rocnQMHY ~ccneAoBaHHio1 npo6neM roproenM Hoaoro xi He3aiU1~Moro rocy.o,apcrea rpy3lJII.-1. Ao npVDKe B AenapTaMeHT 3aHI.-1ManCR 111CCJ1eAOBaHllleM reopL-1lll Ypyma~cKoro paytiAa rATT. 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C 1992 r. 3aHif1Manacb npo6ne- BJJ.epanbHoro Co5pa.Hrr1st Poc~£1CKo£1 CDeAe~tA, MaMII1, C8~3HHbiMII1 C 3KOHOMII11.f9CKO!f1 peKe 3KOHOMllll.f9CK0£1 nonliiTIIIK9. 8 nepliiQA C OJCm6psi 1991 npo6neMbl crpaH Aci>Pf.IIKlJI 111 IlarnHcKo~ AMePII1KII1. no oKTSJ6pb 1993 r. 3ClH111Man nocTbl aaMecrnTe.flSI 1!1ccne.n,ys~ npo6neMbl Aonroa, roproan111, AB1,1)1(eHIA~ MII1HII1CTpa, a 3aTeM 111 MliiHliiCTpa BHeWHHX KaniATana, no~OTOBI.-111a 111 ony6Jl~KOBana 60J1bW09 3KmiOMlii~OOIG1X CBR3e£1 P, CreneHb AOKTOpa HayK KOJiw.;ecrao craTe~ no aonpocaM MaKpo- npii1CBOeHa rocnOAlJIHY rna3beBY LJ.eHTJ)aJlbHbiM 3KO- 3KOHOMII11.fecKo~ CTa6111Jllf13aU111111, BH9LUHero AOnra, HOMII1KO-MaTeMaTIIII.feCIG1M lf1HCTliiTYfOM (MoCKBa). 6erCTBa Kam1Tana. rocno:>Ka 83THII1K SIBJ1SI9TCSI AOKTOPaHTOM Ko.nyM61.-1~cKoro yHIABepc1.1rera. A:fHMen rpoc ,il3H!t19fl rpoc-crapwlll~ Ha~Hbl~ COTPYAHliiKLI.eHTJ)a ,,Q)KOHaTaH Yomepc 1113~eHHst eaponeMcKo~ nonliiTliiKII1 (6pl0ccem:~) lll llocneAt-n1e IJ,Ba ro,D,a ~oHaraH Yomepc stBilSieTCSI npoeccop YHII1BepclJITeTa l.o1MeHII1 reTe (p3HKKrocyAapcraeHHO~ roproanlll 111 npo6neMaM coi030B UeHrpaJibHO~ 111 I())KHo~ Acl>plJIKII1. Y~eHble nnare>Ke£1. AoKTopcKaR creneHb rocnoAliiHY rpocy creneHl!1 np1r1caoeHbl rocnoAII1HY Yonrepcy np111caoeHa 41.1KarCIGIIM YHI.1Bep~reroM. JlOHAOHCIG1M ytWIBepcmeTOM (Marncrpa 3KOHOM1.1KYI) 111 OKcc:POPACKliiM YHlllaepcii1TeToM (Marlllcrpa App,o XaHCCOH QlliiJlOC0$1111.1, nonllln1KII1 lll 3KOHOMliiK1.1). APAO XaHccoH Hay~Hbl£1 coTPYAHliiK CroKronbMCKoro 111HCTI.1ryra 3KOHOMliiKM crpaH 8ocrol.fHO~ Eaponbl, 3KOHOMlll~eCKlll~ coseTHliiK npaBII1TenbCTBa 3cTOHII1H, ~lleH npasneHliiSI 6aHKa MMWS lienKMifA&C 3croHlllll1. Era Hay~HaSl AestTellbHOCTb KOHUe~l­ M111wa 6eni!.II1HAac - coaeTHII1K no aonpocaM rpll1pyercst Ha rpaHcct>opMaUlll111 3KOHOMliiK crarncrnKlll pernoHaJlbHoro AenapraMeHra Eaponbl npl46a!1TII1~CKII1X fOCYAaPCTB. llpeAMeTOM ero 111 U.eHTpallbHO~ A31.1111 M6PP. Ao npliiXo,o.a B M6PP AeSITenbHOCn1 B Kal.feCTBe COBeTHliiKa npaBHTeJlbCTBa pa6oran B Ka~ecrae AIIIPeKropa OTAena 3croHI.1111 stBJlSIIOTCSI AeHe::lKHast pecpopMa 111 ueHrpanlii30BaHHo-nnaHOBbiX 3KOHOMII1K a rpynne MaKfJ03KOHOMII11.feCKaR non111rnKa. CreneHb AOKTopa ~FA. 8 re~eHII1e nocneAHif1X 15 neT pa6oran B 3KOHOMI.1KVI rocnO,(U1H XaHcCOH nOf1YlllJIJl B rapBaPA- o6naCTlJI 3KOHOMII1~9CKOf0 nporH0311ipOBaH~SI 1.1 CKOM YHlJIBepcii1TeTe. CTan1CTII11.feCK~1X npo6neM, BKJliOYaSl CTaTII1CTr.1KY Oner XaapMnMWMH roproan111 6bl.swero CoaercKoro Co103a lll Bocrol.fHO~ Oner XaaplJIIli.1WI.1H- 3aMe1.1.4SIOLI.zyl~ 111cnonHII1TeJ1bHbl£1 xii AMPeKTop (YKpaMHa) B MBpll1tcaHCIKbSI) coKpaTMilCSI HanonoBio1Hy, Tor.o.a KaK a e~e 6onee cepbe3Hbl~ ynaAoK npr.1wna ToproBM Me)I(Ay caMif1MM 3TMMVl CTpaHaMM (Me>KfOCYA8PCTaeHH8Sl TOpfOBil~). V1 XOTSI A8~CTBMTellbHOe COKP8ll.\8HMe 06beMOB ToproanM 6blno MeHee aHa'4MTenbHbiM, 1.4eM o6sanbHoe OaAeHHe, ci>MKCMPOBaaweeCSI oc:J>M~.tManbHO~ CT8TMCTMKO~, He nplt1XOAVITCSI COMHeB8TbCSI B TOM, '4TO TOpfOBilSI COKP8TMnaCb aecbMa peaKo. TaKo~ peaKM~ cnaA "faCl111'4Ho 6bln o6ycnoaneH CHMX<8HM8M 06beMOB npOH3BOACTBa, MMe/18 M8CTO lit o6paTHafl 3aBMCViMOCTb, HO Ba>KHO M TO, '4TO COKpa~eHMe TOpfOBilH • T8HA9HL4~~ B TOprOBJle ycyry6J1MOCb HeBepHO M36paHHO~ TOpfOBO~ OOllMTMKO~. 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COOTaeTCTay!OU\HX KOppeKT&.1a a reproacH pa3Ae11 4 1.1 ny6i1&.1KaU.HIO de Melo M Ofer aa 1994 npaKT!.IIKe 1.1 cpa.1HaHc1.1poaaH&.11.1. PeaKu,lr1eH Ha 3TI.1 r.; npo6neMbl crarHcnjK&.1 roproenH 6blawero npo6neMbl ~aHilC~ paapa60T8HHbl~ HOabiMH CoaercKoro Co10aa noAPo6Ho paccMarpi>1BaiOr~ rocyAapcraaMH KOMnlleKC Kpyn HbiX B np&.1110)KeHHI.1 K AaHHOMY paaAe.ny). >KnpaalftrenbcraeHHbiX 6aprepHbiX cornawcHHH, 3Kcnopr a crpaHbl aHewHero Ml1pa a6COI110THO HeCOaMeCTHMbiX C pa3BI.1Tif1eM COKP8TH11C~ co 105 MI1PA· AOI111. CWA a 1990 PbiHO"tHOH 3KOHOM&.1KH. r. AO 58 MllPA AOI111. a 1993 r., T.e. Ha 46%.111Mnopr BcTYna~ B 1992 r., ace 3TH rocyAapcraa CHH31.111~ 6onee 3Ha"tliiTe11bHO - CO 121 Mi1PA· 1.1MenH o6w.ee All~ HHX HacneA&.1e, ocraawee~ AOI111. AO 45 MI1PA· AOI111., T.e. Ha 63% (ra5n. or CoaercKoro Co10aa, - u,eHrpanbHo-nnaHoayiO 1.1 ). HecoMHeHHO, "tacTM"tHO 3TO coKpal!4eH!f1e 3KOHOMHKY H Toproamo. 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CUJA s reKyll(HX l.leHax s nepec:11ere no PBCY6THOAIY Kypcy ApMettMR 3509 5477 1882 3766 1335 1339 583 999 Aaep6aA.QluH 8213 7300 6167 6347 3144 2972 1555 1526 Senapyca. 27660 28740 19977 21640 15636 16568 12144 13739 fpyaMA 5168 7608 2463 3900 602 1473 573 1321 Ke38XCT8H 13993 24810 12008 15874 11574 17586 7863 11788 Kaziprbl3cTaH 3250 5120 3470 3628 1599 2048 814 1175 naTBMR 6516 8302 4046 4197 3239 3396 978 1082 nMTBa 7213 12082 5211 6365 2529 4551 1548 1852 Moi\QOB8 4984 8442 2552 5019 1337 3093 1203 2417 Pocc6tA 146183 95802 115355 61227 83753 53113 55355 34109 T~H 2760 5375 1886 3662 495 1186 292 611 TYJ)KMeHMCTBH 4603 4042 4883 2646 4691 3055 2734 2717 YICP&MHa 60348 71841 43147 60872 28133 48573 17628 35294 Y36etcMcT8H 11327 18818 9228 11715 41n 5818 4100 5243 3cToHMA 3289 5257 2574 3013 983 1173 568 543 6~CCCP 309016 309016 234851 213869 163227 165944 107942 114417 !,1 C T 0 '4 H M IC M: 38 1990 M 1991 rr.- oci»Mi.¥18Jibttie CT8TMCTM'ti!CICM8 .QilHHbl8, sa 1992 M 1993 rr. - ~ C"""'"MMCTOII M6PP. 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B OCHOB- :s:ll 0 HOM - cjX npoAYJCTbl, MeT8Mbl M Cblpbe ~ '0 ,qepeao I (necoK, M KO)I(3) :s: (') 0 JllflTBa 3KcnopTHble nownHHbl HeT, KpoMe speMeH- HesaaeweHH8R npHMepHo 10 n03J,1- 0rMeHeH8 KoHaepTMpyeM8SJ c 1992 r.; saniOTHbiH Ill B paaMepe 0-50% Me- HbiX 38npeTOB H8 3KC- CpeAHRSJ aeTWI~MHa U)1H coseT c 8npenSJ 1994 r.; oTCyrcmyeT i~ CD Hee ~eM no 15 noaH- nopT ceMSJH KP8CHoro - 3,2%, (OT 0 AO o6R38Te11bH8R npo,lla)l(8 Ba1110THOH BbiP~KH i u,HSJM (4-5-3H8KOBbiH Klleeepa, Heo6p86o- 30%). B 75% noaH- 0 rc ypoeeHb). B 90% nosM._..,.H nownHHbl T8HHOH ,QpeBecMHbl ~!68 "' nceHR U.~H noW11MHbl OTCyr- CTByK)T. HH3:cMe no- f .. Hr,ace 10% WilMHbJ Ha CbiPbe H i :a I M8TI:~PH811bl n I s: CD -.& 0 g Ta6k1MLUI 1.6 (oKOH'48HHe). I liJ OITJBHIA'IeHUR Ha sKcnoDT 0rJJaHH'I8HMR H8 HMnOIJT I CTpaHa Hanonf flHL(8H3~U u lrRnTJJ nownuHbl flHL{8H3rH lA IYRnTI.I rocroprosnfl Bamora I 0 s 3: ~ Mon,nosa HeT 3KcnopT aepHa, KO)I(IIt 0-300%, B OCHOBHOM HeT CoxpaHeHa ,l.\1'1~ rocy- KoHaepTI!IpyeMas:t ,IJIISI onepaUI/IH no TeKY- g Ill 3HeprOHOCIIITeJ1eH aanpelU,eH HV.1Ke 30%; Hlii3KH9 CTGBKH H8 Cblpbe Ill ,o,apcTBeHHbiX 6apTep- HbiX C0fi18W9HIIIH CO U41.1M C'feTaM; 06S138T911bH8Sl npo,o,a:lK8 B81110Tbl H8 Me>K68HKOBCKOM PbiHKe ~ M8T9Piil811bi; 30%-HbiH cTpaHaMIII CHr; Kpyn- ! c6op c LiSCTHOiO 6ap- Hble rocy,o,apcTB9HHble Tepa 38K}'nKr.-1 Poccl!ls:l CneiJ,IIIanbHble Hano- KsoTbl Ha HeQ>Tb 111 Cpe.Q.HeaaaeweHHas:l HeT CY~UecTayeT H c cHr, KoHaepTI!IpyeMaP.; ,D,OC-ryn K IIIHOCTP8H- rill H8 3HeprOHOCIIIT911111, HeCPTenpoA}'KTbl; or~ CT8BK8 no IIIMnop- Ill c TpeTblo1Miil CTP8H8- HOH B81110Te 'fepe3 Me>K6aHKOBCKiile npl!lpo,QHb19 pecypcbl P8HH'feHHbiH cn111coK TY- 12%, BaPbliiPY- Miil; IIICn011b3YIOTCS1 ro~ 8YKIJ,IIIOHbl 1.1 61!1p)l(l!l; OTCYTCTByeT 06R- H HE':KOTOPble noJ1Y<1>a6- KOMfl8HIIIH, l.r1M910l.UIIIX eT OT 0 A0 100%; cyASpcTBeHHble 38- 38T911bH8~ npo,o,a>Ka BaniOTHOH BbiPY'fKII'I PIIIK8Thl; JlbfOTb! npeAQ- P83J)eW9HI!Ie H8 3KC- BbiCOK&o<~e CTaBKIII H8 KYflKIII CT8Bils:IIOTC5; 111361!1pa- nOPT 3HeproHOCI!ITe- OPy)l(llle, 3119KTJ)OHIIIKY T911bHO fiaH Ill CbiPbSI (co6cT- Ill 311eKTJ)Onp1!160pbl, BeHHbiX Ill nptilH8,DIIe- 8BTOM06wtlll, npOJJ.YK- )1(8~X 6o11ee Me/1- Tbl ni!ITSH~t;s:l, CT8HKIII 11'1 KIIIM 3KcnopTepaM) Tpy6bl; pacnpOCTP8- H9H8 npaKTIIIK8 VICK- IIIO'f9HIIIH 1113 o6~x npaalilll, 'fSCTO AIIS1 OT- ,IJ,911bHbiX npe.o.npllls:t- TI.1H YKpal-'iHa HeT 60J1bWI.1HCTBO 88)1(- 0-50%, B OCHOBHOM HeT W111poKoe npi!IMeHeHVIe He,o.ocTaTOYHbiH ,o.ocryn K PbiHKaM 1.1HOCT- (llltOHb 1994 r.) HbiX 3KCnopTHbiX TO- 0~ 10%; 60-350% Ails:! rOC38K830B paHHOO B811fOTbl; 06s:I38T911bH8S1 nPQ~J,IDKa BapoB (104 nOOIIII.UIIM) npe.Q,MeTOB pocKOWIII; 50% aaniOTHOH BbiPY'tKIII no HepbiHO'IHOMY 0% AnH IIIMnopTa, He KYPCY (aTo KacaeTcHIII pocc111~cKMX py6- KOHKYPIIIPYIO!.UefO c nelit) MecTHOM npoAYKLJ,IIIeH HeT PacnpeAeneHMe WMpoKoe npMMeHeHMe 0-teHb orpaHIII~eHHbiH AOCTY" K IIIHOCTP8H- Ya6eKMcTaH 10-50% AnSI MHOfMX JllllueHalllpyeTCSI 3KC- nopT HaM6onee Ba)l(- IIIHOCTp&HHOM B81110- rocaaK830B H0.:1 aaniOTe; o6RaaTenbHaR npoAOJKa 30% norpe6MYanbCKMX TO- Tbl AnSI IIIMnOpTHbiX aanJOTHOM Bb1P~Kit1 no o4»111UH&nbHOMY aapoa M MHOrMX nony- HbiX Toaapoa; rocy~ cl>a6pMKaTOB ABJlCTBeHHbiM KOHT- 381CY"OK tcypey, 38BbiWeHHOMY H8 80% ponb B cl>opMe BbiCO- KorO KocsettHOro H8- noroo6noJKeHMH oc- HOBHbiX 3KCi1opTHW TOB8poB, oco6eHHO xnomca Ta6aK, anKorcnb, He- 0,5% AOR uenelit HeT HeT KoH&ePTIIIPYeMble no Teteyll4111M onepaUHRM, 3cTOHIIIA 06nar&IOTCR TOJ1bKO KOTopbie npZ>AYK'fbl CT8TMCTIIIKIII ME!DC8HIII3M B81110THOro COBeT8 C npe.Q.MeTbl KYnbTYP- HOrO H83H8'teHIIIH; 0,5% Af1H C/X Ill .necoM8Teplll8llb!, MeT8J1..n~. Bel!UlTenb- ii'IIOHR 1992 r.; B 1994 r. OTMeHeHa 06R- 38TenbH8SI npo.Q,a)IC8 881110Tbl; npaiCTM- f ; Sl ~ecKaSl KOHBePTIIIPYeMOCTb no c~eTy OCT&nbHbiX CT8TeM HaR ar.napaTYP&, ropiO'tllle cnaHLJ,bl, HeTb Kanmana t i l CD % n 0 a KpoMe 11Mlti'H3MA Ha toaapbl ,QIISI ~ 3,Qp8BOOxp8H8HMSI H 6e30naCHOCTH. i Ill C T M5PP. I 0 't H M sc: pe310M8 CTateA no OTA811bHbiM rocy,QapcTBaM (CM. COOTBSTCT&yi0114H8 P83A811bl) H .QaHHble, np8AOCT8BII8HHble 3JCOHOMHCT8MH i 0 Cil 1 i lll I n I ..... ..... 12 ~~ II·DibiK H63811MCMMbiX rooy,QapCTBaX Ha CTapyiO C!.1CTeMy BbipaBH&o188HHSI u_eH, nQAOW~He K peWeHH~ 3TO~ npo6neMbl, no BceM rocy,c~ap(~TBeHHble Toproable opraHH3aU.Hlll B~Mocm, AQ6HmCb 6onbWHX. 'feM .QPYR4Je HOBble onna't&o1B811llr f!POAYKU.III!O OTe'teCTBeHHbiX C'JP8Hbl, ycnexos B 3TOA o6nacm pE$oi)MaropcKoA npo~BOfJ,lti'Tene~ no u,eHaM 3Ha'tHTellbHO HH>Ke Tex, Aes:ITel'lbHOCTH. KOTOPble npesaJl~APOBaTJIII Ha MHPOBbiX PbiHKaX, a HecMOTPSI Ha aKTHBHOe coKPall.leHHe flOC'fYMeti&.f); OT 3KCf1opTHbiX noCTaBOK VICf1011b30BaiM 3KCOOPTHbiX orpaHH'feHHM C 1992 r., K cepe.D,HHe AlllR Cy5CIIIAHPOBaH&o1s:l IIIMnopTHbiX CAeno~. no 1994 r. M8CWTa6HbiM 3KCnOpTHbiM KOHTPOI'Ib ou,eHKaM, e Pocc111H IIIMnopTHble cy6CIIIAHH nPQAOmKall OCTaBaTbCR B CHIJe B T8KHX Cl"P8HaX, COClaBJlRIM B 1993 f. (B MOMeHT CBOero Bblauero KaK Mor~oaa. KaaaxcraH 111 PoccHS~, 1.1 6b111 onpe- nOAl~Ma) AO 24% BallOBOro BHyrpeHHero npoAYKJ3 Aem~ll.lHM Am~ Toprosn&~~ cf>aKTOPOM B YJABSAOMCTB€!HHble npeAnPHSIH1SI ATISI TaK>Ke 0Ka3ai1111Cb BeCbMa 3HaLfii!Te11bHbiMH 7 • no COOTBI91'CTBYIOW.HX MHHHCTepCTB (CM. KOM- npeAB8PHTe11bHOM OU,eHKe rpoca (Gras) (eM. MeHTap&o~~itl rna3baBa K pa3,0.eny 2). C nOMOll.lbiO KOMMeHTaPHM K pa3Aeny 2), B 1993 r. AI1R Poca1111 3KaloplHbiX orpaHweHHM MHHHCTepcraa nOOY'K.D/iiOT CT8TH'teCK8s:l CTOHMOCTb ee 3KCnopTHbiX npOH3BOJJ.fiiTelleM Cb!Pbs:l nocTaBTISITb era OrpaHM'feHHM COCTaBW18 ni)H611H3HTel'lbHO 20-25% npe.DflpHSTmRM, KOTOpbiM OHH nOIQ)OEWITenbCTBYtOT, BBn. AHHaMM'feCKaS1 >Ke (nepcneKTMBHble norePH) H 6maroAaPR 3TOMY HMeiOT B03MO>K· Mo>KeT 6bln" ew.e 6onee 3Ha'MTe11bH~. HOClb B ~\KOt1-TO Mepe OKa3biBaTb Ha HMX BlllrtSii~. B ycJlOBMSl)( HeooecnS'feHHoom sHyrpeHHero JlbiHKa Yt.vnopTHBR nonHTHKB HS06XOAliiMbiMH nocTaBK8MH K 3KCnopTHOM K KOHU.Y 1993 r. 60TibWHHCTBO HOBbiX Aes:ITellbHOCTH OTHOC~TC~ C nOA03peHHeM 111 He38BIIICHMbiX rOCYA8PCTB HMeno HeMHOro nJ)eAilCHil1TellbHOM CTaHOBlt1YCSJ peamaau,HS~ J103YHr8 ocPHLU1allbHbiX orpaHH'teHHIA ~MnopTa. B Til *e o6 YAeP*SHHH TcsapclB BHYTPH CTPaHbl. TaKHM BpeMSI TOBapbl OTe~CTBeHHOrO npOH3BCJJ.CTBa, o6pa30M; HeCMOTPR Ha TIHKBHA8U.I.1~ CHCTeMbl HCnbiTbiBaiO~He KOHKYPeHLI,HtO CO CTOpoHbl HM- u,eHTP~'Uii~OBSHHIJrO nnaHHpOBaHHR, B 1993 r. nopTa, OOIJY'*1IM oeCbMa cepbe3H}'IO 3al!U1lY B B~NJ.e poccr.;~CKHe MHHIIICTepcTBa npo.Q,OIDICa!M COCTaBilATb aattM)KeHHbiX OOMeHHbiX KYJ)C.OB (CM. Ta611. 1.7, rAe "MaTepHanbHble 6anaHcbl" ('tTo HanoMI!tHano npHBe.D.eHbl cpeJJ,HeMeCSNHble aapnnaTbl ~ AOMaPBX npou~ecc nnai·HilPOBaHHR), 'tT06bl onpeAenMTb no Pb1H0'4HOMY ooMeHHOMY K)'PCY). "taClwtHO 3TO fHl3MO:XCHI,.e, no YAOBneTBopeHHH BHYTPeHHHX narpe6HOCTeM, o6'beMbl 3KCf10pntbiX nocTaBOK. 6bloo Clle.D.CTB!r1eM 3KcnopntbiX orpaHH'teHM~. TaKHM o6pagoM, 6ollbWIIIHCTBO oTPScneM He HCilbiTbiBaOO npaKTI;~LieCKVJ BC BceX Cny'taRX (38 HeMHOntM cepbe3HOM aapy6e>KHoM KOHKypeHLI,HM. K npHMepy, HCKII~'teHHeM) 3KcnopTHbiM KOHTpOIIb aHaiM3 92 nJ)HBaTM3HPOBaHHbDC nJ)eAI1PMStTMM ~co t')cy~et.":TBTISiiiCS~ eacbMa HenocneAoaaTenbHO, c CJ)eAHHM 'MCilOM pa60TaJOll.lW( 1518 'tell.) B IJIJYX 6ec'tHcJr!eHHbiMr, cner.J.H811bHbiMH HCICiliO'ieHHRMH 1113 o6ll.lero nopSlJ,o.Ka 111 LfaCTbiMH CMeHaMH ero o6nacTRK POCCHH no COCTCRtH~ Ha olm16pb 1993 HanpasneHt-IOCTH. 3KcnopTHble orpaHH"teHMS'I r. OOHapy>KMTI npaKTM'teCKH nOll HOe 01rCyTCTBHe C03.Q.8J11r1 o6cYaHOBKY HeonpeAeneHHOCTH 111 AO KOHKYJ)eHLI,HH CO cropoHbl HMnopTHbiX rnsapoe8 • npeAena ocna6Hn~ no6yAHTe11bHble CTHMYIIbl K Ha yposeHb BalliOTHoro o6MeHHoro KYJ)ca BeASH~!O Ttj})fiOBOO ~ocn11, l.fTO Ol'PHI.I,aTeiWtO OKa3aJIO B03AeUicTBHe HecKonbKo cf>aKTt)poa. Bo- CK83ai10Cb teaK H8 TPaAHU.HOHHbiX BHA8X 3KC· nepBbiX, B Te'teHHe 6onbWeM "4SCTH 1993 r. nopTa, TaK H Ha BOaMO>KHOCTH nostaneHHSI HOBbiX npaKTM'teCIGt 808 HOBble rocy,a,apcroa HCflbiTbiBallM BMAOB s~cnopTHOM npOAYKU.HH. KpoMe TOro, ocrpyiO cPHH8HCOBYJO OOTPe6ttOCTb B IIIHOI:Tpat~HO" 3KCnOpTHWM KOHfPOTib np~Ben K ~eCTBeHHOMY B811~Te, 'tTO B COBOKYnHOCTH C MaCUJTa6HbiM pc;lCTy o4•Hu,HallbHO He Y"IIIIThiBaeMoro HeneranbHoro 6ercTBOM KanHrana np111eeno K o6ecu,et-tMBaHH~ 3KCnopTa; NIHO>K8CTB9HHbiM pe- 3KCnopTHbiM Hau,MoHanbHOM san~Tbl. BBHAY 6c1nbworo nepenpO(J.a)XSM CblpbeBb&< npOAYKTOB H HecPTH; 6~A*eTHoro Ae$HU.HTa M BbiCOKHX ~fPOBHeM Maca..ura6HoMy 6ercmy KanHT811a, peanHayeMoro HHcP~H, nepeKpbiBaBUJeM npou_eHTbl no OKnaAaM, nyTeiM 38Bl:!4WeHr.1S1 yKasblsaeMbiX o6beMOB HacelleHHe HCKallO HHOe, He>KenH Hai..I,HIJHallbHble 3KcnopTH~X CASTIOK M 38HH~eHHS1 06beMOB B81110Tbl, cpeACTBO COXpaHeHHSJ CTCI!r1MOCTII1. IIIMnopTHbV< cp,eOOK. 8CJ1eACTEWie 3TOro 3KcnOprHble 0THOC~Cb C HeAOBepHeM K B03MO*HOMY c6op~ He np~HecnH O>KHAaeMbiX OfibeMOB npHo6peTeHHIO AB1.1)1(HMoro n~6o He.Q.EaH)I(HMOro cP~HaHCOBbiX nocrynneHHM, 8 3KCnOpTHOe MMyll.leCTBa Ha-aa HeonpeAeneHHOC~TH npas TIHL~f.!H3~POBaHVIS npr..1oeno K C03,D.aHH~ MOUJ.HbiX C06CTBeHHOCTH, HaceneHHe 3TII1l( CTpaH KOPP'/fli...'"OHrUaiX On1t.fY.OOB. nJ)M6ann1i:1ciG1e CTJ)aHbl, npe.DilO"'MTallO coxpaHSITb CBOH Aetfe.wtble cpe.o.craa paHee APYn1x t-~a'taBWHe nH6epanH3aU.M~ nyreM np11106peT8HHSI MHOCtpaHHoM BalliOTbl. 3KCnopTHO~ A~el'lbHOCTIII 111 6onee OCHOBaTeTibHO ICpaTICMA o63op nepeMeH CO llp&MeHM o6peT8HMA H83811MCMMOCTI' 13 TaCiftMW.\8 1.7. CPeAH• aapaCkmt• n.n~m~ a AOIIII. CWA8 (1912-1994 rr.). 1992 1993 1994'K RHB.·HIOHb HKJnb-JteK. RHB. wffiOHb HIOnb•Jt6K. Poco~ 21 33 37 79 94 YKP8MH8 18 21 12 16 21 MoJ1AQB8 12 17 13 20 21 6enapyob 24 33 24 22 25 lPMa~;A nonY'«!'tra M3 ,QenaptaMeHTa CTpaH M6PP. 80-BTOpb!X, npM 3KCOOPTHbiX orpaHWieH~~tSIX OTpacTISIM npOMbiWI18HHOCTL1, lltCObiTbiBaiO~MM COKpaT~~tlllltCb 06beMbl nocrynneH~~tA lltHOCJpaHHO~ KOHKypeHU,IItiO CO CTOpOHbl ~~tMnopra, nyTeM BaiiiOTbl, "'TO TaiOKe CKa3allOCb Ha VIMOOpTHbiX BbiAeneH~~tSI Ae~~tU,IItTHbiX lltllllt OHAMPY8Mb1X B03MO)I(HOCTSIX 3n1X CTpaH. Cro~~tMOCTb HMnopra 6b!IB pecypcoa. Bc-aropbiX, coKpa!J.4eH~~te nocTynneH~~t~ lltCKiliO'f~~tTellbHO BbiCOKOA, "'TO sp~~tMO lltHOCTpaHHO~ B81110Tbl Ha PbiHOK np~~t BOAMT IK noATBep>K,Q.aeTCSI ypoBHSIM~~t peanbHO~ aapa6orno~ AallbHe~weMy pocry ee o6MeHHoro Kypca. OllaTbl - 10-20 AOM. B MeCSUJ, B 1992 r. lit lllltWb Bcr.e.o,cmMe 3Toro ~~tHocrpaHH~ BalliOTa CTaHOB~~tTCSJ HeMHor~~tM 6onbwe B 1994 r. Ecn&.-1 6bl 6b!n~~t AOClYflHOM .n~~twb AllR npef.JJ1p~~t~H-3Kcnoprepoa ~ B03MmKHbl nOC1)'11118HinSI KOHBeprnpyeMOH Ball!Olbi, AJ1R rex, KTO MO}I(eT np~~to6peTaTb ee Ha "'aCTO BecbMa JlaA"'KallbHO COIKa.HIItSI TOB3POB B CTpaHe) np~otBO.D$1T K nocrynJi\8HIItH lltHOCTpaHHOA BailiOTbl nyreM KaK OAHOMY peaynbTary: Ha~~t6onee aKT~~tBHo HenocpeACTBeHHOH fOCYAaPCTBeHHOH ToprOBOH YHKlJ.IItOHMPYIOIJ.48R o6naCTb ToproBilllt RBMeTcs:i A8SITellbHOCTL1, TaK M np~~tHYA&;tTellbHO~ npOJJ,a>KIIt OCHOBHbiM 06beKTOM Hai10f006110}1(8HIIfSI. MHOrlo1e ~~tHOCTJ)aHHOH Bai110Tbi3KcnoprepaM~~t. 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CBOI.1X TOBapoe (3a 1.1CKfli0~8HI.18M CeJJbCKOX03s:I~CTBeHHO~ npoAYJlKHo o6bs:!CHI.r1Tb ABYMs:i o6cTOS1TenbCTBaMlil: ~ BbiCOKO~ CTeneHbiO KOHU,eHTJ)al.J,I.1!t1 TOpfOB111.1, TeM, YKP&IIIia 29 23,8 82,1 ~TO HeKOTOpble BI.1Abl TOBapoB BblnycKa111.1Cb 6enapycb 47,3 41 86,8 e,O.I.1HCTBeHHbiM 1.1111.1 Bcero HeCK011bKt.1MI.1 Ya6eta1craH 28,5 25,5 89,4 npo1.13BOA!f1Tens:!Mt.1; Toproens:~ Me~ pecny6ni.1KaM1.1 KaaaxcraH 23,5 20,8 88,7 6blewero CoaeTcKoro Co103a cocTaens:~na fpyaHSI 28,9 24,8 85,9 3Ha~I.1TeJJbHYIO ~aCTb o6w,ero o6beMa BHeWHeM A3ep6a~H 33,9 29,8 87,7 Toprosnl.r1 ,o.a.>Ke B cpasHeHI.11.1 c APYft.1MH nKi"Ba 45,5 40,9 89,7 peri.10Ha11bHbiMI.1 TOpfOBbiMI.1 6110KaM1.1 (Ta6n. 1.8). MOI\A008 33 28,9 87,7 Ans:~ Pocc1.1li1 o6beM Toproant.1 c APYft.1MI.1 JlaTBMSI 41,4 36,7 88,6 pecny6111.r1KaM1.1 6biBWero COI03a COCTaB11S111 61% ~H 32,3 27,7 85,7 o6w.ero ee o6beMa, mr.o.a KaK Af1SI.o.pyn.1X pecfl}'6mK T~H 35,9 31 86,5 3TOT noKa3aTe11b COCTaB11S111 80% 1.1 6onee, TaKHM ~ 28,4 25,6 90,1 o6paaoM, B 1990 r. POCCI.1SI 1.1Mena caMbiM HI.131G1M Typi(MetMCTaH 35,6 33 92,5 nOI<:aaaTellb 3a81.1Cl-1MOCH1 OT TOpfOBJlloi C P,Pyrl1MI.1 3c'TOHMSi 32,9 30,2 91,6 pecny6m1KaM1.1. Pe3KOe COKPaW.eHllle Me.>KfOCYAaPCTBeHHOW Crpafibl 8ocr0'1Hoif Esponbl (GaB) (1989 r.) 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Y'6CTHH~ npaBif'ITenbCTBa noflY'9Jll.1 aa 3KCilOJ)THble nocTae~. 3KOHOM~'iecKoro npou,ecca He >Kenan~ n1116o -- 3TO py6nesble IQ)e,[IJIITbl 8 CBOe~ JKe 6aHKOBCKO~ He 1!1Men&.1 B03MO}I(HOCT~ ~CnOnb30BaTb C&.1CTeMe, KOTOpble HX U,eHTJ)af!bHble 6aHKII1 MOrJ1111 6aHKOBCK)'IO QIICTeMY Af1SI OMaTbl TOBapoB ~ npeAQCTaBilRTb Ha HeaaBHC&IIMO~ OCHOBe H KOTOpbiX ycnyr, npep,oCTaBfiSieMbiX .o,pyn.IM111 CTJ)aHaMl-1. y HI.1X 6bll10 8 lo136biTKe. npaB~TeJlbCTBa, B TOM l.f&IICile 3ra npo6neMa 6bllla oco6eHHO OCTJ)O~ B 1992 np1.16afm1~CIG1X CrpaH, 6biCT)JO OTJ)ean.tpOBa/11 Ha r., B nep~OA cyw,eCTBOBaH~SI eA~HO~ 3TO, ~ yYteBpaJlK) 1992 r. 6biOO BBeAeHO py6neso~ 30Hbl, OIJJiaKO oHa coxpaHSiercs~ 1.11 3Kcnopnme Jllf'I~H31.1poBaHVJe e Me>sKHble nopy'ieHHSt. 0AHaKo c~cTeMa • 3KcnopTHble orpaHI.11.feHVJSI, no ~He~ Mepe aacronop1.1nacb: Af1SI CJCYU..lecTBneHI.1R nnare>Ke~ no TaKVJe >Ke cepbe3Hble, KaK 1.1 Te, KOTOpble Me>KfOCYAaPCTBeHHOMY nnaTe>KHOMY nopYI.feH~IO lf'IMeiOT MeCTO B ToprOBJle C TpeTbi.1MI.1 Tpe00Ba110Cb OT /Jilyx AO TJ)ex MeCSIU,eB. 8 ycnOBHSlX crpaHaMI.1. .iH¢IJlSILJ,If11.1 TaKif'le .Af1&.1TeJlbHble OTCPO'i~ nnaTe>Ke~ oaHal.fan&-1 rpoMaAHble noTep&-1 AflSI Toproeu,ee, • CoxpaHSIBWaSICSI rocy,o,apcTBeHHaSI ToproB/1S1 nbiTaBW1.1XCSl BOCnonb30BaTbCSI 6aHKOBCKO~ 1.-1BO MHOri.1X CTpaHax MOHOnO.nbHOe npaBO clf'lcTeMo~. nono>KeHif'le c nnaTe>KaM"" e~e 6onee rocy,oppcTBa Ha saKynKY 3KCflOPTHbiX TOBapoB, yxy.D,Wif1110Cb nocne lo110JlSI 1992 r. 8 CBSI3H C pOCTOM 'iTO CAeP>KHBano nepeop~eHTau,VJ~ OTHOCKrenbHbiX u,eH Ha 3HeproHOCif'ITenH- OCHOBHYIO BHewHeToproso~ AesrrenbHocrn Ha pbiHO'iHble COCTaBnSIIOLl.tYJO pocclf'lii!C KOro 3KcnopTa - y POCC&IIIf'l npVJHLJ,lllnbl, B TO BpeMR KaK no MHO)I(ecn;y Hal.fanO HaKanJllf'!BaTbOR 3HS~I.1TeflbHOe aKT&.18HOe np1.11.f&.1H He BOCCTaHaBJ11.1BaJ11.1Cb npe)Kt-11.1e canbAO ABYCTopoHHI.1X Toprosblx 6anaHcos c TOprOBble CBSI31.1. 60flbWII1HCTBOM 6biBWif'IX COBeTCK&.1X pecny6n&.1K. e 3anyraHHa51 C&.1CTeMa pernOHaJlbHbiX TOproBbiX YTo6bl 1.136e:>KaTb Heorpat-n.>1"ieHHoro ¢)1.1HaHCif'!posatn'51 npect>epeHU,r.1~ 1.11 Ait1CKPI.1M&.1HaU.I.10HHble caoero aKTI.1BHoro roproeoro canqAo a ycnoawRX no,o,xoAbl a Toprosne. npoAOI'OKaiOLl.te~CSI HeKOHTPOJ1&.1pyeMo~ AesiTeJlbHOCTif'l U,eHTpanbHbiX 6aHKOB 3TII1X rocyAaPCTB no npo6neMbl fl/18.Te)l(eH yaen,.,'feHI-110 o6beMa AeHe)KHO~ Maccbl, a TaK>Ke npo6JleMbl nnaTe>Ke~, B~MO, 6b1Jllf'llf'l OCTaiOTCSI eocnpenRTCTBOB.3Tb OTTOKY TOeapOB, B 1.11011e 1992 r. Hal.16onee cepbe3HO~ nperpaAo~ AflR POCC&.1Sl BBena Jl""Mif'IT&.1POBaHif'le KpeAL1TOB no Me)Kf"OCYAaPCTBeHHO~ Toproenlf'l. Pacna,o. CoseTCKOro KOppecnoH,O,eHTCKI.1M Cl.feTaM U,8HTPaflbHbiX 6aHKOB. Co10aa noBJleK aa co6o~ pacnatJ, e~Ho~ 6aHKOBCKo~ B cnyYae npesblweH&.1R KaKO~-n~6o crpaHo~ n&.1Mrrrra (c roc6aHKOM BO mase) lf1 A9He>KHO~ C&.1CTeMbl. 6e3 UeHTpanbHbl~ 6aHK Pocc&-1111 Mar oTKa3aTbC~ npoMeAfleH~R 6b1Jllf'l C03AaHbl nRTHaAU,aTb onnal.flf'IBaTb nnaTe>KHble nopY'ieHif'IR (3KBir1BalleHT l.feKa) HeaaBif'I~MbiX U,eHrpanbHbiX OOHKOB, a 3KCilOpTepbl npeAflplr1RTI1~ CTpaHbi-AOJDKH&.1Ka. oTO 03Ha'iaflO, 'iTO n~w1.1m1cb rapaHTI.1~ roc6aHKa no pocCH~CK!i1e 3Kcnoprepbl He no.J1Y'i8111.1 6bl onnaTY 38 Me)KrOCYAaPCTBeHHbiM nnare>KaM. Ew.e 6onbWif'le Toeapbl, nocraeneHHble B 3TY crpaHY, fJIJ)Ke ecn&-1 CflO>KHOCHI B03Hif'IKJllf'l B CBR3&.1 C TeM, l.fTO I-1MnopTep 1.1 ""Men cpeACTBa B CBOeM cytl.lecTBOBaHI.1e B eAif'IHO~ py6neBO~ 30He flSITHa.o.u,aTif'l KOMMepl.feCKOM fiaHKe AflR noKpbiTHSI nnaTe>KHOrO He3aB&.1Cif'IMbiX U,9HTpanbHbiX 6aHKOB, nopY1.feH&.1R. ocyu..teCTBnSIIOI.UI.1X HenOAKOHTPOJlbHYfO 3MII1CCI.10HHYIO nplt1 AaHHO~ C&.1CTeMe npaKTL1'ieCKit1 Aes:rrenbHOCTb, npHseno K 3Hal.fi!1TenbHOMY yaen&.1- ycTaHaBn&>isanocb paan""l.f~e Me~ pocc&.1~CK1r1Mir1 l.feHll110 06beMa AeHe>KHO~ MaCCbl lf1 ToproBOMY py6ns:~Ml-1 1.1 py6nRM&.1, &.1cnonb3yeMbiM&.1 APYr&.1M~ Aec:t>~LJ,If'lty. 8 Tel.4eHII1e nepao~ nonoelf'!Hbl 1992 r. crpaHaMI.1 6blswero CosercKoro Co10aa, a TaiOKe BHOBb CTI.1Myn&.1pOBaJlCR ""X 3KCilOpT 8 Pocc1.110. 01J.H(lKO TOnbKo Pocclfm o6na,o,ana npasoM 3MI!1CCI.1&.1 py6neso'1 KpaTKMA o63op nepeMeH CO apeMeHM o6peT8tMA H8388MCMMOCTM 17 Ae~CT8~e AaHHo~ c~creMbl CAeP)IC:I•18anocb nH6epan~3o8aHo. B peaynbTare aHa'fiiiTenbHO 06cTaHOBKO~ HeonpeAeneHHOC~ ~ An~TenbHbiM~ ~3MeH~fiiiCb ycnoBMR roprOBIM, oco6eHHO 8 ccJ>epe 38lJ.ep*KaM~ nnare>Ke~ (Ao rpex Mecsl.l,e8) Ha ¢loHe 3KcnopTa ~ MMnopTa 3HeproHocMrene~ ~ 8biCOKoro YJl08HSI HH«::>Jn.U.1~. K KOHUY 1993 r. ace npoMbiWileHHorO CblpbR. no OUf!HKaM cnei..I,Mall~CT08, HOBble rocy.Q.aPcrea, aa ~CKiliO&eH~M Ta.Q)Klii~CTaHa. nepexQA Ha MMpo8ble U,eHbl 8 Me)I(J"()cy,oapCTBeHHO~ 88en~ co6cr8eHHble aamonJ~. TaK 6blna peweHa ropro8ne 03Ha'fan 6bl aHa'f~TenbHoe yxyAWeHMe npo6neMa Heno.D,KoHrponbHOO "" HecornacosaHHO~ ycno8~M ToproanM ~ TaKMX crpaH--MMnoprepoa Aes:ITenbHOC~ He3a8&.1C~MbiX ~..teHTJ)allbHbiX 6aHKOB, sHeproHoc~rene~ "" cblpbs:., KaK MonA08a 1r1 a Heaa81.1C~Mble rocyAaPCT8a Morn~ 6onee He npM6ann1MCKMe rocy,o,apcTBa. Vlx noTeplll AOIDKHbl onacaTbCs:l Toro, 'fTO npstMaR ropro8M Me)I(Ay 6bU1~ 6bl cocraBMTb fJIJ 10-15% BBn, ror.o.a KaK laKMe nJ)eAilp1Mm1SlM1.1, nnaTe>IQ/1 KoropbiX Ocyl!.lecTBIIMMCb 3KCnoPTePbl CbiJlbs:l "" 3HeproHocmene~. teaK PocCHR 6bl 'tepe3 CI.1CTeMY KOMMep'feCIG1X fiaHK08, npMBeAST ""TypKMeHIACTaH, fJIJillKHbl 6bm1.1 6bl BbiMrpaTb (Tarr, K C03AaHM~ 6ecnone3Horo "" npaKTM'feCKM He 1994)14. 3TO 3Ha'MT~HO npeBbiWaTIO 6bl noreplll MMe~114ero CTO~MOCTHOfO Bblpa>KeHI.1s:l aKT~8HOfO 111Mnoprepo8 HE$WI nocne WOKOBOro n08b1WeHI.1s:l U,eH Toproeoro can~o. B peaynbrare Tpe6oeaH~e Ha HecpTb a 1973 r. UeHTJ)allbHoro 6aHtca Pocc~H o6 onnaTe nocraaoK IIIMnopTep~:~ sHeprMM ~ 3HeproHOCit1Tene~ no KOppecnOHAeHTC~M ~eTaM U,eHTpallbHbiX 6aHKOB nonbiTaiiMCb cnpa8HTbCSI c B03H~KWe~ npo6neMo~ .QPYn1X crpaH 6bii10 01MeHeHO, 8 P5\0,e CTpaH B03HI.1KIB nyreM aaKniO'feH~s:l cneUI-'IallbHbiX cornaweH~~ co paCTYU4aR CeTb KoppecnOHA6HTCK~X C'feT08 crpaHaM~-sKcnoprepaMM o nocra8KaX HecPT~ ~ KOMMepl.fecKmc 6aHK08 (PoccMR 1;1 YKPa!.IIHa), "'TO APYroro cblpbs:. no u,eHaM HM>Ke MMPOBbiX o6ecne'f~8ano AOCTaTO'fHO onepaTHBHoe (paccMaTpr.18aiOTCs:l H~>Ke). HeKoTopble cTpaHbl npoxo)I(,D.eHMe nnare>Ke~. 0AHaKO 8 TO apeMs:l teaK 3Ta (6e.JBPYCb) cMorm Bb1pa6oraTb TaKMe cornaweHI.1s:l celb o6ecne'Wieana HeKoropbl~ o6beM roprosn~ 8 8 Te'feH~e nepeXOAHoro nep~~toAa, Ho APYf&.1M 1993 ~ Ha'talle 1994 r., B03H~KI1M HOBble npo6neMbl: (np~~c~e crpaHbl) sToro c,a,en:~Tb He y,o,anoCb. e 8HOBb BBeAeHHble Bali~Tbl, 3a HeKOTOPbiM Poca4s:. HeGPJiDtcpaTHo yteaableana, "'TT OHa HaMepeHa HCK1110'feH~eM (n~6a.rm1ii'CIG1e crpaHbl), He nepe~TM Ha MMpoBble u,eHbl Ha Bee BHAbl ceoero 6bll1~ KOH8eP1lllpyeMbiM~ Vl He Morn~ 6b1Tb 3Heprern'feCKoro 3Kcnopra, ~ Ae~cTBMTenbHo see 1.1cnonb308aHbl 8 ropro8ne. Topro8ble 6onee 6biCTPbiM~ TeMnaM~ AB~ranacb B 3TOM pac'feTbl B py6ns:.x raK>Ke npeACTa8ns:.nH HanpaBneHMM. no COCTOs:IH~IO Ha cepep,&.1HY 1994 r. onpeAeneHHble TPYAHOCT~ 881t1AY ABYCTOPOHHMe COi-naweHIIIs:l npeAYCMaTp&.1B310T Hecra6~nbHocrn py611S1 13. Vlcnonb3oBaHMe pa3Hble ypOBH~ ~eH Ha 3HeprOHOCMTel1111, np1.1'feM KoppecnOHAeHTCKMX C'feTOB npOAOn*3110 HeKoropble cornaweH~R 8KniO'faiOT nono)l(eH~s:l o KOMneHca~OHHOM cy6c~pOBaH~~ pOCCIII~CKOfO CAeP>KMBaTbCSI 061l.le~ cna60CTbiO CMCTeMbl cblpbe8oro MMnopra (Ya6eKMcTaH), 'fero Heflb3s:l KOMMeJ)'feCIG1X 6aHKOB. ctcaaaTb o cornaweH~III c 6enapycbl0. e MHorne HOBble He338~C~Mble rocyAf;lpCTBa 3a nep~oA c 1991 no 1993 r. raKIIIe ~Cnb1Tb18al1~ cepbe3HYIO HeX8aTKY 3Hepro~MnopmpyiOtJ.41r1e cTpaHbl, KaK ApMeHMs:l, KOHBeprnpyeMO~ ~HOCTpaHHO~ BalliOTbl H He Mon.o.o8a, 1l~T8a "" TaA>KMK~cTaH, no ou,eHKaM, npos:tBilMIII >KenaH~s:l pacxoAOBaTb ee AfiR nOHecn~ cytJ.tecTBeHHble norep111 B8HAY 1.13MeHeHM~ pac'feros no CAenKaM B paMKax yc.108M~ Me>KrOcy,o,apCTBeHH~ ToproeniA - 25-35% Me>KrocyAapcreeHHO~ ToproenM. B oT ypo8Hs:l 1990 r. (ra6n. 1.9). Pocc1.151 1.1 peaynbTare 6aprep npoAOil*all ocTaeaTbCR TypKMeHIIICTaH 6bln~. o'feB~AHO, Bbl~rpaBWIIIMIII A0811eiOW.1.1M &.1HCrpyMeHTOM TOPf08/M Me)IQJ.y CTOPOH8M~, T.K. YllY'~W~nlll CBOIII noKa3aTel1111 B HOBbiM~ rocy,o,apcTBaM~. o6naCTM Me>KrocyAaPCTBeHHO~ TOprOBI11.1 COOTBeTCTBeHHO Ha 20 ~ 50%. K 1993 r. OCHOBHas:l PerynHptJBaHHB LCBH H ycnDEMR 10pf"OB/1H 'faCTb nyr111 a HanpaeneHIIIM nepexoAa Ha Bo scex HOBbiX rocy,o,apcreax u,eHo8o~ KOHTPOilb OTHOC~TeflbHble MMPOBble U,eHbl B ~n~ 3KcnopTHble orpaH~'feH&.1s:l nep8oHa'fanbHO Me)l(fOCYASPCT8eHHO~ Toprosne, B~AIAMO, 6blna nOAD,ep»1Banl.1 8HYJPeHHI.1e U,eHbl Ha 60ilbW~HCTBO npO~AeHa. Vlnmocrpa~e~ 3TOMY MOryT C.ny>KMTb TOBaJ)08 Ha ypOBHe HM)I(e U,eH M~poBOrO J)biHKa. K OCH08aHHble Ha AaHHbiX Tappa (Tarr, 1994) npHMepy, ,o,a>Ke nocne 'faCTM'fHO~ n~6epanHaal.Uit~ nporHOCTM'feCIG1e OU,eHIG1 nOCneACTBM~ 1113MeHeHIIIs:l U,eH MMpoBble U,eHbl Ha He$Tb 8 Ha"BBle 1992 r. 8 32 ycnos~~ ToproBn~ B CJlY'Ge nonHoro nepexo,o,a Ha paaa npeeblwan~ BHyrp~pocci.1~CK~e u,eHbl MMP08ble U,eHbl (nOCTOs:IHHble nOKa3aTe11111 B U,eHax (Michalopoulos 111 Tarr, 1992). npa8menbCTBa laiOKe 1990 r.) {eM. Ta6n. 1.9). nbiTallMCb KOHTPOillllpOBaTb U,etibl Ha HeKOTopble B~ MHOrMe CTpaHbl He npeJVlpiAHWIIII Heo6XO,[ij1MbiX »13HeHHO Ba)I(HbiX TOBapoB, BTOM 'fMCile Ha npOAYK'fb' BHYJPeHH~ waro8 AOR a.o,eKBaTHoro pearnpoeaHIIIR n~TaHI.1SI ~ Cblpbe. 0CHOBHO~ A080A 8 nonb3y Ha 3T~ ~3MeHeH~R U,eH . .lJp)l(e TaM, rAe B 3TOM u,eHOBOfO KOHTPOils:l 3aKJ110'fanCs:l B Heo6xo~MO~ OTHOWeH~~ 6bl11 AOCTMrHyT CVtJ.4eCTBeHHbiH nporpecc o6nerl.feHI.1!R Ans:! npeAnPIIIs:ITIIIH "" noTpe61.1TeneM (HanpMMep, 8 fIQJPIB am CTJ)aHbl U,eHOBOro KOHT)JOils:l He 6biiWJ O~HaK08biM~ 80 8ceX nH6o yaem'f~BaTb 3KcnopT, n1o16o 1.1~blc~eaTb KaKMe- HOBbiX rocyAaPCT8aX, no3TOMY 880A~111.1Cb 3KCnopTHble orpaH~'feH~SI AflSI npeAOT8palJ.leH~s:l To ,D,PyrMe cnoco6bl cPMHaHCIIiPOBaHMs:l '1Mnopra. Ho ~ To ~ APyroe ~ 3TKX cTpaH npeAcTa8n~eres:~ Bbl803a T08apo8, nOABepra8W&.1XCR U,eH080My peryn~poeaH~IO, Ha PbiHK~ c 6onee 8biCOK~M~ AOClaTO'-IHO CllO)I(HbiM . .D.oxoA.~ ace ew.e na,o,a10r, 111 u,ettaM~, 8KIIO'fas:l PbiH~ crpaH py6ne8o~ 30Hbl. TPYAHO nony'f~Tb AOCTaTO'fHOe BHewHee TeM He MeHee 6onbW~HCTBo U,eH 80 8HeWHe~ ~ cPMHaHCMPOBaH~e HeqnRHoro ~1Mnopra. Pacrer Me;)KfOCYAaPCT8eHHO~ Topro8ne 6bll10 18 ToproanR B H0Bb1K HB3ai!MCMMbiX rocy,QapCTBaX TaCSnM"a 1.9. YcnoaMtl ToproanM M8:JKAY rocy- Cblpbe 111 npOAYKfbl mtTWUiSI. np9Afl011iiranOCb, 'ITO AapcTBaMM 6wawero CCCP 11 1991-1993 rr. 6apTepHa~ Toproans:~ ToaapaMII1 o6R3arenbHoro (B npou,emax, 1990 r. = 100) nep~HR 6yAeT c6anaHoopOBaHHO~: LJ,eHbl ~ 06beMbl nocra8oKcornacoablsan~cbnpe~pii1TenbHo,'lTo6~ L.leHbl TOPfOBbl~ o6MeH 6bll1 a6coiJOTHO ypa8HOBeWeHHbiM 1991 1992 1993 MH{XJBOro B cnyl-!ae BblnonHeHII1SI cropoHaM~ cao111x J]biHKa o&13arenbCTB 16 • U.eHbl YKa3b1Banwcb 8 Aonnapax (1990) CWA, np1.1~eM npeAnonaranocb, l-ITO OH~~t 6yAyr ApMetiMS~ 107,2 85,0 75,1 68,3 nplt1611~~t)KaTbCSI K u,eHaM M~~tpo8oro PbiHKa. Ha A3ep6aHAlKaH 105,3 94,8 97,9 73,9 npaKTMKe, OAHaKO, sroro He npollt3owno. HanpMMep, 6enapycb 103,2 87,7 83,4 80,1 cornaweHII1e 1993 r. Me#./JY Y36eK\1CTaHOM lit PoCCMEM fpyaMS~ 105,9 75,4 72,9 55,2 coo,o,aaano ocHo8y Am o6MeHa ya6eKcKoro XJlOntca Ka3axaraH 95,1 98,1 97,0 98,5 Ha pocooe1cKYJO HeQ>Tb; cornaweHII1e Me>K.Q.Y Pooo111et1 lKanO yc.no8Me 3cTOHio'tR 107,5 87,7 83,0 npOAO~eHII1SI HeKoToporo cy6CII1AlltP08aH~fl CO Y36e!Gtv""TSH 109,3 94,5 91,6 91,0 cropoHbl Pocc1.o1111, OAHaKo peanbHble u,eHbl, no H CT0 "f H H K: ,l\nR 1991-1993 IT. CM. n~nO)I(BHHe; A/lR KoTopbiM np111wnocb nnarnn, Ka3axcraHy, aeposrTHo, 1990 r. eM. Tarr (1994). np111aen1.o1 K yxy,DJJ.JeHII110 AT1SI Hero ycnoa111'1 roproB11111 no OTHOW9HII110 K Poc~111 (MEiPP, 1994). 3a,l].OTOK9HHOCTb 3n1X CTJ)aH B Me>Krocy,o,apCTBeHHO~ MH~HKaTHBHble nepeYHH coAeP~an~ ToproBile, "'TO noHY'KJ].aeT 111x ToproBbiX. napTHepoa Haii1MeHoBaHL-1SI Ha~~t6onee aa~HbiX To8apoa etUe 6onbwe COJa6pi11KaTOB 111 n<)Tpe61!1Te11b- npo6neMbl a Me)Kfocy,o,apcTBeHHO~ Toproane ABYMs:t CKII1X ro8apoa, pea111113aU,111R Koropblx ace eJJ..te cnoco6aM111. 3CTOHII1SI L-1 B H9CKOflbKO MeHbWeVi npoii1CXOA11111a B paMKaX SKCnopTHOfO cTeneH~ APYrll1e np1116anTH~CK111e rocy~pcTaa a 11111U,eH3Lo1POBaHII1SI "'111.1 KBOTlltPOBaHHSI. 8BeAeHHe OCHOBHOM OTKa3anli1Cb OT MeXaHII13Ma nnaHOBO~ 111HAL-1KaTHBHOfO nepe~HSI npeACTaBJlSI.!lO C06o'1 3KOHOMII1KV1 . .lJ.pyr111e aoccTaHOBL-1nll1 TO, "'TO OHL-1 3Hanlr1 nonbiTKY orpaHVI~VITb Me)KrocyAaPCT89HHble ny~we acero: clr1cTeMy KpynHblX aKcnopTHble nocraBKL-1, "fT06bl o6ecne~II1Tb Me)KnpaBir1TenbcTaeHHbiX 6apTepHbiX cornaweHir1~, ~eKBaTHbl~ ypoaeHb BHyrpeHHero norpe6neHL-1SI ~ aHanorii1~HY~ Clr1CTeMe rocyAaPCTB9HHO~ Top- 3KCnopra B 30Hbl KOHBepTLo1pyeMbiX. BaJliOT, O,D.HaKO C roanH cTpaH - ~neHoB C3B, B paMKaX KoTopoiil MeHbW111M ypoaHeM yYacn.1J.:I ro0y.u,apcTBa, ~eM 8 Toaapbl pacnpeAens:~nll1cb rocyAaPCTBeHHbiMI.1 roproane no o6s:~3arenbHbiM nepe~HSIM. B MHHr.1CTepcTBaMH MaTepViaflbHbiX pecypcoa, cornaweHII1SIX a o6w.eM B111Ae yKa3biBanacb npeeMHJ.-!lKAYIO 1.13 CTpaH 6yAeT 8biAaBaTbCSI rocyAaPCTBeHHOrO 3aKa3a 111 KOHTPOflSI 3a 11111U,eH3HSI. np1.o1 3TOM rOCYAaPCTBa He 6epyr Ha Me)Krocy,o,apcmeHHbiMII1 roprosbiMI-1 nocraBK.aMIII. ce6s:1 o6s:~aarenbcrso o6ecneYI.1Tb nocrasKy npaaLo1TenbCTBa paccMaTPI!1Banll1 srn cornaweHir1Sl TOBapa B 06beMe, ¢>111KCII1pyeMOM B HHA111KaTHBHbiX KaK cnoco6 peweHII1st npo6neMbl sKcnopTHoro nepel-!HSIX, HO Ka)KAOe npaBt.1Te11bCTBO KOHTpOnR B nnaHe o6ecne~eHIIJSI CBOII1X OCHOBHblX cornawaercs:~ 8b1AaBaTb nll1u,eH3111111 Ha sKcnoprHble npOLo13BOACTB9HHbiX norpe6HOCTe~; npo6neMbl C nocraBKL-1 rosapa a o6beMe, npeAYCMOTpeHHOM nnaTe)KaM111 L-1 6aHKOBCKII1MII1 Cli1CTeMaMII1 111 npo6neMbl a cornaweHII11t1, ecnt.1 AoroaopeHHOCTb o raKII1X ycnoa1.1iil roproB11111 (~pea pa3peweHHe 6aprepHbiX nocTaBKax 6yAeT AOCTII1rHyra HenocpeACTBeHHO o6MeHoB no u,eHaM, BblrOAHbiM Af1SI 111Mnoprepoa). Me:>KAy npeAnPII1SIH1SIMII1. KoHKpeTHble npep,npl.o1Sffi1SI Ho rnasHoe, srn cornaweH111SI ,o.aaanL-1 non111rw-tecKHM OTBe~aiOT sa YC110BII1s:l CAe11KII1, BKniO~(l).l U,eHbl 1.1 fli/1A9paM CTpaH OlUyt4eHvte KOHTJ)OllSI HaA TeM, LITO AOroBopeHHOCTII1 0 ¢>111HaHCII1POBaHHH. npeACTaBilWIOCb xaOCOM. 8 COOTBeTCTBII1H C STHMH Toaapbl, He BKiliO~eHHble B o6s:~sarenbHble 111 cornaweHII1SIMH Toproen54 noApa3Aens:~nacb fr,. VIHAIIIK.aTHBHble cnlf1ctG1, Moryr cao6o,D.Ho npo,o,aaaTbCS1 6onbWII1HCTBe cny~aea) Ha TPlil Karerop111111 :; Ha OCHOBe OPSIMbiX CBSI3ei4 Me~y npeAJ1pli1SITHSIMII1, COOTBeTCTBL-1111 CycTaHaBnlttBaeMbiML-1 nepe~HSIMH TOBKe Mlr1POBbiX. 3KCnOpT~POBaTb cpaBH~TeJlbHO KOHKypeH- Ha cPOHe ecex He.o,ocraTKoB rocy,o,apcTBeHHbiX TOCnoco6Hble TOBapbl. roproBbiX cornaweHr..tVI OCHOBHbiM SIBilSieTCSI TO, lfTO TaK~e cornaweH~R 6bln~ pa3pa6oraHbl lll 0Hir1 yBeKOB9lfl!tBaiOT Clr1CTeMy nOAKOHTP011bHOVf nplr1HSITbl K AeVICTBIP110 a 1992, 1993 1.1 1994 rr. Eonee rocy,o.apcrsy roproenlt'l 1r1 CAeP)IG1BaiOT nORaneHir1e rJ03AH~e no speMeHir1 noArorosK~ cornaweH~)I PbiHOlfHbiX OTHOWeHMH. nocK011bKY TOp- coAeP~~ s ofiSiaarenbHbiX nepelfHSIX MeHbwee rOBnR OC~eCTBllSieTCSI Ha OCHOBe ABYCTOPOHHir1X lf~cno rosapos, lfeM s 1992 r., a u,eHbl 6bln~ 6nlft>Ke Aorosopos, npas~el1bCTBa B 6onbUJeVI creneHir1, l.feM K U,eHaM Mlr1POBbiX PbiHKOB. C TelfeH~eM spe- pbiHOK, ycraHaBnlr1BaiOT pacnpe.o.eneHlt'le pecypcos, MeHir1 C~CTeMa 3aKYflOK TOBapoB Ha BHyrpeHHeM a TaJOKe OObeMbl ~ ycnoBir1SI :repros~. pbiHKe 6blna n~6epan~aosaHa HeKoropbiM~ crpaHaM~. TaK, Kblpr~::~~acraH, MO/lAOBa ~ Pocc!IIR PefHOH8nbHOB COrpyiJ,HH'IecTBO B roproane H oTKa3a11~Cb or rocy,o.apCTBeHHoro aal<'a3a B nonb3y fU18Te>KaX KOHKYPeHTHo~ aaKYnOlfHO~ AeRrenbHOCT~ rocy- B u,enRx paa&lr1Tir1R Me~rocyAapcrseHHoVI ,o.apCTBeHHbiX BeAOMCTB Ha BHyrpeHHeM PbiHKe. Toproam npas~enbCTBa HeaaBir1Cir1MbiX rocy,o,apCTB 0AHaKO ABYCTOpoHHir1e roprosble cornaweHHS~ He 3aKniOlfan~ MHOfOCTOPOHHir1e cornaWeHir1~ 0 CMOrn~ nOAAep>KaTb A011>KHbl~ ypoBeHb COTPYAH~lfecrse. MHor1r1e lr13 3T~x cornaweH~VI Me>Krocy,o.apcmeHHOVI roprosn~. nocrasK~ lfacro He orpiDKaiOT crpeMneHir1e npaa!llrenbcTB cocrasnS~m-1 ~ nonoBir1Hbl o6ycnosneHHoro npoAeMOHCTPir1POBaTb non~Tir1lfeCKYIO lll KOHrpaKToM o6beMa. Peryn1r1poBaH1r1e u,eH Ka.K OAHO 3KOHOMir1lfeCK}'IO C011~AaPHOCTb, HO lf8CTO He lr13 Ba>KHbiX YC110Bir1~, no6Y>KAaBWliiX CTOPOHbl npe.o.yCMaTP~BaiOT Ka!Go1X-111t16o KOHKPeTHbiX MeTOAOB aaK1110lfaTb .o,sycropoHHlife cornaweHI!1R, coTPYAHir1lfecraa, KPOMe nbrOTHbiX rap1r14>os 1r1111r1 OAHospeMeHHO crane noMexo£1 ,lJJ1R lr1X pean1r13aU1r11r1. CHift>KeUHbiX aKcnopTHbiX raMo~eHHbiX nown~H. Bo UeHoaoVI KOHrponb a 3KcnopTHoVI o6na~ CH&o1)Ka.Jl BCSIKOM cnylfae Aa~e 3T~ 11bf0Tbl He no6yAir1Te11bHble CTWMyll~ K BeAeHir110 3KcnopTHOVI pacnpocrpaHsmlr1cb Ha np&~~6alm1VIcKHe rocy,o.apcrsa. AeSITe11bHOCTir1. npeAnP~SITir1SI, 111r1WeHHble Ao seCHbl 1994 r. np1r16anr1r1VIcK1r1e cTpaHbl 1r1 He06XOA~MbiX MaTeplr1allbHbiX pecypcOB, lfaCTO HeKoropble APYrlr1e He6onbWir1e rocy,o.apcrsa cpb1Ba11~ nocraBIG1 AOroeopHbiX o6beMoa npoAYKLJ.1r11r1 (MOl\D,OBa) CTai1Kir1Ba111r1Cb C Alr1CKPir1Mir1Hai.J,II'IOHHb1Mir1 lil111r1, noH~Mas:l HeBblfQAHOCTb 3KCilOPTHbiX nOCTaBOK raplr1Hb1Mir1 6apbepaMir1 Ha Ha oroaopeHHbiX cornaweHir1RMir1 ycnoBir1RX, HeKoropblx KpynHbiX PbiHKaX (Pocclr1R), npor1r1a crpeMIMIIr1Cb KaaK1110'ieHir110 co6cmeHHbiX 3KCilOPTHbiX KOTOpbiX OH~, B CBOIO OlfepeAb, TaK~e CAenoK. YKnoHeHIIIe or BblnonHeHir1R cornaweHHVI npeAf1pHH!AManlr1 ~CKPir1Mir1HaLJ,Ir10HHble Mepbl. 6onee crane 6onee npocroVI aa.n,alfeVI, raK KaK ocna6na roro, an1 raK HB3biBaeMble cornaweHir1R o cao6oAHoVI cl!tcreMa rocy,o,apCTBeHHbiX 3aKa30B. 6onee roro, no roproane, npeAOCTaBJlSISI CB060AHb1Vf OT TaPir1cPOB aHa110flr11r1 C npo6neMaMir1 C38, OTCYTCTBOBano AOC,-yn Ha pb1HKir1, o6bllfHO He 111r1KBir1Air1POBanlr1 cornac1r1e no sonpocy o nyrRx n~KBir1AaU,liflr1 npa~KY aKcnopTHbiX orpaHir1lfeHliiVI -- Ha1.16onee A."lc6anaHca B AOroBOPHOVI roproane. YKOPeHrABweroCR rnna roproabiX orpaHir1lfeHir1~ lr13 ToproanR no o6S~aarenbHbiM nepelfHRM BCeX MCn011b30BaBWir1XCSI 3Tir1MH CrpaHaMir1. Ha1r16011ee npQAo.I'DKalla OKa3b1BaTb oTprAu.arenbHoe aoa.o.eV1cma..1e nprAMelfarenbHbl lferblpe nonbiTKir1 opraHIIIaau,&~~l-1 HeCMOTpSI ;J,a>Ke Ha TO, lfTO K 1993 r. Pocclr1SI pernoHanbHoro COTPYAHir1lfeCTBa. coKpar1o1na nepelfeHb roaapoa, nocrasnReMbiX B PoccHHCK0-6e/1apyccKHH 3KOHOMH'IeCKHH 00103. paMKax rocyAapcrseHHbiX o6RaarenbCTB, AO 0 C03AaHir11r1 co10aa 6blno o6b~BneHo B Halfane HeCKOJ1bKir1X HaltiMeHOBaHir1Vf (3a ~CK1110lfeH!r1eM 1994 r., npaKrnlfecKaSI peanlr13aLJ,Ir1R HalfanaCb a lr110He yKaaaHHbiX s cornaweHir1RX c YKpa~HoVI). TaKir1e 1994 r., OAHaKO AO C~ nop He SICHO, KaKOBbl 6yAYT crpaHbl, KaK Ya6eKir1CTaH 1r1 Kb1plbi3CTaH, o6nara10r ero nocneACTBir1SI. 8 paMKax co10aa HallOroM 4>1r1HaHCOBble nocrynneHir1SI OT 3KcnOpTHbiX npeAycMarp&~~aaercR pelr1HTerpau,lr1R 6enapyc1r1 B nocTaBOK Ce11bCKOX03SIVfCTBeHHOVf npOAYK~Ir11r1 B HOByK) py6neBytO 30HY lit COOTBeTCTBYIOU41r1e Mepbl B Pocc1r110 (npeAJ1araR H~3Kir1e aaKYnolfHble u,eHb~ o6nacrn Koop~Ha~lr11r1 AeHe>KHoVI 1r1 KHM 6ecnownlr1HH0'-1 roproan1r1. cy5Cir1Air1POBaHir1R 3Hepronorpe6mno~l!tX orpacneVI, Ha nepaoM arane peanlr1aaLJ,HH cornaweHir1S1 coo.o,aH 3aBir1Cir1MbiX OT lr1MnopTH~X nocTaBOK pOCCir1i.1CKir1X TaMO:.«eHHbiVf COI03 Me))QJ.y 3Tir1MI!t rocy.o,apcTBaMl-1 17. aHeprnlr1 111 3HeproHOCir1TeneVI. Pocc1r1S1, co csoeVI Ka3axcKo-Kblprbi3CKO-y36eKcKoe cornaweHHe CTOPOHbl, 111r1KBir1Air1POBana C~CTeMy rocy.o,apcT- o6 3KOHOMH'18CKOM COTPY.QHH'IeCTBe. no.o,po6HOCTir1 BeHHbiX 38Ka30B, HO lr1CnOI1b3yeT 3KCnOpTHble rpexcropoHHero cornaweHIP1R, o KoropoM 6blno OrpaHir1lfeHir1SI AJ1S1 noAD,ep>KaHir1SI Ha Hlii3KOM ypoBHe 06bSIB11eHO nocne BBetJ.eHiriSI HOBbiX BaniOT B 1993 r., BHYJPeHHir1X u,eH Ha 3HeproHoclr1renlr1. Ao cepeA"'Hbl AOCTOBepHO He H3BeCTHbl. npeACTaBnReTCSI, O,D,HaKO, 1994 r. PoCKOHT}laKT (npeeMH~K roCCHa6a) no Hlr13Kir1M lfTO Bee TPir1 CTJ)aHbl coxpaHWJir1 3KCnopTHb1Vf KOHTJ)Oflb u,eHaM aaKynan Ha BHYfPeHHeM pocCir1VICKoM pbiHKe no lr1Mel0~1r1M KlliOlfeBoe 3Ha'+eHir1e Blr1,D,aM TOBaPHOVf 3HeprOHOC&IITeJ11r1 C U,ellbiO BblnOJ1HeHir1SI CB01r1X npoAytKrOCYASPCTBeHHbiM 6onbwe~ creneHl-1, TaK KaK ar~ ABe crpaHbl cornaweHiriRM, peamA3Y'Sf aareM s Pocc1r11r1 no u,eHaM ocyw,ecrsns:uoT aKcnopTHbiH KOHrponb no MHOrnM H~>Ke MIAPOBbiX ~MnopTHble TOBapbl, TaK:>Ke OCHOBHbiM B"VJ.SM 3KCnOpTHb1X TOBapOB. !(poMe TOre, npt.1o6pereHHble no 3aHir1>1CeHHbiM u,eHaM, TaKir1e KaK cornaweHir1e, olfeBif1AHO, He coAeP*B110 Kata.1X-n1r16o xnonoK ~3 u,eHrpanbHoaalr1aTCKir1X rocyAaJ)cm. TaKoro nono~eH!AVI o npaaHnax s orHoweH~~ po,o.a CAenK~ 3Halflr1TenbHo pacw1r1p1r1nl!t nepelfeHb npo1r1cxo>K,IJ,eHir1R rosapoa IP1111!1 1r1x neperpy.JKI!I. 5anTHHCK8R 30H8 CB060~HOH TOprosnH. OTHeceHa Ha C"'ST KOHKYP8HU.Iitlll, nepeXOAa Ha CornaweHa.ie o coa.o,aHI-1111 30Hbl, BC1Yfllr1BWee a CWlY MlitPOBble ueHbl Ill yLfeTa cpaBHiitT8JlbHbl6( 1 anpen~ 1994 r., ycTaHaBnlitaaeT ocHOBHble npelitMYUJ.eCTB, raK KaK KOHKYP8HLI,IIIR co cropot~bl nono:lKeHiit~ a o6nacrn roproBJWI npoMblwneHHbiMIIt npoMbiWneHHO paaaMTbiX crpaH 6bllla cna6o~. BHew- ToaapaM!I1. Toproan~ cenbcKoxoa~~CTBeH­ HSJR 3KOHOM!r1LfeCKSSI cpeAa lit npooneMbl AOCTYf'l8 Ha Hoo np~e~ 6yAeT OfOBaJ)MBaTbCSI B OTAeJtiiOM pbiHKIII c6b1Ta AO CIIIX nop He OK83biBanM cornaweHHir1. npeAYCMaTplitBaiOT~ TaMoJCeHHoe CYllt8CTB8HHOfO B03AeMCTBIII~ Ha 31CCOOriT, HO, COTPYJJ.Hiit"tecTBo, a TaKJCe npaa111na onpeAeneHiit~ BllfAIIIMO, 3Ha"'eHIII8 OOCJ1e.o,HIIIX 6yAeT B03paetalb no npolltCXO)K,AeH!ItSI TOBapa, nplit c001110A8HIItllt KOTOJ)bJX Mepe peai111138U,IIIIII BHyTP8HHIIIX PbiHOLf!ibiX pe- TOBap nplito6peTaeT CTaryc CB060AHOfO OT opM Toproao~ M nnaTeJCHo" COAe~CTBIIte npeAOpM~~M lr1 ~MnlitHf, OAMSKO B CIIICTeM. STill CTpaHbl TaKJCe 3H8~MTenbHO nepe- cny~ae, ecm-1 KaKl-!e-To onpeAeneHHble BlitA~ oplileHTIAPOBanlit cao10 roprosn10 c 6a:~swero litMnOpTHbiX noCT8BOK 6yAyT cepbe3HO yrpo:>KaTb CoseTcKoro Co10aa Ha 6onee W1r1poso1e cocTO~H&.110 BHYTPeHHero PbiHKa, y~acTHIIt­ Me>KP,yHaPOAHble pbiHKH. fAa APYrlitx cTp~nt KaMiit cornaweHM~ Moryr 6b1Tb npeAnPiitHS!Tbl Ha~onbWero nporpecca s nlll6epanM38l.U"Iit roprOOJM ~peaabl~a~Hble Mepbl aaW.IitTbl - rap~~tcl>bl, He AOOWllitCb Pocc~~tSJ, Mo.np,oaa lit Kblpf"hh3CTaH. PoooMs:l npeab!UJaiOW.Iite ypoaeHb 25%, Ha cpoK He 6onee n~ 111 APYrlite 3KcnopTepbl 3HeproHoc~~tTene~ neT. cy~ecraeHHO nepecMoTpenllt cso~ roproay~ Me»:rocyiJ.8PCTBeHHbiH 6aHK. AeCSITb pecny61llr1K nOJ1111TIIIKY '-1 Tenepb HanpaBMIOT 66JlbWYIO 'laCTb 6blawaro CoaeTCKoro Co10aa (ace, aa litCKiliO~eH~~teM 3KCnopTHO~ npOAYKUHH 3TO~ rpynnbl B CTP8Hbl nplit6anTir1~CK&-!X CTJ)aH, A3ep6a~Ha lit rpyalitllt) BH8WHero Mlitpa, rAe Plt1CK HennaTe::lKe~ HM)K8. nplitWlllit K cornaweHir110 o coaAaHiitlit HecMo~ Ha PS\0. lltHIIIUif18Tir1B B o6nacn1 Toproeoro lltHCT&.1TYUiitOHa11bHoro MexaHiit3Ma An~ COTPYAHIII"'SCTBa, HeMHOrMe 1113 HIIIX pean~HO ocyW,eCTBJ1eHir1~ MHOfOCTOPOHHiitX 6e3HalllitLfHbiX eonno~aiOT~ B JCir13Hb, no3TOMY CnlitWKOM paHO pacLfeTOB lit Me::lKrOCYASPCTBeHHbiX nnaTe::lKe~ B rosoplitTb 0 B03MOJCHbiX nocneACTBIII~X lAX poCCHH001X py6mx (HII-1 8 KOHBepntpyeMOO Ba1110Te). peam1aaL1,111111. CornaweH~~teM npeAYCMaTPiitBaiOTCSI e::lKeMeCSNHble pacLfeTbl a py6n~x 1o1 npoMe::lKYTO"fHoe npMMe'laHMR Krocy,o.apcTBeHHoro roproaoro o6MeHa. IIIIIWb To, 'ffO s 6blaweM Coeerc«..M COI038 TaJOm co- ICPQTHIICtl o6a.eM He3Ha~liiT811bHa~ ~aCTb COKpa~eHIII~ 06beMOB ToprosnM no ~enbCT88HHI>IM 6ap'repttbiM oorii811J8HMMII, 1 MeJCrocyAaPCTBeHHO~ TOprOBJllll MOJCeT 6b1Tb TO speM9l KaJC B ,opyll1X ctpaHaX per110Ha Cpa.BHHTellbHO yt:R!M1JHO OCYlQBCTBl!RIICA ll8PEIXOA Ha ToproBIIIO B KOHBeprM~ BaiiiOT8, a B tteteoropbiX cn}"'aRx MMnoprHOe cy6cMAMpolat~~bttl pac:- 1JiJ.flf oc~e nonaran., 'frO ll8liCHOA '1lM'IUiiO~ COCT~ npocypaHRI10Cb M Ha npo~IO BHYfp&HH81'0 npott3!!0ACTI8 COICPEUltS..,A COBGTCKOI"O MMn0PT8 113 Boer~ Ellport,~ 6bl00 {~MOP. ri1J8HM!Jjl B PoccMM), o,QHaJCO T8ICD8 ~pot'I8HM8 na,QBHMe 11)0M3BO,t¥:TBa 3KC~ ~M a CCCP. ~ ~l1MU.lor;Qa, KOr.Qa ~I'ICJ1\')e&tocm HB MOrnM 3TO o6bs!ctA:TlCA ~eM OO'beMa f1)0fl3f!OA..,"TB8, ~MaP. &.riM y~'18JIICII)eti»>016'tBCTBBIIIbNM l'fJOM3IIO,QMftiJ'IRMM no l.{j!la.t, a ~!Ol,_ orpacnM. 11)Met.tneMbiM JJ.nR anaCTeA. 2 10 flo MMeiOU.U'IMCR CB9ABHMSIM, OObeM f1)0M380,QCTB8 COICPQTM.IlCH B EcnM paccuarpMBaTb '1)06J18MY B «Sonee WMJ)OKOU r'oil18tle, PoccMM C 1990 no 1994 r. Ha 40% (CM. pa3A9J1 2), o,QHaiCO, teaK H B ttaJIOr006l10.liC9HM8 3KcnopTa M MMnopTa MMeeT O,AMHaiCOIWG cct>epo ToproanM, o4U11.4Ma.nbttble AaHHble, B03MO.liCHo, nocnOACTBMR B nnatte B03,Q8ACTBMS1 Ha MMnOpr. CM~.il ~noro npeyaenM~MBaiOT MaCW!a6bl CH~liC8HMS1 (CM. npMnO.liC8HM&). IYJCyYnaTa ~ 3ICOHOMMKM (M388CTH'lf0 ~ '"mopeua 0ci»Ml4Mam.ttble Aa.HHble no oC'S'beMy npoM3BOACTBa "' CMMMSTPMI.1Jlep;ispa•) COCTOMT 8 TOM, 'flO 8CJIM MMOOpn~ ~ M5.lKrOCy,QapcTSeHHOA ToprOBJlM OCHOBaHbl Ha MHci»OPMBl4MM npRMO orpaHH~MB810T MMnOpT, TO B~COKOB 3KCnopTH08 np8AnpMATMA M H8 BKJ'II0'4810T OOIC.83aT8l1M p.9.3BMTMS1 'OCntorO HQI'IOf"'Ot'SIIOJIClHie coecpaw.aeT 3Ka10pr MI10CTYI1f'9tM8 M~ cacropa. EJoett.toe f1)0M380ACT90 COiq)aTMllOCb KaTa~'*'CICM, BallllOTbl. rlooiCOJibKY CTpatte AfiA MMnopTa H')'>ICHa MHCICTpatfHBJI o,QHaKO Ha 6JlarococTORHMe nc>Tpe6MTeftA 3TO He OKBJKeT 6onbWOI'O Bai'IIOTB, OHa He MOlmT MWJOPTMpoaaTb, 8Cl1M H6 SKCnopnt~. B.I1MAHMS1. 6onee TOro, C l1MKBMABl4MeA roCYABPCTBeHHOro XoTR npaBMT9l1bCTBa He BDOART BbiCotGtX MMI10PJteol)( Tai)McSKMI, perynMpo&aHMA l48H ~'teCICM MC't83.11M Qlolep&AM 3a ToaapaMM, 3KCnopntble ~R~.lDtBaJOT HMOOPT" f1)0T81Clf'ON'I~ f'l)MBQAMBWMe K orpoMHbiM noTepAM cao6o,o,ttoro &peMeKi. TaKMM KOHKWJMP'/IOI.LtiM C MMnopTOM arpacmN I1JOMbllU18tHlC~, KSKecnM o6pasoM, nono.lKeK1e noTpe6MTenR' VXYAWMnocb, aepOATHO, a 6bl t1M~ TapMcl»bb UM BBe,QBHbl. ropa3.QO MeH~ cTenem, '18M :no cne,eyeT M3 oc~»MI..f!an~ 11 nf)M6anr~Actc:Me CTPaHbl MM810T npaso 6ecnownMtttd M H8- Aa..w< no BBn. ICBOTI.1Py&MOA peaJ1M3aUMM csoeA npoMbiWJIBHHOA F1POAYICI-'"M 3 CM.: Ofer (1987) M \VIIiam Easterly 11 Stanley FISher (1994), {tteeenbCKOXOOfi1C1118t*toA) B Cicatw1HaBCIOO< i!:.1'pattaX. TaiOIIB 1JP Mccne.QOBaBWMX njXJ6neMy Cna.Qa rq:K>M3BO.QCT&a a CoaeTCKOM CMX nop H8 noAn8ltCall ICBOTMpo&aHMIO MX TeiCCTMIIbHbiA 3ICCI10pr B Col03e. cTpaHbl EaponeActcoro coo6U4&CTBa. Sone.e noA- po&tble :Cse,QetfllA CQ,QepJtcaTCA B pa3,Qel1SX 5-7 M 12. 4 Hanorom.te JlOCTyr\llfH1S1 OT ~ATMA, RBI1ABWM8CS1 OCHOOH:IM 12 MCTO-.HHKOM rocyAaPCTBeHHOro AOXOAB, COICPBTMl1MCb, 11 KonnMH3 M Po.QPMK Mcnonb3oaanM McTopM-.ecKoe conoc- npaBMTenbCTBO Ha..ano MCnbiTbiBaTb pac~ee Mttei>mli,U10HH08 TaansHHe roproablx MoAeneA. B APYrMx MccneAOB&HMRX .a.aanfH1e (McKinnon, 1991 ). MCOOl1bSOBa.Hbl YAOnbHble 110Ka3aTel1M, T.e. ~to3 COCTOAHMA 5 Topro&llM C:1J)OMl1CA Ha Te3MC8 0 perpeccMM cS»aKm'tBCICOA ropro&IIM Can,QaHbS1 (5ak:lanha, 1992) y&wfrenbHO ,«¥)1C8.3biFIBeT, "'TO I1PM B cootaeTCTBMM C: TBJG1M~1 snome o6bAct41MbiMM }'CJIOBMAMM, K81C OTCyYCTBMM Bl1aAel1bl4eB KanMTBl10B B ycnoBMAX Ae1.4eHT- paCCTORHMe, AOXOAbl CTpaH TOprOBb!X napT- panM30BaHHOtil 3KOHOMMKM (Ha'1JMMep, B }'C!lOBIIIRX ynpaaneHMA ttepoa, y..acTMe B perHOHaJlbHOA CMCT8MO TOprOBbiX npecl)e- npeAnPIIIRTHSIMM co cropoHbl TPYAOBbiX KonneKTHBOB) 3Kotto- peti.4MA. MHt.ecKMe CTMMyJ1bl H38pa~TCR AO TaKOO CTeneHM, "'TO 3KQ- 13 HOMMJCa 06peKaeT~ Ha t:pax f1JM OTCYTCTBMM Kopj)Mrnpy!OU.¥3ro a HeKOTopbiX crpattaX, Hai1)MMep a rpVSMM M YICPclMtte, poo- BMeWIDent.CTBa, "'TO HeM36eJKHo H 'lJOMCXQ,IJ,KT. floMMMO ~. cM~cKM~ py6Jlb paccMa.rpMBariCA KaK OTHOCMTel1bHO CTa6MJ1bHi1A TBKOro POAa npeAnPMATHA Ml111 t1>MPMbl He MHTepecytOTCR BantOTa M 110 OTHOWeHM!O K HeMy fl!MMeHAI'IMCb Te )109 'JI)86oaaHMA f1)0113BO,QCTBeHHbiM~1 M~RMM, Bb1111a'tMBaiOT Je06ocHOBatfiO 1'1)0,Qa)IQ1 BaniOiHOO ~.'frOM ICTBep,QOA BaiiiOTe. BbiCOKyiO 3apa6oTHYIO fUiayY, He !1}Mt41MaiOT HOBbD< pa6arJ.i1KOB. 14 OcHOBbiB8.ACb 1..-a U.eHaX 1990 r., MOliCHO 6b&no OliQ1AaTb, "'TO ace TaKMM o6pa3oM, 8 ycnoBMAX nepe>1Ctto '1)MAaBBTbCS1 rp1BaT1113al41-1H M Bbl1rpa!OT OT M~K1R }'Cl108M~ Topt'OBJlM CO CTpaHaMM BHeWHEirO '1)06neMa.M aKI..f!OHePtOro ~eHMSI ~ATMRMH. T8JOKe CM.: MMpa. ~CTJIYIOT 1J1Ja OCHOBaHMR AJ1R 3Toro. 8o-nepab0( (MaJ8s&e Ward {1958), rAe onMCbiBatOTCA AS~CT8Mft PYK080AMT9119A M Vanous, 1983; Oblath M Tarr, 1992), &.IJwMA COeeTctcMA Coi03 8 npeAnPHATMA M 4>HPM, Bb1W9AWHX M3 ~eHTpant130BaHHOrO i.¥!l10M .QOn>KeH 6biJ1 t5bl8b1MrpaTb OT nepexo.Qa Ha MMpoBble ~.¥Nib~ B OOA'*IHBHMA M el!.l9 tte HMeiOli4MX ..acTHbO< ana.QSnbl..¥*l. roproane co crpaHaMM C3B. Bo-sropbiX, 'tTO AOCTaTo-.HO 6 B PoccMM MOHOnonbHble BOOMO>ICHOCTM rocy.QaPCTeeHHbD< Top- YAMBHTenbHO, ace 15 crpaH 6blawero Coaercteoro Co10sa rosbD< opraHMsa~~~ coKpaLJ4eHbl, o.QHatco 3tccnopTHble orpa- 3tccnopTMpoaanM ICOHtcypeHTOCnoco6HYIO (wTB8PAYIO•) t41"t8HMR rp188l1H 1C 3aHM)IC8HMIO BHYfpeHHMX L¥3H no CpaBHeK110 C npOAYJC1.4MIO, a 8803MnH H9KOHtcypeHTOCnocO\SHb18 ("MRrKMe•) MMpoDb&1M. TOBapbl, TaK 'tTO tca>tQJ,aA OTA9J1bHO B3ATBR CTpaHa TBIOtCD AOl1*Ha 7 6btlla 6bl8b1HrpaTb. nocKOl1btcYTopro8l1S1 CO CTpaHaMM 8H8WHOI"O CTOMMOCTb noTepb 8 !)83Y11bTaTe Topi"OBbiX orpat41"t8HHA 803- pacraeT B reoMeTpM..aCKOA nporpecCMM OTHOCMT9l1bHO MaC- MMpa COCTBBMI.Ila 88CbMa ManytO -.acTb 06U4ero 06'beMa WTaOO BBOAMMbD< orpat41'18HM~. ToproBilM, TO AJ1R Tex CrpaH, IC0Topbl9 MMnopTMpo&allM ~· 8 Y36crep (Webster, 1994) OTMe-.aer: wnpatcTHI.feCICM nomtoe npoAYJC1.4MIO M 31CCOOPTMpoBanM "MArtcYIO•, npMo6peTOHMA 8 pe3yJ1bTaTe M3M9HBHMR ycnOBMA Topt'OBJlM CO CTpatlaMH BH8WHiii'O OTCyrCTSMe MHOCTpatttoro r(JOHMKHOBeHMA 6bulo O'eBMAHbiM '{]«9 MMpa 6blnM M8H8e 3Ha-.MTenbHbiMM, -.eM norepM D OOTOMY, "'TO TOJ1biCO 20AI PVKOBOAHTen~ ~ATMA 3aSIBM11H, "'TO Me.JICI"OCY.QaPCTBeHHOA Topt'OBJle {CM.: Tarr, 1994). OCHOBtf/IO tcot«ypeHLLMIO MCF1>JfbiBaiOT CO CTopottbl MMnopTa, ll)M'ieM 15 t411CTO He Ha38aJ1 B tca"eCTBe ICOHKypeHTOB tcaKOe·JlH6o COBMeC'iH08 boJlbWMHCTBOTaKMX cornaweHMA 6blno P83P860Tatto M ~ 1'1JtW1)MRTM8 HJlM ~ $1peny". 'fepea neperoaopHbiR npoi.48CC MMHMCTepcTBBMM 3KOHOMMIICM (npeeMtfMKaMM rocnnaHa), Koropble oTBe-.an~o~ sa peweHMe Hect.to1pA HB OTcyTCY8He T~ 8 Toproen& M8llrAY Pocc"*' H 17 lffVJPM3ICOHOWN8CIG4X '1)06net.t, a He MMft4CTePC1118MM IH8UHOC 3twttot.tw IBCIQIX CHOW8HMA, JCDTOpb8 ICOtfrPOnMpoBaJ1H T0pr0111110 CO 6enapycwo, 5enap,a. f1)H. . . . . ttl1101' . . ~ crtJtiMOCno ctpat.BMH -WHBrO wtpa. M IC Mtotnopry, M IC 3KCOOPTY, - 3TO 8HTHToprOII8R Mapa, 18 B ceyta8 c npH6annd~CICMwt c'IJ)aHBMM, f18P80H8'4BIIbHO H8COIIM8CTMM8R C ~ B TaMOliCBHHOM CCliOC!e. cornaweHHJ1 He co,QeplGI!M }'nOMHHatMR o6 o6A3atenbtW( 110CTBIIQX, B MH,O,HIC31'M8t.ae nepe'*JM He npe.QYCMBlpHBanH MaiiCCMManw.oc o6beMou l'lOCTaaoec. Or :m1x cornaweHMA onca- 1 38111'1Cb nocne1992 r. CM. CfMCOIC K P83.QB11Y 13. nPHnOJKEHHE CraTHCTHKa sHewHeii roproan• s 6wsweM CosercKOM Co103e MBwa SenKM~~~tac • IOpJtii R•xaHOB FlaccMorpeH~e crar~c~~ecKMX npo6neM acerAa MaKp03KOHOMIA"f9CKir1X notcasarene~. noKa3aTenH Ha~~HaeTCR C BOnpoca 0 AOCTOBepHOC~ ~H~. 3KCOOPTa 111 ~MnOpTa BKiliO\Iall~Cb B CBOAHble ,AaHH~e CTamcmKa BHet.UHe~ roproam a CoserCKOM Col03e no BanoaoMy 06ll.leCTBeHHOMY npOAYKTY ~ npeACTaB~eTest AOCTaTOl4HO AOCTOBePHO~, Tak teaK Hau~oHanbHOMY AOXOAY H ~cnonbsoaan~cb np~ BHeWH~~ Toproan~ 6~na fOCYASPCTBeHHO~ paspa60TKe 6anaHCOB HSPOAHOfO X03~HCTBa MOHOnonKeH. So BHeWHeToprooo~ Aeffi'enbHOCTiif nOAI"QTOBKe Ol'teTOB no CoaeTCKOMY Co103Y s u,enoM ~CTBOBanO O~H~~eHHOe ~~cno opraH~3a~~' H no Ka)K,O,O~ OTAenbHO~ pecny6atKe. Cro~MOC~ OT~MT~BSBWMXC~ no CAenKaM nepeA CBO~M ou,eHKa BHewHeropros~x noroKoB npep,craanSJeT MMHHCTepCTBOM BHeWHe~ ToproBnH, KOTOpOe 6onee cno>KHYIO npo6neMy. 3Kcnopr "i MMnopr ~mKoeano a>KeroAH~e cmmcTWieCKHe c6opHH~ ou,eHHBnn~cb ao BHewHeropros~x py6.ns:~x (raK BHewHeH roproan~ CCCP. CBeAeHH~ Haa~eaeMbiX BaOOllibiX py611RX), ~ nepesecn.1 ~ e nJ)eACTaBI1Rll~cb no KaTerop&.'ISN roeapoe cornaCHo py6m BHYfPeHHHe ~Jll.1 a KoHeepmpye~'IO eamory ~HO~ TosapHoM HOM8HKI!arype BHeWHe~ TOpfOBJl~ HenpOCTO B CBS13H C OrcyTCTB~eM !AHcpopMa~H 0 (ETHBn , no CTf)aHaM- nony'faTe!ISIM 3KCOOprHbO< nepeBOAHbiX K03¢»KeH~~ "' APYfHX onpeAeneHH~X BlltAOB Tosapoa, KOTOp~e nonMTH~eCKM sHa~HM~X roaapoa orAenbHO He pean~Asoe~sanl-1cb a paMKax BHewHerop~ ny6nMKOBanHCb, XOTSl H BKniO~an~Cb B CBOAH~e roao~ Ae~renbHOCT~, HenerKo, nocKonbK}I' caeAeHHS1 no o6beMaM BHewHeroproao~ Heo6xoA~Mbl nonpaaK~ Ha pa3HHU.Y a Ka~ecrne AesrrenbHoc~ 1• TOBaPOB AJ1S1 norpe6neHH~ BHYTJX-1 CTpaHbl S.. 3S ee M~HHCTepcrao OJ)eACTaBJWlO csm-1 AaHHbAe H B npep,enaM~. rocKOMCTaT CCCP, KOTOPbl~ OTBe~an 3a aHanlt13 ~e 6onee cepbe3HYJO npo6neMy npe.o.crcl~T KpaTKMA 063op nepeMBH CO BpeMeHM o6peTGHMA H838FlMCI4MC.OTM 23 C060H Bbi"UleHeHI.o1e AaHHbiX no BHeWHeToprOBOH POltHbiX onpOCOB, KOTOpble, QAHaKO, 3n1M~ crpaHaM~ Ae~renbHOCT~ orAellbHbiX pecny6n~K. He npliiMeH~IOTCs:l. npeAOCTaBn~eMble Cran1CTW.feCIG1H Y"f9T npeAJ1pr..1~~H, npOASBaBWit1X npeAflp~~M~ CBeAeH~ o caoei.1 BHewHeroproso~ rosapb.! BHewHeroproabiM opraH!f13a~~M, He aenes~, AesrTe11bHOCWI xapaKTep"3YfOTCSI BeCbMa BbiCOKOH n03TOMY TPYAHO, a TO ~ HeB03MO)KHO onpep,enllfTb CTeneHbiO norpeWHOCT~, ITOCKOllbKY y HWX ecn~ sKCnopTHble nora~ np~MeH~enbH('I K KaKOH-n~6o cepbe3Hble MOT&o1Bbl AJ1R 3aH~eH&.1~ laiC&« ,D.aHHl«. OTASilbHOH pecny6n~Ke. To >Ke caMoe Kacaeres~ Ew,e 6o11ee HeAOCTOBepHbiM~ CTan1CTI!t~eCIG1~ ~Mnopra. BHewHeroproable opraH!f13a~~ npo,o.aBa11111 ,(l,aHHble CTal11.1 CO BpeMeH~ BBeAeH~ 60J1blUIIIHCTBOM ViMnoprnpyeMble roaapbl M~Hr..1crepcray roproBil~ 111 crpaH 6blawero CCCP HOBbiX BalliOT Wl~ Jo..·ym. .,HoB a KoM~rery no Marep1.1allbHo-rexHW.fecKOMY YCllOB&.1SD<, 6J1H3K~X K rnnepiiiHcPll~~OHHbiM. An~ CHa6:ltCeHHIO, KOTOpble aaTeM pacnpeAe11SUllf1 TOBaflbl nepeBOAa CTaT~CT~\feCK0'1 "'HcPOPMaU,I.1~ 1.13 no pecny6n~KaM. HaU,HOHaflbHbiX BalliOTHbiX 9A~H~U. B py6n~ ~11~ B orcyrcra~e nps~MbiX nmcaaarenet1 Af1SI ou,eHKH AOJ1/1aPbl CWA VJcnollb3YIOTCSI pa311111'.fHble o6MeHHble OO'beMOB Me>Kpecny6m1KaHCKOH 1.1 BHewHeH roproanH KYPCbl, KPOMe roro, BHewHeroproable CAellK~ OTAellbHbiX pecny6111.1K 80 BHyrpeHHHX u,eHaX perncrp~pytOTCSI B pa3Hble nep~o,D,bl apeMeHH. 6onee ~cnonb30Ba111.1Cb Me>Korpacneable 6anaHcbl. M05 roro, HeKoropble crpaHbl co6l-1pal0r &.1 ny6n~KYJOT no 125 OTpacll~M COCTaBll~llHCb no Ka>KAOH ~HcpOpMaU,l'IIO TOilbKO no HeKOTOPbiM cl$epaM pecny6Jli!1Ke Ka)IQJ.ble rlSITb .ner. Coop caeAeH~H o6 BHewHet1 roproan~, Hanp~Mep o roproene no oobeMaX BHewHet1 1.1 Me>K:pecnyt)nHKaHCKOH roproBilH Me>Knpaa~renbcraeHHbiM cornaweH~~M r.1111.1 no 80 BHyrpeHHl1X U,eHax ocyw,ecTBil~JIC~ MeTOAOM rpynne roaapoa HapoAHoro norpe6neH~. onpoca npeAJlpW~H. rio arnM np1.1YI.1HaM TOltHble caeJJ,eH~st o6 OObeMax 3epKallbHaR CTaTHCTHKa Me>Kpecny6n~KaHCKOfO Ill CTO~MOCTHOM Bblpa>KeHHlo, BHeWHeTOPfOBbiX roprosoro o6MeHa aHa11~31.1posa.naCb roCKoMcTaTOM noroKoB B re~eH~e nepexQAHoro nep1.1o,o.a HWKOf.Di.l CCCP 1.1 KoppeKll1pOBallaCb Ta~M o6paaoM, lfTOObl He CTaHyT H3BeCTHbl. TeM He MeHee 6bll18 caecrn 6anaHc K a6coniOTHoMy HyntO. nocneAHIAe npeAnP~H~Ta nonbiTKa ASTb OU,eHKY COCTO~Hiil~ Me>Korpacneable 6anaHcbl orHoc~rc~ K 1987 r. roproanH. C srot1 u.enbiO ~cnonb3oBaHbl noKa3cne.nll1 Bnepable AOCTaTO~HO nOAP06Hble CBeAeHH~ no AOPe¢»opMeHHbiX neT B Ka~ecTBe 6a30BbiX, roproane (aa 1987 r.) 6bl11~ ony6ni.1KOBaHbl B 1988 np~sne~eHbl HHble 3KOHOM~\fec~e noKa3arenl.1 r.1 r. 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MO>KHO 6onee AOCTOBepHble OLJ,eHKH. noAp06!ible nocneAHVie ny6nHKa~H noAJ)o6HbiX caep,eHHW CBeAeH~R 06 1.1CTO\fHHKax, MeTOA!,o1Ke npoBeASH~~ o roproane n~THaAU.aT~ pecny6n~K 6blawero pac~eroe ~ noAXOAaX K cocraaneHHIO ra6n1.1u,, COBeTCKOfO COI03a, OCHOBaHHb!X Ha CQAep>KaW,~CSI B pa3Aene 1 , np~BOASITCS1 HIA>Ke. nOCJleAOBaTellbHOH MeTOA1.1Ke, OTHOaJT~ K 1990 r. 3T~ ,O,aHHble, BKlliO~aiOu.tHe ~HcPOPMaU,IAIO no ()qett1011 COCTOAHMR BHeuJHeM TOpi"'BBIM roproane c rpeTb&o1MH crpaHaM~, ~B~I.1Cb ompaaHot1 Topro8nfl c 3apy6e)I(Hb/MH rocy,o.apcrsaMM, 8 TO\fKOt1 ~ aHal11.13a, COAep>Kaw,erocs:l B AaHHOH ,o.onnapax CWA 8 re~wc qeHaX (m6n. 1.1 ). ,ll.aHHble ny6J11.1Kai..I,HH. 3a 1990 r. nony\feHbl Ha OCHOBe OcPI.1U.~allbHbiX CBeAeH~H no BHeWHeroproBOMY o6MeHy ~ nepeMettw nOCIJeAHMX ner Me:lKpecny6n~KaHcK~M roaaponoroKaM ao C pacna.o,oM CoaerCKoro Co10aa TaK>Ke pacnanacb BHYTJ)eHH~x u,eHax ~ u,eHax M1.1poaoro pbiHKa. 3r~ eA~Ha~ craTHCTI.1~ecKa~ c1.1creMa, a CBeAeH~s:t WIIIPOKO ~cn011b30Ban~Cb B M6PP (CM. Me>KPecny6nViKaHCKa~ roproan~ crana roproanet1 HanpHMep, World Bank, 1993a) ~ MB. 8 JlaHHOM Me>KAy cyaepeHHbiMI/1 rocyAapcraaMH. KS:lt(Aoe MaTep~ane OH~ ynoM~HaiOTC~ nOA Ha3BaHI.1eM Hai..I,HOHanbHOe CTaTHCTHlfeCKOe B9AOMCTBO OTB~eT "oQ>~U.I.1allbHa~ noA6opKa AaHHbiX 3a 1990 r.". 3a c6op ~ C~CTeMaT~3aU,HIO CBeAeH&o1H 06 AaHHble 3a 1991-1993 rr. nony\feHbl Ha ocHose 3KOHOM~~ecKot1 ~ COt..J,HaTlbHOH c¢»epe. Ho nocKOllbKY CBeAeHH~ Hai.J,I.10HallbHbiX CTarncrn~eciG1X B9AOMCTB, TaMO>KeHHble CJ1Y'K6bl - a HMeHHO OH&o1 nepBbiMIII cTaTHCT~\feCKoro KOM~rera CHr, ou,eHoK opMat..I,HIO cnei.J,I.1anHcroe M6PP ~ MBct>. - K HaCT~W,eMy MOMeHl)' <1>YHKLJ,HOH1.1pYJOT Aa116KO Toprosnfl MeJK,D,y rocy,o.apcr8aMH 6b18Wero He Be3Ae Ha rpaH~U,aX Me>KAY 6biBW~MH CCCP, 8 py6nflx 8 reK}'UlHX l..leHax (ra6n. 1.2). pecny6IMKaM~, 60J1b~ "GCTb TOBaJ)OB nepeceKaeT lllcro\fH~K~: 1990 r. - "oKeHH~ cBeAeHl'l~ o6 o6beMax MOryr 6b1Tb co6paHbl TOllbKO nocpeACTBOM Bbi60- roproem1. Pa3H~l.\a 8 ,D.aHHblx~ non~eHHbiX ~a Hbl j, HanPaBI'ISieMas:l 8 CTJ)aHY i; nepa~'4Horo ~cTO"tH~IKeH~e OAHO~ 1.13 CTOpoH I, norry"taeMaq ~3 CtpaHbl j; ,o.aHHbiX no o6beMy roproam. e Pa3paooTaHa MarpM"tHM MOAellb OOnaHca >opMau.~s:~ no cDopMyna (1) reHep~pyer nonHyK) MaTPWiHYJO roaapoo6MeHy B 1993 r. Me:lKP,y ABYMSI MOAeflb o6beMoa ToproanH 38 1993 r. J1106biM~ OTAellbHbiM~ CTJ)aHaMVl (o6bl"tHO 3TO • B C.f1Y"'8SD<, Kor.o.a nollY"'eHHble np1.1 noMou~~ ~:acanocb roproanr.1 He c PoccHe~). o6~e AaHHOH M8TOAII1Kii1 c6anaHCII1POB3HHble o6beMbl Me>Krocy,a,apcraeHHO~ roproan~ noKaaarenll1 o6beMOB roproan~ crpaH pacnpeAefls:lfl~Cb Me~y HOBbiM~ 6blawero CCCP cyw.ecmeHHo He ornw·lallr.1Cb HeaaB~C~MbiM~ rocyASpCTBSM~ B TOM >Ke OT O$HU~anbHbiX ASHHbiX, 1,1CnOnb30BS- COOTHOWeH~~. "tTO 1.1 B 1992 r. 8 M8TJ)II1U,e ni,1Cb nocnep,H!,ie. 111alOflb30BaHbl cne.,oytOtU~e o6oaHa~.teHl-1St: ~~ - AOilSI 06U.tero 06beMa 3KCOOPla crpa- MaTPMI48 TOIIaponoToKos MeJKAy CTJ)aHaMM 6wawero CCCP 3Kcnopr H3 CrpaHa 1 ... j Bcero 1 ai1X1 = P11M1 M, HMnoprs ... ... i ai(K8HH9 H, COOTB8TCTB8HHO, AOim Ami OU,eHKM 06'b8MOB TOproBJlM B nOCTOSIHHbiX Me>Krocy.o.apcreeHHo~ ToproanH e o6t14eM o6beMe u,eHaX 1990 r. HCnOnl::t3088118Cb Cl19AYIOU48A TOpfOBJlH 0Ka3bi8810TCS! Hacycci'BeHHO 38HfA)K9HHbiMH. ~H$OPM8U,HR: C MoMeHTa r..tcnOJlb30BaHH~ PbiHO'fHoro o6MeHHorc • ToeaponoroiGII e re~ u,eHax; KYPca (1992 r.) KYPC MecTHbiX saniOT OK83biBa- e r..tHA9KCbl u.eH B 1991·1993 rr. eTCR 38HH*eHHbiM. Hawr..t ou,eHKI.1 nony--1eHbl Ha OCHOBe AaHHbiX 0 T8KyU4HX py6ne6biX U,eHaX H npr..tOO)K9Hr..te lliHAf)KCOB u,eH IC «5a3oeo~ CTPYKTYP9 CJ)eAH8fOA0BbiX O~V!I.\~/IbHOM HIU1 KOMMep~ec~OM 6biiiO ocyUJ,eCTB119HO B rpr..t arana. BoanepBbiX, 38 o6MeHHbiX Kypcax: 1990 r. - 0,59 pytS./ Orp8CJ19Sble H3M9H9HHR U,9H B Me:lKJ"''cy,o.apCTBeHHO~ 1 AOM. CWA, 1991 r. - 1,26/1 , 1992 r. - 196/1, roproane a 1991-1993 rr. 6blnr..t npr..tHRTbl 1993 r . - 938 pyt:i./1 AOM. CWA. np111 paC'femx c Bt-fYTPHpocct~~CIG1e orpacneable 1113MeHeHr..tR u,eH. Bo- HCn011b30BSH~eM 3TOf0 Kypca 3aHL1)K8~TCR BTOpblx, U,9Hbl Ha 3HeprOHOCliiT811lll 6bi11H noKa38T811H 06beMa Toproe.nr..t B A011118POBOM CKOPP8KTliiPOB8Hbl c Y'f9TOM liiH¢lOPM8U,Hrr1 0 3KBHB8118HTe. npr..t HCnOJ1b3088HHH PbiHO'fHOro A9~CTBliiT911bHbiX U,eHaX CA81IOK B POCC~~CKOM 06M9HHOfO KYJ)ca HCtKa.eTCSI jJ,Omi aHepreTr..t'feCKOM 3KcnopTe. 8-rpeTbr..tXv 6blnlr1 Me~rOCYA8PCTB8HHOH ToproBnl'l ~ CO~AaeTCR cKoppeKTMpoBaHbl 3Kcnopnto·r..tMnopTHble u,eHbl 1-1a ene'faTneHr..te cyu.tecTBeHHbiX nepeMeH s 3HeprOHOC,T811H ~ A3ep6a~A*8H8 H np~ reorpa$~'fBCKO~ pacnpe.o.eneHHocrn roproB11H. 3To nvnaHHR A11R MOJlAOBbi 1.1 rpy.~r..tr..t (eM. ra6n A.1 ). He 601189 'fBM CT8THCTH'feCKiiiA ¢eHOMBH, 'ffO Ill Koppe~rr..t) BbiPOCilH 8 KYPCY (Ta6n. 1 .2). npr..tMeHeH~e 3TOfO M8TOA8 M9HbW9H CTeneHH, ~eM Ha HMnopT (B OCHOBHOM RBJ1R9TCSJ nonblnco~ OTJ)83HTb peanbHoe nonO>.KeHr..te nPHPOAHoro r83a). Koppe1m1poeKa no rpy3r..tH , ,Aen, KOTOpoe COCTOHT B TOM, "fTO TOPfOBilR M8JIQJ.Y MoJ1AOBe ~eflbCKOX03RRCTBeHHbiM 3KcnoprepaM - rocy,o,apcTBaMH BellaCb He no MHPOBbiM U,eHaM, lo111H, npoao,D,Wlacb BBHAY cyl!.lOOTBeHHO~ pa3HHLI,bl M&>K/'i.:.J "fTO TO )1(9 C8M08, C HCnOTib30BaHH9M pa311H'fHbiX u,eHaMH Ha 3KCnopmpyeMble 1!1MH npoAYJCTbl nvnaHHR pac'feTHbiX KYPCOB. An~ onpeAeneHHR o6beMoB H cpeAHHMH U,8HaMir1 Ha 3TH TOB8Pbl B M8)KfOcy,o,apcTBeHHbiX TODaponoTOKOB B AOJlllapax Me>Krocyp,apcrseHHOA Toproane (B 1990 r., 683oBOM CWA no paC'-IeTHbiM o6MeHHbiM tKrOcyAaf)cTBeHHolil Toproene 38 1990 439% OT U,9H MIAPOBOro PbiHKa B rpy.!r..t~ H 365% - r. no 1~eHaM MHPOBbiX PbiHKOB a AOJ111apax CWA M3 a Moi\D,ose a cpasHeHr..tlll c 242% no 6bleweMy CCCP o4lHLJ,1<1811bHOR noA60pKH ,o.aHHid'. 3ro 3KBHBaf!'BHTtiO a u.enoM). UeHOBble HO>tCHHLI,bl B03HHK11H rnaBHbiM nepeBOAY CTOliiMOCTHOfO B~pa~eHHfl o6pa30M BB14AY TOfO, 'fTO J].aHHbiS CrpaHbl nOCTaBJlRIOT MS)KfOcyAai)Cll!eHHOR TOPfOBilH Ha U.9Hbl MHPOBOro TOBapbl (cppyKTbl, OBOU4r..t, BI.1H8 H KOHbRKH), Ha PbiHKa B ,opnnapax CWA no KYPcy 1990 r. KOTOpble OTHOC'11"911bHbl8 U,8Hbl OLJ.4Yll1MO BbiWe LI,8H Ha MHOrr..te APYf!t1e BHAbl C911bCKOX03~ACTB9H­ A11R onpeA91161-1Hs:l CTOHMOCTHOro Bblproti Me>Krocy,o,apCTBeHHO~ roproB/1H a 1991-1993 rr. a. HOiil npOJJ,yteu,L-1H (U.eHbl perynHpoBaJlHCb lii BO MHOfi.1X nocTORHHbiX Aonnapax 1990 r. r..tcnonb3oean~cb C.11y'mt( npoAO.roKaiOT pery11HPOBaTbcst). A8HHble o6 H3MBHeHII'IRX o6b.eMoB MB)KrOCYAaPCT88HHOR TOproBJlH B nOCTORHHbiX 06UlUH 00b8M BHBWHeH TOprostiH py611RX. J,la11ee CTOHMOCTHOe Bb1P8)K9Hl'le rocy,QBpCTB 6blswero CCCP (rat5.n. 1.3) roeaponoTOKOB B TBKYtUHX A011napax onpeAellSUlOCb noKa3aTe11~1 o6w,l-'lx o6beMOB 3KcnopTa , lf1M- c Hcnonb30BaHHeM AecPJlRTopa BceMr..tpHoro 6aHKa nopra KIDK.D,olil crpaHbl onpeAeJlSinlllcb n}'TeM coa- AJlfl Mr..tpoeoR roproanr..t (1990=100, 1991=98,5, Mew,eHr..tR ,o,aHHbiX no Me>KfOCY.t\3PCTB8HHOR TOPfOBJle 1992=100,4, 1993 = 96,1). c ,o,aHHbiMH no roproBJ1e c aapy6e>KHb1Ml'l CTpaHaMl'l Pacnpe.JJ.eneHHe BHewHeilt roproBnH PoccHM no BH8WHero MHpa npr..t i11CnOJlb30BaHHH OOLU,8H Mepbl reorpa(/:JH"'eCKHM perHoHaM 38 npe,D,enaMu CTOHMOCTH. C 1992 r. A8HHble no 6blswero CCCP (ra611. 1 .5). AaHHble, M8)KfOCYA8PCTB8HHOH ToprOBJle npr..t- npr..tBBA8HHWe B Ta611HU.B, npeAOCT88118Hbl BOAHI1HCb B H8U,l-'IOH811bHOH B81110Te, a no BHeW- CTSTHCTH'feCKViMH opraHaMH CHr Ill PoCCVIH. 3a HeroproaoR AE*lTeJlbHOC"'Il1 - B AOJ1118P8X CWA. ~ 1990 H 1991 rr. ~M9BWH9CS1 ,D.aHHble B "Ba1110THbiX" onpeAeJleHHR CTOl'IMOCTHOfO Bb1PIDK9HHR o6w,ero py611RX 6b111H nepeBeAeHbl B AOJ111apb1 C c6beMa roproenr..t a Ka'feCTBe o6w.e~ Mepbl HCn011b30BaHH8M 06MBHHbiX KYPCOB, ynOMf!HyrbiX cTOl'IMOCll1 r..tcnonb30Ballcs:l AOMaP CWA. Bblwe. 3a 1992 , 1993 rr. AaHHble 6blfl.., MeJKroCy,aapcrseHHBR ropr0811R s TBK}'U.lHX !.l8HaX npeAcTasneHbl B A01111apax CWA.. 3a 1993 r. 6bl11a s neptJC'IBre Ha ,o.onnapbl CLUA no ocfJHLtuan&HOMY"' npor..t389A8H8 KOppeKTIIIPOBKa AaHHbiX, T9.K K8K pi:JH~HOMY o6MeHH&IM ~M (ra6n. 1.2). 0AHH H3 rocKOMCTaT Poccr..tlll YKa3811 HCTO'fHHKH II'IMnopTa MSTOAOB onp9A8118HHR CTOHMOCTHOfO Bbi!JS)KBHHfl TOJ1bKO no TOBapaM Ha cyMMY 27 M11PA· AOTI/1. H3 Toproenr..t 6blewero CCCP a A01111apax CWA o6t14ero o6beMa 33,1 M11PA· Aonn. Cor.nacHo 38Kiti0'4881'CSI B HCn011b3088HHH OclwiiJ,IItailbHOfO Hnl'l HM910U411'1MCR ASHHbiM, pa3HHU.Y COCT8B11R9T TaK PbiHO'fHoro o6MeHHbiX tcypcos. B re roAbl, Kor.a.a H83biBaeMaR HeopraHM3oBaHHaR Toproan~. Ha10Jlb30Ba/1CSf o¢JHIJ,HanbHbl~ o6M8HHbl~ K"fPC (1990 89AY~8RCR HB60J1bWHMII'I KOMnSHII'IRMH H OTA911bHbiMH 'facTHbiMH nHU.aMr.-1. 3ra pa3HHU.a 26 ToproBJlR ~ HOBC.O( He3aBHCHMbDt rocy.QaPCTBaX 6biJ:!a pacnpe~lJ,e.neHa Me>KAY HCTOI.fHI.1KaMlo1 a rex *e ___ J~10 - Cl~t>HMOCTH08 8b1PUC8HM8 3KCOOPTa nponopi...I}1RX, l~TO 1.1 OOI.I.t1.1~ OObeM roproBllH. rpynnbl roaapo8 i KaK JJPm oC5~ero o6h8Ma SKcnopra AaHHble, nplo1BeAeHHble 8 ra6n. 1.5, npeA- ctpaHbl j a crpaHbl 6bl8wero CCCP 8 1990 r., WJM crasn~~T 1.1HTepec C TOI.fKH 3P8HH~ 38PKanbHO~ cTan,crnKvt. 8 1992 r. sKcnopT 1.13 PoccHH. 6bln M8HbiWI.1M, "18M C8!1tA8T811bCTBY~T AaHHble CTpaH 03CP (eM. pa3Aen 12). npr..141.1HO~ H8KOTOi)biX H8COOTB8TCTBI;1~ Sf811S*3TCSI H8COBflaA9HI.16 U,8H CJ)QS 1.1 CVIK8T 6b1Tb 06bflCHeHa T011bKO 3TMMH cpcoonpaMH. rpynnbl roaapoa i KaK AOnA o&i\ero o6beMa MMnopra TeM He MeHee HeB03MO)KHO c AOlbKHoiil yaepeHHOCTbiO CT'J)aHbl j 1.13 cTJ)aH 6blawero CCCP 8 1990 r., WlM onpeA8111.1Tb, HaCK011bKO 3TO H8COOT38TCTB~e A8~CTBViTeJlbHO Bb13BaHO HelleranbHbiM 3KCi10PTOM, 1 1 I _ j Pm c.• • JMo a HaCKOJlbKO- reM, "'TO ~pe>KAeH~ OSCP oTHecnl.1 Ha c~T Pocc1.11.1 sKcnopTH~e nocTasKH 1.13 APyrHX f"'o - YPm1 :-; • o I M1 o crpaH. res M3MeHeHMA YCI10BMM TOpi"'BBM YcnoBM~ roproan~-1 All~ cTpaHbl j 8 roA t MG*P.Y HOBbiMM He38BMCMMbiMM onpe.o,eMJOTCSI KaK OTHOWeHL-18 U,eHOBOrO MHP,eKC8 rocyA8PC'J118MM COBOKYflHOrO 3KCnopla - Px. K ~HOBOMY MHAeKcy VIHAeKcbl u,eH, 111cnonb30Baswl.1ec>t An~ cosoKynHoro '1Mnopra - Pmr TaKr,1M o6pa3oM, onpeAeneHI.151 1113MeHeHI.1R ycnoe1.1~ Toproenl.1, - re npou,eHTHOe 8biP~8HHe "'3MeHeHM~ ycno&MA roproaJWt 6y,AeT nollY'faHo nplil YMHC»KeH'1M Ha 100 *e, ~To 1.1cno11baosan~cb Ail~ nepesoAa COOTHOW8H'1~ YC1108'1~ ToproanH 3a PIJ8 P\i3HbiX CTOir1MOCTHOrO Bblpa)KeHI.1~ 06beMOB TOprOB111.1 1.1~ TeKYUV1X py6net1 B py6n1o1 nocro~HHble. TaKl1M nep5110A8 8peMeHH. nocKonbK}' HaM6onee P493KHe '13MeHeHI.1~ YC11081.1~ Toprosm1, 1.1MeBW1.18 MeCTO 8 o6paaoM, ou,eHKif'l lo13MeHeHlo151 ycnoaH"' Topro8nH CTpaHaX fibiBWero CCCP B 1990-1993 rr., npoM30WIIo1 CJp3,ll.aiOT TeMH .)1(8 HeAOCTaTKaMl-1, o6yC1108118HHbiMH B pe3Y11b18Te U,8HOBbiX '13M8H8HH~ B TOprOBne M8)KAy Hea,o.eKBaTHOCTbiO AaHHbiX, "'TO 6bl111.1 OOiittaHbl BbiWe. 3T~MH CTPSH8MH, Ta6nHL,a 1.9 nocSSUUeHa ~ HaWHX OU,eHOK M~ 1.136panl.11990 r. KaK 6a30Bbl~, 1.1CKTIIO~ellbHO ycJlOBl'ISIM TOpro811M MS*AY CT'f)aHaMI.1 nocK011bKY 1.1MeHHO OH 6~11 noCTJeAH1.1M rQAOM, no KOTOPOMy 1.1MeeTCSI B~ HeOOXOA1.1~ marnc'TWieaOpMaU,I.1R. U,SHOBble '1HA8KCbl OrpaHW·f'1 BaiOTCSI TOnl,f<:O LC.eHaMH B TopiOsne Me>KAY crpaHaMIII 6blswero CCCP. 0CHOBHOVt MaCCI.1B CB8AeHH" no 3aTPC1TaM - 3TO oQ>1.1U,lo1a/1bHble crarncrnl.fecK'1e AaHHble aa 1990 r. ,l].nst O~HKlil r..13MeHeH1!151 ycllOBHlit TOpr0811M 11~ no rosapoo6MeHy co crpaHaMI.1 BHewHero M1.1pa 1.1 crpaHbl j c ,o,pyrnMH crpaHaM'1 6blswero CCCP a roA Me>K,Ay cTpaHaMI.-1 6~swero CCCP no rpynnaM t no OTHOWeH"'~ K 6a30BOMY fOAY BblnOilH~eM paCI.feTbl no $>pMyne: Toaapos (1 05 no31.1U.1.1~) AI1R Ka>KAOC1 pecny6nlt1K'1 so sHyTPeHHII1X u,eHaX 111 u,eHax Mlr1POBbiX PbiHKOB (r.e. Pi I:-1-t sx' ocp1.1u,l.1a11bHa~ noA6optOPMYile (2) SIBJlSieT~ OU,8HKOM a.13MeHeHI.IIR r..c.eHbl ee sKcnopra a crpaHbl 6bi8Wero nopTHbiX u,eH Jlacne"peca (L.aspeyres). CCCP no oTHoweHII!JO K 1113MeHeH'1~ u,eHbl ee '1Mnop·m npe)I(,O,e 4eM npeACTaB'1Tb Q>opMyny YC110Br..1~ 1.13 cTpaH 6blswero CCCP, npM- ToproB11'1, 00'1W8M C/leAYIOti-'Vie 0603Hal.f8HiitR: "feM pa~eT BeA6Tcs:! Ha OCHOBe <1>'1KC511POB8HHbiX Px\ 1 -3KcnopTHast u,eHa rpynnbl Tosapos i CTJ)aHbl 06beMOB. npL1BeAeHHaR Q>opMylla - 3TO COOT· j B .o.pyrr..1e cTpaHbl 6biBWero CCCP a ro.o. t HOWeHille AByx U,eHOBbiX HHA8KCOB J1acne!1peca. (BblpCi)K8HHaSI B pOCC'1VtCKHX 1.1111.1 COB8TCIaKTI!11.fecKI!1 oHa 3aHI!1Maer teaK TOproDIIe roCYA8P'CTa Gwawero CCCP 6bl npOMS:>teyTO"'HOe nono:>KeHHe MB*AY crpyK- (1990 = 100) rypo£1 U.BH M1!1POBbiX PbiHKOB 1!1 COOTBeTCTBY!Oll.le£1 crpyKTypo£1 6biBLuero CCCP. O~.teB&IIAHO, ycnoBI!151 Orpacn& 1991 1992 1993 TOpfOB11!.1 np&.16ann1£1CK&.1X ctpaH B 1993 r. 6111!1~'lft COI03 B nepexoAHbiA nepMOA", nH~88S1 npoMbllll.nSHHOCTb 2,61 47,55 551,63 T. 1. JEC, KoHrpecc CWA, 1993. Jlpyr"'e OTP8Cn"' 2,38 48,n 482,79 3 no.QP06HOe pa3'bACH8HM8 npM-.,H ny6nMICal¥'M M MeTO.QCJ10fl1M npoMbiWJleHHOCrn pa3paoorKM noKa3aTeneR eM.: Brown and Belkindas, 1993. CenbCKoe X03s:IHCTBO 1,56 14,52 130,71 L!l~opMai.4MA, paHee Mcnonb30BaawaACA M6PP (Micha- 4 .Qpyr"e 2,38 4a,n 482,79 lopoulos, 1993; World Bank, 1993a), 6bllla cKoppeKTMpoaaHa c Bcero 2,37 47,41 483,23 'J'i9TOM HOBOR MH$>pMai.4MH M3 CTpaH (ONSnol CTaTMCTH'4eCKMX opraHOB no BtteWHeR roproane PSIAa crpaH). 5 3ToT OOAXOA npeAcTa8nfteTCA B03MO}I(Hb1M 8BHAY roro, 'fTO nepBbiX Tpex KOflOHOK C AaHHbiMI!1 ~eT· roproL .lR c PoccHeA cocraans.er Ao 70-75% o6LUMx o6'beMoB BBPTO~ iKHO OU,BHI!1Tb, HaCKOJlbKO ,D,a• roproanM crpaH 6blawero CCCP M, TaKMM o6pa3oM, 8 3Hal.fM· T911bHOR CTeneHM onpeA811fteT 3TM 06'b8Mbl. neKo npoABII1HY11CSI npou,ecc nepexo,o.a 3T!.1X crpaH 6 Ha u,eHbl MI!1POBbiX PbiHKOB. Tolfttee ro8opR, noKa38tenH ropro8m., 38 1990 r. 6bi11H npeA- '-iTO KacaeTCs:l np1!16a11T1!1£1CK1!1X fOCYAaPCTB, TO cTaaneHbl 80 BH8lUHeTOprOBbiX py611S1X, KOTOpble, 8 CBOIO O'*l- P8Ab, 6bll1M oonY'feHbl 8 pe3ynbTaTe nepe8o.Qa AOnnapo8 CWA pe3y11bTaTbii!1CC11BAOBaHI!1SI AOIDKHbl rpaKTOBaTbCSI no 0KHO, TaK KaK l.I,BHOBa$1 CTPYK· CWA). TaKMM o6pa3oM, a AaHHOM MccneAOBaHHH 6bllla npo- rypa roprosnr..1 Me)t(Ay HI!1M1!1 111 APYfi!1M1!1 crpaHaMr,., H3BeAeHa o6paTHaR onepaf.V1R c L{911bl0 11011Y"18HMR OOKa3aT911SI 6blawero CCCP oTnl!11.faercs:~ or ro£1, l.fTO cyLL.teCT·· 8 A01111apax CUJA H3 BHeWHeToproBbiX py6neA. 2 TOPrOBAR nORHTHKA POCCHH BnaJ;JHMBp KOHOBBROB Ao pe)K~AM pocc&~~"cKo~ 1991 r. Topro8nM npeAcTasnsm coeio~ nepeXOAHbl~ Wn103 M8>fCAY 8HyTpeHHe~ M MMP080A 3KOHOMM'f8CKMMM CMCTeMaMM. Pa60THMKM nnaH08biX op- raHOB onpeAe.nsuwl cxeMy pacnpeAeneHMSI pecypco8, YAe- llSISI MMHMMYM BH1r1M8H!,1SI Y'48TY cpaBHlo1T81lbHbiX npeMMY· ~ecTB M CTpeMSICb K OOilHOMY caMoo6ecne'feHMIO B paM· KaX 6blswero CoseTcKoro Co10aa. To8apbl MMnopTMpo- aa.nMCb TOilbKO 8 TOM Cf1Y"'88, ecn~ OHM He MOrllM 6b1Tb npoMaseAeHbl BHYTPM cTpaHbl, a 3KcnopT ocy~ecTB/1SinCSI no OCT8TO'fHOMY npMH~Mny no Mepe YAOBil8TBOpeHMSI sHyrpeHHMX noTpe6HocTe~. HenpeoAOilMMSSI nperpa,o,a Ha OyTM B38MMOOPOHMKHOB8HHSI BHyrpeHHe~ M MMPOBOA 3KOHOMMKM COCTOSI.Ila B MOHOnOilbHOM no.ll0)1(8HMM rocy- A8PCTB8HHbiX BHeWHeToprOBbiX opraHM38~MA, KOTOpble B aAMMHMCTpaTMBHOM OO~Ke ycTaHaBilMBa.llM U8Hbl Ha peanMayeMble Toaapbl. 3TH opraHM38UMM no.nb308allMCb A8cSJOPMMP088HHOM CMCTeMoA BHyrpeHHMX ~eH C TeM, 'fT06b! 3KCnopn~p088Tb Cblpb8Bble npOAYKTbl, KOTOpble 6blll0 .nerKO peanM3088Tb Ha PbiHKaX C KOHBepTMpyeMbiMM • MaKP03KOHOMM'tecKast 00CTaHOBK8 BalliOTaMM; M MCOOilb30Ba.llM OO.Ily'fa8Mb18 npM6blllM Afl$1 cy6CMAMPOB8HMSI MMnopTHbiX nocTaaoK npOAYKTOB mna- HMSI M TeXHM'f8CKoro o60PYAOBaHMSI. 3Ta CTPaTerMSI 0011- • l'13M8H8HMSI a Toproane HOCTbiO npOTM80P8'fMila OPM8HTMP088HHOA 908He TOpro- BOA OOilMTMKe, np080AM8W8ACSI B )I(M3Hb 8 T8'f6HMO noc.neAHMX TPMA~aTM .neT HaM6o.nee 6b1CTPO pa3BM8a- • Toproaasw nonMTMK& a OTHOW8HMM Cl'p8H BH8 IO~MMMCSI 8 3KOHOMM'f8CKOM OTHOW8HMM CTJ)8H8MM. CTopoHHeMy Ha6niO.QaTe.niO, noRBMBWeMyCSI Ha MecTe A8ACTBMSI B 1991 r., MO:lKHO 6blll0 6bl .nerKO AOKa3aTb Owawero COaeTCKoro )KM3H8HHYIO He06XOAMMOCTb pe~OPMMP088H&IISI CMCT8Mbl C01038 CTMMyllOB, 'fT06bl peweHMSI B o6.naCTM npOM3BOACTBa M • Toproawe OTHOW&HMR co Cl'p8H8MM 6b1BW8f0 noTpe6.neHMSI KaK MO)I(HO J1Y'IW8 OTPmKaiU.1 npMeM.Il8Mble YPOBHM M3A8p)l(eK (OCHOBbiBanMCb Ha UeHax Mlotposoro PbiHKa). Pe3y.nhTaToM AOIDKHO 6bl.no 6bt cTaTb MH8ec- CoaeTcKoro COI038 TMPOBaHMe ~MeHHO 8 Te OTpaCillor1, KOTOpble 8 HaH6011bWeM • 8b1BOAbl CTeneHM 0TP8)K811M 6bl MMeiOW.MeCSI y CTpaHbl cpaBHM- TellbHble npeMMy~ecTsa. AocTM*eHMe 3ToA ~enM TpeC5o- aa.no CHSITMSI KOHTPOilSI C 3KCnopTa M MMnOpTa, a TaiOke C03A8HMSI TaKO~ M8KP03KOHOMM'48CKOA M pery.nMpyiOW,8M CP8Abl, KOTOpaSI OOOll.\PSIIla 6bl MHBeCTMUMM. Ec.nM paccMoTpeTb roproay10 nonMTMKY 8 .n106oilt oT- Ae.nbHO 83SITblilt nepMOA 38 OOCI18AHM8 A88 roAa, TO OHa npeACTaeT B COCTOSIHMM OOCTOSIHHOro H8TOPOOI1MBOrO ABM*eHMSI, npM'4eM c cyl!.lecraeHHOVi HeysepeHHOCTbiO e OTHOW8HMM o6w.ero Hanpaa.neHMSI AB~)K8HMR (M6PP, 30 ToproanA B HOBbiX HB3aBMCMMbiX. rocy.QaPCTaax 1993}. TeM He MeHee, ecn1.1 o6epHyrbcst Haaa.o,, 3SI~CTBa, o6opOHHO~ npOMb!WJ1eHHOCTI.1. 0AHaKO CTaHeT SICHO, lfTO AOCTlitrHyr CYI..l.leCTBeHHbl~ npor- Cl.111bl, Ae~CTBYIO~llte Ha BCTJ)elfHOM HanpaeneHHI.1, pecc. 06MeHHbl~ KYPC ceo6oAHO onpeAenSieTes~ A06~nlf1Cb ycnexa B opraHH3aU,HM npoTI.1Bo- PbiHKOM. CpeAH~'~~ ypoeeHb TaplllcPoe cocTaensteT Ae~cTBHSI npeAJlaraeMOMY noBbiWeHHIO TaPHcPOB, OKOllO 12% HeCMOTPSI Ha KOJlOCCallbHOe AaBlleHHe 1.1 npeT8opeHHe sTore peweHHSI 8 }KI.13Hb 6blno CO CTOPOHbl npOMbiWlleHHbiX 110661>1 C U,ellbiO A0- OTJ10.)KeHo AO HI011SI. Cnoco6HocTb npa81.1Tel1bCT8a 6HTbCSI npHHSITHSI npoTeKU,VIOH1.1CTCK1.1X peweHH~. Bb1Aep}KH8aTb npoTeKU,HOHMCTCKOe A8Bl1eHHe 6y- Cy6CHAI.1POBaHHe HMnopTa, COCTaBJlSIBWee B AeT KlliO~eBbiM <$>aKTopoM, onpeAellstiOu.t1.1M era 1992 r. nplf1MepHO 25% OT BaJIOBOrO BHyrpeHHero pewi.1MOCTb A06HBaTbCSI YHKU,1.10HHpo8aHif1SI npOAYKTa, npaKTI.1YeCKI.1 npeKpaTI.1110Cb K HaYany CHCTeMbl OTKPbiTO~ Topr08111.1. 1994 r. rocyAaPCTBeHHaSI ToprOBJlSI nocpeACTBOM HecMoTpst Ha pe¢JopMb1 CI.1CTeMbl no6yAH- U,eHTpa111.130BaHHbiX 3aKynOK npOAOJl.)KaeT COX- Te11bHbiX CTHMynoa 3KOHOMI.1~ecKo~ Aesnenb- paHSITbCSI, XOTSI 1.1 B 3HaYMTellbHO COKpauteHHOM HOCTH, CTPYKTYPHble lf13MeHeHHSI 8 3KOHOMHKe MaCWTa6e, O,il,HaKO TOproBaSI MOHOnOJlHSI 111.1KBH- 6bl11111 He3HaYI.1TellbHbiMH. 803MO}KH0, rnaBHO~ AHPOBaHa. AocTHrHyr nporpecc 1.1 eo BBeAeHI.1H npH~HHO~ 3TOro 6bl110 TO, ~TO MHOriAe npeAnPIASI- CHCTeMbl perynHpOBaHIASI, COOTBeTCTBYIOI..l.le~ yc- TI.1SI TOllbKO Ha~HHaiOT CTallKHBaTbCSI C cepbe3- JlOBHSIM PbiHO~Ho~ 3KOHOMI.1K1.1. K npHMepy, npi.1- HbiMH 6tOA>KeTHbiMH atpaHH~eHI.1SIMI.1. OcHOBHbiM HstTo TaMO}KeHHOe 3aKOHOAaTeJlbCTBO, B OCHOBe coAep}KSHHeM pecpopM Ha~anbHorc 3Tana 6blno KOTOporc Jle.)Klo1T aHallOflit~HOe 3aKOHOAaTellbCTBO BbiC8060)KAeHI.1e U,eH. no3TOMY OCH08HaSI 3aAa~a Eepone~cKoro coo6utecTea, npHlfeM Hanpas- npaBHTel1bCTBa Ha 1994 1.1 nocneAYIOI..U.He rOAbl neHIItSI TSMOJKeHHO~ AeSITellbHOCTH 1.1 npou,eAYPHaSI 3aKniO~anacb 8 TOM, ~To6bl np1.1eecn1 8 AB~}KeHI.1e CTOpOHa pa60Tbl Ta~O}KeHHO~ SAMHHHCTpaU,1.11.1 npou,ecc CTPYKTyPHbiX nepeMeH, B paMKaX KOTO- TatoKe eecbMa cxmKIII c npHHSITbiMH a EC. poro HMeno 6bl MecTo nepepacnpeAeneHllte Tpy- ABH}KeH~e B HanpaeneHHH lllf16epan1.1aau,H1.1 AOBbiX 1.1 npo!.iHX pecypco8 8 Hanpa8neHI.1M 6onee npo&~~3BOA&~~TenbHO~ AeS~TenbHOCTH. BnacTSIM npi.1- Me~rocyAapCTBeHHO~ TOprOBJ11.1 1.1 ycTpaHeHHSI AeTcst conpoTH811SITbOR AaB11eHH~, Hanpa8neH- 3KcnopTHbiX KBOT 1.1 Hanoroe 6blno 6onee MeA- HoMy Ha ycTaH08JleHI.1e 6onee BbiCOKI.1X TapVicp08 neHHbiM. OHU.HallbHble ABYCTOPOHHllte corna- H 8BeAeHHe HeTaPHci>HbiX 6apbepo8. 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HOMH~eCKO~ nOllHTHKH npaBI.1TellbCT8y noTpe- nporpecc B 0611aCTH pecl>opM 6b1Jl B03MO}K- 6oeanacb H088SI nocneAOBaTenbHast cTpaTe.rHst, HbiM ~aCTH~HO BBHAY Tore, ~TO 3aHH}KeHHbiH npeAYCMaTpH8aiOU4aSI OAH08peMeHHO 6b!CTpoe o6MeHHbl~ Kypc npeACTaBnstn co6o~ ceoero POAa CHir1}KeHHe 1.1HcP11SIU,HI.1 nyreM cepbe3HOnl Y*eCTO- aautiiiTHbl~ 6apbep AJlSI oTpacne~ npoMbiWJleH- ~eH&IIS1 cPMHaHC080H nollHTHKH 1.1 3aMeAJ1eHHe HOCTH, HCnbiTbiBaiOI..U.HX KOHKypeHU,l-110 CO CTOpOHbl TeM008 naAeHHH npO&II380ACT8a nocpeACTBOM HMnopTa. K aarycTy 1994 r. ypoeeHb 1.1Hn~n.J,H!.o1 nocTeneHHO~ peanH3aU,I.1H penstu,HH Kone- HbiM peweHI.18M Tap1.1cpbl 6bll11.1 YB8111.1~eHbl B 6anHcb 8 npeAe.nax 5-30%. 8 OTA811bHble nep&~~­ cpeAHE!'M Ha 5%. 3To yeen1.1~eH1.1e 03Halfano OAbl nocneAHHX A8yx neT BCSI 3KOHOMH~ecKa~ npfJT,BKU,HOHI.1CTCKOe orpa>I(AeHVIe Tpex MOl4HbiX CI.1CTeMa 8 U,8110M HaxOA&IIll8Cb nOA yrp030~ KOJl- orpat~ne~: asroMc6~t~necTpoeHI.1SI, cenbcKoro xo- llanca B81.1AY 803MO>KHOM rl.1nep1.1HnstrJ,I.1H. TeM ToproeaR nonHTMKa PoccMM 31 PMC. 2.1. YpoMHII MH4nJ•LPIM B 1992·1994 rr. (MH,IleKC nOTpe6MTellbCKMX u,eH B% K npe.nwecTBytOU.leMY MecSUJ,y) Mec. 1992 1993 1994 Mc T o Lf H H K: paC&.feTbl M6PP. He MeHee 1< cepeA~He 1994 r. noS~a~n~cb np~a­ BHYTP8HHI!1X u,eH B Ha~ane 1992 r., yposeHb o6- HaK~ TOfO, ~TO npaB~TeflbCTBO no6e~eT B MeHHoro tcypca HaU,~OHaJlbHO~ BailiOTbl cy[UeCT- 6opb6e C MHcPilRU.~eH. 6onee >KSCTKaR 3KOHO- BeHHO CH~3t.111CSI B peanbHOM lo1Cl.f!AC118Ht.1t.1, T.e. M~~8CKaSI nomn~Ka caena ypoeeHb l-1HcpnRU.~~ K 803Ht.1K118 60ilbW8S1 pa3Ht.1LJ,a Me~y pbiHO~HbiM~ 5%. sa.nJOTH~M~ o6MeHH~Ml-1 tl-1H8HCOBbiX IAHCTIA- oT aHanor~r.tHoro noKasaTenS~ 1 984 r. 8 noc- TyTOB. Cnpoc Ha Aonnapbl 6bln oco6eHHo Bblco- neAHMe M8CSII.4~ 1992 r. ~ a nepeoH nonos~He KIAM BBHAY o6cTaHOBKIA nont.1Tl-1l.fecKo~ 111 sKoHo- 1993 r. 05beM npo~3BOACTB8 OCTaBanCSI OTHO- M~r.tecKo~ HeonpeAelleHHOCT~ 1.1 Kpa~He OTpiAu,a- CHT811bHO CTa6~JlbH~M, OAH8KO B TP8Tb8M KBap- TellbHO~ y~eTHO~ cTaBKt.1 npou,eHTa B Pocc1.1~. Tane 1993 r. B0306HOB~I10Cb nSAeHHe np01.13BOA- BnacTIP1 n~Taflt.1Cb aaMeAfiiATb npou,ecc t.13MeHeH~SI CTBa. BcneA 38 COKP8lU8HI.18M sen B 1992 r. Ha OTHOCIP1TellbH~X U.eH, 8KTIABHO BMeW~BaRCb BO 19%, B 1993 r. BBn COKP811111CSI e[Ue np~MepHO BHewHeToprosyJO AeRTellbHOCTb. B l.facTHOCTr.1, Ha 12%. no ilPeABap~TellbH~M Ol_4eHKaM, B Ha· coxpaHS~BWaS~CR HeaAeKBaTHOCTb cTPYIaKTOPOM B paCCMOTP8Ht.1~ MaTe- OTHOWeHIAH 06bEMOB lA U,eH Ha OCHOBHble BVIAbl pHanOB ASHHOfO pa3Aella SJB11SI8TCSI B38~M038B~­ 3KCnOpTH~X TOBaPOB- 3HeproHOCt.1Te11VI ~ Cblpbe. 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Hanpli!Mep, a pegynbrare 6naroAaP~ BHOBb no~BHBWeMyc~ AOBePHIO K 3KCOOpTHoro KBOTJ..1poBaHJ..1SI flOTOK npOJ..13BOAli!MbiX py6mo, ~acTHLiHO B pegynbrare nonmK&rtTenbHO~ ATISI 3KCOOpTa TOBaPOB HanpaBJ1SI8TCSI Ha BHyrpeH- Yli8THOL;1 CT8BKH npoLJ,eHTa lll nOSIBHBWeHCSI 803- HJ..1L;1 PbiHOK, TSM caMbiM CHlii>KaiOTCSI BHYTP8HHJ..18 MO>KHOCTH np~tto6peTaTb C06CTBeHHOCTb (Hanpi.II- OOT0Bbl8 ~8Hbl. 8 SIHBape 1993 r. napli!TST OOKY- Mep, HeABH}I(HMOCTb). BcneACTB~rte aroro cnpoc naT811bHOL;1 cnoco6HocTlll no aKcnopTHbiM roaapaM Ha l'IHOCTpaHHYIO BalliOTy KaK Ha cpe.D,CTBO CO- cocraanstn171 py6. K A01111apy npr.1 6a3oBOM Me)K- xpaHeHl'ISI CTOHMOC1l1 COIQ)all111CSt. 8 1992-1994 rr. 6aHKOBCKOM PbiHOLiHOM o6MeHHOM KYPCe 555 K03$lii~HeHT OTHOWSHHSI pbiHO"fHbiX 06MeHHbiX py6. K AOfi!la.py. 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(plllc. 2.3). 3ro HeCillll 6onee npRMbiX lr13Aep>KeK, CBH3aHHbiX C 34 ToproBIIR 8 HOBbiX HB3aBMCMUbl)( rOCYAaPCTBaX BalliOTHbiM 06MeHOM, 111.1KBir1Air1POBalllr1Cb TaiOKe py6n1r1, lr1cnonb3oBanlr1Cb ocplr1U.Ir1allbHble o6MeH- 6onee Wlr1POKOf0 nnaHa COU,Ir1a11bHble 1113Aep}I(Klll, Hble KYPCbl, B nocneAytO~He }Ke ABa ro.o.a 1.1cnonb- CBs:l3aHHble C 6apTepHO~ TOPfOBile~. 30Ba111r1Cb 3Ha"tlr1TenbHO 3aHir1>KeHHble pbiHO"tHble o6MeHHble KYPCbl. B cas:~31r1 c STir1M B03Hir1Kila M3MeHeHMR B TOprOBJie He06XOAir1MOCTb Y"t~TbiBaTb TeHAeHU,Ir11r1 lr13MeHe- Pacnap, CCCP a KoHu,e 1991 r. npeapar1r111 Hir1s:l 06beMOB TOpfOB111r1 CO CTpaHaMir1 tlbiBWero TPaAir1U.Ir10HHble Me}Kpecny6m1KaHCKir1e roproable CoaeTcKoro Co10aa (ra6n. 2.3). 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CTBa, KaK reneBir130pbl, aeAYT 6opb6y 3a coxpaHe- C 1990 r. o6~1f1£1 o6beM roproa111r1 Poce1111r1 Hif1e np1r1cyrcTBir1s:l Ha PbiHKax TpeTblr1X CTpaH, lr1 onycTIII11Cs:l AO TpeBO>KHO Hlr13KOfO ypoBHs:l, lr1 B A011S~ 1r1x npoAa>K B crpaHbl 6blawero CoaeTcKoro "taCTHOCTH BBir1AY COKpa~eHir1s:l 06beMa ToproB111r1 Col03a pacrer. B u.enoM >Ke pa3Mepbl coKpaa.ue- co crpaHaMir1 6blawero CCCP. B 3Ha"tlr1Te11bHO~ H~S~ TOPfOB111.1 OTAe11bHb1Mir1 TOBapaMir1 npeBbiWa- CTeneHir1 CHir1)KeHir1e COOTBeTCTBYIO~IAX noKa3a- IOT cnaA npOir13BOACTBa. Tene£1 6blno Bbi3BaHo npo6neMo~ ap,eKBaTHo£1 0Kono 60% o6~ero o6beMa roproan1r1 (3KC- cTOir1MOCTHo£1 ou,eHKir1. B 1990 ,.., 1991 rr. AJls:l nopr nmoc lr1Mnopr) c rpeTb~Mir1 crpaHaMir1 coc- OU,eHKir1 B A01111apax TOpfOB111r1, BeAy~e~Cs:l Ha Taa.ns:~er ToproB.ns:l B TBePA0£1 BalliOTe. lf1HKaCCO, Ta6.nMI48 2.2. BH&WHIIR ToproiiJIR PoccMM 11 1990-1993 rr. 1990 1991 1992 1993 B TeK}IU4HX 1.4eHax, MnH. IJ,onn. 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OcHOBHble 6a30Bble notca3arenb no 111MnOp'fY). nOKa3aTeJ1111 H080H CII1CTeMbl TaMO>KeHHbiX c6opOB C cepeA~Hbl 1992 r. TapVIc!>HaR HOMSHKJlarypa TaKOBbl: 0% Ha ¢>apMaU,e8TII1'ieCKYIO npOAYKU,l-110; TPII1*Abl cyi.J..\ecraeHHO nepecMaTpVIaanacb, 'iTO He 1% Ha He¢>renpOAYKTb1; 1-1 0% Ha nnaCTMaCCbl, MOrJlO He 8bi3BaTb y VIMnoprepoB 'iY8CT8a Hey- XII1M&IIKaTbl VI HexnonKOBble B111Abl npS1)1(111 111 TKaHeH; BepeHHOCTVI VI HeCTa611111bHOCTVI. ~3MeHeHII1R B 5-1 0% Ha CellbCKOX03RHCTBeHHYIO npOA'tKU,VIIO (no rap:.1cpax np&~~sen&il K 3Ha'iVITenbHOMY pe3110- HeKcJTOpbiM TOBapaM nOKa3aTeJ11.1 ropa3AO 6onee o6pa311110 ypoaHe~ TaMo}l(eHHbiX nowm1H - oT BbiCOKI.IIe: 20%- Ha caxap; 30%- Ha c111raparbl; 0 AO 100%. 3aKoH o raMO)I(eHHbiX c6opax ycra- 100% - Ha anKoronbHble Han.~TK111); 10% Ha Ha81111BaeT npeAenbHbl~ pa3Mep E.\3VIMcle:J~o~ YA06peHl-1R; 10-20% Ha o6yBb VI OAeYf.JJ.,y; 20-25% nOW/IVIHI:.ll ·- 100% TaMO)I(eHHOVt CTO!r1MOCTVI TOBa- Ha wepcrb ~ xnonoK-cblpeu,; 0-20% Ha cra.HK~ ~ pa. K KOHU,y 1992 r. cpeAHSB3BeWeHHbl~ r10Ka3a- Apyroe o6opyAOBaHHe (Ha HeKOTOpbie B~Abl Tellb ypo~HR f.lfMnopTHbiX noWJ1VIH 803poc AO 11 %, TOBapOB - AO 60%). 3aTeM K cepeAMHe 1993 r. COKpaTir111CSf np&~~MepHO AKU,l13Hble c6opbl - 10-400% - B3VIMaiOTCR Ha 8%, 'iT061:-A K cepeA~1He 1994 r. 8HOBb 803paCTII1 C HeKOTOpbiX BII1A08 TOBapoa {npeAMeTbl poe- Toprosas1 nomm1Ka PoccHH 41 KOWI-1, Ta6aK, aBTOMaWVIHbl nerKOBbie, aflKOrOnb). 3Kenopry npOAYKU.I-11.1 6blnl-1 yseni.1YeHbl. MV~HI.1e­ 06b~BneHHble ypoBHI-1 aK~I-13Hb!X e6opos An~ reperso BHeWH1.1X 3KOHOMIIIYeeKIIIX eBst3e~ pae- VIMnopTHb!X TOBapos BbiWe, YeM AJl~ aHanorV~Y­ npeAeJ"istno 60JlbWIIIHeTBO 3KenopTHbiX KBOT C/le- HbiX TOBO.POB OTeYeeTB8HHOrO npOIA3BOAeTBa (a11- AYIOI.ltiAM o6pa30M: 50-55% - POCKOHTpa!t~Ty; KOrOJ1b, e1-1rapen~, JlerKOBble aBTOMaWVIHbl), OA- 30% - npeAnPif1~THstM; 10-12% - perl.1oHaM; HaKO Ha npaKTV~Ke' A9110 o6eTOVIT ~HaYe, TaK KaK 3-5%- Ha ayKUJt10HHYIO npoAa)f(y. 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MapKeTMHr poe- 50 Toproans:t a HOBbiX ~e~c~MbiX rocyA,apcTaax ClitV!CKlitX TOBapoa o6bll.fHO 6bll1 npeporaTlitBO~ ro- npolit3BOAlitTenr..1 AeVIcTeoaanl.1 a paMKaX a,o.eKBaT- CYAaPCTBeHHbiX BHewHeToproBbiX opraHlitaau,lit~ HOVI CTPYKTYPbi u,eH nplit paccMoTpeHlitr..1 aonpoca 11lit6o 6bln He Hy>KeH aoo6w,e B CllYI.fae 3KcnopTHbiX 0 HOBbiX litHBeCTlitU,IitSIX. 3TO OTHOClitTCSI KaK K y>~KHOCTe~ 3aHlitMaTbCSI MapKeTlitHfOM ceKTopy • .£lnS1 noBbiW9HlitSI 3cl>cl>eKTIIIBHOCTlit npo- aa py6e:>KoM, AS 111 He o6naAam1 Heo6xoAlitMbiMlit lit3BOACTBa 3KcnopTHble lit 111MnopTHble u,eHbl AOil- aHaHlitSIMlit. C 1992 r., nocne nlit6epanlitaau,litlit )I(Hbl 6b1Tb npii1B9A9Hbl B COOTBeTCTBlite C MHpO- BHeWHeToproao~ AeSITellbHOCTlit, pOCClit~CKlite BbiMlit U,eHaMlit. 3TOT npou,ecc litA9T B POCClitlit Ha- cl>litPMbl 60J1bWe He HY'K.Q,aiOTCSI B ycnyrax BHeW- pacTaiOW,II1Mlll TeMnaMlit, a peaynbTaTe aHal.flit- HeToproBbiX opraHlit3aU,litV!. Tenepb y pocclit~CKlitX TellbHO lit3M9HlitlllitCb OTHOClitT911bHble U,9Hbl, nplit- npolit3BOAlitTene~ ecTb Bb16op - nplit6erHyTb K l.feM a XOAe npou,ecca o6oaHal.flitlllitCb KaK Bbllitr- ycnyraM Toproao~ KOMnaHlitlit nlit6o ycTaHOBlitTb paawlite, TaK 1.1 npolitrpaawlite cTopoHbl. 01.feB111AHO, npSIMble CBSI3lit C aapy6e)I(Hb1Mlit noKYnaTe11SIMI.1. Heo6XOA111MO B03A9P}K8TbCSI OT Mep, orpa>fopMaU,lltiO U,eH lit CAeP- npSIMbiX CBSI3e~ C aapy6e)KHbiMlit noKYnaTellSIMlit, >KlitBaiOT peCTPYKTYPiit3aU,lit10. eCillit OHlit XOTSIT nonyl.flitTb 3KCnopTHble 3aKa3bl. MaKp03KOHOMI.11.feCKSSI CTa61itlllit3SU,liiS'I MO)I(eT TaKoro pop,a npSIMble CAe.nKL1 MOryT 6b!Tb Heo6xo- cnoco6cTaoaaTb peKHbl npolit3BOAIIiTb na6neHo ASB11eHII1e B nOI1b3Y BMeWaTellbCTBa B TOBapbl, np111BileKaTellbHble AJ1SI litHOCTpaHHbiX ToproayiO npaKTiitKY, oco6eHHO B o6nacTlit 3KC- noKYnaTeneV!, lit, '"ITO He MeHee BIDKHO, TOBapbl nopTa. V1aMeHeHlitSI a Toproaow nonii1TLI!Ke He AOil- AOmKHbl nocTaBilSITbCSI B cpoK. 8 60ilbWII1HCTBe )I(Hbl OTK11aAbiBaTbCSI AO HacrynneHlitSI CTa61itlllit- CllYI.faea 3TO Tpe6yeT CTPYKTYPHO~ nepecTpo~Klit 3SU,Iitll1 lit CBSI3SHHO~ C HeVI BHeWHe.;1 cl>lf1HaHCOBOV! cl>L1pM. CoTPYAHlitl.feCTBO c aapy6e)I(HbiMII1 napT- no,o.o.ep:lKKII1. 8 ycnoBlitSIX npoBOAiitMo.;1 nomni.1Klit HepaMlit 6bl110 6bl oco6o nllOAOTBOPHbiM B ASHHOM CHI.1>KaeTCSI npHTOK litHOCTpaHHO~ BalliOTbl lit nOBbl- cnyLtae, TaK KaK ero pe3yllbTaToM crano 6bl waeTCSI cnpoc Ha Hee, lfTO 3aTPYAHSieT cTa6lit- o6ecnel.feHII1e pocclitlf1CKLI!X npeAnPII1SITLI!~ Hoy-xay 111113aU,II10HHble ycL~tlllitSI. OnbiT noACKa3biBaeT, "'TO B 0611aCTLI! MeHep)I(MeHTa, T8XHOJ10fll1eV! 111 111H¢lop- Ba)KHeV!WlitM npeABaplitT811bHbiM YC110Biit9M yc- MaU,111eV! o aapy6e)KHbiX pbiHKax. TeM He MeHee newHoro ¢lYHKU.I.10HlitPOBaHII1SI TOproBJllit B AOP.rnB- npSIMOe !.1HOCTpaHHOe 111HBeCTL1POBaHlite B npolit3- peMeHHO~ nepcneKTlitB8 SIBilSieTCSI coveTPHI.1e BOACTB6HHYIO A6SIT611bHOCTb OCTaeTCSI cyw,ecT- MaKp03KOHOMII1lf8CKOV! CTa6LitllbHOCTII1, KOHB6PTiit- BeHHO orpaHII1"'18HHbiM. /J,o TO~ nopbl, noKa He oc- pyeMOCTiit aaniOTbl, a TaK)Ke KOHKYPeHTocno- na6HeT non111TlitLtecKaSI 111 3KOHOMII1LtecKaSI Heonpe- co6Horo Lit o6ocHoBaHHo cTa611111bHoro ypoBHSI AeneHHOCTb, Bee, LITO B KaLteCTBe B03MO)I(HbiX o6MeHHoro KYPCa. CHlit)l(eHiite lit3Aep)l(eK nocnepe¢opMeHHoro sapll1aHTOB coTPYAHII1LteCTBa Ha KpaTKocpoLtHYIO nep~OAa B03MO~HO nocpeACTBOM yMepeHHbiX nepcneKTLI!BY 6YAYT roTOBbl paccMaTpLi!BaTb 111HOC- TapL~tQ>OB, npeAnO"'TlitT811bHO He Bapb1.1PYIOLUlitX no TpaHHble 111HB8CTOpbl, - 3TO HepaBHonpaBHble oTpacnSJM Lltl1111 no KpaAHe~ Mepe paanlitl.faiCW,litXCSI cl>OPMbl 111HB8CTL!tpoBaHII1SI (cy6nOAPSIAbl, T8XHlit- HeaHal.flf1TenbHO, KoTopble yMeHbWanL~tcb 6bl no l.feCKII1e nL~t6o MapKeTII1Hrosble cornaweHIIISI). 8He Mepe TOre, KaK 3KOHOMiitKa CTPSHbl 6yAeT liiHTer- BCSIKOfO COMH8HlitSI, npii1BI181.f8HLI!e IIIHOCTpaHHbiX pVIpOBSTbCSI B Me)I()J,yHapOAHYIO ToprOBiliO. b011b- 111HB8CTII1LI,lit~ Tpe6yeT CTa6111J1bHOCTII1 C TO'"IKII1 3pe- Wf..1HCTBO paaB111BatOW.litXCSI cTpaH, ycnewHo npeo- HII1SI MaKp03KOHOMLI!KII1 111 MeXaHII13MOB perylllit- AOneawVIx nepeXOA OT BbiCOKOnpoTeKU,litOHlitC- poBaHLI!SI. V1 XOTSI B 3TO~ o6nacn1 o603Hal.fii111111Cb TCKLI!X CII1CT8M, np111M8HSII1111 yMepeHHble Taplitcl>bl n03111H1BHble T8HA8HLI,II1111, AO CII1X nap Bee eLUe npLI! no.o.o.ep)l(aHlitlit MOW.Horo 3KcnopTa. B poc- LI!MeeT MeCTO Lit36biTOI.fHOe pa3H006pa31118 ocl>Lit- cL~tV!cKII1X ycnoBII1s:iX cyw.ecTBYIOT 6onbWI.o1e eoa- U,I.1allbHbiX ycTaHOBI18HII1VI lit cl>opM 1.1X npaKH'I- MO)I(HOCTVI AnSI C03ASHII1SI 6onee OAHOPOAHOfO I.f8CKOV! peanl.13aU,Lit111. 06cTaHOBKa HeonpeAe- 111MnopTHoro pe)I(II1Ma c 6onee HII13KVIM ypoaHeM neHHOCTLit OCTaeTCSI Ha1116onee 3Hal.f111MbiM CA8P- B3LI!MaeMbiX Hanoroa. Yl.fii1Tb1BaS1 3TO, MO)I(HO 6blno >K111BaiOW,111M ¢laKTopoM ,IJ.IlSI npii1TOKa 111HB8CTII1U,Li!V! 6bl ycTaHOBII1Tb TaPII1cPHb1.;1 noTonoK Ha ypoaHe 1113BHe, KOTOpbie )1(1113HeHHO He06XOAI.1Mbl A11Sl 30%. 8S)KHO TaK>Ke, "'T06bl Tap1.1Q>HaSI CTPYKTYPa pa3BI.1TLI!s:l 111 3¢¢eKT!.1BHOro ¢lYHKU,Li!OHII1POBaHLI!SI He II13MeHS111acb no Mepe yKpenneHII1Sl HaU,litOHanb- npOMbiWJ18HHOCTLI!. HO~ Ba1110Tbl, "'TO SIBJ1SI8TCSI rapaHTLI!eV! OTKpbiTOCTlit OTel.fSCTBeHHbiX npeAnpii1S1Tlit~ AilS! BH9WHe~ KOH- Bb1B0Abl KYPeHU,111Lt1. 8 3TII1X )l(e u,ens:Jx AOil)I(HO 6b1Tb 11litK- ToproaaSI nonlitTII1Ka 111 ynpasneHL~te pe>KLI!MOM BII1AII1POBaHo 111 60ilbWII1HCTBO OTCrynneHlit~ OT 111CnOI1b30BaHLI!SI Li!HOCTpaHHOV! BalliOTbl 111rpa10T o6w,ero noPMKa a litMnopTHOM Hanoroo6no)Ke- Ba)I(He~wyiO ponb a o6ecnel.feHII1Lit Taro, "'T06bl Hiitll1 (oco6eHHO no ToaapaM, 3aKynaeMbiM B ToproBaR nommo:a PaccMM 51 u,eHTPai1VI30BSHHOM nop~Ke). YTo KacaeTCSI VJM- npMM8'18HMII nopTHbiX TOBapoB, nOAile)I(S~VJX aKU,V13HbiM c6o- 3ToT P83Aan ocH08aH H8 ny6nMKa~M "PoccMst: BcTynast 8 paM, TO 06lltVIM npVJHU,VInOM AOmKHO 6b1Tb COOT- B8TCTBVIe c6opos C VIMnOpTHbiX TOBaPOB VI VIX OTe- MMP08YJ0 3KOHOMMt:y" (Russia: Joining the Wortd Economy). ~eCTB8HHbiX aHanoros. M6PP, 1993. rly6nMK8~R 6blna 110ArOT08neHa no MToraM pa6oTbl 3KOHOMM"'8CKOA MMCCMM, B03rna8nR8W8riiCR Sna,QM- CyllteCTByeT OTHOCVITe/lbHSSI SICHOCTb no BOn· MMpoM KoHOaanoabiM. B ee cOCTaa BXOAMnM ,D,eABMA Tapp, IOHr pocy 0 TOM, KaKSSI nO/IVITVIKa B AOIIrocpo~HOt1 nep- PM, AneKceA KHpeea, Ceprerii CTaHKOBCKMrJI M /IMtfA8 ronb,Q6epr. cneKWIBe He06XOAVIMa A/lSI B8A8HVISI TOprOBJlVI CO 1 no PfiAY npM.,MH ~M~8nbH8R CT8TMCTMIC8 MMeeT T8H,r48H~IO CTPaHaMVJ 6blswero CoseTcKoro COI03a. HaVJ6o- 388b1W8Tb I"'IIC838T8nM A8rJiCTBMTenbHO MM88Wero M8CTO COIC- nee aKTyallbHO~ 3SAa~e~ SIB/ISieTCSI OTKa3 OT pa~HMJI BBn. fna&HOrJI npM'fHHOrJI 3TOrO R&nReTCR H8A00~8HK8 CVICTeMbl ToproBIJVI, KOHTpom,pyeMO~ rOCYAClPCT- M8CWT86o8 BHOBb 803HMIC8101J.48ril ~CTHOril A8nOBOril 8KTM8HOCTM BOM, B nO/Ib3Y pbiHO~HO opVJeHTVIPOBSHHO~ CVIC- a c~pe ycnyr. T8Mbl, KOTopasr cnoco6CTBOBS/Ia 6bf pa3Bff1THIO 2 Poc~oHTpaiCT cct>opMMpoaaH M3 6bi8Wero MapKeTMHro8oro ToprOB/1&.1 Ha OCHOBe npSIMbiX CBSI3e~ Me)I{Ay OT- 110APS3P,eneHMSI rocyA&pcTrleHHOA nnaHOBOril CMCT8Mbl. 3To Ae/lbHbiMVI npeAnPVJSITVISIMVI. no BbiCKa3biBaHI-1SIM se.QOMcrso- ocHOeHOA npamnenbCTseHHbiA arem no 38KyniC8M pecnoHAeHTOB onpoca, npoBOAVJBwerocsr M6PP, 3KCOOpTMpyeubiX T088pou 8 COOTBeTCTBMM C rOCYA8PCTBeHHbiMM nO/lVITVI~eCKOe BMeWaTe/lbCTBO SIB/lSieTCSI OAHO~ noTpe6HOCTSIMM. 0HO T8CHO C8fl3a.HO C npMH&Ane.J«aiJ.4MMM ro- &.13 OCHOBHbiX nperpaA Ha nyrVI pa3BI-1TVISI Me>Krocy- CYABPCT8Y npeAnPMATMRMM, HMeeT o6wMPHYIO ceTb perM- .n;.tpCTB8HHOrO npoMbiW/leHHoro coTPYAHWieCTBa. OHa.JlbHbiX OTAeneHMrJI, CICIICIAOB, 11)e.Qr1)MATMril omoeoril Toproa.nM • BoT BbiCKa3biB8HVII~ AVIPeKTopa OAHO~ KOMnaHVIVI: 06b8Klbl POCKOHTpaKTa HCnOnb3YIOTCR T8101C8 AnR 88A8- "focyp,apcTBO CMeWVIBaeT nO/lVITVIKY VI 3KOHOMVIKY, HMR BtfYTpMTOprOBbiX onepa~A. 8 88AOMCT88 pa6oT86T OKOno npVI~eM O~eHb YaCTO 3KOHOMWfeCKVIe OTHOWeHVJSI 500 TbiC. ~.~enoseK. 3 CTSHOBSITCSI OCHOBO~ nO/liiiTVI~eCKOro Topra VI VIH- no HMI"'IpTy CT88Ka Ha.JlOra onpeAenReTCR B COOTB8TCT8MM C CTpyMeHTOM AaB/leHV~sr. Ec11V1 nomnVIKVI nPVIAYT K T8MO)keHHOA CTOMUOCTbiO, TOrA8 KaK no OTG"feCTBSHHbiM TOBapaM cornaweHVIIO, Mbl CMo:>KeM yperynV~posaTb see H811or onpe,QenMTCR 8 COOTBeTCTBMM C nPC>,QaJ«HHA ~eHOA (~eH8 npo6neMbl c HaWVIMVI napTHepaMVI a pecny6- npoM3BOAMT8nR C Y'ft)TOM Ha110r8), 4 IIHKax". 60ilbW8R 'f8CTb npoAYKTOB nMTaHMR, M8AHIC8M8Hl'OB, HeKO- ScpTM M npMpoAHOro ra3a. 6 KOTOpble y:>Ke BBe/lVI CBOH C06CTBeHHble BailiOTbl. TSVKenaR npoMbiW118HHOCTb 8KniO'f88T 3neKTpo3Hepren1KY, B Aonrocpo~Ho~ nepcneKTV~Be 6blno 6bl :>Kena- TOnnM8HyiO, M8T&n11yprM'feCKYIO, XHMM"'eCKyiO M Heci>T8XMMM- renbHO C03ASHVIe roprosoro pe:>K&.1Ma, MaKcM- "18Ct:yl0 npOMb1Wn8HHOCTb, M8WMHOCTpoeHM8 H M8T&nnoo6- ManbHO CB060AHOrO OT HeTapVJcpHbiX 6apbepos pa6oTKY, ABP8B006pa6oTKY M npoM380ACT80 CTpoMTenbHbiX B OTHOWeHVIVI KaK 3KcnopTa, TaK VI VIMnopra, B M8TBPM&nOB. paMKax Koroporo 6blna 6bl B03MO}I(HO~ Hepery- nwpyeMasr ToprOB/lSI Ha OCHOBe npSIMbiX CBSI3e&.1 Me)I(Ay npeAnPVIRTVISIMVI. V1cno/1b3yeMble Tapwcpbl POCCHR: 8CTynaR B Mlolpo8YIO 3KOHOMMKY (Russia: Joining the AO/l:>KHbl 6b1Tb HVI3KVIMVI VI cpaBHVITe/lbHO OAHO- World Economy). M5PP. BawHHrroH, 1993. o6pa3Hb1MVI. 8 AOnrocpoYHO~ nepcneKTWBe ~­ we acero 6blno 6bl yHVIcpVIU,VIposaTb Toprosbl~ PoccHAcKaR 3KOHOMM'feCK8R peq,opMa: nepecTynas; nopor pe:>KVIM, T.e. A06&!1TbCSI TOro, YT06bl He fibl/10 pa3- CTPYKTYPHbiX M3MeHeHMA (Russian Economic Reform: Cross- HVIU,bl B noAXOAe K crpaHaM 6blewero CCCP 1.1 ing the Threshold of Structural Change). M5PP. BaWHHrroH, seeM APYrHM cTpaHaM MV~pa. 1992. KONIAfeHTapHif K pa:~~~eny 2 ToprOBBfl nORHTifKB POCCHH A:fHHen rpoc rocnoA~H KoHOBaflOB npeACTaB~n rny6oK~~ ~ nOAP06H~~ aHan~3 poc- c~~CKO~ TOproBO~ non~T~K~. HeMHOr~e CTan~ 6bl ocnap~BSTb OCHOBHble nono}l(eH~~ 3TOro aHan~38 - He06XOA~MOCTb ycTpaHeH~S1 ToprOBbiX orpaHIA'-IeH~~, KOpH~M~ VXOA~UJ,~X B COBeTCK)IIO snoxy, V1 A8nbHe~Wlt1~ nporpecc B J1M6epanH33~MH 3KCnOpTHOH aaU,liiR roproaoro pe)I(~Ma np~aena He ronbKO K A8SJT9JlbHOCTH. 0AHaKO BM9CTO TOfO 'tT06bl nepeop~eHrau~~~~ roproanM, Ho ~ K pocry o6t14ero ee o6beMa, rorp,a KaK 8 Poccl-1~ - K coKpaw.e- OfOBapMBaTb 003ML\It1M, no KOTOPbiM HaWH H~IO 1• MH9HHR a L\9110M coanaAaiOT. s:a xo~.ty pac- Bonpoc, KOTOpbll1 He06XOAliiMO 6bll10 6bl pac- CMOTpeTb H8KOTOpbl9 npo6n8Mbl 6onee OOA· CMOTpeTb, TaKoB: KaK088 POilb pocC~MCKOl1 TOP· p06HO, 't8M 3TO A81138T KOHOB8n0B. npMC· ro8ol1 non~T~K~ 8 co3AaH~~ raKoro nono)l(eH~s:l? "fYilHM K A911Y 693 M311MWHMX np9AMCJ10BMH. St eepHycb K sroMy 8onpocy nocne KopoTKoro pac- Pa3Aefl Ha'f~HaeTCSI C nacCCDKa 0 TOM, 'fTO AO cMorpeH~s:l A8yx APYrMx, He HaweAw~x AOJ1)1(Horo 1991 r. pocc~AcK~M pe)I(~M roproan~ •npeA- orp8)1(eH~R y KoHo8anoaa: reopeMbl CMMMerp~~ craansm co6oM nepexoAHOM wmo3" Me)I(Ay BHYT- JlepHepa 111 cou,~~tanbHbiX nocneACTB~~ (B rmatte peHHeM lfl M~POBOM 3KOHOM~'feCK~M~ C~CTeMaM~. CHa.i>KeHMSI o6~ecr8eHHoro 6narococrosunt.SI) poc- ~MeeTCSI B B~AY, 'fTO 3KOHOM~Ka 6blna B OCHOB- c~l1cKol1 roproaoM non~T~K~ 2 • HOM 38KPbiTOM AO 1992 r., KOfAa J1~6epanbH8s:l roproa~ non~T~Ka orKpblna ee M~py. KoHoea- CMMMeTpMR aKcnopTHWX noa, OAHaKo, onpoeepraer ceoA )l(e Te3~c. noKa- M MMnOpTHbiX T8PMCI»OB 3biBaR, 'fTO B 1990-1993 rr. TOprOBJls:l COKpaT~­ KoHoaano8 p_aer BbiCOKYIO oueHKy Pocc~~ aa J18Cb HanonOBI.IIHy. ee m6epanbHytO ~MnOPTHYIO no~rnKY. a aareM pac- nono)l(eH~e o B03pocweM pon~ 6aprepHOM cMarp~eaer pa3n~'fHble aKcnopTHble orpaH~'fe­ roproan~ TaiOKe TPYAHO cornacyeres~ c Te3~COM HIIiSI TaK~M o6pa30M, KaK eCJllll 6bl ST~ s:l81leH~s:l 0 TOM, 'fTO B H8CTOSIU4ee apeMR BHeWHSis:l TOprOBJls:l He 6biJ1VI 838~MOCBs:I38HHbiM~. 0AH8KO TeopeMa Pocc~~ crana 6onee pbiHO'fHO op~eHr~poaaHHo~t C~MMeTp~~ flepHepa rnac~T. '4TO 9Al>1H006pa3Hb1M Ecn~ 6aprepHaR roproans:~ paccMarp~aaeTCA a 3KCnopTHbl~ Hanor Ha CTO~MOCTb 3KBlo1BaJ18HT9H Ka'fecree PYA~MeHra ropro8oM npaKTliiK~ co8eTc- eA~H006pa3HOMY ~MnopTHOMY Hanory Ha CTOI.II- KO~ 3nOXIfl, He06XOA!t1MO o6bs:!CHlt1Tb, KSK poeT MOCTb. 3TO COOT8eTCT8~e OC060 88)1(HO OTMeT~Tb 06beM08 6aprepHOM TOproBJl~ COBMeCT~M C 6o- 8 cny'fae c Pocclllel1, raK KaK ~cnonb3yeMble e10 nee n~6epanbHbiM roproebiM pe)I(~MOM. 3KCnopTHble Hanor~ He06bi~8HHO BbiCOKI-1. no8epxHocTHoe cy}I(AeH~e o6 ~3MeHeH~s:IX 8 AaHHble KoHo8ano8a no Ha'fanbHOMY nep~OAY pocc~MCKOM ropro8ne, K KOTOPOMY 'faCTO np~6e­ 1993 r. nOKa3biB810T, ~TO BHyrpeHHs:ls:l LI,8H8 3KC- ra10T, 38KJ110'faeTCs:l B TOM, 'fTO B ynaAOK np~wna nopTHbiX TOBapo8 nOAP83yMe8ana o6MeHHbiH s:IK06bl TOilbKO TOprOBJls:l C 6b18W~MM CTpaHaM~ KYPC B 171 py6. K Aonnapy, B ro 8peMR KaK pbi- 'fneHaMl-1 C38 ~ pa3B~BaiOU4~M~CSI crpatlSMifl, HO'fHbiH o6MeHHbiM tcypc cocraansm 555 py6. K TOrAS KaK ToprOBJls:l C npoMbiWJleHHO pa38~Tb1MI.II crpaHaMl-1 n~wb coKpar~nacb np~611~3~TenbHO AOilllaPY. 3TO 03Ha'faeT KOCBeHHbll1 3KCnopTHbll1 Ha 20% (eM. Christensen, 1994). Sro Henb3R C'f~­ raplflcf> Ha ypoeHe 6onee 200% ecero 'fepe3 roA TaTb B006t14e KaKliiM 6bl TO H~ 6biJ10 06'bSICHeH~eM. nocne roro, KaK pocci.II~CK~ 3KOHOM~Ka 6blna BocTO'fHOe8poneMCK&-1e crpaHbl cas ~Cnblran~ s:IK06bl OTKPbiTa Ans:l Me)I(AyHaPOAHOH ropr0811111. TOT )l(e caMbiM Kpax roproan~ Me>KAy co6oM ~ co Apyras:~ reopeMa 3KB~8aneHTHOCT~. o Koropo" crpaHaM~ 6bi8Wero CCCP, OAHaKo OH~ CMOrnlll CTO~T ynoMSIHYTb, rnac~T, 'fTO 3KCnopTHbll1 Hanor HacronbKO pacw~p~Tb ropro8mo c 3anaAoM, 'fTo 8 cyMMe C ~MnopTHOl1 cy6C~A~e~ 3K8MBaneHTHbl Bblpocnl-1 o6w.1r1e o6beMbl ~x ropro8111.1. aro ~n­ HOM~HanbHOMY noBbiWeH&-110 o6MeHHOrO Kypca. nl0crp!t1pyer OCH08HYIO pa3H~U.Y Me)I(Ay Pocc~el1 APYrliiM~ cnoaaM~. o6MeHHbll1 KYPC Amt80-90% o6b- ~ APYr~M~ crpaHaM~ c rpaHcopM~PYIOW.el1es~ eMa roprosn~ 6bln B Ael1crs~renbHOCT~ Hanoi10- 3KOHOMIIIKOM. Heo6xoA~Mo nostcH~Tb: a APYr&~~x 8~HY HH)Ke pbiHO'fHoro AO rex nop, noKa a 1992 r. He 6b1BW&~~X cou,~an~cT~'feCK~x crpaHa>~ n~6epan~- 6bi11M OTM8H8Hbl BbiCOK~e ~MnopTHble cy6C~A~M. ToproiNU' nonMTMIC8 PoccMM 53 Pocc~~cK~~ pe)K~M roproen~ He npeAycMaT- KaK ci>YHKL\~10 311aCTM~HOCTM cnpooo. 3TO 803MOJC• p~san eA~Hoo6paaHbiX roproebiX Hanoroe Ha cro- HO np~ Hail~~~~ AOn011H~T811bHO~ ~Hci:»OpMal\HM ~MOCTb, raK ~To ycnoe~~ All~ raKoro po,o,a 3KB~­ o nono)KeH~~ KP~Bo~ cnpoca (M ypoeHe rapM- eaneHTHocr~ nonHot:TbiO He co61110Aall~Cb. TeM cpo8). He MeHee 3KcnopTHble Hanor~ B3~Man~cb c 6onee ~eM AByx rpere~ 3KcnopTHbiX nocraeoK, raK ~To HMnopTHble cy6cH,qHH snonHe 803MO)KHO pacc~!t1TaTb ASHHYIO reopeMy KOHOBallOB C006tUaeT, ~TO 610A*eTH~ CTO· nplf1611~3~TellbHo. CneAYIO~~M waroM AOJl>KHo ~MOCTb 1.1MnOJ)THbiX C)'fici,1AM~ COCTa811R11a B 1992 r. 6b1Tb ~CC11eA08aH~e npo6neMbl OTCYTCT8~~ nona 25% BBn. 3Ta ~H$OpMal\H~ none3Ha, nocK011b· HO~ 3KB~Ba11eHTHOCT~. KY o6o3Ha'laer reopeTM~o~ecK~i1 sepxH~i1 npeAe11. C~MMerp~~ JlepHepa nplt'lo6peraer KP~T~~ec­ np~ cy6clii,AMPOBaH~lil MMnopTa norpe6MT811bCtt~Mi1 K~ BIDKHOe 3Ha~eH~e, eCJl~ C~~TaTb 8bi38SHHOe &113m-1WeK TeM BbiWe, ~eM BbiWe cy6c~AM~. Vl3 rap~$aM~ CHlii>KeH~e 6narococro~H~~ BblnyKilo~ 3Toro ClleAyeT, ~TO noKa3aTellb CH&II)K8HM~ ypOBHR $yHKL\~e~ ypoeH~ rap~$os. BPM 11~ cro~T YAe- 6narocOCTO~H~~ AOIDK8H 6b1Tb Hlii>Ke, ~eM COOT· n~Tb 60ilbWOe BH~MaH~e ~MnOpTHbiM Tap~$aM BeTcTBYIOllt~13 610A'fC8THble l13AeP>KK~, ecn~ (M Ha YP08He 10-20%, ~~Tbl8a~, ~TO KOCBeHHbl~ TOilbKO eCillll) npeAn0110>KI.1Tb, ~TO AOXOAH~ "'aCTb 3KCnopTHbl~ Tap~ci> COCTa811~11, B03MO>KHO, 6onee 610A)KeTa Bbln011H~eT~ aAeKB8THO (T.e. ~0 npa- 200%. B ,o,aHHOM c~ae noKaaaTellb CH~>KeH~~ Bit'ITellbCTBO ~MeeT 803MO>KHOCTb 83~MaTb nay- 611arococTOSIH~~ HaxOA~T~ 8 KBaAPaT~~HO~ 3a- WallbHble cyMMbl Hanoroeblx c6opoe). TeM He Me- 8~C~MOCTi!l OT ypo8H~ Tap~ci>08. noKa3aTellb CH~­ Hee A3HHbli1 88PM8HT HMK.aK H811b3~ paccMarpM- >KeHH~ 6narococro~H~~. SIBil~IO~eroes~ peaynb- BUTb npMMeH~T911bHO K Pocc~~. TaK ~TO 110Ka- raroM 200%-Horo 3KcnoprHoro rap1r1cpa, e 100 38Tel1b cH~>KeH~R ypo8H~ 6narococro~HMR, ~BMB· paa BbiWe, ~eM aHanorW·iHbl~ noKaaarenb KaK werocs:~ cneACTB~eM roproeoA no11H1l1KM, coeep- cneAcTa~e ~MnoprHoro rap1.1ct>a 8 paaMepe 20%. weHHo O~e8MAHO 38H~>KeH. noKaaarenb CH~>KeH~R YP08H~ 6narococro~­ CHMlKeHMe 6narccocTORHMR Hit'ISI, SI8~8WerOCS1 CI18ACTB~eM ~MnopTHOA cy6- a pe3ynbT&Te Toproawx orpaHM~teHMM Cit'IA;U1 B 100% (cy6C~A~lll, CH~>KaiOiiJ,ei1 8HyrpeH· Mo>KHo n~ no~n1 AaJlbWe 3Toro npocroro cpaa- H~e l,\eHbl AO no110B~Hbl M&IIPOBbiX), COCTaBilSieT HeH~SI? C ~eroM Macwra6oe ~Me8we~ Mecro 4,7-12% aan e 3aBif1c~Mocr~ oT eb16paHHo~ Aeci>opMaU.~~ 6bll10 6bl none3HO 8blpa6oTaTb XOTSI 3118CT~~HOCT~ cnpoca (eM. nplt'lllO>KeH~e K KOM· 6bl np!fl6m13~TellbHYIO ou.eHKY CHit'I>KeH~SI 6naro- M8HTap~IO). Aa>Ke 6o11ee H~3K~i1 110Ka3aT811b, KO· cocro~H~~ 8CileACT8~e pocc~~cKo~ roproeo~ no- He'iHO, ~peaMepHO 8biCOK no 06bi~Hb1M CTaH,o,ap- ll~T~K~ (~MeiOT~ B B~AY lt'IMnOpTHble cy6C~A~~ TaM rpeyronbHMKa CHM>KeH~SI ypoaH~ 6narococ- 8 1992 r. ~ 3KcnopTHble Hallorn e 1992 ~ 1993 rr.). ro~Hir1SI. PoeT ypoeH~ 6narococro~H~~. KOTOPbl~ Paapa6orarb ro~HbiH noKaaarenb cH~>KeHHSI 6na- MOr 6bl cTaTb peayllbTaTOM OTKa38 OT l1MnOpTHbiX rococro~H~~ ~CKI110~!.1TellbHO TPYAHO, OAHaKo 8 cy6c~A~~. e~:aanna~eHHbiX B 1992 r., Mor 6bl cno- AaHHOM cny~ae 6bll10 6bl AOCTaTO~HO ~ caMO~ co6cr8o8aTb pocry nonyllSipHocTM pecpopM. np~6n~a~renbHO~ oueHK~. Ha~6onee npocro~ C ~eTOM TOfO, ~TO r,<~MnopTHble cy6c~AMM (~ cnoco6 nony~~Tb npeAcTa8neHlile o een~~~He 3KCnopTHble Hanorlt'l} OK83alllt'l 803Ae~cTB!.1e Ha CHlii>KeH~~ 6narocOCTO~Ht.1SI -- 3TO COCPeAOTO- 3H8~~TellbHYIO ~aCTb 3KOHOMit'IK~w np&~~Hl\~n "iac- ~~TbCSI Ha cnpoce, TaK KaK 3Ha~~TellbHO CllO>KHee T~~Horo paBH08eC~~. t.1Cn011b308aHHbl~ 8 AaJiHOM AenaTb KaK~e-nlt'l6o npeAnono>KeH~~ o6 3nac- c~ae, co8epweHHO He ap,eKBaTeH.I.fro6bl nony- TH~Hocr~ npeAf1o:xKe­ ~lt'ITb npeACTa8neH~e o cneACTB~~ o6~ero paa- np~8eAeHHble pac~eTbl, 803MO>KHO, 3aHit'I>KaiOT Hoeeclt'IR, 6blno 6bl noneaHee !r1cnonb3o&aTb npoc- noKaaarenb peanbHO ~Meawero Mecro cH~>KeHl1SI TYIO MOAenb o6~ero paaHoeec!.1R, npeAcTae- ypo8H~ 6narococTOSIH~~. CocpaAOTo~eHit'le Ha neHHYIO r~ncpacOHOM (Gylfason, 1994). CH!.1)KeH~It'l norpe6~renbcKoro ~an~wKa rpe6yer TOilbKO npeAnono>K~TellbHoro onpeAeneH~~ KP~­ :3KCnOpTHbl9 Orp8HH"'BHHR ao~ cnpoca. s:f y>Ke ynoM~Han o6 ocH08HbiX c8o~­ li1HcpopMaU.If1~ o nocrynneH&II~ or B3~MaH~~ CT8ax m1He~HO~ KPII180H cnpoca: CHlii>KeH&~~e 6na- aKcnopTHbiX rap&~~cj>oa npaKTit'l~ecK&II orcyrcreyer. fOCOCTO~HliiSI HaxOAit'ITC~ 8 K88AP8T~~HO~ 3a8lt'l· 50ilbW8SI 'i8CTb noTeHU.~allbHbiX nocrynneH~i1 OT C!.1MOCT~ OT ypoeH~ Taplt'l$08. KaK 6bl TaM H&il 6bl- 3KCilOPTHbiX Hanoroa TaK H~KOfA8 &II He MaTep~­ 110, n~He~Hble KPit'l8ble cnpoca YA06Hbl 8 Ka~ecr8e aJ11t'13088n8Cb. 060CH08aHHOe npeAn0110>KeH~e 0 np~611~3~TellbHbiX OU.eHOK TOilbKO All~ He60ilbWliiX paaMepax 3Heprer~~ecKoro ceKTopa poccl!l~cKo~ ~3MeHeH~~. a 8 ,D,aHHOM Cf1Y'Ge Mbl lt'IMeeM AellO 3KOHOM&!IK~ -- OAVIH M3 B03MO>KHbiX cnoco60B C ~peaMepHO 8biCOK~M~, npe8biWaiOW.~M~ 100%, o6oi1TMCb 6ea HeAocraiOw.e~ &IIH¢lopMal\~&ll. APY" ypo8HSIM~ Tap~ci>OB. 803MO>KHO, B TaKOM CllY'"fae ro~ cnoco6 np~6n~3lt'ITellbHoro pac~eTa o6'beMa noneaHee pa6orarb c ycno8Ho~ nocTOSIHHO~ KPit'l- nomynneHt.1£1 or 3KcnopTHoro Hanoroo6nmKeHit'l~ - 80~ snacr~~HOCTlil cnpoca, Koropas:~ noa8on~er nplt'I3H8Tb ero paBHbiM roMy ot5'beMy cpeACTB, pacc~I.1Tbl8aTb noKaaaTellb CHJ...1>KeHir1~ ypo8H~ 6na- KOTOPbi~ npaB&~~TellbCTBO nO~lilllO 6bl, ecn&ll fibl rococro~H~~ 8 peaynbrare ropro8o~ noni!1T&~~Kit'l t.1Mei10 803MO}KHOCTb non~lt'ITb pa3Hit'IU.Y M6>KAY 54 ToproenA 8 HOBWK He38BMCiifMbiX rocy.QapcTBaX U.eHOH MMPOBOfO PbiHKa M BHyrpeHHe£1 U.6HOH. Ta- BOA&.1Tb 3JleiK,Aa/IMCb OT 3KCnopT- 60JlbWMHCTBO 3KCOOpTHbiX orpaHMI.f8HMt1 Kaca- HbiX HallOfOB. 8 TaKOM CllY"fae CHI.1)KeHHe ypoBHR JlOCb npOAYKU.!.1Lil 3HepreTL!II.fecKoro ceKTopa. Ta- 6narococros:~HHs:l craHOBHnocb e~.Lte 6onee Oll-'yTM- KMM o6pa30M, B03MO>KeH ell-'e OALIIH cnoco6 onpe- MbiM. KOHOBallOB ynOMMHaeT, "iTO 8 1992 r. 1.1- AelleHLIIR BJlLIIRHLIIR Ha CHr.1>KeHMe 6narOCOCTORHMSI HaHCOBble nocrynneHVls:l oT sKcnopTHbiX Hanoroa 3KCOOPTHbiX HallOfOB M KBOT B OTHOWel-liiiLII 3Hepre- COCT8BM11M, no BCeH B&.1AHMOCTH, JlMWb 22% 803- TLIII.feCKOH OPOAYKU.I.II~ - MC001lb30B8HL!Ie \')lee LIIMe- MO)KHOfO MX 06beMa. 111HTepeCHO 6bll10 6bl Y3H2Tb, IOll-'MXCR ou.eHOK nocneACTBM~ AllR ypoeH~ 6na- KaKMM 6b1Jl 6bl 06ll-'&.1c.i 06beM 3KCnopTHbiX HallO- rococTOs:IHLils:l 38HM>KeHHbiX u.eH Ha 3tiepren11.fec- fOBbiX OOClynneHMC-1, M cpaBHMTb 3TOT nOKa3aTeJlb KYIO npOAYKU.'-110 a 6bleweM CoeeTCKOM Co103e C OOKa3aTeneM 610A)KeTHOfO Aacf>MU.MTa. (eM., Hanp'-1Mep, Gros M Jones, 1991 } .. OcHoeo~ AI1SI pa3pa6oTKLII TaKoro po,o.a ou,eHKM (8 paMKaX HeyrewMTenbH&Ii peaKl(HR 3KOHOMMI.f8CIU1X CMCTeM 3ana,a.HOfO TMna) MOfllM npOH3BOACTB8HHOM cct»epw 6bl CTaTb pa3JlMI.fHble 3KOHOMeTpMI.feCKMe MCCJle- no3BOJlbTe MHe eme pa3 BepHYfbCR I< pac- AOB8HMs:l, 1.13 KOTOPbiX CJleAyeT, "iTO snacntYHOCTb 3 CMaTpMBaeMOH npo6neMe: nol.feMy TaK HeBbiCOKH LJ.6Hbl cnpoca Ha 3HeprMIO COCTaBlls:JeT OKOJlO 0,5 • noKa3arenM Pocc~H 8 o6nacTM ToproenH (pocr CHM>KeHMe ypoBHs:l 6narococTos:IHMSI (TOJlbKO noT- 3KcnopTa &.1 MMnopTa)? EcnM *e o6pannboo K pe6L!ITenbcKoro ~311LIIWKa) a pe3yllbTaTe H811Lii"'Ms:l ~HHUM pa3Ae11a 2, MO>KeT B03HMKHyTb H TaKOH HenpRMoro sKcnopTHoro Hanora Ha sHepronoc- sonpoc: nol.feMy PaceM~ crana ceroAHS1 MeHee TaBKM B pa3Mepe 150% (200%-Hbl~ HenpS'IMOH OTKPbiT0£1? Yl.f!.1TbiBaR H8AOCTOBepHOCTb POCC&.1HC- Haner CKOppeKTMPOBaH C Yl.feTOM 25%-HbiX TpaHC- KOC-1 CT8TMCTIAKM, MO)KHO 6b1Jl0 6bl nOnbiT8TbCs:l OOPTHbiX M3AeP>KeK) COCTaBnSieT, TaKLIIM o6pa30M, o6oCHOB8Tb COKPall-'eHMe o6beMOB TOPfOBJlM He- OKOI10 50% AfJR 111060~ eA&.1HMU,bl noTpe611eHMs:l. nOJlHOH ONeTHOCTbiO no 1992 r. M 3aBb1WeHHbiM C Y'i8TOM CTOMMOCTM npOM3BOALIIMOH Pocc111e~ KYPCOM nepeeoAHoro py6ns:t a 6a30BbiH AllR aHa- 3HepreTHI.fecKo~ npoAYKU.MM, cocTaanRIOI.LteH 11M3a nepHOA. 8 3TOM CllYI.faa He06XOAMMO o6pa- OKOJlO 180 MllPA· AOllJl., OOKa3aTeJlb CH&.1)1(8Hr.1s:l TMTbCSi K APYrMM MCTOI.fH&.1KaM. Toproeo-cTaTMc- ypOBHR 6naroCOCTOs:lHLils:! B CTOMMOCTHOM Bblpa- T&.1YeCKMe c6opHMKr..<~ M8Cb - enonHe np'-1rOAHbiH 4 )K8HLIILII MO)KST ,D,OCTMfaTb 90 MllPA· A01111. 3TO Afls:l 3TliiX U,elle~ MCTO'fH&.1K, TaK KaK COAep)Kall.(&.1eCR 6onee l.feM BABOe npeBbiWaeT CTOMMOCTb fOAOBO- B HIAX CBeASHMA OCHOBbiBaiOTCR Ha CTaTL-fCT&.1Ke ro 06beMa poCCIII~CKOfO 3KCOOpTa M COCTaBilSieT MMnOpTa npOMbiWJleHHO pa3BMTbiX crpaH lit Ha MX aecbMa 3Ha"f~el1bHYIO l.faCTb 88n 1992 r. Paccl.fM- AOCTOB8PHOCT&r1 MeHbWe CKa3alliiiCb nocneACTBHA TaHHbl~ TaKMM o6pa30M OOKa3aTeJlb CJlMWKOM Be- pacnaAa CosercKoro Col03a. OcHOBHbiM He,o.oc- JlMK, l.fT06bl eMy MO)KHO 6b1Jl0 BepL!ITb, OAHaKO OH TaTKOM 3TOfO lo'ICTOI.fHMKa RBJlAeTCR TO, 'fTO OH He CB~eTeJlbCTByeT 0 TOM, "'TO OOJlMTMKa no,o.o.ep>Ka- COAeP)KMT l-1HKe np&.16- a1lbHOe CHM)KeHMe CTOMMOCTH B81110T 3THX CTpaH 11Li13LIITel1bHble OU.8HKL<1 noKa3biB810T, "iTO OH Ol.f8Hb 6b1Jl0 M8HbWMM (a 3apa60TKM HaceneHMR 3TMX Bei1LIIK. CTpaH- 6onee BbiCOKMMH B A0111lapoaoM 3KBIIIBa- KpoMe ecero npol.fero, c11eAyeT OTMeT&.1Tb, "iTO 1leHTe). nol.feMy? HeOOI1YI.f8HHble AOXOAbl OT 3KCOOpTa, B03MO)KH0, Toproeas:~ nonMTt1Ka s:~enAeTcs:t ocHOBHo£1 npM- CTall&-1 OAHO~ 1113 OCHOBHbiX npHI.fli1H npoaana CTa- I.fMHo£1 Heap_eKBaTHO HM3KOH peaKU.MM npOM3BOAC- 6LII11M38U.Ii10HHbiX yc1.111L11~. C TO"'KLII 3peHVIR CTaH- TBa C TOI.fKM apeHMs:l npe,D,nO)KeHH~ 3KCnopTHO~ ~PTHOfO 8Hai1M3a HapOAHOfO 6naroCOCTORHMR, npoAYKU.Lillff. PoccMR M 6onee ycnewHo pa3B!.1Ba- COBepweHHO 6e3pa311M"'HO, KTO- npaBMTel1bCTBO IOW.HeCR cTpaHbl BocTOYHo~ Eaponbl 3Ha'fMTenbHO Mlllff l.faCTHbiH ceKTop - np!.1CBOM11 u,eHOBYIO pa3- pa3JlMYaiOTCS1 no cTpyKType csoero sKcnopTa. 8 HMU,y. 0AHaKO eCTb ,D.aHHble 0 TOM, "iTO pa3HML.Ul pocCLIIHCKOM sKcnopTe AOMMHMPYIOT 3HeproHo- Me)tfJJ.y MI.IIPOBbiM&-1 M BHyrpeHHMMM U,eHaMM B pR,D.e CMTei1M !.1 Cblpbe. 8 1992 r. MLIIHepanbHOe TOn- CJlY"faea 6blna nyuJ,eHa no aerpy. B YaCTHOH 6ece- 11!.180 cocraal-1110 57% o6w,ero o6beMa poc- AS 6biBWMt1 M!I1HMCTp BHeWHittX 3KOHOMM"'eCKMX CMHCKoro sKcnopTa 3a npeAenbl 6blawero CCCP, CBR3eH PCb CepreH rna3beB YKa3b1Ball, "iTO 6oJlb- npoMbiWJleHHas:t npOAYKU,LIIS1 - TOJlbKO 28%. 3TO waR YaCTb B03MO)KHbiX nocTynl1eHHH MaTepMa- 3H8"1VIT, "iTO 061.LtHe OOKa3aTe11M POCCM~CKOfO 3KC• JlLII30BaHa He 6b1Jla, TaK KaK KOMOaHMM, o6e~aB­ nopTa 8 MeHbWe£1 CTeneHa.1 3aBHCRT OT KOHK}'· WH6 npaBLIITel1bCTBY BeCTLII CBOIO A6RTe1lbHOCTb peHrocnoco6HocTH npoAYKU.t1Lil ee o6pa6aTbi- Ha BHe3KOHOMMI.feCKOH OCHOBe, HanpLIIMep np0!.13- BaiOll-'MX oTpacneH, M a 6onbWeH- or KeHI-19 111 BHyTpeHHII1'-1 '1SHII1~ AOn>KHO 6b1Tb AOCTaTO"iHO AnSI pe3KOfO cnpoc Ha 3~teproHOC111Tenll1 111 cblpbe. H1113K~~te pacTa 3KcnopTHbiX nocTaaoK Toaapoa npoMbiW- BHyrpeHHlo'le U,eHbl Ha 3Heprll110 111 3HeprOHOCII1Tenll1 neHHoro npoii13BOACTBa. Henb3st cKa3aTb, 'iTo (noAAeP*II1BaeMble nocpeACTBOM 3KcnopTHoro npll1aaTII13aU.111st He Ba>KHa caMa no ce6e. 0AHaKo Hanoroo6no>KeH111st) noow.pstiOT BHyrpeHHee noT- cpaaHeHI.1e c nonbwe~ noKa3blaaeT, 'iTO oTcyrcT- pe6neH~e. CHII1>Ka10T CT111MYI1b1 K pa38111TII110 npm13- BI.1e npii1BaT&o13aU,II11.1 He MO>KeT C"ilf1TaTbCS1 eAI.1HCT- BOACTBa, COKpaw,ast TaKII1M o6pa30M 3KCnopT. 8 BeHHO~ np1!1\iii'IHO~ HeBbiCOKViX 3KCnOpTHbiX noKa- OTHoweHII1111 TaKII1X nerKo peanll13yeMbiX Toproane~ 3aTene~ Poccl!'ll!'l. OTcyrcTall'le >KecTKII'IX 610A)KeT- Toaapoa, KaK He¢»Tb 111 ra3, Toproaast nonii1TII1Ka HbiX OrpaH1!1\ieHI.1~ 8 1992 r. (111 "iaCTII'I"iHO 8 1993 f.), oco6eHHO aa>KHa, nocKonbKY oHa onpeAensteT BI!1A1!1MO, TaK>Ke Cblrpano B 3TOM 6onbWYIO ponb BHyrpeHHII1e U,eHbl. npoAOn>KaiOW,IIi~CSI cnaA A0- (B AononHeHI!1e K pa3nl4'11!1SIM B o6nacTII1 Toproao~ 6bl\ill1 HeT111 B POCCII1111 npll1n&otCbiBaiOT TaKII1M 3K30- nonl!1n'IK111). reHHbiM aKTopaM, KaK, Hanpii1Mep, 111CTOW,eH111e 3anacoa. 0AHaKo no ou,eHKaM cneu,1.1an111cToa ca- ToproanR M nnaTelKM c APYJ"MMM Mo~ oTpacnll1, cpeA~ npw·tii1H, o6ycnoanii1Bal0u.t111X cTpaHaMM 6wawero CCCP co!TII1, Ha nepabl~ nnaH Toproenst co cTpaHaMII1 6blewero CoaeTcKoro BbiXOA111T HeAOCTaTO\iHOe 111HBecn.,poBaHII1e. npll1- COI03a npoAOn>KaeT 1.1rpaTb Ba>KHYIO ponb B poc- \ieM HeAOCTaTOK 111HBeCTif'IL.I,II1~, 6e3 COMHeHII1SI, CBSI- CII'I~CKO~ 3KOHOMII1Ke. TeM He MeHee KoHoeanoa 3aH C HII13Kif1M ypoaHeM BHyrpeHHII1X U,eH, SIBnSI- CTanK~BaeTCSI C TO~ >Ke npo6neMOL.i, C KOTOPO~ B IOW.111XCSI, 8 CBOIO 0\iepeAb, pe3ynbTaTOM 3KCnOpT- 3TO~ o6naCTI!1 CTOnKHyncsr 1.1 Sl. 8 Te'1eHr.1e 6onb- HbiX orpaHII1'1eHI!'I~. Ecn111 s Te"ieHII1e nocneAHII1X we~ "iaCTI!1 1992 111 1993 rr. 1113MSHeHI!'ISI HOCI!1n1!1 AByx neT pocc111~cK111e npoii13BOA111Tenll1 npeAB~­ noCTOSIHHbl~ xapaKTep, npr..1'1eM npaKTII1'1eCKI.1 Hill Aenll1 (npaall'lnbHO), 'iTO 3KcnopTHble orpaHII1'1eHII1st OAHO 1113 npL1HII1MaeMbiX BflaCTSIMII'1 peuJeHI.1~ He 6YAYT nocneAOBaTenbHO COKpaw,aTbCSI, a BHYT- 6blno peanii130BaHO. HeB03MO>KHO BHSITHO Onlo1caTb peHHSISI U,eHa Ha 1!1X npOAYKU.IIIIO - paCTI!1 (B pe- 1.1MeBWYIO MeCTO Hecypa31.1U,y. allbHOM CTOII1MOCTHOM Bblpa>KeH1.1t.1), y HII1X 6blniA Mo~ onbiT pa60Tbl B Ka"ieCTBe COBeTHI!1Ka HeC- Bee OCHOBaHIASI Ha TO, '1T06bl He 1113BneKaTb HeTb KOflbKII1X crpaH CHr no3Bo11SieT C'11.1TaTb, 'iTO a 1992 143 3eMnll1 5 • Jlr..1KB111AaU,VISI KOHTponsr HaA BHyrpeH- 111 a Ha"iane 1993 r. pocc111~cKasr oVIU.II1anbHas:; HII1MII1 u,eHaMII1, KaK nnaHII1pyeTcsr, Morna 6bl no- TOPfOBaSI nonii1Tif1Ka B OTHOWeHII1111 OCTanbHbiX no>KII1TenbHO CKa3aTbCSI Ha npeAflo:>KeHII1111 3KCnopT- cTpaH CHr 6blna coaepweHHO He3$eKTI!'IBHO~. HO~ nPOAYKU.111111. Me>KrocyAaPCTBeHHble Toproeble cornaweHVISI He JlaHHble no poCCVi~CKOMY HeTstHOMY 3KCnop- peanii130Bb1BaJlliiCb, a cyw,eCTBOBaHI!'Ie Tap1.1OB TY TaK>Ke AOn>KHbl KoppeKTII1POBaTbCSI B CBSI3111 C 111 KBOT B o6nacTIII 3KcnopTa 111 111MnopTa He oKa- TeM, \iTO 6onbwll1e o6beMbl HeT111 (111 APYfii1X 3blaano npaKTII1'1ecKoro B03Ae~cTBVISI Ha ToproayJO B111AOB CblpbSI) yxoAstT 3a npeAenbl CTpaHbl '1epe3 npaKTIIIKy, nocKOnbKY He 6blnO TaMO>KeHHbiX APYrJAe cTpaHbl 6blawero CCCP (a ocHOBHOM rpaHl'lU.. '1epe3 YKpaHHY 111 np1116anTII1~CKL-1e rocyAaPCTBa). ~MeHHO OTCyTCTBI.1e TaMO>KeHHOfO KOHTPOilSI - Ecn111 cno>KII1Tb AaHHble no pe3KcnopTHbiM nocTas- 3TO TO cyw.ecTaeHHoe o6cTosrrenbcTao, KOTopoe KaM 1113 3TII1X CTpaH C noKa3aTenSIMII1 pOCCVI~CKOfO He HaWnO AOil>KHOfO OTpa>KeHII1SI B HaCTOSIW,eM 3KCnopTa, CTaHeT SICHO, 'iTO pOCCII1~CKII1~ Cblpbe- pa3Aene. 6e3 TaKoro KOHTponsr Pocc111sr He Morna 8011\ 3KCnOpT HaxOAII'ITCSI B JlY"fWeM COCTOSIHII'11!1, A061!1BaTbCSI co6n10AeHIIISI KaKII1X 6bl TO Hill 6blno "ieM MO>KHO 6blno 6bl npeAnonaraTb Ha OCHOBaH1!1111 Toproeblx orpaHVI"ieHIII~. Pe3KcnopTHble nocTaBKIII paHee &otCnOnb30BaBWI"'XCSI AaHHbiX. cblpbst 1113 np1116anT1.1~cK!.1X cTpaH 1.1 APYrll1x crpaH 'iTO KacaeTCSI CTI!1Mynii1POBaHii1SI 3KCnopTa TO- 6blewero CCCP 6blnl-1 Ha1116onee 3PII1MbiM cneA- sapos npOMbiWileHHOfO npm13BOACTBa, TO 3T0f0 CTBIIIeM OTCyTCTBII1SI TaKoro KOHTPOI1SI. 3TO o6CTOSI- Henb3SI A06111Tbcst e Pocc~-1111 MepaMII1 no nll16epa- TenbCTBO 3aCnY*II1BaeT BHIIIMaHII1SI Y>Ke XOTSI 6bl nl!13aU,&ot111 Toproanll1, nocKonbKy poeT BHyrpeHHI"'X noToMy, 'iTO 6blnO OAHII1M 1113 U,eHTpanbHbiX AflS1 u,eH Ha 3HeproHOCII1Tenll1 111 3Heprt-110 ell~e 6onbwe pocc111~cKo~ Toproao~ nonii1TII1KII1 nocneAHI.1X AByx CH&o13111T AOntO o6pa6aTbiBaiOW.111X OTpacne~ B 06- neT. W,eM o6beMe 3KcnopTa, a 3apa6oTKII1 npoMbiW- B pa3Aene o"ieHb KPaTKo paccMaTpl4BaiOTCst neHHbiX pa60'1111X B A01111apoBOM 3KBII1BaneHTe, TPYAHOCTII1 B o6nacTII1 nnaTe>Ke~, TaiOKe KaK Ill aepostTHO, Bo3pacryr. s:l HII1KOrAa He cornawycb nonbiTKa C03AaHIIISI MHOfOCTOpOHHero nnaTe>KHOfO 111 c TeM, 'iTO pocc111~cK111e npeAnP111SITII1SI o6pa6a- MexaHIII3Ma AflSI u,eHTpanbHbiX 6aHKOB cTpaH CHr Tb1Ba10W.I-1X OTpacne~ CaMII1 HecyT OTBeTCTBeH- nocpeACTBOM y"ipe)f(AeHIIISI Me>KrocyAaPCTBeH- HOCTb 3a 080111 HeBbiCOKVIe llOKa3aTenll1 B o6naCTII1 Horo 6aHKa. 3To cno>KHbl~ aonpoc, 3acnY>KIII- 3KCnopTa BB111AY He>KenaHII1SI 3aHII1MaTbCSI 3KC- BaiOW.LII~ 6onee noApo6Horo aHanll13a (eM. MO~ nopTOM, HenpoBeAeHII1SI f..'IX npii1BaTII13aU,V1111 111 T.n. KOMMeHTapVI~ K pa3Aeny 11 ). s:l nonHOCTbiO corna- B nonbwe 6biCTPbl~ poeT 3KcnopTa 6bln CBSI3aH ceH C KOHOBaJlOBbiM B TOM, 'iTO "iaCTHble KOMMep- KaK pa3 C npeAnPII1SITII1SIMII1, HaXOASIW.111MII1CSI B "iSCKVIe 6aHKL., 3Ha'1111TenbHO 6onbwe npeycnen111 rocyAaPCTBeHHO~ co6cTBeHHOCTII1. Hlf13Koro o6- B paapeweHII1111 nnaTe>KHblx npo6neM. no-MoeMy, MeHHoro KYPca 111 >KeCTK~x 610A>KeTHbiX orpaHII1- pa3B1.1TI.1e co6biTVIV. ~e CAenano 111Ael0 C03AaHII1R 56 ToproanR a HOBbiX He38BMCMMbiX rocy,a,t\pcTaax Me:>KrocyAapcr8eHHoro 6aHKa MopanbHO ycra- cs =CSFT - CST = norep1o1 pe8we~.- 8 HeM 6onee Her norpe6Hocn1, xon:1 8 1992 111111.1 1993 rr. 8nonHe 1.1Meno 6bl cMbiCll (3) =A[Q~ - Q~13 J/(1- f3) - A[Q::- Q~JJJ = = ~/(1 - ~ )]A[Q~- Q~ J C03ASTb nnaTe:>KHbiH MeXaH&.13M, nOA06HbiH TOMy, 13 KOTOPbiH npeAYCMaTpLIIBaerc~ B npeAJlO:>KeHLII~X o cOSASHLIILII Me:>KrocyAapcrseHHoro 6aHKa. A6C011!0THble CTOIIIMOCTHble Bblpa>KeH~SI COK- paUJ,eHV.SI noTpe6LIIrenbcKoro &.13111.1WKa TPYAHO LIIH- npMnOlKeHMe: Pac'leT C,"!"t.~MOCTHOro repnperlllpoaarb, ecmt OH&.1 He BblpiDKeHbl a KaK&.1X- awp~DCeHMR CHMlKeN.~R ypoaHR n~6o Me:>KA}'HapOAHbiX napaMeTpax ~111.1 He npLIIBSI· 6narOCOCTORHMR • pe3yniiT8Te 3aHbl K KaKOMy-11~60 noKa3aTeJllO pOCClitHCKO" cy6CMAMPOB8HM!il MMnOpTa 3KOHOMMK&.1. ,D,nSI cneAYIOIJ..tero pacl.feTa Hat~t6onee Hal.fanbHOi1 Tol.fKOilt ~8n~ercR ycnoBHaR Q>yHK- 119fKII1M cnoco6oM pacl.feTa CHII1:>KeHIIISI YPOBHSI ~~~~s:JnoCTORHHOH 31laCTLIII.fHOCTLII cnpoca B 06JlaCTLII 6narococros:~H~R 5yAeT onpeAeneHI.1e ero KaK K0- 111Mnopra. npeAJ10:>KeHif1e He ~lf1TbiBaeT~, noc- 3cpcpLIILJ.~eHra OTH(lW8HLIISI K Ha~OHallbHOMY AOXO- KOJlbKy MHOfLIIe lf1MnopTHble TOBapbl He LIIMeiOT AY (Y). ¢>opMyna coKpa~J..teHLIIR norpe6LI!renbCKoro npm.'I3BOAHMbiX B POCCH!f1 aHallOfOB, a KPOMe TOu LII311111WKa B TaKOM cny~ae MO:>KeT 6b1Tb npeA- ro, AOCTaTol.fHO TPYAHO Aenarb npeAnono:>KeHHR CTaaneHa KaK B OTHOWeHHH 31laCTHI.fHOCTH npeAJlO:>KeHHR poc- CliiHCKOfO cblpb~, nocra8n~eMoro Ha 3Kcnopr. He norepr.1 CS/Y = [f3/(1 - f3)]AQ1-13 * npLIIHLIIMaR a ~er npeAJlo:>KeHLIIe, Mbl nonyl.faeM (4) *[(QFT/QT)1-J3_ 1]/Y JlLIIWb HLII:>KHIOIO rpaHLII~Y noKa3aTells:l CHLII:>KeHLIIs:l ypoaHR 6narococros:~HHR. Ko3Q>Q>LII~&.1eHT QFT/Qr AO!l:>KeH 6b1Tb paaeH Cnpoc, ratopMyne: rap111Q>a co croii1MOCTLII. TaKLIIM o6pa3oM, ASHHbli1 noKa3aTeJlb MO:>KeT 6b1Tb onpeAe!leH Ha OCHO- (1) P =AQ-13, rAe f3>0 BaHII1Vi noKa3arens:~ KocaeHHoro rap~Q>a. notca3aTe11b AQ~ 13 jY MO)I(eT 6b1Tb paccl.f~TaH Ha AaHHOM 3Tane Her Heo6XOALIIMOCTLII Aenarb Ha OCHOBaHIII~ ~HcpOpMa~LIIII1 0 610A)K6THO~ CTO- KaKHe-1111160 npeAnOJlO:>KeHl.-fSI 8 OTHOWeH&.1LII Be- ~MOCTI-1 1-1MnopTHbiX cy6CI-1A~H 1-111111 0 noTeHU,~anb­ JlLIII.fLIIHbl noKa3arens:~ (3. Mbl, OAHaKo,, 6yAeM HbiX nocrynneHLIISIX OT 3KCnopTHbiX Ha!lOfOB. Cro- paccMaTpLIIBaTb llLIIWb (3>1, no.o,pa3yMeaas:~ TeM lftMOCTb ~MnOpTHbiX cy6CLIIAIIIH AaHa KaK 25% OT caMbiM, l.fTO 31laCTLIII.fHOCTb cnpoca MeHbWe eALII- san. 3-ro nOAPa3yMeBaer PWQT(T-1) = 0,25Y, HLIIU,bl. rAe Pw - 3To ~eHa MLIIposoro pbiHKa, Koropas:~ 3A6Cb Cl.fLIITaeTCs:l 3aAaHHOH, TaK KaK no noKasa- B Kal.fecrae HeKoroporo orcrynneHLIIR s:1 xol.fy TeJlRM TOPfOBbiX nOTOKOB 3KOHOMIIIKa POCCLIILII He- OTMeTLIITb, l.fTO AOJl)I(Ha cyUJ,eCTBOBaTb B03MO:>K- B6JlLIIKa (noKa3arenlll pocc111l:icKIIIX sKcnopra 111 lf1M- HOCTb annpOKCLIIMa~LIILII noKa3aT811R KpaTKO- nopra np~611~3LIITe11bHO paBHbl COOTBeTCTBYIO- cpOI.fHOi.ii 311aCTLIII.fHOCTH cnpoca, OCHOBbiBas:!Cb Ha IJ.(LIIM noKa3aTe!ls:IM 5enbrLII~). BHyrpeHHs:ls:l ~eHa AocrynHoi1 roproaoi1 craTLIICTLIIKe. OnbiT noKa- Bblwe MLIIPOBOH u,eHbl B T pa3: P = PwT. 8BeAeHII1e 3biBaer, l.fTO np111 coKpaw.eHLIILII LIIMnoprHoro cy6cLII- 3Toro noKa3arens:~ B KPLIIBYIO cnpoca (noApa3y- ALIIP08aHLIIR 3Hal.f&.1TenbHO CHH:>KaeTCR noTpe6neHLIIe I-P Mesas:~, l.fTO AQr = PwT), npii!BOAIIIT K LIIMnOpTHbiX TOBapoa. noKa3aTellb 31laCTLIII.fHOCTI.1 B TaKOM cnyl.fae AOJl>KeH 6b1Tb AOBOJlbHO BbiCOKLIIM. (5) AQ~ 13 /Y-= 0,25[T/(T-1 )] = 0,25(1 +t)/t Hal.fanbHoi1 TOI.fKoA pacl.feTa noKa3arens:~ 6na- rococroRHLIIR ~Bns:~ercs:~ norpe6111renbCKLII~ Lll31llf1- noKa3aT611b CH&.1~eHIIIR YPOBHSI 6narocOCTO- weK (CS), onpeAe.ns:~eMbiH no Q>opMyne: s:IH~s:l (nponop~II10HaJlbHOHaU,IIIOHallbHOMY AOXO- AY) MO:>KeT 6b1Tb Bblpa>KeH KaK (2) CS = A}Q-Pdq = AQ 1-Pj(1-j3)-QP CH~:>KeH~e ypoBHRf CHIII)I(eHIIIe ypoBHs:l 6narococTos:tH!f1s:l B pe3y11b- 6narococros:~HIIIs:l I Y = 0,25{[[(3/(1 -13)]* TaTe Ha11LIII.fi-1SI TapiiiQ>OB onpeAeJls:JeTCSI KaK COK- (6) paUJ,eHIIIe noTpe611tTeJlbCKOfO III311111WKa (pa3Ht.1~ * [T/(T-1 )] [T< 1·Pl/P_1 ]-1]} Me)I(Ay norpe6111T611bCK!IIM 1113111/tWKOM nplft CB0- 60AHOH Toproane 111 npH HanLIII.fLIILII Tap111cpoa) nn10c Ans:~ peweHLIIR AaHHoro ypaBHeH~SI Heo6- nocrynneHLIIs:l OT TaPIIIcPOB. 0603HalJas:l KOJlLII- XOA~Mo IIIMeTb noKa3arenll1 T 111 (3. I.feCTBO, norpe6neHHoe np111 cao6oAHOH roproane 8 C!lyl.fae C IIIMnopTHb1Mfr1 cy6m1AViRMLII no- KaK QFT' a KOJlLIII.feCTBO, noTpe6neHHOe npLII HaJllt1- AOHA9T T < 0,5 ('iTO cooTaercTayer 6onee ~eM l.fLIILII roprosblx orpaHLIII.feHLIIi1 (rapa.;cpoa 11111111 cy6cLII- 1 00%-HOMY ~MnOpTHOMY cy6cLIIA~POBaHLIIIO), TaK ALIIi1) KaK Qr• a TaK)I(e 111cnoJlb3YSJ ypaaHeHL-1e cnpo- KaK B CTOIIIMOCTHOM Bblpa>KeHI.1111 fr1MOOPT (no U,e- ca, paccl.fii1TaeM coKpaw.eHII!e norpe6111renbcKoro HaM MIIIPOBbiX PbiHKOB) COCTaB!lSIJl 6onee l.f6M 50% f,.13JlLIIWKa no cpopMyne: 88n 8 Hal.fane 1992 f. {a 3ClTPaTbl COCTaBI-111111 25% ToprOBaA OO!IM'TMKa POCCMM 57' BBn). Ecn~ B ypasHeH~e noMecn1Tb T= 0,5, TO 2 Eu4e OAHS He6onbWaA HeRCHOCTb - KaKOA napl'lteT noKY- HaxOASI~as:ICSI B CK06KaX npaMSI '6CTb ypaBH8HI.1R natenbHOA cnoco6HOCTM MCOO!Ib3Y9TCA. Asrop !IMWb }'Ka3b1BaeT, (6) CBOAL<1TCSI K Bblpa>KeHit110: 'frO 3TOT noKasatenb KPSAtte npM6nM3&1TenbHbiA. Asrop Mor 6bl nnoAOTBopHo Mcnonb3oBaTb pa6oTY Ko3Ha M MeAepMaHCa (1994), B KOTOpoA OOAP06HO paccMaTpMBaiOTCR pasnW~Hble B8PM8HTbl ypoatteit rllli)MTeTa I'IOKYfBT8nbHOA CM!Ibl, f4)M'£M O,D.HH 8 npLt1BeAeHHO~ HLt1~e Ta611Lt1Ue npeACTSB118Hbl BapMaHT OCHOBaH Ha CTOMMOCTM raM6yprepa B MOCKB8. noKa3aTe111.1, no~aeMble npit1 peweHLt11t1 AaHHoro 3 noKasaTe!lb CHMliC8HMA ypoBHA 6narococTOAHMA (COKPaU48HMA ypaaHet-tLt1R Ails:! HeKoropblx napaMeTpoa ~. a notpe6MT81lbCKOrO M3!1MWKa), AB!1AIOU49rocA C116ACTBHeM Ta~e notKeHLt1R ypoBHR 6narococ- Hanoroo6nOlK8HMA 31CCOOPJHbDt 3H8Pr8TM..acKHX nocTaBOK, pci.DeH TORHL<1R KaK npou,eHT oT BBn, npit1 ycnoBMH, ~To f10!10BMH8 f1POIA3B8A8HMA nponOPL\MOHMbHOA pa3HML\bl l.\8H, 6JOA)KentaR CTOI.1MOCTb cy6C1.1AI.1~ COCTaBJ1R11a npon0!)1.4MOH8!1bHOrO KOnM-.ecTBeHHOro M3M9HeHMA (o6beMa 25% sen: nocTaBOK) M CTOMMOCTHOrO 00Ka38Te!IA nepBOHa~bHOro OOT- pe6neHMA. KaK YIC838HO BbiWe, KoHOaanoa Cl.fMTaeT, l.f'TO 1.\BHbl P/(1--i3)[2-{1--i3)/~1]+1 CHWKeHHe MMpoBOro pbiH!Ca Ha 3HepreTH'i8CKM9 TOBapbl 6onae l.feM B 3 yposHR 6naro- pasa npeabiWanM cooTB8TCTBYIOU4Me &HYfpeHHMe 1.\eHbl. 3To cocToRHHR, % BBn nOAP8.3YM8BaeT 3KCOOPTHbiA TapMcp B 200%. ,D,aliCe ecnM 2 0,2 4,3 AOOVCTMTb T81COA ypoB8Hb H9COBna,Q8HMA l.\9H, M, CKaJKeM, 25% 1,00001 0,3 1,7 Ha TPaHCf10PTHb19 M:i!A8P.lKIG1, KOCBaHHbiA TapMcp COCT8Blo;T 150%. 0,5 0,5 12,5 TaKMM o6pasoM, CHMlKeHMe ypoaHSI 6narococTOAHMA Ha KaliCAO~ SAMHHI.\8 OOTpe6neHMA COCTaB!IAel 0,5X1,5X0,73 = 0,54. 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OUJ.yT1.1MO COKpaTltlllaCb 111 1.1H- naAeHI.1e o6beMa npo1.13BOACTBa c 1989 r. co- cpi1S11J,IAS1, AOCTI.1fHYB B Mapre ypoBHSl 5,7%. craBl-1110 40% 1• 3ra reHAeHU,IIIs:l nonyYI.111a ,D,allb- 3T&o1 u,eHOBble 1.13M8H8HIASI He 6bl111.1 ap,eKBaTHO He~wee pa3B&m-1e a nep8ble Mecslll.bl 1994 r., KOrAa OTpiDKeHbl rpeMSI cyw,ecTBYIOW,1.1MI.1 Ha YKpa1.1He npOMbiW.neHHOe np01.1380ACT80 COKpaTI.1110Cb B o6MeHHbiMI.1 KYPCSMl-1: oQ>~~tU.I.1allbHbiM o6MeHHbiM, TeYeHI.1e s:IH8aps:! - 1.11011s:l Ha 35% B cpaBHeHl-11.1 C KYPCOM, ycraHaBI11.1BaeMbiM Ha BalliOTHbiX ayK- reM }Ke nep1.10AOM npeAbiAyw.ero roAa. B oco- U,1.1oHax, npoBOAI.1MbiX Hau,l.1oHallbHbiM 6aHKOM 6eHHo Ts:I}KellOM nollO}KeHl-1111 OKa3ai11.1Cb MeTa11- YKpar..1Hbl, 1.1 napannellbHbiM pb!HOYHb!M o6MeH- nypri.1SI, MaWI.1HOCTpOeHI.1e, npo1.13BOACT80 crpo- HbiM KYPCOM a K1.1eae. Ha npaKTI.1Ke ace rp1.1 r..tTellbHbiX MaTep1.1allOB, T.e. 3HeproeMKI.1e OT- o6MeHHbiX KYPCS Ae'1cT8111TellbHO AaiOT HeKoropoe paCill-1, nPOAYKU.I.1S1 Koropblx reps:~er pb1HKI.1 c6blra. npeACTaBileHIIte 0 BHyrpeHH8M 1.1H~I1SIU,1.10HHOM Ae31.1HTerpaU,I.1s:l cosAaBaBWI.1XCS1 B reYeHI.1e AaBileHl-11.1. napanne11bHblt1 PbiHOYHb1'1 o6MeHHbl~ Afii.1TellbHoro apeMeHI.1 CBSI3e~ Me)I(Ay nocraa- Kypc 1.13MeH1.111Cs:l co cpeAHero noKa3aTens:~ 3002 W,I.1KaM1.1 1.1 norpe61.1renS1MI.1 KaK 8HYTPIII YKpa1.1Hbl, Kap6oaaHua (Aanee- Kap6.) K 1 AOJmapy CWA TaK 1.1 Me>K.O,y 3KOHOMI.1YeCKI.1MI.1 cy6beKTaMI.1 B a anpene 1993 r. AO 32871 Kap6. a AeKa6pe 6b1BWI.1X pecny6111.1KaX CoaercKoro Col03a orpl.1- 1993 r. 1.1 47731 Kap6. a Mae 1994 r. {ra6n. 3.1 ). uarenbHO cKasanacb Ha MHor1.1x orpacns:~x npo- B peanbHOM >Ke lf1CYI.1CileHI.11.1 napannellbHb1'1 pbi- MbiWileHHocrn. '-lacrble cpbiBbl nocraaoK 3Hepr1.11.1, HOYHbiH tKe, OAHaKo ew.e 6onee pe3KO HbiX nocraaoK l!t3 Pocc1.11.1 1.1, a MeHbWe'1 creneHl-1, (p1.1c. 3.1 ). Apyro'1 noKa3aTellb 1113MeHeH~~tSI pe- 1.13 TypKMeHI.1CTaHa. 3Hepreri.1YeCKI.1e nocra8KYI 1.1s anbHoro o6MeHHoro Kypca - e}KeMeCSIYHaSI 3TI.1X crpaH apeMs:~ or apeMeHI.1 npeKpaUJ.a111.1Cb no Mepe roro, KaK YKpa1.1Ha HaKann1.1aana 3a- 3apa6orHaS1 nnara, Bblpa>KeHHaSl a AOilllapax A011::lKeHHOCTI.1 no nnare>KaM. npoaan a Aes:~renb­ CWA, - raK>Ke Vi3MeHsti1CSI c anpenst 1993 r. no HOCTl-1 KaKOf0-111.160 npeAnp1.1S1TI.1s:l 1.1111.1 U,8110~ OT- MapT 1994 r., HO B OCHOBHOM no B03pacTaiOW.8H paC111.1 npoMbiWileHHOCTl-1 Yacro aneYeT sa co6o'1 (ra611. 3.2). B nepecYeTe no napannenbHOMY pbi- MHO:>KaW.1.1eCS1 nOC11eACTBI.1s:l Ails:! 3KOHOMI.11<1.1 B HOYHOMY o6MeHHOMY t11SIU,I.11.1 B Cneu,1.1a111.131.1poaaHHble PbiHKl-1 c6blra yrpar~111.1 3HaYI.1TeJlbH0'1 CTeneHI.1 SIBilSieTCSI OTCyTCTBI.1e 6bll108 3HaYeHI.1e, OC06eHHO 3TO 3aMeTHO 8 o6- >KecrKo'1 cp1.1HaHcoao'1 noi11.1TI.1KI.1. AeHe:>tHL,4H· B}IKL,4H· PbiHO'I· KYPCOB BnbHbiH OHHbiH Hblif BnbHbiH OHHbiH HbiH !:J.8H an&Hb/H OHHbiH Hb/H 1993 S1HBapb 727 878 14,6 73,2 65,9 ct;eepanb 973 1284 33,9 46,2 28,8 51,0 67,3 MBPT 1616 1899 66,1 47,9 22,1 65,7 77,2 anpenb 3002 3002 3002 85,7 58,1 23,6 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 MB~ 2999 2999 2939 -0,1 -0,1 -2,1 27,6 78,3 78,3 76,7 102,0 l'IIOHb 3656 3658 3388 21,9 22,0 15,3 71,7 55,6 55,6 51,5 107,9 l'IIOJlb 4589 4589 3858 25,5 25,5 13,9 37,6 50,7 50,7 42,6 118,9 aerycT 5970 14007 6935 30,1 205,2 79,8 21,7 54,2 127,2 63,0 86,1 ceHTS16Pb 5970 16460 11615 0,0 17,5 67,5 80,3 30,1 82,9 58,5 51,4 OKTSI6pb 5970 22833 19407 0,0 38,7 67,1 66,1 18,1 69,2 58,8 30,8 HOS16pb 6194 31150 26303 3,8 36,4 35,5 45,3 12,9 65,0 54,9 23,5 AeKa6pb 12608 25317 32871 103,6 -18,7 25,0 90,8 13,8 27,7 35,9 38,4 1994 S1HBaPb 13000 25000 37911 3,1 -1,3 15,3 19,2 11,9 22,9 34,8 34,3 <1>eepanb 13000 31422 37416 0,0 25,7 -1,3 12,6 10,6 25,6 30,5 34,7 MBPT 14000 41139 39253 7,1 30,9 4,9 5,7 10,8 31,7 30,3 35,7 anpenb 14000 42000 44242 0,0 2,1 12,7 6,0 10,2 30,5 32,2 31,6 Ma~ 15100 42000 47731 7,9 0,0 7,9 20,0 9,2 25,5 28,9 31,6 a KMeBCKMA napannenbHbiA pbiHOK. n p M M 8 "4 a H Me: npo"48pK 03Ha"'88T, 'iTO AQHHb18 OTCYfCTBYJOT. rA c To "4 H H ::::: pac'ieTbl M6PP. Ta6nMlUI3.2. MaMeH&HMe cpeAHeA aapa6oTHoA nnaTW • rocceKTope YKPiiMHW a 1993 r. M IIHBape- MBPT8 1994 r. (B Kap6oeaHu,ax 111 Aonnapax CWA) HoMHHBn&HaR Pean&HaR HoMHHBn&HBR 3apnnara (Kap6.) 3apnnara (Kap6.) 3apnnara (,o.onn. CWA) no KYPCY ,Qara yposeH& H3M8HeHHe, yposeH& H3M8H8f1He, oeepanb 19240 26,8 113,2 -1,6 19,8 15,0 MBPT 23070 19,9 111,2 -1,8 14,3 12,1 anpenb . 25653 11,2 100,0 -10,1 8,5 8,5 MB~ 30420 18,6 92,9 -7,1 10,1 10,1 10,4 l'IIOHb 58266 91,5 103,7 11,6 15,9 15,9 17,2 l'IIOJlb 72000 23,6 93,1 -10,2 15,7 15,7 18,7 aerycT 80736 12,1 85,8 -7,9 13,5 5,8 11,6 ceHTS16Pb 196600 143,5 115,9 35,1 32,9 11,9 16,9 Otmi6Pb 240188 22,2 85,2 -26,4 40,2 10,5 12,4 H~6pb 307200 27,9 75,0 -12,0 49,6 9,9 11,7 .a,eKa6pb 793000 158,1 101,5 35,3 62,9 31,3 24,1 1994 S1HBapb 763396 -3,7 82,0 -19,2 58,7 30,5 20,1 <1>eepanb 760099 -0,4 72,5 -11,6 58,5 24,2 20,3 MBPT 845990 11,3 76,3 5,3 60,4 20,6 21,6 Q KMescKMA napannenbHbiA pbiHOK. n pIll Me "4 a H Me: npo"48p1C 03Ha"'88T, 'iTO OOIC838Tenb ttenpHM8HMM. VIc To "4 H M K: pac"48Tbl M6PP. 68 ToproanA 8 HOBbiX H838BMCMMbiX rocy,QapcTBax Pile. 3. 1. HOMMH&JibHWit H pe&JibHbiM ofiM8HHbl8 KJPCW KaptkJB&HLUl B 1993-1994 rr. HoMr.1H&nbHbl~ Kypc Kap6oaaHeU/AOM8P CWA 50000 •••• I 45000 40000 35000 PbiH~HbiH 30000 25000 20000 15000 ,..... _, .. ,-" 10000 , I 5000 0~~~~==~~~~~~~~ ..a ..a .... .JJ ..a Jl ..a .JJ .JJ .... ..a IS ::z:: Q c:; Q 0 ~ \0 c. \0 c. c. \0 c. \0 c. as llO a c. c. as :!: c:; 12) c. C1S ~ Mec. s s ~ 0: ~ ~ :::c ca 0 ::z:: ca c: < ::z:: Q) 0::: Q) eweH~~ anacTeir1. fllo1"1~Ba11CSI Ha 40%. 60IJbWYIO ~aCTb yaeiJHI.feHH~ rpoM03AK~e npoueAYP~ per~cTpaU.Hl-1 H 11~U,eH- 06beMOB KP8AHT08aHHSI COCTa8flstfla npaBHTeflb- 3~poBaH~~. H8XBaTKa KOMMep"'eCKO~ HeABH~ CTBeHHaSI nOAAeP>KKa rOCYAaPCTBeHH~X npeA- *~MOCT~ CAeP*HBa~T B~XOA Ha p~HOK Hoa~x nplo1~Tl'IH (11'1 HX KOIJIJeKTI-1808), B OCHOBHOM Byrne- 6&.13H8C-CTpyecryp. npo6neM~ 3KOHOMI;1"18CKO"' A06biBaJOW,e~ 11'1 cenbcKoxoas.~cTBeHHoVI orpac- peCTPYKTYP1113aU.HH ycyry6n~tOTCSI H8AOCTaTO"'HO~ fl~. aro 03Ha"'aer, "'TO AeHe}I(Hast nonlo1Tii'IKa &~~c­ M06l-111bHOCTMO npOH3BOACTBeHH~X aKTOpOB. noiJb30Banacb Allst peweHI-1~ 6~WKeTH~x npo6- noABOASI ~TOr, CT!8AY8T OTM8Tif1Tb, "'TO Ha H~­ neM. B KOHU.e 1993 r. UeHTpanbH~~ 6aHK B8el1 HeWH8M 3Tane CllHWKOM ManaS~ "'aCTb 3KOHOMHKIII crpor1-1e orpaHI-1LfeH!.151 Ha npeAOCTa8neH&o1e KPeAVt- (BKJltO~a~ H C811bCKOX03~HCTBeHH~~ CeKTOp) T08, KOTOp~e 6~IJIII H8CKOflbKO CMs:t~eHbl K anpe- 1110 1994 r. HaxOAHTCSI B "'aCTHOM B11aAeHI.1H. ConpoTHBneHHe Ke oTMe"'a~T aoaH~KHOBeHHe oco6oro HanpaaiJeH&o1RM {HHBeCTHU.1-1H) cpHHSHCii'IPOBaHHe macca, 3KOHOMH"'eCK~x Ae~Tene~ ~MeHHo n~\pe~ Gi::ifiO CBeAetm K HYII~. ECIIH np&~~H~Tb 80 BHI!1Ma- XOAHoro neo~oAa, xapaKTep~ayiOlJ.leroc~ HeoTpe- Hlite TaiOKe 3aJJ,Ofi}I(SHHOCT&o1 no B~niJaTaM (8 OC- rynl.1poaaHHOCTb~ SMU.l-1Ta no cylJ.leCTBYIOW.I-1M o6st3aTeiJbCT8aM M~K~, HaxOASIW.e~CSI B CBOeM pa3BHT~Ir1 rAe-TO cocras1o1T 7% BBn. Me}KAy CI.1CTeMO~ rocyAaPCTBeHHoro nnaHH- npoAI:U1:lKeHIIie no nyrl-1 CTPYKTYPH~X pecpopM poBaH~~ H CB060AH~M p~HKOM (CM. KOMMeH- 6bino MeAJ1K6~). orpaH~I.feHH~ KO- pOJlbH~X Mep, no.o..o.ep}Kit1BatOW.It1X BHyrpeHI-'Jif18 aKeHH~ AeflbHble B&IIAbl TOBapo8 no C80eMy YCMOTpeH&-1~. AeKJlapHpyeM~x o6beMoB 3KcnopTH~X nocTaaoK, C1-1c1·eMa rocyAapcr8eHHoro 3aKaaa (pac- "'aCTO OCTS~TCSI sa py6e}KOM BBI.1AY HaiU1~1f1~ CMarpHaaeT~ Hlo1}K8) COXpaH~eTCSI B OTHOWeH&-1111 1.1H11s:IU,I-1&11 &II cnoco6CTBYIOlJ..t&IIX COKpaT&IIfl&IICb aeCbMa OlJ..tyT&IIMO KaK CO CTpa- coxpaHeHHIO &IICKS*eHHotf CTPYKTYPbl OTHoc&~~renb­ HaM&II 6blewero CCCP, raK &II co crpaHaM&~~ sHew- HbiX u,eH, a TatoKe CJlO)I(Hble ..., &~~MeiOu..t&lle orpaH&II- Hero MVJpa. 06aeMbl 3KcnoprHoro Ltt &~~MnoprHoro "4111Te11bHb1&1 xapaKTep roproabl~ 111 aantOTHb1&1 pe>KI-1~ o6MeHa co crpaHaMIII 6blawero CCCP CHIII- Mbl. nocKOnbKY &113MeHeH&o1s:l ToprOBbiX MOAene&1 3&.111111Cb BCfleACTBIIIe pacnap,a CIIICTeMbl U,el·iiTpa- npolo1CXO,OYiniA B 60J1bWe~ CTeneH&II cny"fa~HO &II Bbi- 11H3088HHOf0 nnaHIIIPOBaHI-1~ Ill COKpau..teHIII~ H\I)KAeHHO, a He B peaynbTaTe 06AyMaHHbiX CTPYK- cnpoca: 3Kcnopr CHIII311111CSI Ha 71%, a IIIMnopr- TYPHbiX aoap,e~cra~~~. onpeAeneHIIIe K011&11"4eCTBeH- Ha 52%. 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COKP8TIIII1Cs:l Ha 51%, a IIIMnopT - Ha 69%. ~11s:l COCTOs:IH&II~ yKpalo1HCKO~ TOprOB/1&11, npeA- CoKpau..teHIIIe npo&~~aBOACTBa 111 npeAnO)I(eHLtt~ CTaaneHIIIe 0 KOTOPOM MO)I(HO COCTaB&o1Tb no AOC- 3KCnOPTHbiX TOBSPOB 06'bs:ICHs:leTC~ He TOilbKO rynHOVl &IIHOpMaU,&IIVI, XapaKTepHbl TPI-1 OCHOBHbiX paaaanoM c&~~creMbl u,eHrpan&~~aoaaHHoro nnaHIII- 31leMeHra: peaKoe coKpau..teH&o1e o6u..tlo1X o6beMoB poaaHI-1s:l, HO Ill OTCyTCTBIIIeM pbiHO"fHbiX IIIHCTIII- roproan&~~; 3Ha"4&~~Te11bHoe YXYAWeH&IIe ycnoa&~~£1 ryTOB, no.QAep)I(IIIB810lJ..tiiiX BH6WHIOIO ToprOB/110, roproan&~~; HeaHa"flo1TenbHoe cMeu..teH&IIe aKu,eHTa B a TatoKe coxpaHs:IIOu..te~cs:~ cna6ocTbiO roproan&ll roproane co crpaH 61:a1awero CCCP a cropoHy c BocT0"4HO~ Eapono~ acneACTB&IIe pocnycKa CTpaH BHeWHero M&llpa (Ta6n. 3.3). 0AHaKO Ha C3B. 06aeM IIIMnopTHbiX nocraaoK coKpaT&II11CS1 M&IIKpoypoBHe 3Tio1 T9HA9HU,Io1&11 He BCerAS npocMaT- BBIIIAY CH&II)I(eH&IIs:l AOXOAOB &II cnap,a npO&II3BOA- PVIBaiOTCs:l AOCTaTO"''HO "''eTKO. CoKpau..teH&~~e o6b- CTBa, a KPOMe TOro Ha61110Aa11aCb O\feBIIIAH8~ eMoa ToprOBJl&ll, BHe 38BIAC&IIMOCT&II OT ero a6co- HeXB8TK8 &IIHOCTP8HH0&1 BantOTbl. np&~~ 06tUetf 1110THO~ Be11&11"'1111Hbl, "''aCT111"4HO 06bs:ICHs:leTCs:l CH&II)I(e- reHAeHU,&IIItl coKpau..teH&II~ o6aeMOB roproan&~~ HIIIeM cnpoca Ha onpeAeneHHble B&IIAbl nPOAYKU,&II&II, peaKo aoapoc ypoaeHb roproa11111 6aprepHOH, np&~~"4eM ASHHoe o6crosnenbcTBo &~~MeeT Kpr..tm"feCKIII KOTOpas:~ K Ha"''a/ly 1994 r. COCTaB&II/18 6onee BS)I(Hoe 3Ha"''eH&IIe Afls:l nepeXOAHoro npou,ecca (eM. nonoB&IIHbl o6u..tero o6beMa 3Kcnopra. paaAe/1 4). KpoMe roro, "faCTb aHewHe~ roproanvt C nplo1611lr1)1(eHlr1eM K MIIIPOBOMY YPOBHIO U,eH 6bl11a nepeoplr1eHTVIPOBaHa Ha BHyTpeHH&II~ PbiHOK. Ha 3Heprlr110 lr1 3HeproHOC&IITe/1lr1 (B OCHOBHOM HecMOTp~ Ha o6u..tlo1~ CnSA ToproBJllf1 OTMe"faeTCs:l &113 Pocc&~~&~~) 2 , Afl~ YKpa&~~Hbl yxyAWI-111&/ICb ycroa&ll~ poeT BHeWHe3KOHOMIII"''eCKOL.1 aKT&IIBHOCH1 He60J1b- roproan&~~ co crpaHaMlr1 61:a1awero CCCP. Hec- Wif1X KOMnaHHL.1, HIDHu,HanbHOMY/KOMMep'*5cKoMy KYpcy Allst1990 M 1991 rr. M no cpeAt-terOAOBOMY pb1H0'4HOMY KYPCY AliA 1992 111 1993 rr. YKpaHHa: Hanpaan8HHA pa3aHTHA toproaoA H aaniOTHOA CHCT8M 81.1.48 He onpeAEJneHbl 71 ren1~ecKoro 111Mnopra, A011s:J nocraaoK rasa 1.11 110>KeHII1e TOBapoB, ~MetOW.II1XCs:l B HaCTOs:!W.ee Hecpn1 a o6w.eM o6beMe 111Mnopra 8 TeK}'W.JAX u,eHaX speMs:J 8 cTpaHe. 0TI1111YII1TenbHas:J ~epra TaKoro pe3KO B03pocna - C 7,5% B 1990 r. AO 29% B nOAXOAa - 8AMII1H111CTpaTII18HOe perynlilpoBaHiile 1993 r., 1.11111.11 C 10 AO 43% B 1!1MnopTe 1.113 CTpa ..l BHyrpeHHII1X tteH {111 1113011s:IU,111s:l OT MII1POBbiX tteH), 6blswero CCCP. CoKpaw.eH~t~e o6beMa 3Hepren1- Heo6XOA111Moe, no MHeHII110 anacTelil, A11s:J no,o.o.ep- YecKoro 111Mnopra 6bi110 ace )Ke MeHbWiiiM, ~eM >KaHII1s:l A011>KHoro ypoaHs:J >KII13HII1. 3ro AOCTII1raeTcs:~ peanbHoe coKpaw.eHI.IIe BBn, TaK ~To 111 a 1992, 1.11 nocpeACTBOM HeBbiCOKII1X U,eH Ha OCHOBHble B~1Abl a 1993 rr. 3HeproeMKOCTb yKpai!1HcKoli! 3KOHOMI!1Kl1 TOBapo8 111 ycnyr 111 noAD,ep>KKOl/1 fOCYAaPCTBeHHbiX noablwanacb, ~To orpa.>KaeT HeAocraro~Hbllil npeAnPII1s:ITII1~ 3a cYeT npeAocTaaneHI!1s:J 111M no o6beM CTPYKTYPHoli! nepecrpoli!Kiil npoMblwneH- HII13KII1M U,eHaM He06XOAI!1MbiX npOII13BOACTBeHHb!X HOCTiil. pecypcoa. nocK011bKY cpopMII1PYIOW.YieCs:l B pe- HanpaaneHHOCTb 111 roaapHas:~ crpyKTypa Top- 3Y11bTaTe 3TOfO BHyrpeHH111e U,eHbl ~aCTO HVI>Ke CO- roanl.ll TaK>Ke nperepnen111 MHO)KeCTBo 1.113MeHeHI.IIlil. OTBeTCTBYIOW.111X MII1POBbiX, y npoii13BCI/].111Telleli! B 1991 r. Me:>~KOM 3 . Topro8111!1, a a 1992 r. Y*e nonoa1.11Ha o6beMa BnacTII1, o3a6olfeHHble TeM, ~To AeKeT ew.e 6onee YCiii1114TbC51, CKOHU,eHT- CoaeTcKoro Cot03a. Ao HeKoTopolll cToneHII1 sro PIIIPOBalllll ToproayiO n011111TII1KY Ha Mepax no HeMT- lii3MeHeHII1e 6bl110 1.1111111030PHbiM, - OHO s:IBI.1110Cb pafll!13aU,I!1111 He6naronpl!ls:JTHbiX o6cros:~renbcTa, oTprutKHelilw111lil B U,e110M OCTaeTCs:l KpaMHe sanyraHHOl/1 Ill HOCII1T PbiHOK A11R yKpai!1HcKoro 3Kcnopra a npeAenax orpaHiii~I!ITenbHbiM xapaKrep, np111~eM 3TII1 ee 6blawero Co10sa, K ToMy >Ke a yKpa1!1HCKOM 1!1M- CBO~CTBa ~aCTO pa6oTaiOT Ha HOBbiM Knacc Ae11b- nopre noablwaeTcR ponb 3HepronocTaaoK. Co- U,OB nepeXO/].HOfO nepl!lo,D,a, IIICn011b3YIOW.IIIX B rnacHo 1.11MetOw.et1cs:J, npaBAa HenonHolil, 1!1Hcpop- cao111x 111HTepecax HeAOCTaTKI!1 111 ysKII1e Mecra MaU,111111, YKpaii1Ha npOA011)KaeT BeCTII1 MaCWTa6HyiO Cl!lCTeMbl. IIIHOf,D,a 1113MeHeHIIIs:l B TOproane 6bl11111 TOPfOB/110 CO CBOII1MII1 6b1BWI.IIMI!1 napTHepaMI.II B He 6onee YeM MenKI!1M peMOHTOM Ha XOAY, a BocTo~Hol-1 Eapone (5onrap1!1s:J, YewcKas:J Pec- APYfliiX cny'-lax Mepbl, 111Meaw111e u,enbiO nl.ll6epa- ny6nii1Ka, Pecny6n111Ka CnoaaKII1s:J), ocaaiiiBaiOTCs:l nlilsau,ll1i0 roproan111, ocyw.ecTans:~nll1cb napan- Ill HOBble 3KCnopTHble PI::.UiKif1, B OCHOBHOM Cblpbe- nenbHO c MepaMII1, HanpaaneHHbiMII1 Ha ew.e Bble, B A3llllil (K111Tatl). 66nbWYIO cTeneHb KOHTpons:~. Hanp1!1Mep, noApo6- ~3MeHeHII1Sl OTHOC~Te11bHbiX UeH ~ pe3K~lil Hble KBOTbl Ha 3KcnopTHble nocTaBKiil cyw.ecr- cna.n. 111HBeCT1!1U,111t1 a npeAenax 6b1awero CCCP, soaanl!1 Ha cpoHe npi!1Hs:ITOfO B KOHI...\e 1992 - Ha- no acel/1 BI!1/].111MOCTIII, noB111.11S1fll!1 Ha Ka'-leCTBeHHbll/1 ~ane 1993 r. 3aKoHOAaTenbcTBa, u,enbtO Koroporo cocraa yKpaii1HCKO~ roprosn1.11. Aons:~ nocraaoK 6bl110 C03A3HI.IIe TOproaol/1 MOAe111!1 Afls:l YKpa1!1Hbl, npoAytKeHI.IIs:J no Toproane B paaHo~ cTeneHI.II 06beM 3KCnopTHbiX nocTaBOK '-tepHbiX MeTa11110B OTHOCs:ITCs:l KaK K crpaHaM 6blawero CCCP, TaK 1.11 Bblpoc. Cyw.ecTBYIOT cpaKTbl, CBII1AeTe11bCTBYIO~IIIe K CTpaHaM BHeWHero Ml.llpa. 0 pocTe AOfllll CblpbeBolil npOAYKU,IIII.II ~ ~epHbiX Merannoa a o6w.eM o6beMe 3Kcnopra a crpaHbl 3KCnOpTHbiM pelKMM BHeWHero ML-1pa. CoOTBeTCTBYIOW.111e TeHAeHU,I.III.II Cyw.ecTBYIOT pa3111.11LtHble npaalilna sKcnopra a o6nacr111 liiMnopra onpe1J,e11111Tb TPYAHee. Hecpre- B OTHOWeHrAI.II TOBapoa, C~IIITatOW.111XCs:l ::iopMaU,Vi~ 0 TOM, HanpiiiMep, TbiBaiOLUelil npOMbiWfleHHOCT~). 8 nepBOM cny~ae ~To npeaan1.1pyer a IIIMnopre 1!13 crpaH BHewHero 1!1MeeT MeCTO >KeCTKas:l CI!1CTeMa KOHTP011bHbiX Mep, Mll1pa: noTpe61!1Te11bCK1!1e TOBapbl 1111160 o60PYAO- OCHOBaHHa~ Ha 11111tJ.8H3111poaaHI!1111 111 BKniO'-IatOLUas:J BaHII1e 111 3anacHble '-lacTI.II. KBOTbl, cnettl.llanbHble pe)KII1Mbl roproanl-1, 3Kc- nopTHble Hanor111. Ee ocHOBHaSI u..enb - a nepsy10 Toproawi pelKMM o~epeAb o6ecne~liiTb BHyrpeHHIIIe norpe6HOCTIII. Toproaas:~ noni.IITI!1Ka YKpai!1Hbl s:~ans:~eT co6o~ TeM He MeHee HeKOTOpble KBOTbl 6bl111!1 BBeAeHbl HeKIIIH PYAII1MeHT cliiCTeMbl u,eHTpai11.1130BaHHoro B OTBeT Ha orpaHI!1~eHI!1s:l CO CTOPOHbf EC B OTHO- nnaHI!IpoaaHI!1R, np!11YeM ynop Aenaercs:~ Ha npeA- WeHI!1111 roaapoa c YKpaliiHbl (sro Kacanocb onpe- 72 ToproBnR B HOBbiX He3aii'IMCMMbiX rocy,a,apcTBax AeJleHHbiX P,"'AOB H~1Te~, npSDKr..1, TKaHe~). npe3r..1- ocranacb eAL1HCTBeHHbiM r..1cro~HI.1KOM nocrynne- AeHTCKL1M Y!OPMa11b- raBKY KaKoro-nr..16o rosapa npeAnPr..1SITHIO aa npe- HOCT&o1 MeHee o6peMeHL1TeJlbHbl, m1U,eH3&o1H He AenaMr..1 YKpal-1Hbl a paMKax peanr..1aau,1.11.1 ABycro- Tpe6yeTCSI. TeM He MeHee B OTHOWeH&o1&o1 BCeX Blfi- poHHero cornaweHII'ISI. Xon1 u,eHa 1.1 comacyercs:~ AOB TOBapoa OCHOBHYIO noMexy 3KCnopTHO~ AeSI- Ha neperoaopax Me~y npoAaBU.OM r..1 noKYna- TeJlbHOCT&o1 npeACTaBJlS~eT co6o~ BaJliOTHbl~ pe- reneM (3apy6e}KHbiM), npasr..1TellbCTBO 1.1Meer )Kr..1M. Or 3Kcnoprepos rpe6yeTCSI o6s:~3arenbHas:~ B03MO}KHOCTb OKa3aTb p,as.neH&o1e B XOAe :noro npOA8)Ka nOJlOBL1H~ BaJliOTHbiX nocrynneHL1H OT npou.ecca - oHo no.o.o.eP*l1Baer recHble CBS13VI c sKcnopra no L1KCL1posaHHOMY o6MeHuoMy KYPCY, KpynHbiMH rocyp,apcrseHHbiMr..1 npeAnPHSITMSIM&o1 r..1 3Ha~r..1TenbHO 6onee Hr..13KOMy, ~eM PbiH0"4HbiH. B KOHe ... HOM HTOre U,eHa yrsep}I(AaeTCSI Mr..1HHC- KBOTbl. CL1CTeMa 3KCnopTHOfO KBOT&o1POBaHl1s:l repcTBOM BHeWHl'IX 3KOHOMI.1~eCKI.1X OTHOWeHH~ npr..1MeH)leTCSI no OTHOWeH&o110 K 60J1bWr..1HCTBY 8&.1- (eM. noApa3Aen no 11l1U.eH31.1SIM). 3KcnopTHble AOB CeJlbCKOX03SIHCTBeHHO~ npOAYKU.r..1!.1, CblpbSI nocraBKL1 on11a~r..1Ba10rc~ no o6bi~HbiM 6aH- r..1 nonycpa6p1.1Karoa. Ksorbl npeAcraons:~IOT co6oVI KOBCKr..1M 1.111&.1 Me}KfOCYAaPCTBeHH~M nllaTe)KHbiM ~acrb Marepr..1anbHoro 6anaHca, pa3pa6arblaae- KaHallaM. Moro M1.1Hr..1CTepCTBOM 3KOHOMVIKL1 COBMeCTHO C KaK 1.1 a cn~ae c rocyp,apcraeHHbiMI.1 KOHTpaK- OTpacneBbiMI.1 ML1H&o1CTepcTBSM&o1. npr..1 3TOM o6- raM~. npaalJirenbcrao npeAJ1araeT npeAnPI.1SITL-iiO- W,&o1~ o6beM 3Kcnopra (1.1 L1Mnopra) onpeAens:~eres~ npo1.13BOAHTeJliO (XOTSI ~aCTO He MO}KGT pea1lbHO B COOTBeTCTBL1L1 C noKa3aTefl~Mr..1 npor..13BOACTBa l.iiX npeAocraBr..1Tb) PM nbror, BKniO~as:~ npr..1op1.1rer 1.1 norpe6neH!fiR roaapos npr..1opr..1rerHoro 3Ha~e­ a o6ecne ... eHr..1r..1 npeAnPI.1SITr..1~ sa~HeHWr..1MI.1 Hr..1SI. 3KcnopTHble KBOTbl, L1CnOJlb3yeMble B OCHOB- npol-13BOACTBeHHb1Mr..1 pecypcaMr..1, Hanoroeble HOM AnSI BblnonHeH&o1SI ABYCTOpOHHL1X ToprCBbiX CK&o1AKIIl, cy6Cif1AIIIPOBaHHble KPeAI.1Tbl, TaMO}KeH- cornaweHr..1~ (paccMaTPL1BatOTCSI HI.1:>Ke), pacnpe- Hble JlbfOTbl. Ae11SIIOTCS1 B COOTBeTCTBI.1L1 C ycTaHOBJleHHbiM "fa- npeAnPl'ISITIIISI MOryT nplJio6peTaTb 3KCnopTHble KVIM o6paaoM yposHeM. no cornacoaaHI.110 c KBOTbl Ha ayKU,VIOHaX, opraHI.13yeMbiX Mr..1HioiiC- Mr..1HVICTepcraoM 3KOHOM&o1Kr..1 orpacneable MIIIHI.1C- TepcTBOM BH9WHHX 3KOHOMI.1~eCKI.1X CHOWeHH~ C anpens:~ 1993 r. AaHHbli1 MexaHtJ~3M C03Aaer repcraa pacnpeAeJlSIIOT KBOTbl no npeAnPr..1S~TI.1- YC110BlJISI AJlSI paCWtJ~peHMSI ~loiiCI1a y~aCTHL1KOB RM - B OCHOBHOM no TeM, KOTOpble HaxO,D,SITCSI 3KcnoprHoH AeRrenbHOCTI.1, OAHaKo ero AeHcr- noA l'IX KoHrponeM, - re noAnHcbiBaiOT rocy- aeHHOCTb HeBe1ll1Ka BBI.iiAY He60JlbWOfO 06beMa Aapcr BeHHble KOHTpaKTbl loll BblnOilHSIIOT rocy- KBOT, BbiCTaBn~eMbiX Ha ayKU,I.10Hbl. CornaCHO p,apCTBeHHble 3aKa3bl • .n1.1Wb O~eHb He60JlbWaSI pacnopSI}KeH&o1SIM, B COOTBeTCTBII11.1 C KOTOpb1Mif1 Ha ~aCTb KBOT MO)KeT 6b1Tb npr..1o6peTeHa Ha ayKU,r..10- Ha~anbHOM 3Tane opraH&o130BbiBaJ11.1Cb ayKU.VIOHbl, Hax. cnr..1CKM roaapos (c o6beMaM1.1), BI::AcrasnS~eMbiX Cn1.1coK roaapos, noAfle*aW.HX KBon.,poaa- Ha ayKU,Ir10H, ny6m-1KOBaJ11.1Cb cpeACTBaMVI MaCCO- HLr110, L13MeHSII1CSI HeCKOJlbKO pa3, npr..1~eM Ka)K- BOl1 1.1HopMaU,I.1r..1 3a ABaALJ,aTb AHe~ AO ayKt..U"'OHa. Abl~ paa s cropoHy coKpaw,eHr..1SI. CornacHo 3aKo- Craproaas:~ u,eHa (B AOnn. CWA) coorsercrsoaana Hy, npL1HSITOMY 17 AeKa6ps:~ 1993 r., cnr..1coK rosa- ypoaHIO 3KcnopTHoro HaJlora VI 3aTeM nocreneHHO poe, no,(l)1e}KSUJ,Io/IX KBOT&o1pOBaH&o110, COCTOlt1T &.13 240 CH&o1}1(8llaCb AO npoAS}KIII fiOTa &.1111.1 AO AOCTI.1}KeHlJIR HaVIMeHoBaH1.1H, ~To 3KBMBaneHrHo ABYM rpeTS1M rocyAapcraeHHO~ cron-u,eHbl (aHa cocrasnRna o6w,ero 06beMa 3KCnopra B CTOiftMOCTHOM Bblpa- nonosr..1HY 3KcnoprHoro Han ora). Onnara KBOT }KeHI.1L1. YKa30M OT 5 MSSI 1994 r. &.13 cnHCKa 6b1Jl0 npo1.13BOAH11acb s Kap6oaaHu.ax no reKYW.eMy &o1CK.1110~eHO 6onee CTa HaVIMeHOBaH&o1~, TaK ~TO B o6MeHHOMY KYPCY U.eHTPaJlbHOro 6aHKa. nocne HaCTOSIUJ,ee apeMSI KBOTHPOBaHL110 nOAJle}KL1T noKpbiTI.1SI aAMIIIHI.1CTpaTr..1BHbiX 1.13Aep~eK Ha 11r..1wb rperbs:~ ~acrb o6w.ero o6beMa 3Kcnopra s npoBeAeH&o1e ayKU,I.10Ha BeCb 06'beM OCTaBWif1XCSI CTO&o1MOCTHOM Bblpa>KeHL1&o1. ci>VIHaHCOBbiX cpeACTB HanpaBfiSI11CSI B 610A}KeT CornacHO BBeAeHHOH B 1993 r. Cr..1CTeMe rocya MeCTHOH aAM111HHCTpaU,I.1r..1 paHOHa MeCTOpac- AaPCTBeHHbiX KOHTpaKTOB, npeAnP~~SIT&o1SI o6s:~3y­ noi10}KeHI.1SI noKYnaTe11SI KBOTbl. KBOTI:,j MOfftr..1 CB0- IOTCSI nocTaBJl~Tb fOCYAaPCTBY TOBapbl AJlSI 3KC- 60AHO nepenpop,aaarbcs:~, npr..1~eM BCSI npr..161::U1b nopra B COOTBeTCTBIIIH CO cneu,r..1cl>r..1KaU,r..1SIM&o1 L1 nocrynana npeAnPI.1SITr..110. HoBbiMr..1 pacnopsnKe- KOJl&o1~eCTBeHHbiM&o1 nOKa3aTeJlSIMr..1. npaB&o1TeJlbCT- Hr..1SIMr..1 OT 7 espanR 1994 f. CI.1CTeMa peaJ1H3a- BO, CO CBOeH CTOPOHbl, o6s:~ayeTC9l Bb1Aei1SITb U,L1r..1 KBOT Ha ayKU,L10Hax 6blna r..13MeHeHa TaKL1M npeAnPVISIT&o1SIM OCHOBHble npOr..13BOACTBeHHble pe- o6paaoM, ~To Ha ayKU,r..10Hbl nocrynan He aapaHee cypcbl ~epea c1.1creMy u,eHTPa1lr..130BaHHoro pac- onpeAeneHHbl~ 06beM KBOT, a TOilbKO Te, KOTOpble npeAeneHHSI. npaar..1Tenbcrao rapaHrnpyer onnary He 6blnL1 L1cnonb3oBaHbl perl-1oHaMir1 r..1111f1 npeA- KOHe... HO~ npOAYKLJ.ir11.1, npH ... eM ee 3StL1HaH- npHSITr..1RMII1, nplll~eM Ql1.1pMaM 6bl110 sanpew.eHO Cr..1pyeTCSI (no BHyrpeHHMM U,eHaM) 1.13 fOCy)~apcT­ npOASBaTb KBOTbl caMOCTORTe1lbHO. Ill 3Ta CHC- BeH~IOfO 610W!(eTa. cP&o1HaHCOBble nocrynneHL1SI OT TeMa 6blna BHOBb lo13MeHeHa yKa30M OT 5 MaSI 3Kcnopra noMew,aiOTC'.R Ha aaniOTHbiH c~er Mr..1- 1994 r., npeAYCMaTpr..1BaiOUJ,1.1M, ~TO Ha ayKU,I~mHbl HI.1crepcraa L1HSHCOB B 3KcnopTHO-HMnOpTHOM A011}KHa Bblcraans:~TbCSI aapaHee onpeAeneHHa~ 6aHKe YKpar..1Hbl. AaHHas:~ cr..1creMa ao see 6onb- A011SI OT o6w,e~ KBOTbl. HoBbiH MexaHL13M onpeAe- we~ creneHr..1 L1cnonb3yeres:~ AJlSI 3KcnopTHbiX noc- neHI.1SI ayKU,IflOHHOH U,eHbl (c }"feTOM 111.1KB~AaU.liiL1 rasoK B crpaHbl BHewHero Mr..1pa, r.e. npaKTr..1... eCKH 3KcnoprHoro Hanoroo6nmKeHr..1SI) He paspa6oraH. YKpaMHa: HanpaeneHMR pa3BMTMR Toproaolli 111 aaniOTHOA cMcTeloll eu~e tte onpa,QeneHbl 73 CneLCUanbHbtilt pe>KUM. Cneu,1.1anbHbl~ pe)KI.1M ecnr..1 He06XOAl1Mble AOJKLIIT, AO TetKana yraep)I(AeHVIIO YAa6peHir1~, "iepHble MeTanmll, aaTaWir1Hbl} 6bln~t~ rocyAapcraeHHO~ Hanoro8o~ l-1HcneKu,L1e~. 8 CH1.1)KeHbl B Mae 1993 r., no C006W,eHL1SIM, BBL1AY 1994 r. COOTBeTCT8Y~OW,L1e Tpe6oBaHL1s:l 6bi11L-1 BL1- }f(ano6 HeKOTOPbiX 3KCnOpTepoa Ha C111.1WKOM Bbi- AOL13MeHeHbl B HanpaaneHI.11.1 Y'f(9CTOYeHI!171 KOHT- C0Kif1e t-tanor1.1. P011R 3a 3KcnopTHbiMif1 u,eHaML1 ,., nocrynneHr..1RML-1 8 npownoM 3KcnopTHble Hanorr.-1 xoTs:~ r.-1 ~anst­ 8 VIHOCTpaHHOM BalltOTe. Ten13pb TOilbKO nRTb op- l"!MCb cepbe~HbiM 6peMeHeM AflR 3Kcnoprepoa, raHL13aU.L1~ KIDKJJ.O~ oTpacnL!I, oro6paHHble oTpac- riPL1AaBamil HeKOTOpytO fr.-16KOCTb C!JICTeMe KBJ- neabiMLII Mlf1HL1CTepcrsaMLII 1.13 1.1Met0[4erocs:~ y T1.1poaaHir1SI. 8MecTo Tore YT06bl A06vtBaTbCs:l 3Kc- Ka61.1HeTa Mlf1Hlo1CTpoa CnLIICKa ABaAUPTL1 opra- noprHo~ KBOTbl, npeAnPL1RTL1st 1.1 ropro8U,bl r.-1Men111 HII13aU,L1~, ~Me111.1 npaao 8eCTif1 aKcnopTHyte AeSI- B03MO)KHOCTb ynnaTt.Hb ::\KCnopTHbl~ HallOf (06bi"'- TenbHOCTb B paM\KaX cneu,lf1a11bHOro pe)KIIIMa. HO 30%) 1.1 nonyYIIITb E03MO)KHOCTb 3KCnOpTIIIPO- 6onbWIIIHCTBo 1.13 Hlf1X R811R111f1Cb rocyAaPCTBeH- BaTb Tosap, noPJie~l-1~ lmOT1.1poBaHYIIO. 8 1994 r. HbiML1 BHewHeTopro8biML-1 opraHiil3aU.l-1~Ml-1. Bnoc-- BCe 3KCnopTHble HaJlOfl-1 6blnltf OTMeHeHbl, HO CIIIC- neACTBLIIVI, YKa30M oT 5 MaR 1994 r., cneu,1.1a11bHbl~ TeMa KBOTI-1POBaHL1SI COXpaHMilaCb. 13 pe3y11bTaTe pe)KlltM 6bii1 OTMeHeH. BMeCTO Hero 6blna BBeAeHa K80Tbl CTa111.1 OKa3biBaTb CAep)Kif1Bateu.tee B03- clltcTeMa e>KeKsapTanbHbiX ayKL.J,L10HOB no npoAa)Ke Ae~CTBI.1e Ha 3Kcnopr. KBOT, B KOTOpbiX MO)KeT npiAHIAMaTb Y"iaCTI.1e 1110- 6as:~ opraHif13aU,If1SI. 0AHaKo npeAnPL1RTif1R, nony- MMnopTHbiU pelKMM "i1.1BWl-1e pa3peweHVIe Ha sKcnopT crparen1"ieCKL1X lltMnopTHbl~ pe>KLIIM 6bln 6onee npocTbiM, "ieM roaapo8, He HMelllll 6onee 803MO)KHOCTI.1 Bblnna- 3KcnopTHbl~, B03MO)KHO, noTOMy, YTO OTe!.!eCn- lii.1BaTb 30%-Hbli1 Haner, OCB060)I(,AaBWVI~ ~X OT BeHHaR npOMbiWileHHOCTb 6bl11a AOCTaTO"iHO 3a- orpaH1.1YeHif1~, o5ycnoaneHHbiX K8oTaMV: (eM. I..Ul-1tJ.teHa 3HaYI.1Te11bHO 3aHIII)I(eHHbiM 06MeHHbiM Hlf1)Ke noApa3Aei1 no aKcnopTHbiM HanoraM). to8 6blna cpaaHl-1Te11bHO Y3KO~. a ypoaHL1 nopTHbiX flOCTaBOK L-1 COOTBeTCTBYfOW.\IIMif1 U,eHaML1. Tap111Q>oa - HeBbiCOKL1ML1. He 6blno Herapl-1$HbiX "'o nocnep,Hero 8peMeHIII 111Mif1 o6o3r!a"fanacb MVI- 6apbepo8, 3a 1.1CK11teLJeHlo1eM rpe6osaHif1~ o TOM, t1V'!ManbHO AOnycTL1MaSI u,eHa Ha 3KCriOpT1.1pyeMble Yro nocTaan~eMble Toaapbl AOmKHbl cooTaeT- roaapbl, ycraHa811VI8aeMaSI M~>lHIAcTepcraoM cTaoaaTb cTaHAaPTaM B nnaHe o6ecneYeHif1s:J 6e- BHeWHL1X 3KOHOMI.1"ieCKL1X OTHOW€H·1~ C yYeTOM 3onacHOCTL1 111 oxpaHbl oKpY>fKeH~AH. B2tOJ..Ue~ npoMbiWJleHHocrn, noAfle)Kam1 m1u,eH3H- 6onbWHC1 apeA np1.1HOCfiT, BL1Aif1Mo, IIIMeiOW,l-1e poaaHI.110. C Mas:~ 1994 r. nl.1u,eH31.11.1 Tpe6yiOTCR MecTo a Hacros:tw,ee apeMs:~ cxeMbl o6paw,eHL1R TOilb:Q>eKTI.1BHOMY pac- MOryT npeAOCTaBilSITbC~ OTA811bHbiM cJ>l-1pMaM no npeAeneHHIO pecypcoa B 06J..UeSKOHOMW1eCKOM peweHViiO Ka61f1HeTa ML1H!.1CTpoB. noMI.1MO 3TOrO, MacwTa6e. 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B pe3yflbTaTe TapiA¢»HaSl CTPYKTYPa, 6e3 W.r.1A B ce6s:t 140 TOBapHbiX KaTeropr.1M, COCTOMT B coMHeHVISl, CTaila 6onee pa3Hoo6pa3HOii1, orpa- OCHOBHOM Vl3 npOAYKU.~II1 MaWVIHOCTpOeHII1SI V1 )Kas:t VIHTepecbl OTAeflbHbiX npoMbiWJleHHb!X OTpac- MeTa.nnoo6pa60TKM, XVIMVI'"IeCKOM 111 HeQ>TeXII1- neii1 ~ npeAnPVIs:tTVIii1. MVI'"!eCKO~ npOMbiWileHHOCTllt, ~eTHOii1 MeTaf1nyp- Li1MnopTHoe KBOTVIPOBaH~e 6biJ10 BBeAeHO Ha flr1VI VI cenbcKoro X03SI~CTBa. HoMeHK11arypa 111M- 6YMare, HO He Ha npaKTr.1Ke. AeKa.6pbCKII1M 1993 r. nopTa COCTOr.1T 1.13 75 TOBapHbiX KaTeropll1~, B nocTat-tOBfleH,.,eM Ka6VIHeTa Mr.1HI.1CTpOB 6biJ10 BBeAeHO KBOTVIPOBltlHVIe no PSIAY TOBapoB (MSICO, OCHOBHOM Hectnera30BOii1 npOAYKU.litll1 VI np'OAYK- MOJlOKO 1J! MOJlO'"IHble npOAYKTbl, nVI[UeBble BIAAbl U.VIH XVIM~~ecKoii1 npoMblwneHHOCTII1. KaJ~CAas:t 3epHa, )K~pbl, caxap, MaWII1Hbl lit o6opyAOBaHVIe, CTpaHa 06Sl3aHa Bblno.nHVITb CBOIO '"laCTb corna- '"!epHble MeTallnbl 111 3anacHble '"laCTVI K o6opy- W9HVISI. 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Hanpr.1Mep, u,eHbl Ha noc- IOlU~M~ KniO~eBOe 3Ha~eHif1e, TaKlt1MH KaK 3Hepro- TaBns:~eMble PocciAeVi sHeproHOCIATeniA lA Ha noc- HOCHTel1~, npOAYKU.~SI He$TeXr.1MIIIH r,.1 MaW~HO­ Tasn~eMoe YKpaiAHO~ noACOI1He~Hoe Macno H~)f(e CTpOeH~SI, a TaiOKe caxap, orosapHBaiOTCSI oT- MIAPOBbiX. 8 nocneAHee BP8MSI U,8Hbl Ha IAMnOpT- Hble nocTaBKlo'l sHeproHoc~Tene~ 6blcTpo poc111A, Ael1bHO. 8 cornaweH~~ TaiOKe yro~HSieTcSI, ~To a U,eHbl Ha HeQlTb 6bll1~ 611~3KIA K MIIIPOBOMY ToproBI1SI MO)I(eT 6b1Tb npHocraHoaneHa B c11~ae ypoBHIO y)f(e a Ha~ane 1994 r. BnonHe sepoSITHO, cepbesHoro BHyTpeHHero Aeci>HU.~Ta KaKoro-111.160 lfTO U,eHbl Ha 3KCnopTHpyeMble YKpaHHOi.1 TOBapbl TOBapa 11~60 B Cl1~ae B03H~KHOBeH~SI KpynHOfO poc11~ MeAfleHHee. Aeci>~U.~Ta nnaTe)I(Horo 6anaHca. CornaweH~e o npiAB8A8HHble B Ta611. 1.9 OU,eHKH noKa3biBa- CB060AH0£1 TOpfOB/le He lr1MeeT OTHOWeH~SI K Clt1C- IOT, l.fTO B 1993 r. ycllOBIASI ToprOBI11A YKpa~Hbl C TeMe ABYCTOPOHHe~ TOproBJ11.1, TaK ~TO HM OXBa- APYrHMH crpaHaM~ 6baswero CCCP yxyAWIAI1111Cb TbiBaeTCSI TOI1bKO 10-15% TOBapoo6MeHa Me)I(Ay Ha 11 ,2%. 3TO 6111.13KO K riAnOTSH1~8CKOMY yxyA- YKpa~Ho~ 1r1 Pocc111eA (HeKoTopble yKpa~HCK~e weHHIO Ha 13,8%, 8CI11.1 6bl B 1990 r. ToprOBI1SI oci>HU.HanbHble 111.1u,a c~~TaiOT, YTO He 6o11ee 5%). se11acb no MHPOBbiM u,eHaM. noA06Hoe o6cToSI- ~BYCTOPOHHHe AOfOBopeHHOCTH 6b1Jllt1 Han- Tel1bCTBo, C OAHOtJ CTOPOHbl, nOAKpeni1SieT BbiBOA paBJleHbl Ha npeoA011eHHe Toprosblx 111 nnaTe)I(HbiX 0 TOM, ~TO K 1994 r. OCHOBHble IA3MeHeHIASI VCJ10- TPYAHOCTe~ B OTHOWeHHm< M8>KAY HOBbiMIII He3a- BIA~ ToproBI1H y)f(e npo~3own~. ~To ToproranS1 se- B~C~Mb1M~ rocy,o,apcTBaMH. OAHaKo cTeneHb pea- AeTCSI 8 OCHOBHOM no MHPOBbiM U,eHaM lA !.ITO 11~3aU.~H 3T~X 3aAa~ ~pe3Bbl~ai.1HO HeBbiCOKa. 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YKpaiAHa HaKoniAna KpynHble corl1aWeH~e. no KOTOPOMY HaKOnlleHHt-:1£1 YKpa- nl1aTe)f(Hble 3aAOJ1)1(eHHacTIA B Toprosne c Poc- HH0£1 B 1992 r. 1.1 nepBOM KBapTane 1993 r. AOilf cHe~. a Pocc~ASI scneAGTBHe 3Toro coKpaT~na Pocc~~ B 1 ,05 TPI1H. pocc~£1cK~x py6ne~ 6bln nocTaBKII1 HeQ>T~. npeo6pa30BaH B rocyAaPCTBeHHbiV. A011f 2,5 ~HAIAKaTHBHbl~ nepe~eHb OXBaTbiBaeT 60I1b· MllPA· A01111. Pocc~SJ npeAOCTaB~na YKpa~He wee ~~CI10 TOBapHbiX Ha~M8H08aHir1~: 229 TOBap- AOOOJ1HI!1TeJ1bHbl~ KpeA'-iT B 250 MllPA. py6. B 1993 r. HbiX rpynn no 3Kcnopry "" 40 rpynn no IAMnopry. Ha onnary ~MnopTHbiX nocTaBoK ra3a- 3TOT AOilr :3TH TOBapbl TaK*e OTpS)I(aiOT MOAe111A TOproBJ11A, 6bln npeo6pa3o8aH 8 rocyAapcTBeHH~~ Aonr npesaniAposaswiAe a CoseTCKOM Col03e. ~HAIAKa­ o6beMOM 203 MllH. AOM. B T~eH~e 1993 r. 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CaMVI npeAnPMSITIASI Hecyr OTBeTCTBeH- HOCTb 38 YC1l08!11SI CA811KIA, BKmO~aSI U,8HOBble lA BaniOTH&R M nnaTelKH&R CMCTeMbl KP6AIIiTHble AOrosopeHHOCTlo'l. YKpa~HCKa$1 BHeWHSISI Toprosns:~ cepbe3Ho Bee OCTallbHble Blo1Abl npOAYKU.IItiA MOryT pea- nocTpa,o,ana BCJ1ep\CTB~e Cl10)f(HOH CI.1CTeMbl HOpM fllii30Bb1BaTbCSI CB060AHO, Ha OCHOBe npSJMbiX BalliOTHOfO peryn~poBaH~SI ~ pa3Bana CVICTeMbl CB~3e~ Me)I(Ay npeAnPIASITIASIMIA. Tosapbl MOryT nnaTe)l(el7! a paMKaX 6blawero Col03a. rnaBHaS~ peam'I30BbiBaTbCSI no 6onee ~eM OAHOMY nepe~­ noMexa Ha nyriA yKpenneHIASl aKcnopTHoA Topros- !itO. HanpliiMep, HeQlTb BKiliO~eHa so see nepet.tHIA. llYI- KapaTellbHble Tpe6oBaHIASI 06 06SI3aTIBI1bHO~ 0AHaKO 60J1bW8SI ~aCTb CTOI.1MOCTH0f0 Bblpa>Ke- npoAa)l(e IIIHOCTpaHH0£1 BalliOTbl, K}'nl1PYIOI.Ltlfl8 HIASI o6beMa Toproenlo'l Me>KAy YKpaHHoA lA Poe- 3KCnopT lA Kpocc-cy6c1AA~PYIOW.1Ae IAMnopT. 76 ToproanA a HOBbiX He3aBMCMMbiX rocyAa,pcTBax 7 Tpe6osaHHR o6s:~3arenbHOi1 npqll,BJKH neHt,1~ B KOHBePTl-1pyeMOM BalliOTe M py611SIX B8JJIOTHbiX nocrynneHHM AOil*H~ 6bllll-1 nepeBOAHTbCA B Kap6oBaH~ M Pa3M8UJ,aTbCSI B npoMI.1HBecT6aHKe (npaBMT811bCT· 8 pa311W-4Hble nep~OAbl apeMeHI!t 8AMI!1HI!1CTPa- aeHHbli:i 6aHK) no ~HKCJ.ttpoaaHHOMY KYPcy, ycra- Ti>18Hbl&.i KOHTpOllb B o611acnt1 o6paJ1.1eH1!1SI J.ttHOCT- HaBnHaaeMoMy Ka6HHeTOM MHHHCTPOB (5970 paHH0&-1 Bal110Tbl TO OC11a6eBa11, TO BHOBb \I)KeCTO- Kap6. 38 1 A01111.) 8 • noMMMO 3TOro, YKP8MHCKaSI "tallcst. YKa30M OT 5 cf>eapan~ 1992 r., onpeAe- Me)l(6aHKOBCKaSI BaJIIOTHasi 6~1p>Ka, 3aMeHfr~BWasl m1BWJ.ttM C~CTeMy o6paw,eH~SI l!tHOCTpaHHO&.i Ba- a caoe apeMsa BalliOTHble ayxl\MOHbl UeHTPailbHoro ntOTbl, Obll11.1 BBeAeHbl BbiCOK~e HallOfVI Ha 3Kcnop- 6aHKa, 6~na B HOSJ6pe 3aKpb1Ta. CornaCHO HOBbiM Tepoa 111 ycTaHoaneHo Tpe6oaaH~~te o6SJaaTenbHo&.1 pacnopSJ:>KeHI.1~M oT saHsapsa 1994 r., 40% noc- nonHo&-1 CJUlLIVI ~~tHOCTpaHHo&.i aamOTbl. HecKonbKO TYnneHw~ i>1HOCTP8HHOH Bani'OTbl AOIDKHbl 6biiU1 Mecstu,ea cnycTSJ- Ha cf>oHe 6onbwo&.1 HanpSJ:>KeH- npOAaB8TbCSI npaBfr1TellbCTBY no 0~1.11..\1.1allbHOMY HOCTlil Ql~HaHCOB0&.1 nomtTHKM CTpaH 6biBWero o6MeHHOMY KyPC~ (1261 0 tcap6. 3a 1 A01111. Ha 2 CoseTcKoro Col03a, cB~~tAeTellbCTBOM KOTopo~ Aetca6pSJ 1993 r.) , a ell.le 10% - UeHrpanbHOMY 6bi11J.tt ~IOHbCKOe peweHJ.tte POCCVIVI 3anpeT~Tb 6aHKY no aAMI.1Hr.1CTpaTl-1BHO onpeAensaeMOMY HHOCTpaHHbiM IOP~AW~eCKI!tM 11&-tU,aM npMo6peTaTb Kypcy (25000 tcap6. 38 1 A01111. Ha 29 Aetca6PR HHOCTpaHHYIO Ba1110Ty Ha MocKOBCKO~ Me)t(- 1993 r.). npeAnPMSITMSI MOfllM coxpaHSITb OCTaB- 6aHKOBCKOi:1 BalliOTHO&.i 6VIp:>Ke, VI HOSJ6pbCKOe WJ.1eCSI 50% 3KCnopTHOH BaniOTHO~ BbiPY"tKl-1 Ha peweHMe YKP&-1Hbl o BbiXOAe vta py6neao&.1 aoHbl,- BalliOTHbiX CYeTax 11111111 npO,D,aBaTb HX lr1CKIIIOI.f!JI· Hau,~~toH.anbHbl&.i 6aHK YKpaii1Hbl Hal-fan npoaeAeH~~te renbHO UeHTpanbHOMY 6aHKY no aAMJ..1HHcrpa- csor.1x co6craeHHbiX e)l(eHeAe11bHbiX ayKu,~~toHoB no THBHO onpeAenSieMOMY tcypcy. B KOHL\e ~ea­ npOJUl)l(e A011napoa CWA. Ll,eHTpanbHbl&.i 6aHK panst 1994 r. KOHTPOI1b CH088 6bl11 ocna6neH. ycl·aHOBI.111 ocf>~~tUVIa11bHble o6MeHHble KyPCbl Kap- 80306HOBHI1111Cb BalliOTHble ayK~OHbl LJ.eHtpaJlb· 6oaaHu,a no OTHOWeHVIIO K POCCI!t~CKOMY py61110 HOfO 6aHKa, fAe MOfl1111 peaJ1!,1308biBaTbCSI OCT8B· M AOnnapy CWA, npiAI.feM ypoaHvt o6MeHHoro KYP- wMeCSI nocne o6SiaarenbHOM npoA8)KM BaniOTHble ca AfiSI 6aHKOBCKO&.i ClltCTeMbl onpeAe11SI11VICb OT- cpeACTBa. Hau,l.1oHanbHbiM 6aHK YKpaMHbl ocra- AellbHO Ha Me)l(6aHKOBCKOM aanJOTHOM pbiHKe. eTCSt eAMHCTBeHHbiM npop,aBL\OM BalliOTbl H8 3Tio1X Bee sn1 teypcbl 6aaJ.IIpoaan~~tcb Ha pb1HO"lHoL1 ocHo- 8YKUHONax, a noKYnaTellH MOryT nop,aaaTb 38$18KH ae, TeM He MeHee Ha npaKTJ.IIKe o6Hapy>KI!1111.1Cb Ha noKYnKy BaniOTbl .lllMWb npr.1 H811Mt41.1M 38J)aHee aecbMa cepbe3Hble pa3111!1"4VISJ a onpeAeneH~~ ~ OA06peHHbiX HMnopTHbiX KOHTpaKTOB. 8H08b OT· npJ.IIMeHeHJ.IIII1 ocf>J.IIU111a11bHOfO 1!1 6aHKOBCKOfO Kpt:.~na caoH ABepM YKpaHHCKaSI Me>K6aHKOBCKaSI KypCOB, npJ.III.feM eUJ,e 6611bWI!te pa311~'-4VIS1 J.11Me11~ B81110THa;1 6~p*8, OAHaKO Tenepb y>Ke TOilbEKe GeoopyccKMX PbiHO'"IH~M o6MeHHbiM KYPCOM. npeAnp~~tSHJ.ttSI py611e&.1 1.1 Ka3a>CCTaHCKMX TeHre. OTpear~~tpOBa111!1 Ha STY Cl!tCTeMy BbiCOKJ.IIX HallOfOB, YC1108111SI o6paw,eHHS1 MHOCTpaHHOM BaniOTbl MHO:lKeCTBeHHbiX OOMeHHbiX KypCOB VI 0Tp1.1u,a- OKa3b1BaiOT npSIMOe B03AeHCTBI.1e Ha MMnopTHbiH Tel1bHbiX 'f\ieTHbiX CTaBOK TeM, 1-fTO CHill~ pa3Me- pe>Kio1M. 8 HOSJ6pe 1993 r. C03AaHa KOMi>1CCio1SI no l.l.t8Tb ceo~ s~<:cnopTHb!e nplt16bln~~t aa py6e)KOM pacCMOTP8Ht,110 3aS1SOK Ha BalliOTHble CP9ACT· Hl11.1 nepexoAvtTb Ha 6aprepHyiO roproa1110. sa - rpynna 1.13 ABeHap.u,aTJ.tt npaaJ.ttTellbCTBeHHbiX 8 OTBeT Ha TaKoe pa3BJ.1TL1e co6biTVI~ HOBbl~ ~lo1HOBHII1KOB. Ha e)KeHeAellbHbiX 3aceAaHMSIX yKa3 a Mapre 1993 r. cyw,ecTaeHHO 11VI6e- KOMl-1CCJ.1M pacnpeA811SIIOTcst BalliOTHble cpeACTBa, panr.130Ban BaiJIOTHYIO CJ.1CTeMy. npep,npHSJTHSI no- nOilY'feHHble npaBKTellbCTBOM B pe3y11bT8Te npM- npe)KHeMy 6bl111!1 06SJ3aHbl B03BpaJl.laTb B CTP&Hy HYAHT811bHO~ npoA8)KM, Ha HMnopTHble 3a~)'nKI.1 BCe CBOH nocrynneHVISI B vU·IOCTpaHHO&.i BaJliOTe lit B~He~W~X TOBapoB. 3TII1 cpeACTBa B OCHOBHOM pa3MeUJ,aTb ~X Ha C"teTax OTe"leCTBeHHbiX KOMMep- yxoART Ha onnary 3HepronocTaBoK (HMnopr ocy- LteCKJ.IIX 6aHKOB. 0AHaKO Tenepb OHI!t AOIDKHbl 6bll11.1 w,ecTanReT rocw~apcTBeHHbiM KOMMTeT no Htlc!»TM npOJJ,aBaTb TOJlbKO n0110B~Hy CBOI!tX BaJl~THbiX 1.1 ra3y), HMnopTa neca 1.1 npoii13BOACTBeHHbiX nocrynneH1!1&.1 (3a BbiYeToM cpeACTB, Heo6xo~ pecypcoa AfJS1 cenbcKOX03SIHCTBeHHO~ oTpactiM, AMMbiX Af1SI o6C11Y'f<~BaHI!1~ BHeWHI!tX aa&.iMOB J.111J..1 r.e. Ha onnary 111MnopTHbiX rosapoa, He KOHKY- ao3apaw,eHl-1SJ a cTpaHy np~~t6blne&.1) Ha Me>K~ PII1PYIO~t,1X c oTeLtecTaeHHOM npOAYKL\He~. TaK.,JM 6aHKOBCKOM ayKU,J..10He B TeYeHJ..1e nSJTJ..1 AHe~ C o6pa30M, KOMMCCHSI npaKTH\feCKH pewaeT, KaKCH MOMeHTa BB03a BaJliOTHbiX nocrynneHI!tVl B CTpaHy. 1.13 BMAOB MMnopTa Cy6Cfr1Ar.1POBaTb, TaK teaK npen ~HocTpaHHaSJ aan10ra npeAnP~~t~Tl-1SJ paaMe~ AOCTaB11S1eT Ha ero onnary HHOCTpaHHYIO Bal1Kl1Tf w,aJlaCb Ha nOAKOHTPOllbHOM CYeTe ee KOMMep- no ocP~L~J.1allbHOMY 06MeHHOMY Kypcy. LteCKOfO 6aHKa 1.1 B TeYeH~e n~TI!t AHe&.i npoAa- aanacb Ha Me)l(6aHKoacKoM ayKU.Ir10He, a nony- CHcreMa Me)Krocy,qapcrseHHbiX nnarexeii YeHH~e TaK~~tM o6paaoM Kap6oaaHU.~ nepeao- A~.~tJUIICb npeAnPfr1RTVIIO. Me)l(fOCYAaPCTBeHHaSJ nnaTe:>KHaS1 CHcTeMa HeCKOflbKO n03.>Ke B TOM )l(e fOAY npaBI.1- HaxOAMI18Cb B COCTOSIHI.11.1 Ae3opraHMS81..\HH C MO· Tel1bCTBO BHOBb ~3MeHJ..1flO Kypc 1!1 B Te~feHJ..1e HeC- MeHTa pacnap,a CCCP. 8 Te4eHHe 1992 r. Me:>Krog KOI1bK!f1X MeCSJU,eB ocy~eCTBJlSI110 Mepbl aAM~­ cyAapcraeHHaSJ ToproanSJ aenacb Ha py6neao£t Hit1CTpaT~BHOfO KOHTP011SI, HanpasneHHble Ha ocHoae. Bee nnare>KH ocyLUeCTBilRn~Acb l.fepe3 nony"teH~e KaK MO)I(HO 60J1bWero o6beMa l!tHOCT- KoppecnOHAeHTCKHe C"teTa U,eHTP811bH1l:IIX 6aHKOB. paHHO~ Ba1110Tbl Af1SI onnaTbl VIMnOpTH~X nocTaBOK ,O.ayx-TpexMeCSJ"'Hble 3aAeP}I(KM B nonyLte..-iii1K Hecf>TH, ra3a ,., neca. CamacHo npaBJAnaM, ony6- cpeACTB no nnaTe)KHbfM nopY'ieHMSIM M BbiXOA 11~KoBaHHbiM 12 aarycra 1993 r., 50% nocryn- YKpaHHbl 1.13 py6neao~ 30Hbl CAenanH ocrpo YICPBMHa: ttanpaanet*lA P83BMTMA TOproBOA M BalliOTHOA CHCTeM e~ He onpe,Qene... 77 He06XOAMMbiM C03A3Hf.1e H080H cf>opMbl opraHI.'I· XOAI-1Mble eM nocTaBKiil, o6MeHHbiH KYPC TaK 1-1 He 38LI,MM CMCT9Mbl nnaTe)l(eM. Hal.fi.1HaR C HOR6pst CTa6&.11JI-13&.1posanc~ Ha o6oCHOBaHHOM ypoBHe. 1992 r. nnaTe)I(M npo80AM111.1Cb no KoppecnoH- nollHTHKa, npOBOAHBWa~c~ npa8111TellbCT80M, AeHTCKMM C"ieTaM KOMMepl.feCKlr1X 6aHK08, KOP- cnoco6CTBOBalla H3011~U,I-1H 3KOHOMHIG1 OT Me>ICAY· pecnOHAeHTCKMM cl.feT 8 UeHrpanbHOM 6aHKe HaPOAHOH u,eH080H cTPYKT'YPbl, l.fTO He no380I1SillO PoccMM c SIHBaPH 1993 r. ~~tcnonb3oaanCA ronbKO npOI.1380ASIW.HM OTpacn~M KoppeKTHP08aTb C8010 AI1SI OOllaTbl MMnOpTHbiX nocTaBOK B8)1(H9MWMX pa60TY B COOTBeTCTBI-1H C H3MeHeHHRMI-1 OTHO· BM,AOB T08apo8, TaKMX KaK Hecf>Tb M ra3, ocyw.ecT- CHTellbHbiX U,eH, HanpHMep u,eH Ha Hecf>Tb &.1 ra3. 8J1SieMbiX 8 paMKaX Me)l(npa8HT8llbCT8eHHbiX HaKoHeu,, 6onbwoM ya.uep6 KOHK}'J)eHrocnoco6- cornaweHHM. HOCT&Il YKpa&.1Hbl HaHecna &.130Jl~LI,&.1~ 3KOHOMMKM C KOHLI,a 1992 r. YKpaHHCKMM KOMMepl.feCKMM or 3apy6e)I(Horo TexHMI.fecKoro nporpecca. Bee 6aHKaM 6blno pa3peweHo HMeTb py6ne8ble 3TO B COBOK}'nHOCTM 0Ka3al10 '.ifPMLJ,aTellbHOe 811111· KoppecnoH,D,eKrCKMe ~Ta (a c fl>e8pa11SI 1993 r. - ~HMe Ha pacwr.1peHiile 3KCnopTa M nOir1CKM 8Hyr- M Kap60BaHU,8Bb!e) B POCCI!tMCKI!tX KOMMepl.feCKMX peHH~ peaep808 aaMeLUeH~ HMnopTa, a s HTore- fiaHKaX, a POCOI·1~CKMM KOMMepl.feCKI!tM 6aHKaM o6W.r.1H 3KOHOMWieCKiil~ Al.1c6anaHc 1r1 Aecf>HLJ,111T 6MJ10 pa3P9LU6NO OTKPb18aTb Kap6o8aHU,68ble roproeoro 6anaHca. KoppecnOHA6H1'CKMe C'teTa 8 YKP8MHCKMX KOMMep- nol.fTI.1 TPH roAa cnycr~ nocne o6peTeHM~ He- l.feCKMX 6aHKaX. 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B AeKa6pe 8ble nocTaBKr.1 cenbCKOX03SIMCTB8HHOM npOAYK- 1993 r. 1.1 20,5 ~eap6. 3a 1 py6. 8 KoHu,e anpens:a U,IiiM, CbiPbSI 1.1 pa31llii'-IHbiX nonycPa6p!fiKaT08. 1994 r. IIIMnopTHble rapr.1¢'bl 3aLLtr.1LUaiOT He3cf>cf>eKTHBHO pa6oTaiOLUIIIX OTeYeCTB8HHbiX npOr.1380AiiiTelleM 0630p COCTORHHR TOprOBOH H B8n10THOH nyreM no,D.lJ,ep)l(aHHSI u,eH Ha IIIMnopTHble To8apbl CHCT6M Ha AOCTaTOI.fHO BbiCOKOM, n03BOJI~IOLU8M 111M 8bl· ~3Aep)I(KII1 npaB...,T8llbCTBeHHOM 3KOHOMiill.feC- )l(r.1Tb, yposHe. 80-BTOpb!X, npaBIIITellbCTBO B KO~ nOJll!tTHt::"' npeACTa8llSIIOTCR 8biCOKHMI!t IJP.)Ke 6onbwel1 creneHII1, YeM PbiHOK, onpeAensteT roaa- 8 conocTa8neHlt1..., c nocra8neHHOM caMHM )l(e ponoroKiil nocpeACTBOM KOJIIill.feCTBeHHbiX orpa- npa8MTellbCTBOM 3aA31.feM COKJl31.1.-'eHI!tSI ~13Aep)l(eK Hiill.feHHM, rocyAa,pCTBeHHbiX KOHTpaKTOB Iii 3aKa- nepexoAHoro nepMOAa. 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BaniOTHbiH pe)I(HM Tpe6oaaHHs:to6s:taarenbHosi; 40% aaniOTHbiX nocTYnneHI!Isi; ,o.omKHbl npo.o.aaaTbcs:t npaaHTenbcTBy no npo.Qa>KIII oHLJ,Hanb•toMy o6MeHHOMY ~cypcy ( 16500 Kap6. K 1 ,o.onn. CWA ~ 8,6 Kap6. K 1 py6, Ha 8 HIOHR 1994 r.). AaHHble cpe,Q.CTBa P83Me~IOTCR KOMIIICCIIIeH no 33s:IBK3M (no 0$111LI,IIISI1bHOMY tcypcy Ha npHOPIIIT9THble IIIMnopntble aa~cynKH). 10% aaniOTHbiX nocTynneHIIIH .o.omKHbl npo,o,a- aaTbcs:t HaUHoHanbHOMY 6aHKY YKPaHHbl no a.D.MIIIHHcrpaTI!IBHo ycTaHoa- neHHOMY KYPCY 25000 Kap6. K 1 .o.onnapy B u,ens:tX Hapa~aaHHs:t rocy,o,apcmeHHbiX aantoTHbiX peaepsos. OcTaiOlUMecs:t 50% Moryr Haxo- .D,HTbCR Ha B81110THbiX CYeTaX WJH npo,QaBaTbCs:l Ha BaJJIOTHbiX 8YJCUIIIOH3X. npMJI0)1(9HM8 3.2.3Tanw pa3Br.tTMR IIH8WH8TOproaoro M ll&niOTHOrO pelKMMOII YKp&MHbl II 1992~1994 rr. 3Kcnopr 3KcnopTHOe Hanoroo6no>KeHHe 11.01.93 Bae.neHbl 3KcnopTHble HanorH or 5 (Ha roaapbl npoMblwneHHoro npoHa- ao.ncTBa) .no 30%. 20.05.93 PaapeWeHO 3KCOOPTIIIPOB3Tb TOBapbl cornaCHO KBOT3M no ynnaTe 3KC· noprnoro Hanora, o6biYHO - 30%. 26.12.93 JlHKB~poaaHbl ace 3Kcnoprnble Hanorl!l. IKeHI.IIH, OAH3KO B CBs:I3H C 11HKBH,D,a- tJ,HeH 3KCnOpTHbiX HanoroB P83Mepbl KBOTbl CT3HOBs:ITCR 6onee >KecTKHMH. 5.05.94 COHCOK KBOTIIIpyeMbiX TOBapoB COKpaw.eH AO 104 TOBaPHbiX HaHM9HO- B3HHH, WJH 30% 3KCnopTa B CTOHMOCTHOM Bblpa>KeHI.IIH. 26.12.92 BBe.D,eH cne~311bHbiH pe)KIIIM 3KcnopTa TOBapoB CTP3Teri.IIYeCKoro 3H8- YeHI!Ist: Tpe6yeTCSI paapeweHI.IIe Ka61!1HeTa M~HIIICTPOB. 26.12.93 Cni!ICOK TOBapoB CTpaTerHY9CKOro 3H3YeHHSI COKP3W.eH; 3KCnOpT 3TIIIX roaapoa paapeweH ronbKo nstTIII opraHIII3al.l,llls:tM, onpe.neneHHblM enac- TSIMI.II B KS)I(,l:lOH OTpacnH. 5.05.94 Cnel..l,lllanbHbiH pe>KI.IIM nHKBH,D,I.IIPOBaH va aaMeHeH e>KeKaapTanbHbiM!tl ayKI.I,IIIOH3MH KBOT. 01.93 Jli!IIJ,eH3HpoBaHHIO OOAf1e>KaT ace BVI,Ilbi 3KCnopTa 33 HCK1110lfeHIAeM TO- sapos npoMbiWneHHOro npo1.113BOACTBa. 5.05.94 JliiiU,eH3HI.II OCT3BI1eHbl TOI1bKO Ha 3KCnopTHble nOCT3BKIII TOBaPOB no KBOTaM; OTMeHeH fO.D,IIIlfHbiH cpoK AeHCTBiftR reHepanbHbiX 111ftU,eH3HH. 11.01.93 O.no6peHa T3PIIIHast CTPYKTYPa, CT8HA3PTHble YPOBHI.II-- OT 0 ,llO 50%, B OCHOBHOM - OT 0 AO 10%. 23.06.93 HeKoTopble Toaapbl lft3bstTbl lft3 cm1CKa Toaapos, no.nne)l(alli."'X o6no)l(e- Ht.110 t.1MnOpTHbiM TapiiiQlOM. 3.05.93 noBbiWeHbl T3PIIIbl Ha HeKOTOPble BlftAbl TOBapoe (60-100% Ha npo- .llYKTbl nlftTBHiftR, 200-350% Ha anKoronb, 200% Ha Ta6aK, 150% Ha Mexa "' KO>KY). KaoTbl 26.12.93 Onpe.neneHbl KBOTbl Ha MSICO, M0110KO 1ft MOI10lfHble npOAYKTbl, OPOAO· BOI1bCTBeHHoe 3CPHO, .>KiftPbl, caxap, MSWiftHbl 1ft o6opy,QOB3Hifte, lfepHble MeT31111bl (A011>KHbl BCyYnlftTb B ClllfiY C 1 MapTa 1994 r. ). 4.03.94 Bae,D.eH MopaTOPIIIH Ha KBOTbl. 3.05.94 fKeHo co 100 .no 50%; o6s:~aarenbHOH aamora npo,o.aercR no ~cypcy, onpe.nensteMoMy Ha 6aHKOBCKOM ayK- npo,D,a>KH B31110Tbl LI,HOHe. 12.08.93 Bse.neH onpe.nenReMbiH Ka61ftHeTOM MHHI.IICTpoe "' Hali,YioHanbHbiM 6aHKOM YKpaiiiHbl (HEY) ocpH1.1,111311bHbiH o6MeHHbiH KYPC,- OH IIICOOfib3yeTCSI npv1 o6s:t3aTenbHOH npo,o,a>Ke 50% saniOTHbiX nocrynneHII'IH. Kypc nepi!IO.D,IIIlfec- Kl1 nepecMaTplftaancs:~ c HalfanbHoro ypoeHSI 5970 Kap6. 3a 1 .o.onn. a as- rycre 1993 r . .no 16500 Kap6. aa 1 .nonn. B IIIIOHe 1994 r. YJCPSMH8: Ha.npaaneHMR pa3BMTMR TOPfO!JOA M Ban!OTHOA CMCT8M eute H8 onpe,o.eneHbl 81 1.01.94 ir13M8H8Hbl TJ)e60B8HHR no 06R38TenbHOM npo,QB)Ke B81110Tbl: 40% BaniOT- HbiX nocTYflnSH!ItA AOIDKHbl npoAflB8TbCR npaaMTenbCTBY no oKe HeMeLJ,KHX MapoK H poccHACKHX pyC5neA. 21.07.93 BMecTo &YKI.J,liiOHOB H6Y npoao~cR &YKtJ.HOHbl YKP8HHCKoA Me>K6aHKOB- CKoA aaniOTHOH 6Hp>KH. 9.11.93 3aKJ)biTa YKP&HHCKaR Me>K6aHKOBCK8R 88l110TH&R 6HP>Ka. 25.02.94 Boao6HoaneHbl &YICUHOHbl H6Y no npo,Qa>Ke AOMapoa CWA, HeMeLJ,KHX M&poK H poccHACKHX py6neA; BHOBb OTKJ)biT8 YKJ)aHHCK8R Me>K68HKOBC- K8R BaniOTH8R 6HP>Ka, npoBOARUUlR 8YiC!J,HOHHyiO npoAS>KY 6enopyccKHX py6ner:1 H K838XCT8HCKHX TeHre. npMM8'18HMR 1 6 3TK noKa38T8nM npeysenW-IMBSIOT M8CWT86bl cna,o.a npoM3- 0CHOBHOA ,o.onr ,QOn:liC8H Bblnii8'4MBaTbCSI e>KeKBapTanbHO H B BO,D,CTBa, TBK KaiC OHM H8 BICII~IOT B ce()fl ,D,aHHb18 no 6biCTpo paBHbiX 06'bBM8X 8 T8"f8HH8 WeCTM neT (1994-1999 rr.). pacl)ll.l.\elil T8HeBOiil 3KOHOMMK8. npo4eHTHble BbiMaTbl, TaiOICe 8)1(8KBaPTanbHble, npoM3BO,D,RTCSI 2 Pac'*'Tbl noKa3aTenelil H3MetteHMR ycnoaMiil ToproanH aecbMa no CTaBKe JU160P (no W8CTMM8CSHtbiM ,o.onnapOBbiM ,o.eno- 38BMCRT OT Bbloopa 6a30BOrO ro,o.a; lq)OMe Toro, MX AOCTOBep- 3MTaM) MIOC 1% OT ,o.onnapoaoro 31CBMDanaHTa ,D,Oilra. neHR no HOCTb 3Ha"fMTenbHO CHM)I(8H8 K3-38 OTCyYCTBV.SI aA8KBaTHOrO npocpo"feHHbiM Bblfli18T8M B3HM88TCR no CT8BKe JU160P MIOC OTCnO)t(MBaHI.1SI YJCP8MHCKKX 3KCJ10pTHbiX i¥'H M HenonHOA MH$0p- 2%. noraweHMe ,D,Ollra MOXKe BaniOTHbiX CornacHO YK83Y OT 22 RHBBPSI 1993 r., t.teHTpanH30BaHHOMY OOCTynnSHMA, ~0 CO~aano AOJ101lHMT8JlbHble MCK8)1(8HI.1SI B pacnpe,o.eneHKIO noAJ18)1(8T Toaapbl 23 rpynn. Bee ocTanbHbl8 3KcnopTHOR npaKTMKe. HanpMMep, npaBMTenbcTso ocsoooAHno npoM3BOACTBOHHble pecypcbl, He06XOAl'IMble AnA BblnoJlHeHMSI OT co6niO,D,8HHSI ,D,aHHOro TP800DaHMSI npe,QnpMSJTMR, BblnyCKa- o6sl3aTenbCTB nepe,o. rocy.QapcTBOM, npe,o.npMRTIIlR .Qon)I(Hbl IOU4Me 8BT01101CPbiWKM, "flO&.! OHM MMSIIM 80:/IMO)I(HOCTb 38KynaTb nptto6peTaTb "feP83 KOMM8pl.f6CKMX noCI)e,D,HMKOB. 3a py6e)I(OM P83MHy M He06XO,D,MMble XlllMMKaTbl. no C006~8HMSIM, HOBble noWJlMHbl MOryT onna"fMB8TbCSI B 5 ll 3JOT Kypc K3M8HMnCSI 8 MIOHR1994 r., COCTaBMB 16500 Kap6. Kap6oaaHuax no O$Mt4ManbHOMY 06MeHHOMy Kypcy {OKOno TpeJIIJ 3a 1 ,o.onn. napannenbHOro PbiHO"fHOro Kypca B Mae 1994 r.), ror,o.a Ka.K 10 MMnopntpyeMble TOBapbl ,D,On.lKHbl npo,®88TbCR no SHYfpeHHHM 8 HIOHe 1994 r. YKpaHHa llOAflHCana c EC CornaweHKe 0 48HaM, paCC"fHTbiBa8MbiM B COOTI98TCTBMM C napannenbHbiM napTttepcTBe H COTPYAHHI.fSCTBe, KOTopbiM onpe,o.enSIIOTCSI 06U4Me pbiHO"fHbiM 06M8HHbiM KypCOM, -TaM caMbiM CHH)Ka8TCSI B03- H8npasneHHR6y,o.y~ero COTPYAH111.feCTBa, BICil!O"faSI nopcneiCTMBy A9ACTBHt'l r10wnMHbl. co3,D,aHMA 30Hbl caooo,D,HOA ToproanH. KOMMeHTapHii K pa3R,eny 3 YKpaHHa: HanpasneHBII pa3BIATBfl roprosoii H saniOTHoli CBCTeM eu.ee He onpe,qeneHhl Oner XaspMnHWBH B npeKpacHo~ pa6oTe Jle rann coAeP)I(~Tc~ aecbMa o6cTOS1TellbHoe, xoT~ ~ CAeflaHHOe no rop5i4~M ClleAaM, on~CaH~e TeHAeHU.l-1~ pa3B!AT~S1 BHeWHe£1 Toproanltl YKpa~HbJ co apeMeH~ o6peTeH~Sl e10 Heaae~c~MOCT~. i'1cK11104~Te11bHO BepHO ee CY)KJJ.eHlt1e 0 TOM, 4TO Toproaa~ no.n~T~Ka SlBJ1SleTC:i1 ClleACTB!IIeM nolt1CKa TpeTbero nyrlt1 - cpeAHero M9>KAY noTpe61!1Tens:~M (nocpeACTBOM KPeAif1THoc.1 3MliiC- Kanlt1TaJilt13MOM lt1 KOMaHAttO~ 3KOHOMVIKO~. cllllf1) npt~~aeno K ~pesMepHOCTIII KOMneucau..~"li-1 3a Ae~CTBII1T911bHO, Toproeas:~ nonlt1Tlt1Ka YKpa- WOKOBOe ~3MeHeH~e YC110BIIIl:1 ToprOBJli-1. 8 paCCMOTpeHIIII!1 Bonpoca 0 TOM, KaK Tapt~~­ lt1Hbl S1Bl1S18TCS1 xopowlt1M nplt1MepoM AOB- Ha~ cTPYKTYPa cTana a 6onbwel:1 cTeneHt~~ oTpa- netaLLJ.e~ T9HA9Hl..\lt1lt1 yKpalt1HCKOt1 nOlllt1Tlt1- )f(aTb i>iHTepeCbl OT.O,eJlbHbiX npOMbiWJ19HHbiX OT- l.f8CKOt1 lt1 3KOHOMlt1Lt9CKOt1 Mb1Clllt1, Onpe- pacnel:1111 npeAnPIIISJTi-1~, COAep)Ki>iTCSl IIIHTepecHbll:1 A811S1101.49t1 Tp9Tlt1t1 nyrb KaK Halt160J188 COOT- nol11!1T3KOHOMi>i~ecKio1Vl nOAT9KCT. PaHee .ne rmm OTMe~ana, '-ITO orpaHWU1TeJ1bHble Mepbl B OTHO- B9TCTBYIOW.lt1~ "yHIIIKallbHO~" Ci.1TYal..\lt1lt1, B WeH~~ SKCnopTa 1!1Cn01lb3YIOTCSJ B 3Ha~t~~TeJ1bHO KOTOpot1 HaxOAlt1TCS1 CTpaHa. K(l)I(,Qblt1 lt13yLta- 60J1bWel:1 CTeneHIII, ~eM COOTBeTCTBYIOW.i>ie Mepbl IOLLJ.lt1t1 cerOAHst yKpalt1HCKlt19 np06119Mbl A011- npOTIIIB IIIMnopTa, Ill STO Tlllni-1'-IHO All~ paHHV.X >KeH 111M9Tb np9ACTaB119Hlt19 06 3TOt1 T9HA9H- sTanoa nepexoAHOro nepi>io.o,a. 3To npi-13HaeTc~ l..\lt1111. XopoUJytO eo3MO)I(HOCTb n03HaKOMlt1Tb- 60J1bWI!1HCTBOM cne~i>ia1li-1CTOB, i>iCCJleAYIOW.IAX cs:~ c TaK Ha3bleaeMbiM TpeTblt1M nyreM AaeT AaHHYIO npo6neMy, npW·IeM HeKOTOpble i-13 Hi>iX npeACKa3biBa1li-1, ~To no Mepe yny~weHIII~ ci!1- 1113AaHII1e "nonii1TII1LtHa AYMKa" 1 • TYaU~i-1 Ha~HeT npeaani>iposaTb TPaAIIIUi>iOHHbiVI no3BOJlbTe MHe CAellaTb HeCKOJlbKO 3aMe~a­ npoTeK~IIIOHif13M npoTIIIB VIMnopTa. 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AeHHoVI COrJlaWaTbCSJ Ha "u,eHbl" CBOV.X 6apTepHbiX PaccMoTpeHt~~e aonpoca o ~eHax Ha sHepro- nocTaBOK, KOTOpble HaMHoro HI!1)Ke MI!1POBb!X ~eH HOCIIITelllll Ill YCllOBVISJX TOprDB111!1 npeACTaBJls:JeTCSl no cpaBHeHIIIIO C ~eHaMI!1 Ha IIIMnopT~pyeMble B 1!13B9CTHO~ CTeneHI!1 napaAOKCallbHbJM. l.J.eHbl 3HeproHOCI!1TeJ1111 2. s:1 He npeAnonarall, ~TO B AaH- Ha sHeproHoc!I1Te111!1 poc11111 a nstTb pa3 6blcTpee HOVl pa6oTe 6yAeT nOAP06Ho paccMaTpiiiBaTbC~ APYf111X u,eH, OAHaKo sHeprolf1MnopT coKpaTVIllCSJ 6apTep - STOT CBoero POAa "~epHbiH SJW,IIIK". ll1 B MeHbWe~, ~eM 8Bn, CTeneHI!1, a SHeproeMKOCTb ccblnKa Ha 1!1CTO~HI!1K - "cornacHo pac"''eTaM (Hel!1369)f(HO) B03pOCJla. np1!1~1!1HOVl STOfO M6PP" - no MeHbWe£11 Mepe coMHI!1TeJlbHa. Ecni-1 SJBJleH1!1SJ Jle ra1111 C~IIITaeT "HSAOCTaTO~HOCTb raKoro POAa pac~eTbl AOCTaTo~Ho JJ,ocrosepHbl, CTPYKTYPHOVI nepecTpoVIK1!1". 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TOM, KaKoMy B03A8~CTB~IO nOABepraeTCSI repro- ToT aKT, ~To 3n~THble rpynnbl TaKoro POAa Aenb- BaSI non~T~Ka co cropoHbl oco6oro Knacca Aenb- u,oa, KaK ~3BeCTHO 1.13 &iiCTOp1!1~, BCer.n.a np1!1HI!1- u,oa nepexoAHoro nep~o,o.a, l-13biCK~BatO~~x "npo- Manl!1 y~aCTVIe B ycTaHOBKe W~PM "3all.U·1Tbl Hace- pex~" 3KOHOMI!1~eCKO~ C~CTeMbl, KaK~M o6pa30M JleHIIISI", noKa3biBaer, ~ro YKpa~Ha OTHIOAb He YHI!1- conposo)f(AaJOw,ee ~x AeSITenbHOCTb 6ercrao KanbHa B cao~x no&~~cKaX "Tperbero nyr~". Cl>aKT&~~­ Kan~Tana (a "6eryT" Kam1Tallbl ~MeHHO ar1-1x ~ecK&~~ YKpa&~~Ha He yH&~~KanbHa &~~ cpeA~ APYr&~~x AenbU,OB) OTpB)f(aeTCSI Ha TO~HOCT~ CTaTII1CT~KI-1 6biBW&iiX 3KOHOMW-IeCK&iiX CI!1CTeM L1,9HTpan~30- roproan~. Heo6xoA~MOCTb l-13y~eH~SI 3T~x son- BaHHOrO nnaH~posaH&~~SI. CeroAHs:t AnSI 6onb- pocoa 06bSICHSieT~ ABYMSI np~~1!1HaM~: OH~ TeCHO WIIIHCTBa &113 H&i!X 6blno 6bl none3Hee 38AC1BaTbCSI CBSI3aHbl C 3KOHOMI-1~8CK~M~ npo611eMaM~ TOpro- sonpocoM He "KaK npoBOA~Tb peopMbl", a "no- BbiX pe.>K~MOB, a KpoMe Taro, cosepweHHo o~e­ ~eMy peQ>opMbl OTKJlaAbiBaiOTCSI". B~AHO s:tBilSIIOTCSI xapaKTepHo~ ~epro~ scex nocr- Cy~ecrsyer o6MaH~I!1Bo npocro~ orseT: anl.1s:t- coaeTcK~X o6w,ecra, np~~eM creneHb ~x npos:tB- renbHble 3KOHOMW1eCK~e an~Tbl He XOTSIT npose- neH~SI npeBOCXOAI-1T COOTBeTCTByi0~&-1e YPOBHI!1 B AeH~SI peQ>opM, noroMy ~To AflSI H~x ~AeanbHO~ APYr~x pa3B~BaJOW.I-1XCSI crpaHax. Aa.>Ke npocTe~­ cpeAO~ 06~TaHIIISI SIBnSieTCSI npoMe~yTO~Hbl~ wv.~ ap!-1MeT!-1~ecKI!1~ pac~er yKa3biBaer Ha ~x nep~OA - nnaHl'lpoaaH~SI ~e Her, a nyTb K (B03MO.>KHo) ~YAOB~~Hbl£1 MacwTa6. CpeAH~~ PbiHO~HOMY Kan~ranVI3MY e~e TOnbKO Ha~aT. ypoBeHb KOCBeHHbiX OU,eHOK COBOKynHoro 06beMa Kor,D,a He crano u,eHrpanbHoro pyKoBOACTBa, co3- 6ercTBa Kamnana c YKpai-1Hbl B 1991-1993 rr. ,D,anacb HOBaSI o6crat-toBKa aaroHOMHoro cyw,ecr- cocTaBns:teT 8-10 MnPA· Aonn., ~m-1 12-15% BBn. sosaH~SI crapblx coseTCK~x "oru,oa" (A~PeKTopa KocaeHHble ou,eHK~ raKoro noKa3arens:t AnSI npeAnPI!1SIT~~. COBX030B, MeCTHble n~AePbl). Pocm-11-1 - 25-30 MnPA· AOnn. - AaiOT HeMHO- nepBOHa~anbHO l'IX KOMMYH~CT~~eCKOe npownoe ro MeHbWYIO, HO BnonHe conocraBI-1MYIO AOniO 6blno AIIICKPeA~T111PYIOW.IIIM aKTopoM, a o.>K~AaB­ pocc1!1illcKoro BBn - 10-12%. CoorsercrsytOIJ.\IIIe w~ecSI peQ>opMaTopcKII1e Mepbl- np~BaT~3aU,~SI, KOCBeHHble OU,eHKI-1 no MeK~Ke cepe~Hbl 80-X rr. 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Anst YA06cTBa KOMnaHII1i:1, He aoe nono:>KeH~Ae. Onpocbl noKaaan~. "'TO HeKo- )l(enaiOW.Ir'tX pacKpbiBaTb o6beMbl Toproso-3aKY- Topble pecnOHA8HTbl np~6eraiOT K KOHTpa6aHAe nol.fHbiX onepau,111t:1, 1.13MeHeHlltst B l.fV~cne onepau,~t:1 KaK K cpeACTBY o6oi:1T~ cno:>KHYIO ~ AOporo- 6blnl!1 C$OpMyllll1pOBaHbl B OTHOCIIIT811bHbiX Belllr1- CTOS1W.YIO BHewHeToproaytO 610poKpan110. l.f~Hax: yaen~l.feH~e 6onee l.feM Ha 50%; MeHee l.feM Ha 50%; 6ea 1113MeHeHIIIH; yMeHbWeHir1e 6onee Toproawe cxeMw M poeT aHa'leHMR l.feM Ha 50%; MeHee l.feM Ha 50%; na.n.eH~e AO Hyns:~. EcTeCTBeHHO, "'TO npstMoe yKaaaH~e cTo~­ He38~MKCMpOB8HHbiX CAenOK MOCTVI 1r1 o6beMoe onepau.V~i:1 6blno 6bl npeAno- no nocneAHIAM ou.eHKaM, s 1993 r. yKpa- l.fT~TeJlbHee, "18M KOCBeHHble OU,eHKVI, OAHaKO f,1HCKVIL:1 3KCnopT (VIMnOpT) 8 HOBble He3aBVICVIMble BbiCOKII1i:1 ypoBeHb IIIHIls:IU.IIIIII, OTCYTCTBVIe ~CHOCTIII rocy,n,apCTBa COCTaBlls:lll 28% {48%) OT YPOBHS1 1990 r. (CM. aepXHIOIO l.faCTb Ta6n. 1.2 AaHHOi:1 B Bonpoce 0 TOM, KaKOH BailiOTOH nOllb30BaTbCSI 9 ny6n~KaU.~~. rAe a o~Hosy pacl.feToa nono>KeHa np1r1 npeACTaBneHVII.II AaHHbiX , a TaiOtKAbiM OTA8flbHbiM npSA- CoaeTcKoro Col03a- 47% {30%) {eM. Ta6n. 1.1 ). nplllstTV!eM Tosapoa - ace 3TI.1 KatOT $aKT nSAeHVIst Toproeoro o6opoTa, ~ccneAOBaHIIIs:l, ecniA 6bl 6blnO peweHO aHan~- BMeCTe C TeM 0Hif1 nOATB8P>KAa!OT, '-ITO ocpHLJ.~- 31r1POBaTb 6onee KOHKpeTHYIO ~HcpopMaU.HIO. 92 ToproanA B HOBbiX H838BHCHMbiX rocy.QapcTBaX Pacnpe,o.eneHHe roprosnH. Toproable cxeMbl PMC. 4.3. COOTHOWeHMe npoAa• M aaq· onpoweHHbiX KoMnaHir'l~ 3a aHaJ11113111PYeMbl~ ne- noK Toproawx npeAnPH•TMA no perMoHaM • PMOA AeMOHCTPIIIPYIOT ycTo~~~~~BYIO TeHAeHU,IIIIO K . .apane-uae 1993 r. yxoAY c PbiHKOB 6biBWIIIX pecny6m1K CCCP 111 noBOPOTY K BHyTpeHHeMy PbiHKY Ill BHeWHIIIM % pbiHKaM C onnaTo~ B TBePAO~ BaJliOTe (pHC. 4.2). 90 AollSI nocTasoK npm13BOACTBeHHbiX npeAnPHRTIII~ B PoccHIO ynana c 25% o6LUero ypoBHR nocTaBoK 80 B 1990 r. AO 15% B 1993 r.; AOflR 3aKYnOK B 10 70 PoccMa.'i cHH3Hnacb c 33% AO 22% • ToprosnR c APYriiiMIII pecny6n111KaMIII 6blewero CCCP, L-tCKiliO- 60 'UiS'I Pocc!IIIO, "" paHbwe He Hrpana cyLUeCTBeHHO~ pon111 a roproaoM o6opoTe YKpaiiiHbl, TeM He Me- 50 Hee a 3TOM ceKTope TatOKe npoRBV~nacb TeHAeH- U.HR K COKpaw,eHIIIIO, B OC06eHHOCTIII B 06beMax 40 npoAOOK, - c 9% AO 5%. C MOMeHTa BBOAa B o6paLUeHl1e B Ha"'ane 30 1992 r. yKpaHHCKoro Kap6oeaHua ero peanbHaR 20 CTOI.IIMOCTb OTHOCHTeflbHO py6nS1 HeyKnOHHO naAa- eT 11 • PacryLUaR AIIIepeHu,HaU.HR u,eH Me>KAY 10 YKpaHHO~ "" roprosbiMVl napTHepaMIII B py6neeo£1 30He RBnReTCR OAHO~ 1113 OCHOBHbiX npiii~IIIH 0 yMeHbWeHHR 06beMOB 3aKYnOK Ha pbiHKe 6biB- u:: JIQ. co s :X:(.) Q. s wero CCCP. Eionee HH3KIIIe no cpasHeHHIO c APY- 0 rlr'IMIII 6biBWHMIII COBeTCKHMH pecny6nHKaMIII U,eHbl 8 a. ~8 (.) 0 JI:E :x:o Ha YKpalr'IHe cnoco6cTeoeanH noaopory npoiii3- Q)L- :s;Q) ~i BOA111Tene~ K BHyrpeHHIIIM nocTaBLUIIIKaM Cb1Pb51 H ~3 u~ ~~ Q) MaTeplllaflOB. 8 Hawe~ Bbi60pKe AOflR 3aKYOOK :X: 1.'0 Ha BHyTpeHHeM pbiHKe nOAHRflaCb C 54% 06LUero 12 06beMa B 1990 r. AO 63% B 1993 r. . C Te~eHHeM epeMeHH ToproenR c PoccV~e~ 111 • npo.QaJKM lill 3aK)'nKH APYriiiMH cTpaHaMl-1 6blewero CCCP cTana noA- eepraTbCR TaKoMy "'e perynHpoaaHHIO, KaK"" oc- &IIHOCTpaHHO~ BaJliOTbl. 8BeAeH!IIe KBOT Ill 11HU,eH- TanbHaR BHeWHRR TOprOBJlR, BK1110~aS1 CIIICTeMy 3l-ti.1 np111eeno K CHH)KeHIIIIO 3Kcnopra Aeweablx KBOT, J1HU,eH3111~, npWHYAHTenbHYIO KOHBepTaU,IIIIO yKpaH ..ICKIIIX TOBapoB B POCCIIIIO, a pacnpOCTpa- HeHHe npaBI.111 06MeHa HHOCTpaHHOH BafliOTbl Ha PMc. 4.2. PacnpeAeneHMe ToproiiiiM ~npoA&* py6nb (no KYPCY HIII>Ke pbiHO~Horo) - K eLUe M 38KYJ10K) npoM3BOACTB8HHWX npe,AnpMRTMM 60flbWeMy orpaHIII~eHIIIIO 38KOHHbiX nyTe~ npiii- no perMoHaM a 1990 H 1993 rr. TOKa py6ne~, CTOJlb He06XOAHMbiX Ails:! HMnOpT- HbiX 3aK}InOK s Pocci!IH. Aons:t Me>Krocyp,apcTBeHHO~ ToproenH e o6- u..teM o6beMe onepau,111~ Toproeblx npeAnPIIIRTIIIH He TaK BeflHKa, KaK y npOIII3BOACTBeHHbiX: 11111Wb 10% 06LUero 06beMa npoAOOK (y npOIII3BOACTBeH- 0.9 HbiX npeAnPI.1s:tTIIIH - 20%) (pHc. 4.3.). AonR 0.8 3aKYnO~HbiX onepau,H~, npOIII3BOAHMbiX 8 6biBWIIIX pecny6n111Kax CCCP, 6blna Bblwe - 16%, xoTs:t 0.7 np111 3TOM oHa see paeHo ocraeanacb cyLUeCT- 0.6 seHHO 6onee HH3KO~, ~eM y npOH3BOACTBeHHbiX 0.5 npeAnPIIIRTH~ {28%). CytUecTayeT HecKOflbKO 0.4 cl>aKTOpOB, 06bRCHRIOLUHX HeBHHMaHIIIe TOpfOBbiX 0.3 npeAnP~1S1TH~ K pbOHKY 6blewero CCCP. 6onb- WHHCTBO 1113 HHX Ha"'IIIHal10 CBOIO AeRTeJlbHOCTb B 0.2 TOT nepHoA, KOrAa roproBbl~ o6opoT c APYriiiMH 0.1 cTpaHaMIII 6b1Bwero··CCCP 6bln 3aTPYAHeH. 0 0Xa3anocb TaK)Ke, ~To so~·r"" Ha 3H'l pbiHKH HenerKo !!13-3a TPaAIIIUHOHHoro rocnoACTBa Kpyn- 1990 1993 1990 1993 HbiX rocyp,apCTBeHHbiX o6pa30BaHIII~, TaKIIIX teaK rocyAaPCTB9HHbl~ KOMHTeT no MaTep!.19.1lbHbiM pecypcaM, nonb3YIO~UHXCR pa3nH~HbiMH Heaacny~ YtcpaHHa~t!!!ftPoccHAII JlpyrMe • OcTailbHble >KeHHbiMIII npeHMYIJ..t.eCTBaMII1 (npHBIIIJler!llpOBaH- • ~ crpaH~ crpaH~ Hbl~ AOCTYn K MeCTHOMY CbiPbiO, 3KCnopTHbJM 6blewero MMpa Jl!IIU,eH2MRM, IIIHOCTpaHHOH BafliOTe, nnaTe)KaM CCCP ~epe3 KoppecnoHAeHTCKHe c~era UeHTPanbHoro 6aHKa B 1992 r., MOHOnOflbHbl~ KOHTP011b 38 TOp- 06sop BtteWH8A ToproanM YICJ)aMHbl H8 ypoiiHB npe.QilpMRTMA 93 roaneH, o6ecne~eHH~H Me~npaa~TenbCTBeHH~­ 0co6bl~ VIHTepec npeACTaBI1SIIOT nepeMeHbl B Mr,t cornaweHMRM~,i). Ha pacnpeAeneHI,il-1 roproa- Toproao~ aKT~aHOCTI.1 Ha eaponeHCKOM 11'1 APYfi>1X Jll-1 cr1 abiCOKO~ np1,16~n1.1 Ha p~HKaX AaflbHero 3apy- npOVi3BOASIW,&.1X, KOTOpble OTMe~atOT poeT aK- 6e~bSI a orn~LII,ie or PbiHKoa 6blawero CCCP. T&.1BHOCT&.1 Ha 3TVJX p~HKax, oKaaanocb 6onbwe, Toproable npeAnP!.1SITI,1R npeAno~!,1TaiOT ocy- ~eM MO>KHO 6bll10 O>KI.1AaTb: npoS~a&.111aCb HeO>K&-1- UlecranSITb onepau,~~ rnaaHb!M o6paaoM Ha aHYT- AaHHa~ reHAeHU,&.1R, oco6eHHO ecn&.1 np&.1H~Tb ao peHHeM pbiHKe, XOTSI OH!,1 Ta~e 1,1rpat0T aS}I(HytO aH1.1MaH&.1e aac:I>1.1KC1.1POBaHHOe a o~U~aflbHbiX ponb 1,1 a MMnopTe roaapotJ 1.13 cTpaH AaJlbHero AaHHbiX cyw,ecTaeHHOe CH~>KeHI.1e 06beMOB TOp- aapy6e>KbR (cM.p~,ic. 4.3). Bb!COKaR AOI1R aaKYnoK, roan~ co crpaHaM"' JJ,allbHero aapy6e>KbSI. TaKoe OCyll.leCTai1SieM~X aHyrp1.1 YKpa!,iH~, noaaOI1SieT nono*eHI.1e MO>KHO o6b~CHI,1Tb 3Ha~~Tel1bHbiM CAeflaTb BblaOA 0 TOM, ~TO Toproa~e npeAnp~,iSI­ coKpaw.eHI.1eM o6beMOB ~MnopTa 1.1 3KcnopTa T~SI cnoco6craytOT Aa~>KeH~IO TOBapHbiX Mace KpynHb'X rOCYAaPCTBeHHbiX npeAnPI.1SIT1.1i71. 3TO aHyTp~ CTpaHbl, Torp,a KaK Clo'ICTeM~ U,eHTpan!,1- COKpaUJ.eHI.1e 11&.1Wb ~aCT~~HO KOMneHC~pyeTCSI yaen1.1~eH1,1eM o6beMoa roproan1.1 6onbworo Ko- 30aaHHOfO CHa6)1(eH~SI pacna,o.aJOTCSI. np~ l.!eCT- lll.1~ecTBa Mei1Kii1X npeAnPlo1RTI.1H C &.1X COOTaeTCT- HOH KOHKYPeHU,!,11.1 C MOHOnOI11.1eH rocyp,apcTaa aeHHO He6onbWI.1M&.1 Toproa~M~ o6opoTaMI.1. 3ToT Ha BHeWHIOIO TOproamO eCTb OCHOaaHI,iSI nona- api)IMeHT noATaep)K,IJ.aeTCR AaHH~M&.1 no Toproao- raTb, 'iTO Toproable npeAOPI,iSIT~SI MOr11!,1 6bl c~r­ aaKYnO~H~M onepau~RM npeAnPI.1RTI.1H-npo&.1a- paTb cronb >Ke aiDKHYIO ponb 111 Ha aHeWHeM P~H­ aQA1.1Tene~. 'f"II.1TblBaiOW.11'1MI.1 1,1x een1.1~11'1HY (ra6n. 4.8). Ke. .l).a>Ke cpeA!,i 6onee KpynHbiX npep,np~RrnH Ha6ntO- ToproBaR aKTHBHOCTb. Ow.yr!,iMOe CHii!>KeHI.1e AaJ10Cb yaem~~eH~,ie ToproaoH aKT&.1aHOCTI.1, oco- Aon~ Toproan~ co cTpaHaMI.1 6~awero CCCP 6eHHO a ccpepe ~Mnopra. conpoaO>KAaJlOCb COKpaw,eH1.1eM ~!,1CI1a npop,a>K nop,aaJlSIIOW,ee 6onbW"HCTaO roproabiX npeA- :1 Toproao-aaKY"O~HbiX onepau,~H Ha 3TI.1X pbiHKax np&.1SIT~~ pa31l~~HOH ae111,1~~Hbl yKa3biBaeT Ha (Ta6n. 4.7). 0KOI10 60% KaK np0~3aOASilJ.li.1X, TaK a••a~&.1TenbH~~ poeT o6beMoa aHewHeH Toproan&.1, t.1 roprytOlJ.li.IIX npeAnP~SITI.1H OTMe~aiOT CH~>KeH&.1e nOATaep*IJ,SSI TaKI.1M o6pa30M Te3111C 0 TOM, ~TO Toproao~ aKT~aHOCTl-1 s oTHoweHI,iSIX c APYf!,1M~ OH!,1 ace ~aw.e a~crynaiOT a Ka~ecTae nocpeA- CTpaHaM ~. npVJ 3TOM 30% ToproabiX nneAnPI.1SI- H&.1Koa Ha aapy6e>KH~x p~HKaX (Ta6n. 4.9.). T~" C006lJ.l~l1&.1 0 naAeH!,1&.1 ee AO HYI1SI. no3TOMY Toproa~e npeAnp~,iRTIIIR CMornl.1 o6ecne~&.1Tb HeT H~~ero YA~a!,1Tel1bHOfO a TOM, ~TO CHVi>Kelil.1e poeT caoeH aHeWHeToproaOH aKT&.1aHOCTII1 6na- Toproaot1 aKTlo'laHOCT'-1 Ha p~HKaX nocTcoaeTcKoro fOAaPR o6meMy ocna6neH&.110 orpaH!r1~eH~H Ha npocTpaHcTaa conpoao~eTCR pocroM aKT!,1a- yL!aCTifte ao aHewHeToproao~ AeS~TenbHOCTI.1. He- HOCT&.1 Ha BHyrpeHHeM p~HKe. CMOTPR Ha >KeCTtKbe Yae.nM'fiNlOCb 49 37 52 51 0cT&nocb npe)I(HMM 11 12 22 23 YMeHbWINlOCb 22 26 19 18 Ynano pp HYM 18 25 7 8 BHyrpeHHRR roprosnR YaenM~W10Cb 64 71 72 79 0cT8110Cb npe*H"'M 16 8 12 8 YMeHbWr.moob 19 21 16 13 Ynano IJfl HynR 1 1 0 0 npHMe'taHMe: nonY'*!HHble .QaHHble OICJ)yrmmHCb AO ~enbiX, 1!1 CBA3H C 'teM MX CYMMS MO)I(8T 6bfTb OTnM'fHOA OT 100. 94 ToproanR a HOBbiX tte3aBMCMMWX rocy,l¥lpcTaax Ta6JIMLUI 4.8. e.taMeHeHMe BHeWHeTOproaoA &KTMBHOCTM npoM380ACTII8HHWX npeAnpMIITMii, aaeweHHoe no paauepy (B npoueHTax) MMnopr 3Kcnopr "'HCfleHHOCTb nDBbiCHflCR/ nOHH3HflCR/ nOBbiCHJ1CR/ noHH3WJCR/ 38.HRTbiX He H3MeHHflCR npeKpaTWJCR He H3MeHHJ1CR npeK{J3TW1CR MeHee 250 lfen. 66 34 60 40 (50 npeAJlPVIRTMH) 6onee 250 Yen. 48 52 27 73 (21 npe.onp~~tRTMe) B cpeAHeM 60 40 49 51 Ta6nMl.f,8 ~.9. M3M8H8HIII8 8KTMBHOCTM TOproanM CO CTp8H8MM IIH8WHero MMpa (no C006~eHMIIM pecnOHA6HTOII) (a npoueHTax) Toprosble npeAnPHRTHR M3MeHeHHe 'fHcna onepa!.(HM HMnopr sKcnopr u~v.nopr sKcnopr Ysen~~tlfWIOCb Wll!t 60 49 74 74 OCTailOCb npe)I(HI!tM noHI!t3WIOCb H/1111 40 51 26 26 ynano AD HY11~ Koropas:~ o6ecneYlffsaer npe~tur1yw,ecrso "cBm•1M" POCT HeO~ML\M&nbHOM TOproanM npe.o.npll1s:!TVIs:IM, ~aCTBOBaTb BO BH8WHee1 TOp- OrpaHw·:eHir'ISJ, Ae~craoaaaw1.1e Ha YKpaii1He a roBne MO>KeT Ka>K.D,bl~, TOrAa KaK B H8Aafi8KOM neplr'IOA ,o.aHHOfO lr1CC11eAOBaHII1s:!, AOIDKHbl 6bl111r1 npownoM Ill!tWb ropcrKa KpynHbiX npeAnPII1s:ITII1~ nplr1B9CT~ K pocry KOHTpa6aHAbl 1.1 pa3111r1YHbiX Morna noKYnaTb 111 npoAaBaTb rosapbl yepe3 cne- yxHw,peHl-1~ npr.1 npoae.c,aHir'llr'l roproeblx one- U,111a11bHble rocy.o,apCTB8HHble BH8WHeToprOBble pa~lr1~.KaorHposaHLr'ie,nl.ll~eH31r1POBaHl-1e, np~Hy­ opraHH3aU,It1111. Toprosble npeAnPII1s:ITII1s:l, ocraHo- Air'ITenbHbiH o6MeH nonosi.IIHbl np1.16bll11A~ no.ny- BII1B ceo~ Bbl6op Ha He noAsepraswe~es:~ perynll1- YeHHO~ B lr'IHOCTpaHHO~ BaniOTe, K01111anc C~CT8Mbl posaHII1~ roprosne rorpe6~renbcK~MII1 rosa- nnare>Ke~. cyLUecraeHHbl~ poeT u_eH Ha P·oc~ paM111, ycnyraMII1 111 111HT81111eKTYallbHO~ C06CTBeH- Clii~CKir'le TOBapbi - BC~ 3'!'0 KpaHHe OC110Xiis:tJ10 HOCTbiO, CMOrJU.1 TaKII1M o6pa30M 060~TH npenOHbl BeAeH!r1e roprosn1.1 Allst rex, Kl·o f'ibiTanes:~ "l,lirp&Tb rOCYAaPCTBeHHOro KOHTPOils:! 111 no~11111111 AOn011- no npas111naM". B neplr'IOA nposeAeHir'ls:l AaHHoro HII1T811bHble B03MO>KHOCTII1 Afls:l TOprOBO~ 3KCnaH- lr1CC119AOBaHII1s:! Ha YKpa~He CTallH B03Hir1KaTb Cit1111 Ha BHeWH!I1X PbiHKaX. TaMO>K9HHble nyHKTbl Ha rpaHir'lu.a>C C 0biBWir1Mir1 8biCOKas:t AOils:! roprosn111 norpe6111Te11bCKII1Mit1 coaeTCKir1MII1 pecny6nlr1KaM" l-1, cyAs:! no KOM- TOBapaMl-1 n03B011s:teT npeAn0110)KII1Tb, YTO 3TII1 MeHraplr'ls:!M HaWir1X pecnOHAeHTOB, B nepBble AHir'l roprosble onepau,HII1 ocraJOrcs:~ He3aKeHHbiX 'ilr'IHOBHir'IKOB He COCTaB11s:l110 oco6oro TPYAS· Ecn111 )Ke B03Hir1Kanlr1 npo6neMbl, HbiMI.II, TaK KaK npaBI.IITellbCTBO YKpaii1Hbl HIAKOrAa lr'IX 06biYHO MO>KHO 6bl110 ".gewHTb" nyreM onnaTbl He YAens:~no cepbe3Horo BHII1MaHII1s:l sro~ cc:Pepe, 3 ycnyr HY>KHoro YenoseKa • npeAnOYHTas:l KOHU,eHTPII1POB8TbCs:l Ha Toprosne ~3 AaHHbiX lr1ccneAoBaHHs:t TPYAHO onpeAe- npoAyKTaMII1 KpynHoro npoMblwneHHoro npoii13- 111r1Tb, KaKir'le onepa~lr'llr'l He 6bl11l-1 3ac:Pir1KCir1POBaHbl BOACTBa. Cyw,ecrayer ew,e OAHa r'ieyYTeHHas:l cc:Pe- B006W,e, KaKir'le 6bl11t-1 3a$1.1KC1,1ipOBaHbl YaCTI.IIYHO pa roprosn1.1: ropros~::~~e KOMnaHII1111 nepeB03s:IT 1.1 KaKir18 6bi!Wl cj)I.131.1YeCK!It 3ac:Pir1KCir1POBaHbl Ha rosapbl 1113-3a rpaH!I1U,bl, nonbays:tcb ycnyraMir'l rpaH1.14e, HO ¢1aKTI.1YecKI.1 He onnaYeHbl. He ace YaCTHbiX rpa~aH (BB03 TOBapoB Ails:! Illr'IYH~X Tll1n~ ToprOB0-3aKynOYHbiX onepa~lr1~, 0 KOTOpbiX HY'fKir'l, YTO n03B011s:!eT B nOilHO~ Mepe lr1Cn011b- OTHOW8Hir110 KO MHOrii1M 1113 Hif'IX, He11b3s:l. Bee 30BaTb TaMO>KeHHble IlbfOTbl, npeAOCTSB11s:I8Mble MeTOAbl Heoc:PH~Ir'lallbHO~ TOPfOB11111 cnoco5- YacTHbiM nHu,aM (Bull, 1994). Ha YKpalr'IHe BB03 CTBOBalllr1 TOMy, YTO lr1CTir1HHbl8 ASHHble no K0111r1- roaapca Ails:! lllr'IYHbiX HY'fCA He o6naraeres:t now- 'ieCTBY H CTOir'IMOCTH TOprOB0·38KynOYHbiX onepa- 111r1HaMI.II, 9C11VI ero CTOir'IMOCTb He npeBbiWaeT U,Ir1~ OKa3biBS~TCs:l 3aHH)K8HHbiMI.II, "'TO, Ctl6- 10 Tblc. Aonnapoa. 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C ~1011R 1991 r. npaBHI1a 3KcnopTHoro 11111- npo611eM, ranon'-1PYIOW.e~ li!Hcpi1SIU,IIIlll lll B3aiiiMHbiX u,eH3'-1poaaH&~~~ PaAY~Ka/lbHO nepecMaTpllleam1cb Henl1aTe>Ke~. ano11He MO>KHO noHSITb npiii~'-1HY ~eTblpe pa3a, He c~'-1Tasl TetKHOfO MeXaHIII3· 72 AH~ O>Kl11Aa11'-1 nepeBOAOB Ha CBOlll c~eTa Ma 111Hcl>OPM'-1POB3H'-1SI 06 H3MeHeHIIISIX B 3aKO- nl1aTe:lKe~ Vl3 coceAHIIIX pecny6m1K. nocKOI1bKY HOASTellbCTBe, npHBOAM11a K noTepSIM y npeA- C'-1CTeMa nepeBOAa n11are>Ke~ YKpaiiiH~ "Bblpocna" np'-1H'-1MaTel1e~, BbiHY>K,D.eHHbiX OTCile>KIIIBaTb 1113- 1113 cTapoiil u,eHTPall'-130BaHHO~ ClllcTeMbl Coaer- MeHeHli!Sl 3aKOHOB H nepeC~IIITbl8aTb CBOIII HallO- cKoro Col03a, cpa3y :lKe B03HIIIKlllll npo6neMbl c rOBbie BblnnaTbl. nl1aTe:>KaMIII Ill BHyTPIII CaMO~ YKpa'-1Hbl, rAe cpeA- VI npo'-13BOACTBeHHble, 111 roprosble npeA- HSISI 3a.Aep~Ka nepeBOAa BHyrpeHHIIIX nl1aTe- np'-1SITIIIS1 nocrasllln'-1 8biCOK'-1e Hanor'-1 Ha ~eT- >Ke~ COCTSBI1SIIla 17 ,D,He~. 8~COKaSI 111Hcl>11SIU,'-1SI 8epToe MecTo (ou,eH'-18 lAX B 3,2 6anna) B cn111cKe OCI10>KH'-1fia ClllryalJ,VIIO TeM, ~TO 3aCTaBI1SIIla KOM- caMbiX cepbe3HbiX npenSITCTBH~ Ha nyr'-1 pa3BIIITIIISI Mep~eCKl/18 6aHK'-1 npiiiAeP>KIIIBaTb AeHbflll, B~­ Me>Kpecny611'-1KaHCKO~ ToproBI1H 111 Ha rpeTbe Mec- AaBSSI lAX B KparKocpo~H~e KPeA'-1Tbl. He OAHO TO (ou,eHli!B 8 3,7 6an11a) - B cn111cKe aKTopoe, npeAnPIIISIT'-1e ynOMIIIHai10 Afi'-1TellbHble TSI>K6~ 3a MewaiOW.liiX Toprosne co crpaHaM'-1 BHewHero no~eH'-1e nepeaeAeHH~X AeHer co CBOIIIX c~e­ MHpa. Cyw,eCTBeHHbiX pa311W-flll~ B 3TOM nnaHe roa. Me>K,D.y npOL-t3BOACT8eHHbiMlll Ill TOpr08biM'-1 opra- npoiii3BOACTBeHH~e npeAnPli!RTIIISI, B 60ilbWe~ HH3aU,IIIRM'-1, KaK Ill Me>K,Ay fOCYASPCTBeHHbiMIII '-1 cTeneHIII, ~eM roproa~e. ces:~3aHHble c 6aHKOBCKoiil Herocyp,apCTBeHHbiMIII npeAnP'-1SITIIISIMIII, He 6bll10, CIIICTeMo~ nepeBoAa n11are>Ke~. li!CnbiTblBalllll '-1 He 6bll10 TaiOKe Ill cyw,eCTBeHHO~ pa3HIIIU,bl Me)I(Ay 6o11ee A11'-1Tel1bHble 3aA8P>KKL"i: B cpeAHeM 19 AHeill 3T'-1MIII Toproao-npoMblwneHHbiM!-1 rpynnaMlll a ll,llSI BHyrpeHHIIIX nepeBOAOB '-1 82 AHSi AflSl Me>K- yKa3b!BaeMbiX 1.1MIII ypoaHs:~x Hal1oroo6no>KeH'-1SI roCYASPCTBeHHbiX no cpaBHeHIIIIO C COOTBeTCTBeH- (cpeAHIII~ ypoBeHb 44%) 11111'-1 B OTHOWeHI.1111 HO 14 Ill 64 AHSIMlll AfiSI TOproBbiX npeAnPliiS1Tlll~. nepcneKTli!B nony 1~eH'-1SI Hanoro8biX 11broT. Tol1bKO npoiii3BOA111Telllll yKa3biBaiOT, ~TO Ha MOM8HT on- poca OHlll TaK 111 He no11~llll1'-1 a cpeAHeM no 7,8 28% onpoweHHbiX npeAnPIIISIT'-1~ coo6W.11111111 o npeAOCTaBI1eHl-WI li!M Hal10f08biX flbfOT (06bi~HO n11are>Ke~ - AeHer, Korop~e A011>KHbl 6bll1'-1 6~ 3T'-1 IlbfOTbl npeAOCTaBilSliOTCSI 8HOBb o6pa30- nocryniiiTb Ha 111x c~era c Ha~ana 1992 r. Al1s:~ BaHHbiM npeAnPliiSIT'-1SIM, COBMeCTHbiM npeAnPHSI- roproa~x npeAnPIIISITliiH 3Ta U.lllcl>pa cocTaBIIIna T'-1SIM l/111'-1 npeAnPIIISIT'-1SIM, np0'-13BOJ].SIW,IIIM T0- 1,4. 8apbl, npiii3HaHHble Ba)KH~MIII AfiR yKpa'-1HCKO~ B 3Tli!X yci10BIIISIX rocyAapcTBeHH~e npeA- npiiiS1TIIISI Hec11111 6o11ee cyw,ecTBeHH~e norep'-1, 3KOHOMIIIKH). XOTSI CHCTeMa 11HU,9H3HPOBaHI-1SI CO BpeMeHH ~eM HerOCYASPCTBeHHble: 3aAep>KKIII COCTaBIIII1'-1 nposeAeHIIISI onpoca npeTepnena cyw.ecT8eHHble 24 AHSI Ails:! BHyrpeHHliiX nl1aTe::>KeH '-1 82 AHS1 AfiSI Me:>Kpecny611li!KaHCKIIIX nepeBOAOB (AfiSI Herocy- '-13MeHeH'-1SI, B XOAe IIICC11eAOBaH'-1SI 6bl110 BCKPbiTO AaPCTBeHHbiX npeAnPIIISITIIIH COOTBeTCTBeHHO 14 OAHO ~BI19H'-1e, KOTopoe, no-8'-1AIIIMOMy, He yrpa- Ill 68 AHe~). rocypppCTBeHH~e npeAnPli!SlTIIISI B T'-1110 caoe£1 aKTYal1bHOCTH. Toproeble npeAnPIIISI- 6ol1bWe~ cTeneHIII CTPaAal1'-1 "" oT Henol1y~e­ THSI acerAa c~li!TanH npo611eMy no11~eHIIIS1 nH- HIIISI nflaTe>Ke~: 16 npOTIIIB 1 y H9fOCYASPCTBeH- u,eH3111~ 6onee Cyll.\eCTBeHHO~, ~eM npeAnP'-1SITIIIS1- HbiX. KTOMY apeMeH'-1, KOfAS npe,o.npli!S1T'-1S1 Ha~an'-1 np0'-13BOA'-1Tei1H, ou,eHIIIB ee B 3,6 6an11a 8 cnHcKe 0630p BHeWtteA roproanM YccpaMHW H8 ypoatte npeAflPMRTMA 99 Hall!6onee cepbe3HbiX npensncTBI!1~ Ka nyrlll yse- ecTecrseHHoMy pocry BHOBb o6paaosaHHI:liiX, nll!~eHli!SI Me>Kpecny6nli!KaHCKoro Topr osoro o6o- npeAnp&.1s:tT~s:t crapwe rpex ner ~3 Bb16opKVI 6blnM poTa, TOfAa KaK npOlii3BOAVIT811lll OU.eHVIIllli ee B li!CKiliO~eHbl. 2,8 6anna. Yro )f(e KacaeTcSI paas~~tTHSI -rcprosnlll no~TM noi10BI.1Ha (48%) npeAnPVISITH~- npoM3· co cTpaHaMI!t AanbHero aapy6e:lt1SI npoSIBL>111VICb Me)K,CJ,y rocyp,apcrseHHbiMlll 111 HbiX npeAnPVISITVI~ OTMeTVIIllll CHll!)l(eHVIe 06beMOB Herocyp,apcTBeHHbiMlll npeAnPIIISITli!SIMVI. Toproable npoM3BeAeHHO~ npoAYKU.l-iVI, B TOM J.iVICile 16% - npeAnPI!tSITI!tSI ~a~e nony~anlll oTKa3bl a nony- 6onee 'ieM HanonoBVIHy. ~eHllllll pa30B0'-1 11li!U.eH3L>1lll Ha KOHKpeTHbl'-1 Bli!A CpeAVI npeAnPJ.1RTH~, He A06VIBWVIXCSI ycne- TOBapa: T8KL>1e OTKa3bl ynoMSIHyno 22% TOp- xa, npeo6na,o.aiOT KpynHble fOCYASPCTBeHHble roBbiX npeAnPL>1SITlll~ L-1 m1Wb 15% np~·~3BOACTBeH­ (ra6n. 4.13) c opMaMll! co6cTseHHOCTlll, THniii~­ HbiX npeAnPliiSITll!lil. HbiMIII AJlSI rocyp,apcTBeHHbiX 4l&.1pM, - nps:tMOe MaliiSI KaK nperpaAa Ha nyrlll paas~~tTli!SI sKc- fOCYAaPCTBeHHOe BllSAeH&~~e, KOillleKTVIBHaSI lr1fl~ nopra nocTOSIHHO non~ana Hlii3Kll!e ou.eHKlll Hec- apeHAHaSI oPMbl (pr.1c. 4.6). He6naronony~Hoe MOTJ)SI Ha ee nosceMecTHoe npllicyrcTBll!e Ha ypos- npeAnpVISITI.IIe HaC~VITbiBaeT B cpeAHeM 197i' pa6oraiOW.HX, 6naronony~Hoe - 709. He poaHlii~Ho'-1 Toprosn~~t. 06bs:tcHeHMeM 3TOMY He6naronon~Hble npoH3BOAVITe!lV1 npe.o,npiii- MO}I(eT 6b1Tb npt1Bbi~HaSI Be3AeCyW.HOCTb Mallllll H~Manll! o1'4as:tHHble ycll!lllf1s:t, ~T06bl noM,ep}I(STb (Aa liS caM 3TOT TepML-'IH SIBI1SieTCSI ~epecl.lyp Heon- yposeHb npmt3BOACTBa, fl/D(e npH H811W1MH BMAIII- peAeneHHbiM a.1 3aTacKaHHbiM). HaceneHVIe YKpalii- MbiX npeli!MyLLJ,eCTB B nony~eHrr11.1 $VIHaHCOBO~ Hbl HaCTOilbKO npli!BbiKnO li!MeTb Aena C 3Tli!M SIBile- noMOl4VI or npaBVITenbcTaa. B re~eHVIe 1993 r. Hll!eM, ~To oHo cTano opraHli!~Ho'-1 ~aCTbiO Aeno- ~M ~aw.e, ~eM ycneWHO YHKU,&.10HiiiPYIOW.~M soro npou.ecca 111 paccMaTpll!saeTcs; KaK lii3A9P}I(Ka npeAnPVISITVISIM, Bb1AenSim1Cb KPeAlHbl (82% no 6li!3Heca, a He npens:tTCTBVIe AflSI ero pa3BL>1THSI. cpasHeHli!IO c 59% y 6naronon~Hb1X), npeAo- cTaBns:tflHCb fOCyAaPCTBeHHble 3aKa3bl (82% nopTpeT npeycnea&IOil.\ero npOTHB 71 %). C OAHOH CTOPOHbl, anomie noHSITHO npOM3BOACTB81UtOrO np8AI1PMRTMR HaMepeHVIe npaBVITellbCTBa CMSif~HTb 3TIIIMVI MepaMVI noTepH KpynHbiX rocnpeAnPVISIT&.1H, c 8 u.enOM KIDKeTCSI SICHbiM, ~TO TOpfOBble npeA- APYroi1 - He MeHee o~eBIIIAHO, ~To TaKllle "Koc- npHSITL-iSI 8 HOBbiX SKOHOMWieCKli!X ycnoBLt1SIX YK- TblnVI" COBCeM He 06s:t3aTellbHO cnoco6CTBYIOT pali!Hbl npou.seTaiOT, CYAb6a }l(e npeAnPliiSITlll'-1- pocry npOV13BOACTBa, OHM llHWb nOMOfaiOT COX- npoli!3BOAli!Tene'-1 MeHee onpeAeneHHa. noAbeM paHRTb pa60'"lll!e MeCTa. TOPfOBbiX npeAnPVISITVI'-1 6bln o6yc.nOBJ1eH 3KOHO- MJ.1~eCKli!Mlll nepeMeHaMlll, npm13BOAI!tTelll!t )Ke 8 u.enoM 6blllVI BbiHY}I(AeHbl aAanTliiPOBaTbCSI K PMC. 4.6. Cl»opMW C06cTB8HHOCTM finaro nOIIJ'IHWX li!3MeHliiBWei.1~ cr.nyaU.VIlll. To, ~To crapble ro- M He6naroncnY'IHWX npe.AnpMtrndi cyAapcTBeHHble "Ali!H03aBpb1" 6optOTCSI 3a Bbi- }1(&-'IBaHVIe, s Hacros:~w.ee speMs:t socnpVIHI.1Maercs:t KaK Henpeno}I(Hbllil aKT, OAHaKo He see npo- % 60 lii3BOACTBeHHble npeAnPliiSITVISI SIB11SIIOTCSI y6bi- TO~Hb1MVI. no3ToMy 6yAeT none3HO paccMorperb 50 re crpaTerVI~ecKHe, c nonli!Tlll~ecKo£1 TO'iKH 3pe- Hli!R, HanpaaneHlllst, Koropble noMoratoT o6ecne- 40 YVITb npOMbiWJ1eHHbli:1 poeT OAHVIM, VI Te COCTaB- flSIIOLLJ,VIe, KOTOpble BbiHY>KACiiOT 6opOTbCSI 3a Bbl- }l(li!BaHVIe APYff.IIX. 30 '-4To6bl pa3rpaHVI~VITb noHSITVIs:t "6narono n~­ Horo"VI"He6narononyYHoro"npeAnPli!SITllls:t,npeA- 20 npVISITIIISIM-npoV13BOAVIT911SIM 6bll10 npe~O}I(eHO onVIcaTb, KaKiile VI3MeHeHVIs:t npeTepnen o6beM npOV13BeAeHHO~ li!MVI npOAYKU.VIVI aa noclleAHllle 10 TPVI rop,a (yMeHbWeHVIe VlllVI ysenVIYeHll!e Ha 50%, 6e3 VI3MeHeHVIH, CHVI}I(eHVIe AO HYllA) 21 • 8 ycno- 0 BVISIX VICKa>KeHHolil 3KOHOMVI~ecKo£1 CTPYKTYPbl ~ ! 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BOK 111 pacnpeAeneHII1R. 06e rpynnbl npeAnPII1SiTHH 111cmuanH nplo16nM- noBOPOTY ToproBOH aKTII1BHOCTII1 K BHyrp·eH- 3MTenbHO OAHHaKOBOe COKPall.leHMe ypoBHSI npo- HeMy pbiHK)', 803MO>KHQ, cnoco6CTBO.Ba.n3 HOMeH- Aa>K Ha PbiHKax 6blawero CoaercKoro Co103a KllaTYP8 npOII13BOA111MbiX TOBapoa. npeAnPHSITII1SI, (npMMepHO Ha 65%). npH 3TOM 88% 6naro- npOH3BOAio1BWMe KpynHyiO npOMbiWit~HHYIO npo- nO~HbiX npeAnPl-1RTl-1H yaenll1t.tMnll1 ypoaHl-1 npo- AYKU,11110 B paMKaX eAHHOfO BCeCOI03HOfO np0!.-13- Aa>K BHYTP~ YKpalo1H~. cpeAH He6narononYt.tHb1X 3Toro A06Mnocb TOllbKO 50%. TaKoH noaopoT K BOACTBeHHOro npou,ecca, AOll>KHbl 6biJU1 MCnbi- 8HyrpeHHeMy PbiHK)' COBCeM He 03Hat.taeT, ~TO TbiBaTb TPYAHOCTM B peanll13aU,HM ee Ha BHyrpeH- npeAnPMRTII1SI, noweAWMe no 3TOMY nyrH, A06bi0- HeM PbiHKe YKpaii1Hbl, TorAa KaK Ha aHeWHViX pbtH- TCR ycnexa B Aonrocpo~Ho£1 nepcneKTII1Be: crpyK- Kax 3TO 6bll10 Cyll.leCTBeHHO ne~e. npo!I1S.BO[J~CTBO rypa BHyrpeHHero pbiHKa C11HWKOM Henor,t.tHa, "TR)KeJloH" npoAYKU111M accou,II1HPOBanocb B Gonb- ~ro6bl AenaTb KaKII1e-nl-16o nporH03bl o B03MO>K- weH creneHH c He6naronon'Y\IHbiMM npeAnP~So1- HOCTSIX npeAnPMRTHst YAep:>KaTbCSi Ha nnaay, eCJlM T~RMII1, ~eM c 6naronony~HbiMII1, "nerKaR" >Ke eMy He 6yAeT noMoraTb fOCYAaPCTBO. 3TOT noaa- npOAYKU.111R 6blna 6onee xapaKTepHa AfiR ycnewHo poT, TeM He MeHee, CMfHalllo13MpyeT 0 TOM, ~TO pa6oTa10ll.lMX npeAnPMRTII1H 22 . {AeTCU11113MPOBaTb TaKMe npeAnPII1SiTlo1Si Ha~HnHcb pear111poaaTb Ha 3Hat.teHMe THnOB npOH380AMMOH npOAYKL\MM A11S1 M3MeHeHII1SI u,eH. CpeAM 6naronon~HbiX npeA- ycneWHOH AeRTellbHOCTM npeAnPMSITMSI He npeA- npMRTMH MHOrMe {33%) OTMe~aiOT y8e11111~eHMe CTaBnReTCR 803MO>KHbiM B CBSI3M C OTCYTCTBMeM o6beMoa 3arpaHio1~HOH roproanM (cpeAM He6na- MH$OpMaU,Mlo1 0 AOlle TOH Itt/1M MHOH npOAYKU,MM B ronOJ1Y'iHbiX- 25%). CpeAl-1 ycnewHo AeHCTByiO- o6ll.leM o6beMe ero npoM3BOACTBa.) Haa.16onee ll.lMX npeAnPMSITMH A011R rex, KTO B006ll.le ~acT­ ~eTKO pa311H'iMSI npOSIBMilMCb B AByx npOM3BOA- eyer a roproane c 3apy6e>KHbiMM cTpaHaMM, Bbl- CTBeHHbiX CeKTopax - "npOMbiWI18HHble TOBapbl we, ~eM y MX MeHee ycneWHbiX KOJ111er- COOT- M nonycpa6pHKan~" ..., "cctlepa ycnyr M npoAYKU.MR BeTCTBeHHO 57% l1 50%. MHTenneKTYanbHOH co6cTBeHHOCTM". 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TaKaR 6narono~HbiX npeAnPHRTII1H M 73% He6naro- rny60KaSI 3aBMCMMOCTb OT MMnOpTa 1113 pecny611MK nony'iHbiX. 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Ha~OHallbtY CSattc Yr;paM.._. pacnoP'\QMI1CR, MHOnle npe,QflpMATMA IJOeHHO-npoMir.AUI'IeHHOfO ICOMM8KCB, a 'fTOISbl C 12 110 16 HOR6pA 1992 r. IIC8 ICOMM8P'f8CIICM8 6aHKM T81Cl1C8 TeCHOA MHTerpa~eA I •coi8TCICMA• (oco6eHHO poc- KOHBeptMpot1811M CBOM A8110311T...a C't&Ta IS QP6ol8....... no CI1ACIICMA) pwttOIC. 0AeCCa, ICPYf!H8AW11A nopT 116wllweM CCCP, lt'/PCY 1:1. '-tacT...,. rpaJICABHaM T8101C8 6blfl ycT&HOBneH CpoK C...TBSTCA KOCMOnoni1TM'48CIICMMropo,QOM C p&31MTbiMI1 np8A- AfiA 06MeHa H8fiM'HaD( py6neA H8 qp6oeaK.\bl, O,QtGICO c,QeJ18nl1 npMHMM8T8flbCICMMI1 cTpYICJYP8MM 11 cHnbHOA Maei>MeA. 3TO H8MHOfl"'8 1 T81C IC81C py6nb I TO llp8MR 6wJ1 a nonTopa pa38 .QOPOliCe up()oaa~. c Mapta 1993 r. MeliCJ)8CnytinMIC8ttc:IICMe 6 Coller a~eoHOMM'tBCKoA B38MMOflOMOl14M - 11 npownOM Topro- rpaHc~epw AOfi)I(Hbl 6wnM npoaoAMTbCR ~epe3 ec:oppec- llbli\ fSnOK CoaetcKoro Col038 - IIK1110'18il ctpa.._. 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Bull. 13 20 06a 110Ka38T81'1A RIII'IRIOTCA CYlJ.'&CTIII8HttiMI1 npM 95%-HOA YKPSMHB Ha'48118 IIOAMTb T8MO)I(8tH.IA ICOtfTPOIIb Hll rpaHML48X c pecny6ni1KaMM 6blawero CCCP 1 anpenA 1993 r. no ABHHbiM ,QOCTOMPHOCTM. AfiA MeliCp8Cny61'1MK8HCICoA ToproenM M•3,19 rocy,QapcT18HHOfO T8MODHH0r0 ICOMMTEIT8, Ytcpai1H8 OTtcpbllla M Cl(0,95)-3,04opMa""'OHHbiX aretrrCTB "YKpaHH- 24 CKH9 AenOBble HOBOCTM", "fAHTePpManbHO, TO MHTep- 8ec:eMec~Hble H e>KeKBapTanbHble 6tOnneTeHM MMHHCTepcrsa BbK>epa npocMnM npM6biTb B KMeB no OICOH'iaHMM Haoopa tteo6- cTaTHCTMKM YKPaMHbl. XO,QMMOA ICBOTbl. Bee OCTanbHble KOHTaiCTbl BenMCb no Tene$otiy. 25 MCTO'IHMKM no KYPC&M o6MeHa BMIOT TeM He Mettee pecnoH,QeHTbi 38"48CTYJO noA03peaanM MHTep- HanM"4Hble IC\'PCbl o6MeHa: pbiHOK nepeA L\eHTpanbHbiM YHMBep- BbtOepoB B TOM, "4TO Te, paooTaR Ha npaBMTenbCTBO, nbiTaiOTCR canbHbiM Mara3MHOM. Bb1B8A8Tb MX CeKpeTbl. 3nt OOA03peHHR 6biJ1M pa3B8Rhbl OHCb- 6e3HanM"4Hbte ICYPCbl o6Metta: Ha~.zy~ottanbHbiA 6aHK YICPaMHbl. MOM OT KM8BCKoro npeACT8BHTenA M5PP, Bblpa3MBWero 6naro- AaPHOCTb 3a Y'48CTMe B HccneAOBaHMM. KOHCJnbT81.\MM M MHTepBbiO 3Kcr10pTHO-MMI10PTHbiA 6aHK YKpaMHbl, 21 MaR 1993 r. nMTepa-rypa MMHMCTepcTBO BtteWHHX 31COHOMH"teCKHX CHOWeHMA MToproanr.t 6ynn (Bull) r.n. BtteWHHR ToproanR YICPaMHbl: MMICpo31COHO MM- YKPaMHbl (pa3nM"4Hble 6eceAbl). "feCKMA o63op (Foreign Trade in Ukraine: A Microeconomic ropoACICMe OTAenbl Mr.tHMCTepc·iaa BHeWHHX 31COHOMM'fEICICMX Perspective). nporpaMMa 4>oHAa MaKttaMapbl, M5PP. Ct'IOWBHMA H TOprosnM 80 JlbBOBe, XapbiCOBe H 0ABCCe. BawMHrTOH, 1994. MMHHCTBpcTBO CTaTMCTMICM (pa3nM'iHble OOCeAbf). Y~q>aMHa - HOaoe a pa3BMTHIIt 3KOHOMMKM (Ukraine - Recent Hal,4MOHanbHbiA 6aHIC YKpaMHbl (14 MaR 1993 r., 1 MIOHR Economic Developments). MBCI>. BawMJ-trrOH, 1993. 1993 r.). YKPaMHa: 3KOHOMM"(E!CKHA MeMopaH,QyM (Ukraine: Country Eco- M6PP (pa3nM'iHble MHCCHM ). nomic Memorandum). M5PP, ONBT N210029-UA. BawMH- IIIHKOM6aHK (2 anpenR 1993 r.). rroH, 1993. Me)IC,D,yHapoAHbiA BaniOTHbiA ott,Q (pa3nM"4Hble MHCCMM). Y36crep (Webster) n. 'iacrHbiA ceKTop fl>OM3BOACT&a a nonbwe: MMHHCTepcTBO 31COHOMHICM YICPaMHbl (21 RHBapR 1993 r.). o63op np8A11pMsnMA (Private Sector Manufacturing in Po- Accot.J,Ma""'R KOMMBP'feCKMX 6aHKOB (24 M8S1 1993 r.). land: A Survey of Firms). M6PP, OTAen pa3BHTMR npoMbiW- neHHOCTM. BawHHrTOH, 1992. rocy,qapcTB9HHbiA TaMO)I(eHHbiA KOMMT9T (31 MaR 1993 r.). YICPHMneKC (14 MaR 1993 r., 19 Mafl 1993 r.). KOMMeHTBpHii K pa3,qeny 4 RH6epanH3BI.flfR pl:tiHKa, npoBOAHMaR YKPBRKOii: npOIUIRTHe /ARH CKphiTOe 6naro? /:l3HMen Kayt/JMBHH C epretO lll faJW1He ""BaHeHKo HeAaBHO nowen nSJTbl~ AeCSJTOK. 0Hlt1 )l(liiByr a He60JibW0£1 KBapTL-1pe Ha OKpaliiHe K111eaa, BMeCTe C H~1Mit1 npO)f(li1BaeT li1X CbiH- nOAPOCTOK"' npecTapenaSJ MaTb rrun1Hbl. KaK lll MHOrll1e MOilOAble YKPSli1HU.bl, Cepre£1 ll1 ra11111Ha c IOHbiX JleT l11Mef1ll1 He3aBI.1CII1Mbl£1 CKJia,Q yMa lll npe,Qnpi!1Ha.1MaTenbCKlt19 HaKJ10HHOCn1. 8 KOH· TOpbl£1 3aHHMaJICs:l, B LfaCTHOCT,..,, Toprosne£1. ,l).ns:1 U.9 1991 r. OH&II npiiiB9TCTBOBaJl&ll H93aBV!C&II· Cepres:. era oHU.IIIailbHas:. 3apnnara {B nepecYeTe MOCTb Cl"paHbl 111 T9 3KOHOMI.1Lt9CKit19 B03MO>K- 12 A01111. B M8Cs:IU,) H llbfOTbl, Ha KOTOpble OH MOr pacc'tMTbiBaTb, 3HaYr..1n,.., MeHbWe, YeM Heo¢uot- HOCTII1, KOTOPbl9, KaK OH1.1 HaA9Sinii1Cb, np~He­ u,~anbHble KOHTaKTbl, KOTOpble OH 388el1 B TOP- C9T 6onee OTKpbiTaSI 3KOHOM"'Ka K8K Ha BHyT- fOBI18 "' KOTOpble MOflll-1 noMOLfb eMy B era AClflb- p8HH9M, TaK 1.1 Ha sHeJ.UHII1X pbtHKax. He£1WIIIX npeAnPlKCKHMH HOCKaMH. KaK ,.., y Cepres:. A8Her ~ npHo6pen ABa BR3311bH~X CTaHKa AnR rOA Ha3ap., Aena nown"' xopowo, ,.., e~ YAallOCb 1>13roTosneH~s:l nepYaToK. Ha HaYanbHOM 3Tane 3KCnopntpOB8Tb Lf8CTb npOAYKUHf.ll, B Lf8CTHOCTH, ynopHbl£1 TPYA ., }l(eCTKas:t HHaHcosas:. A1o1CU.~t~­ B nonbWy, Waeu,lo1~ ., 6enapycb. Ha 3TOT pa3 nnlo1Ha npHHecn~ HeKOTOpbli:1 AOXOA- era nepliaTKH 6bl110 H8CKOilbKO nerYe, TSK KaK 0¢llo1U.Io1allbHble sa xopowy~ u.eHy npoAaaan~cb a Pocc~l-1, HallOrl-1 6bii1W ~e He CTOilb BbiCOKH H KOHBep- TypKMeHHCTaHe M Ha MecTHOM PbiHKe. Tio1pyeMy~ san~ry MO}I(HO 6blno noMeHs:tTb no KYP- 0AHaKO BCKope HaYani.IICb npo6neMbi. KoMna- cy, 6niii3KoMy K PbiHOYHoMy. 6blno MeHbWe 3KC- Hit1R Cepres:~ nenana noA sKcnopTHble orpaHlfCio11la, ~TO AnSI 3KcnopTa Hanoros. B 1992 r. 6bln TaKoi:1 neplo10A, KOrAa, HOCKOB He06XOAio1MO 11011'~f'ilo1Tb pa3peweHio1s:l OT no pacYeTaM Cepres:., peanbHbli:1 Hanor Ha AOXOA 14 pa31llo1LfHbiX lo1HCTaHU.Io1~, ~o£1 lo13 KOTOPbiX aT era Aena npesblcHn 1 00%. OH Ha'ian repneTb HSAO nnannb. BaeAeHHoe Tpe6oaaHio1e o CMYe y6biTK~ &II K oceH~ 1992 r. saKpbln caoe Manoe 1.1HOCTpaHHo£1 BailiOTbl no KYPCY Hlo1>Ke pbiHOYHoro npeAnPHs:ITio1e. 03HaYano, LfTO 3KcnopT nepecran npHHOCio1Tb nocne 3Toro }1(&113Hb ceMbl-1 vtsaHeHKO cyw.ecr- npH6blnb. Ha aHyrpeHHeM PbiHKe snacTH CTafllo1 seHHO ocna}I(Hio1nacb. 3apnnaTbl ran~Hbl, ceKpe- BbiHY>fCA8Tb ee nOHio13HTb U.eHy Ha CBO~ npo- Tapst B Mr..1H~CTepCTBe, Ha COAeP}I(SH~e 'ieTaepbiX AYKU.HIO B COOTB8TCTBio11o1 C aAM!.1H!.1CTpaT!.1BHO He XBaTano, A8 f.ll peanbHSR CTOlIIIPMbl, KOTopas:~ Y'Ke sena onnary 'iaCTHoro epaYa. Y CbiHa B03HHK11H npo6- HeOQ>Io1U.!.1aflbHYIO Aes:ITellbHOCTb. 3A8Cb ei:1 npeA- neMbl B WKone- He xaarano HY>fCHbiX YLf86HlKHillo1 npOio13BOACTBeHHble ni10lltaA111, TOprOBble YLflo1T811s:l He XOTenVJ pa60T3Tb, nponyCKallH ypoKH. CBR31.1 lo1 noMOflll-1 COBeTOM. C nOMO~biO KOHTaK- 8 HaYane 1993 r. 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K 1992-1993 rr. 6o- COK&.1e BbiXOAHble noco61.1s:1, COCTaBJlSIIOW.~e OT nee nonoBif1Hbl 3CTOHCKoro 3KcnopTa (a lt1C~~cne­ AByx AO ~en:a~pex Mecs:~~HbiX 3apnnaT, OAHaKo Hif11.11 no oct>lf1U.If1anbH~M o6MeHHbiM KYPcaM) Han- npeAnPif1s:ITif1~ crpeMSITCSI lt136e>KaTb TaKif1X pacxo- pasnS~nocb Ha 3anaA, ~To Ta~e s:~sns:~eTcs:l caMbiM AOB, npeAnO ... ~Tas:l OTnpaBJlSITb pa60TH&.1KOB B BbiCOK~M nOKa3aTeneM cpeA~ CTpaH 6biBWero Heonna~lt1BaeMble oTnycKa. CCCP7. ELUe 6onee PaA~KanbHoi.1 cTana nepeo- npo6neMbl B cPif1HaHCOBOM ceKTope 1!1 SIBHOe plt1eHTaU.~Silt1Mnopra: a 1993 r. ABe TpeTlt1 ~Mnop­ He~enaHif1e 6aHKOB Bb1Aa8aTb KPeAlt1Tbl B o6cTa- Ta nocryn1o1no c 3anaAa, npelt1Myw.ecTBeHHo &.13 HOBKe nOBbiWeHHOro p~CKa TaiOKe He cnoco6- ¢>~HJ1s:IHA~lt1. 8 1993 r. Ha...anoCb BOCCTaHOBJleH~e CTBYIOT npou.eccaM aAanTaU.l-1&.1 ~ 3KOHOM~~ec- 3CTOHCKoill ToproB11&.1 nocne pe3Koro nposana a 3cTOHMA: CMJII01148H 3883,Qil 5anTMM 117 TafinMLUI 5.2. BHewHAA TOproan• • 1990-1993 rr. (B TeKYJ.llHX U,eHaX) 1990 1991 1992 1993 06&eM, MnH. P.Onn. 3KcnopT, ecero 4381 3886 389 802 CrpaHbl 6biBWero CCCpll 4183 3836 147 341 GrpaHbl BH9WHero M~pa 198 50 242 461 ~MnopT, scero 5343 3200 400 944 CTJ)aHbl 6b1BWero CCCP 4751 2996 146 326 C"rpaHbl BHewHero M~Pa 592 204 254 618 ToproBbiH 6anaHc -962 686 -11 -142 CTJ)aHbl 6b1Bwero CCCP -568 840 15 C"rpaHbl BHewHero M~pa -394 -154 -12 -157 ,llonR or 06Ulero o6&eMB, % 3KcnopT, ecero 100 100 100 100 CTJ)aHbl 6b!BWero CCCP 95,5 98,7 37,8 42,5 CTP8Hbl BHeWHero M~pa 4,5 1,3 62,2 57,5 ~MnopT, ecero 100 100 100 100 C"rpaHbl 6blawero CCCP 88,9 93,6 36,5 34,5 CTJ)8Hbl BH9WHero M~pa 11,1 6,4 63,5 65,5 a noAC"'HTaHO Ha OCHOBe AaHHbiX 110 OT.Q8nbHbiM CTpaHaM M OU8HOK COTPYAHMKOB BceMMpttoro 6aHKa C nepec\ISTOM 1101C838TSIIeA B Ha~OHanbttoA saniOTe no o$ML.tMallbHOMY/KOMMeP\18CKOMY KYPCaM All~ 1990 M 1991 rr. M no cpeAHOro.QOBOMY PI*KHtOMY JCYPCY .QI'IR 1992 M 1993 rr. 11'1 c To"' H H K: Pac"'67bl MGPP. 1992 r-8. 06W.H~ 06beM 3KCnopTa B A01111apoBOM Bana npOAYKTbl mnaHH~, TeKCTII111b, npOAYKU.MIO 3KBHBaneHTe YABOHnc~. Ha~6onee AHHaMH~Ho Kan!I1T8110eMKOrO M8WHHOCTpOeHIIt~, a BB0311111a pa3BHBaeTc~ Toprosn~ c 3anaAOM. 3HeprOHOCHTeE1H 111 Cblpbe. C np~~to6peTeHIIteM B 8 1992-1993 rr. OCHOBHO~ 06beM ToproBJlflll 1991 r. He3aB,C,MOCTH 06beMbl Me)KrOCYAaPCT- npHXOAHflCSI Ha CKaHAfii!HaBCKHX COCeAe~ 3CTOHHH. BeHHO~ ToproB/11.1 pe3KO CH,3,fllltCb, HO ee TO- KpynHe~WII1M ToproBbiM napTHepoM 3cTOHH, cTa- BapHoe HaCbiLUeH,e He ,3MeH!t1110Cb, nOCKOilbKy na ,Hfl~HA,~. Ha A01110 KOTOpo~ B 1993 r. np,W- npo,3Bo,o,cTBeHHasl CTPYKTYPa 3cTOHHH a coaeTc- nacb n~Ta~ ~acTb acero 3CTOHCKoro 3KcnopTa ,., KHe rOAbl Ha>H~ecKyiO nHTaHIIt~, MaW,HOCTPO,TellbHa~ npOAYKLJ,M~ npo- 6J1M30CTb 3THX CTpaH 11'1 CTano pe3yllbTaTOM nOA- AOil>KaiOT AOMHH,POB8Tb B 3KCnopTe B POCCMIO M niiiCaHHOrO 3CTOHIAe~ cornaWeH,~ 0 CB060AHO~ APYr~e HOBble He3aBHC,Mble rocyAaPCTBa. Ha Toprosne co cTpaHaMIA EACT. MeHbWYIO ponb 3anaA, B OCHOBHOM B Espony, 3CTOHH~ 3KCnop- ,rpaeT Toproan~ c EC, OAHaKo oHa TaJOKe yaenH- THpyeT no 6onbwe~ ~acm pecypcoeMKHe Toaapbl, ~,aaeTc~. ~eMy, aepo~THO, cnoco6cTaosano cor- TaK,e KaK nee ,., npOAYKTbl nHTaH,~. M TPYAOeM- naweHIIIe o cao60AHO~ Toproane, noAn,caHHoe c EC a ,tOne 1994 r. KytO npOAYKU.HIO o6pa6aTb1BaiO~,.Ueii1 npOMbiWileH- Pace,~ ocTaeTc~ KpynHe~w,M ToproabiM HOCT, - TeKCTII111b, O,D,e>KjJ,y, Me6ellb. 0K0110 TpeTH napTHepoM 3cTOHHH cpeAH pecny6n,K 6blawero HMnOpTa C 3anaAa TPaA,U,HOHHO COCT8Bil~IOT CCCP, xoT~ ee Aon~ B 3CTOHCKOM 3KcnopTe cH1!1- cpe,D,CTBa np0,3BOACTBa, 15% - 3HeproHOCII1- 3,nacb c 60% B KOHU.e 80-x rr. AO 20%. 6e- Te11,. 8 1993 r. ,MnOpT cpeACTB npOH3BOACTBa nopyccH~ ,., YKpaHHa, HeKor,o,a KpynHble Toproable B03poc Ha 150%, ~TO OTPa>IG3eT 3aMeTHOe yse- napTHepbl 3CTOHIIIH, B HaCTO~W.ee BpeM~ 3aHH- llH~eHHe IAHBeCTHU.1110HHOii1 aKTHBHOCT,, 3Ha~II1- MaiOT He3Ha~,TenbHoe MecTo a ee 3KcnopTe. Ha TellbH8~ ~aCTb KOTOpo~ $,H8HCHpyeT~ np~MbiMM np,6a11T,~CKHe pecny6111!1KH np,XOA,TC~ 12% 3apy6e)KHbiM, Kanii1Tai10BilO)KeH,~MI;1. 3KCnopTa , 6% IIIMnopTa 3CTOHHH. 3TO Han- 6011bWaSI ~aCTb TOprOB111.1 3CTOHH, B npl!1w paaneHHe ToproanH Mo:>KeT nony~,Tb pa3BII1T,e a 6ann1~CKOM perHoHe np,xoAHTCSI tia JlaTBHIO. B CBSI3, C C03AaHIIIeM B anpene 1994 r. 6anrn~CKO~ 1992 r. ABe TpeT, 3TOro 3KCnopTa COCTaBHila 30Hbl CB060AHO~ TOprOBJlflll Ill YCHJleHHeM cne- 3JleKTp03HeprH~, OCTaJlbHOe - npOAYKU.Hs:l XHMH· ~,aJ11113all,,ll1 cpeAH 3TII1X Tpex CTpaH. ~eCKOro npo,3BOACTBa H MaWHHOCTpOeH,~, TeKC- ToaapHaR CTPYKTYPa roproanH. 3a nocneAHHe TII111b. B 1993 r. 3cTOHH~ nocTaan~na 311eKTJ)o- 50 lleT TOBapHa~ HOMeHKJlarypa 3CTOHCKOii1 TOp- 3HeprHIO 38 OAHY AeCSJTYIO u,eHbl, np!t1Hs:ITOii1 B 38- rOBJl, co cTpaHaMrA 6blawero CCCP He npeTep- na,o,HbiX crpaHax, no3TOMY e nepcneKTIIIae 3Kcnopr nena OC06biX II13MeHeH,ii1. 3CTOHI!1SI 3KCnopTHPO- bl JlaTB,IO, B03MO)KHO, np,BeAeT K Y~WeH'-110 118 Toproanst B HOBbiX He38BMCMMbiX rocy,QapcTBaX ycnoa~M ToproaiWI 3cTOHIIU1. ToproabiM o6MeH c OTKPbiTocTb co3p,aeT B03MO)KHOCTII1 AilS! nnaaHoro Jl~TaOM, AOCTaTO ... HO yMepeHHbaM, COCTO~T a OC- 1r1 6blcTporo nepexop,a K pb1HOI.fHoj;1 3KOHOM111Ke. HOaHOM ~3 noTpe6~TeJlbCK~X Toaapoa: XJlOnOK, Pau,~~toHaJlbHbiM KOMnneKc PbiHO"fHO opll1eHTII1PO- 6yMara, OAe*ACA ( ...acTo a Q>opMe 6apTepa) o6Me- BaHHbiX u.eH cnoco6cTayeT nepepacnpeAeneH!AIO HV1aa10Tes~ Ha 3HeproHoc~Tenl.1 ~ APYrll1e noTpe6~­ pecypcoa, KOHKYPeHU,111111 Aa>Ke cpeAII1 MeCTHbiX TeJlbCKir1e Toaapbl. 8 1993 r. aa>KHOM CTaTbeM 3KC- MOHOnOJlii1CTOB, no3B011SI8T CTpaHaM pa3B~BaTb nopTa B npr.16a11n1MCK~e CTpaHbl CT8Jllr1 npOAYKTbl cneu,ll1aJll.13all,li110 B COOTaeTC!rBL1111 CO CB0111M~ OTHO- n~TaH&r1SI. CII1TeJlbHbiMII1 npeii1MYW.eCTaaMII1. 0TKpbiTOCTb no- 3cTOHII1SI, 6naroAaps:t caoeMy reorpaKAy BocTOKOM 1r1 3anaAoM. Bo3po~­ 6oraTbiM eaponeMCK111M PbiHKaM 1r1 nono)l(eHII1e B AeH~e 3TOM Toprosn~ Ha~anocb a 1992 r. Ha pe- u,eHTpe Me>KAy BocTOKOM 111 3anaAOM. ryn~pHOM OCHOBe ocy~eCTBJlSieTCSI pe3KCnopT 3KcnopTHaR nonHTHKa. 111116epanll13aU,II1SI sKc- Toaapoa 1.13 cTpaH 6biBLUero CCCP, KOTopble nopTHOM nOJli.1T111KII1 3CTOHII11.1 6bllla ocyw.ecTaJleHa AOc·raBJlSIIOTCSI Ha 3anaA ... epe3 3CTOHCKr.1e nopTbl, 6biCTPbiMII1 TeMnaMII1. K 1992 r. 6bl11111 CHRTbl no~TII1 a Taae pe3KCnOpT U,aeTHbiX M8TaJ1JlOB !A H8cPTI.1, ace orpaHII1 ... eHIII~ Ha 3KcnopT10 • 6narop,aps:~ cao- npo~CXO)I(AeHr.18 KOTOpbiX 3a...aCTYIO npecTaBJlSI- eapeMeHHO npoaeAeHHOM nl.16epanll13aLJ,II1111 u,eH eTCSI COMH~TeJlbHbiM • Cn1MY1lOM AJlSI TSKOM TOp- 9 3CTOHII1SI B Te ... eH111e nepeXOAHOro nepi.iOAS MeHb- roan~ SIBJlSI8TCSI pa3H~L.J,a Me)I(Ay MII1POBbiM~ u,e- we, ... eM ee COCeAI.1, Hy>KAanac'b B 3KCnopTHbiX HaM~ Ha Cblpbe 1.1 U,eHaMI.1 B 6b!BW8M CoaeTCKOM orpaHII1 ... eHII1S1X AflSI 3aW.1.1Tbl caoero npoAOBOJlbCT- COI03e, a TaiOKe cyw.ecTBYIOW.111e ao MHOrlr1X CTpa- aeHHoro pbiHKa 111n111 o6ec'ne ... eHII1SI BHYTPeHHero Hax orpaHI.1~8HI.1SI Ha 3KCnopT. 3CTOHCK09 npaB!t1- noTpe6neHI.1SI. J11116epanbHast sKcnopTHas:~ nonii1Tir1- TeJlbCTBO nbiTallOCb orpaHI.1 ... 1.1Tb 3TY TOprOBJliO ny- Ka cnoco6cTaoaana pocTY sKcnopTa, o6ecnel.fll11la TeM ycTaHOBJl8HI.1SI norpaH1.1 ... 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Ho 1r1 nocne Toro, KaK 6yAeT AOCTif'lrHyTO co- Mep, npoi.13BOACTBO xyAo~ecTaeHHoro cTeKila) 11 • oTaeTCTB!t1e aHyTpeHHII1X 1.1 M1.1pOBbiX U,eH Ha 3H1 CoxpaHeHa acero OAHa roCYAaPCTBeHHaSI Topro- TOBapbl, TpaH3111THaSI TOproBJlSI, CKOpee Bcero, BaSI MOHOnOflii1SI- 3KCnopT MeTaJlJlOB. 3TO CAena- coxpaH~TcSI, nocK01lbKY 6biBWI.1e cTpaHbl CCCP HO C U,ellbiO ycTaHOBJleHII1SI KOHTpOilSI HSA BbiCOKO- SIBJlSIIOTCSI KpynHbiMII1 nocTaBW.~KaMII1 3TII1X TOBa- npll16biJlbHO~ cepoM ToproBI1!11, nOJlYI.feHII1SI CBOeM poB, a 6anTir1MCKI.1e nopTbl xopowo npl.1cnoco6- AOJ1111 np1.16b1Jlll1, orpaHII1~eH&r1SI CBSI3aHHOM C Hej;1 neHbl AflSI ~x AOCTaBKII1 B Eapony 1.1 APYr!Ae perll1o- HeneraJlbHOM AeSITeJlbHOCTt.1. np111 3TOM Ba>KHO OT- Hbl. Men1Tb, ~To npou.eAypa nony ... eHII1SI 11111U,eH31.1111 0AHII1M 1113 OCHOBHbiX 1.1CTO ... 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Toproeoe coma- ~3MeHeH~SI B C~CTeMe c6opa nOAOXOAHbiX Ha110- weHIIIe MOrllO 6bl BOCCTaHOBiitTb Aei:1CTB~e CTaryca roB Ha 6o11ee W~POKOi:1 OCHOBe ~ HailOrOB Ha A0- Hallt6011bWero 6naronp~S1TCTBOBaHI.1S1, npLII KOTO- 6aBJleHHYIO CTO~MOCTb. 3TO 6blcTpee np~seno poM poCCI.1HCKI,I19 liiMnopTHble TaPI.1cPbl Ha SCTOHC- 6bl K pocry AOXOAHOCn'l 6tOA>f(eTa 6e3 AOnOJlH~­ KI.1i:1 3KCnOpT CHiit31.1fli.1Cb 6bl npiAMepHo B ABa pa3a TeJlbHbiX 3KOHOMW-tecK~x AecJ>opMat.t~t:1. no OTHOWeHI.110 K cyu..teCTBYIOW,eMy ypoBHIO. 8 B nepexoAHbl~ neplo'IOA c pocTOM 6e3pa- HacTos:~w.ee epeMS1 3cTOHiitS1 ~ Pocc1.1S1 He B3li1Ma10T 6oT~U.bl npoTeKU,~OH~CTCK~e HacTpOeH~~ 6YAYT nowm"'Hbl c npOAYKU.~I.1, noABepraeMoA nepe- yc~Jllf1BaTbCS1, OAHaKO ycrynKVI 3T~M HaCTpOeH~S1M pa6oTKe B npou,ecce TpaH3~THot:1 Toproan~. - 6YAYT CTO~Tb BeCbMa AOporo, a Bbl~rpbiW 6yAeT t.1MeeTCS1 B BI.1AY, Hanp1.1Mep, nepepa6oTKa B He60JlbW~M. npoTeKU,~OH~3M OCI1a6nS1eT CT~My­ 3cTOHI.11it pocc~t:1cKoro CbiPbSJ AI1S1 nocneAytOw.ero Jlbl K aAanTaU.III~. 3aTI~r~eaeT nepexoAHbli:1 nep~oA pe3KcnopTa B Pocc~IO. ~ 3aMSAJ1S1eT npou,ecc 3KOHOMI.Ii~ecKoro pacTa. 3cToH~~ Heo6xoA~Mo npeAnPI.1HS1Tb yclii111.1S1 C ero noMOW,biO MO)KHO Ha HeKOTOpoe BpeMS1 CH~- c u,enbiO 3aK1110~eH~S1 c Pocc~eA Toproeoro cor- 31f1Tb ypoeeHb 6e3pa6ornu,bl, OAHaKo 3aMeAfleH~e naweHI.1S1, KOTopoe npeAOCTaBIAJlO 6bl eA CTaryc 3KOHOM~~eCKoro nOAbeMa np~BeAeT K He06XOAlil~ Hal.16onbwero 6naronp~S1Tc;reoaaHI.1S1 B Toproene f•JIOCTVI AonroepeMeHHoi:1 BblnnaTbl noco611ti:1 no ~ CHt-131.1110 COCTOS1H~e HeonpeAe118HHOCTI.1, Bbi3- 6e3pa60TiitU,8 ~ paCWiitpeH~IO CeTlil COU,IitallbHOi:1 BaHHOe Kone6aHI.1S1MI.1 B Toproeot:1 nonHrnKe 3cTo- noMOW,VI, 'HO JlS1)KeT TSJ)KKiitM 6peMeHeM Ha 610A- H~It1 no OTHOWeHliiiO K POCCI.1~. 3TO cnoco6CTBO- )K8T. npoTeKU,IIIOHII13M BbiHy)K,O.aeT BHyrpeHHero Ba110 6bl COXpaHeH~IO 3CTOHCKO~ TOprOB111.1 C ee npoV13BOAIItTenS1 ~ noTpe6~TenS1 nnaT~Tb 6onee npe>KHI.1M1.1 napTHepaM~ Ha nepexoAHbl~ nep1.1o,1J,. BbiCOKYIO U,eHy 3a He06XOA~Mbli.1 litM TOBap, ~TO TaKaS1 TOprOBJlSl Kpa~He Heo6XOAI.1Ma A11S1 TSX nplitBOA111T K CH~}I(eHHIO peailbHOro ypoBHS1 noT- npe,1J,nplltS1TifiH, KOTOpble He MOryT 6biCTpO nepecT- pe6neHIIIS1 VI yMeHbWaeT pecypcbl ~HBeCTiitU,~i:1. p01.1Tb ceo~ npo1.13BOACTBeHHY~ CTPYKTYPY AfiS1 noBbiW8HI.1Si KOHeypeHTOcnoco6HOCTII1 Ha 3SnaA- ToprOB8fl nORHTHK8 no OTHOWeHHIO HbiX pb!HKax. no 3aBepweHI.11.1 nepeXOAHOro nep1.1- K crpaHaM 6blswero CCCP 0IJP. 3CTOHiitSI anomte Morna 6bl CTaTb KOHKYP9H- TOCnoco6HbiM nocTaBLU,r.1KOM npOAYKTOB ni.1TaHII1S1 3CTOH~S1 npoBOAl-'IT HeAIItCKpl-'IM~HaU,IitOHHYIO 1.1 TeKCTI.111S1 eo MHor~e cTpaHbl 6blawero CCCP - non~T~KY no oTHoweHIItiO K Toproene co cTpaHaM~ 3TO ew.e OA~H apryMeHT B n011b3Y nepeBOAa TOp- 6biBWero CCCP. nonHOCTbiO OTKa3aBW~Cb OT roBbiX OTHoweH!Ai:1 c Pocc~~teA 1.1 APYri.1MIII HOBbiM~ fOCYAaPCTBeHHOH TOproBJl~, 3CTOH~S1 nepewna He3aBHCI.1Mb1Miit rOCYAaPCTBSMI.1 Ha 6onee npo~­ Ha ToprOBJliO Me>KAY npeAnP~S1TVISIM~ B paMKax HYIO OCHOBy. o6w.~x ToproBbiX cornaweHlo'li:1. Toproe.ns:; co crpa- lt1HOrAa Bbi,O,Bl1raiOTCS1 npeAilO)K9HIIIS1 3aKI110- HaMIII, BXOAIIIBW~MIII paHee B COCTaB CCCP, noA- "'l.Ub apeMeHHble comaweHI.1S1 o ToproBbiX npec:t>e- ~1!1HS1eTCS1 TeM )Ke npaBIIIJlaM, ~TO ~ TOprOBJlS1 C peHU,I.1S1X co cTpaHaM~ 6blewero CCCP. TaK~e 3anaAOM. 06SJ3aTeJlbHble lit ~HAIIIKaT~BHble nepeY- COrllaWeH1,1S1, O,IJ,HaKO, BpSJA 11111 COOTB8TCTBOB8111.1 Hfil TOBapOB OTMeHeHbl B Ha~e 1992 r. 17 C 1993 r. 6bl !AHTepecaM OCTOH~~. flO·:KOJlbKy' eA np~WJlOCb 3KCnOpT B CTpaHbl C H8KOHBepTIIIpyeMOi:1 Ba1110TOi:1 6bl no)KepTBOBaTb CBOifiMVl npii1HU,IflnaMI.1 Jll.16epa- He o6naraeTCS1 HallOfOM Ha A06aeneHHYIO CTO~­ 11~3Ma B Toproene AJ1S1 AOCTlll}l(eHI.1S1 KOMnpoMI.1C- MOCTb. 3TVI Mepbl cnoco6CTBOBa11~ HeKOTOPOMY COB C 6onee npoTeKU,~OHliiCTCK~ HacTpOeHHbiM~ BOCCTaHOBJleHiittO B 1993 r. ToprOB11!.1 CO CTpaHa- napTHepaM~. no)KanyA, 3cpcpeKTVIBHee 6bl110 6bl M~ 6blewero CCCP. noc11e o6aanbHoro cH~)KeHVIs:! ycTpaHI.1Tb HeTaPI.1cPHble 6apbepb1, KOTOPble ace B 1992 r. o6beM sKcnopTa Bblpoc sa c11eAYIOW.~i:1 ew.e c,o,ep>IG1Ba10T paae~rne Toproan~ B perll1oHe - rOA B ABa C nollOBIIIHOi:1 pa3a (B CTO~MOCTHOM liiM910TCS1 B BI.1AY B3alr1MHble HennaTe>KVI ~ HeKOH- BblpiDKeH~~ no ocpiiiU,IIIallbHOMY KYPCY). BepT1.1pyeMOCTb B81110T. B Ha~ane 1992 r. 3cTOHIIIS1 IIIMena ABYCTO- Toproene c np~6al1TIAlilcK~Mifl coceASJML-1 B poHHI.ile cornaweH~s:! c A3ep6ai:1A>KaHoM, Kb1prb13- 6onbwot:1 Mepe cnoco6cTeyeT cornaweHI.1e o ceo- cTaHoM, Pocc~~teA 111 Y36eK~cTaHOM. CornaweH~S1 60AHOi.1 Toproene B 6anT~i:1CKOH 30He, Bcryn~B­ o6ne~an~ 3CTOHII1~ AOCryn K pocc~HCKOMY 3KC- nopry )K~3HeHHO BS)f(HbiX TOBapoB, TaKIIIX KaK TOn- wee a c~ny 1 anpens:~ 1992 r. 3ro cornaweHI.1e ycTpaHS1eT npo6neMy B3al1MHbiX HennaTe)KeA ~ 1111180. oTO npe~MyW,eCTBO, OAHaKO, OKa3allOCb He peallllt30BaHHblM, nocKOilbKY 60JlbWaS1 ~aCTb APYrl.1e orpaH~~eH~S1 a Toproene, o6ner~aeT AorosopeHHocTeA Tal< 111 He 6blna BblnonHeHa, a AOCryn Ha 3CTOHCKIAH PbiHOK TOBapoB 1113 np~6an­ 3CTOH~S1 o6paT~JlaCb K aJlbTepHaT~BHbiM IIICTO~­ T1,1HCKI.1X CTpaH ~ CTaB~T !fiX B OAI.1HaKOBOe n0110- H~KaM cHa6)KeH~S1 Ha 3anaAe. }I(eHI.1e C 3anaAHbiMI.1 napTHepaMJ..1 no CB060AHOH reHepanbHoe Toproeoe cornaweHIIIe c Poc- Toproane. c~et:1, 3aKmo~eHHoe B ceHTS16pe 1992 r., He 6blno eonnow,eHo B >KVI3Hb: Pocc~S1 era He paTIIIKAeHIIIR Toea- PI.1S1 K KOHBepT~pyeMO~ KPOHe cnoco6CTBOBa11 122 ToproBnA B HOBbiX He3aBIIICMMbDI: rocyp,apcTBax yl.facnuo KOMnaH!.1~ so BHewHe~ Toprosne 1.1 B03- pble no3B011S110T npiA He06XOAMMOCTI.-1 nepeBOAMTb spaw.eHMIO B CTpaHy BaJliOTHb&X AOXOAOB. CoK- 6anai-ICOBble OCTaTKM 8 11106y10 BaniOry. np1,1 3TOM, paTMnacb yreYKa Kamnanos, ynyl.fWMnl.-1cb ycno- OAHSKO, cnpoc Ha py6m1 B 3CTOHM111 HM30K, l.fTO B~H An~ BHyTpeHHMX MHBeCTM~M~, ysenMY!.1nl-1Cb Bb13biBaeT Heycro~l.fVIBOCTb PbiHKa. peanbHble AOXOAbl OT BHyTpeHH!.1X Kani.-1TaT!OBnO- CoxpaHS:HOTCSI npo6neMbl c ToproBbiM cpMHaH- >KeH!.1C1. 6naroAap~ santOTHo{;1 peopMe AOcryn CVIposaHMeM. CTaBKVI no TOprOBbiM 1Ql9AMT8M Bbl· K 1.1HocTpaHHo{;1 samoTe nepecTan6biTb 6apbepoM COKI.-1, no Kpa~He{;1 Mepe B I HOMMHallbtiOM Bblpa- All~ pa3BIATVI~ TOprosnVI - VIHOCTpaHHa~ BaJltOTa >KeH~I.-1. 6aHKM OTHOCSITCSI K TOprOBOMY cl>~HSHCM­ AOCrynHa BCeM VIMnopTepaM no PbiHOI.fHOMY o6- posaHI.1iO KaK K p~cKoBaHHO~ onepa~HIII "" co ape- MeHHOMY KYPCY. MeHM 6aHKOBCKoro KPIII3~ca 1992-1993 rr. npeA- 8 nepVIOA, npeAWeCTBOBaBWl-1~ BaniOTHO~ pe- nol.fliiTa~T 6e3onacHOCTb BbiCOKMM AOXOAaM. ci>opMe, npeAnPVI~TIII~ 6~nr.1 o6~3aHbl CASBSTb MHOrMe npeAnPlf!SITVISl Ha>VJHaHCOBbiX ycnOBMs:IX, l.fTO He HM910T HOMY oVI~VIanbHOMY o6MeHHOMy KYPCY 1.1 nna- cpeACTB a 6aHKe Afls:l onnaTbl aaKa30B. Ao TGX TIATb OT,G.enbHbl{;1 Haner Ha saniOTHYIO npV16blnb. nop noKa He 6yAeT yperyn111posaHo npaso co6- Tpe6oBaHVIe o6~3aTenbHO~ CAaYVI saniOTbl 6blno CTBeHHOCTM, a npMBaTI.-138~1.1~ He npOABMH9TOR BOCCTaHOBneHO npVI BBeAeHVI!.1 KOHBeprnpyeMOCTI.-1 snepeA, oTcyrcTBVIe 3anorosoro o6ecnel.feHMS1 In~~VIVI Tpe60B8HVI8 CTBYIOT 6aHKI.-1-KOppecnoHA8HTbl, "'TO B ew,e 60J1b- o6~3aTenbHQ{;1 CASI.fl-1 !.1HOCTpaHHOC1 BantOTbl no We~ CTeneHI.-1 3STPYAHS1eT AOCryn npeAnPr.1S1TM~ tK8T BaTb nnaTe>KHble AOKYMeHTbl AO nonyl.feHMSI Heo6- VIMeTb He6naronpVI~THble nocneACTBVI~ VI npr.1 o6- XOAI.-1MbiX cpeACTB BMeCTO Taro, l.fT06bl yBeAOM- MeHe no PbiHOI.fHOMY KYPCY, npVI BbiCOKO~ Map>Ke nsrrb nnaTe11bW.1.1Ka o HexsaTKe ¢>oHAOB. B rel.feHMe Me:>KAy KYPCaMVI notKe~ co cTpaHaMVI WO~ cTeneHVJ cnoco6cTBOBaJ1VI KpynHble wrpabl, 6blswero CosercKoro Co103a coxpaH~tOTc~. 111c- KOTOpble LJ.eHTpaJlbHbl~ 6aHK CTall Ha.naraTb Ha TOI.fHI.1KOM 3TI.1X npo6neM ~Bn~eTC~ KpeAVITHa~ CVI- 6aHKVI, aap,ep>KVJBaiOW,VJe nnarmKM. C KOH~ 1993 r. rya~l.1~ B 3cToHI.11.1 VJ HecTa6VInbHOCTb KYPCa poc- nnaTe>Kiil 9HyTPiil 3CTOHMIII VI C aanaAHbiMI.-1 6aHKa- cl.1~cKoro py6m1. B TO >Ke speM~ MHOrVIe APYrVIe MVI a u,enoM cTanl.1 ocyw.ecrsns:~TbCSI 6e3 aap,ep- sonpocbl - 3aT~HyTble KllVIPVIHrosble npo~eAYPbl, )l(eK. B 1994 r. Hacrymmo ynY"'WeHMe B npoae- cPII131.11.f8CKI.1C1 TpaHc$ep AOKYMSHTOB - ypery- AeHMIII nnaTe>Ke~ C HOBbiMIA H83SBI.-1CIIIMbiMM rocy- nVIPOBaHbl. Ha HaYanbHOM 3Tane nepexoAa K He- AaPCTBaM!.1, no Kpa{;1He~ Mepe B OTHOWeHMH npe,o.- 3aBI.1CI.1MbiM santOTaM B03HMK PAA npo6neM c npVIS1Tif1{;1, VICn011b3YIOW.1.1X l.faCTHble KoppecnoH- nnaTe>KaMl-1, TaK KaK 6aHKI/I He 6blnVI rOTOBbl K A8HTCKJAe Cl.feTa. TeM He MeHee MHOfl-18 3CTOHCK1.1e np~MbiM onepa~l.11.1 C 1.1HOCTpaHHbiMI.1 BaJltOTaMVJ npeAnPI.1S1TMS1 HaYanVJ Tpe6osaTb npe.o,onnaTbl 1.-1111.1 crpaH 6biB'Luero CCCP. C1.1ryau.V110 pa3PS1AVJn BBOA onnaTbl B TBePAO~ KOHBepTi11pyeMO~ BSiliOTe np~.-1 s o6paw.etwte KPOHbl. 6aHKVI VI Toprosble opraHVJ- saKJliOYeHVIIII py6nesblx Toproeblx CAenoK, raK KaK 38~1.11.1 6biCTpO nplf1cnoco61.111VICb K HOBO~ AeHe>K- Bb&COKJA{;1 yposeHb 1.1Ht1>nS1U,VIVI py6nS1 CAenall 38- HOC1 eAI.1HVI~e, YYI.1TbiBaSI ee CTa61.1nbHOCTb 1.1 KOH- A8P>KKIA nnaTe>KeC1 BblrOAHbiMI.-1 AilS! POCCM~CKMX sepTI.1pyeMOCTb. KpoHbl nerKo MO>KHO nonyYaTb npeAnPM~TI.-1~. 3CTOHCKM8 KOMnaHMVI MHOrAa BCe KaK B HanVII.fHOM BI.1A8, TO:l< 1.1 B cl>opMe KPeAI.1Ta- >Ke BbiHY>KAeHbl npVIHVIMaTb nnaTe>KM B py6ns:~><: APYri.1Mlll cnosaMI.1, KPOHa 1.1MeeT Te Heo6xoAVIMble PbiHKIA C6b1Ta MHOrliiX TOBapos orpaHMI.feHHbl 111 l.fepTbl, KOTOpbiX 6bln 111.1WeH py6nb. C BBOAOM B Toprosn~ c PoccJAe~ S1Bn~eTCR All~ ~enoro p~ o6paw.eHVJe KPOHbl see py6neBble KoppecnoH- KOMnaHM~ noKa eAMHCTBeHHbiM CP8ACTBOM AilS! AeHTCKVIe CYeTa 6bl11l-1 38Kpb1Tbl, Me}I(Ay 3CTOHC- Bbi>KMBaHiil~. Ba>KHOe MeCTO B 06W.eM 06beMe KVIM l-1 Poccl-1{;1cKl-1M ~eHTpanbHbiMI.1 6aHKaMVJ 6blnVI ToprosnJA npoAon>KaeT 3aHJAMaTb 6apTep. OTKpbiTbl HOBble KoppecnOHAeHTCKVIe Cl.feTa. 8 KOH~e 1992 r. 3CTOHCKI.1M KOMMepl.feCKVIM 6aHKaM MMKP03KOHOMMKa M SA&nTai.\MR 6bl110 no3B0118HO OTKPbiB8Tb CBOVI KoppecnoH- ToproanM AeHTCKI.1e cYeTa c napTHepaMVI B Poccr.1VI, YTO cno- ToproBJlSI 3CTOHVIVI B XOA8 aAanTa~l.-11.-1 K HOBbiM co6cTsosano ynyYweHI.110 nnaTe>KHO~ CVIrya~VIVI. ycnOBIA~M MCnbiTbiBaeT B03Ae~CTBIA8 pa311!.11.fHbiX ~aCTHble KOMMepl.feCKI.1e 6aHKI.1 38H~ni.1Cb ype- CTPYKTYPHbiX 1.-1 MI.1KP03KOHOMMI.feCKIIIX $aKTopoa, ry111.1POBaHVI8M nnaTe>KHbiX OTHOWeHIIl~ C napTHe- npVICYW.1.1X CTpaHe. Ha1.-16onee Ba>KHble 1.-13 Hl.o1X- paMl-1 l-13 APYri.1X pecny6ni.1K. An~ ocyl.l.\eCTBneHVI~ reorpacl>VJYecKoe nono)KeHII1e, cblpbeBaS1 6a3a, CA8110K He Tpe6yeTC~ HVIK8KI.1X AOKYMeHTOB B npOMb!WneHHa~ CTpyKTypa VI HallVII.fMe KBaT1!.1QlM- 6yMCl)I(HOM BI.1Ae, PSIA acTOHCKI.1X 6aHKOB noAK/110- ~VIpOBaHH0{;1 pa6oye{;1 c1.1nbl. KpoMe Toro, ycnew" YeH K cl.1cTeMe SWIFT (Me:>KAyHapoAHa~ CVICTeMa tlas:l MaKp03KOHOMJAI.feCKa~ CTa6Mn!.13SU.MS1 cno- Me>K6aHKOBCKVIX cPIAHaHCOBbiX paCYGTOB no TeneK- C06CTByeT co3AaHiiltO 6naronpMstTHoro KllMMara cy). nnaTe>KHble onepau,IIIVI AOnonH~IOTCSJ npose- AJlS1 pa3BIATVIS1 ~acTHOro CeKTopa Ill lf1HOCTPSHHbiX AeHJAeM OTKPbiTbiX ayKU,liiOHOB B Ta1111VIHHe, KOTO- 1.1HB8CTI.1U,VIM. 3CTOHMR: Clo'IRIOU4BR 3B83,Q8 5anTHH 123 CTPYKTYPHbte npo6neMbt. Aons:~ TSl>Keno~ lf1H- MeHee nOABep)KeHO OTplllu,aTeJlbHOMY BO::lAe~CT- AYCTPioU1 a 3cTOHIIIIII (a ap,anrau,1.1s:~ sTo~ oTpacn&~~ 811110 pa3BaJia ToproBJllll BHyTPir1 6blswero CCCP. K MIIIPOBbiM U,eHaM Ill aanaAHbiiVI CTaHAapTaM 3aYaCryJO 6biBaeT AOCTaTOYHO BHSCTir1 Mlr1Hir1Mallb- npOXOAio'IT Hart~6onee TPYAHO) OTHOCio1TeJlbHO HeBe- Hble lr13MeHeHir1SI B ynaKOBKY 1.1111.1 YJlYLiWI.IITb Ka- Jlii!Ka - 17% no cpasHeHr.-110 c 30% s APYrlf1x YecTBo TOBapos, ~T06bl COOTBeTCTBOBaTb 3anaA- np&16aJlTIII~CKII1X CTpaHax. AnSI 3CTOHlllll1 TaiOKe HbiM cTaHAaPTaM. Ew.e 6YAY"i1.1 s cocTase CCCP, xapaKTepHa OTHOCII!TeJlbHO HeOOJlb~ AOJlSI npeA- 3CTOHI.1SI y:>topMa OAe>KJJP. Lll Me6enb) B 1992 r. COC13Bir1Jl rpeTbiO YaCTb co6CTBeHHOCTII1 OCJlO)KHSIIOT B03MO:>KHOCTII1 npiiiC- scero o6beMa 3CTOHCKoro 3KcnopTa s cTpaHbl noco6neHliiSI K KOHKYPSHTHO~ cpeAe. 03CP (m6n. 5.3). Ew.e n0'-ITI.1 rpe1D cocTaai.1Jla npo- GTPYKTYPa 3HepreTI!1~ecKoro ceKTopa 3cTotil1111 AYKU.Ir1SI pecypcoeMKIIIX orpacne~ (nee 1r1 npOAYKTbl ner1.1e no,o.o,aeTcSI nepecTpo~Ke. np&~~ 1.1cnoJ1b- nlr1TaHir1SI). Ha11160JlbWI.1e noTepr.1 8 06UJ.II1X o6b9Max 3oBaHIIIIII co6cTseHHbiX 3anacos ropiO~liiX cnaHu,es Toprosnlr1 noHecnlr1 rst:>Kenas:~ 1.1HAYCTPI.1SI 1.1 3Hepro- COKpaw.aeTCSI 3aBIIICII1MOCTb CTpaHbl OT lf1MnopTa eMKaSI npOMbiWJleHHOCTb - X1.1MI.1~eCKOe np0&.-13- HeTl-1 (rop101.1111e cnaHU,bl noKpb!BaiOT no~Tlll nono- BOACTBO, MaWI.1HOCTpOeHI.1e, KOTOpble B Hai.160Jlb- BMHY 3HepreTlll~ecKliiX noTpe6HocTe~ cTpaHbl) 111 we~ cTeneHir13asfollcenll1 oT pbiHKa 6blswero CCCP. CMst~aiOTCSI nOCJleACTBio'ISI yxyAW8HVI~ YCJlOBIII~ AaHHble 3a 1993 r. CBir1AeTeJlbCTBYIOT o coxpaHe- ToprosnM. 6naroAaPSI HanH~liiiO xopowo pa3BIIITO~ nopTOBO~ IAHpaCTPYKTYPbl npOAOJl>KaiOTCSI noc- HIIIIII 6onee BbiCOKoili AOTJ1r1 TPYAOeMKI.1X 111 pecypco- TaBKIII 1.113 111CTO~HIIIKOB 3a npeAeJlaMIII 6biBWero eMKIIIX Tosapos s o6w.eM o6beMe 3KcnopTa Ha CCCP, ~To raiOKe o6ne~aeT nepexoA cTpaHbl Ha 3anSA. HOBble liiCTOYHII1Klll nonyYeHliiSI 3JleKTp03Hepr&~~IA. npou,ecc SAanTaU,Io1111 B TPYAOeMKII1X 1,.1 pecyp- Ta611MLUI 5.3. CTpYKTYJ)a 3KcnopTa npM6anntA- coeMKliiX oTpacns:~x TaK)Ke npoxoA111T 6e3 oco6blx CKMX CTp&H HB 3anSA II 1992 r. TPYAHOCTe~. BblcOKl-1~ yposeHb KBanll1II1KaU.IIIVI pa6o~e~ Cli!Jlbl o6ne~aer nepexoA Ha HOBble Tex- noKa3aTeflb ::JCTOHUR flaTBUR nursa Honorllll1, cnoco6cTsyeT nepeopllleHTaU,II1lll Topros- 11111. 06pa3oBaTeJlbHbl~ yposeHb HaceneHliiSI 3CTO- 3KcnopT Tosapos 219 175 223 HII1111 6Jll130K K ypoBHIO B pa3Bl11Tb1X 1.1HAYCTpll1aJlb- co6cTBeHHoro HbiX CTpa.Hax Lil SIBTJSieTCSI OAHliiM 1.13 caMbiX BbiCO- npOII13BOACTB8, KI.1X B UeHTpanbHoVI 1r1 BocTo~HoVI Espone. Co~e­ MllH. AOM. TaHII1e B~COKO~ KBSJllr1liiKaU,llll.1 pa6o~e~ CI.1Jlbl, 3KcnopT Ha AYWY 137 65 60 HII13KOVi 3apa60THO~ nnaTbl lll OTKPbiTOro pe)Kli!Ma HaceneHif1R, Aonn. Toprosm1 C03AaeT 6naronpliiSITHble ycnoBir1SI AflSI Pe3KcnopT, 154 372 418 pa3BII1TIIISI cy6nOAPSIAHO~ CII1CTeMbl, KOTopaSI, B MllH. AOllll. cso10 o~epeAb, cnoco6cTsyeT pa3BII!Tlll10 3KcnopTa 8 TOM "'lr1CJ1e: 111 SAanTaU,l-11.1 nocpeACTBOM TPaHcepa TexHo- He$Tb 20 290 247 norVIVi 111 Hoy-xay. Hanp1.1Mep, 3CTOHCKaSI 1!1pMa, MeTaimbl 134 82 172 Ha~aB CBOIO Aes:!TeJlbHOCTb B Ka~eCTBe cy6noA- 3KcnopT, acero, 373 547 641 PSIAHO~ opraHI.13aU,r.11r1, K HaCTOSIUJ.eMy speMeHlll MJlH. AOM. ysen111~111na o6beM BblnycKaeMo~ npOAYKU.MVI lll Aonst npOAYKI..I,VIL1 AOTIIO A06aBJ19HHOt1 CTOir1MOCTir1, ~TO n03BOJlliiJ10 oTpacne~, %: e~ CTSTb CSMOCTOSIT9JlbHO~ KOMnaHI.1e~ lr1 3Kcnop- TPYAOeMKif1X 34 19 17 TII1POBaTb npOAYKU.IIIIO (OAe)I(Ay) nOA co6cTBeHHO~ pecypcoeMKif1X 29 31 29 KamrranoeMKif1X 20 28 31 MapKo~. 6onee Toro, aHa }')Ke caMa noA6lllpaeT .apyrlflx 17 19 23 cy6nOAPSIAYir1KOB B JlaTBir1lll Ill 3CTOH1r11r1. 3CTOHliiSI SIBJlsteTCSI eAir1HCTBeHHO~ CTpaHO~ B np1r16aJ1Tl11Ke, 0$1f1!_Uit8JlbHO 242 429 557 aaperlf1CTPif1POB8HHbl~ KOTopaSI OCYUJ.9CTBJ1SI8T 3H8Yir1T9JlbHbl~ 3KCnopT 3KcnopT Ha 3anaA, npoAYKU.llllr1 TPYAOeMKir1X oTpacne~ Ha 3anan. 8 MllH. A0/111. 3KcnopTe llaTBllllll 111 JlL!ITBbl npeo6nap,aiOT pecyp- coeMK&~~e TOBapbl, YTO MO:>KeT 6b1Tb CJleACTBir19M TPSAIIIU.I.10HHO 6onee CJlO)I(Horo 1.1 npoTeKU,Ir10HliiCT- n p r.1 M e 4 aH r.1 e: AaHHble npeACTaBl18Hbl CTpaHaMM - "1118HaMH cKoro Toprosoro pe)Kif1Ma 3Tl1X cTpaH. 03CP. no Me.lKAYHaPOAHO~ CT8HAaPTHOA TOproaoA KllaCcHHKaUMH (SITC) K npOAYJCUHH TPYA08MICHX OTpacneA nepeoplt1eHTaU,Ir11.1 ToproBJliA pecypcoeMKI.IIX OTHOCRT rpynnbl TOBapoa SITC 65, 82, 84 M 85; pecypcoeMICMX npeAnPir1SITir1~ cnoco6cTByeT 6onee cTaHASPTl1- - SITC 9, 24, 63; KanHTanoeMKHX- SITC 5, 7; K p&3KCOOPTY- 31r1posaHHbl~ xapaKTep BblnycKaeMoVi npOAYKU.llllll. SITC 28, 33, 67, 68. npolo13BOACTBO OCHOBSHO Ha MeCTHOM Cblpbe 111 Lll c T o 4 H r.1 K: COMTRADE (OOH). 124 ToproBnR D HOBbiX He3aBMCir'IMbiX rocyAapcTBaX no JJ.aHHbiM CTBTI1Cn11G1 3a 1992 r., OObeM npo- 11S110T cTpaHbl 6blswero CCCP 111 Ao1X AeP.TenbHOCTb MbiWileHHOro np01.13BOACTBa OCTallcs:! npL-1M8PHO CBS13aHa C BHyTpeHHAo1MII1 PbiHKaM&-1 3TIAX CTpaH. Ha TOM )1(8 YPOBH8. 8MeCT8 C T8M ClleAyeT OTMe- "'acTHbiH ceK.Top. Cyw.ecTseHHYIO ponb B nepe- T~Tb onpeAe11eHHblt1 nosopoT B CTOPOHY nOBbiWe- XOAHblt1 nepVIOA 111rpaeT pa3Bi.H1t1e lfaCTHOro ceK- H~P. aK'fi.1BHOCTL-1 TPYAO- vl pecypcoeMKL-1X oTpac- Topa, KOTOpblt1 Bm1TbiBaeT pa60~10 CJ.1ny 1.1 aK- neC1. Aon~ TSI)Keno'1 npoMblw.neHHOCTH yMeHbWJ.1- TVIBHO pear1.1pyeT Ha PbiHOI.fHble CTIAMYflbl. 0AHaKO .nacb c 24% o6w.ero o6beMa s 1990 r. AO 21% a ~HcPOPMaU,l1VI 0 HapO)f(AaiOliJ.eMCSll.faCTHOM CeKTO- 1992 r., a AOm~ .nerKow npoMbiUJn8HHOCTL-1 yae.nH- pe 3CTDHCKOt1 3KOHOMIAKIA S18HO HSAOCTaTOLfHO, TaK ~Hnacb c 26% AO 29%. 8 1992 r. wset1HaS1 npo- KaK He BCS1 ASSiTellbHOCTb y~n1Tb1BaeTCS1 oci>L-1- MblwneHHOCTb OCTanaCb eAJ.1HCTBeHHOC1 OT- U,VIallbHOi71 cTan1CTII1KOt1, XOTS1 ponb ~aCTHoro ceK- paC.flbiO, KOTOpas:! He L-1Cnb1Ta11a cyW,eCTBeHHOro Topa B pery11111POBaHL-1111 PbiHKa 3Ha~IATellbHa. no CHJ.1)1(8HJ.1S1 o6beMa npo1.13BOACTBa. no-B~1AL1MOMy, OU,8HKaM 3CTOHCKif1X BJlaCTet1, K KOHU.Y 1992 r. 3TO CBS13aHo c ee csoespeMeHHO~ nepeopH- A011S1 LfaCTHoro ceKTopa B o6w,eM o6beMe npoi-13- eHTau,~e~ Ha sanaJl,Hble Pb1HKJ.1 (oco6eHHO ~epe3 BOACTBa COCTaB1.11la 20% (MB¢>, 1993). K Ha~any CJ.1CTeMy cy6KOHTpaKTOB), B TO BP8MS1 KaK AJ1SI 1994 r. 6onee 80% po3Hif1~HOH Toprosmt ocy- PbiHKOB 6b1BWI.1X coB8TCKJ.1X pecny6JU.1K 6blno w.ecTB11S1110Cb LfaCTHbiMI-1 npeAnPIAS1Tif1S1MJ.1. 8 Ae- xapaKTepHo CHJ.1)f(eHJ.1e cnpoca L-1 yxyAweHL1e Ka6pe 1992 r. np~AMepHO \feTBepTaS1 'eCTb Vl3 50 TbiC. yc.noBL-1~ Topros.nL-1. npeAnPII1~Tl1~. 3aperll1cTp1!1posaHHbiX B Hau,~Ao­ 8 YC110BVIS1X BH8WHet1 KOHtK,O,e BCS- no~B118HHIO 10 TbiC. HOBbiX KeHl110 yposHS1 6e3pa6oTif1U,bl HSCMOTPS1 IIIHOCTpaHHbte KanHTanoano;JKeHHR. 8 nepe- Ha Cna)J. npOII13BOACTBa ~ 3aHSlTOCTII1 B OQ:lVIU,II1ai1b• opi.18HTa.U,I.11.1 acTOHCKoro sKcnopTa BIDKHYK> ponb HOM CeKTope nocne BOCCTaHOBJ1eHIAS1 He3aBIACIA• cblrpano y~cTL-18 3anaAHoro KanJ.1Tana. K C8PeAJ.1- MOCTIA. C 1991 no 1992 rr. ~1.10110 pa60YJ.1X M8CT H8 1993 r. B 3cTOHJ.1J.1 pa6oTanO OK0110 4000 npep,- B npOMbiW118HHOCTl1 COKpaTl1110Cb Ha 30 TbiC., B npJ.1S1TL-1t1 C J.1HOCTpaHHbiM KanL-1TallOM, ~TO COCTaB- C8JlbCKOM X03S1t1CTBe - Ha 15 TbiC. np1.1 3TOM B 11S1110 no~TL-1 1 0% o6w,ero l.fJ.1cna 3ap8rJ.1CTPVI- cepeA111He 1993 r. 111f1Wb 22 TbiC. ~eJlOBeK 6bi111A 18 posaHHbiX nP8AnPHS1TJ.1ti • Ha nepeoM MecTe no OcPVIU,1.1a11bHO 3aperJACTPIAPOBaHbl KaK 6e3pa60T• ~HCllY npeAnPLo1s:ITJ.1t1 C COBMeCTHbiM KanJ.1Tai10M Hb!e. CTaTVICTW~ecK~e ASHHbl8 0 3aHS1TOCTIA B cTOHT ¢>1.1Hl1S1HAVIS1, a no o6beMaM Kani.1Tanoano- LfaCTHOM ceKTope noKa OTCYfCTByiOT. )1(8H1.1t1 - WBeU,J.1S1. npLo1Bl1eYeHJ.18 J.1HOCTpaHHbiX napTHepos Ha~J.1HaS1 co BTopot1 nonoBHHbl 80-x BWBOAbl fOAOB cnoco6CTBOBano OCB08HJ.110 3CTOHCKJ.1MJ.1 AaeaTb peKoM8HAaU.l11.1 no ynyl.fweHvt~ BHew- np8AnPVIS1TJ.1S1M!.1 3anaAHO~ AenoeoH npaKTVIKVI. HeToproeot1 nOJlJ.1T111Kl1 CTpaHe, KOTOpaS1 B OCHOB· nepeble KOHTBKTbl C J.1HOCTpaHHbiMJ.1 K11J.18HTaMJ.1 HOM see AenaeT "no ~e6Hl-1JKHeHIAH, conyTCTBYIOll.\IAX CBOJ.1X 6biBWJ.1X nocTaBW,IAKOB B KaYeCTBe KOH- nepeXOAHOMY nepl10AY OT U,8HTpalll130BaHHOfO CY1lbTaHTOB no pbiHKaM. 8 npou,ecce nplt1BaTJ.1- nnaHl1poeaHVIS1 K PbiHOYHot1 3KOHOMl1Ke. 3aU,111J.1 P011b J.1HOCTpaHHbiX J.1HBeCTOPOB, no BCet1 3aKpenneHue ,l!OCTHJKeHHH. rlepeA pyKo- eepoS1THOCT111, TaK)I(e 6yAeT B811J.1Ka. BOACTBOM 3CTOHII11.1 CTOVIT OCHOBHaS1 3aJl,a'"la - 06b8Mbl J.1HOCTpaHHbiX J.1HB8Cll1U,J.1t1 B 3CTOHVIJ.1 3aW.l1Tl1Tb 1.1 coxpaHIATb Y>fbl, KOTOpble J.1CXOJJ.S1T B OCHOBHOM CO CTOPOHbl 3apy6e)I(Hb1X napTHepos 6narOAPPS1 l13 CellbCKOX03S1t1CTBeHHOfO CeKTopa. no3TOMY Ha111.1YVI~ CTa6J.111bHOt1 3KOHOMl1YeCKOt1 CP8Abl, peWSHI-110 npo6neM 3TOfO CeKTopa 3KOHOMVIKVI npoeeAeH~~ CTPYKTYPHbiX peQ>opM l1 nonJ.1Tl1Kl1 He06XOAl1MO OTJ].aTb npl10p~TeT C U,ellbiO noBbi- ceo6oAHO~ Toproanl1. B 1993 r. J.1HOCTpaHHble W8Hl1s:l YPOBHS1 )f(~3HJ.1 C811bCKoro HaceneHIAS1, He ~HBeCTIAU,J.1J.1 B 3CTOHIAJ.1 COCTaBl111J.1 69 A01111. Ha npV16eraS1 K npoT8KU,l10HJ.1CTCKVIM TaPl1cPaM. Tpe- AYWY HaceneH~S1. B naTBJ.1J.1 - 11J.1Wb 18 A01111., a 6osaHL-1S1 npoTeKU,11101-tl13Ma CO CTOPOHbl npOMbiW- a .n~1TBe - 11 Ao.n.n. C 1992 no 1993 rr. o6beM 118HHOfO ceKTopa eu.te He CT011b B8111AK!f1, OAHaKO l1HocTpaHHblx IAHBecTl1U.L-1t1 s 3cToH~IA YABOJ.1n- MOryT ycl!lni.1TbCSl no Mepe npl1ean13aU,If1vt KPYnHbiX CS119. OcHOBHast Macca npS1MbiX l1HOcTpaHHbiX Ka- rocyAaPCTBSHHbiX npeAnpiAS1Tl1t1 lA, B CBS131A C nVITanoeno)f(eHI-1~ np~XOAL-1TCS1 Ha 3an~ 111 ce~- 3TVIM, BbiCB06o>KAeHl1S1 pa6oYet1 CVIIlbl. 3aHa C ToprOBile~, TOfAa KaK 6011bWJ.1HCTBO 111HOCT- .n~w111t1 cnoco6 3aW.l1Tl4Tb >KJ.13HeHHblt1 ypo- paHHbiX J.1HB8CTOPOB B naTBVIL-1 ~ .nvtTBe npeACTaB- BSHb pa60THJ.1KOB KaK npoMb!W118HHOCTJ.1, TaK l1 3CTOHMR: CMRIO!lllif' 311e3,QI1 6anTMM 125 CellbCKOrO X03SIHCTBa COCTOif1T B nOBbiW8HJ.U1 TaM- pacTa 3aHSITOCTif1 HaceneHLIISI: ycKOPit1Tb nplf1BaTif1- noB o6~ero 3KOHOMif1"1eCKOrO pacTa, CTif1MY11LIIPO- 3aU,If110, OC06eHHO B OTHOW8HVIIII KpynHbiX npeA- BaHif1LII nepepacnpeAeneHif1s:l pa6ol.feH Clf111bl e 6na- nplf1S1Tif1ill, 3eMnlll 111 )l(lf1111f1W.HOro KeT CAellaTb ew,e 1.113 KpynHbiX COBX030B Ha He60J1bWir1e CeMeiliHble HeCKOJlbKO CYil\SCTB8HHbiX WaroB B HanpaB119Hif11f1 ¢epMb1 l.faCTb 1.o1 6e3 Toro Y>fKeTCSI nOKif1Hyroil! 111111f1 6yAeT 126 ToprosnSI s HOBbiX He38BMcHMbiX rocyAa,pcrsax 1.1CnOJ1b30BaTbCSI MeHee 1.1HTeHCIABHO OCT8BW1.1Mio1- cou,HanbHOH 1.1HQ>pacTPYKTYPb1 cnoco6crayer o6- CSI MaJ10~1.1CJ1eHHblML-1 rpynnaMIA >KIATeJle~. pa3oBaHHIO HOBbiX pa60lfli'IX MeCT Ha MeCTHOM So MHor~Ax pa~oHax 3cTOHIAIA llaCTb pa6orHL!1- ypoaHe H nepepacnpeAeJ1eHI.110 peanbHbiX AOXO- KOB e>KeAHeBHo cosepwaer noe3AKI.1 1.13 cenbcK1.1X AOB B MaTep~aJlbH0£1 cJ>opMe, liTO 00380fl518T OT- paHOHOB Ha pa6ory B ropOA. 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He 2 TaK AaBHO K CnHCKY TOBapoB, Ha Topro811M) KOTOPbiMH H906XO- B ASHHOM pa3Aene 3croHHH paccMaTpHeaercst KaK 6biBWast pecny6nHKa CCCP, HO 3TOT craryc eA 6bll1 npHceoeH Ae-cpaKTo, AHMO cne~..tHaflbHOe pa3peW6HH6, A06aBHl1HCb H6KOTOpble a He AB-IOpe. npoAYKTbl cenbCKOfO X03SIHCTBa H l16CHOH npoMi:·!Wfl61iHOCT;!, a TaiOICe necTHJ..tHAbl (no coo6pa:lK6HHSIM oxpatlbl 3AOPOBMI), 3 npeABapi1T8IlbHble OU8HKH K01166J110TCR OT-7,8% {3CTOHCK06 AParo~..teHHble Merannbl (no coo6pa>KeHHRM 6a3onac~-tocn1), CTaTI1CTH4eCKOe ynp;aBI16HH6) AO HeOOflbWOrO noJ10:liCHT8J1bHOfO OllaCHble OTXOAbl (no coo6pa>K6HHSIM 3aw,HTbl COLI,Ha11bHbiX HHTG- pocTa (6aHK 3CTOHHH). B 6onee no3AHHX HCTOI.fHHKax, OCHOBbi- pecoe H oxpaHI>I 3AOpoBbR), PaAHoBew.arenbHoe o6opy,AClf.laHHa BaiOU4HXCSI Ha noKa3aTene norpe6neHHs:l 31leKTpo3HeprHH (Ko- (no coo6pa>KeHHstM 6e3onacHOCTH). B ~..tens:lx 3all.\HTbl crpare- TOPbiH no3BonsteT 6onee aAaKBaTHO Yl.fHTbiBaTb AemenbHOCTb rHI.feCKHX nocTaBote rpe6yiOTCSI31CCI10PTHbl8 flHI,¥3H3HH tla TopPDB- l.faCTHOrO ceKTopa), OTMel.faeTCSI, l.fTO 3KOHOMHI.feCKI'IH noAb6M 1110 Cl111HKaTHbiM H KBapJ..teBbiM neCICOM, OrHSYOOPHOi-1 rnHHOiti, MOr HaYaTbCSl '{)k6 B KOHUe 1992 r. rpaBH6M, Heci>TbiO H MHHePaflbHbiMH MacnaMH, napacpHHO~q H B cepeAHHe 1992 r. o6beM B3aHM~IbiX 3aAOJ1:liCeHHOCTe" npeA- 4 ropiOI.fHMH cnaHJ..taMH. Cyw.eCTByM>T ICOI1HI.feCTB6HHble orpaHHI.fe- npJ.1RTH .. ou.eHHaancst npH611H3HTenbHO a 20% BBn. K KOHJ..tY HHSI t1a 3KcnopT Ol.fHW.6HHbiX MHHepaflbHbiX CMOfl. Hanom COX- fOAS 3TOT noKa3aTBilb CTa6HJ1113HpoBai1Cs:l, HO 3aAOJ1)1(8HHOCTb patteHbl nHWb t1a 3Kcnopr npeAMeToB KYl1bTYPbl. no HanoraM B03pocna AO 520 MJ1H. KpoH. Ha KOHeU 1992 r. 12 noMHMO tlai10ra t1a HMnopT H 3KCnopT B U6flSIX CTaTHCTHKH (B l.fi1CTbiH 06baM Kp6Ar.1TOB 3apy6e:liCHbiM np6Af1Pfi1STTIIIRM B CTpaHax pa3Mepe 0,5%), AeAcTByM>T aKJ..tH3Hble coopbl c npeAMeros poc- 6bEWero CCCP OJ..tBHHBallCR MB«l> B 400 Mil H. KpoH (MBCb, 1993), KOWH, TaKHX Kale: Mexa (16%) H aBTOM06HflH, BaJIOCHrleAbl H npHYeM 6onbwast l.faCTb 3THX KPBAHTOB BPRA nH 6yAeT so3epa- l10AJCH (10%), npH 3TOM CTaBKH aKLJ,H3HbiXC6opOB COOTeeTCTBYJOT lL\BHa. B3HMaeMbiM C TOBapoB C06cTBBHHOf0 npoH3BOACTFoa. 5 B 1991 r., no o¢HU.,allbHblM AaHHbiM, e 3cTOHHH Hacl.fH- 13 CneJ..tHMI.feCKHe nownHHbl nPMMeHSIOTCR AnSI 6opb6bl c YKflO- TbiBanocb OKOilO 2700 rocyAapcTB6HHbiX npeAnpHRTHA, H3 HHX HeHHeM OT HallOfOB nocpeACTBOM 3aHH:liC6HHSI CTOHMOCTM TOBa- 2234 HaXOAHJlHCb B OOA'*IHE!HHH pa3IlW·flbiX M.,HHCT6PCTB, 421 - poe. 8 J..t6flOM CTSBKH HH:liC6, l.feM CTaBKH noW11HH, B3HM210MbiX MeCTHOH aAMHHHCTPaUHH. CyW.8Cl80Bal1H TaiOICe OICOI10 1n3 OT CTOHMOCTH TOBapoB, HO HX nPf11MeHeHHa, 110-BHAHMOMY, 80011- KOonepaTHBOB (BceMHpHbiH 6aHK, 1992). He COOTB6TCTeyeT COBpeMeHHOH CHyYaLl,HH, KOfAa MHpoBble U6Hbl 6 B 1990 r. cpeACTBa npoH3BOACTBa cocrasnMH 28% 3CTOHC- Ha HE$Tb OTHOCHT6J1bHO CTa6Hl1bHbl, a OCYU¥!CTBI16Ht16 KOHTponH Koro 3KcnopTa; aHanorHYHbiA OOKa3aTeflb AliA JlaTBHH COCTaBHJ1 peanbHOH CTOHMOCTH TOBapa KpaAHe 3a.TPYAH6HO. 37, AflS!Jl.,TBbl- 43% (BceM.,pHbiH 6aHK, 1992). 14 0J..t6HK~ H3tla"'aalbHOfO 3aHH:liC6HHR KYJ)Ca, OCHOBaHBble t1a 7 AaHHble OU6HKH MOryT COAep:liCaTb 3Hal.fHTeJ1bHb16 norpewHOCTH Yl.f6T6 napHTeTa noiCYfla.T611bHOH CI10C06HOCTH, COCTaBl1HIOT OT BCileACTBHe MHOf"0'41CI16HHbiX 3a noCl16At*l8 HBCKOflbiCO J16T Kop- 15 AO 70%. AHal1H3 npoBOAf11l1CR Ha ocHOBe p,at*ibiX, nori~Met*ibiX peKTHpOBOK ueH H o6MeHHbiX KYPCOB. HanpHMep, a 1991 r. BBn B 1992 r., T.e. AO Ha~na BbiXOAa crpaH H3 py6neeoro npocr- Ha Aywy HaceneHHst npH nepec46Te no pbiHO'+IOMY KYPCY cocras- paHcTea. CpeAHeMecRI.fHaR 3apnnara K cepeAMHe 1994 r. nstn 3493 AOI111., a B 1992 r . - 959 AOI1J1., TOfAa KaK peanbHbiH npeeblwana 100 A011n. (a Ha"'aale npoBeAeHHR eanM>TttoA pe- ypoaeHb BBn cHH3Hncst nHWb Ha 30%. ci>OPMbl oHa cOCTasnRlla l.fYTb 6onee 40 .Qonn. ). 6naroAe.psl TalCo- 8 MY ypoBHM) 3apnnaTbl 3CTOHCICH6 TOBapbl coxpatmlOT KOHKY- noec:asarenH naABHHR o6beMa roproen11 3a 1991-1992 rr., peHTOCrlOC06HOCTb t1a MHpoBoM pbiHKe. Teu He MeHJee, ecnH noKa3aHHbJe B Ta6n. 5.2, MOryT tibiTb 3aBbiW6HHbiM~. B 1991 r. He npHHHMaTb 80 BHHMaHHe npH6biilb, noll'f*!HH'jiO B pe3yl1bTaTe 3KcnopT a crpaHbl 6biBWero CCCP HCI.fHCilstncR B py6nstX c noabiWeHHst npoH3BOAHTel1bHOCTH TPYAa, K cepe.QHHe 1994 r. nepeeoAoM B Aonnapbl no KYPCY, 3Hal.fHT611bHO npeablwaeweMy ypoeeHb H3Ha"'allbHO 3aHH:liC9HHOro KYPCa KPOt!bl 6bln cseAeH aKTHI.JeCKOB COOTHOW8HH6. nepeCYeT Ha OCHOB6 3aM.AHbiX U6- HH$11s:lltH8H t1a HeT. HOBbiXA64>J1SilopoB noKa3biJa.BT,I.fTO V:>AeHbi.U6HHe 38. 1991-1992 rr. COCTaBHJ10 He 90%, a 50%. 15 nepeb!G J:HHCKOfO 3a.M6HHT611s:l CllHBOI.fHOI'O Macna, 3KC- B 1992 r. o6beM roproenH MeTannaMH Ol.\BHHBMCR B 45 MJIH. nopT Koroporo, cornacHO MX saHeneH~IM>, ocyw.ecTBJ1RJ1C~ co A01111., B 1993 r. - 90 MI1H. AOilfl., "'TO COCTaBnReT 10-11% 3Hal.fHTeilbHbiM cy6cMAHpoBaHHeM ueHbl. Tu.w.TenbHOe H3Y49HrAe o¢HUJ.1anbHo 3aperHcTpHpoeaHHOro 3Kcnopra. CTaTHcrwecKHe npo6l16Mbl noKa3ai10, "'TO HH3KaR U8tla npoAY"l'Q 06b~HSISTCR AaHHble roproBbiX napTHepoe 3CTOHHH no 03CP YKa3b,;SaiOT Ha TBM, "'TO OH npeACTaBJ1R6T COOOH CM8Cb Macna H MaprapHHa. TO, "'TO H3 3CTOHI1H 6biJlH 31CCOOPTHpoBatibl M6TaJlflbl Ha AOnon- Bc~eope a Mara3HHax I"IOSIBHJICR atlaJlOrHI.fHbl~ nPOAYKT MeCTHOro HI1T81lbHYIO cyMMY 90 ~nH. AOJ1Il. TaK.,M o6pa30M, peanbHbiA npoH3BOACTBa no KOHKYPeHTocnoco6HbiM ueHl:!M. ,apyn1e )l(ano- 3cTOHMA: CMAIOUUlA 31183,Qa 6anTMM 129 6bl OTHOCHJli!ICb K O'feHb A8W8BbiM C8JlbCKOX03RACTBeHHbiM npo- BMHe 8Q-x fo,QOB. C T8X nop MHB8CTML4MQHtioiA peli(MM CT8HOIJMJ1CR AYJCT8M {oco6eHHO RA~M H 38PHY), noctyna.IO~M H3 POCCHH. ace 6onee nM6epanutbiM. B 1989 r. 6blllo paapeweHO C03,Qat*l~ 3TH )Kal106bl npHB8J1H K BB8A8HMlO B aBrycTe 1993 f. rtOWJlHHbl MHOCTpaHHbiX ~T8M'ITeJlbCT8 Ha ~MRTMAX M Ai1)1C8 116~0- a pa3Mepe 70% Ha poccHAcKYJO nweHH,.HYJO MYKY· nownMtta .Qa'tll ~RTMA B nDJllfYIO COCicTBeHHOCTb ~HOCTPaHHbiM Blla- 6b1Jla oTMeHeHa B AeKa6pe 1993 r. M3-3a :lKano6 ncnpe6MTene", AellblJ,aM. IJp KOHI..la 1993 r. fiP8AYCM8TPMBanMCb ci>MHaHCOBbl8 xne6oneKapHOA M KOH.QHTepcKoA npoMblwneHHOCTM. B Ha"talle CTMM}'Jlbl AnR 1'1)MBJ18't8HMR MHOCTpaHHbiX MHBeCTopoB (nottM)I(SH- 1994 r. c pocroM ueH a PoccHH 3KcnopT RHU B 3TY CTPaHY Hble rtOAOXOAHb18 tlaJlorM B T8'teHMe PI\Qa neT, 8 38.BMCMMOCTM BHOBb CT8Jl npHHOCMTb npM6biJlb. OT P83M8poB KCb"lMTai108JlOliCeK't1A). noaliCe 8Hal10rM'*IOI8 JlbfOTbl 16 npaBMJ18 6bU1M II88AfHol M AnR 8tf/TP8HHMX MHBBCTopoB. nonMTMKa J1M6epa- rATT rt03BOJ1RIOT BBOAHTb upeMeHHble 3KCOOPTHbae J1M38UHM 38TpoHYna Taae npMHaHCOB npeAQCTaBiiA9T ,QpyrHX OCHOBHbiX npoAYKfOB, MJlM He06XOAHMbiX A06aBOK AJ1R Bbl6oPQ'ftibl8 rapaHTMM KanMTallOBJlOliCeHMA M CJ1YlQtT MHopMa- AOB8A8HH~ i1iJOAYKT8 AO HY:lKHbiX CT8HAaPTOB, B paMKaX COX- UHOHHbiM U8HTpoM AliA noTe~anbHbiX MHBeCTOpoB. ,llnR YJ1Y'I- paHeHiut tteaocnonHSieMbiX npMpoAHbiX pecypcos, ecnH TaKHe W8HMR MHCI>oPMMI)OBaHMR MHOCTpaHHbiX MHBecTopoB 0 AeilCTay- M9Pbl OCYlUOCTBJlAIOTCR B CO'feT8HM\\1 C orpaHH'*lHHSIMH Ha BHYT- IOUlSA CMCTeMe perynMpo&aHMR A8J1080A 8KTMBHOCTM C03,Q8HO peHHee npOH3BOACTBO. COOUHallbHOe BeAOMCTBO, KOTOpoo MeT OOJlHYJO MHCIK>PM8UHIO 17 06R3aTeJ1bHble nepe-.HM TOBapoB onpeAeflRIOT ci>HKCMpoBaH- no MHBeCTMUHOHHI:.IM 803MOliCHOCT!RM B pecny6nMKe. Hble o6beMbl H U8Hbl Ha TOBapbl, OOCT8BJ1ReMbl8 Ha MEI:lKrOCY.QaP- 1g 3rOT rt0Ka38T8J1b BKJ110"188T TOJlbKO AOJlf M BliOliCeHMR B OCHOB- CTBeHHOM ypoBHe. IAH,D.HKaTHBHble nepe-.HM TOBapOB OCT8BJ1RIOT Hbl8 npoM380ACTBeHHbl8 CpeACTBa. 06JJ.UiR CyMMa, C ~TOM onpeAeJleHHe U8H Ha ycMOTpeHHe npeAflpHRTH". $MHaHCOBbiX MHB8CTMUHA, B TOM '4MCJ1e 3apy6eliCHbiX Aert03MTOB, 18 nep&ble 38naAHble MHB8CTMUHM Ha-.aJlMCb 80 BTOpo" 00110- COCT8BMJ18 B 1993 r. 160 MJlH. A0J1J1. KOMMeHTapHii K pa:J,Qeny 5 nonHTHK0-3KOHOMH'IeCKHH BH8Rif3 MaKpoaKoHOMHKif H sHewHeroprosoii nORIATHKM 3CTOHHJf Ap,qo X. XaHccoH Pa3Aell A>tKe speMs:l Cy>KA9HVISI 0 B03MO:ltaK- no~eMy 3CTOH~~ Bb16pana npaKn1~eeK~ KH~)I(HYIO TOpOB, npHCYW.HX OAHO~ 3eTOH&.11A, 6bl110 6bl no- MOAellb 4>~HaHCOBOro KOHcepBaT~3Ma Jle3HO o6eyA~Tb 06tUHe aKTOpbl, npHeyw.He (e6anaHc~poaaHHbl~ 6tOA)I(eT, *eeTKaS1 np~BS13Ka BCeM TpeM npa..6a11TH~eK~M rocyAapeTBaM, a MO)I(eT 6b1Tb, ~ BCeM nepeXOAHbiM HaU~OHailbHO~ BaniOTbl K KOp3~He ~HOCTpaHHbiX 3KOHOM&.1~eCK&.1M ei.1CTeMaM. BafliOT, 4>li1KC~poBaHHbl~ Kypc KPOHbl no OTHOWeH~IO K HeMeU,KO~ MapKe, peanbHO 8 1987 r., c caMoro Ha~ana eepbe3HbiX pa3ro- Ae~cTBYIOW.~~ 3aKoH o 6aHKPOTeTee) 1t1 eopoa 0 n011&.1TH~eCKOM &.1 3KOHOM~~eeKOM 6yAy- 3KOHOMII'I~ecKoro n~6epan~3Ma (npoerble, Ha W,eM 3CTOH&.1&.1, OeHOB~tO~ 3a60TO~ 6bl110 nOKOH- ~&.1Tb C AHeKpeAHTHPOBaHHbiM eoBeTeK~M npow- W~POKO~ OCHOBe, Hanor~ C eA~Hoo6pa3HbiM nOAOXOAHbiM HanoroM, no~TII'I eso60AHaS1 11b1M 1-1 "eepHyrbes:~ a Espony" (eM. van Arkadie ~ BHeWHS1Sf TOprOBI1S1, B TOM ~~ene Karlsson, 1992; Hansson, 1993). 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Hr.1e CO CTOPOHbl npOMblWI18HHIAK08 AO CII1X nap Apyrii1M o6beKTIII8HbiM ¢>aKTopoM MOryT cny- ~Me/10 U,811bl0 OTM8HII1Tb ynnaTY H,llC Ha IIIMnopT- }KIIITb fr1CTOPIII"''eCKLt1e 111 KYilbTYPHb!e pa311Lt1"'1&<1SI. He Hble roaapbl np~ nepece"'!eHIIIVI rpaHIIIU.bl, HO c~na 6YAY"''III cneU,Lt1a11&<1CTOM B 3TOM aonpoce, S1 803- ero H83Ha"''II1T811bHa ~ He MO~eT cpa8HII1TbCSI C A8P>KYCb OT rny6oKo'-1 npopa60T!K~M08 BHewHe171 roproa11111 Cfr1CTeM nepeXOAHOro nep111o,o.a A0!<8.3all HeCOM- Morna OKa3aTb 803A817iCT81.1e Ill CKPbiTaS'i IIIHcP- HeHHOe 3HalieHII1e aroro ¢>aKTopa. Hanp1.1Mep, np1.1 JlSIU,IIISI. B re"''eH~e 1990-1991 rr. poeT cnpoca o6bstcHeHLt1111 6onbwero ycnexa t.tewcKo171 pecny6- np111 ¢l111KC1!1po8aHHbiX U,eHax npii1BOAIIII1 K XpOH~­ 11111KI!1 no cpa8HeHII110, cKa:>KeM. c Pocc&~te171 ~11&<1 "'18CK~M Aeci>111U.It1TaM. HopManbHast cra6~111113au,~­ PyMbiH&~te171, o6st3aTenbHO cneAyer Y"''111Tb18aTb ant OHHast non~TII1Ka He npo8oA~nacb, 111, a nom:aiTKe ~aKTOpbl. Aflst 3CTOHIIII!1, B liaCTHOCTfr1, xapaKTepeH npecel.fb 8bi803 T08apos, nplll6aJlrnl7icKIIIe pecny6- OTHOCL>1T811bHO A011rllll7i nepiiiOA A8MOKP1SI Me)I(Ay A8YMS1 Mlt1P08biMIII SO~HaMIII - CCCP, 88811111 npstMo171 KoHrponb HaA aKcnoproM nepfr10A npou,BeTaH&itSI HeCMOTPSI Ha OTCYTCTB&ite AflSI aaw,IIITbl BHyrpeHHero PbiHKa. 8 pe3ynbrare o6w&~tpHbiX C8SI3e~ c PbiHKOM 6blswero CCCP. Cne- u,eHo8ol7i n&~~6epanlll3aU,IIIIII 111 pe¢1opMbl KPeAMTHO- AYeT ynoMSJHyrb ,.., 811111RH&<1e cpr.1HcKoro reneB&~tAe­ AeHe)KHOI7i C~CT8Mbl 6a11aHC 6bl/1 BOCCTaHOBJleH, HIIIst, KOTopoe cnoco6cr8o8ano 6onee ner~o171 132 ToproenR 8 HOBbiX H83aBHCHMbiX rocy,QapcTaax ~nra~~~ ScroH~~ K p~Ho~HoH 3KOHOM~Ke. }KVlBaH~st 6~111!1 pa3BeSIHbl 6biCTpbiM pa3pewe- 3ToT sonpoc 3acny>K~saeT OTAenbHoro ~ccneAO­ H~eM t5aHKoscKoro KPM3&-'-Ca (Hansson, 1994c). saH~st. npaBHTeJlbCTBO, KOTOpoe Bblpa3HJIO fOTOBHOCTb TpeT~H Q>aKTop, KaK OTMe~aiOT XaHceH rr1 Cop- no~r~ Ha 3aKpb1T~e rpex KpynHbiX 6aHKOB ~ npaK- ca. 3TO 6onee 3Ha~~nenbHble ycnex~o~~ 3cToH~~. T~~ecK~ He OKa3aJ10 noAAeP}KK~ ~X BKnaA~HKaM, no cpasHeH~IO c APYr~M~ np~6anTMHCK~M~ BPs:IA II~ npOSIB~T CO~YBCTB~e K y6biTO~HbiM CTpaHaMH, B03MO}KHO, ncTOMy, ~TO OHa ~3Ha~anb­ npeAnp~stT~stM. HO HMena 6onee 6naronpHstTHY!O 3KOHOM~~eCKYIO lt13Ha~a11bHO 3aH~>KeHHbiH o6MeHHbiH KYPC crpyKTypy. ScToH~st 6~::a~na MeHee ~HAYCTp~an~- (s ~IOHe 1992 r. cpeJl.HSISI 3apnnara cocTas.nsma 3HposaHa, a CTPYKTYPa ee npoM~wneHHOCT~ 35 AOM.) np~Befl K CH~>KeHVIIO BHYfpeHHero cnpo- COOTBeTCTBOBana np~pOAH~M pecypcaM ~ KBan~­ ca Ha ~Mnopr ,... cT~Myn~posa11 3Kcnopr. Kypc cp~Ka~~~ pa6o~eH c~n~. Pacnonaras:~ 6onee 6na- KPOHbl 6bl11 >KeCTKO np~Bst3aH K HeMe~KO~ MapKe ronp~stTH~M 3Heprer~~ecK~M 6anaHcoM, oHa 1!1 C~flbHO KOJ1e6ancst no OTHOWeHHIO K py6n10. YJlOBnersops:~na nonos~HY csoe~ norpe6HOCT~ s C~cTeMa n11aTe>KeH HaMHoro n~we cPYHK~r.1- 3fleKTpo3Hepr1!1~ 3a C"4eT co6cTBeHHbiX pecypcos. oH~posana c 3anaAH~M~ crpaHaM~. "4eM c py6ne- 8 Hacros:~~ee speMst cTeneHb o6ecne~eHHocr~o~~ so~ 30HOH. HeyAHBHTellbHo, ~To npeAnP~stT~St 3HepropecypcaM~ cocrasns:teT y>Ke 60%. Jlamwst CTpeMHJIHCb K no~CKY HOBbiX 3ana,AH~X pbiHKOB. C ee B~COKO~ CTeneHbiO ~HAYCTp~an~3a~~~ 1!1 illsHal.fanbHO 3aH~}KeHHbiH o6MeHHbl~ KYPC KPOHbl, 3aBHC~MOCTbiO OT HMnopTa 3HeprOHOCHTene~ KaK YKa3biBaiOT XaHceH ~ Copca, cblrpan 3a~~T­ OKa3anacb s HaHMeHee 6naronpHstTHbiX ycnoBHfiX. HYIO P011b ,... cMstN~11 ,o.as11eH~e s nonb3y sse- Il~rsa TaK*e 3aBHcena or HMnopra 3HeproHo- AeHIIIst rap~cpos 3 . c~TeneH, HO CTeneHb ee IIIHAYCTPII1a!11!13a~Hlt1 H~­ CpeJJ.~ npH6anTH~CKHX rocy,o,apcre Ha'-1MeHb- >Ke. w~x ycnexoe B pacwHpeH~~ ~ nepeop~eHTa~~, Ll1 nocneAH~H o6beKT~BH~H cpatcrop - cna- Toprosn~ A06H11aCb Jl~TBa. no ,D,aHH~M Jl~TOB­ 6ocTb 3CTOHCKoro arpapHoro no66~. ~To Hawno CKOro AenapTaMeHTa CTaT~CT~K~, B 1993 r. 80% csoe oTpa>KeH~e B 6onee 6narocKJ10HHOM orHo- ee roproe11~ np~xoA~nocb Ha cTpaH~ 6~ewero weHL1~ K J1~6epanbHbiM pecpopMaM. no pa3fllr1~­ CCCP. )f(ecTK~e cp~HaHCOBble Mepbl Jl~rsa sse11a HbiM np~~~HaM B 3CTOHH~ poeT cpepMepcK~X no3>Ke scex. Bnnorb AO Ha~ana 1993 r. KYPC n~­ X03SIHCTB npo~CXOA~fl MeAfleHHee. roscKoVI BaJliOTbl HCnbiTbiBan Kone6aH~st. 6onbwe xapaKTepHble Aflst py6nst, ~eM Ails:! HeMeLI.Ko~ Map- Bw6op M&KP03KOHOMM'IeCKOM K~ I ~TO, B03MO>KHO, CHLII>Ka110 AJlSI 11~TOBCKHX nonMTMKM cpHpM p~cK Topros11~ s py611esoH 30He. noc11e- AOBasw~~ nep~oA 6blcTporo noBbiWeHHst KYPca XaHceH ~ Copca cosepweHHo cnpaseAfiHBO Ha~~OHaflbHO~ BaJliOTbl no OTHOWeH&-110 K Jl.Oflflapy nOA~epK~BaiOT B3aHMOCBSI3b Me}I(Ay MaKpOSKO- o6ycnos~11 nostB11eHHe o6MeHHbiX P~CKOB. ne- HOM~~eCKO~ nonHT~KO~ ~ cpyHK~~OH~pOBaHHeM peXOA K 3CTOHCKOMY T~ny MeXaH~3Ma BalliOTHOfO BHewHe~ ToprosnH. 3Ha"4eH~e 3T~x cpaKTopoB peryna.1poeati~st s anpe11e 1994 r. npeAcrasns:~er nOATBep)I(JlaeTcst o6o6~eHHbiM onbiTOM nepeXOA- co6o~ 3Kcnep~MeHTa11bHYIO npoeepKY 3Ha~eH~st HOfO nep~o,o,a. )KeCTKas:l cp1!1HaHCOBast nOfiHTHKa yKa3aHHbiX cpaKTopos. EcnH HX po11b Ae~cTs~­ B CO~eTaHH1!1 C 1!13H8~aJ1bHO 3aHVl}KeHH~M 06MeH- re11bHo BeJlHKa, 3a 3THM 3KCnep~MeHTOM JJ.Ofi)I(Hbl HbiM KYPCOM cnoco6cTBYJOT pacw~peH~IO Topros- nocneAOBaTb nepeop~eHTa~Hst 1-1 pacwHpeH~e n"" ~ ee nepeopl!1eHrau.~~. cAeP)KliiBaiOT 6e3- roprosn~. pa6oT~~Y Ha oTHOCViTeflbHO HH3KOM yposHe. Ha- JlaTBH~ raK*e np~wnocb npo~TH ~epe3 cnaA we Hep,aBHee ~CCfleAOBaHHe COBMeCTHO C J].)Kecp- B CBOeH roproso~ alm1BHOCTH. CrpaHa ,o.aBHO np~c­ cPPIA CaKcoM (Hansson ~ Sachs, 1994), noc- ryn~na K npoBeAeH~IO >KeCTKO~ M8KP03KOHOM~­ Bst~eHHOe CBSI3~ MaKP03KOHOM~~eCKO~ nOJIMT~K~ ~eCKOH no11~THK~, HO ~cno11b3osana n~6o nna- C cPYHK~~OHHPOBaHIIIeM 3KOHOMIIIK~ nplt16aJ1TH~C­ sai01.14H~ KYPC BalliOTbl, n~6o cneu,&.1aTibH~e npasa Kl!1X rocy,o,apcTB, noATBep~eT BbiBOAbl XaHceHa 3a~MCTBOBaHII1s:l 6e3 ~eTKO Bblpa>KeHHOfO CTpeM- H Copca B OTHOWeH~H BHeWHe~ Toprosm1. 11eH~s:l noAAeP>Kr..1BaTb santOTH~~ KYPC. OcraTO'i- KT110~es1:-te KeCTKOMY 610A>KeTHOMY CAeP>Kl!1ElaH~IO a MacwTa6ax see~ 0npeAe11eHHOe OTHOWeHHe K ,D,aHHO~ TeMe 3KOHOMHKH. 6aHKY 3CTOH~~ 3anpe~eHO KpeA~­ VlMeeT npo611eMa B03Ae~crs~S~ AeHe>KHO~ He3a- TOBaH~e KOMMep~eCKHX 6aHKOB, KPOMe C~aeB B~CHMocr~ Ha o6ecne~eH~e nnaTe>Ke~ s py6- 6aHKOBCKOro KP~3Hca. npH aHanor~~HOM 3anpeTe 11eso~ 30He. ~ He pa3Ae1ls:IIO TO~K111 3peH~s:l XaH- Ha KPeAHTOBaH~e npaa~renbcTBeHHbiX npoeKToB ceHa H Copca no noBOAY HeraT~BHbiX nocne.o.cT- o6ecne~eHo oTcyrcTBHe 610A't(enmro AeKeHHe MacwTa6os rocy.o,apcraeHHo~ noAAeP- BartiOTbl HeCKOflbKlo1M~ B npr.1HU,~ne AOJl)I(Ha 6blna *K~ He6narono~H~x npeAnP~Sint~. 06pa3osas- oc110>KHifiTb Me>Kpecny6n~KaHcK~e n11aTe>KH. Ha weecst B pe3y11bTaTe 3Toro coKpaw,eH~e cnpoca Ae11e >Ke nllaTe>KH 1.1 AO 3Toro 6blnH napanlo130BaHbl BbiHYA~110 npeAnP~SIT~SI 1!1CKaTb HOB~e PbiHK~ HeKOHBepT~pyeMOCTbtO py6neBbiX Mace B pa3HbiX c6b1Ta. pecny611~KaX (pa311lo1~~st s TeMnax Hapa1J.4LIIBaH~st 8 s:IHBape 1993 r. 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Ecn1;1 6bl 3TOT nnaH AeHTCKI.1X C8SI3e~ C pOCCI.1~CKI.1Mio1 6aHKaMI.1 1.1 npowen, To 3croHI.1st nowna 6bl no co8epweHHO nost8JieHI.1SI 6aHKOB, cneu,l.1a111.131.1PYIOl1.1.1.1XCSI Ha J.1HOMy, H8111.16epanbHOMY nyTV'i. roproane py6nstMif1, 111.1K81.1AHOCTb PbiHKa TaK*e Ycnex AeHe)KHO~ pecpopMbl (3croH!ftst nepso~ no8b!Wanacb. OTAelllr111SCb OT py6neBO~ 30Hbl), np1.1BSI3Kif1 Ha~o­ HallbHO~ BailiOTbl K KOP31.1He T8ePAbiX BantOT ~ HcropwieCKHe cn}I'IBHHOCTH APYmx )KSCTKI.1X Mep aas111cen or aKTI.18Hocrn rocy- Ecn111 Ha aToM 3aKOH"t1.1Tb KOMMeHTap1.1~, noc- AaPCTBeHHbiX AestTene~. B Mae 1992 r., KarAS 8stlll,eHHbl~ 3CTOHCKI.1M pecpopMaM, MO)KeT CJIO- 3asepwanacb noAroroBKa peaKTI.1LtecKoro Ha"tana pe- cpopMbl. 8SIXI.1 nonaran, "tTO TaK MO)KHO KOMneH- &>1nlo1 COU,I.1anbHbiX Tpe6o8aHI.1~, a OT np1.1CTpaCT!It~ CHP08aTb HeXBaTKY Hai11.1"tHOCTif1, nopa31.1BWYIO 1.1 80111.1 HeCKOJibKI.1X 1110Ae~, o6ne"teHHbiX npa80M npi.1HI.1MaTb peweHI.1e. KaK npa81.1no, o6u.tecT8eH- py6neay10 30Hy, lf1 111.1KBI.1A1.1POBaTb 3aAOmKeH- HOCTb B BblnllaTe 3apa60THO~ nnaTbl VI neHCI.1~. HaR noAAeP*Ka cneu,1.1cp1.1LtecKIIIX Hanpa8neHI.1~ Pean1.13a~~st TaKoro npeAfiO)KeH!,IIst 03HaLtana n0111.1Tio1Kio1 (MeXaHI.13M BalliOTHOrO peryn1.1po8aHI.1SI, 6bl cll1.1HaUCif1P088Hif1e orpOMHOfO 610A>I(eTHOfO Hyneable rap1.1cpb1) nostsnsteTcst }'>Ke nocne c8ep- Aecplf1~~Ta BblnycKOM HOBbiX AeHer, "tTO npOTif1- WI.18werocst cpaKTa. BOpe"tr.1110 )KeCTKI.1M cpr.1HaHCOBbiM np1.1HU,Lo1naM, 0AHI.1M 1.13 npostaneHIA~ yp,aLtHoro pa3Br.1TI.1st ci.1- 1Yal.l,l.11.1 6bl110 6biCTpoe HanS)KI.18aHI.1e HOBbiX C8SI- nonylflii8Wir'IM no3AHee WI.1POKYIO noMeP*KY· npoBeAeHI.1e BaliiOTHO~ pecpopMbl 3aAeP)Kai10Cb 3e~ C 3anaAOM, 8K1110"tast CTPOII1TellbCTBO TepM1.1- 6bl no MeHbWe~ Mepe AO KoHu,a neTa (rmaTenbHO Hana All>t 1.1MnopTa HecpT1.1, a TaiOKe m1HI.1~ c8st31.1, noArOTOBJieHHI::W~ nepeXOA Ha H08YIO Ba1IIOTY 8 napoMHoro, Kopa6enbHoro 1.1 a81.1aU,1.10HHoro co- Te"teHHe rpex AHe~ He Mor 6b1Tb ocyw.ecTBneH B o6lll,eHI.1st c XenbCI.1HKI.1 1.1 CToKronbMOM. 3TI.1 cp1.1- nep1.10A neTHif1X OTnyCKOB, KOrAS MHOrlite 3CTOHU,bl 31.1"tecKI.1e C8~31.1 3ai10)Kr.1111.1 OCHOBbl Topr0811r.1 Ill HaxOASITCSI B OTbe3Ae), 803HI.1K 6bl HOBbl~ 81.1TOK 1.1H8eCTI.1U.Io1~, B "taCTHOCTJ.1, CO CKaHA1.1Ha8CKI.1Mio1 1.1HcpJ1stU,lo11.1. 6opb6a C 3TI.1M npeAI10)KeHI.19M crpaHaMI.1. Typ~~tcTH"teCKI.1~ 6yM 8 3cToHI.11.1 HaMHo- CTOI.111a MHOr!,IIX yc1.1111.1~ CTOPOHHI.1K8M }l(eCTKO~ ro npe8biCI.111 CBOI.1MI.1 MacwTa6aMI.1 TYPI.13M 8 APY- nonlf1TI.1KI.1. rl.1x np1.16a11Tio1~CKI.1X rOCYAaPCT8aX (8 1994 r. Bb16op 3aH1.1)KeHHoro ~1.1KCI.1posaHHoro o6- 3AeCb 0)K1.1Aaf10Cb 2,9 MJIH. TYPI.1CT08 TOllbKO 1.13 MeHHoro KYPCa raK*e He nonYLtll111 Wlf1poKo~ noA- ¢>MHnstHA1.11.1). 3croHI.1st A061.1nacb He3aBI.1CHMOCTH AeP)KKI.1 Y npa8HTellbCT8eHHbiX COBeTHif1KOB 1.1 or Pocc1.11.1 80 8cex BI.1AaX 3HeproHOCir1Tene~. Kpo- Yl.feHbiX 3KOHOMI.1CTOB. VlCXOASI 1.13 coo6pS)KeHI.1~ Me np1.1POAHoro ra3a. K TaKoMy pa3B!,1T1.110 co6bi- napi.1Tera noKYnaTellbHO~ cnoco6HOCTif1, rnaBHble TI.1H np1.18e111.1 A6~CTBI.1SII.1 peweH1.1SI OTHOCI.1T811bHO COBSTHir1Klll HaCT81.1Ba111.1 Ha cepbe3HO~ peBallb- He6onbwo~ rpynnbl 1110Ae~. Bee Morna 6bl o6ep- BaU,I.11.1 (8nnoTb AO 80CbM1.1KpaTHo~) KYPca, AOKa- HyTbCSI 1.1Ha"te, KaK noAT8ep:>fCACleT onbiT JlaT81.11.1 1.1 3biBast, "tTO TOJibKO OHa o6ecnel.fi.1T yposeHb AOXO- J11.1TBbl. 3TI.1 CTpaHbl COXpaHSIIOT rny60KYIO 3a81.1Cio1- AOB (8 A01111apo80M 3KBI.1Ba118HTe), AOCTaTO"tHbl~ MOCTb OT pOCCI.1~CK1.1X noCTa80K :>KliiAKOro TOnliMBa. AJISI np1.1o6peTeHI.1SI TOBapoB no M1.1p0Bb1M ~e­ nonbiTKI.1 ycraHo81.1Tb perynstpHoe napoMHoe co- HaM, Koropble, KaK npeAnonaranocb, 6yAyT npe- o6lll,eHI.1e Me)f(Ay P1.1ro~ 1.1 CToKronbMOM He y8eH- aan1.1posaTb nocne sso,o,a KPOHbl. Heo6xoAI.1MOCTb Ltani.Jicb ycnexoM. 3aAeP*KI.1 c B80AOM a cTpo~ n011bCK0-111.1T08CKOrO a8TOM061.1JibHOrO norpaHI.1"t- 3aHir1)1(eHit1st o6MeHHoro KYPca He HaxOAI.111a noHI.1- HOf0 nepexop,a 1.1 6onee cna6oe pa381.1TI.1e cl.1cTeM MaHI.1st. Y"teHble 3KOHOMit1CTbl CKJIOHSIJIJ.1Cb B CTO- cB~31.1 8 elll,e 6onbwe~ cTeneHI.1 orpaH1.1"tl.1111.1 AOC- poHy nnasaiOlll,ero, a He Ke cy- 8aplo1TellbHOe oAo6peHI.1e napnaMeHTa 6blno y:>~aKTopa, tmropble, KaK MO)KHO 6i.E:lo no- BaJliOTbl, CJJ,ellaTb "XOTb YTO-HH6YAb " K HIOHIO nararb, AOll>KHbl 6b1Jllf1 CblrpaTb 6oJ1bWYIO P011b B 1992 r. 8 3T~~tx o6crostrenbcraax nepabl~ )l(e pa- cpopMII1POBaHII1f.ll 3CTOHCKO~ MaKp03KOHOMf.II'-16CKO~ syMHbl~ nnaH, o6eUJ,aiOJJ.4111~ AOCTH)I(eHHe 3TI-1X 111 ropraaol-1 nonHn1Kf.ll, raK 111 He npaRBH11H ce6st a u,ene~, non'Y'"fall rapaHr~~tpoaaHUYIO noAD.ep)I(Ky. AOCTSTOYHO~ Mepe. ~Meercst B Bl-1AY JJ,aB11eHL-1e CnyYI-1110Cb T'aK, YTO TaK1.1M nnaHOM CTano npeJJ,- CO CTOPOHbl Me}f(AyHapoJJ,HbiX $111HaHCOBbiX opra- IlO)KeHr.1e ~eHTpanbHOfO 6aHKa 0 C03JJ,aHHIII Hf.ll3aU,&-1'1 1-1 o61J.4ecraeHHoro MHeH!IIst. Anst MHor&.ix MeXaH&-13Ma BalliOTHOfO COBeTa, T. e. , MeXaHI-13Ma 3KOHOML-1"48CKLo1X ClitCTeM nepeXOAHOro nepii!OJJ,P )KeCTKO~ np~~tBst3KLo1 HaU,IIIOHallbHO~ Ba1110Tbl K xapaKTepHo npon18opeYL-1e Me>KJJ,y Me>KJJ,yHapoA- OAHO~ L-13 raepJJ.biX aan10r 4. KoHrp- HbiML-1 cpl-1HaHCOBbiMI-1 opraHI-13aU,l-1S1M~. KOTOpble apryMeHTbl onnoHeHTOB B TaKLo1X YCI108Lo1stX B pac- acerp,a rpe6y10r 6onee )f(eCTKol-1 cpl-1HaHcoso~ 111 YeT He np~~tHI!1Manlllcb. J..1 ecn~~t 6bl KaKast-HII16YAb 11H6epanbHOH 3KOHOMHYeCKOH nom1Tl-1KH, l-1 npa- APyrast nporpaMMa 6blna npeAJ10)I(eHa paHbWe, BHTeJlbCTBOM, KOTOpoe CTpeMlt'ITCR K ocna611eHL-110 XOA C06biTLo1~ Mar OKa3aTbCSl COBepweHHO IIIHbiM. $Lo1HaHCOBbiX orpaHl-1'-leHH~ l-1 3aMeJ).11eHVJIO 111116e- napn1st, HaxaAJ.18WaSlcst y BJlaCTI-1 8 nep~~taJJ,, pa111113aU,Iit&.1. 8 TaKii1X CllyYaSlX $111HaHCOBble l-1HC- npeJJ,WeCTBOBaBWlll~ np~~tHSITL-110 rilaBHbiX pewe- TII1ryTbl Bblcrynaror a po111.o1 CAeP)KII1BaiO~ero cpaK- Hir1~, - ew.e aJJ,Ha lr1CTapVJLteCKaSl CilyYa~HOCTb. ropa a OTHoweHL-1&1 anacre~. 0AHI-1M 1-13 pacnpocrpaHeHHbiX o6bstcHeH~~t~ pe- 8 3CT0Hf.IIH pa3HOfflaCI!ISI 803HiitKalllt1 8 OCHOB- 3Y11bTaTa8 Bb16apoa B YC1108!.1stX nepeXOAHO~ 3KO- HOM nOTOMy, YTO 3JJ,eCb npeJJ,flOYTeHHe OTAa- HOM&.1Kiit SlBJ1SleTCst TO, "'TO OCHOBHO~ MOTL-18 lit36Lo1- BallOCb 6onee PaA111KallbHOMY nyr~, YeM Taro Tpe- parene~ cocrostn a ~enaHLo1Lo1 HaKa3aTb 811aCT&.1 60Ba11H II1HaHcoable ~~tHCTiitTYfbl. BecHol-1 1992 r. npeJJ,ep)l(aUJ,L-1e sa TPYAHocrn nepexa,~J,Hora nepL-1a- MB(J) norpe6oaan ornmKL-1Tb npoaeJJ,eH~~Je AeHe)f(- JJ.a. Ha ceHT5!6pbCKLo1X 1992 r. Bbl6opax 8 3craHHf.ll HO~ pecpopMbl AO rex nap, noKa He 6YAYT o6ec- 6onbWL-1Hcrao nanyYHna napr111st VlcaMaa, Karopast nel.feHbl COOTB9TCTBY/Ol1.(&1e TeXHW-f8CKitle 803MO)K- Bblcrynana 3a 11Lo16epanHsaU,Lo110 BHewHe~ nonlf1- HOCTII1 (Hansson l-1 Sachs, 1992). 3CTOHLo1Sl HaCTaiA- n1Kiit lit ci>"'HaHcoable orpaH~~t"feH~~tS1. 0Ha Haxa- Bana Ha 6biCTPOM npoBeAeHIIll-1 pect>OPMbl, TaK KaK AHnacb a onnosLo1U,Lo1Lo1 npaalf1renbcray Caa1.o1caapa 3aJJ,ep~Ka 6bllla HeB03MO)f(Ha C n011l-1Tii1YeCKO~ 1.o1 a KaKo~-ra creneHL-1 6blna CBS13aHa c nocneJJ,y- TOI.fKII1 3peHII1st l-1 He)KeJ1aTe11bHa 3KOHOMLo1YeCKII1 IOIJ.4&.1M npae&.irenbcraoM 8S1X~~t. Ee ycnexy cnaco6- (BCKope nocne BBOJJ,a KpOHbl npOH3aWJ10 06Banb- craoaano nono)l(eHLo1e OTHOCLo1TenbHoro ayrca~Ae­ HOe naJJ,eH~e Kypca py6J1S.1). MB(J) noHaYany npeA- pa. Bb16opbl OTOABL-1H~11Lo1 o6or.1X nPeAbiAY~X npeMb- naran KJlaCCHYeCKYIO MOJJ,ellb ~eHTPallbHoro 6aH- epo8 8 onna3&.1U,IIIIO • Ka (np~~JMepHO TaK}'IO n03)Ke Bb16palllll JlaTBIIIR VI B 1ll-1TBe npaaoe npaal-1renbcrao "Ca10Al-1ca", Jl111raa), Koropast nosaomma 6bl np1-16erarb K Bbi- Bblcrynaawee npor1.o1a nH6epanH3aU,Lo1111 3KOHOMLo1- AaLte BHyrpeHHVIX KP6Al-1TOB. 3CTOHII1R Bb16pana KYJ, 6bl110 HaKa3aHO YJ36YJpaTe11S1Miit, KaTOpble noJJ,- 6onee )KeCTK}'IO CLo1CTeMy BalliOTHOrO peryi1l-1PO- Aep>KallL-1 6biBWII1X KOMMYHL-1croa - AeMoKpan-1- BaHl-1Sl. "!ectKeCTKL-1e Mepbl, '-!eM 6biBWLo1e '-IJleHbl BOWJlL-1 8 HOBble napTLo1~Hble o6pa- Te, KOTOpble npl-1HSlfla 3CTOHHSI (OHL-1 npeAyC- 30BaHl-1Sl, l-1 HOBOe npaBLo1TeJ1bCTBO CTano TaKL-1M MarplitBa11111 3aKpb1TII1e OJJ.Horo KpynHoro 6aHKa 6e3 >Ke U,eHTPLo1CTCKiitM, KaK H npeJJ,biAYUJ,ee. KOMneHcai..I,VI~ BK11aAI.flt1KaM l-1 CI1Lo1S1Hl-1e AByx APYrVIX Hy lit nocne.a,HS~R litCTOPL-1LieCKaS1 c~HOCTb - npf./1 '-laCTL-1'-IHO~ KOMneHCaU,II1111 BKJlS,AOB). ~' Ha~ 3TO ponb mt'-IHOCTL-1, npii!HII1Mal0w,e~ peweHII1st. KOHeU,, HeKOTOpble IIIHaHCOBble IIIHCT~ryTbl npeJJ.- Cny'-la~HOCTbiO 6blno ro, '-ITO Mapr Jlaap, 11l-1JJ.ep naranl-1 saecrf.ll eJJ,l-1Hoo6pa3Hble rap~cpbl, '-IT06bl napT&.ilit lt1caMaa, B03r11aB111BWe~ HOBYIO KOa- nOBbiCLHb ypoBeHb rocyfJp.pCTBeHHbiX AOXOAaB. llHU,L-110, HMe11 '-leTKHe PaAII1Ka11bHble 83f11S1Abl Ha 3CTOHVIS1 npeJJ,na'-!na na'-ITL-1 caa60JJ,Hb1H pe)Kf.IIM n011111THYeCKir1e npHOpl-1TeTbl 111 He 6b1Il nparMa- roproanH. TIIIKOM C HeycTOS1BWHMI-1CS1 npHHU,IIlnaM!-1. To, '-ITO Bee BbiWeCKa3aHHOe BOBCe He 03HaLtaeT, '-ITO so rnaae Cou,Han-AeMoKpaTf./1'-lecKo~ napr111~~t, ao- fl03f.II~IIIS1 Me~yHapOAHbiX $111HaHCOB~X 111HCTII1- weJJ,we~ a Koan~~JU,L-110, crostnH 111116epanbl, TaiOKe ryTOB a6COI110THO He npii1HII1MallaCb 80 BHII1MaHiite. He stBI1S1IlOCb VICTOPf.ll"feCKO~ Het-1s6e)KHOCTbiO. Ee MB(J) cblrpan rnaBHYIO ponb a npf.IIHRTVlll1 peweHIIISI PYKOBOAHTenL-1 a cocrase npaBLo1TellbCTBa nporll1- 0 OOBbiWeHYJL-1 HanorOBbiX CTaBOK npM npoaeJJ,eHL-1&11 aocrostnlll aHTl-111H6epanbHbiM npeJJ,no)KeHHS1M BalliOTHO~ pecpopMbl AJ1Sl 3aKpbiH1S1 6tOA>KeTHO~ HeKOTOPbiX OTpacneBbiX Mfi!Hf.IICTpOB, oco6eHHO 6pewlt1. 8 1992 r. ero npeAcTaBL-1Tenlll y6eAL-111111 MLo1HIIIcrpa cenbcKoro xoss:~~cTBa. HaKoHeu,, H3- anacn1 npoaecr111 peopraHJ.13aJ.zyJJO 6aHKOB ..., o6ec- 6paHII1e C. Kannaca a KOHU,e 1991 r. rnaso'1 U.eHr- nel.ff.1111111 ee reXHVI'·IecKoe ocyw,ecraneH~~Je. B 6onb- Wii1HCTBe cnyl.faeB B3ri1S1Abl npaB111Tei1bCTBa, LJ.eHT- KOMMeHTapMiil K pa3Aeny 5: 3cTOHMR: CMRIO~R 3BS3,Qa 6anntM 135 panbHOro 6aHKa Ill Me"'P,yHaPOAHbiX $111HaHCOBbiX panbHYIO nonL-'!TL-'IKY A8)1(e B cnYl.!ae cMeHbl npa- opraHIII3aU,IIIi.1 nOilHOCTbiO COBnaAaiOT. 803MO>KHO BL-'!Tenbcrsa. C rel.!eHL-'!eM speMeHL-1 noJJJJ,ep>KKa nOTOMy, l-ITO Tpe6oBaHIIIS1 ¢>111HaHCOBbiX IIIHCTII1T)'TOB 3TO~ nom1THKH KpenHeT. 3KOHOMIIIl.!eCKaS1 aKTL-18- He CTalliiiiiiCTOl.!HIIIKOM noCTOSlHHbiX TpeHIII~, 3CTO- HOCTb, KOTOPYIO OHa CTHMYilVIpyeT (BK1110l.!aS1 "l.!e/1- HIIIS1 nOJJ.Aep>KIIIBaeT C HIIIMIII xopOWIIIe AellOBble HOl.!Hbl~" TYPIII3M B IIIH11S1HAL-110, rAe u,eHbl Ha nor- OTHOWeHIIISl. pe6111Te11bCKHe TOBapbl HL-'!)I(e), npL-'!Bena K C03Aa- .Q.pyro~ aKTop, aHal.!eHIIIe Koroporo npoSlBIII- HHIO o6w.ecrseHHbiX rpynn, aaiiiHTepecosaHHbiX nocb MeHbWe, l.!eM MO>KHO 6bll10 O>KIIIAaTb, - B ee npOAOfl)l(eHL-1111. Henocp~ACTBeHHOe BI1111S1HIIIe o6~eCTB9HHOro BMecTe C TeM npeo611aAaiOW.aS1 POfib VICTO- MHeHV.SI. npaBI.IITeflbCTBO ynopHO W/10 no 11136paH- PIIIl.!eCKL-'IX CllYl.!a~HOCTe~ (a He SlCHbiX COU,HallbHbiX HOMY nyr111, TepS1S1 CBOIO nolliiiTIIIl.!eCKYIO nony- norpe6HocTe~) s coap,aHIIIL-1 nL-'!6epanbHoro pe- llSlPHOCTb. Ha1116onee lteTKo :no npos:~s111nocb a ero >KIIIMa roprosn!f1 oaHa"'aer, l.!TO aror pe>KHM AeP- cenbcKoxoas:~~crseHHO~ noniiiTIIIKe. Or npaBIII- )I(L-'!TCSl 80 MHOfOM 6narOAaPS1 HHepU,IIIIA Ill MO)I(eT renbcTBa, 111Me10w.ero IIIMIIIA>K "Hau,llloHanvtcntl.!ec- l43MeHL-'!TbCS1, ecnL-1 He 6YAYT C03AaHbl HOBbie Koro", MO>KHO 6blno O>KVIAaTb noAAeP)KKVI rpe6o- CTIIIMYilbl Ails:! ero coxpaHeHHSl. 5biBWHe Bblco- BaHIIIW 3THIIIl.!eCKIIIX 3CTOHU,eB, npeo6ncmai0~111X B KonocrasneHHble KOMMYHL-'ICTbl noKa He rAMeiOT C911bCKO~ MeCTHOCTVI. MHOfllle ropo>KaHe TaiOKe WaHCOB BepHyTbCSl K BilaCTVI, n03TOMY B npa- roTOBbl 6blnlll no,l]JJ.ep>KaTb arpapHblt1 ceK"rop, TaK BIIITellbCTBe 6YAYT AOML-'IHL-'IPOBaTb nollVITVIKVI- KaK arpapHaSl IIICTOpiiiSI 3CTOHIIIIII OCTaeTCSl cy- nparMaTVIKI!t, He 0611a.AaiOW.He l.!eTKOCTbiO B3flls:I- ~eCTBeHHbiM $aKTOpOM HaU,VIOHallbHOfO CaMO- AOB, HO noflb3YIOW.HeCSI nony11S1PHOCTbiO. 0HIII MO- C03HaHIIIS1. TeM He MeHee npaBVITellbCTBO CTO~KO ryT noHeMHory H3MeHS~Tb cyw.ecTBYIO~L-1~ ynbrpa- npoTIIIBOAe~crsosano AOporocros:~w.e~ nporpaM- nlll6epanbHbl~ pe)I(L-'!M. KaK orMeTvtllL-1 XaHceH ~ Me noAO,ep)I(KVI CellbCKOfO X03S1~CTBa. Copca, poeT peanbHoro KYPCa KPOHbl B col.!eTaHL-1111 C poCTOM 6eapa60THU,bl MOryT noACTerHYTb npo- TeHA8HL\MM, He HaweAWMe 'leTKoro TeKU,VIOHIIICTCKVIe HaCTpoeHIIISI. 06W,eCTBeHHaH Bblp8lK8HMA fiOJJ.Aep)I(Ka CefOAHSlWHeli! nonHTVIKVI ew,e He CTOilb HeKOTOpble MOTIIIBbl, KOTOpbiMIII PYKOBOACTBO- CIAilbHa, l.!T06bl npeAOTBpaTVITb TaKOe pa3BL-'ITL-'!e Banacb 3CTOHIIIS1 np111 Bb16ope 3KOHOMIIIl.!eCKO~ C06biTL-1~, KOTopoe llHWL-'IT 3CTOHI.110 ee YHVIKallb- nomHIIIKIII, OCTaiOTCSl HeSlCHbiMIII. s:J MeHee OnT'-1- HOCTL-1. MIIICTIIIl.!HO, l.!eM XaHCeH Ill Copca, OTHOWYCb K ap,- 803MO>KHOMY nosopory BCns:ITb B nOilL-'ITIIIKe MV'I HIIICTpaTIIIBHbl M B03MO)I(HOCTS1M fOCYJ~apCTBa. MeWaiOT MHOrOlfL-'ICJleHHble AOfOBOpbl 0 CB060A- KaK 111 B 111060~ 3KOHOMVIKe nepexoAHoro nepllloAa, HO~ roprosne, noAnHcaHHble c octtoBHbiMlll ropro- fOCYAaPCTBeHHbl~ annapaT 3CTOHIIIIII nnoxo nOAa BbiML-1 napTHepaMIA 3CTOHIIIIII - L-'!HilSIHAL-'Ie~, fOTOBileH K BocnpiiiSlTVIIO pbiHO~HbiX IIIAe~, 3al.!aC- HopaerL-'Ie~, Wseu,L-'!e~ 111 Wset1u,apL-1e~. 1 anpens:~ Ty10 AeMopanvtaosaH 11111111 KoppyMnlt1posaH. EcTec- 1994 r. BClynL-'!no B cL-'!ny cornaweHHe o cso- TBeHHbiM OTBeTOM AOil)I(Ha 6b1Tb MO~HaSl A038 60AHO~ roprosne 8 npl<16anTL-1~CKO~ 30He. Ha nlll6epaJWI3Ma (Aslund, 1992; Hansson, 1994c), 3aKniOl.!L-1TeJlbHOVI CTaAL-'IH H8XOASJTCS1 neperoBOpbl KOTOpbl~ He OCTaBnSleT MeCTa KoppynU,VIIII Ill noa- o cso60AHO~ roprosne c EC. CornaweHIIISI, raKL-'IM BOilSleT fOCYAaPCTBY CKOHU,eHTPIIIPOBaTb ycllllliiiSl o6pa30M, 3aTpOHYT OTHOWeHIIISl CO BCeMH OCHOB- Ha 3aAal.!a><, nOABilaCTHbiX TOilbKO rOCYASPCTBy: HbiML-1 TOpfOBbiML-1 napTHepaML-1 3CTOHIIIH, KPOMe HaU,IIIOHaflbHaSl o6opoHa, BHYTPeHHSlSl 6eaonac- PoccL-1111, r.1 BPSIA 11H 6YAYT L-13MeHeHbl. HOCTb, cra611111bHas:~ san10ra. JIL-'!6epanbHYIO noaL-1- neperosopbl c Poccvtet1 OKa3S/1L-1Cb 6onee U.L-110 3CTOHL-1L-1 OTl.!aCTL-1 MO)I(HO 06bs:!CHL-1Tb nOHL-1- TPYAHbiMVI (Hansson, 1994a). B u,eHrpe nepero- MaHL-'IeM 3TOfO aKTa. npeA.nO:lKeHL-'!e ML-'IHL-'IC- sopos HaxOAHTCSl aonpoc o cTaryce HaH6onbwero Tepcrsa CellbCKOro X03Sl~CTBa 0 BBeAeHL-'!L-1 C/10)1(- 6naronp!f1S1TCTBoBaHHS1. CornaweHI,/Ie ~e napa- HO~ CL-'ICTeMbl VIMnOpTHbiX KBOT 6bl110 OTBeprHyrO. HPOBaHo, HO eLJ.te He noAnL-'!catto. XaHceH "" Cop- JlL-'!6epanbHbiW pe)I(IIIM roprosnL-1 Aenaer nepece- ca nonaraiOT, l-ITO ScroHL-'!L-1 cneAyer npHflO)KIIITb l.!eHIIIe 3CTOHCKVIX rpaHL-1~ HaL-'!MeHee aaTPYA- see ycL-'IIlL-'ISI AflSI AOCTH>KeHVISl TaKoro cornaweHL-'!Sl. HIIITellbHbiM L-13 BCeX npL-16ann1~CKVIX fOCYAaPCTB. C TOl.!KL-1 3peHHS1 KpaTKOCpO~HO~ CTparerHH, TaKaSl OcraeTCSl, OAHaKo, HeSlCHbiM, nol.!eMy B ScroHL-'!L-1 n011HTL-1Ka MO)I(eT L-'!MeTb CMbiCfl, HO C TOl.!KIII apeHir'ISl 3TIII coo6p8)1(eHL-1Sl 1r1rpanL-1 6onee B8)1(HYIO ponb, AOI1fOCp01.4HO~ nepcneKTL-'!Bbl 3TO MO)I(eT 6b1Tb He He)l(e/lL-1 B APYrlllx 3KOHOMIIIl.!ecKL-1X cL-'!cTeMax nepe" CaMbiM 11Yl-IWL-1M peweHL-'!eM. POCCL-'ISI apeMSl OT speMeHIII "paaroaap111saer" c ScroHL-'!e~ a yrpo- XOAHOfO nepL-'!op,a. Bee TPL-1 np1116anTL-1~CKVIX rocyAapcrsa ocraiOT- )KaiOUJ,eM TOHe. Y ... HTbiBaSl aanyraHHOCTb n011L-1TH- 1.4eCKO~ Clllrya~L-'IL-1 B Pocc111111, snonHe sepos:~THO, ~ npL-'!sep)l(eHu,aMVI 6eaAevtU.L-1THoro 610A>KeTa. B 1993 r., no peaynbTaTaM L-'!HaHcosoro rop,a, l-ITO OHa 6yAeT nepL-'IOAHl.!eCKL-1 MeHSlTb CBOIO Topro- 3cTOHL-1Sl nonyl.!lllna npL-16blnb B paaMepe 0,6% BYIO npaKTL-'IKY. Sro SlBIIITCSl Afls:l ScroHL-1111 HCTOl.!HIA- KOM 60ilbWO~ HeCTa6HilbHOCTIII (Hansson, 1994a). sen' Jl!ATBa aasepwvtna roA c AeL-'IU.VITOM 1 %. nocTOSIHHble L-13MeHeHL-1Sl peanbHOro KYPCa poc- 510A>KeTbl Ha 1994 r. TaK>Ke c6anaHclr'lposaHbl. CIIIHCKOro py6;~Sl OTp1.4u,aTe/1bHO CKIDK}'TCSl Ha peH- .D.ns:~ cpasHeHIIIS1: TaK~Ae llL-'!Aepbl B Aene peopM, Ta6ellbHOCTIII TOpfOBO~ aKTIIIBHOCTL-1, CBS13aHHO~ KaK 8eHrpL-1S1 VI nonbWa, VIMeiOT Ae$111U,L-1T OT 4 AO c PoccHeUI. B rapiii$Ho~ nonHTVIKe PocciiiH u,apHT 8% sen. TaKoe SlBileHVIe TaiOKe H~aeTCSl B XaOC, TapHcl>bl TO yBeflL-'IYIIIBaiOTCSI, TO OTM9HS110TCS1 06bS1CHeHIIIS1X. C HeonpeAefleHHbiMIII o6ew.aHIIISIMr.1 BOCCTaKOBL-'!Tb nepcneKTMBHbl8 BOnpOCbl M T8HAeH1.4MM lAX KOfAa-HH6YAb B 6YAYW.eM. O>KvtAaercs:~, l-ITO 3croHL-'!S1 npoAOfl>KVIT nvt6e- 136 ToproanR B HOBbiX H838BMCMMbiX rocyAapcTBaX 5 EIJ.te OAHMM npoABneHMeM cn~AHOCTM ABnHSTCA COCTaB npa- B 1.1Aeane 3CTOHCKI.1M cp1.1pMaM Heo6XOAI.1MO ~eCTb 3TY HecTa6tulbHOCTb 1.1 npeAJ1p!.1HSITb HOBble BMTel1bCTI8. TOT ~KT, 'fTO HOPJ8R 3CTOHCIC8R KOMMLU'IA Hat.tanaCb c napnaMeHTctcoro 6onbWMHCTaa acero a OAMH ronoc, roaopMT war1.1 a nepeopt.1eHTaU.I.11.1 Toprosn~ Ha aanaAHble 0 TOM, 'flO ManeAWaA pa3HML\8 B pe3Y11bTaTax Bbl6opoa MOrna Pb1HKI.1. Ec111.1 OHI.1 etUe MeAfiSIT c 3TI.1M, nepeopll1- 6bl npMBeCTM K BnaCTM ,Qpyroe npaBII!TellbCTBO. eHTaU.I.110 MO)I(HO CTI.1MY111.1POB8Tb nyreM C03ASHMSI 6 AHanorM'tHOB cpaatteHMe MO:l«HH npoaecTM o cTpaHaX UeHT- oTp1.1u,aTe11bHoro 1.1M1.1A)I(a Pocc1.1111 KaK Toproaoro pana.HOA Eapol'lbl Me:MCAY 6onee PaAMtcanbHbiMM nM6epanbHbiMM napTHepa. 8 1.1HTepecax noni.1TI.1~ecKoH 6eao- nporpaMMaMM Be.L4118Ba Knayca a 'ieXMM M JleweKa 6anb- nacHOCTI.1 3CTQHCKI.1M npeAnPI.1SITI.1~M 6bl110 6bl L4ePOBMt.ta B nonbW8- C Mettee 11MC5epanbHI>IM K)lpCOM, KOTOpbiA 11)"-tWe OTK833TbCSI OT pa6onll Ha poCCII1HCKOM M36panM 6onee "nparMB.TI.1t.teeKMe• peliCI.1Mbl a BBHrpMM MCnoaa- PbiHKe. no Kpa~HeH Mepe 3CTOHI.11.1 He ClleAyeT KMM. np1.111araTb oco6blx yci.1111.1H AfiSI AOCTI.1)KeHI.1R cTa- ryca H81.16011bWero 6naronprt~RTCTBOB8HI.1SI B nMT8p8TJP8 roproBJle. B HaCTOSUJ"ee epeMs:l A011SI ToproBJ11.1 c AcnyPCQ (Askmd) A Ponb rocy.QapcTaa B nepexo,Qe K KanMTMM3MY Pocc1.1eH cocTaans:~eT ecero 18% o6l1.1,ero o6'beMa (The Role of the State in the Transition to Capitalism). 3CTOHCKOl1 TOproBJ11.1, T8K ~TO B 6111.1:JKaHWe~ nepc- CToKronbMCKMA MHCTHTYT 31COHOMMKM cTpaH BocTot.tHoA neKTI.188 ee COKP8lU8Hif1e K 6011bWI.1M noTeps:!M He Eaponbl. PafSo'fMe AOICYM8HTbl, 41. 1992. npi.1BeAeT. EAII1HCTBeHHbiM cepbe3HbiM cneACT- BI.1eM MO)I(eT CT8Tb Hanps:DKeHHOCTb cpeAI.1 np1.1- XBHCCOH (Hansson) A. TpaHcopMMPOBaHMe 3KOHOMMKM B 6aJlTI.1HCKI.1X CTpaH, TaK KaK JlaTBI.1SI 1.1 Jl1.1TBa B nepMOA nocTPOBHMA rocyAapcTaa: rlpMM&p 3cTOHMM (Trans- 3H8"11.1Te11bHO 60ilbW8H CTeneH!I1 38BI.1CSIT OT poc- forming Economy while Building a Nation). CToteronbMCKMA MHCTMTYT 3KOHOMMKM crpaH BocTOt.tHOA Eaponbl. Pa60'4Me CI.1HCKoro PbiHKa 1.1 no3TOMY B KpaTKOCPO"'HOH AOteyM8HTbl, 62. 1993. nepcneKTI.1Be He cMoryT TaK nerKo nepeHecTI.1 ero norep10. XaHCCOH A. Bo3apa~b c xono.Qa: BnMAHMe nonMTMt.taeteoro pa3BMTMA 8 PoccMM Ha 3KOHOMM~KYIO TpattePMa~.zy~tO npMMe'I&HMR npM6anTMACKMX rocyAapcTB (Coming in from the Cold: The ABTop KOMMeHTapMR - HaY'4HbiA coTPYAHMK CroKronbMCKoro Impact of Political Developments in Russia on the Economic MHCTMTYTa 3KCHOMMKM cTpaH BocTO'tHOA Eaponbl, CToKronbM- Transformation of the Baltic States)// HoPAMKYM. 2, c. 26- c~eoA WKOI1b13KOHOMMKM, 3KOHOMM'48CKMA COB8THMK 3CTOHCKorO 35, 1994a. npaaMrenbcTaa, 'UleH npaaneHMR 6aHtca 3cTOHMM. B 1992 r. RB- XaHccoH A. MeliC.QyHapoAHaA Topro8nA 11 3KOHOMMt.tecKaA nAllcA COB8THMKOM npeMbeP-MMHMCTpa 3cTOHMM no aonpocaM TP8HCCIX>pMat.zy~R B 3cTOHMM (International Trade and Eco- peopMbl KJ)e,llMTHO-,QetteliCHOA CMCT8Mbl, BXOAM11 B KOMMCCMIO nomic Transformation in Estonia). rloAroTooneHo AnA no npoB8A8HMIO pect)opMbl Kpe,IU1THO-A8tteliCHOA CMCT8Mbl. Bb1C- ICO~p8Hl4MM EsponeAcKoro PYMa 38 ,QeMOKPaTMIO M IC83bl&a8Mb18 MM MtteHMR R811AIOTCR cyry6o liM"fHbbMM M He OTpa- COiiMAaPHOCTb "POflb MS:l«AYHaPOAHOA ToproanM B liCaiOT r103Mt.zy!M npaBMT811bCTBa 3cTOHMM MnM 6aHIC8 3cTOHMM. nepeXOAHbiA nepMOA"· npara, AH&apb, 1994b. Alrrop BblpruKaeT npM3HaT811bHOCTb A*OtfiJ X8HC8HY M ,Q3BMAY Tappy 38 KOMM8HTapMM K 6onee paHHeMY aapMatny CTaTbM. XaHccoH A. Pe<~K»pMa 6aHtcoac;c:oA cHcTeMbl 8 3cToHMM (Re- 1 MHOrMe 3&eOHOMMCTbl yraepliC,QMM, ttanpMMep, "'TO YJCP81111eHMe forming the Banking System in Estonia). noArOTOBJ18HO AnA 3KOHOMMICM RBnReTCR He06XOAMMbiM npe,QBapMT811bHbiM ycnOBM- KO.p8HLU1M rlOA 3rMAO£l JlOH,QOHCKOA WKOiibl 3KOHOMMKM eM AOCTM:lec8HMs;l CTa6MI1bHOCTM B&niOTbl. 31'0 YTB8PliCA8HM8 M '-1HCTio1TYJa MCCI18AOBaHMA BOCTOK- 3af'I8A "6aHKOBCIC8A 6eCCMbiCI18HHO. pecl)opMa 8 6bl8t.LJeM CoaeTCKOM Col03e M8ocTCHtOA Eapo- 2 6ecCMI1M8 npod,x:OI0308 ,QeMOHCTpMpyeT TOT ci>&KT, 'flO MMHM- ne: ypoKM UeHTpant.HOA Eaponbl". 6y.QanewT, ~eapanb, M&nbHaR aapati-Oi"l-taR MaYa He M3M8HA8TCA B T8'48HM8 19 1994c. M8CRL48B HaXOlK;QeHMR Y SnaCTM Hbltt8WH8ro npaBMT811bCTBa, XaHCCOH A. M CaKe (Sachs) AJK. ,ll. Kopottat.zy~A 3CTOHCKOA tcpOHbl TOrAa teaK Cp8AHf!R aapatiOTHaR nnaTa 38 3TOT F18PMO.Q 6onee (CroiMling the Estonian Kroon)// Transition 3(9), c. 1-3, 1992. 'taM YABOMnacb. COMHMTOnbtta cnoco6HOCTb npocl)col030a opra- HM30&aTb ~KTMBHble aa6acTOIIO'tttbl8 AQACTBMA. A6coniOTHO XiJHCCOH A. M CaKC ,ll)K. ,ll. MOH8T8pttbl8 MHCTMryTbl M tcpeAMTHaR H8f10HRTHO, not.teMY npaKTM'teCKM OTCYTCTaytOT HOBble f'1POCIK:o- CTaC5MI1M38t.zy!A: cpaaHeHMe onbiT& npMISanTMACKMX rocy- 103bl, ICOTOPb18 MornM 6bl 38M8HMTb CTapb18 KOMMYHMCTM'tOCKMe. .QapcTII (Monetary Institutions and Credible Stabilization: A 3 TpeC5yer oTaeTa aonpoc, I"'I'teMY APYfMe npM6anTMIRcKMe rocy- Comparison of Experiences In the Battics)/{T83. AOKn. Ha ABpcTaa M crpaHbl- 'tJieHbl cHr, KoTopble TatoKe tta'4MH8J1M c K~pe~M •~.teHrpanbHble 6aHKM B BOCTO'tHOA Eapone 38HM:leceHM~ 06MeHHOrO K'/P(:a, He CMOfliM ycneWHO npoTMDOC- M HOBbiX He38BMCMMbiX rocy,QapcTaax•, opraHM30BaHHOA TORTb .QaBn8HMIO B nonb3y BBO,Qil TaPMCIX>B. IOPMAMt.teCKOA WKonoA '-tMtcarcKoro YHMBepcMTeTa. Anpenb, 4 Jly'4WMM CBHA8TenbCTBOM ,Qa811eHMA B OOI1b3Y 6wcTporo 11)088- 1994. AeHMR aaniOTHOA ~PMbl ABI1ABTCATOT <~>ao, 'fTO Ha paccMoT- BaH ApKB,O.H (van Arkadie) 5. M KspnccoH (Kar1sson) M. 0630p peHMe napnaMeHTa 9 MaA 1992 r. 6b111M BH8CeHbl TPM BUCHWX 3KOHOMHKM npH6anTMACKMX rocy.Q8pcTa (An Economic Sur- 3aKOHa, KOTOpble A011:l«Hbl C5b111M CTaTb OCHOBOA nocnepe- vey of the Baffic States). JlOHAOH, nMHTep rla6nMwepc, 1992. PMeHHOA A8H8:l«HHA CMCT8Mbl, M Cll'fCTA acero 11 AH&A 3TH 381COHbl 6b11111 OO'tTM 8AHHOAYWHO OAQI5peHb1. 6 RATBHR: nP06REMbl TOPrOBnH B nEPEXO,QHb/H nEPHO,ll nHpBTTa Copca n aTSL!lSI - He60J1bWaSI CTpaHa C HaCeJleHL!leM 2,7 MJlH. YenoseK, He6oraras:~ pecypcaML-1, no reppL!1TOPL-11f1 npL!1MepHo pasHa ~pnaHAL!lL-1, 3aHL-1Maer YA06Hoe nono~eHL!le Me~y BocroKOM L-1 3anaAOM L-1 L!1Meer AaSHL!le roprosble TPaAL-1U.L-1L-1. He3aMep3atOu..tL!1e nopTbl Ha 6a11T~HCKOM Mope L-1 SblrOAHOe pacnonmKeHa.1e S ycTbe BHyrpeHH9H pelfHO~ CL!1CT9Mbl BbiA- SIIIHYJlL-1 JlaTBL-110 s cpeAHL!le seKa Ha nepsble ponL-1 s roprosne; CTOJIL!ll.l,a CTpaHbl Pa.1ra 3aHL-1Ma11a SIDKHOe M9CTO S raH39~­ CKOM COI036. 8 KOPOTKL-1~ nepL!lOA He3aSL-1CL!1MOCT~ Me)K,D,y ASYMSI ML!lPOBbiMIII SO~HaM~ 3KOHOM~Ka JlaTSa.1111 6a3~­ posanacb Ha roprosne. 3ro )Ke MO:>KHO cKa3aTb ~ o nocne- AYIOW.L-1X ns:~r~ AeCSITL!111eTL!1SIX s cocrase CosercKoro Col03a, HO npL-1 3TOM AflSI 3KOHOML-1KVi JlaTSL!lL-1 6bi11L-1 xapaKTepHbl Kpa~He ow~6ol.fHble peweHL!ls:t B cKeK lf1 no3SOJ1SieT e~ IIICn011b30SaTb CBOL-1 npeL!lMY- u..teCTBa KaK u,eHrpa rpaH3L!1THO~ roprosn~ Me>KAy BocroYHot1 ~ 3anaAHOH Espana~. Co speMeHL-1 soccraHosneH~s:t Heaa- • MaKp03KOHOMIII"ieCKaSI Cllll)'ai...\IIISI Ill CTpyK- s~c~Mocrn s 1991 r. JlaTBL!lSI HaYana nepeopL!1eHTL!1posaTb Ha- npasneHHOCTb lll CTPYKTYPY csoe~ roprosn~ raKL!lM o6pa3oM, YT06bl aHa s 6onbwel-1 creneHL-1 coorsercrsosana ee ecrecr- TYPHbJe pe¢lopMbl seHHbiM npe~Myw.ecrsaM KaK nocpeAH~Ka B espone~cKo~ roprosne ~ npoL!13SOAL!1Tens:~ TPYAOeMKO~ npoAYKU.~L-1 ~ ycnyr. • ToprosnSI 6narOAaPSI SblrOAHOMY reorpa¢>~lf9CKOMY nollO)KeH~IO 3Ha- "'L-1 renbHO ysem1"1L!111Cs:t o6beM pe3KcnoprHo~ roprosn~ Jlar- • ToprosaSI nom,TIIIKa SL-1~. reorpaQ>L!l"'eCKOe nOJlO)KeHL!le flaTSIII~ L-1 Ha11~"1~e IIICTO- • Toprosm; co CTpaHaMVJ 6b!Bwero CCCP PL-1 "'eCKL!lX CSSI3eH C COCeJ],SIMI'I cnoco6cTSYIOT pa3SI'ITI'IIO KOM- Mep"'eCKL!lX VI VIHbiX KOHTaKTOB C 3ana.o,oM. BIDKtibiM ¢>aKTO- poM SISJlSieTCSI TeXHI'!"ieCKaSI lo1 ¢>VIHaHCOSaSI noMOW.b 6oraTbiX cKaHAI'IHascKVIX coceAe~. Ilarsi'ISI nposena neperosopbl o • npo6J19MbiTOprOBO~ no.n111n1K111 cso6oAe roprosnlfl co crpaHaMI'I - "'neHaMI'I EsponeHcKo~ accou,lllall,lf11'1 cso60AHO~ roproB/11'1 (EACT), "'TO OTKPb1110 ne- peA He~ pbiHKI'I COCeAHI'IX crpaH, XOTSI JlaTBI'ISI ew.e CJli'IWKOM • npo6neMblnllaTe~e~ MeAJ1eHHO I'ICn011b3yeT 3TIII S03MO)KHOCTI'I. 8 1995 r., KOrAa scryn111r s cv;ny roprosoe cornaweHIIIe c EsponeHCKI'IM co- • BbiBOAbl no npo5neMaM TOprOBO~ nO.nVITr.1KI!1 o6w,ecrsoM, CSSI3f.1 c 3anaAHO~ Espana~ nonyYaT Aa11b- He~wee pa3BIIITL!1e. MaKp03KOHOMM~tecKaR CMTY&4MR M CTPYKTYPHble pe~opMbl Ans:t ycnexa roproso~ pe¢>opMbl Heo6XOAL-1Mbl cra611111b- Ha51 3KOHOMI'I"'8CKaSI ClllryaU,IIISI VI U,8HOBble CTL-1MY11b1, OTpa- 138 ToproBnfl B HOBbiX He3aBHCMMbiX rOCYAilPCTElax >KaiOWYie OTHOC~TellbHYIO AeQ>~U,~THOCTb pecyp- 3a, noHal.fany ynyl.fWII'ill ycnoBIIISI roproa11111, noabl- COB. C TOI.fK~ 3P9H~SI CTa6111111.13aU,IIIIII, JlaTBIIISI AO· c~t~n AOXOAHOCTb npeAnPIIISITIIIIil, YB911HI.flllfl rocy- 611'i11aCb onpeAelleHHOro ycnexa B CHIII)K8HIIIIII IIIH- AaPCTBeHHble AOXOAbl, CA9P)KIIIBa11 CHIII)K8HIIte ci>11SIU,IIIIII c rOAOBoro ypoaHSI 958% B 1992 r. AO o6beMOB npOIIt3BOACTBa Ha ypcBHe MeHee 10% nnaH~t~pyeMbiX 35% a 1994 r. no npeAaap~t~Tenb­ B 1991 r. 6e3pa6or111u,a cocraa~na MeHee 0,5% HbiM ,D,aHHbiM, B 1994 I. npou,ecc 3KOHOMIIII.f8CK0f0 o6w,ero l.fiiiCila pa6orocnoco6Horo HaceneHiitSI naAeHIIISl Hal.fiiiHaeT BblpaBHIIIBaTbCSIIII K KOHU,y fOAa (ra611. 6.1 ). B 3KOHOMIIIKe MO)K8T Hal.faTbCSI nOAb8M. B 1992 r. Hacryn~t~no pe3Koe yxyAWeHIIIe MaK- npou,ecc CTPYKTYPHOro pect>opMIIIPOBaHIIISI 6bl11 posKOHOMIIII.fecKo~ ClllryaU,Iitlll. C Hal.faJlOM 111116e- 6o11ee M8AJl8HHbiM. nepeXOAHbiVl nepiiiOA B JlaT- Pa111113aU,IIIIII u,eH a APYrlllx crpaHax 6blawero CCCP BIAIII Hal.fallCSI B KOHU,e 80-X rr. C no11yl.feHVIS1 pec- ycllOBIIISI TOPfOBillit JlaTBIIIIII CTalllll 6b1CTPO yxyA- ny611111KO~ onpeAelleHHO~ 3KOHOMIIII.f8CKO~ caMOC· WaTbCSI, o6w.111e norep111 a ycnoBIIISIX roproan111 (on- ros:~renbHocrlll a paMKax CCCP. Pecl>opMbl u.eH, peAens:~eMble KaK OTHOW8HIIte U,eH 1992 r. K MlitPO· roproa11111 111 Hanoroao~ c~t~creMbl no non~t~TIIII.fec­ BbiM U,eHaM) COCTaBIIIIllll 13-24%, 11111111 8% OT 88n KIIIM Ill T8XHIIII.f8CKVIM C006piDK8HIIISIM npeAW8CT· (Tarr, 1994). noBbiWeHVIe U,eH Ha npoiii3BOA- BOBalllll CTa6111111113aU,IIIOHHbiM MepaM, OAHaKO CTB8HHble pecypcbl Ill HaJWII.fllle 11136biTOI.fHO~ Kpe- peailbHbl~ nporpecc pect>opM Hacryn11111 TOilbKO AIIITHO~ MaCCbl 8 py6neao~ 30He YCKOPIII11111 IIIH· noc11e n011YI.f8HIIISI nOiliiiTIIII.feCKO~ H83aBV!CIIIMOCTIII cl>flSIU,IIIIO, Ill aa 1992 r. U,8Hbl B03POC111it B 10 pa3. B CeHTSI6pe 1991 r. Ill BbiXOAa JlaTBIIIIII 1113 py6ne- npo~t~aowno 6blcrpoe ~t~crow.eH~t~e 3anacoa, 111 ~t~­ BO~ 30Hbl B cepeAI!'iHe 1992 r. BBeAeHIIIe KOHBep- HaHcoaoe nOTJO)K9HIIIe MHOfiiiX KOMnaHIII~ yxyA- TIIIpyeMO~ Ba1110Tbl B COI.feTaHIIIIII C )KeCTKO~ AeHe>K~ WrA110Cb. 8 Hal.fane 1993 r. 6eapa6orlltu,a nepe- HO~ Ill ci>IIIHaHCOBO~ nOfliiiTIIIKO~ cnoco6CTB0Ba110 warHyna 3%-Hbllil py6e)K. 8 peaynbrare pacna.Aa CTa6111111113aU,IIIIII 3KOHOMIIIKIII, CHIII)K8HIIIIO 3KOHO· TOpfOBillll C HOBbiMIII He3aBIIICIIIMbiMIII rocyp,apcT- MHI.fecKo~ HeyaepeHHOCTIII, YllYI.fWeHIIIIO Aenoaoro BaMIII BBn a 1992 r. yMeHbWIIIIlCSI ~•a 34%. K11111Mara. II13Hal.faJlbHO aaHIII)KeHHbl~ KYPC aaniOTbl cnoco6craoaan pa3BIIITVIIO 3Kcnopra 111 o6ecnel.flll11 Cra6HRH38!..(Hfl BpeMeHHYIO 3aW.I!1TY B OTHOW8HIIIIII r.1Mnopra, HO K B 1111011e 1992 r. npaa~t~renbcrao Hal.fano ocy- KOHU,Y 1992 r. Hal.fallOCb 6biCTpoe noBbiW9HIIIe w.ecraneH~t~e nporpaMMI::.! cra6111111113al.l,lltlll, KoropytO KYPca, "flo CHI.13111110 KOHKYPeHrocnoco6Hocrb nar- noAD,ep)Kan Me>KAyHapoAHbl~ aaniOTHbl£1 cl>oHA. BIII~cKoro 3Kcnopra. 6bl11111 np1.1Hs:!Tbl peweHIIISI a npoBeAeHIIIIO a )Kf..13Hb sro~ nporpaMMbl cnoco6- cct>epe roproso~ noni.1T1.1Kit1, Koropble 3aMeAI1111111.1 craoaano TO, l.fTO npaBIIIT811bCTBO npiiiA8P>KIIIBa- npou,ecc aAanrau,l.1111 111 nepeop~t~eHTaU,IIIIII roproa- 110Cb nonlllTIIIKIII 6e3Aeci>IIIU.IIITHoro 610A>Kera. Pe- 11111. Pel.fb ~t~AeT, a l.faCTHOCTIII, o Hanorax Ha 3Kcnopr weHII1e IlaTBl-1111 eaecrlil nnaaaiOW.l-1~ o6MeHHbl~ TOBapoe, TaKIIIX KaK nee Ill npOAYKU,IIISI Aepeao- KYPC AafiO anacTSIM B03MO)KHOCTb MaHeapa B nplit- o6pa60TKIII, B OTHOWf3HIIIIII KOTOPbiX JlaTBIIIS1 MOrna Mel-teHIIIIit A8H8)KH0~ n011lo1TIIIKiit AflSl MaKp03KOHO· 6bl ~t~MeTb ecrecraeHHble npe~t~Myw.ecraa. np~t~­ Mllll.f8CKOfO pery11111POBaH1!1SI. 8 TO )1(9 apeMSI B MeHSIIOTCR MHOroo6pa3Hbl8 npoTeKU,IIIOHIIICTCKIIIe acroHIIIIII AeHe)KHaSI AIIICU,IIIn11f..1Ha 6blna 3aKpen- Mepbl B OTHOWeHIIIIII !11MnopTa C811bCKOX03SI~CT­ neHa 3aKOHO,D,aT911bHbiM nyreM 2• 0AHaKO HbiH8W· B8HHO~ npoAYKU.IIIIf1 111 APYrt.1x roaapoa. 3Kcnopr Hs:l~ nO/liiiTIIIKa JlaTBIIIIII, KaK 6bl TW.aTellbHO OHa Hl-1 B 30Hbl H8KOHBepTIIIpyeMbiX BalliOT o6naraeTCSI npopa6arblaanacb, MO)KeT craTb 6onbwe~ yrpo- AIIICKPVIMIIIHaU,IIIOHHbiMIII HallOfaMIII, a 3TO np~B8110 30~ All~ ocyw.ecraneHIIIS1 cra6~t~ll1113aU,IitOHHO~ K COKPaW.eHIIIIO ToproBfllll CO CTpaHaMIII 6biBW8fO nporpaMMbl. CCCP. C111t1WKOM l.faCTble ~3MeHeH~SI npo~cXOJl.SIT B pe>K~Me TOPfOBil~, l.fTO CT~MYillllpyeT 11066111C- TCK~e Ae~CTBIIISI ~ 3aM8A11SI8T npou,ecc aAan- Ta6nMI.Ul 6.1. 0rA8Jit.Hwe no~~:aaaTenM 3KOHOMMKM TaU,IIIIII. HeraTIIIBHble nocneACTB~SI B03H~KaiOT 1113- nanMM • 1990-1993 rr. 3a OTCyTCTBIIISI l.f8TK~X Ill ~CHbiX no110)K8HIII~ 0 (B npou,eHrax) B03Bpare 3KCnOpTHb!X noWiliiiH. 8 TO )1(8 BP8MSI TOpfOBble napTHepbl JlaTBIIIIII npiiiM8HSIIOT U,eHOBO~ 1990 1991 1992 1993 Ill 3KCnopTHbl~ KOHTPOilb, cnoco6CTBYIOW.III~ nOAb· eMy BbiCOKOAOXOAiiOfO pe3KCnopra, KOTOpbl~ B TeMnbl pocra BBn -3,5 --8,3 -33,8 -10 COI.feTaHIIIIII C CVICTeMO~ 3KCnopTHbiX ycnyr npiiiB811 ~Hcl>mu~~ 10,5 262 958 35 K noBbiWeHIIIIO peanbHoro o6MeHHoro KYPCa 111 nnare>KHbl~ 6anaHc npiiiBileK pecypcbl 1113 APYrlllx cct>ep 3KOHOMIIIKIII. 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JJaTBIASI ssena B o6paw,eHHe KOHAHTepcKast, a TaK>Ke peeypeoeMKHe orpae- BpeMeHHYIO BalliOTY - naTBHilleKHii1 py6nb, "'T06bl nH -- pb160nOBCTBO If'! neeHaSI npOMbiWJleHHOCTb. eHSITb Hanpst>KeHHOeTb H3-38 AeQ>HU,111Ta Halllf'I"'- B 1993 r. npaBHTenberao Y>KeCTO"tHno nonHTH- HOeTH If'! rmAfOTOBHTb nO"'BY AJlSI BBOAa n9eTOSIH- KY B OTHOW8Hir1l-1 npeAnPHSITII1ii1, AOnyeKaiOW,~X HOii1 BantOn~. K MapTy 1993 r. e>KeMeeSI"'HaSI HaJIOfOBYIO 3aAOn>KeHHOCTb. IIIMyW,eCTBO HX KOH- lf1HcPnSIU,HSI onyeTHI1aeb HH>Ke 10% If'! JlaTBL>1SI BBena cPHeKOSbiBanoeb, npeAnPHSITHSI o6bSIBnSinHeb 6aH- B o6paw,eHI!le noeTOSIHHYIO BaJIIOTY- naT. 8 U,ellSIX KpOTaMili. B TO apeMst o6beMbl npoii13BOAeTaa HHcPnstU.l-iOHHoro perynHpoeaHH~ KYPe naTa, noA- ynanH AO 60% or ypoaH~l 1992 r. HaHMeHbWlt1H KpenneHHblii1 AOBOeHHbiMH 3anacaMH 30nOTa If'! CnaA 6b1Jl OTMe"teH B TeX OTpaCI1SIX npoMbiW- HHOeTpaHHOii1 BaJliOTOii1, 6bln enerKa 3aHH>KeH. 118HHOeTH, KOTOpble HapaW,IIIBa/1111 3KenopT eaoeii1 3aHI.1>KeHIIie KYPea (HC"'Hens:~eMoe a AOnnapoaoM npOAYKU.HH Ha 3anaA- npe)KJJ.e aeero APesecHHbl 3KBHBaneHTe 3apa6oTHoii1 nnar~ 3 ) coxpaHs:~noeb 1.1 Me6e11H. HaVJ6onbWI.1ii1 >Ke enaA npoH3owen a AO TeX nop, noKa He B03Hff1K110 AOBepiAe K HOBOii1 WBeii1HOUI 1.1 u,enniOn03H0-6yMa:lKHOii1 npOMb1WneH- aamore. K eeHTst6piO 1993 r. KYPe BaniOTbl noabl- HOCTII1, MeTannoo6pa60TKe, llPOW3BOAeTBe pa- eHnes. no OTHOWeHHIO K AOnnapy Ha 50%, npH Ar..10annaparypb1 If'! CTPO~MaYepHanOB, KOTOpble 3TOM cpeAHeMecSI"'HaSI 3apa6orHaSI nnara B03- c~~tnbHee aeero aaBif1eenH or PbiHKOB 6~swero poena AO 60-75 Aonn. K Ha"'any 1994 r., npH no- CCCP. ilpeAnPHSITHSI Ha"ta.f'IL1 coKpaw.aTb pa5o'"'~e BbiWeHHH KYPca naTa, e>KeMeCSI"'HaSI 3apa6oTHaSI Meera. 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HaxOAiflnl.1cb a Heonna"'I.1Ba43MbiX ornyeKax 1.1n1.1 BaJiiOTHaSI pecl>opMa conpoao>KAaJlaCb >Kecr- nepeBOAHnl.1eb Ha yKopo"teHI-iYIO pa6o"tyl0 HeAe- Koii1 A8H8)KHO-cPHHaHeOBOii1 nomHHKOii1, OCHOB- niO. 0AHaKo eenH epaBHHTb ypoaeHb 6e3pa- HbiM IAHeTpyMeHTOM KOTOpoii1 eTan >KeeTKHii1 KOHT- 6oniU.bl e 06W,&t'IM 06beMOM COKpaw.eHIIISI npOH3- ponb 3a Bb1Aa"'eii1 KP8AHTOB. npou,ecey eTa6HnH- BOAeTBa, TO ero anonHe MO:>KHO C"tHTaTb Hr..13KHM. 3aU,HH enoeo6eraoaan111 orpaHifi"teHHSI Ha poeT 3a- oTO eBSI3aHO e noHH>KeHI.1eM peanbHOii1 aapa- pa6oTHoii1 nnaTbl Ha rOCYASPCTBeHHbiX npeAnPH- 60THOii1 nnaTbl ""'· ao3MO>KHO, nornow,eHHeM pa6o- SITHSIX, "'TO n03BOnHnO eoxpaHHTb 6anaHe 610A- "teii1 Clf'!Jlbl "'aCTHbiM eeKTOPOM, MaewTa6bl KOTO- >KeTa If'! eAep)l(aTb liiHcPllSIU,HIO, eBSI3aHHYIO e poe- poro o$111U.HaJlbHas:~ craTifien'IKa y"'HTblaaer HeAoe- TOM 3apa60THOii1 nnaTbl. TaTo~Ho4. BaeAeHll!e KOHBepri11pyeMoii1 aaniOTbl enoco6- eraoaano He ronbKO npou,eeey era6HnH3aU,HVI, HO CTPYKTYPHble pe¢opMbl ""' pacwllipeHl-110 o6beMoB roproanH. 6bii1H o6ee- Peanl.13aU,I.1SI Mep MaKpo3KOHOMH~eeKoii1 era- ne"teHbl aAeKBaTH~e cTHMynbl AJlSI 3Kenoprepoa 6HJ1H38U.HH He eonpOBO)I(AaJ18Cb eoOTBeTeTBy- 1.1 lf1MnopTepoB If'! AOeTYn K HHOeTpaHHOii1 BalliOTe IOW,HMir1 eTPYKTYPHb1Mif1 pecl>opMaMif1. JlaTBHSI oco- AJ1SI ocyw.ecreneHHSI !11Mnopra H eAeP>KHBaHHst 6eHHO CHnbHO OTCTaBana C npoSeAeHif18M Cllle- yre"tKH Kam1Tana. 8aniOTHaSI pec~>opMa o6opaana T8MHbiX pecpopM, cnoco6CTBYIOW.HX pa3Bif'!Tl110 eBSI3b C py6nesoii1 30HOii1 If'! OKa3ana eAeP>KH- npOH3BOAeTBa B COOTBeTCTBHH C Tpe6oBaHHSIMif1 BaiOw,ee B03Ae~eTBHe Ha poeT liiHcPllSIU,Hiil. CpeA- pbiHKa: np1.1B8TH3aU,Heii1, CTHMynHpoBaHHeM "taeT- HeMeCSI"'Hblii1 ypoaaHb 111HcPnSIU,H~1 COCTaBif1n 2% B HOfO CeKTOpa, ypery111.1POBaHI.1eM npaB eo6- rpeTbeM Kaaprane 1993 r. 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K- AYHaPOAHble PblHKIII. Paaean o6w,ero 3KOHOMlJI"'ecKoro npocTpaHCTBa CoeeTCKOro COI03a CKa3all~ Ha HOBbiX Heaa- BlJIClJIMblX rocyASPCTBax ropaaAo clJITJbHee, "'eM pacnaA Coee- Ta 3KOHOMIII~ecKol1 Baali!MonoMOlltlll Ha cTpaHax BocTo"'HO~ Eeponbl. BocTO"'Hoeoponel1cKIIIe rocy,o,apcTBa 6bllllll eepHblMlll "'JleHaMIII COBeTCKOro 6JlOKa, HO lJIX BHeWHe3KOHOMlJI"'eCKaSI nonli!Tli!Ka 6blna ropaaAO 6onee HeaaBIIIClJIMO~. a B peweHllllll BHYTPeHHIIIX SKOHOMlJI"'ecKliiX npo6neM OHlll coxpaHHlllll onpe- AeneHHYJO aBTOHOMlJIIO. STill rocyAaPCTBa He ~Bll~lliiiCb coc- TaBHO~ "'SCTbiO eALJ!HO~ KOMSHAHO~ 3KOHOMlJI"'eCKO~ ClJICTeMbl, nocKOllbKY MocKee He y,[J,allocb Hae~aaTb cTpaHaM CSB HAeJO IIIHTerplllpOBaHHOrO nllaHliiPOBSHlJI~, 111CXOAS1u.tero 1.>13 8AlJIHOro U,eHTPa. He lJIM81llll OHIII lJI eAIIlH0£1 610,[J,)KeTHOl1 CIIICT8Mbl, KOTO- pa~ B CCCP LJ~cnonbaoeanacb All~ nepep~cnpeAeneHlJI~ AO- XOAOB Me>KP,y pecny61llJIKaMIII. Bee 3TO nplo1Bello K TOMy, "'TO sKOHOMiii"'eCKllle CTPYKTYPbl cTpaH BocTO"'HO~ Eaponbl 6bllllll MeHee Ae$opMliiPOBaHHblMVl, XO~ lJI Ha ~ cnoco6HOCTlJI aAan- TIIIPOBaTb~ K Me>~QJ.yHaPOAHbiM PblHKaM HeraTlJIBHO CKa3alllJICb Hes$cl>eKTlJIBHble peweHIII~ no pacnpeAe.neHlJIIO pecypcoe. • T8HA9HL\HH TOprOB11111 HeYTeWlJITellbHble noKaaaTelllJI cocT~Hlll~ ToproBlllJI aa n9- Pl-10A nocne pacnap,a CCCP MO>KHO o6'b~CHIIITb PAAOM o6- • ToprOBble 6apbepbl OSCP CTO~TellbCTB: He6naronplii~THblMI.1 CTapTOBbiMIII YCllOBIIISIMIII, HeAOCTSTO"'HbiM nporpeCCOM B MaKp03KOHOMlJI"'eCKO~ CTa6111- • Aoc-ryn Ha pbiHKH OSCP co apeMeHH pacnaAa CCCP 11lJI3SU.lJIIII &.1 JllJI6epaniii3SU.IIIIII BHeWHec.1 ToprOBillJI, COKPSLL\e- HIIIeM cnpoca Ha IIIMnopT e 6biBWlJIX cTpaHax~neHax CSB, orpaHlll"'eHHbiM AOCTYnOM K PblHKaM 03CP. MHorlJie CTP8Hbl, • YH3Btf1MOCTb M8p TOprOBOrO perynHpoaaHHH OSCP B OC06eHHOCTlJI 6biBWIAe U,eHTPallbHOS3111aTCKI/Ie pecny611111KIII, He IIIMeiOu.tlJie BblXOp,a K MOP~M, He pacnonaraJOT SA8KBSTHOM TpaHcnopTHOl1 IIIH¢.paCTPYKTYPOl1 1. • BbiBOAbl reorpacj>lll"'eCKIIIMIII lJI Tpat-:CiiOpTHbiMIII npo6neMaMIII MmK- HO 06'b~CHlJITb TOT $aKT, "'TO BHeWH~~ TOprOBllSI CoBeTCKOrO Co10aa 6blna npeporaTliiBOl1 pecny6m1K eepone~cKo~ "'aCTIII crpaHbl. 8 1990-1991 rr. coBoKYnHa~ A011~ ecex pecny6niiiK, aa lJICK1110"1eHlJieM Pocc~~t&.1, YKpal-1Hbl 111 6enopycclJilJI, cocrae- n~na MeHee 7% o6w.ero o6'beMa coseTcKoro sKcncpra . .llonH OAHO~ TOllbKO PocclJit1 COCTSBll~Jla OKOllO 78%, YKpalJIHbl - 13, 6enopyccYtlll - oKono 3% o6'beMa coeeTcKoro sKcnopTa. B 1990-1991 rr. ABe KpynHe~wllle aalllaTCKIIIe pecny5nMKvt- Ka3axcTaH lJI Ya6eKIIICTaH BMecre o6ecne"'li!BanlJI MeHee 4% sKcnopra, nplll6ann1~CKIAe pecny6n111KIIIlll pecny6nli!KIII 3aKaB· 228 ToproBnR B HOBbiX He38BMCMMbiX rOCYAaPCTBax Ka3bS1 - 2,5%. ,ll011S1 U,8HTPai1bHOa31.1aTCKI.1X pec- TeHI.1S1 1.1MI.1 He3aBI.1CI.1MOCTI.1 yCilOBI.1S1 AOCT'jna Ha ny6111.1K 6~11a Kpa~He H83Ha~I.1T811bHOW B OCHOB- p~HKI.1 3aMeTHO ynyYWI.1111.1Cb, HO BH8WH93KOHO- HOM noTOMy, ~TO ocy~eCTB11S1BWI.1~CS1 1.1MI.1 3KC- MI.1~eCKI.1e OTHOW8HifiS1 HOBbiX fOCYAaPCTB AO CI.1X nopT 3HeprOHOCI.1T8118~ OTHOCI.111CS1 Ha c~eT Poc- nap H811b3S1 C~I.1TaTb noi1HOCTbiO HOpMal11f130BaH- CI.11.1. K 1993 r. KaPTI.1Ha 1.13MeHI.111aCb AOCTaTO~HO HbiMI.1. O~yTI.1MO. np1.16ai1TI.1~CKI.18 1.1 U,8HTPallbHOa31.1aT- CKI.18 CTpaHbl 3Ha~I.1T811bHO YB8111.1~1.1111.1 CBOIO AOI110 TeHA8H1.4MM ToproanM B o6~eM o6beMe 3KcnopTa crpaH 6biBWero TeHAeH~I.1111 Toprosnl.1, anepable npoS1BI.1BWI.1- CCCP. ecS1 s cepeAI.1He 80-x rr., ew.e 6o11ee yc~m'II11.1Cb HeKorop~e crpaH~ 6~swero C3B CMOrl11.1 B 1992 r., KOfACl np01.130WI10 pe3KOe COKpa~eHHe cnpaBI.1TbCS1 c noc11eACTB1.1SIMII1 pe3Koro na,o.eHI.1S1 06beMOB M8)1(fOCYAaPCTB8HHO~ TOpfOBI11.1, a TOp- cnpoca Ha 1.1MnopT B 6~sweM CCCP nyreM pac- fOBI1S1 co cTpaHaMI.1 BHewHero M1.1pa 111.160 TaK- W1.1peHIIIS1 3Kcnopra Ha PbiHKI!'l 03CP. TaKaS1 )l(e }Ke COKpaTI.111BCb, 111.160 HBXOAI.1flaCb B COCTOS1HI.11.1 3aAa~a cTana 6o11ee TSI}I(el1b1M 1.1CnbiTaHI.1eM A11S1 crarHa~l.11.1. no npeAaap1.1renbHbiM o~eHKaM, no- HOBbiX He3aBI.1CI.1MbiX rocyp,apCTB. 6~BWI.1e pec- Ka3aTel11.1 Toproan&-1 Aocn1rn1.1 a 1992 r. npeAenb- ny6111.1KI.1 6blnl.1 lii3Ha~anbHO OPI.18HTI.1POBaHbl Ha Ho HYI3Kl'IX 3Ha"'eH1.1~ 3 . B 1993 r. sKcnopT s cTpaHbl Topros1110 BHYTPI.1 CCCP; A011S1 3KcnopTa B crpaHbl BHewHero Mlllpa Bo3poc Ha 5,7%, a 1.1MnopT yna11 BHeWHero Mll1pa 6~na cyw,ecTBeHHO MeHbWe o6b- Ha 6,4%. OSCP npeABl4AI.1T B03MO)I(HOCTb Aallb- eMOB Me)l(rOCYAaPCTBeHHO~ ToproBI1111. Bee 3TO He~wero pacwl-1peHI.1S1 3KcnopTa 111 yae111.1~eH1.1S1 CB~AeTel1bCTBOBai10 0 MOHOn0111.11.1 fOCYAaPCTBa o6beMa li1MnopTa a 1994 r. B 0611aCTI;1 BH8WHe~ ToproBm-1 Ha o6~eCOI03HOM ypoBHe 1.1 KOHTPOI11.1pyeMOM u,eHTpal1bHbiMI.1 Bl1a- PacryU{ee 3HB"'eHue pbiHKa 03CP CTSIMI.1 BHyrpeHHeM pa3Ae11eHI.11.1 TPYAa2 . HeyA!,1BI.1- Tel1bHO, ~To A11S1 pecny6111f1K 6blawero CCCP ,0.01151 PbiHKOB 03CP B o6~eM o6beMe 3KC- Me)l(rocyp,apcTBeHHaS1 ToproBI1S1 cocTaBI1S111a 3Ha- nopTa 3a npeAenbl 6blawero CCCP yae111t1~11111acb ~1.1TeJlbHO 6ol1bWYIO AoniO o6~ero o6beMa Top- np1.1M8pHO C 46% B 1980 r. AO 53% B 1990 r., roB111.1, ~eM AfiS1 crpaH EC (Michalopoulos ""Tarr, 72%- a 1991 r. 1.1 73%- a 1992 r. 4 PoeT 3Tii1X 1992). CBS131.1 c MI.1POBO~ 3KOHOMI.1KO~ 6bll11.1 B noKa3aTel1e~ s 1990-1992 rr. o6bS1CHS111CS1, OA- ny~weM c11y~ae He3Ha~I.1Tel1bHbiMI.1: A11S1 acex HaKo, He pacw!r1peHI!1eM sKcnopTa (era o6beM pecny6111.1K CCCP, KPOMe Pocc1.11.11.1 YKpa1.1Hbl, no- OCTai1CS1 Ha ypoBHe OKOI10 30 M11PA· AOI1fl.), a craBKI.1 3a npeAe11~ CCCP a 1989-1990 rr. co- coKpau.teHI.1eM sKcnopTHbiX nocTaaoK Ha APYrl.1e cTaBI1S111Ifl MeHee 15% o6w.ero o6beMa 1.1x 3KC- pbiHK1i1 5 • B 1988-1991 rr. CoseTCKI.1~ Col03 sm- nopTa (B APYrl.1e pecny6111.1KI.1 6blawero CCCP 1.1 J1S111CS1 AJIS1 60ilbWI.1HCTBa CTpaH 03CP Maprlr1- cTpaHbl BHewHero Ml.1pa). ,lJ.aHHble noKa3arenl.1 HallbHbiM ToproBbiM napTHepoM - ero A011S1 a o6- pe3KO OTI11.1~a10TCS1 OT COOTB6TCTBYIOW.1.1X nOKa3a- ~eM o6beMe Toproan&-1 crpaH OSCP cocraB11S111a Tel1e~ espone~CKI.1X ~11eHOB C3B. 3a YKa3aHHbl~ OKOI10 1,2%. 0CHOBHYIO AOJliO 3KCnopTa 1113 6b1B- nep1.10A speMeH1.1 AOJlSI 3Kcnopra 3a npeAe11bl C3B wero CCCP nor11o~an1.1 cTpaHbl EaponeillcKoro C006W,eCTBa. 3Ta AOilS1 COCTBBI.111a 71% OT 06- COCTBBI1S111a OT 46% (5ol1rap1.1S1) AO 76% (PyMbi- u.tero o6beMa sKcnopTa CCCP a cTpaHbl 03CP B H1.1SI) (eM. Economic Bulletin for Europe, vol.3, 1991 r. 1.1 74% B 1992 r. 1991 ). CoKpau.teHI.1e sKcnopTa 1.13 6blswero CCCP Ha 6ol1bWI.1HCTBY cTpaH 6blawero CCCP e~e Pb1HKI.1 cTpaH, He BXOAS1W.1.1X B 03CP, 60ilbWe~ npeACTOI.1T npo~TI.1 A011fl.1~ nyrb, npe)I(Ae YeM 0Hif1 ~aCTbiO KOCHYI10Cb Cb1PbS1, a He npOMbiW118HHO~ CMOryT BOCnOI1b30BaTbCS1 BblfOAaMI.1 OT pocTa npOAYK~Ir11.1. C 1990 no 1992 rr. CTOI.1MOCTb noc- 3KOHOMI.1~8CKO~ 3¢»$eKTI.1BHOCH1, KOTOpble 06bi~­ TaBOK OCHOBHbiX BI.1AOB CblpbS1 (TOBapHble rpynnbl HO accOU,I.11.1PYIOTCS1 C 1.1HTerpa~l.1e~ B MI.1POBYIO Q-4 + 68 no Me)I(AyHapOAHO~ CTaHAaPTHO~ 3KOHOMI.1»ey. CoseTCKI.1~ COI03, Koropbl~ 3Kcnop- Toproao~ Kllaccli1ci>1.1Kau,lllli1 SITC) Ha pb1HKI.1 cTpaH, TI.1POBal1 B OCHOBHOM He¢nb 1.1 APYflile BI.1Abl He BXOAS1~1.1X B 03CP, COKpaTir111aCb Ha 65%, c~pbS1, He CTai1KifiBai1C1fl CO 3Ha~I.1TellbH~MI.1 6apb- TOfAa KaK 06W,aS1 CT01.1MOCTb 3KCnopTa Ha 3TI.1 epaMI.1 1.1 He 6bln oco6eHHO o3a6o~eH ycnoBI.1S1MI.1 pb1HKI.1 CHI.131.111acb Ha 52% 6 • CTOI.1MOCTb sKcnopTa AOCryna Ha pb1HKI.1 CllbiTa. 0AHaKO A11S1 CTpaH, ocHOBHbiX Blr1AOB cblpbS1 a cTpaHbl OSCP coK- CTaBWI.1X Oci>LJi~l.1aJlbHO 3KOHOM1.1~eCK1.1 He3aBI.1- paTii111acb TOilbKO Ha 2%. TaKI.1M o6pa3oM, A011S1 CI.1MbiMI.1, C03Aanacb coaepweHHO npoTI.1Bono- 3Kcnopra OCHOBHbiX BI.1AOB CblpbSI B crpaHbl 03CP no)I(HaS1 c1.1rya~1.1S1. BHeWHS1S1 ToproBI1S1 OKa3b1Baer Bo3pocna c 50% o6U,\ero o6beMa 3KcnopTa a npS1MOe B03A8~CTBI.1e Ha 6narocoCTO~H!.IIe HOB~X 1990 r. AO 82% B 1992 r. 7 Aoi1S1 OCHOBHbiX BIIIAOB He3aBI.1CI.1M~x rocyp,apcTB, oco6eHHO He6onbwl.1x. cblpbs:~ a sKcnopTe 1,13 crpaH 6blswero CCCP B C coKpaw,eHI.1eM cnpoca a crpaHax 6b1BWI.1X CCCP crpaHbl 03CP ocTaeanacb cTa61.111bHO~ Ha yposHe 1.1 C3B KP1.1TI.1~8CKI.1 BIDKHOe 3HaYeHI.18 np1.1o6pe11 76-78%, XOTS1 Cl1erKa 1.1 YMSHbWiflllaCb B 1992 r., AOCTyn Ha pb1HK1.1 03CP. CTpaHbl 6blawero CCCP B OCHOBHOM lr13·3a ctU1)1(8Hii1S1 U,8H &.1 nepexop,a K yHaCI18AOBai11.1, noMVIMO OC06eHHOCT8~ CI.1CT8Mbl nocTaBKaM Cb1PbS1 Her11y6oKo~ cTeneHI.1 nepe- ~eHTpai11.130BaHHOfO nl1aH1.1pOBaHI.1S1, TaK*e TO pa6oTKii1 (Hanp1.1Mep, OT Heci>TenpOAYKTOB K 3KC- nol1o}l(eHI.1e B caMoM HI.13Y CTPYKTYPbl 1.1MnopTHbiX nopry cblpo~ Heci>T1.1). npeepe~ J.L-1ii1 OSCP, Koropoe 3aHI.1Man CoseT- CKI.1~ Col03. l-1M np1.1XOAI.1TCS1 1.1MeTb Aeno c He- 3KcnoprHaR p,eRrenbHOCTb Ha pbiHKax 611aronp1.1S1THbiMI.1 ypoBHS1MI.1 Tap1.1ct>oa 1.1 6o11ee 03CP :>KecTKI.1MI.1 Herap1.1$Hb1MI.1 6apbepaM~t~ no cpaaHe- B u,enoM, coAep)l(aHI.1e peal11i1ayeMbiX KaKo~- HI.110 c APYfL-1MI.1 crpaHaMI.1. Co apeMeHI.1 o6pe- 111.16o crpaHoi-1 roproBbiX MOAe11e~ B 3HaYI.1Tenb- CocTCMlHMe TOproBnM M AOCTYfl Ha PbiHICM 03CP 229 HO~ cTeneH~ onpeAen~eTe~ MOAen~M~ opra- HeeMOTpSt Ha eBOIO npe)I(HIOIO 3aB~e~MOeTb H~3aU,~111 npO&ii3BOAeTBa, KOTOp~e l-1enOflb30- oT 610A)I(eTHbl)< nocrynneHVI~ lo13 MocKBbllo1 3Ha'~lo1- Ban~eb eiO B npOWflOM, ~ 803MO)I(HOe~Ml-1 An~ TenbHYIO eTeneHb 1!1HAYCTP~ai11.13aU,~rA B yenoB~~ aAanTau,~~ pa3n~~HbiX oTpaene~ npoMblwneH- u,eHTpan&~~3oBaHHoro nnaH&~~poaaH~SI, npl-16an- HoeT~ K HOBbiM ycnoB~StM. OnbiT 3KOHOM~~eeK&IiX T~~eK~e pecny6n~Kl-1 eMornl-1 ysen~~l-1Tb o6beM e~eTeM nepexoAHoro nep~oAa noKa3biBaeT, B 3KenopTHbiX nocTasoK B eTpaHbl BHewHero M~­ eso10 o~epeAb, ~To nporpeee B o6naen1 MaKpo- pa9. 0HI!1 eymeeTseHHo nepeop~eHTrAP08an~ 3KOHOM~~eeKo~ eTa6~fl~3aU,~~ &il C03AaH~~ ~H­ eBO~ TOBaponOTOK~, B OCHOBHOM B HanpasneH~~ eT~l)'TOB, o6eene~l-1BaiOLU,~X pbiHO~Hble OTHOWe- PbiHKoe 03CP. Aon~ np~6anT~~cK~x eTpaH s H~~. enoco6cTeyeT ynY'4WeH~IO noKa3aTene~ 3Kc~ o6LU,eM o6beMe 3KenopTa 6blswero CCCP Ha nopTHO~ Ae~TenbHOeT&~~ H 3Ha~&~~TenbHOMY &~~3Me­ PbiHK~ 03CP ysen~~~nacb e 1,3% B 1990 r. AO HGH~IO eTPYKTYPbl 3KcnopTa (Baleerowiez ~ Gelb, 5,1% s 1992 r. ~ 8,3% s 1993 r. Ecnl-1 He np~H~­ 1994). nepeop~eHTaU,~~ ToproBn~ TaK)I(e SIBilSieT~ MaTb 8 pae~eT Poee~10. TO ~x AOflSt Bblpoena e nOKa3aTeneM npOAB~)I(eH~St snepeA B A9MOHTS)I(e 6% S 1990 r. AO 44% B 1992 r. &II 59% B 1993 r. e~cTeMbl u,eHTpam13oaaHHoro nnaH~poaaH~~. ne- "SS HeKoropblx pecny6n~K A3&~~~ - l.!To Kacaen.. pexoAHble 3KOHOMl-t~9CK~e C~CT9Mbl CTpaH L.J.eH- oeo6eHHO TypKMeH~craHa ~ Y36eK~eTaHa, TO TJ)aflbHO~ Esponbl npoAeMoHeYp~poBaJI&il pe3KVI~ poeT lf'IX 3KenopTHbiX noKa3arene~ B 3Ha~~­ poeT 3KenopTHbiX noeraBOK Ha PbiHK~ 03CP B Te- TeflbHO~ eTeneH~ o6bSteH~eTCR 6onee To~HbiM ~eH~e nepsoro )l(e roAa noene pean&~~3aU,lll~ npo- ~eTOM npo~CXO)I(AeH~SI 3KcnopTHbiX noeTaBOK, rpaMM PaA~KanbHO~ cTa6~n&~~3aU.~~ ~ sKoHo- l.fTO cTano B03MO)I(HbiM noene pacnaAa CCCP. M&~~~ecKo~ rpaHe$opMau,~&~~ (Kaminski, 1993). TeM He MeHee aKenopT AByx Ha3BaHHbiX roey- KaKoBo >Ke nono)l(eH~e Aen B cTpaHax 6blswero ASP<)TB B eTpaHbl 03CP B pael.feTe Ha Aywy Haee- CCCP B oTHoweH~~ 111x 3KcnopTa Ha PbiHK&il 03CP? neH~St oeTaeT~ Kpa~He He3Hal.f&~~TellbHbiM (eM. npeAeTaBneHI!1e 0 HanpasneHHOeTH npo~e­ Ta6n. 12.1 ). XOAS'll,MX ~3MeHeH~~ MO)I(eT AaTb epaBHeH~e B 1992 r. no.o,asnSttatUYIO ~acTb sKenopTa 8 06beMOB 3KCnOpTa (B eTO~MOCTHOM BblpS)I(eHiolllf'l) eTpaHbl 03CP eocTaBflSiflO eblpbe, nplll"'teM Ha B 1990 r., T.e. AO o6peTeH~St CTPaHaM~ 6biBWero Tonm1so, PYAbl ~ MeTaJlllbl np&~~XOA~n~ ocHOB- CCCP He3aB~C~MOCT~. e sKenopTHbiM~ noKa3a- Ho~ o6beM nocrynneH~~ aT 3Kenopra AS)Ke An~ TenStM~ 3a 1992 ~ 1993 rr. (ra6n.12.1 )8 . TeX erpaH, KOTOPble He o611aAaJl&il eOOTBGTCTBy- Ta611Ml-'a 12. 1. 06"118M aKcnopTa M3 6wawero CCCP a C'fi)8HW 03CP a 1990-1993 rr. (MnH. AQM. CWA) 06beM 3Kcnopra B ,[lpyrue CTPBHbl 03CP 03CP 1993 r.,% EC EACT 03CP HBP.YWY OT Hacen., 199(J'J 1992 1993 1990 1992 199(11 1992 1993 1990" 1992 1993 1990S 1992 1993 (P.onn.) ApMeHHst 53 12 9 17 79 23 6 3 4 4 0 26 2 1 3 A3ep6a~H 227 57 96 42 168 148 20 45 62 0 2 17 1 1 14 6enapycb 1210 231 378 31 163 900 179 304 180 19 26 130 30 40 37 fPY3IMI 160 108 95 59 87 107 91 45 19 2 2 34 10 23 17 Ka38XCT8tl 519 151 457 88 302 388 84 302 68 20 31 63 37 42 28 Kblprb13CT3H 26 9 16 63 180 24. 1 9 3 6 1 -1 3 4 Mon.noea 85 25 64 75 253 69 21 30 11 2 1 5 1 2 15 PoccHst 22437 27390 26816 120 98 16668 20179 17245 3345 3478 3073 2424 3509 2183 182 T8A)ICHK~CT8H 183 34 116 64 343 128 12 65 23 2 13 31 13 20 23 TypKMeHHCT&H 55 90 275 495 305 43 40 157 10 25 33 2 4 2 78 YKP&~Ha 3631 1144 2010 55 176 2813 772 1105 517 112 110 301 170 217 39 Y36eKMCT&H 464 151 576 124 380 310 113 481 37 8 19 118 10 7 29 3cTOHHH 63 374 471 748 126 26 79 189 28 144 250 9 13 23 300 ll&TBHst 114 547 884 775 162 65 131 682 43 40 154 6 9 27 330 11KTB8 208 641 872 419 136 131 549 721 55 70 78 23 22 22 236 Bcero 29434 30964 33133 113 107 21843 22276 21383 4404 3929 3791 3187 3831 2613 116 a 3KCOOpT no Kru«AOA OTA811bHOA pecny611HKS B 1990 r. pacc~MTaH Ha OCHOBe ,QaHHbiX 06 HMnopTe B CTpaHbl 03CP C Y'fE'TOM (B Ka'teCTBe B8COBbiX noKasareneA) (}($>MI.4HallbHbiX 01,48HOK rocKOMCT8T8 B OTHOW8HHM 3KCnopta B pasnH~Hble perMOHbl 03CP H C T 0 ~ H M K H: HH$0PM81.4HOHHO-CTSTHCTH'*>CKMA 1,4eHTp CHf (1992); 31COHOMM'*'CKaA KOMHCCMR OOH no Espone {1993) . .QaHHble o6 MMnopre crpaH 03CP - O'NeTbl, npeACTaaneHHble B COMTRADE, OOH. 230 Toproanst a HOBbiX He3aBMCI!IMbiX rocyAa,pcTBax IOW,111MII1 npf.1POAHbiMVI pecypcaMVI (ra611. 12.2}.no npownble 111HBeCT111UHOHHble MOAalllll, TP8H3VITHble HeKOTOpbiM CTpaHaM nerKO onpeAellVITb HallVIYVIe nocTaBKIII 111 pe3KcnopT &113Jlii1WKOB TOBapHoOI npo- pe3Kcnopr.a. HanpVIMep, BCDKHOe MeCTO B 3KC- AYKUIIIIII, nonyYeHHOill no 6apTepy. nopTe JlaTBVIVI B CTpaHbl 03CP 3aHVIMai1VI HeTe- npOAYKTbl. JlaTBVISI He pacnonaraeT pa3BeAaH- Toproable 6apbepb1 03CP HbiMVI 3anacaMII1 Hecl>TVI 111 He 1!1MeeT Hec:tnenepepa- 8o3HII1KWVIe nocne pacnSAa CCCP HOBble ro~ 6aTbiBaiOW.VIX npeAnPII1SITII1~, OAHaKO Cblpasl Hecl>Tb CYASPCTBa yHacneAOBaJlVI He6naronpVISITHbiA rap- COCTaBII111a 9% ee 3KCnopTa B CTpaHbl 03CP, a raBble OTHOWeHII1SI Me)l(p,y CTP8H8Mfil 03CP &11 HeQ>TenpOAYKTbl - 40%. 8 1990 r., cornacHo CoaeTCKII1M Coi030M 12 • 8 TeYeHVie roAa HOBble ro- CTaTVICTW·feCKVIM AaHHbiM, npll16a11Tirl~CKVie CTpaHbl CYAaPCTBa, nOJlyYII1BWVIe H838BVIC&IIMOCTb, CTaiiii1 He A06bleam1 PYA 111 He npoii13BOA11111111 MeTannoe, YfleHaMIII MB VI BceMVIpHoro 6aHKa, HO AO c111x TeM He MeHee MeTai11tbl 111 PYAbl COCTaBVI11111 35% nap OHII1 He npiiiHSITbl B rATT, a f.1X BHaWHe- CTOVIMOCTII1 3KCnopra 3CTOHVIII1 B CTpaHbl 03CP, TOproBble OTHOWeHVISI He HOPM8Jlr.130B8Hbl 13 • B 13% - 3KCnopTa flaTB~1t1, 26% - 3KCnopTa flii1T- nepBbl~ ro,D, Ha388111CVIMOf0 cyw,eCTBOBaHVISI hO- Bbl. 60I1bWaSI YaCTb 3H1X nocTaBOK npeACTaBmma Bble fOCYAaPCTBa BeJlVI ToproBJliO CO CTpaHaMVI co6oill pe3KcnopT lli3 Poccl/1111. Pocc111~cK""e cl>111PMbl 03CP Ha TeX )1(8 YCJ'IOBVISIX, KOTOpble npii!Me- TaiOKe YY8CTBOBa11111 B pe3KcnopTe, B OCHOBHOM, HSIJlVICb no OTHOWeHII110 K CCCP. 6o11ee TOro, COX· npOAYKUVill'l 1113 a3111aTCKII1X V. 3aKaBKa3CKVIX pec- paHeHbl npaKTw~ecKH ace HerapVIc!>Hble 6apbepbl, ny611111K. 06 3TOM CB111A8T911bCTByeT, Hanpii1Mep, KOTOpble npOTIIIBOCTOStJlVI COBeTCKOMY 3KCnopry. HVI3Kas:l A011~ TOn111.1Ba B o6W,eM 06beMe 3KCnopTa 3TVI 6apbepbl HSHOCSiT HOBbiM rOCYAaPCTBaM all.le A3ep6aiiiA>KaHa. 8 u,enoM, OAHaKo, YYVITbleas:~ or- 6onee 3Ha"if..1TeJlbHbiVi yw,ep6, YeM npe)I(Ae CoBeT- poMHb!e npVIPOAHble pecypcbl PocC!I1VI, pesKc- CKOMY Col03y. OcHOBHYIO Macey aKcnopTHbiX noc- nopTHYIO AeS1T811bHOCTb poCCII1VtCKII1X cl>VIPM He TaK rynneHl-1~ CCCP cocraBI1MII1 HeTb, ra3 VI sonaTa, nerKO Bb1Ae11111Tb, KaK B Clly~ae C np1116ai1TVIViCKII1Mlli 3KCnopT KOTOpb!X He CTai'iKIIIBailCSt C KaKII1MVI·JlVI60 10 CTpaHaMII1 . cyw,eCTB9HHbiMJ.1 HeTapVIHbiMVI 6apbepaMVI. 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K 3KCnopry Vl3 CoBeTCKoro nOI10)KII1Te11bHOe 3HaYeHII18 111HAeKCa yKa3biBaeT Ha Cot03a npwMeHSt11111Cb orpaHI.1YVITei1bHble Mepbl, npeBblillSHt.-te 3KCnopTa HaA VIMnopTOM, a OTP~ua­ KOTOpble npeAH83Ha~~aJlVICb TOJlbKO CTpaHaM C TellbHOe- Ha npeeblweH~1e VIMnopra HaA 3Kcnop- u,eHTPai11113oBaHHbiM nnaHVIpoeaHVIeM. CoBeTCKVIe TOM.) 3TVI VIHAeKCbl YeTKO AeMOHCTPII1PYtOT npOBall TOBapbl o6naraiJf.1Cb 6onee BbiCOKVIMIII TapVIcpaMVI, YeM VIX aHanorVI 1113 APYrll1x cTpaH • Tap&~~cpbl, nonbiTOK COBeTCKII1X nllaHOBbiX opraHOB A06111TbCSI 14 C03AaHVISI pa3BJ.1TOrO CeflbCKOrO X03SI~CTBa IIi KOH- npVIMeHStBWVIecs:~ CWA, 51noHII!eil! VI cTpaHaMVI EC, tOB Ha Bee neHHOCn1, a TaiOKe OTPII1uaTe11bHOe OTHOWeHII1e BVIAbl &~~MnopTa. CoBotoB, ycTaHOBileHHbiX Ha npOAYKUiiiiO o6pa6a- 6VITei1bCKfAX Tosapoe. Bee cTpaHbl 6blswero CCCP TbiBaiOW,II1X oTpacneill npoMbiWilaHHOCTVI CCCP, SIBilSIIOTCSI HeTT0-111MnopTepaMVI npOAYKTOB nii1Ta- COCT8BJ1SI11 6,7%. 3TO 6onee YeM BABOe npeBbi· HII1SI, TeKCTVIJ1)1 (3a 111CKI110YeHVieM ApMeHVIVI, 3cro- wano cpeAHVIill pa3Mep noWJlVIH, ynna~&~~eaeMbiX H~VI 111 llii'ITBbl) 111 npOAYKU111111 TpaHcnopTHOrO MaWVI- aceMI!1 sKcnoprepaMVI no 3TVIM BVIAaM ToBapoB, HOCTpoeHVISI. 0HII1 SIB11S110TCSI HeTT0-3KCnoprepaMVI 111 B TPII1 pa3a npeBbiW8Jl0 T8PVIcPbl B OTHOWSHII1fil C811bCKOX03Stii!CTBeHHO;;;i npOAYKUII1H VI pa311111YHbiX TOBapOB 1113 pa3BII1BaiOW,VIXCSt CTpaH (Ta6Jl. 12.4). BVIAOB TOnllVIBa (3a VICKiltOYeHVIeM 3CTOHII1111 VI CBepxBbiCOK&~~e Taplllcpbl no3BOI1VI11VI APYrVIM noc- Kb!prb13CTaHa). Ynop, AellaBwVIillcs:~ u.eHTpanb- TaBW.VIKaM BbiT8CHf.1Tb C COOTBeTCTBYIOW.liiX PbiH· HbiMl-1 nnaHOBbiMII1 opraHSMVI Ha pa3BVITVIe TSI)I(S- KOB noTeHUVIaJlbHblill 3KcnopT Vl3 CoBeTcKoro Co- JlOill npOMbiWJlSHHOCTVI, O"tSB111ASH: 6onee 3KOHO- 103a. MVIYeCKVI pa3BVITble pecny6JlHKVI eBponeii!CKOVt ll1cno11b3yeMble 03CP CII1CTeMbl npeepeHU111A Y8CTII1 CTpaHbl (3a VICKI110"'1SH~'!6M 3CTOHVIVI) VI H81<0" npeAYCM8TPVIB810T ycTaHOBJlSHVIe pa3HbiX T8PII1· Topble IO)I(Hble pecny611111Kf..1 6b1Bwero CCCP be (o-4+68) 4 51 141 102 86 2 15 21362 33 83 802 144 221 430 496 npoAYKfbl OMT8H!Mi 0 0 5 2 3 0 2 1299 0 1 33 0 27 18 42 (0+1+22+4) CenbCKOX03RMcTBeHHOe 0 8 30 2 9 1 0 1998 15 52 52 138 37 47 29 CbiJ)be (2-22-27-28) Py.QPa Ill MeTSMbl 0 3 38 14 51 1 4 3308 18 3 154 4 131 69 167 (27+28+68) TonnMao (3) 3 40 67 84 23 0 8 14758 0 28 563 2 26 296 259 npo~ o6pa6aTbl- 8 5 87 5 65 1 10 4465 1 6 319 5 149 113 ~37 88~ OpoMbiWIIeH· HOCTM, ~ro (5-8, KpoMe 68) npoAYKUMR XMMMM (5) 0 2 37 0 17 0 2 1516 0 0 141 1 24 39 60 TeKCTMnb Ill OIJI)YKIJIJ. 1 3 9 0 0 0 5 150 0 3 35 1 58 20 30 (65+84) 'iyryH M CT&nb (67) 0 0 4 4 46 0 0 777 0 0 103 0 2 7 5 M&WIIIHbl 111 TP&t.ocnopr (7) 0 0 36 0 0 0 1 982 0 2 57 0 19 12 11 He KJ18CCMCI>MUMpoB&Hbl (9) 0 1 2 0 0 6 0 1524 0 0 19 1 1 3 4 AonR, 96 See TOB8Pbl (0 - 9) 100 99 100 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Cblpt,e (0 -4111 68) 34 89 61 95 57 24 61 78 98 92 70 96 59 79 77 npoAYKTbl OMTSHWI (0+1+22+4) CenbCKOX03RMcTBeHHOe Cblpbe (2-22-27-28) PyAbl Ill MeTSMbl 3 2 1 0 14 6 2 13 17 2 2 13 2 6 34 10 4 10 10 17 2 12 5 7 0 45 53 1 58 3 3 5 13 0 92 2 7 10 35 3 9 13 6 26 4 I Cll .... (27+26+68) TonnMao (3) npo.QYKI..U4R o6pa6&TbiB8101.1.¥!M npoMblwneHHOCTM, scero 28 66 70 9 29 38 78 5 15 43 0 8 32 39 54 16 0 2 31 7 49 28 4 1 7 40 54 21 40 21 1 s s (&--8, KJ)OMe 68) npoAYKLJ,MR XMMMM (5) TeKCTWib Ill O~*PI!J (65+84) 'iyryH Ill CT&nb (67) MawMHbl 111 TPQHCnopr (7) 2 9 1 0 4 6 0 0 16 4 2 16 0 0 4 0 11 0 30 0 2 0 0 7 19 0 6 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 3 12 3 9 0 1 1 6 15 0 7 4 1 s 5 1 I i 3 6 4 5 0 5 2 2 He KnaCCMCI>MUMpoBaHbl (9} 0 1 1 0 0 68 0 6 n p M M e '4 a H M A: TOB&pttiS rpynnbl npi11118,Q8Hbl 8 COOT88TCTBMM C Mellr,QYHBPOAHOA CT&tC.QaPTtd ToprOIIOI ICII&CCMci»MK&l4M8A 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 SITC (HOM8pa SITC npMBOA8Hbl B CIC06K&X). noKa3clT8mt 3KCnopTa 3cTOHMM, I 0 naTBMM M nMTBbl H8 Kopper:I'MpoeaiiMCb C Y'tf)TOM BOSMOJCHOrO P83KCnopT8. Ill cTo 'I H M K: COMTRADE, OOH. ~ N c..: _... 232 ToproBnA D HOBbCt H83aBMCMMbDt rocy.Q8PCTB8X Ta&IMqa 12.3. MHAHCW noua.,..,.eA 'IIIICTOI TOproanM Ha pwHKax aewHero MMpa • 1992 r. (no OCHOIIIHWM TOaapHWM rpynnaM) npo,Qyt(Tbi C;X Py,qbl H TonnH- npo,qYK- TeKCTHnb "'yryH H MawHHbiH npo,qYJCf.IWI npo,qyrcl.lHR nwraHHR cblp&e MeTannbl 80 l.lHR H o,qe~ cTan& TPIJHCnopT ot5pa6aTbl- XHMHH Hble saKJu.ceif cpep,crsa npoMbiW· neHHOCTH ToprosnR CO CTfJSHBMH BHewHero MHpa, scero ApMeHMR -0,99 0,82 0,98 1,00 -0,40 0,01 -0,27 -0,93 -0,05 A3ep6a~H -0,98 0,98 0,72 0,70 -0,54 -0,27 -0,92 -0,97 --0,85 6enapycb -0,75 0,87 0,70 0,83 0,36 -0,07 0,29 -0,49 -0,18 rpy:n1R --0,86 0,93 0,99 1,00 -0,33 -0,89 0,99 -0,92 -0,48 l,02 0,98 -1,00 0,53 -0,93 -0,69 -0,88 -0,79 Jl8TBI!1A -o,n 0,93 0,92 0,89 0,40 --0,15 0,84 -0,86 -0,37 JlHTBS -0,64 0,85 0,99 0,95 0,44 0,12 0,75 -0,83 -0,17 MO.Il,l\088 -a,n -4>,5o 1,00 0,78 -0,35 0,38 -0,52 -0,87 -4>,48 POCCHA -0,69 0,90 0,90 0,98 -0,07 -0,67 -0,02 -0,78 -0,52 Ta,Q)KI!1KI!1CT8H -0,99 0,95 1,00 -0,87 -0,53 0,11 -0,99 -0,90 TypKMeHMCT&H -0,94 0,99 0,92 0,99 -0,71 -0,05 -1,00 -0,92 -0,87 YKPSMHa --0,82 0,73 0,90 0,97 -0,07 -0,16 0,25 -o,86 -o,54 Ya6eKHcTaH -1,00 0,99 0,84 0,92 -0,82 -0,53 -1,00 -0,99 -4>,94 3cTOHiitA -0,68 0,91 0,93 -0,06 0,07 0,17 -0,62 -0,80 -0,35 np M Me~ a H Me: litH,QeKC OOK838T8nA 'WICl'OA TOprOBilM M3M8HA8TCA 07-1 (.QIIA TOBapa, KOTOpbiA TOnt»KO BB03MTCA) AO +1 (.QIIA toaapa, KOTOP~ TOnbKO BbiB03MTCR). lit c T o "f H M K: ONeTbl COMTRADE, OOH. Ko, TyH""CY lo1 Typu,HM. EC Mcnonb3oean npoTMB ""HCTpyMeHTOM,pery11111PYJ0W.""M AOCryn Ha aMepM- CosercKoro Co103a HeTapMQ>Hble 6apbepbl 6onee KaHCKMM pbiHOK, SIB.nsteTCSI npeAocraeneHV~e crary- orpaH""'f""TellbHOfO xapaKTepa (KBOTbl, ""3MeHSI- ca HaM6onbwero 6naronpHSITcreoeaH""SI e roproe- IO~MeCSI ypoBH"" Hanoroo6no)l(eHH~. npoH3B011bHO ne. CoeercKHM CoJ03 6bl11 n""weH npaea nollb30- onpeAenS~eMble cxeMbl 11""U.eH3HpoaaH""SI) 111 6onee BaTbCSI Ta"""M CTaryCOM B COOTBeTCTB"""" C nonpaB- 'facTo, 'feM npor""B APYrHx roproeblx naprHepoa KOM ,ll)KeKCOHa-83H""Ka {1974), KOTOPaSI YBSI3bi- (Oiechowski MYeats, 1982). CWA npeAOCT8BilSIIOT B8118 npeAOCT8BileH""e TaKoro CT8TYC8 TOM ""11~ JlbfOTbl OTAellblibiM pa3B""B810~ViMCSI CTpattaM B ""HOM crpaHe c ee aM""rpau.""oHHO~ nont~~THKOM. B paMKax reHepanbHOH CHCTeMbl npecpepeH~HM pe3yllbT8Te COBeTCK""e TOB8Pbl CT811M o6naraTbCSI (rcn), a raiOKe 3Ha'fMTenbHble nbrorbl perHo- Al'ICKPHM""HaU.HOHHbiMH rap""Q>aMH. HanbHoro ypoBHSI B COOTBeTCTB"""" C lfiHHU,HaT""BOM KapH6cKoro 6acceMHa (Caribbean Basin Initiative). YR3BHMOCTb nepep, 3CK8n8L(H6H TOprOBb!X CWA ""MetOT cornaweHHSI o cao6oAHOA roproane t5apbepos C lKAy 3Tlo1Mir1 CTpaHaMM. 0CHOBHbiM raBW~CSI o6pa6orKe, HJlH nonyQ>a6p""KaTbl. 3ro COCTOfiHM8 toproBnM M AOCTYJl Ha pbiHIO'l 03CP 233 Ta6nHLUl 12.4. CpeAHHe noKaa&TenH TBPHciJGB All• aKcnopYa a EC a 1990 r. HMnopr 3KcnoprHa 3Kcnopr 3Kcnopr H3CCCP, pa3BHB8/0U(HXCR H3CCCP, B 1.18flOM, MnH. ,aonn. CTpaH,% % % npoAYJCU,Hst o6pa68Tb1Bal01l,\e£1 npoMblwneHHOCnt B uenoM 2171 2,0 6,7 2,8 npoAYKU)1R XYIM~U1 775 1,6 7,7 3,5 epax, rAe HeKOTO- poUI Ha VICnOflb30BaHIIIe nplflpO.O,HbiX 6oraTeTB MO- pble 6biBWI;'Ie eoaereKI.1e pecny6ni.1K&-1 {ApMeHII1S1, )KeT eTVIMy.nll1pOBaTb 3KOHOMW·feeKVIUI poeT VI npo- np1-16ann1UieK1.1e erpaHbl, 6enapyeb) Mor.nl.1 6bl u.ece V~HAYCTPV~ani.13Cl~VI a u.enoM {Roemer, 1979). yaenV~"fVITb ereneHb o6pa6oTKII1 3Kenoprll1pyeMbiX TaKoUI no.o.xoA AaeT eneAYIOW.lo1e npell1t.rryw.ecraa: roaapoa. B u.enoM peanbHbiUI ypoaeHb rap1.1c1>oa o6eene'"III1BaeTC51 He3aBVIeVIMOeTb OT B03MO)KHOrO B ABa pasa npeBbiWaeT eOOTBeTCTBYIOllt111Ui HOM&-1- yxyAWeHI.II~ ycnOBII1UI ToproBflVI OCHOBHbiMVI BIII- HaflbHbiUi ypoBeHb. 3TO eB&.1AeTeflbeTByeT 0 TOM, AaM111 eblpb~; paCWII1PSIIOTCSI B03MO)KHOeTVI B ecl>e- '"ITO orpaHVI"fiiiTe/lbHOe BJ3AeUieTB&-1e Ha VIMnopT pe 3aH~TOeTII1 Ha OeHOBe npOIII3BOAeTBa VI 3Ke- roproBbiX 6apbepoa 03CP cl>aKTI.1"feeKI.II HaMHoro nopra npOAYKU,VIVI o6pa6aTbiBatOw,eUI npoMbiW- 6onbwe, ~eM noKa3biBaiOT pac"feTbl, eAenaHHble neHHoerV~; B03HVIKaiOT HOBble ee~3VI e APYriiiMI.II Ha OeHOBe noaepXHOeTHoro aHafllr13a HOM&-1Haflb· OTpaeflSIMII1 3KOHOMII1KVI; npoll1eXOAVIT eoaepweH- HbiX rapV~HbiX ypoaHe~ (Laird 1.1 Yeats, 1987). eTBOBaHII1e TPYAOBOro noTeHI..I,VIana Ha oeHOBe o6Y"fatO~ero 3eKTa npaKTwieeKoUI AeS~re.nb­ Herapn(j>Hble 6apbepbl Hoerll1; AOeTII1raeTCSI 60/lbWaSI era6111JlbHOeTb U,eH Ha TOBapbl o6pa6aTbiBaiO~e~ npOMbiWfleHHOeTIII noeneaoeHHble roproable neperoaopbl a paM- B epaBHeHII1111 e U,eHaMII1 Ha OeHOBHble B111Abl eblpbSI. KaX rATT np1.1B611111 K 3Ha"fii1T9flbHOMY eHII1)1(6HII110 Toproable 6apbepbl, ey~eeTBYIOW.IIIe Ha KpynHbiX pon1o1 rap~~toa KaK V~HeTpYMeHra nporeKU,VIOH&-13Ma Me>KAyHaPOAHbiX PbiHKaX, ~BflSIIOTe~ cepbe3HbiM so aeex erpaHax 03CP. CpeAH1.1UI ypoaeHb rapll1- eAeP)KII1BaiOW.111M cl>aKTopm~t~ AflSI 6onee my6oKoVI cl>oa COeTaBJlSieT OT 0,2 AO 6%. np1.1 Ha11W·illll.1 era- nepepa6oTKII1 eblpbs:~ i.i erpatiax - 3Kcnoprepax ryca HaVI60flbWero 6naronplii~TCTBOBaH&-1~ 8 TOP· eblpb~ (eM. 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TOpraane f :a ID EC AsCTOHR WseifLUJI»>R tbwHIIRHJlHR HoJJBentR WseUHR KSHB.QS CWA flnOHMR I CH5 rcn CH6 rcn CH5 rcn CH5 rcn CH6 rcn CH5 rcn CH5 rcn CH5 rcn CH5 rcn ' i ID :s:: IJt () ApMeHMst 1/92 1/9'1 1/92 3/93 HeT 2/93 HeT 1/92 HeT HeT HeT 1/92 4/92 4/92 HeT .DJ HeT :s:: !1: A3ep6a~H 6enapycb 1/92 1/92 1/9~ 1!9'1 1/92 1/92 3/93 3/93 Aa6 /Ji16 HeT HeT 2/93 2/93 HeT HeT 1/92 1j92 HeT HeT HeT HeT HeT HeT 1/92 1/92 11/92 11/92 HeT 2/93 HeT He-I ,o; .flt{ HeT HeT 'g i rpy:n1R 1/92 1/9'1 1/92 3/93 IJJ HeT 2/93 HeT 1/92 HeT HeT HeT 1/92 11/92 8/93 HeT HeT HeT ~ KaaaxcTaH 1/92 1/9:1 1/92 3/93 /Ji16 HeT 2/93 HeT 1/92 HeT HeT HeT 1/92 11/92 2/93 4/94 .o.a HeT ! Kblprb13CT8H 1/92 1/9:1 1/92 3/93 f.li HeT 2/93 HeT 1/92 HeT HeT HeT 1/92 11/92 8/92 12/93 A8 HeT MollAOBa 1/92 1/9:1 1/92 3/93 n/ HeT 2/93 HeT 1/92 HeT HeT HeT 1/92 11/92 7/92 HeT A8 HeT PoccMR 1/92 1/9:1 1/92 3/93 Aa6 HeT 2/93 HeT 1/92 HeT 1/92 HeT 1/92 4/92 6/92 10/93 IJIJ HeT TQA)ICMKMCTSH 1/92 1/9:1 1/92 3/93 IJJ HeT 2/93 HErr 1/92 HeT HeT HeT 1/92 11/92 11/93 HeT .o.8 HeT TyptCMeHIIICT8H 1/92 1/9:1 1/92 3/93 iJJ HeT 2/93 HeT 1/92 HeT HeT HeT 1/92 11/92 10/93 HeT A8 HeT YKPS~Ha 1/92 1/9~ 1/92 3/93 JJt HeT 2/93 HeT 1/92 HeT Her HeT 1/92 4/92 6/92 3,194 /JJ HeT Y36eKMCT8H 1/92 1,19~ 1,192 3,193 JJJ HeT 2/93 HeT 1/92 HeT HeT HeT 1/92 11/92 1/94 He/ A8 HeT 3cTOHMSI 1/92 1/92 1/92 7,192 FTA-4/93 FTA-12/92 FTA-7/92 FTA-7/92 1,192 4,192 12/91 2/92 HeT HeT na'TBWI 1/92 1/92 1/92 7,192 FTA-4/93 FTA-5/93 FTA-7,192 FTA-7/92 1/92 4/92 12/91 2/92 HeT Her nKTBS 1/92 1,192 1,192 7,192 FTA-4/93 FTA-1,193 FTA-7,192 FTA-7,192 1/92 4/92 12/91 2/92 HeT HeT 0 p M M 6 'fa H M tr: 1/92 03Ha'f88T S1H8BPb 1992 r., M T.,q. CH6- CT8l)'C HaMfSont.wero 6naronpMRTCTBOB8HMA; fCO- feHepanbttan CMCT8M8 ~petilOtA; FTA- CornaweHMe o cl06oAttoA Topt"'OU18. 8 0p&,QOCT8811ett IPfJMeHHO, B IIM,Q8 t1CICIIICNBHMA. 5 flpo,qnettO cor.naweHMe 1948 r. c CCCP. • HaxoAMTCR Ha paccMOTpeHMM npaBMTen~teTBB CWA. r Ae-4J81Cro npMM8HII8fCA c ftHB8PA 1992 r. Ill C T 0 't H M IC M: YI1)UIIeHMe ToproiiOI'O np8ACT88MT8nA CUJA, CetcpeTapM8T EACT. 3KOHOMM"'BCIC8R ICOMMCCMA OOH ,AliA &por.l. CocTOAHM8 ToproanM M .Q0CTY11 Ha JNoH(M 03CP 237 AIISI nocneAYIOll.I.MX cornaweHMA o nonHoMac- YRSBMMOCTa. uep Toproaoro wTa6Hou acCOLU4MPOBaHHOM 'f11&HcTae a EC, no- perynMpOB8HMII 03CP Ao6HbiX TeM, KOTOpble EC 38KiliO'fMno c fibiBWMMM CTJ)aH8MM-'IJ18H8MM C38. HecMOTPSI Ha 3H8'fMTe11bHoe yny'fweHMe a nOAI1McaHHb18 B 1992 M Ha'lalle 1993 r. 00 crpa- 1993 r. yc.noa111A AonycKa Toaapoa 6blawero H8MM EACT (38 MCKI110'feHMeM ABOTPMM M ~cnaH­ CCCP Ha pbiHKM ocHoBHbiX cTpaH 03CP AMM) ABYCTOPOHHMe cornaweHMSI 0 CB060AHOA HOpManM38U.MR BH8WH83KOHOMM'f8CKMX Toproa.ne npeAOCT8BilSIIOT npM6anntACKMM CTJ)8· OTHOW8HM~ HOBbiX He3aBMCMMbiX rocy,o.apCTB 8111,8 HaM •aTt:~po~ no ypo&HIO cao60Abl• AOCTYJl (nocne He saaepweHa. 3TM rocy,o.apcTaa He SIBilSIIOTCA EC) J>:a PbiHKM EACT, KOTOpble TPSAMU.MOHHO 'UI8H8MM rATT, a coxpaHeH~e rOCYA8PCTB8HHOA norno~M 3Ha'fMTenbHYIO 'faCTb MX 3KcnopTa. Toproan~;t H8M368lKHO B8A8T K npMM8H8HMIO CornaweHMA npeAycMaTPMBaiOT cao6own:.JA oT npon1s HMX uep, orpaHM'fMBaiOIJ.I,MX Toproamo. nownMH ,o.onycK Ha PbiHKM c«lbiTa npaKTM'f&CKM nMWb npM6anT""ACKMe CTpaH~ nOAOMcanM acex BMAOB npoMblwneHHoA npoAYKLI.MM, npM~eM cornawaHII1A,ci>OPM111PYIOU4M8 MHCTMTYU.MOHallbHYIO 6e3 KaKoro-.nM«lo nepMo,Aa SAanTa~MM (Sorsa, cpeAY. KOTOPaA 6yAeT cnoco6cTaoaaTb rny6oKoA 1994). 3To cnoco«lcTaoaano pacwMpeHMIO Top- MHTerpaU.MM CO crpaHaMM 03CP. roanM Me)IC,D,y npM6aJm1ACKMMM CTP8H8MM MCKaH· npoM3BOACTB8HHble CTPYKTYPbl, yHacneAOBaHo Hble oT MHoroneTHero u.eHTpanM3oaaHHoro nna- AMHaBCKMMM 'fJ1eHaMM EACT HecMOTPSI Ha HeKoTo- HMpoaaHMA, coxpaHSIIO!J.488CA BM8W8TenbCTBO pble ycnoaMA, orpaHM'fMBaiOIJ.lMe ToproaniO 18 • 3c- rocyAaPCTBa a npou.ecc u.eHoo6pa3oaaHMR M TOHMM, no aceA BM,D.MMOCTM, A8HHbl8 cornaweHMA ToproenM M He3aaepweHHOCTb nepexo.o.a K Pbi- npMH&C.nM K8MHOrO 6onbWytO BblrOAY (3KCnopT HO'fHoA 3KOHOMMKe AenaiOT cTpaHbi 6blawero yaenM'fM.nCA B nRTb pa3), 'f8M naTBMM M 11MTB8. CCCP oco6eHHO yA3BHMbiMM AnA npoTeKU.MO- O,D.HoepeMeHHO 3KcnopTepbl TPex npMt5anTMACKMX HM3Ma Ha PbiHKaX 03CP. 3KcnopTepbl M3 CTP8H rocy,o.apcTB BbiMrpanM 38 C'feT o6ner'feHMA AOC· 6blawero CCCP cTaHOBATCSI of5'beKToM uep 03AO- TYJ18 Ha PbiHKM EC cornacHo CTaTycy rcn: CTOM- poaneHMA TOproBnH, K KOTOPbiM OTHOCSITCA 38KO~ MOCTb MX 3KcnopTHbiX nocTaBoK aospocna 6onee Hbl, HanpaaneHHble npoTII1B •He"'ecTHoA• ToproaoA 'f8M Ha 1 00%. 803MOlKHO, 3TO 06DS1CHA8TCA 6o.nb- AeSITenbHOCTM, M aHTt.1AeMnMHroable Mepbl. CTa- WMMM pa3MepaMM M 6.nM30CTbiO repMaHMM (OC· TYC cTpaHbl c HepbiHOLIHO~ 3KOHOM~~tKoA nosao- HOBHoro PbiHKa EC) a cpaaHeHMM c HopaerMeA Mer cTJ)aHe, opraHM3YIOtJ4eA aHTMAeMnMHroaoe MnM WaeAu.apMeA- 'fneHaMM EACT. pa36MpaTeJ1bCTBO AllA onpeAeneHMA M8CWTaf5oa Toproa~:~~e oTHoweHMA c EC, KpynHeAWMM Top- AKOf5bl MM8101J.l8rO MeCTO A8MnMHra, He OPII1HM· roabiM napTHepou cTpaH 6blawero CCCP, onpe- M8Tb 80 BHMM8HII18 OOKa38T8JlM peanbHbiX M3A8P· A&IlSIIOTCA nop,nMcaHHbiM ell.le a 1989 r. Corna- )l(eK y npOII13BOAMT8JlSI, a MCnO.nb30BaTb BM8CTO weHMeM o Toproane M coTPYAHM'fecrae c CCCP. HMX noKa3arenM, xapaKTepHble Allfl PbiHO'fHoA 8 o1m16pe 1992 r. CoseT MMHMCTPOB EC OAotipMn 3KOHOMMKI.1. K roMy >Ke y cTpaH f5blawero CCCP paMO'fHYIO OCHOBY A11A o6cy}ICAeHMSI 6onee WM· OTCyYCTByeT IOPMAML18CK8A npaKTMKa B8A8HMR POKMX cornaweHMA C HOBbiMM H838BMCMMbiMM C.nOlKHbiX, B TOM 'IMCJ18 B T8XHH'f8CKOM OTHOWe- rocy,o.apcTBaMM. B uapTe 1994 r. YKpaMHa cTana HMM, Aell no 8HT~;tAeMnMHrOBbiM pa36MpaTe.nbCT· nepabiM nocne npM«lamMACKMX cTpaH rocy,o.apcT- BaM. noMI,IIMO 3TOro, C nepeopll1eHT8U,L-1eA 3KC· BOM 6blawero CCCP, nop,n~caBWMM c EC Corna- nopTHbiX nocTaBOK c PbiHKOB C3B 111 pa3BMB810o weHMe o napTHepcTae M coTPYAHM'fecTae. Corna- U4111XCA crpaH Ha pbiHKM 03CP ycMnll1nii1Cb paanM'f- weHMe npeAycuarpMaaeT B3aMMHoe npeAoc- Hble uepbl no orpa1-iii1LieHII110 MMnopTa. TaaneHMe cTaryca HaM6o.nbwero 6naronpMSITCT- He3aaepweHHOCTb .nll16epanM3aJ.J,M111 CII1CTeMbl aoaaHMSI a Toprosne, ycTpaHeHMe KO.nM'fecT- U,8H006pa30BaHMSI t.1 BHSWHeToprOBbiX pe>KMMOB aeHHbiX orpaHM'f8HMA H8 TOproBniO M C03,D.aHMe 8 a ycnoBMSIX pacnSAa Me>Krocy,o.apcTaeHHbiX ropro- 6YAYIJ.'8M 30Hbl caofio,o.HoA ToproanM. Ycnoa111eM BbiX CBA3eA t.1 COKpalJ.leH~SI BHyrpeHHero cnpoca A1lA pa3pa60TKM cornaweHMSI 0 CB060AHOA Top- npMaenM K 3Ha'fii1T8JlbHOMY YCMJ18HMIO CTMMynoa roane SIBnReTCA nporpecc YKpaMHbl a C03A8HMM K Y'f&CTMIO B 3KCOOPT'iOA A8RT8JlbHOCTM. ~388CT­ pbiHO'fHOA 3KOHOMMKM, - 3TOT aonpoc «lyAeT HO, 'fTO KOHtKAyHaPOAHbiX PbiHKaX Ha PbiHKM Toaapoa oco6o BaJKHbiX rpynn, TaK 6blna MCKYCCTB8HHO noBbiW8H8 38 C'f8T Cy6CM· H83biBa8MbiX 'fYBCTBMTe.nbHbiX, He OrOB8PMB8nMCb AMPOBaHMSI rpaHcnopTHbiX 1113AeplKeK, npeAocraa- noAnMcaHHbiM cornaweHMeM. B AOKYMeHT nMWb neHMA «laHKOBCK~x KPeAMTOB 111 ycTaHoaneHMSI 6blnO BKI110'f8HO nonO)I(8HMe, npeAYCM8TPMBa- HI!13KMX u.eH Ha 3HeproHocMTenll1. MaKp03KOHOMM- IOIJ.l88 npoaeAeHMe neperoaopoa c u.enbiO 38KI110· 'feCKMA AMC6anaHc 1;t 111HcpllA~MSI C03,D.anM AOnon- 'f6HMSI OTAenbHbiX cornaweHMA no yrniO, CTaJlM M HMT8JlbHbl8 CTMMYllbl K nony'feHMIO npM6blneA B R,D.epHbiM MaTepManaM. (ToprOBJlSI T8KCTMJ18M M KOHB8PTV1pyeMoA BaniOTe, a 3TO B8A8T K OTTOKY OA8*AOA RBI1R8TCA npeAM8TOM OTA9nbHbiX Y*8 TOBapoa C BHyrpeHHHX pbiHKOB. Pe3K08 COKpa- A&ACTBYiOIJ.lMX cornaweHMA.) EC 38KniO'iMn aHano~ IJ.l8HM8 BHyrpeHHero cnpoca M noTpe6neHMSI npo- rM'IHWe cornaweHMR o nM6epanM38LJ.MM roproanM 1113BOACTBeHHbiX pecypcoB np111ae.no K CHMlK8HMIO c MonAoaoA M PoccMeA. K KOHU.Y 1994 r. CoaeroM 06'beMa MMnopTH~X nocTaBOK M yae.nll1r.t8HMIO MMHMCTPOB EC npeAYCMaTPM&anocb pa3pa6oTaTb OOCTaBOK OOABMBW1!1XCA TOB8PHbiX M3nHWKOB Ha cornaweHMSI o coTPYAHM'fecTBe c 6enapycbl0 M Me)IQJ.yHapOAHb18 pbiHKM. no H8KOTOpb1M OCHOB- H8'f8Tb COOTB8TCTByiQ~Me neperoaopbl C ApMe- HbiM BM,o.aM CbiPbSI 6biBWMl1 CCCP npeapaTM.nCSI HMeA, A3eptiaAA)KaHOM M rpysMeA. M3 Herro-MMnopTepa a HeTT0-3Kcnoprepa. 238 ToproanR 8 HOBbiX He381BMCMMbiX rocy.QapcTaax AHT~AeMn~Hroable Mepbl, npeAnP~Hli1MaeMble MIII1KOi1 111111111 crpaHaMIII1, aeAYI.U1111MIII1 rocyASPCT- npon1s 3Kcnoprepoa lo13 6blawero CCCP, Ha- aeHHYIO roproamo. 3ro ASeT aHTIII1AeMniii1HroabiM ri1SIAHO AeMOHCTP1111PYIOT nocl1eACTaiii1SI HenOI1Horo aeAOMCTaaM 60I1bWYIO cao60AY Aei1cTalll1i1 a on- nepexop,a K pb1HO~Hol1 3KOHOMl-1Ke (1111 co611a3H peAel1eHVIl-1 Macwra6oa AeMniii1Hra (Hindley, 1993). npiii1MeHeHIII1SI nporeKU,11110Hio1CTCK~X Mep, KOTOpbli1 8 Ka~ecrae OCHOBbl np1111 paCCMOTpeHl-11111 MCKa Bbi- 1111Cnb1Tbla810T CTpaHbl, s:IK06bl nocTpap,aaWIII1e OT 6MpaeTCSI K8KOi1-11M60 npOlo13aOA1111Teflb aHai10- np1111rotca Aeweaoro HMnopra). C 1991 no 1992 r. rM~Horo TOaapa a CTpaHe C pbiHO~HOH 3KOHO- ~1111CI10 aHT1111AeMniii1HrOabiX paccl1eAoaaHIII1H, Ha~a­ MMKOi1, 1111 KOHe~HaSI u,eHa COOTaeTCTayiOW.ero TbiX EC a orHoweHIII11111 crpaH 6blawero CCCP, yae- TOaapa onpeAel1s:JeTCSI C ~eTOM 38TpaT 1111MeHHO 111111~1111110Cb c 1 AO 11 19 • B u.e11oM Ha 6blaw1111l1 CCCP sroro npolll13aOA(.1TellSI, r.e. APyrlll1e aarparbl a pac- npl-1XOA1111TCSI 38% acex aeAyUJ,1111XCSI aHT1111AeMn1111H- ~er He npiii1HIII1Ma10TCSJ. Ocraeres~ onacHoCTb roro, rOBbiX paccl1eAoaaH1111l1. 3a nepsble rp1111 Kaaprana ~To A8}Ke a c~ae no11Hol1 nlll16epaniii138U.11111111 npo~ 1993 r. KoMIII1CCIII1SJ EC Ha~ana paccl1eAOBaHIII1SI a u.ecca :..t,eHoo6pa3oaaHIII1SI crpaHbl 6blawero CCCP OTHOWeHIII11111 1111MnopTHbiX nocraaoK Heo6pa6oTaH- AOI1rO 6yAyr C~l-1TaTbesl crpaHaMIII1 C HepbiHO~HO~ HOrO a1110MIII1HIII1SJ (nocraaKIII1 ocyw.ecra11suor see 3KOHOMlitKOH. npMMepoM MO>KeT CJIY)Kr.-1Tb nol1b- ns:JTHaAL.I,aTb CTpaH, OAHaKO aHT1111AeMniii1Hroable Wa, rAe n11116epan~3oaaHbl u.eHbl npaKTIII1~ecKr.1 Ha Mepbl HanpaBI1eHbl a OCHOBHOM npOTIII1B pOCCIII1£1C- ace roaapbl ""' aaeAeH 111116epanbH~H 1111 npocroi1 KOrO 3KCnopra), cpeppOCio111V:U.1111H-MapraHu,a, HIII1T- pe}KIIIM roproanl-1, HO B COOTaeTCTayiOI,U1111X AOKY- para aMMOHIII1SJ. BaeAeHbl a1 JeMeHHble 1111111111 noc- MeHTax rATT nonbWY npOAOI1::KaiOT paccMaT- TOSJHHble aHT1111AeMniii1Hroable now111111Hbl Ha nocraa- pa.1aaTb KaK CTpaHy C HepbiHO~HOH 3KOHOMIII1KOH. KIII1 eppoxpoMa (Ka3axcraH, Pocc1111s:1 1111 YKpaiii1Ha), Yrpo3a npoBeAeH~SJ aHTIIIAeMniii1Hroaoro pac- KOPYHAS (Pocc1111s:J ,., YKpaiii1Ha), cpeppociii1111111U.III1SI cneAoaaH~SI abiHy)I(Aaer 3Kcnoprepoa 1111ATl-1 Ha (Ka3axcraH, Pocc1111s:t , YKpaiii1Ha), H3o6yraHol1a neperoaopbl o "Ao6poaol1bHb1X" orpaHIII1~eH1111SJX {Pocc1111s:1), XI10PIII1croro Kai11111SJ (6e11apycb, Pocc~;~s:~ 3Kcnopra. 3TIII1M ~aero nonb3YJOTCSI aMeP1111KaHcK!f1e 1111 YKpaiii1Ha) (eM. Official Journal of the European npo&~~3aOAIII1Tel1l-1 (Destler, 1992, 158). EC ~aero Communities). B CWA 3a 3TO }Ke apeMSJ ao3- BaOAIII1T KOI11111~eCTaeHHble orpaHIII1~eHI!1SI, He AO}Kifi- 6)'}1(AeHo MeHbWe aHTIIIAeMn1111HfOabiX lo1CKOa {a ASSICb, 110Ka 3KCnoprepb1 C8MIII1 COKpaTS~T 06beM orHoweHIII11111 1111111U.L<1S1 1-13 Ka3axcraHa, Poc- nocraaoK. Hanpl-1Mep, s oraer Ha npocb6y npa~ CIII11111 1111 YKpaiii1Hbl; ypaHa 11113 YKpaiii1Hbl 1111 TaA*III1- aiii1Tel1bcraa ~paHU.~III1 EC HeASBHO orpaH1111~111111 KIII1CTaHa; CIII1111111KoMapraHu,a 11113 YKpai.>1Hbl). 3ro, 1111MnopT ai1!0MIII1Hl-1SI 061,UeH KaOTOH 60 TbiC. T. ~Tor a03MO}KHO, OTpa}KaeT TO 06CTOSITel1bCTaO, ~TO TaKIII1X npoU,eAYP acerp,a OA1111H - yxyAWeHIII1e ycno- 3KCnopTHble nocraaK~ OCHOBHbiX aiii1AOB Cblpbs:J aiii1H AOCryna Ha pbiHOK. Ans:! npOl-13BOA1111Tel1eH a HanpaBI1SI111111Cb npe>KAe acero a EC {USITC, 1993a, CTpaHax C nepeXOAHbiMl-1 3KOHOMl-1KaMIII1, pa6o- b, c) 20 • T8IOI.U1111X B yc110a1111SIX COKpaw,eHIII1s:l aHyrpeHHero Pocc1111s:~ 111 YKpaiii1Ha, Koropble pacnonaran~-1 cnpoca 1111 TPfJAl-1U.11110HHbiX PbiHKoa c6blra, orcyr- Halll16onee KpynHbiM 3KOHOMIII1~ecKIII1M noreHu,lll1a- CTBl-1R onbiTa a 0611aCTIII1 MapKeTIII1Hra 1111 pa60Tbl noM a 6biBI.UeM CCCP, Ha11116onee ~aero noA- Ha KOHKYPeHTHbiX Me)I(AyHapoAHbiX pbiHKaX, noc- aepram1cb atHIII1AeMniii1HroabiM MepaM co cropoHbl neAcTal-1~ MOryT 6b1Tb Ts:I.)Keflb!Ml-1. EC. 3a H1111M~ cneAYIOT Ka3axcraH, 6e11apycb 111 rpyaL-tSI. CWA npeAnPr.-1HIII1Mafllll1 aHT1111AeMniii1HrOBble BWBOAW Mepbl npor1111a Ka3axcraHa (cl>eppoc1111n1111u,1111l1), Poc- Toproans:t crpaH 6~::a~awero CCCP HSXOA1111TCSJ e CIII11111 (cpeppoc~lfliii1L~VIi.1), TaroK1111KIII1craHa {ypaH), YK- paiii1Hbl {cl>eppociii1111111U,1111H, ypaH 1111 clll1niii1KOMapra- COCT0s:IHIII11111 nOCTOSIHHbiX nepeMeH, ~TO OTpS}KaeT Heu,). 1111X a.AanTaU,III110 K HOBbiM ycnoaL-tSIM B3aiii1MOAel1c- Ecrb onpeAeneHHble CB1111AeTenbcraa roro, ~To Talo1SI c aHewHel1 cpeAOH. HanpaaneHIII1SJ 1111 pa3- He6naronpiii1SJTHble Afls:J 3n1x crpaH peweH1111SI no Mepbl roproa111111 ace 6o11ee onpeAel1s:IIOTCSJ 3KOHO- lo1CKaM ~aCTIII1~HO Bb13BaHbl OTCYTCTBIII1eM IOP1111A1111- Mw;ecK1111MIII1 coo6pS}KeHl-1s:IMl-1. CoKpaTIII111acb Top- ~eCKOH npaKTIII1K1111 BeAeHIII1SI TeXHIII1~eCKIII o~eHb roBI1SJ C HeKOTOpb1M1111 pa3BIII1BaiO~lo1MIII1CSI CTpa- CI10}KHbiX aHT1111AeMm1HrOBbiX Aen. npl-1 BBeAeHIII1l-1 HaMIII1 (.1 6biBWl-1Ml-1 napTHepaMIII1 no cas, KOTOPYIO apeMeHHOH aHTl-1AeMnl-1HroBOH noWJ11111Hbl Ha 1111M- CCCP VICKYCCTaeHHO no.o.o,ep}Kl-1Ban no noniii1TIII1- nopTHble nocraBKIII1 11113o6yraHona l-13 Poccl-1l-1 Ko- ~ecKIII1M coo6pa>KeHIII1SJM. Me}KrocyAapcraeHHas:t Ml-1CCl-1SI EC orMer1111na, ~To "HIII1 OAl-1H poccl-1HCK~1M roproans:t ace e~e cocraons:~er 6onbWYIO ~acTb 3Kcnoprep He npeACTaBVIfl OTBeTOB no onpOCHOMY o6~ero 06beMa roprOBill-1 HOBbiX rOCYASPCTa, 3a 11l-1CTY KoMVICCl-11111" 21 • Ostry (1993, 13) coo6w,aer, IIICKI110~eHIII1eM 3CTOHIII1l-1 VI POCCIII11f'l. MHOrVIe 11113 HIIIX ~To 3Kcnoprepbl 11113 6blswero CCCP, KoropbiM HSXOAs:!TCSI B r11y6oKOH 3aal-1CIII1MOCTff1 OT roproanl-1 npeAbs:JBIII111l-1 o6a1111HeH1111e B AeMnl-1HrOBbiX nocraa- c Poccl-1ei1. ~ reM He MeHee Afls:l scex crpaH Kax ypaHa Ha pb1HKIII1 CWA, pewl-1nlll 3anonHIII1Tb noablwaercs:t ponb PbiHKOB 03CP, B oco6eHHOCT!fl "TbiCSI~III nlllcroa Heo6XOAl-1MOH AOKYMeHraU,l-11111", EC. He npr.16eras:~ K noMOlUVI 10p1111croa. B 1111rore HeKo- HecMorps:~ Ha cyw,ecraeHHble pa:mw·tiii1SJ a 3KO- ropble AOKYMeHTbl OHVI He CM0ffll.1 3anonHVITb, a HOMl-1~ecKoM pa3Bl-1TIII1VI l-1 Hafl1111~l-1l-1 npL<1POAHbiX pe- npr.1 3anonHeHIII1VI APYrl-1x Aonycrlo1nl-1 rpy6ble cypcos, roaapHas:l crpyKrypa 3Kcnopra HOablx He- owl-16Kl-1. B pe3ynbrare paccneAoBaH!r1e 6blno 3a- 3aBl-1Cl-1MbiX rocyp,apcre Ha pb!HKl-1 03CP YAHBifl- -mHyro, a AO ero OKOH~aHlits:J aaeAeHa "Ao6poaonb- rel1bHo noxo}Ka. Bee crpaHbl cneu,ff1aniii131111PYIOTCSJ Has:~" KBora (USITC, 1993c). He6naronplll1s:!THoe Ha 3KCnopre npOAYKU.l-1l-1 Cel1bCKoro X03SIHCTaa, nono}KeHIII1e crpaH 6blawero CCCP ycyry6ns:~er ro, pa311l-1~HbiX PYA 1111 Mera.nnoa, pa3nl-1~HbiX ai!1AOB ~TO VIX C~l-1TaiOT crpaHaMIII1 C HepbiHO~HOH 3KOHO- T0n111111aa. f l CocTOAHM8 ToproanM M A0CTyn Ha PWHKM 03CP 239 HeyAoBnereop~TenbH~e noKa3aren~o~~ ropro- weHIAe 610Al(eTHbiX npo6neM lA 6opb6bl c HHnst- eo~ AesnenbHOCTM Ha P~HKaX 03CP ofl'bSICHSIIOTCSl U.IAe~. ~ Hao6opor, orcyrcTBIAe nporpecca B lr13Ha'4anbH~MM npo6neMaMM cTPYKTYPHoro xa- ynY'fWeHMIA ycnoBIA~ AOcryna Ha p~HKM c6~ra paKTepa, e T.'t. pacnaAoM ce~3e~ Me)I(Ay npeA- MO)I(eT HaHeCTIA yw,ep6 M8KP03KOHOMMLteCKOA npMstTMSIMM-nocraBtUMKaMM e 6~eweM CCCP M CTat51!1JlbHOCTII1 1r1 COpBaTb nepeXOA 3KOHOMIAKIA ~;;: M8Af18HHbiM nporpeCCOM B o6.naCTM MaKp03KOHO- P~HKy. MM'48CKO~ CTa6MJlM3aU,MM M JlM6epanrA3aU,MM TOp- "iro MO)I(HO CAenarb AllR YnYLfWeHMSI ycnoaMA rOBJlM. He6naronpMstTHoe B03Ae~cTBMe OKa3anM AOcryna Ha p~HKIA OSCP? npe>KP,e acero, cTpaH~ ~ ycncBMSI Aocryna Ha p~HKM 03CP. MeAileHHo OSCP MorniA 6bl paccMorperb sonpoc o npeAOC- npOXOAMJla HOpManM3aU,MSI KOMMep'teCKif1X OTHO- raaneHII11A seeM crpaHaM 6~awero CCCP nbror W8HM~ CO CTOPOH~ CTpaH 03CP. 0TKa3 OT CMC- Ha OCHOBe rcn. 3TO nocTaBIAJlO 6bl 3KCnoprepoB T8Mbl U,eHTpanM30BaHHOrO nnaHII1POBaHMSI 111 JliiiK- 1.13 HOBbiX CTpaH B paBHble TapHci>Hble ycnOBI.1R C BMAaLI,MSI rocnOACTBa rocyASPCTBeHH~X MOHO- 3KcnoprepaMM 1113 crpaH c aHanoriA'tH~MH notca- nonll1~ e o6nacrM BHewHe~ roproan111 He HawnM 3aTens:IMM san Ha AYWY HaceneHHSI. 3aTeM crpa- CBOeBpeMeHHOrO OTKm1Ka CO CTOPOH~ npaBII1- HaM 03CP cneAOBano 6bl npiAOCTaHOBIATb ViC- TeJlbCTB crpaH OSCP, KpoMe KaHaAbl. Hoe~e He- nonb30B8HIAe cpeACTB 03AOPOBJleHIASI ToproBJliA aaeMCII1M~e rocyAapcrea AO nocneAHero epeMeHII1 npoTIAB "nop,p~BHoro" IIIMnopra 1.13 crpaH, rAe IAMe- cranKMBaiOTCSI c Ar.1CKP111MMHaU.1110HHbiMM rapM- er Mecro cyw,ecraeHHast cra6MniAaaU,II1fl H peaniA- ct>aMII1 B OTHOWeHII1111 CBOero 3KCnopTa Ha PbiHKIA 3YIOTCSI nporpaMMbl crpyKl)'pHoA nepecTpoAKIA, OSCP. Ao c111x nop coxpaH~IOTCSI ace Herapii1¢Hble noAAeP*II1BaeM~e MBK- '48CTBeHH~X orpaHIA'teHIA~), KOTOpble lA paHee IAC- Ae OCHOB~BaniACb Ha L1,8HTpanH30BaHHOM nnaHIA- OOJlb30BaniACb EC npoTIAB 3Kcnoprepoe 1113 crpaH poBaHIAIA, yHacneAoBan~ AetPopMaU.IAIA 3KOHo- c nnaHoeo~ 3KOHOMII1KO~. AHT111AeMnii1Hroable Mit1'4ecKoA nOJliATII1KIA. 0T HIAX HeJlb3S1 0}KIAA8Tb He- rap111¢bl 111 paccneAoBaHII1SI, Ha'taTble npor111a npo- MeAJ1eHHOro nepexoAa K p~HO"'HbiM cxeMaM, M3BOAIATeneC1 B CCCP AO 1 stHeapst 1992 r., He nocrpoeHH~M Ha KOHKYPeHU.IAIA. Vlx He cneAyer 6~nM npiAocraHoaneH~: pacnaA CoaercKoro Co- H8Ka3biBaTb TOJlbKO 3a TO, '4TO lAX 3KOHOMIAKa ne- 103a OCTanCSI KaK 6~ He 3aMe'teHHbiM TeMIII, KTO pe>KIABaeT nepeXOAH~H nepiAOA. OTBe'taeT 38 3aJ.UIATy BHyrpeHHIAX PbiHKOB B CTpa- Heo6XOAMMO ycKOPIATb npiAeM HOB~X CTpaH B Hax 03CP. npii1MeHeHII1e aHTIAAeMnii1HrOBbiX Mep rATT, '4T06bl ASTb lAM B03MO}I(HOCTb CT8Tb 'tne- o6ner'taeT TO 06CTOSITeJlbCTBO, '4TO B HOBbiX CTpa- HaMH-OCHOBaTeJlSIMIA BceMIApHoA roprosoA op- Hax e~e He aaaepweH nepeXOA K PbiHO'tHO~ 3KO- HOMII1Ke, lAX He 3a(UH(UaeT CTSTyC '4JleHOB rA'TT, y raHH3ai.I,IAH. C BBeAeHHeM oco6~x npou.eAYP npViu HMX HeT on~Ta peweHII1s:l TeXHII1'4eCKIAX npo6neM eMa B rATT HOBbiM fOCYAaPCTBaM AOJl)I(HO 6b1Tb npeAOCTaBneHO 'tneHCTBO B 3TOC1 opraHI.138LI,~~ AOcryna Ha PbiHKl-1. C coKpaw,eHIAeM BHyrpeHHero cnpoca 111 Me}f(- npM ycnOBIAIA C06fl~AeHIASI 111MIA npaa~n rATT B rocyAapcreeHHoA roproan1.1 3Kcnopr np~o~~o6pen roproBbiX orHoweHHS'IX c APYriAMH 'tneHaMIA opra- KPr.1TII1'4eCKIA Ba}f(Hoe 3Ha'4eHMe AnSI B~}f(II1BaHIASI HIA38U.HH. TaKHe Tpe6osaHIAS1 rATI, KaK o6st3a- MHOriAx IAPM 111 noAAeP:>~~ lA OTKa3 >Ke~. Ycnex rpaHccpopMII1poaaHII1SI nnaHOBbiX 3Ko- or ~cnonb30BaHHfl HeTaPIAH~x 6apbepoa, o6ec- HOMIA'4eCKIAX CII1CTeM Ha OCHOBe pb1H0'4HbiX OTHO- ne'4aT HOB~M CTpaHaM B03MO)I(HOCTb nony'taTb weHMH B orpoMHOC1 CTeneHH 3aBII1CIAT OT no,DJJ.ep- 66JlbWYIO BblrOAY 38 C'teT nOBbiWeHIASI 3cJ>cJ>eKTIAB- >KaH&IISI 3Kcnopra Ha 3anaA. Bo-nepablx, pacnaA HOCTIA 3KOHOMIAKIA Ha 6a3e paCWHpeHMR TOproBnll1 BHYfP111pernoHanbHO~ roproaniA He SIBJlSieTCSI tcpaT- 111 co3AaHMS1 6onee 'teTKoA cxeMbl Me}l(rocyp,apcr- Kocpo'4HbiM WOKOB~M B03AeHCTBII1eM. C BBeAe- BeHHOH roproan111. HMeM KOHBepTII1pyeM~X BaniOT norpe61ATeJliA lA IAH- cOJlbWIAA AOCryn Ha pbiHKIA, peanM38LI,IAS1 HO- BeCTOPb! nOf1Y'4111JlM B03MO}I(HOCTb npii1HIAMaTb pe- B~MM rocyAapcraaMIA (np~ noAAeP:lKKe MBC!> H WeHIASI, IACXOASI 1113 coo6pa>KeHIAH 3KOHOMIA'4eCKOC1 McPP) nporpaMM cra61Anll13aU.HH H CTPYKTYPHOA u.enecoo6pa3HOCTIA. 3anaAHble nocraBJ.UIAKIA nepecrpoAKH, a TaJOKe npeAocraaneHHe HOBbiM 6onee KOHKYPeHrocnoco6Hbl, nosroMy cnpoc Ha CTpaHaM B03MO)I(HOCTIA '4JleHCTBa 8 C03AaBaeMOC1 oollbWIAHCTBO cpeACTB npor.13BOACTBa 111 roaapoa BceM~pHoC1 ToproaoC1 opraHH3aU.HM npoAeMoH- AJ11ATeJlbHOfO nonb30BaHII1S1 CMeCTII1JlCS1 C 6biBWIAX crpHpoaanH 6~ 3aHHTepecoaaHHOCTb 3anaAa B naprHepos B HanpaaneHIAIA 3anaAa. 06beM~ ycnewHoM nocrpoeHIAIA pb1H0'4HOC1 AeMoKpaTMH ToproenM co crpaHaMII1 6blswero CCCP 111 C38 B HOBbiX CTpaHax. 3anaA TeM caMbiM npiA3HaeT, ew,e MOryT B03pacTIA no Mepe npeOAOJleHII1SI '4TO rOTOB B3S1Tb Ha ce6s:1 onnary HeKOTOpbiX 1113- 3KOHOMIII'4eCKOfO CnaAa, HO OHIA HII1KOrAa He AOC- Aep)l(eK npou,ecca nepeMeH. YcneWHbiH npou.ecc TMrHyr npe>KHI.1X noKa3aTeneA. CrpaHbl 03CP 1r1 CTPYKTYPH~x H3MeHeHIAii\ Ha BocroKe conpoao::«- BnpeAb 6YAYT OCHOBHbiMl-1 3KCnoprepaMII1 111 IAM- AaJlCSI 6bl, TaKII1M o6pa3oM, HeKoropoii\ nepecr- noprepaMIA roaapoa 1113 crpaH c nepexoAHOC1 3Ko- poAKoA "' Ha 3anaAe. YeM 6blcrpee npoiA30~AeT HOMMKOC1. B3aHMHaSI ManTaU.IAS'I, reM n~we 6yAeT Afls:l acex Bo-aropblx, pacnaA eAIAHoro coaercKoro 3KO- 38MHTepecoeaHHbiX cropoH. KpoMe roro, YBSI3bi- HOMIA'tecKoro npocrpaHcraa np111aen K coKpa- BaHHe sonpoca o6 o6ner'teHMIA Aocryna Ha PbiHKIA w,eHrAIO coBOKYnHoC1 3KOHOMIA'tecKoC1 Aestrenb- c reMnaMM peaniA3aU.!.11A Mep nepexoAHoro nepiA- HOCTI.1. PacW1.1peHIAe 3KCnopTa Ha p~HKIA 03CP OfJP. C03Aafl0 6bl AOnOJlHII1TeJlbHble CTIAMYJl~ AllSI CHM31AT Macwra6~ 3Toro s:~aneHIAS'I "' o6ner'tii1T pe- cKopeAwero npoABLJI)I(eHII1R no nyriA pecJ>opM. 240 ToprosnA B HOBbiX He38BHCMMbiX rocy,QapCTBaX npMM8'18HMR 3TOM H311HWKM B 1992 r. no 06b9MY paBHbl HaH0011bW8MY 06b8· My ero tteTTO-MMnopra a 1986 r. (Sheales, 1992). ABTop BblpaJteaer npH3HaTenbHOCTb aa noneaHble aaMe~aHHSI KOHCTaHTHHY MHXanononycy, 11. AnaHY YHHTepcy H AneKC8HAPY 8 K npeAJ!araeMOMY ~HTaTBlliO aHMH3Y BnOntte MOltCHO OTHec· TH ynpeiCH 1i1 MCnOI1b30BSHHH H8K8'«!CTB8HHbiX AaHHbiX. 6onee liiHTcy. Toro, HQCTOAlL(MR SH811H3 CTpQAatlT HBTO~HOCTRMH e~e M 1 noroMy, ~o pe3KcnoprHaR AefllenbHOCTb }"4HTb1BaercR era~ 3Ta HH$pacrpYJCTYPa coo,Qasanacb c 'ffBTOM pa3,QelleHHR TPYAa THCTMKOR 03CP KaK MMnopT H3 pe3KenopTHPYIO~A CTPaHbl. B P8MKax BAHHOfO (aBTa.ptr.:H'feCKOro) 31COHOMH'feCICOf0 npocT- ,l\llR conoeTaBHMOCTH CO CTQTMCTMKOR 03CP no TOproane B paHCTB8. TpaHCnopTHaR cHcTeMa CosercKoro Co10aa, OCHOB8H- HaSI H8 HCnoJ1b30B8HHH :lKBJ163HOAOpoJtCHOro TPSHCnopTa, 3aMbi- 1992 r., ASHHble rocKoMcrara no AOI1AM pa311MI.fHbiX pbiHKos s OISW,eM 06beMe BtteWHHX nocTaBOK pecny6nHK MCnollb30BallMCb Ka118Cb Ha OAMH l..lSHTP - MocKsy. AaroMo6HilbHbl~ rpaHCnopr B Ka'f8CTB8 BeCOBbO< OOK838T6JleR, ICOTOPbe 38T6M cpaBHMll811HCb MCnOJ1b30B8J1CR B OCHOBHOM .QJlR nOAB038 rpysoB K ~e­ CO CTOHMOCTHbiMIII OOIC838TeJ1RMH HMOOpTa 03CP H3 CCCP B ne3HOAOPO.lKHbiM JIHH~RM H o6ecne~H88JI M1Wb He- 60J1bWYIO ~CTb rpysonepesooOK. 3TMM o6bRCHReTCSI tte6onbwo~ 1990 r. 9 rtaPK rpyaOBbiX 8BTOM06Mneiil. 1113-38 HM3KOf0 K84eCTB8 AOpor no seeM nporoosaM (sa MCkllJOC.feHHeM Brown M Belkindas, npHrOAHO~ AnSI 8BTOTpaHcnopTa C~HT86TCSI MeHee OOJ10811Hbl 1993), npH6ai1THRCKH8 rocyASpclBa M 6enapyeb B pesynbTaTe nporA>~CeHHOCTH scex Aopor (eM. "Independent", 03.09.91,- paenaAa CosercKoro Cc:03a AOllJtCHbl 6bll111 oorepmb 6onbwe, McAuley (1991 )). 'iBM see OeTallbHble. 0,QHaKO npoAeMOHCTpHpoBaHHaR 3THMM 2 rocyAapcrsaMH cnoco6HOCTb K nepeopHeHTal..lMM roproenH Cyw,ecrsoaan PRA npH~MH, o6bRCHSUOLI..\HX 6onbwee yo.taCTHe onposeprna 3TH nporH03bl. TeM H8 Mattea He388MCHMOCTb POCCHH BO BHeWHeYoproBbiX CA611Kax: HallH~He H8 ee TeppH- TOPMH 3Ha\fHT6JibHbiX nJ)MpO.QHbiX pecypcos; l..leHTp811H30BaHHOe oKa3anacb enMWKOM AOpoll'IM YAOB011bCTBHeM AnA 6enapycH, KOTOpaSI OTKaaanacb OT 3~0HOMM~eeiCOfO cysepeHMT8T8, npoBBABHHB BHeWHSTOprOBbiX onepal..lHA rocy,QapcTBBHHbiMH BHewHeroproBbiMH opraHH381..lHHMH, pacnono.lKeHHbiMM a npeAOO~R eMy nonHYIO HHTerpal..lMIO e PoccHe~ (Ha npaKTMICe OCHOBHOM B Mockse; XapaKTep TpaHCnopTHOiil H~pacTJ)YJCTYPbl, noKa tte peanMsOBaHHYJO). 10 Koropbliil He noasonM APYrMM noreHI..lHallbHbiM HeTTo-3~~:c­ 6naroAaPR csoeMy BblrOAHOMY ret'fl)a$f'ieCKOMy nono.lKe14110 noprepaM cblpbR (B OCHOBHOM B UeHTpanbHOA A3HH) 0011\I'IHTb npMsepJteeHHOCTM 3KOHOMH'*'CKHM Peci><>PMaM, npM6annr~cKMe 111 nPAMOA AOCTYn Ha MHPOBble PbiHKH. CTpaHbl 8 l..l6JIOM (3cTOHHR B OCOf5eHHOCTH) MMBIOT 3Ha~HT611bHO 3 00/188 BbiCOKHB noKaaaTSJlH, A3*e BCJIM BbNSCTb M3 31t:COOpTa B AHa11H3 TOBaponOTOKOB OCHOBaH H8 A8HHbiX CT8THCTHICM crpaHbl 03CP croHMOCTb pe3Kcnopra cblpoA tte4>TM, PYA. no roprosne crpaH-naprHepoe H3 6aHKa .QaHHbiX COMTRADE (OOH). npHBJ16K811HCb H APYrHe HCTO~HHKH - B OCHOBHOM l..lBBTHbiX MBT8Jll10B M APYrHX MHttepallOB. 8 1992 r. CTOMt.IOCTb 3Kcnopra llarsMH M llHTBbl Ha pbiHKH 03CP YABOH.nacb, a ocf>MI..lH81lbHbl6 ,QaHHble CHr H 3KOHOMM'ieCKOiil KOMHCCMH OOH 3CTOHHM- yaenM~HJlaCb B ~Tblpe paaa. CyMMapHaR AOJ1R 3THX AnA Espollbl. 0141 HCnollb30BallMCb OJ)M OTCyYCTBHM Mt$0PM8UHM crpaH B o6w,BM o6beMe 3Kcnopra M3 6biBWero CCCP npeablllaer no KpynHbiM roproBbiM naprttepaM s 6aHKax .QaHHbiX OOH MnH npM ttenonHOA MH$0PM81..lHH (HanpHMep, B 1992 r. VIH,D,HA til A0/110 YKpaMHbl H COCT8BJ1R8T OKOJlO 40% o6w.ero 06beMa 3Kcnopra M3 6blswero CCCP, ecn1o1 tte ~HTbiBaTb PoccMIO. BeHrpHR soo6w,e He npeAOCTaBMilH Aa.HHble o roprosne co 11 crpaHaMH 6brswero CCCP, aa MCKIIIO'IeHHeM PoccHH; 6biBWaR noKa3aTBJ1b '1HCTOA TOproBJIH (NTI) pacc~HTbiBaeTCSI no 1-iexocnoaakl'!R, 5onrapHR M VlpaH raae He npeAOCTaeHml OOH oPMYile: HH$0PMal..lHH o caoeiil roproane}. ,1#3HHb16 no rosaponoroKaM npM6amMACKHX crpaH, !1KIIIO'W.R rpaH3MTHbl6 nocraBKH, He kop- (~-~) peKTHposanHcb, KpoMe TaX CJiyo.taeB, kOf,Qa 3TO Cnel..lMallbHO NTI = (X ) , rAe i - rosap MllH rosapHast orosapM sanocb. _1 + ~ rpynna; K_- 3KCOOPT; 4 noAPQ6HYIO HH$>PMal..lHIO no HanpaBJISHHRM COBeTCKoro 3KC- M_- MMOOpT. nopra, KaK o~aro raK H no pecny6nHKaM, eM. Kaminski H Yeates 12 (1993). VIHopM81..lHR sa 1992 r. nollY'feHa H3 6aHIC8 ,QaHHbiX B HaeroRw,eM paaAene WHPOKO r.-~cnonb3YIOTCR ABHHble Kaminski H Yeates (1993). COMTRADE. 13 5 HCkJliO'feHHe npeACT8BJIR1l KHTaii!. CTOHMOCTb o6w.ero OObeMa no COCTORHMIO Ha anpeJlb 1994 r. rpyaMSI, TaAJtCMKHCTaH M Y36eKMCTaH He o6paw,anHCb C npocb6oR 0 npMHRTMH MX B ~JI8Hbl 3Kcnopra s KHraA npaKTH'iBCKM YABOMnacb c 2051 MnH. AOJln. a 1991 r. AO 4017 MJ1H. A0/111. B 1992 r., npM'ieM B 3Ha~HT8JibHOii! rATT, TOrAa KaK Asep6a~.Q)If.aH, 6enapycb, KaaaxcTaH, Kb!p- CTeneHH 3TO yBellM'feHMe 06bRCHAeTCR npoAruKe~ poccMiiiCKHX rb13CTaH H TypiCMeHMCTaH Y*B noll\I'IHI1M eTarye Ha61110AaTeJ1R. C8MOI16TOB. KHTaiiiCKHiil MMOOPT H3 POCCHM COCTaBHil 3256 MJlH. B HaCTORw.ee speMR HAYT npol..leAYPbl 0$0PMileHMR yo.taCTMR OCT8JlbHbiX crpaH BrATT. Aonn. (no .QaHHbiM, npeAocTasneHHbiM KMraeM B 6aHK .QaHHbiX COMTRADE). 14 HanpHMep, Ha 3Kenopr H3 CCCP a EC tteAeHarypHpoBaHHOro 6.CpeAH roprosbiX naprttepos - pa3BHB810lL(MXCA erpaH KHraA 3TMJIOBOro cnMpTa 6bll1 ycTaHOBilOH TapKq> Ha ypoette 73,8%, BHODb RBJIReTCR MCKJliO'feHM8M. ,l\OJIR OCHOBHbiX BMAOB CbiPbR B ~0 Ha 42% BbiWB CpeAHefO ypoBHH noWJ1HH, ynna~MBa8MbiX no KHTaiilcKOM HMnopre H3 6biBWero CCCP eokpaTHnacb C 16% B 3TOMY BHAY npoAYKI..lHH pasBMBaiOLI..\HMHCA ctpaHaMM, M 6onee 1991 r. AO 14% B 1992 r., HO CTOMMOCTb 3TOf0 MMnopTa 803- \feM Ha 30% oblwe cpe.Qttero ypoaHSI nownHH AliA acex 3kC- pocna c 334 MnH. A01111. AO 537 MnH. Aonn. 6onbWYiO 'W.CTb nopTepos B l..l8JlOM. npMM8PHO Ha TaKOM Jtee ypoatte (41%) HMnopTa OCHOBHbiX BM.QOB e~bR COCTaBMJlM nocTaBKH M3 POCCHH ycTaHaBilMBanMcb rapMcfJbl Ha 3Kcnopr tte<&>epMeHTMpoBaHHOro {337 MJIH. AOJ111.), ~0 COOTBeTeTBOBallO 89% o6w,ero 06b8Ma R6JlO~HOrO COKa. no~H no nonoBHHe TapH$HbiX rpynn npeBbi- HMnopTa OCHOBHbiX BIIIAOB c~pbR M 81% o6w,ero 06beMa ..,M- W8HH8 cpeAHSrO ypoBHSI TapHoB COCTaBllRilO 15% M 6onee nopra B KHTatl H3 6biBWero CCCP. BTOpbiM Kpynttej:lWHM rop- (6aHJC .QaHHbiX IOHKTA,ll-M6PP). roBbiM napTHepoM KHTaSI cpeAH CTpaH 6b1Bwero CCCP RBJlReTe~ 15 noHRTHe peallbHOrO ypoBHSI npoTeKI..lHOHH3Ma ICOJ1M'feeTBeHHO KaaaxcraH. 3To H He YAHBHrenbHO, Y"'HTbiBaR ero pasMepbl, OTpa.lKaeT B03A6RCTBMB aaW,HTHO~ Mepbl Ha eTOHMOCTb, HanH~He npHpo.QHbiX pecypcos H reorpaq>w~eeKyiO 6nHSOCTb. .Qo6aBJ18HHYIO B Opol.leece 11>0M3BO.QCTBa. VlcnoJib30BaHMe 3TOI'O 06tUHR 06bBM OOCTaBOIC H3 KasaxcTaHa OCHOBHbiX BMAOB eblpbSI noHRTMR no3BOllf*lT non~MTb npeAeTasneHMe 0 BOS,Qei'CTBMM B KHTaiil eOCT8BHI1 141 Mil H. A0/111. (HH¢opMai.(HR npe,QocTaBileHa 3CKallal..lMM ToprOBbiX 6apbepoB Ha OTAellbHbl8 CTaAMH KHTaeM B 6aHK ASHHbiX COMTRADE}. npoH3BOACTBa Tosapa. To~Hee roBoPA, peanbHbliil yposeHb 7 YB81lM'iBHH8 Bbi3BaHO noRBJl6HH8M M311HWICOB HeKOTOpbll< oc~ npoTeKI..lMOHH3Ma noKa3biBaer cHHJtCBHMe AOnH Ao6asneHHOiil HOBHbiX BHAOB CblpbA, Pattee HMnopTMpoBaBWHXCSI. HanpMMep, CTOMMOCTiii, H8 KOTopoe AOJI*Hbl no~TI-1 3Kcnoprepbl, ~06bl 6b1BWHA CCCP H3 HeTTO-HMnoprepa l..lMHKa H cBMH~ npes- o6ecne~HTI> KOHKYPBHTocnoco6HOCTb Ha 38lL(MW.eHHbiX pbiHKax parHneR 8 H6TT0-3Kcnoprepa 3THX BHAOB CbiPbR. COBBTCKHA (eM. Grubal, 1971 ). Y~HTblsaR BBJICHOCTb atoR npo6neMbl, M6PP COI03 eran HeTT0-3KCnoprepoM eBHHt..ta ew,e 8 1988 r., npH paapa6oTaJI npOH3BOACTBBHHble l..lSOM no 49 BMAaM TOBapoB, CocTORHMe ToproanH M ,Q0CTyn H8 pbHM 03CP 241 31CCOOP'fMP'/8MbD( pa3BMB810U4MMMCA Ctp8H8MM B o6pa6oT8tH)M rpy6enb (Grubel) r. PeallbHbiA TOproabiA npoTOIC1.4MOHM3M: M H906pa6oTal*tOM BMA8 {CM. npMIIO)I(OHMB IC Safadl M Yeates, BaeAeHMe a TeopMIO, nonMTH'teCKMe nocneACTBl1A H 1993). Bee 3BBHbA 3TMX 1,4eneA onpe,QenAIOTCR a TepMMHaX Kottci»IIMKTW AliA tteerte1.4M&nHCTOB (Effective Trade Protec- CMCTBMbl SITC AliA 0611BN8HMA 8HW1M38 MBJICAYHQpoAHOA TOP· tion: A Non-Specialist Introduction to the Theory, Policy Im- roanl1. plications and Controversles)//PeanbHbiA TaPM4>Ht,!A 16 0CHOBHbiMM 31CCnopTepaMM ~1~BMHbl ABIIAIOTCA 6enapycb, npoTe~OHM:SM (EffllctiYe Tariff Pro1ection)/lloA pe.Q. r. fpy- rp}'3HA, T8,1J)KMICMCTaH, Y36eiCMCT8H. loiiHTepecHO OTMeTMTb, 'fTO 6enA, r. A*otteoHa (Johnson). )l(etteaa, CeKpeTapMav rAn, H8CMOTPA H8 6onee BbiCOICMA ypoaeHb TapH¢K>B MX 31CCnopT Bbl· 1971. poe C 57231 T. B 1991 r. A094432 T 38 nepab18 BOCeMb MOCSQSB rsMH/IbTOH {Hamilton) C. W&eACKM8 Toproab18 orpaHM\feHMR Ha 1992 r. (International Trade Reporter, 21 anpenA 1993 r.). TeiCCTMIIb M op.e~ (Swedish Trade Restrictions on Textiles 17 npHMOtteHHe npe$!pett1.4MA rcn B OTHOWOHMM MHOrMX M3 and Clothing)//Skandinaviska Enskllda Banken Quarterly 3THX BM,QOB MMOOpTa VCTaHOBIIOHO B06'beM8X COOTB8TCTByiOUUtX Review, 1984, No 4, c. 103-112. ICBOT. 3KcnopTHb18 06'b8Mbl, npeab1WaiOU4M8 ICBOTbl, noAIIBQT rsMHnbTOH c. CellbCKOX03AACTB8HHbiA npoTeK!,4MOHM3M B o6110liCOHMiO TapH~aMH no CTaRKaM, npHMeHABMbiM IC CTP8H8M, WB81.4MM (Agricultural Protection In Swaden)//European Re- nonb3YJOU4MMCA CT8tyCOM HaM6ollbWero 6naronpHATCTIOB8HMA view of Agricultural Economics, 1986, No 13 (1 ). 8 TOproane. ,D.pyntMM CIIOBaMM, 3Ha\feHMe 3n1X llbrOT npey8811M· 'feHHO. XenneifHBP (Helleiner) r.K., Ysnsy,Q (Welwood) Jl. nepepa6oTKa 18 3ro npoMCT8K88T B OCHOBHOM M3 ABVCTOpoHtterO xapaKTepa Cbll)bA B pa3BMB810U4MXCA CtpaHaX M CHMliC8HMe K&HQACKMX cornaweHMA. CornaWeHMA orpaHM'4MBaiOT MCT~HMIC npoMCX0)1(- TaPM¢K>B (Raw Material Processing In Developing Countries A8HMA Toaapa TOIIbKO OAHOA M3 CTpaH EACT, TOM caMbiM 6na- and Reductions In the canadian Tariff). Onaaa, 3KoHO- ronpMATCTBYIOT MaTepMaiiOEIMIICMM BHA8M npo,Q}'Kl4MM M 38U4M· MH'48CKMA CoaeT KaHa,Qbl, 1978. U48IOT npoM3BOAMT811BA npoM3BO,QCTB8HHbiX pecypcoo B 06eMX 6. Co,QeAcTBMe npol48CCY nepeXOAa '48pe3 Xsifl(lVJH (Hindley) CTpaHaX-napTttepax. npM 3TOfA AMCKPMMMHMPYJOTCA ace BM.Qbl pasaMTMe ToproanM: 11onMTMK8 EC H CWA a oTHOWeHMM npoAYKJ.ij1M 6onee BbiCOKOA CT8118HM o6pa6oTIICM (6onee noA- 31CCnopra M3 BOCTCHIOA M lteHTp&nbHOA Eaponbl (Helping po6HO CM. Sorsa, 1994). Transition 11Vough Trade: EC and US Policy toward Exports 19 from Eastern and Central Europe)//Pa60'4Me AOKYMeHTbi CM. 0AMHHaAJ.t,albiA eliCerOAHbiA O'Nel KOMMCCMM EaponeAc- KOMY napnaMeHty no aHTMA8MnMHrOBO!R M 8HTMCy6cMAMAHOA M6PP, T. 4, 1993. AeATenbHOCTM Coo611¥'CTB& (1992). B 1989 r. 6blno Ha't&TO acero MB¢). 3KOHOMH't8CICMA o63op: O~e npo6118Mbll'l M8)1CP8Cny6- o.QHO aHTMAeMnHHroaoe paccneAoaaHMe, a 1990 r. - AB&. IIMK8HCICMe OTHOWBHM:A B 6blaweM CCCP (Economic Review: 2 ° KOMMCCMA CWA no Me.liC.QYHai>OAHOA Toproane (USITC) Common Issues and lnterrepublic Relations in the Former 011)8.QBIIMII8, 'fTO ~TBIIABMb18 T8,QliCMKMCTaHOM 31CCnopTHbl8 USSR). BaWMHI'TOH, 1992. nocTaBKH ypaHa He HaHOCMIIM y~ep6a aMepMKaHCICOA MBCb. 3cTOHMA (Estonia)//IMF Economic Review, No 4. npoMblwnel*tOCTM, TorAQ KaK nocTaBKM c YKP&MHbl (38 tllCICIIIO- BawMHrTOH, 1993. \feHMGM BbiCOK006ora~HHOro ypaHa)- HaHOCMIIM. KOMMCCMA p&ICOMeHAOBana BB8CTM aHTMAeMnMHI'OBbl8 fiOWIIMHbl H8 noc- KBMHHCKH (Kaminski) 6. B03A8ACTBMe nep8XO,Q8 K PbiHKY H8 TaBKM cl>eppocMnM1.4MA M3 Ka38XcTaHa, PoccMM H YKP&HHbl. P83BMTMe 3KCnopta B 3KOHOMM't8CICMX CMCTeMax ~9HT· 21 panbHOA Eaponbl (How the Market Transition Affected Ex- CM. Commission Regulation (EEC), N!!2720/93, f1YHICT A (7) B port Performance In the Central European Economies)// Official Journal of the European Communities, N!!L 246/12, Pa6o'4Me AOKyMeHTbl a o6nacTM nonMTM'teCKMX Mccne- 2 OICTA6PA 1993 r. .QOB8HMA, T. 1179. MSPP•.BaWMHI"TOH, 1993. nMT8p8yYp8 KSMHHCKH 6. Bo3,A8ACTBMe pacna,Qa Co&eTCKOro COI038 H8 TOJ)roBIIIO nepaM'fHOA npoAYIQ.\MeA (The Impact of the Dis- 5snbLfepoBH'I (Balcerowicz) n.. ren(j (Gelb) A. Malq)OnoiiMTMKa solution of the Soviet Union on Trade in Primary Commodi- npM nepexoAO K pbiHO'*tOA 3KOHOMHKe: TpM ro,Qa cnycTR ties). MSPP. AenapT&MeHT' MeliC,QYH&po,QHOA 3KOHOMMKM, (Macropolicles In Transition to a Market Economy: A Three- CeKTOP Mt!JICAYH8POAH0A ToproBIIM. BaWMHrTOH, 1993. Year PerspectNe)//Tes. AOK. Ha elKeroAHQA KoHcl>epeH1.4MH M6PP no 3KOHOMMKe pasaHTMA (BawMHrTOH, 28-29 anpenA KBMHHCKH 6., !lfHTC (Yeats) A. Toprolbl8 6apb8pbi 03CP npoTMB 1994). rocy.QapcTB 6bl8wero CCCP (OECO Trade Barriers Faced 6pa}'H (Brown) C., 6enKHH,4BC (Belkindas) M. KTO KOro KOPMMT? by the Successor States os the Soviet Union)//Pa6o- AHaliH3 COB8TCKOA Me)I(J)aeny6J1MK8HCKOA TOproBIIM (Who 'tMe AOKyMeHTbl B o6naCTH nDIIMTM'teCICMX HCCIIe,QOBaHMA, is Feedilg \Nhom? An Analysis of SolliBt lntamJpublic Trade)// T. 1175. M6PP. BaWMHI"TOH, 1993. 6biBWMA CoaeTcKMA Col03 a npo1.48Cce nepexo,Qa (The For- flaifp,Q (lai'd) C., lifl!fTC A. oB: M mer Soviet Union in Transition) T. I. Kottrpecc CWA. BawMHr- npo6neMbl (Tariff-Cutting Formulas- and Complications)/1 TOH, 1993. YpyraaAcKMA payHA: noco6Me AliA MHorcctopoHHMX International Trade Reporter (pa311M'4Hb18 M3,Q8HMA). BaWMHrTOH. TOproabl)( neperolllopOB (The Uruguay Round: A Handbook BttewHAA ToproanA H038BMCMMbiK pecny6nMK M3KOHOMMK8 npH- for the Multilateral Trade Negotiatlons}/noA peA. 6anTMACKMX CTpaH B 1990 r. loiltiCIK>pMa~MOHHO-CTaTMC­ A.On&XOBCKM (Oiechowskl), ,Q)I(.M.CbMttrepa (Finger). MSPP. TM'48CICMA 1.48HTP CHr, MocKBa, 1992. BawMHrTOH, 1987. 0AMHH&Al48Tb1A eliCefOAHbiA OT\feT KoMMCCHM EaponeACKOro fl3ifp,Q C. Ko11M'48CT-HHb18 MeTQQbl aH811M38 TopJ'Ot'lblt 6apa.epoa coo6~TB8 EaponeACKOMY napnaMeHTY no aH!'M,qeMilMH- (Quantitative Methods for Trade Barner Analysis). MSPP. roaoA H aHTMCyt5CMAMAH0A A8RTellbHOCTM C0061J48CTia ,QenapTaM8HT Me)I(.QyHapOAHOA 31COHO•MMKM, CeKTop (Eleventh Annual Report from the Commission to the Euro- MelJAYH&POAHOA ToproanH. BawMttnOH, 1990. pean Par1iament on the Community's Anti-Dumping and Anti- MsKonH (McAuley) A. 3KoHOMM't8CKMe nocne,QCTBMA pacn&A& Subsidy Activities). KEC, 6pi0Ccenb, 1993. CoaetcKoro Col038 (The Econontic Consequences of So- Official Journal of European Community (pasnM'tHble M3A8HMA). viet DeslntegratiOn)//Sovbt Economy, No 7, 1991. 6piOCCellb. MHX8110nynoc /(,, Tapp (Tarr) Jl. Toproao-MaTelKHb18 MOASIIH B Ascrnep (Destler) H.M. AMepMK&HCICBA toproBSA nonHTMK& (Ame- ctpaHBX 6w.11ero CCCP (Trade and Payments Arrangements rican Trade Politics). loiiHCTHTYT MelK,QYH8~ 31COHOMMICM for states of 1he Former USSR)/j&llccn&AOaaHMA nepexoAtW( npM CboHAS XX CTOIIeTMA. BaWMHrTOH, 1992. 3KOHOMM"'8CI31X cMcTeM, T. 2. M6PP. BawMHrTOH, 1992. 242 ToproanA IS HOibOt H8381MCMMbll( rocy,QilpcTNX WHM (Sheales} T.C. r~e OTpaCIIM CHr: Yrpoaw OIHIXOBCY.H tb., RHTC A. BnMRHMe HBT8PM~ 6ap..epoa H9 M .OSUOlDtOCTM AliA AIICTp&nMM (Mineral lnduatriH in 1he HCnopT MS COI.4MBI1MCTM't8CICMX CTP8H 80CT~ Eaporw.l CIS: Ttveats and Opportunities for Aua'tfalla)//Agricultural (Tha Influence of Nontarttf Barriers on Exports from Social- and Reaources Quartef!Y, No 4 (4), 1992. ist Countries of Eastern Europe)//,Q,McecyccMOHHhle .QOICYM8HTbl, T. 8. IOHKTAA. )l(eH818, 1982. Copca (sor&a) n.l'entOHIJIWtBA Mtfi'81"P81.0'A M l'lpM6anTMIC8: Ky,Qll .QDMranr.cA? (Regional Integration and the BattleS - Which Ocrpw (Ostry) c. Yrposa ynp.'liiiM~ roproenM nepexo.QHWM Way?). M6PP. ,Q,enaptaMeHT M8*A'/H8poAHOA 31COHO· sscottOMMKaM(The Ttveat of Managed Trade to Transform- MMKN, C81C1'0P M41~AH0A Topro811M. BawMHfTOH, 1994. ing Economies)//fpynna TPM.QLU!TM. BaWMHI"TOH, 1993. KOYMCCMA no Mft'.AYH8po.QHOA Toprolll18 CWA. Cl)eppoCMIIML\MA Peuep (Roemer) M. "'HAYCTPM8nMS8L\Mfl H8 OCHOI8 MCOOJib- MS KasaxctaHa M Ylq)8M..a (Ferrosillcon from Kazakhstan SOiaHMA pecypcol 8 pa31MiaKMUMXCA cTpaHBX: o6sop and Ukralne)/JUSITC Publ~ation, T. 2618. BaWMHnOH, nMtepaTYPbl (Resource Based IndustrializatiOn in Develop- 1993a. ing Countries: A SUrvey of1he Uterature). KeMGI>MA* (Mace), KOMMCCMA no MUrJlYH&po.QHOA Toprolll18 CWA. CbeppocMIIML\MA rapeap,QCICMA MHCTMtyT Me)I(AYHapoAHOrO pa31MTMA, 1979. MS PoccMM M BetteeY311bl (Ferroslicon from Russia ar.d Ven- ezuela)/fUSITC Publication, T. 2650. 88WMHfTOH, 1993b. GatiJB,QH (Safadi) P., tfHTc A. Toproable 6apb8pbl npoTMB CbtpbA " nepepa6oTaHHOA npoAyK1U4M a A3MM (Asian Trade Barri- KOMMCCMR no Me*AYHBPOAHOA Toprollll8 CUJA. YpaH M$ Ta.QliCM- (Urankln from Tajllcistan and Ukraine)/1 ItMCT8H8 M YICPaMHD! ers against Primary and Processed Commodities)/tpa~e USITC Publication, T. 2869. BaWMti"'TOH, 1993c. AOKYM8HTbl a o6nacrM nonMTM~ecKMX MccneAoBaHMA, T. 1174. M6PP. ,IJ,enaptaMeHT Me~poAHO'\ 31COHOMMKM, M6PP. rno6anbHhl8 HOHOMr.t'teCKMe nepcneKTMIN (Global Eco- ceKTop MeliCAYH&poAHOA ToprOBIIM. BaWMHfTOH, 1993. nomic Prospects). BawMHrTOH, 1994. 13 PEKOMEHtlA~HH B 06RACTH TOPrOBOH nonHTHKIII KOHCTBHTMH MHxanonynoc ,l'43BBA r. Tapp B npeAbiAYllt~X pa3Aenax Hacros:~!l.l,e~ ny6n~Kau,~~ noKa3aHo, l.fTO C03AClH~e Ha 3KOHOM~I.feCKOM npocrpaHCTBe 6biBWero CosercKoro Cotosa ns:~rHaAu.ar~ He3aB~c~MbiX ro- cy,o,apcm np~seno K MHO)Kecrey TPYAHocre~ B roprosne Me)I(- AY H~M~ ~ B roprosne 3T~X rocyp,apcrs co crpaHaM~ Bl-iew- Hero M~pa. Bee 3T~ TPYAHOCT~ o6ycnosneHbl, ol.feB~AHO, pa3HbiM~ Macwra6aM~ ~ reMnaM~ npoBeAeH~R c~creMHbiX pecpopM. 8 pecpopM~POBaH~~ TOprOBil~ Ha61110AaeTCS1 HeKO- TOpbl~ nporpecc, Ho Macwra6bl ~ reMnbl pecpopM He aAeK- BaTHbl norpe6HOCTS1M. 8 6011bWV!HCTBe HOBbiX rocyp,apCTB ~cno11b3yercs:~ AeopM~posaHHaR c~creMa no6yA~Te11bHbiX CH1MYJIOB, TOproBble 1,1 nnaTe)I(Hble ~HCT~ryTbl pa3B~Tbl He- AOCTaTOI.fHO, a fOCYAaPCTBO npOAOil)l(aeT np~HI.1MaTb aKT~B­ HOe yl.faCT~e B roprOBile. npeACTOl-1T etJ.te MHOroe CAellaTb AllR pean~3au,~~ nocrasneHHO~ Ha Aonrocpol.fHytO nepcneK- T~BY 38.p,al.f~ - aAanT~poBaTb ToproBiliO K !ii3MeH~BW~MCS1 ycnoB~RM ~ &iiHTerp~posarbes~ B M~posytO 3KOHOM~KY- 8 3TOM pa3Aene ~3110)I(eHbl o6~~e peKoMeHAau.~~. Kaca!O~~ecs:~ peQ>opM~poBaH~s:l TOproBil~ ~ 1111aTe>KHbiX C~CTeM KaK BIDK- HOfO 3Tana Ha nyr~ K AOCT~)I(eH~IO nocTaBI18HHO~ U,ell~. PeKO- MeHAa~~ npeACTaBileHbl B 6o11ee W~POKOM KOHTeKCTe KOMn- neMeHTapHbiX peQ>opM, Koropble norpe6y10rcs:~ Ails:! ycnew- Horo npeOAOileH~s:l nepeXOAHOfO nep~oAa, B l.faCTHOCT~ B 0611aCT~ MaKp03KOHOM~I.feCKO~ CTa6~11~3aU,~~. KOMMep- • ToproeaR nonlf1TVIKa...., w1.1- pOKaR 3KOHOMI.1LieCKaR pe- U,~a11~3aU,~~ ~ np~BaT~3au,~~ npeAnp~s:~r~~- ToproaaR nonMTMKa M WMPOK&A 3KOHOMM'IecKaR c:I>OpMa pec~»opMa • Toproea9. non1.1rt-1Ka nepBbl~ OCHOBHO~ npoBeAeH~R roproBbiX BbiBOA, KOTOpbl~ ClleAyeT ~3 OnbiTa peQ>opM B nRTHaAL.I,aTII1 crpaHax 6biB- • OpraHif13aU.If1SI CI.1CTeMbl nnare)KHO~ wero CosercKoro Co10sa, - sro recHaR B3aii1M03aB&iiCIIIMOCTb MaKp03KOHOMII11.feCKO~ CTa6111111.13aU,111~, pecpopM~poBaH~Sl Aes:!TellbHOCT~ npeMP~s:IT~~ 111 npoBeAeH~Sl COOTBeTCTBYIOtJ.te~ • Aocryn Ha Me:>KAyHapOAHble pbiHKif1 nonii1THK~ B o6nacr~ Me>K.AyHapoAHO~ ropros11111 ~ nnare)l(e~. 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TeM He MeHea OH npHBOAHT HeCKOJlbKO YTO'i- HeHHii!. Bo-nepsbiX, B03MO)I(HOCT'b nos:taneHHs:t B KpaTKocpo~ Co8eTCK11M Co10sou. CM. Tarr (1992), rAe aHanH- 311pyeTcs:t Hcnonb30BaHHe H~I1KaTHBHbiX nepe.,.He~ 1.11 APYrHx nepcnetrniBe OOT6tQ1allbHbiX 6eapa6oTHbll< SIB/lSIBTCSI AOBOAOM B nonb3y nocTeneHHOro nepexo,op K cB06oAHOiil Toprosne. BC>-BTOpbD<, nepeXOAHbiX cpe,QCT8 nocne pacnap,a C3B. o6ecnoKoeHHOCTb ypoBHBM AOXO.Qa pa6o... 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TaKHe BbiCOKHe 1.11 HaWVIX paCCY)t(,AeHHiil HaH6onee BaJtCHbiM SIBJis:teTCSI fl)eAnollO)I(eHHe Hea,O,etH Ol1)eAEllleHHbiX ',CilOBHSIX OHa !1>HHOCI1T Te )l(e pe3YilbTaTbl, 410 H 3KCnoprHbJ1.1 HallOr. 803p8)1(eHHSI f1)0THB ll)eAnC>IlO)I(eHHSf 0 TOM, 410 J1H6epallH38~SI 10 TOprOBilH OKa3biBaeT 3Ha4HT8/lbH09 B03Aeli!CTBH8 Ha ypoBeHb TaKaS! 8YK4110HHaSI CHCTeMa 6blna paapa6oTaHa B POCCHH 6e3pa60TH4bl, COAep)l(aTCs:l B HCCileAOBaHHH 19 CTpaH, npo- MHHl-1CTepcTBOM BHeWHHX 3KOHOMH'feCKHX CBR3e~ H BBSAeHa B BeAE!HHOM Papageorgiou, Choksi H Michaely (1990). 0HH o6- A6~CTBI1e noCT8HOB/leHHeM 11)8BHTellbCTBa pCb, Hapy)I(HilH, 410 B03Ae~CTBHe, OK83biBaeMOe llH6epamii384M8Iil 11 Pa3Hble TeMrlbl pea11H38~H Mep no OTMeHB KOHTpons:t HaA ~KlMH TOPf'OB/11.11 Ha ypoBeHb 6e3pa6oTI14bl, HeBellHKO. "UiCTO nepepac- B CTpaHaX py6neernl 30Hbl TaiOKe S!BilSI/li1Cb !1>H'41~ HCnoJ1b30Ba.HHSI f1)6Aellel*1e TPYAOBbiX pecypcos npoHCXOAHno BHYfPl-1 oTpacne~ 3KCOOPTHbiX J1111..\6H3H~. 0AHaKO C BBeAeHHeM He3aBHCHMbiX BalliOT npOMbiWil6HHOCTH, H HeraTHBHble 00Cil6ACTBHSI OKa3biBallHCb cneAYeT B 6onbwe~ cTeneHl-1 HCI"Dilb30BaTb 3KCOOPTHble HallOfl1, MeHbWHMH, t.taM O)I(MAaJlOCb. 3ro SIBilS!eTCs:t AOBOAOM B nollb3Y He)l(e/lH 111149H3HI1. Xonl 11 Hanorn no caoe~ 3eKTHBHOCTH cKope~wero ABI.II)I(eHHs:t B Hafl)aBneHHH peanH~H .QOnrocPQ'i- VCTYfloa. npenRTCTBHeM, 12 QAHaKO, s:IBilS!eTCSI TO 06CTORTellbCTBO, '«0 B HOBbiX H938BHCI1MbiX TapHcf>bl TaiOKe BBOAHJlHCb B Ll;ellSIX OOOcl"''e'eHHSI 610AlkeTHbiX nocrynneHH~. OcHOBOflOnara101.J.411~ I1>HH4Hn roaapHoro Hanoro- roCYA8PCTBa>< ypoBeHb 6e3pa60TH4bl, B11AHMO, 6yAeT Bbi- o6no)l(eHHs:t, reM He MeHee, 3aKJlKNaeTCSI B TOM, '«0 He~Tpa/lbHble COIG1M B CHilY MOll.\HOfO 803,[1,e~CTBHSI APYfl1X ct>aKTopoa, TalC '«0 Hanor11 (HclllOrH, He npOH3BOASfll.IH9 AHCKPHMHHHPYIOI!Iero noKa3aTellb C04MallbHbiX H3A6P)I(6K B pac ... eTe Ha OAHOrO pa3A61leHHSI Me)I(,O,y HMnopTOM H npoAYKI.zyl9~ OTe...aCTB6HHorO 6e3pa6oTHOrO 6yiJI3T 6onee BbiCOIG'IM. npoi13BOACTBa) SIB/lSIIOTCSI HaH6onee 3$cf>eKTI1BHbiM CP6ACTBOM 15 Jagdish Bhagwati, V.Ram8swami, T.N.Srinivasan, Harry o6ecne'ieHMn 610A)I(eTHbiX nocrynneHH~. TaKHM o6paaoM, re- Johnson pa3pa6ar~ean11 3TO npeAnono)l(eHHe. f.i1x BbiBOAbl opeTH.,.eCKH, TapHcf> (B 6yr.B81lbHOM CMbiC/le - KaK Hanor, ony6nHKOBaHbl r.1 o6o6w,eHbl B pa6ore Bhagwati (1971 ). HCnOilb3yeMbl~ (AHCKPHMHHa~HOHHO) TOilbKO B OTHOWe- 16 Tapl1cf>bl OKa3biBaiOT MHOroo6paaHOe BOSAelilcTBHe Ha 3Kcnop- HHH HMOOpTa) He AOil)l(eH HCOOilb30BaTbCSI TOilbKO C 4ellbl0 T11PYIOil.IHe OTpaCJlH • Bo-nepBbiX, TapHcf>bl cnoco6CTBYIOT OOBbl- 258 Toproenst a HOBbiX He3aBHCHMbiX rocypp.pcTeax WSHHIO peanbHOfO 06MSHHOro KYPCa H TaKHM o6pa30M CHH)I(aiOT a cnyYae npaKTH"'BCKOH peanr.13ai.U1H HASH 30Hbl ceo6oAHOH AOXOAbl 3KCnoj)Tepoe BO BHYfPettieR Bamore. 80-BTopbiX, 3KC- TOprOBI1H, Ha cypaHbl C BbiCOKHMH ypoBHRMIII Tapv.ct>oe 6yAeT nopTepbl BbiHY)I(AeHbl ynna~HBaTb VlMnopTHbiR Tapll! Ha OKa3hiBa.TbCR ,qasnett.1e c LltlllbiO Hx CK1)1(9tft1st. 3oHa ceo6o,r:l,liC>A He06XOAHMble MM B npo~ecce npoH3BOACTBa HMnOpTHble TOprOBJ1H MO)kST, TaiCHM o6pa30M, npHBSCTH 1C HcnpaBI!SHHIO npoH380ACTBeH-Ibl6 pec'ypebl ~CTO .QeMIOTCSI nor1bfOOI 803Mell¥!t11R He3CP¢>eKTHBHOH r1011HTHKM. TaKoro poAa 3aTpaT OOCI)eACTBOM M8>IX noWm1H1 22 Eienapycb, TBM He MeHee, J.1C0011b3yeT ~C B OTHOWeH\.1J.1 Ka1C OAHakO Tame MS>bl Bl>liy)I(Aalor oTpacnH, BCRKOfO HMilOJ)Ta (H 3Kcnopra), BKiliO"'a.SS r10CTaBIG1 H3 PocC1r11A H B HCflbl"rbiBaiO~e KOH«}'PE!HI..Il110 CO CTopoHbl J.1Mnopra, OO)lHMMaTb PocCio110. ~eHbl nepBHI·lHbiX aKTOpOB npOH3BOACTBa B 6opb6e C 23 3KCfiOPTHPYK>U\11MH OTpaCI1HMH. CM. Michalopoulos H Tarr (1994), r1113 pa3'bRCHRBTcR, KaK npaK- TH"'eCKM peanH3yeTcR raKaR onapa~R. TaM )1(6 6onee nop,po6HO 17 HecMOTPSI Ha 3TH AOBOAbl, AilS! c~anHcTw·eCKOH 3KOHOMHKH paccMaTpHeaK>TCSI coo6pa)l(eHHR, H3110)I(eHHble 8 AaHHOM nepexoAHQro nepMOAa !1peA11aranocb HCOOI1b30BaK1e OYeHb BbiCOKHX no.QPa31J13119. ypoBHeH TapH$HOH 3atl.!HTbl Ha BpeMeHHOH OCHOBe (eM. MciKa3aT811SWIH 24 3ro CQ3Aal10 6bl Jl)eH~TBO AilS! PocCHH, TaK KaK AJ1R Hee A06aBneHHOH CTOHMOC"l'H. YT8ep)lC.Qel418 6btno 6bl OOOcHOBal+lbiM B omana 6bl tteOOXO,[t!MOCTb npHOOperaTb Ha M~,[tt>IX PbJilCaX TOM cny"'ae, ecnH 6bl 3TH orpacniA cTaHo- AQnnapbl A/lSI o6ecne'-19'*1R npo~cca roprosnH, BeAYU19~Cfl Ha BitlllHCb KOHKYJ)eHTOCfiOCOt'l-*>IMH Ha Ml1poBOM pbiH(e 11 ecnlt16b13TOfO AQnnap~. 5onee Toro, ~yme CTpaHbl HManiA 61.1 py6neebs ASI1031offbl He Morno flPOlo130HTI-1 6e3 BMewaTenbCTBa npaslnenbCTBa BBHAY Ha KOppecnOHABHTCKHX C"'STaX, YB611H"'Ir1BaR TBM CaMbiM BHSWHHX 06CTOSIT611bCTB. Gorden (1992) OTMe~eT, "'TO 3TO OllB~QHHYIO OOTpe!SHocTb B py6nRX J.1 003BOI1RR PoccHH 3aHSITb yraep)I(AeHHe SIBI1SI9TCSI "'aCTHbiM CllyYaeM COOTBSTCTBYIOUIB£1 AOMHH1o1PYIOUI96 00Jl0)1(6HH9. TeopeTH"'BCKH AOOOJlHHT911bHbl8 MOTHBa~ltll1 no npOMbiWilf.lHHbiM OTpaCI1SIM 8 CTaAHII! CTaHOB· Bblf'OAbJ OT CBOefO npelofMYlU6C'TBEHiOfO 00110}11.B'*1SI, B03'*1Kal0li4E!f0 lleHHR, npi1MeK1MbiM Taae K OTpaCilHM C I'XX3IDHBI-*>IMH, HO K13KHMIA 8 CBR3H C 803paCTaK16M Cli'19J)ai.U1~ noTpe6tiocTH B py6nRX y noKa3aT911SIMI1 Ao6a8119HHOH CTOIAMOCTH. npoMbiW- ,apymx CTpaH 6b1sUJero CCCP, Pocc~R MOrna 6bl nepepac!l)eAenKTb M9>r,Qy ,llp)'ll1MM Crp6HaMio1 rlOC!)aACTBOM KOM~CHibiX 8b1111aT, 1191-fiQCTb BCeX He3aBIACHMbiX rocyAapcTB, OAHaKO, 0011b30Bal1aCb TaKoro pop,a 3all.IHTOH 8 TeYeHIAe AeCSITHileTH~, 003TOMY He- r.e. nper.1M}'U4eCTBa nonyYanH 6bl see yYa.CTHHKH. Ha nprum11ce, peanbHO paccMaTpHBaTb npoMbiWI19HHbl6 OTpaCI11t1, AaBHO HMe- OAHaKO, cornaweHiole no napepac!lle,QeneHHIO npeHMYUI9CTBeH· IOll.lltle HeraTHBHble noKa3aTei1H A06aBI16HHOH CTOHMOCTH, KaK HbiX BblfOA MO)I(BT OKa38TbCR HenpM6MI16MbiM A11R POCCHH. OTpaCm1 B CTaAI/!11 CTaHOBileHHR, KaK OTpaCI1H, IAMel()lUHe BHeW- Bo3MO>KHO, BMeCTO 3TorO PoCCMR MCOOI1b3~T CHCTeMY py6ne- Hitle HHa9CTII!LU101+1bl6 B03MO.lkHOCTH, KOTopble, OAHaJ(O He Moryr BOro HHaHCMPOBaHMR. 8 ToH CT6neK1, B KaKOH PocCMR 6yAeT 6brrb aAeKBaTHO HCnol1b30BaHbl $MPMaMH • .LJ,rulce 9CI1H 6bl H 6biJ1H HaMepeHa 06eCne"4H8aTb B03MO.lKHOCTb py6nesoro HHaHCH· raKoro poAa cn~~-1. BaldYM (1969) yrsep)t(.QaeT, "'TO caM no ce6e poBaHMR, APYfl19 CTP8Hbl MorYT 6bn·b 8~Hbl llJOI13BOAHTb npoTe~OHI13M ll)SIMO He B03,Qeli\CmyeT Ha 8HeWHJ.19 cl>aJcropbl. A6HOMHHai.U110 TOpr0Bnl1 B py6nRX H HC0011b30B8Tb py6JlH KaK rtnaTB)I(HOB Cpe,QCTBO. 6onee TOro, npoTSKLU101413M peAKO aCCOLU1HPYBTCR C pocTOM ~KTJ.1BHOCTIII 11 'faCTO- c o6paTHbiM 3¢$9KTOM (lhomas H .QP., 25 MecSIYHbl1 poeT 11H11SIJ,HH pocCirl~CKorO py6nR COCTaBnSIJl 200Al 1991). no COCTORHI110 Ha HOR6pb 1993 r. (110'ID1 800% B roA), OAf"4(lkO 3TOT 18 O.raepltlllHWitiH (1994) BbiCTyna.ST llJOTHB BpeMSHHbiX 30H Jl)e· 110Ka3aT811b }'MeHI>Wio111CR B T&leHMe BecHbl1994 r. (CM. pa3,Q911 2). 26 epeH~ItlallbHOH Topro811H, TaK KaK OHH coxpaHRIOT H8H3- npo6neMa ,DPBI18HHR, lo1MeBUJefO l,lellbiO BBef113'*19 npoTBKL\11- M6'*1b1MH CTapb16 Topr0Bb16 B3aHMOOTHOWeHHR, OAHaKO OH 11 He 0HHCTCKHX Mep {3aKOH08 0 ABMni1HI"8 H KOMneHCa~HOHHbiX BbiCKa3biBa6TCR 3a HeMeAilS~ nepeXOA K CBO~ Topr0811e. noWI1HHaX), B03tWIICI1a B 3CTOK1H H JlaTBMH B 1994 r. JlyYwr.1M eapHaHTOM OH C'41TaeT no:na~ nepeXOA K CBOOO~ 27 Ec1111 Me)tQ),y CTpaHaMirl BHe K1111PI-fHrOBorO COI03a Cytl.\ElCTeyeT Toproene B COOTB6TCTBI1r.1 C npHH~HnaMH Hai160Jlb- C9Tb 'f*ITa .Qe6eTa-lq)eAHTa, ecTb MOTIIIBai.U1SI A/lSI ABYCTopoHHe" wero 6naronpi1SITCTBOBatf,1SI AllR Ka)I(AOO CTpaHbl. np9,1J,1101-n'el41e 06oiOAI"loH A11C!epeHLU1H, COKPal1.16t*16 H3ABP)I(6K nepMOAa aAamai.U1H 6y.QeT 3Ha'f.1T811bHO MeHbWHM, TaK KaK TPC!AH~ pbHG1 c&.Jra TOBapOB oco6etH>CTH J. Bhagwati, H. Johnson, V. Ramaswami H T.N. BHyrpettiero npoH3BOACTea - 3TO crpaHbl 6b1Bwero CCCP, a He Srilivasan. CM., Haf1)HMep, Bhagwati (1971). 29 BHyrpeHt*1e pbiHIGi. TaK o6cToSIJlo Aeno c nnareX1001 Eu.le OAHa npH"'11Ha He06XOAMMOCTH yMepeH!-*>IX TapH$08 B OTHOW6HHH TOBapoe Tp6TbHX CTpaH: Aa)l(e B npeAellax 30Hbl e BHA8 3Ha'41Te11bHOO BHeWHeH I"IOMOU.\M). TorAa, nocne 1979 r., H11Kaparya nonyYHna 6onbUJYK> YaCTb o~ KpeAHTttil Maccbl, e CBOOO,Ill-iO~ TOprOBI1H CTpaHbl C BbiCOKHMH ypoBHSW111 TapM$oe HeCYT peaynbrare "'Elrortnare>ICHbiH c0103 norepnen !CPa>(. nnare.liCHbiH c0103 HenponOPL\110Ha11bHO 6011bWYIO "'aCTb 6peMeHH H3A6P)I(9k, Sfell~ti.IHXCR C11e,t:\CTB!o16M IACKa>Ke'*'IR TOPfOBOro npot.~eCC8. ,fl,e110 B l\AOP nocne csoero tcpaxa npeKpaTHn onapai.U111 Aa)l(e a Ka'ieCTBe K1111Pl1HroBOro c0l03a. TOM, "'TO BbiCOIG1e Tapltl$bl flPHBOASIT K pocTY HMOOPfHbiX OOCTaBOK H3 CTpaH-naprHepoB. 30. CM. J.Polak (1991 ), r.Qe no.QP06Ho pa36HpaercR 3To nono)l(eHMe. 20 npHM6H6HH9 CHCT6Mbl ycTaHOBI16HHS! HCTO"lHVIKa npOHC- XO)I(A6HHSI TOBaPOB ypeBaTO H8KOTOpbiMH OCI10)1(H6HHS!Mio1. Bo- nMTeparypa nepebiX, C03p,a8TCSI MOll.IHaSI OCHOBa AJ1R Koppynt.1,111o1, npe)lt;Ae BCero ~ (BaldMl) P. 803pa)I(EH1R rtpOTHB ll>OT~HH3Ma B nonb3y a Bbi,D,a'-19 He3aKOHHbiX ceprlolcPHKaToe npoHCXO)I(,QEIHHS! rosapa. Bo- 3apo)t(.Qa~HCR np0Mbllii18HHOCTI1 (The Case agailst Infant- BTOPbiX, np1o1 npoeepKe noAJ1HHHOCTI1 ceprH$1KaTOB, eepoSITHO, yeelllol"'a.TC~ Cpo1G1 norpaHW-<;-l!:.IX n~, "'TO BHBC.(fi CBOIO nemy Industry Protection)// Journal of Polbl Economy, 77 (MaH/ HIOHb), C. 295·305, 1969. B norpaHM'*fYIO Koppyru,HIO. no y;«e MMeiO~MCR C006u.le141RM, 1,1 3aTSOOG1, H Koppynt.1,11R CTaH06S1TCSI C9pbe3HOO npo6ne~. lWetlo11o1 fare)// ToprOBbiH 6anaHC rtnaTa)I(9A 111 3KOHOM11"16CKH~ pocr: COOTBeTCTfJYIOU.\9~ CTpaHbl. no.o.po6HocTI1 CM. M6PP (1993). 3cce a "'eCTb 'iapnb3a K11HAJ16eprepa (Trade Balance of 21 Payments and Growth: Essays in Honor of Charles ,l\al+lbl6 11J06118Mbl Taae BbiCBe"'HBaiOT B03MO)I(HOCTb TOro, "'TO, Kildleberger) I .l\)11(. 6xamaTH HAP· (peA.). AMcrepAaM, North Holland, 1971. PeKOMOHAa4HH o o6nacrH Toproooli! nonHTMKIA 259 5HCCBH (Biessen) r. ~BnS~eTCSl lUI ,QeHCTBHTBnbHO OTpH- Me)l(rOCY.QapCTBeHHble ~OHOMHI.feCICHe OTHOWeHHSl 8 6~BW6M 4aTenbH~M B03AeHCTBHe 4eHTpanH30BaHHOro nnaHH- CoeercKOM Coi03e (Interstate Economic Relations in the Former posa.HHSI Ha }1)0BeHb BHeWHeA roprosnH? (ls1he Impact of Central Soviet Union). Pa6oYHe AOJCYMeHT~ ~eHTPa eapo- Plannilg on 1he leYel ofForegn Trade Realy Negafi.oe?) 11 Journal neli!cmx MCCnBAOBaHHiii 3KOHOMwecKoo nonv.tHKH, T. 63 1 ,D.. of Comparawe Economics, 15 (MaPT), c. 22-24, 1991. rpoc {Gros}, )f(. nHsaHH-eppH (Pisani-Ferry) 111 A. Camp (Sapir} (PBA.).~cenb, 1892. 5pa6a.HT (Brabant) J7t. BaH. ,IJ.OCTH)I(e~e KOHBep7HpyeMOCTH B Bocre>'H:>H Espone Ha ocHOBe nnare>KHOro c0100a (Converti>i- rappHCOH (Harrison} r., Pe3eP0(3Kot«:>MI!HBCIG1X CHCTeMaX: ~ AJ1S1 Typl.f111 (Piece- Convertibiity in Eastern Europe) 1 ,IJ.)I(OH YHnbSlMCOH (pe,n.). meal Trads Reform in Partially Li:leralized Economies: An Evalu- BawHHrTOH, IIIHCTHTYT Me)I(JWHapoAHO~ 3KOHOMH!CH, 1991. ation for Tur1~ Eo- pone: nepcneKTHBbl HHT8rpa4lU1 B pernOHe H B paMKaX Eo- raspW1HWHH (Havrylyshyn} 0. 8o3pOJKABHIAe roproan11 Me)I(Ay poneJi!CKOro coo6~TBa (Regional lnte{)ration in Eastern Eu- HOBbM1 He3aiWICIIIMbiMI1 rocyAapcTBaMH (Reviving Trade among rope: Prospects for Integration 'Mthin the Region and with the the Newly Independent States}IITe3. AOKn. Ha KOH- European Community) II Te3. AOKJI. Ha Ko$pe~H UHoeble 4>epeHUHH, riOCBSl~eHHO~ o6~eCTBeHH~M CHCTeMaM B H3MepeHHSI perHoHanbHOH HHTerpa4111H", M6PP, nepexoAHb!H nepMOA. 19-21 MaS1 1994 r., KHee. 2-3 a!'l)enS11992 r., BawHHrTOH. rBB{)WlHWHH 0. H npHNeTT (Pritchett) fl. Eapone~cKHe ToprOBble 5pa,o,a. ,[pt<. HMel-([lec (Mendez) X 3KOHOMMBaHHR 3KOHOMHY8CKoli! nonHTHKH, OTABn velopilg and Centrally Planned Economies: A Comparative Analy- Me)I(AyHapOAHoJil roprosnH. BawHHrTOH, 1991. sis) I I Review of Economics and Statistics, 67 (~Pb), c. 549- 556, 1985. rBB{JWIHWHH 0. H Tapp ,a.. JlH6epaiiH3a4HS1 roprosnl1 (Trade L.iler- aiilation) II llePElXOA K pb!HOLK>Ii! 3KOHOMMK8 (The Transition to SpaYH (BrOIMl} C. H 5enKHH.QBC (Belkindas) M. Kro Koro KopMHT? a Mal1My 3mtioMH'l8CKQMY Coo6t.uec.T- 1993. frl/? (From Soviet disUnion to Eastern Economic Community?: BawHHrTOH, IIIHCTHTyT Me)I(AyHap(>~ 3KOHOMHIG1, 1991. SpYHCJ (Bruno} M. Cra611nl13a4HS1 111 pec:tlopMa o Bocr~HOJi! Espone: l'l!)E!ABapi1Ten~ aHaJIH3 (Stabilization and Reform in Eastern MBCD. ~OHOMH"ieCKHR o63op: 06ti!He f1)06neM~ lA Me~ny6- Europe: A Preliminary Examination} II T83. AOKII. Ha COBMeCTHOH nHKaHCKHO OTHOUJeHHSl o 6blsweM CCCP (Economic Review: KQH¢epe~IA Pv18d> Ill M6PP no Jl)06neMe Cl'laAa JlP0'1300ACTBa Common Issues and lnterrepublic Relations i1 the Former USSR). s Bocr04H0Ji! Espone, 4-5 HIOHS11992 r., BawHHrTOH. BawHHrTOH, 1992. KonnHH3 (Collins} C. H PoA/)HK (Rodrik} ,4. 80CTQLK151 Espona 11 MBCD, M6PP, 03CP H E6PP. 111ccneAQBaHMe coseTcKoo 3KOHOMIAIG1 CoBeTCKMH Coi03 B M11poa00 3KOUOMIAKB (Eastern Europe and (A Study of the Soviet Economy), T. 1-11. napH)I( ~ Jlo~, 1991. the Soviet Union in the Workl Economy}. BawHHrTOH, IIIHCTHryT Me)I(,QyHapoAHQH 3KOHOMHIG1, 1991. KeHeH (Kenan} n. MoAOnH roproanH H nnareJtee'-1 Me)I(AY crpaHaMIA C3B Ha nepexo,tttblo1 nepooA (Transitional Anargements for Trade Kopp,eH (Gorden} B.M. ToproaaSl noni1THKa 11 3KOHOMIAI.feCKoe and Payments among the CMEA Countries}. ,IJ.HcJCYCcHoHHbiH 6narococrOSH1e (Trade Fblicy aid Economic Welfare). OKCPA. AOJCYMSHT MBCD. BawHHrTOH, 1990. Clarendon Press, 1974. Kof]HeH (Komai) ,lJ;K. 3twHOMI1Ka ~1..\ma (The Economics of Short- Kopp,eH B.M. npo6neMbl mrrerpa41111 11 roproaoo nonHTI1KH e age}. AMcrepAaM, North Holland, 1980. 6bJBWElM CoaercKOM Coto3e (Integration and Trade Policy Is- sues il the ex-Soviet Union} II Pa0041e AQICYMaHT~ s o6nacn1 JlefJHep (Lerner} A. CHMMeT~j:!j YJMnopTHbiX 11 3KcnoprHbiX Halloroo noni1THLECKIAX IAccneAQBal*lli!, T. 915. M6PP, LJ.enap"iaMeHT (The Syrrmetry between Import and Export Taxes) I I Economica, noni1TI1YeCKHX 11CCneAOBaHIAH, 0TABn Me)I(AyHapOAHO~ 3 (asrycT}, C. 306-313, 1936. ToprOBniA. 8aWI1HrTOH, 1992. PocCHSl: C03A<1HMe 'eCTHbiX ~SlTHJi! H 3$PeKTHBHbiX pbn:oe ,aopH6yw (Dornbush) P. nnare»Gt'>lli! Mex.a..,3M AnSI CoBeTcKoro (Russia: Creating Pr'Piate Enterprises and Efficient Markets} I Ill. COl03a lA Bocr~HO~ Esponbl (A Pdymerlts Mechanism for the llH6epMaH (Ueberman) 11 ,IJ.)I(. Henn11c (Nellis} (!)eA.). M6PP, Soviet Union and Eastern Eurupe) 11 Me.liCrocyAapcrseH- BawHHrTOH (rorosHTCSl K ny6m1Ka~11). HbJe 3KOHOMr.1'ECIG1e OTI«>WeHHSi B 6bJBweM CoseTCKOM COI03e (Interstate Economic Relations in the Former SGviet Union). Mapecce (Maresse} M. H BaHyc (Vanous} fl. CoaeTcKoe Pa6oYHe AOJCYMeHT~ ~eHrpa eaponeli!cr.11x noni1- cy6c~posaHMe roprosn11 C38 c BocrO'-lHoli! Eopono~ (Soviet TIAK. Xon- Bai()IUMXcst CTpaHaX: Jl)aKTI1"teCIG1A OOblf (l..beralimg Foreign !GfHCa, 1991b. Trade il ~ Cotll1J1es: lhe lessons dExperence). M6PP, Bawi1KTOH, 1990. Meno (Malo) X 1113 H f18HarapHRR {Panagariya) A. 1-foBbal pemo- Ha11H3M s Toproaotl nonMTMKe {The New Regionalism i'1 Trade nvmro (Pinto) 5., 5enKB {Belka) M. H KpaescKH (Krajewski) C. Policy). M6PP, BawHtnOH, 1992. Tpatte~A rocy,a,apcTBetfl>IX ll)eAJl)MATHH B rlonbwe: a,Qam~A f1lOM380,QCllletflbO( ~mHA (Transfoonirg state Meno X Ae, Cr3HTOH {stanton) tplc. H Tapp ,a. ll'lcnonb30BaK1e Enterprises i'1 Poland: Evidence on Adjustment by Manufacturilg HaiiOfOB B Ka'*lCTBe HCTO'fK1Ka liKJAll(eTHbiX nocrynneHHA: Frms) II Br()()fOOgs Papers on Economic ActMty, 1, c. 213-261, o~eHKa anbTepHaTMBHoro Hanoroo6no>KeHHA HeTe- 1993. AO{)biBaiO~A 11)0MbiWJietHICTH CU.IA c TOLIIG1 ap6K1A ~ro paBHOBeCHA (R9Yenue Raisi1g Taxes: General Equilibrum Evalu- nHHTO 5. 11 BHifH6epreH (van w•nbergen) c. BaH Co6CTaelflOCTb L1 ation of Alternative Taxation n u.s. Petroleum lndustJies) 11 Journal YllX18l1ettMe aKIJ,Motteptt.IMI1 ~ATL1S1ML1 B rlonbwe: 110'-eMY of Policy Modelling, 11 (3), c. 425-449, 1989. rocyAapcreeHHble npeAnpHATHR BM>KHITH s He6naro- !1>HRTHbl)( ycnOBM~ (OMlership and Corporate Control in Po- Meno {Malo) M. A6 H Otpep {Ofer) r. ~aCTHble $1PMbl ycnyr B land: Why State Firms Defied the Odds). Pa60'fHe AOIC'f- ycnO!U1AX nepexoAHOA 3KOHOMHIG'I (PI'Mlte service FllllS i'1 a MeHTbl 8 o6naCTH HCCileAOBaK1ti 3KOHOM~"'eCKOH rl0Jlr.1THIG1, T. Transitional Economy) II ltlccneAoBaHHA nepeXOAHbiX 1308. M6PP, BaW11HI'TOH, 1994. 3KOHOMM"teCKMX cMcTeM, 11. M5PP, BawHtnOH, 1994. nH3RHH-C/JeppH )K. H Canup A Toproons~ 11 nepeXOA K pbf«Y: o630p MHXanonynoc (Michalopoulos) K. npo6neMbl roprosnH HOBbiX OCHOBtt.D( npo6neM {Trade and Transition to the Market: A Sur- He3a.BHCMMbOt rocyAfiPCTB (Trade Issues i"l the Newly Indepen- vey of Key Issues) 11 Me:llrec- OTHOWeHI1R B 6biBWeM CoBelCKOM CoiOse {Interstate Economic IG'IX CHcTeM, 7. M6PP, BawMtrrOH, 1993. Relations i'1 the Former Soviet Union). Pa6o'*le AQKYMeHTbl 1...\eHTpa ~KMX MCCl1e,QOBat11A 3KOOOMHt.a::Kott 1101lL1THKL1, MHX8110nyi10C K. H Tapp ,4 Toproso-nnare>~Ctt>e MQQellH 8 BocTO'ft«>H r. 631 ,.Q.rpoc, )K.nHaaHH-(J)eppM 11 A.GarJ.!p (pe,Q.). 6p10Ccenb, H UetfTP811bHOM Espone nocne C3B (Trade and Payments Ar- 1992. rangements in the Post-CMEA Eastern and Central Europe) II nepexoA OT C~al1H3Ma B BocTO'fHOA Espone: BtfYTPel*tRA no/IBK (Polak) )K. )K. KOHBepll'lpyeMOCTb: He06XO,D,HMI>a1 31leMeHT nepectpOAKa M BtteWHAR ToproBilA {The Transition from Social- ll)O!..¥!cca nepexo,a,a B Boer~ Espone (Converti:liity: An ism i'1 Eastern 8xope: Domestic Restructumg and Forei!JI Trade) lndespensable Element i'1 the Transition Process i'1 Eastern Eu- I AJl1 Espone (Cur- BawHtnOH, 1992a. rency Convertiliity in Eastern Europe) 1 ,llllc.YHnbRMCOH (peA.). BawMtnOH,II'IHCTHTYT Me)I(,[J;YttapoAHQA 3KoHOMHK!I1, 1991. MHXaJJOrrynoc K. M Tapp .4 Toproso-nnare)I(Hbl6 MOIJ.6l1H B CTpaHa.X 6bewero CCCP (Trade and Payments Arrangements for States Po6coH {Robson) n. 3KOHOMHKa Me>II',QYHapoAHQA HHTerpa~H (The of the Former USSR) I1 ll'lccneAoBaHMA nepe- Economics of lnEma.tionallntegration). JlotiQOH, Allen and UIYM, XOAHt>D< 3KOHOMH~KMx CHCTeM, 2. M6PP, BawHtnOH, 1992b. 1987. MHXanonynoc K. 1.1 Tapp ,ll. Paasm-He roproanM Me)I(Ay rocy- Po/JJJHK ,ll. AHal11o13 Konnanca COI!BTCKOO Toprosnl1 B BOCTOYHOH AaDCTBaMM 6~>ewero CCCP (Energizilg Trade Among the States EBpone: ~e 46Pfbll1 teKOTopble Ol\6HIG1 (Makilg Sense of of the Former USSR) 11 Finance and Development, MaPT 1993 r. the Soviet Trade Shock i'1 Eastern Europe: A Framev.ork and Some Estimates). Ha~oHanbHoe 610po 3KOHOMfr1"ieCKMX MltfXanorrynoc K. H Tapp ,ll. TeXK1"teCKL1e 38MeTKL1 B OTHOWet41L1 HCCl1BAQBaK1R, PaOO...A AQKYMeHT 4112. KeM6PHAlK (Mace.), anbtepHaTMBHbiX MOAelle.-1 TOPfOBbiX nnaTe.)l{eA AnA HOBbiX 1992. He38BMCHMbiX rocyAapcTB (Technical Note on Alternate Pay- ments Arrangements for Trade Among the New Independent CB6opuo (SaboOO) C. L1 MHX8110rrynoc K. 1...\eHTpanbHaSI AMepMKa Ha States). M6PP, BaWHtfiOH, 1994. nepenyrbe (Central America at a Crossroads) 11 Pa6o'41e ~Hlbl Bo6naCTH HCCI1eAOB8t*l~i 3KOK>MH'*'!CKOH nommUJ1, MopKp ( Morkre) M. H Tapp ,ll. PeopMttposaHHe cenbcKo- T. 922. M6PP, BawHtnOH, 1992. X03AHCTBeHHOA TOproeoA nonHTHKI1 8eHrpi1H: KOl1L1~CT­ aetH>IA aHanl13 (Reformi1g Hungarian Agricultural Trade Policy: CaKe (Sachs) ,ll»c. 11 flHfTTOH .4 Ulam Ha nyTfr1 K coop,aK110 pb~ A Quantatiw Evaluation) 11 Welt\Wtschaftlicres Arctw (roroem-cA ABHS>ICHOA CL1CTeMbl {Remailng Steps b ~tweve a MaJ1I roprosnst (lne Transition HennHc ,/J,JK. npHBaTH3a~R B 3cTOHttH: OCHOBHibe AOCT11.liCeHHR 1-1 from Socialism il Eastern Europe: Domestic Restructuring and ttepewelft>le '1)06neMbl (PI'Mltization i1 Estonia: Major Accom- Foretgn Trade) 1 A.X11nnMaH (Hillman) H 6.MHna- pistvnems ard Aemanrg Problems) 11 Fi1anctl and AVcrte Sector HOBI11.4 (Milanovic) (peA.). M6PP, BaWYiHrTOH, 1992. Development Note 19. M6PP, BaWHHrTOH, 1994. Wepep (Scherer) Cb.M. npoMb!WJleHHaR PbiHO~HaA CTpytcrypa M 06nar (Obla1h) r. 11 Tapp ,a. nocni:\QCTBIMI JlHKBMAiU.tl-111! rocy- 31COHOMM"'eCKMe noKa3aTenM (Industrial Market Structure and AapcrseHHOA TOproBm1 AnA ycnOBHA ToprOBl111 Me)I(Ay Economic Performance). ~HKaro, Rand McNally, 1980. CoBeTCIQ1M Cot030M 11 Be..-pMeA {The Terms-of-Trade Effects CeHnHK-fleifroHH (Senlik-Leygonie) K. M Xb103 (Hughes) r. of the Bin nation of state Trading i1 ScMet-Hungarian Trade) 11 0poMb1WilSHHaA peHTa6enbHOCTb ~1 TOprOBilR Me)I(Ay 6b!B- Journal of Comparatiw Economics, 16(1), c. 75-93, 1992. PeiiCOMefV;Ull.lMM 8 o6nacTM ToproiiOA nonMTM!CM . 261 ~piC, Ma,Q-10 0KC4»0P.QCKOfO yttMB&pcMTeTa, 1991. WMMM COB8TCU.MM pecny611MIC8MM (IndUstrial Profitability end Trade among the Former Soviet Republics) II Ta. AOICJI. Ha OOH, 3KOHOMM-.ciC8R ICOMMCCMA AfiA Eapor-... ElponeAciCMA 38CU:BHMM rpynnw ~ nontm~u., af1)811b 1992 r., HOHOMM'teCKMA 6110nneTe.. {European Economic Bulletin}, Jlttcca6oH. T. 42. )KeH818, CeKpeTapMaT OOH, 1990. Tspp A· KonM"'8CTI8HHbiA aHB11M3 nocneACTBMA IITOPbll{ no ~ICTMIHOC1M peweHMA I ycll<*'IAX '41)831W48AHO ~­ OOH, 3KOHOMM"48CK8A ICOMMCCMA AliA Ersponw. EaponeAcDIA MMpo88HHbiX pWHKoB: pbiHOIC cnM~ro Macna 1 rlonbwe aKOHOMMo.teciWi~ 6110nneTe.. (European Economic Bulletin), (Quantifying Second Best Effects in Grossly Distorted Mar- T. 43. )KeH818, CeKpeTapMaT OOH, 1991. kets; The case of the Butter Market in Poland) 1 Journal of comparative economics, 14, c. 105-119, 1990a. OOH, 3KOHOMM-.cllt8R ICOMMCCMA AliA Esponbl. ElponeAcKMA 31COHOMMo.tecKMA o6sop sa 1991-1992 rr. {Economic Survey Tepp ,Q. AttanM:s Broporo no ~ICTMIHOCTM peDMa B8JIOTHMO of Europe in 1991-1992). )C(eHel&, CeKP&TapttaTOOH, 1992. perynMpolaHMA 11 ycnoiMRX KoHTponn H8.Q attyTpeHHMM l.l8H006paso18HMeM M3Kcnopntb1X cy6cMAMA (Second-Best Yop.Q {Ward) 5. CbMpM8 I II11111MPMM: ptolttO'tHb!A CM~IC8IIM3M Foreign Exchange Policy in the Presence of Domestic Price {The Firm in lllirya: Market Syndicalism) II American Eco- Controls and Export Subsidies) II The World Bank Economic nomic Review, 48, c. 566-589, 1958. RevieW, 4(2), c. 175-193, 1990b. Tspp A· npo6neMbl nepexoAS oT caB: nocneACTIMR AliA YHHTOpc (WII'It8rs) fl.A. M 8BHr {Wang) .X. r. Me*AYH&poAHIUI BocT0'4HOA Elpo11b1 (Problems in the Transition trom the toproanA BocTCHtOA &po11b1 (Eastern Europa's International CMEA: Implications for Eastern Europe) II Communist Econo- Trade). St. Martins Press, 1994. mies and Economic Transformation, 4(1), c. 23-43, 1992. YwrDRMCOH ,IJ;K. Topros.nA M nnaT&D nocne pacnaAQ CCCP TappA. flocll8ACT..A napexop,a IC MMpGibiM ~MAliA ycnoaMA (Trade and Payments After Soviet Desintegration). yopro1nM cTpaH 6blawero Coi8TcKoro Coi038 (The Terms- BaWMHI"TOH, &itHCTMTYT Mel~CllYH&poAHOA :tKOHOMMKM, 1992. of-Trade Effects of Moving to World Prices on Countries of the Former Soviet Union) II Journal of Comparative Eco- PoccMA: BCTYMR • MMpoii}'IO 31COHOMMKY (Russia: Joining the nomics, 18, c. 1-24, 1994. Wortd Economy). M6PP, BaW~HI'TOH, 1993. Tspp A· nocneACTIMA ~eoHTponA HaA LleHaMM H8 nencoawe CTaTMCTM'MtCKM&\ cnpaa0'4HMK: rocYA&PCTBa 6bl8wero CCCP aiTOM06MilM M L\88THW8 Tell81M30Pbl AliA COl.lMallloHOfO (Staticial Handbook: States of the Former Soviet Union). 6narocOCTORHMR I Oonwue: pa311M"Hoo8 Ol¥'1Hu. npoRBIIeHMA M6PP, BaWMHI'TOH, 1993a. lbiMOfBTellbCTU, ocHOD&tH:>IIt HB tte,QB-M onwre (1'1w Wel- fare Costs of Price Controls for cars and Colour Televisions KaaaxcTaH: aKOHOMM't&CKMA AOIC118A {Kazakhstan: Economic In Poland: Contrasting Estimates of Rent-Seeking from Re- Report). M6PP, BaWMHI'TOH, 1994&. cent Experience) II The World Bank Economic Review, 8 (3}, c. 415-433, 1994a. Ys6eKMCTaH: 3KOHOMM~BCKMA MeMopaHAYM - cy6cMAMM M TpaHC~pw {Uzbekistan: Country Economic Memorandum- ToMBC (Thomas) 8., H~w (Nash) AJ«. M AP· HaMilY'fWM8 Subsidies and Transfers). M6PP, BawMHnoH, 1994b. npaKTM-.cKMe f1'{1'M OC\'Ul8CTI!Il8HMA pecl)opMbl TOproiOA nonMTMKM (Best Practices in Trade Policy Reform). HbiiO- Distributors of World Bank Publications ARGENTINA Carlos Hirsch. SRL The Middle .Eut Observer 41, Sherii Street KENYA Caleria Guemes SINGAPORE, TAIWAN, Cairo Africa Bock Service (E.A.) Ltd. MYANMAR.BRUNEI Florida 165. 4th Floor.()fc. 453/465 Qua ran Houre, Mfangano Street 1333 Buenos Aires P.O. Box 45245 Gower Asia Padlic: Pte L~. FINLAND Golden Wheel Building Nairobi Oficina del Ubro lntemadonal Abteeminen Kirjabuppa 41. Ion: (202) 477-1234 TeneQ>ou: (l) 40.69.30.00 aKc: (202) 477-6391 aKc: (1) 40.69.30.66 TeneaKc: (3) 3214-3657 MCI 248423 WORLDBK TeneKc:26838 TenerpaHbiH A,11.pec: INTBAFRAD WASHINGTONDC 13236 TRA 100 I llllllililil~tD s SET 400000017716 9 $17.95 ISBN 0,8213,3236,8

opM Ha 15-MeCSI"'Hblii1 nepHOA. 3KOHOMHKe 3Ha"'IIITenbHa Aons. TSI>Ke1loii1 HHAYCT~ nepeerpoii1Ka A8SITenbHOeTif1 npeAnPHSITHii1 p~1H -30% (a SeTOHHH -17%). Hoablx KanlliTallO- npoABHranaeb 6onee MeAJleHHbiMH TeMnaMH. B BJlo>KeHI.1ii1 AJlSI nepeopHeHTaU,If1H roproBJlH norpe- Te"teHHe 1992 r. a u.en~x 3aTs:trHBaHHSI npou,ecca 6yiOT cyw,eeTBYIOW,He pa3111.1"11f1SI B Ka"teeTBe 1.1 nepecrpoii1KH npef.l,npHSITHSI np1.>16eran111 K Henonb- craHp,aprax no epasHeHHIO c 3ana.li,HbiMH PbiH- 30BaHHIO B3aHMHbiX HennaTe>Keii1 1!1 HallOfOBbiX KaMI.1. MHoro AOCTaTO"'HO KpynHbiX npeAnPHSITI.1ii1 38AOJ1)1(eHHocreii1 roey.ll,apcray. Yaenii1"1HBanHeb (Ha PSIAe MaWHHocrpoHrenbHbiX npeAnPHSITHii1, ~anacbl fOTOBOii1 npOAYKU.HH, eoKpaw,anHeb Kanii1- Hanp1.1Mep, B epeAH8M HaC"'ii1TbiB3110Cb 8 TbiC. TallOBnO>KeHII1SI, pocnH U,8Hbl, npeAnPHSITHSI nepe- pa60THif1KOB), KOTOpble He HMeiOT OnbiTa pa60Tbl XOAVinH Ha COKpaw,eHHblii1 rpaci>HK pat50Tbl. 8 B yenoBr..1SIX KOHKYP8HU.IIIIf1. 1113 400 npoMbiWileHHbiX 1992 r. HaH6onbWH8 norepH B npoMbiWneHHOCTH npeAnpHSITII1ii1 JlaTBII11f1 140 HMenH BceeOI03HOe .flaTB!t1H 6blnH OTM8"18Hbl B 3HepreTHK8 Ill Kani.1- 3Ha"t8HI.1e 1.1 SIB1l~nl.1eb 8AHHCTBeHHbiMIII npOH3- Tai108MKOM MaWif1HOerpoeHIIi&t1, CTanennaBif1nbHOii1, BOAI.1T811S1MI.1 BblnycKaeMoii1 npOAYKU.L>1t-1 a CCCP. nHW,8BOii1 Ill 118fKOii1 npOMbiWneHHOCTH, - T.e. B OcranbHble 3aHI.1Manlll noilo>KeHHe, 6ni.13Koe K rex orpacns.x, Koropble B HaH6onbweii1 creneHH MOHOnOilbHOMy. 8 1993 r. 60JlbWYIO "'aCTb 3KC- 3aa&~~cenl.1 or roproanH co crpaHaMH 6blawero nopra 11aTBif11.1 a crpaHbl t5blawero CCCP AaBanl.1 CCCP. 8 ro >Ke apeMSI yaenW{If'lllH o6beM npo- 1.1M8HHO TaKHe npeAnPI.1SIT&.1St 3Tif1 npeAnPI.1SITI.1SI H3BOACTBa TPYAOeMKHe orpacnH, raKI.1e KaK re- lA OTpac111.1, B OCHOBHOM 3HeproeMKI.1e, 6b1Jllo1 KeTlllnbHa!i-1, o6yBHSSI, Me6eJ1bHaSI, npSI.ll,lllnbHaSI If'! Kpa~He "'yBeTBIIIT8JlbHbl K 1113MeHeHHIO U,8H Ha 140 ToproenR I HOibiX H838BMCMMbiX rocy.o,apCTBax 3HepreT&o1'i9CKOM PbiHKe, KOTOpoe conpoBO}I(AailO PYKTYP&o1POBaH&o110 npo&o13BOACTaa i-1 OKi.i3blBal1&>1 oT- pa3Ball npe)I{He£1 roproso£1 CiiiCTeMbl, nocneAo- P&o1ll,aTe11bHOe B03Ae~cTa&o1e Ha ~&>1HaH\-<;&>1po~aHMe aaewe£1 3a pacnaAoM CoaercKoro C01oaa. AnSI roproablx onepall,&o1~. 8 1993 r. Y'ieTH.asl craotca MH0f&o1X TaK&o1X npeAnP~~TH~ OTKP~TaSI TOPfOBilSI Aenoal-1THoro 111 KPOA&o1THoro npou.eHra 6blna orp&o1- Ha 611&>1>Ka£1W&o1e fOAbl MO)I(eT CT81Tb eA1-1HCTB9HHbiM u,are11bHo£1 HOCMOTPSI Ha TSDKenyiO C&o1fY8ll,&o110 C &>1CTO'IH&o1KOM KOHt11RU.&o1&>1 1-1 orcyrcrBMSI o6ecne'ieH&o1SI. Ypo- 8 OTHOWeHl-11-1 TOBapoB CblpbeBO~ rpynnbl, noc- BeHb HaKOn11eH&o1£1 OCTaBa11CSI HM3Kl-1M "'aCTM'iHO KOilbKy 3Ta npOAYKU,l-1SI 6onee OAHOPOAHa. 8 Tpy- noTOMY, 'iTO AO C9HTSI6pSI 1992 r. JJ.tJi'I<..OA OT A9· AOeMKl-1X orpacnm< nepeop1-1eHrau,1o11-1 Ha aanaAHble no3&>1TOB B l-1HOCTPSHH0£1 B81110Te: 6biJ1 60iibW9, CT8HAaPTbl ill Ka'i9CTBO 6yAeT cnoco6CTBOBaTb ~eM OT Aen03&>1TOB B Hall,&o10HaflbHO~ BaTI~)Te. rlpo- BbiCOK&o1£1 ypoBOHb KBa111-1c:I>I-1KaU,illt.1 pa6o'ie£1 Cl-111bl, ll,eHTHble CTaBKl-1 M9AJl8HHO paar&o1POI!Iai1M Ha o6nap,a10w.e£1 6onbWl-1M noreHU,l-1anoM K o6y- CH!'-)I'(eHl-19 TeMnOB l-1H~11Rll,&o1&>1 BC118ACTB&o1e OTCyT- 'i9H&o110 HOBbiM cneu.l-1a11bHOCTSIM. 8 1992 f. (3a CTB~~ KpynH~X Kan&o1Ta110B &>1 H9YAOB118Tmop&ll~ &>1CKI110'ieHl-1eM pe3Kcnopra Merannoa 1-1 Hec:I>Tl-1) renbHoro ypoBHR ynpao11eH~R 6aHKOBcKo~ AeSI- 6yl1bWYIO 'iaCTb JlaTBl-1£1CKOfO 3KCnopTa COCTaBilSI- Te11bHOCTbiO. 8 1993 r. HOMl-1HallbMbl9 nlAOBble na pecypcoeMKaSI npop,yKU,iiiSI (31 %), B OC HOBHOM CTSBK&o1 npOU.6HTa npeBbiWaJllfl 150%, TOfAa KaK APeaec&~~Ha, aa He£1 cneAoBana KanillranoeMKaSI l-1He,1>11Sill,l-1SI COCTaBMlla 11 0%. TaKasl C&o11'Yali)-1R npOAYKll,l-1SI (28%) - B OCHOBHOM Xi11Ml-1li9CK1-1e SIB!IInacb orpa>KeH~eM Ae~Mll,&o1Ta KPeA~noa, Hacr- npOAYKTbl (eM. Ta611. 5.3). poeHl-1SI HeyaepeHHOCT&o1, o·rc;yTCTB&o1SI y M9CTHbiX Cyw.ecrayiOT ill APYfl-1e npo611eMb!. IlaTB1-1SI 6aHKOB HOpMa11bHO cPyHK~MOHMPYIOLUMX nopT- Mana npeycne11a s ~o11bwo£1 np1-1aar1-1aau,l-1&>1 no cj)e11e£1 u,eHHbiX 6yMar. 8 Ha'ia11e 1994 r. peanb- cpaaHeH&o110 c APYrl1Ml-1 npi116a11Tl-1£1CKiiiMl-1 crpa- Hble CT8BK&o1 npOIJ.8HTa Ha'iai\H pe3KO CH&o1*8TbCSI; HaM&o1. 8 TO )1{9 BpeMSI B XOAe npl-1BaTl-13aU,H~ 'iTO cBMAeTe11bCTByer o6 YJ1Y'iWOHM&o1 KpeAf,1THo£1 C811bCKOfO X03SI£1CTBa 6bl110 C03APHO OK0/10 50 Clo1ryall,&o1&>1, nocTeneHHOM CHM)KOHML-1 &>1Ht1>11SIU.ill· Tl:iC. X03SI£1CTB, a HaVI6011bWl-1£1 nporpecc 6bl11 OHHbiX 0)Kl-1A8H&o1£1. AOCT&o1fHyT B Mail0£1 npl-1BaTl-13aU,l-1ill. K cepeAHHe 1993 r. 6bl110 npl-1Ban131-1poBaHO OKOilO 70% ToproanR MaiibiX npeAnP&o1SITl-1£1, B OCHOBHOM B c¢lepe ycnyr noc11e o6peT9H&o1SI H838BMC&o1MOCT&o1 JlaTB&o1R, &>1 TOPfOB111-1 (EIU, 1993). 6011bW0£1 npHBaTl-13aU,l-1H KaK 1-1 3CTOH&o1SI, npOAOIDKalla OCTaBaTbCSI Ba)I{HbiM M8WaJlO OTCyTCTBHe npOCTbiX npoLJ,OAYP 1.1 SICHbiX li,9HTPOM TpaH3MTHO~ Toprosm1MeeT HecPrenpOBOA 1-1 cnell,&o1al1&>13&>1POB8HHbiA H&o1CTepcraa C911bCKOrO X03SI£1CTBa. HecPTStHO~ nopr. C Ha'falloM nepexoAHoro nep&o1o- Ao HeAaBHero apeMeHIII npl-1BaTl-13aU,l-1SI Haxo- Aa B03POC pe3KCnOpT (B OCHOBHOM H93aKOHHbl~) A&o1JlaCb B BeAeHHl-1 COOTB9TCTBYIOW.l-1X 01pac11eBbiX HecPrenpOAYKTOB &>1 CblpbSI, B '-laCTHOCT~ M8Ta11- M&o1H&o1CTepcra. B peay11bTare HeOAHOaHaL~HO pe- 110B6. B 1992 r., no ou.eHtcaM 03CP, o6beM raKo~ Wal1&>1Cb sonpocbl o TOM, KTo ynonHoMo'-leH npoao- TOpfOB11&>1 COCTaBMil 300-400 M11H. A01111. (CM. A&o1Tb npii1BaTl-13all,l-110, KaKII!e ¢opMbl npt.1saTVi3a- paaAe11 5). TaKoro pop,a roproB11SI, no-B~t~AMMOMy, U.&o1M MOryT 6b1Tb &>1Cn011b30BaHbl, KaK C119AY9T 6yAeT COKpaw.aTbCSI no Mepe TOfO, KaK ll,eHbl 8 npeACTaB11SITb &>1 C061-1paTb COOTBOTCTBYIOW.YIO iiiH- PocCMl-1 M APYfl-1X crpaHax 6blawerc CCCP 6YAYl ~OpMall,&o1105. Ue11SIM ycKopeHl-1SI npou,ecca npl-1Ba- nOAHMMaTbCSI AO YPOBHSI M&o1POBbiX &>111&>1 6YAY'T T&o13ali,M&o1 noc.ny>K&o111o co3AaHt.1e cnell,lf1ailbHoro se- oc11a611eHbl orpaH&o1'ieHMSI Ha sKcnopr. 3ra TeH- AOMCTBa- np&o1BaT&o13aU,t.10HHOfO areHTCTBa B Ml-1- AeHll,l-1SI Ha'-la11a npoRBJlSITbCR }1K8 B cepeA&o1H8 H&o1CTepCTBe 3KOHOM1-1KM. 6bl111-1 paCWit1P9Hbl YC110- 1993 r. BMSI np&o1MeHeH&o1SI npl-1BaT&o13aU,Ir10HHbiX BaY"fepoB &>1 nepe.D,a'i&o1 npeAnp&o1SITl-1~ B apeH,O.y, "'TO, B03MO)I(- YposHH H HanpasneHHR HO, 06119f'il-1T npi-1BaTiii38U,l-110 He6011bWl-1X npeA- np&o1SU&o1£1. llaTBl-1SI csoeapeMeHHO np&o1cryni11Pia K npeoAo- nepeXOA K pbiHOLIHbiM OTHOWeHIIISIM OC110)1{- 11eH&o110 &>13J1&>1WH9£13aB&o1CMMOCT&o1 CBOero 3KCnOpTa HSI110R orpaH&o1'i9HHOH M061-111bHOCTb~ pa6o'-le£1 or PbiHKOB 6blawero CCCP, OAHaKo npoAomKaeT C&o111bl. 8 YC110Bl-1SIX HeXBaTKill )Kf..111bSI 1-1 M9AJ19HHbiX coxpaHRTb 3SBl-1CI!1MocTb or !.t1Mnopra c :3T&o1X pbiH- reMnoa era np1.1aan1aau,1-11-1 CAOP*iiiBaeTCSI nepe- KOB. 8 COBeTCKl-19 fOAbl 6011ee 95% 3KCnopTa Ill Me~eH&o1e pa6o'-le£1 Cl-111bl K HOBbiM pa60L~t.1M MOC- no'iTM 90% l-1Mnopra npMxo~110Cb Ha CCCP. K TaM. Cyw.ecraeHHble nbroTbl, Koropble npeAoc- 1992-1993 rr. OKano nonoB&o1Hbl 3Kcnopra np&o1xo- TaB11RIOT CB01-1M pa60THl-1KaM MHOfl-19 rocyp,apcT- Alt1110Cb }'}1<9 Ha CTP8Hbl BHewHero MV.pa, HO nO'iT&o1 BOHHble npeAnp&o1SITl-1SI, TaiOKe He cnoco6CTBYIOT ABe rper1>1 &>1Mnopra llaTBl-1SI ace ell~~J nony.saer nepeMeHe MOCTa pa60Tbl. npaBl-1T911bCTBOM ycra- 1,13 6birswero CCCP (ra6n. 6.2) 7• B 3TOM 11aTBMSI HOBJ19Hbl 3Ha'fl-1T911bHble paaMepb! BbiXOAHbiX no- P93KO OT111.1'-Ia9TCSI OT 3CTOH&o1&>1, KOTOpast K 1993 r. C06&>1£1 - Ha ypoaHe aapa6orHo£1 nnaTbl aa He- l-1MnopTl-1POB811a 6011bWYIO 'faCTb TOBapoB 1-13 CK011bKO MeCSIU,eB, nosTOMY npeAnPt.1SITl-1SI He 3a- CTpaH BH9WHero M&o1pa. no Bee~ Bl-1Al-1MOCTir1, $TO l-1HTepecoBaHbl yaonbHSITb 11V.WH1-1X pa6oTHVIKOB. CBR38HO C TOM, 'iTO AO KOHll,a 1993 r. H9KOTOpble l).o cepeAL-1Hbl 1994 r. TPYAHOCTL-1 c n011J""ie- nOT9HU,l-1a11bHble B&o1Abl 3KCnopTa Ha 3anaA, i8KMe Hl-1eM KP9Al-1TOB TatotKeHI!1e TOpfOBJliO C np~~t6a11rnHCKIAMIA CTJ)aHaMIA B 1990- np~BOAIA110 K CHIIt:lKeHIIt~ 3KCnopra C onnaTOH B 1993 rr. npii1XOA&11110Cb Jll'IWb 6-10% 3KCnopTa lA raep,[i,o~ aan10re 11t orpaHl-1~1<1Bano ee npt.noK, ~To, 14-17% IAMnopra. no Bee~ BIAA111MOCTIA, 3TO CBSI· B ceo~ o~epeAb, Me1wano pacw~~tpeHIII~ ~~tMnopra. 3aHo c llt3MeHeH~~teM AnSI IlaTBII1111 ycnoa111A rop- Ew.e OAHOH aeposm-toA np~~t~IAHO~ Heo6XOAIAMOCTIA roB11111 c 3CTOHIIteH 111 IlitiTBOH (EIU, 1993; rocy- r.1Mnopn.-.poaaTb Toaapbl 1113 crpaH 6b1Bluero CCCP AaPCTBeHHbiH KOMIATeT no CTan1CT~Ke, 1994). MO:lKeT 6b1Tb TeXH0110f&.1~eCKaSI 3SBHCI!1MOCTb npoG 3Kcnopr B APYr~~te crpaHbl 6blawero CCCP H3BOACTBa or sr~~tx PbiHKOB ~~tn~~t ra ponb, KoropyiO COCTOSIJl B OCHOBHOM llt3 npOAYKU.IItllt MaWIAHO· ~~trpan pesKcnopr. CTpOeHII1SI, Ka.K lii np&~~ U,eHTPai1&1130BaHHOM nnaHIA- B 1992 r. o6beM naTBIAHCKC»H roprosn~~t (KaK poBaiilltllt. 3KcnopT Ha 3anaA COCTOSIJl B OCHOBHOM 3Kcnopra, TaK 11t ~~tMnopra, oco6eHHO co crpaHaM~~t 1113 pecypcoeMK~X rosapoa, raK1!1X, KaK APeBec~~tHa, 6blswero CCCP) pe3KO CHII1311111CSI8 , Ho a 1993 r. MeTailllbl, MII1HepanbHOe TOnll&IIBO, ICO>Ka, OBOW.H. Hacryn~~tna cra6~~t111113aU.~~tSI. ToproBM co crpaHaMII1 nepeop&~~eHTII1POBaTb 3TO HanpaBJleHIIte TOpfOB11111 6blawero CCCP (oco6eHHO 111Mnopr) HeCKOJlbKO Jle~e, TaK KaK Ka~eCTBO pecypcoeMKIAX TOBapoB yaen~~t~~~tnacb, np111 3TOM o6aeM roproan~~t c 3a- 6onee OAHOPOAHO 111 MeHbWe BlllltSieT Ha 06beM naAOM B A01111apoBOM IAC~~CJleHIItllt poe 6011ee npoAIDt<, ~eM B Toproane MaW~~tHaM~~t 11t o6opy- MeAJleHHbiM!A TeMnaMIIt. 8 1993 r. 06W.II1H 06beM AOBaH~~teM. MHor~~te B111Abl pecypcoeMKOH npOAYK- naTBIAHCKoro 3Kcnopra yaem1~11111CSI acero Ha 17% U.IIt&/1 OTpa~a~T pecypcHyiO 6a3y naTBIItllt 111 ee (B AOilnapOBOM IAC~II1C116HIIt111). 3KCnOpT Ha 3anaA ecrecrBeHHble cpaBH&~~TellbHble npe~~tMy~ecraa. poe MeAJleHHee, yaen~~t~lltllCSI ~~tMnopr llt3 crpaH 8a:lKHoe 3Ha~eHHe A11S1 IlaTB&/1&11 npeAcTaan~er 6blawero CCCP. B 1993 r. Ha~anocb CHI<1>KeH&~~e roproanSi ycnyraM~~t. AoxoAbl or rpaHcnopr~~tpoBKII1 pe3KcnoprHoH roproan111. 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HoBbiM aaKoHOM BalliOTbl 003BOillt111~ CyllleCTB9HHO nOBbiCHTb o6- TaiOKe C03A(iHbl OCHOBbl AJlSl apeMSHHbiX npoTeK- M9HHblj;1 t, 1993), a B Ha'ialle IOW,~e opaBI-11laM rATT. 1994 r. AOCTJ..1f1la 110 A01111. 8 1!110H8 1994 f. 1!1HTeHC~BHOe AaB119H&.1e ar- PoeT o6MeHHoro tcypca S1BM11CS1 pe3ynbTaToM papHOfO no66111 opoT~B Aeweeoro ~MoopTa op~­ CTa6M11Vi3a~l-1 1-1 OOBbiW9H~Sl BHyTP8HHViX ~eTHbiX aello K OOBbiWeH~IO Tap~KHO TaK)K9 1 ~TO pocry 06MeHHOfO tQ:>eKTit1BHbl8 ci>epMepCKI-18 X03Sl~CTBa. npo- OT HellefallbHO~ TpaH3~THOj;1 TOPfOBflVi, nocryn- T8KU,~OH~3M OOBbiCI-1T CTO~MOCTb TOBapoB AilS! 118HIASI B ~HOCTOilHHO~ Ba1110T8 OT OP9AOCTaBil9HViS1 noTpe6111TellSI 1 HO opiA aToM a nepcoeKn1ae B03- ycllyr 111 opi!1TOK Kan~TalloB ft13 APYfi!1X cTpaH B MO)KHbl He6naronpi-1SITHbl9 OOC.neACTB~SI AilS! naTe~j;1cK~e oQ>Q>wopHble 6aHKIA. HaCelleHI-1SI C He60ilbWI-1Mit1 AOXOA8.Mit1. ToproanR co cTpaHaMM 6wawero PerynupoBBHllle o6MeHHoro KYPCB CoaeTcKoro Co103a 3aHI-1>KeHI-1e o6MeHHoro KYPCa aalliOTbl B Ha- ToproB11SI naTB~~ C HOBbiMIA He3aB~C~MbiMVi ~alle 1992 r. o6ecne41MlO epeMeHHYIO 3aW.t1TY fOCYAaPCTBaMI-1 OOCTeoeHHO oepeXOAr.1T Ha ypo- OT KOHKYP8HU,1!11!1 CO CTOpOHbl I-1Mnopral OOBbiCV1B B8Hb peryllSIPHO~ ToproanM Me)I(,D,y npeAnp1!1Sl- np111 aToM np!.1B1leKaTe11bHOCTb sKcnopTa no cpaa- T~SlMI!1. 8 TO )1(9 apeMSI CH~)I(a8TCSI A011S1 rocy- HeHI-110 C BHyrpeHHe~ TOpfOB11e~. 0 3cUU1)K8HHOCH1 AapcTB9HHOj;1 TOpfOB11~. 8BeAeHit'le KOHBepTM- t!.-1Ka­ T1-1pyeMbiX eaniOT, a pacw1-1peH~e ceTI!1 KOMMep- U.~IO ~n~ opo~3BO~TeilbHOCTb TPYAa pa6oTH~Koa 4ecKIAX 6aHKOB 6naroop~SITHO CKa3a110Cb Ha Me- B APYr~x cTpaHax. 0TMe4ancSl BbiCOKI-1j;1 copoc XaH~3M8 onaTe)Ke~ (eM. Ht-1:>Ke). BMeCTe C TeM Ha HHOCTpaHHYIO BalliOTY~ YTO o6bSICHSI110Cb Bbl- pa3B~THIO Toproan!.1 co cTpaHaM~ 6blawero CCCP IlamtR: npo6neuw ToprOIIIIM e nepexoAtHt neptto.q 145 npenRTCTBYIOT npo6neMbl C BbiXOAOM Ha poe C~Ac­ nare~o~~AcKoro aKcnoprHoro Hanora, HAC 1o11 poc- KMA PbiHOK M nepeKocbl a roproao~ nonMTMKe ca- clr1AcKMX MMnopTHbiX nOWflloiiH. AaHHaR CloiiCTeMa MOA JlaTBMif1. C 1993 r. pacwMpeHMIO roprosnM He npeAYCMaTpMBana )KeCTKOrO npMMeHeHMR KO- MeJC,Ay crpaHaMir1 npM6anmAcKoro perMoHa cno- scJ>cpMu,MeHTa MCnOflb30BaHMSI npOM3BOACTBeHHbiX co6cTBosano cornaweHMe o cso60AHOM roproane pecypcoB npM nOIIY'I8Ha.1111 T8MO)KeHHbiX flbfOT, ~0, npoMbiWfleHHbiMM TOBaP8MIII. eepOSITHO, n03BOIISU10 llaTBMACKioiiM npOIII3BO~Te- 8 KOH~e 1991 r. C P83BaiiOM CMCTeMbl U,eHTPa- 11SiM loiiMnOpTMPOB8Tb fiOflbWe CbiPbR, ~eM 3TO fibl- IIM3088HHOfO ynpaaneHMR JlaTBMR M APYrMe 6biB- 110 He06XO,Q,MMO A11S1 M3fOTOBfleHioiiSI KOHe~HOM npo- wMe pecny6m.1KM CCCP npMcTynMIIM K ABYCTo- AYK~M. TaKaR cxeMa orn~o~~~anacb or "'ecrKoA poHHMM neperosopaM B u,eJlSD( no.QAep>KaHMR Top- c~~tcreMbl B03BpaTHbiX nown~o~~H 14• Ee ~o~~cnonb3oBa­ roan~. npe~e scero Ha ocHoee o6R3arenbHbiX Hiolle B KaKOM·TO CTeneHM KOMneHCMpyeT 8HTioii3KC- M Mtijj,MIQUMBHbiX nepe~HeH TOB8POB. 0AH8KO 1113- nopTHYIO HanpasneHHOCTb 3KCnopTHbiX HaiiOfOB, 38 TPYAHOCTeM B peanM38U,MI!1 AOCTMrHyrble corna- HO conpOBO*ASeTCR 60flbWMMIII aJJ.MioiiHMCTpaTioiiB- weHMA BCKOpe norepMM CBOe 3Ha~eHMe. 06"beMbl HbiMioll loii3AePlKKaMif1 1o11 .naer npocrop AI1R 610poK- nocraaoK pe3KO ynanM, raK KaK TPSAMU.HOHHble paTio1~ecKioiiX M3BP81J.1.eHI!1M lol npOM3BOna. 8 ,Q,aHHOM cMcreMbl nocrasoK paasan~o~~nMcb 1o11 y PSIAS crpaH, CfiY'I8e 6onee s4»<1>eKTMBHbiM 6blno 6bl ~o~~cnonb3o­ oco6eHHo y PoccMM, o6paaosanMcb orpoMHble BaHiolle CMCTeMbl B03BpaTHbiX nOWflloiiH, pacnpocT- 38AOfl*eHHOCTM no 3TMM HanpaBneHioiiAM TOp- paHAIOIJ.I.MXCR Ha BeCb 3KCnopT. fOBfllf1. ¢>MKCMPOB8HHble U,eHbl, onpeAefteHHble ToproenA JlaTBMM c npM6anrlr1ACKioiiMI.1 rocy- cornaweHMRMI.1, He C03A8Bam~ y poccMACKMX AaPCTBaMIII CTPOMIIaCb Ha QCHOBe cornaweHMA 0 npeAnPMRTMM CTiflMYIIOB K BblnOnHeHMIO KOHT· ceo6o,AHOH roprosne, aaKniO~eHHoro a 1993 r. paKToB. ToproanA no MMPOBbiM u,eHaM 6blna 3Ha- 3ro cornaweHI.1e npeAOCT8BfiRIIO np~o~~6anTioiiMCKii1M ~HTenbHO BblfOAHee, OC06eHHO B OTHOWeHMM 3Hep- rOCYA8PCTB8M T8KOA )l(e CT8TyC, KOTOPbiM no OT- rOHOCif1TeneA M CbiPbR, KOTOpble JlaTBMA paHee HOWeHioiiiO K IlaTBiolllil nonb3oean~o~~cb crpaHbl EACT. ~o~~MnoprMpoeana loll3 Pocc~o~~M H APYrHx pecny6nMK. 0AH8KO noTeHU,Mall pacw~o~~peHioiiA ToprOBflloll, KOTO- Pe3KMA ecnnecK py6nesoA ~o~~Hci>IIRU.Iollloll B 1992 r. PbiM Hecer B ce6e sro cornaweHMe, orpaHM~eH CAenan Bblro,Q,HbiM AltA poccMACKioiiX ~MnoprepoB CKPOMHbiMioll pa3MepaMM np~o~~6anrMAcKoro pbiHKa. HaKannMB8Hiolle 38AOII~eHHOCTM 38 nOCTaBKM 3aMeHa 6onee sct»eKTMBHoro MMnopra loll3 TPeTb- 118TBioiiHCKMX TOBapoB, CTOiiiMOCTb KOTOPbiX Bblpa- ~o~~x crpaH 1.1MnoproM loll3 crpaH-naprHepoe no npo- )1(8118Cb 8 py6nSJX no MKCiilpOBSHHbiM KOHTpaKT- reK~MoH~o~~crcKoA c~o~~creMe BPRA n~o~~ co3ASCT cepb- HbiM U,eHaM. e3Hble npo6neMbl, llOKa llaTBioiiA coxpaHAeT yMe- 8 1993 r. Me>K.Ay Pocc~o~~eA 1o11 Jlare~o~~eA He 6blno peHHbiH ypoaeHb nporeKU,MOHioii3Ma. roprOBbiX cornaweHHM, TaK KaK POCCMA AO anpenA 1994 r. no nomu~o~~~ecKioiiM npM~MHaM oTKa3biBa· npoCineMw Toproaoi nonMTMKM .nacb parM1.1U.I.1POBaTb cornaweHI.1e c llaTBMeA ToproeaA nonMTiiiKa llars~o~~~o~~ HY>KASeTCR B 3Ha- or 1992 r. 13. 3ro cornaweHI.1e He npeAycMaTpM- ~~o~~renbHOM pe~opMioiiPOB8Hiollloll AllA o6ecne~eHioiiA sano roproen1.1 no o6A3arenbHbiM nepe~HAM, no- pau,HoHanbHoro pacnpeAeneHioiiA pecypcoe a.1 yc- TOMY ~TO POCCI.1A 1.1 JlaTBMA He CMOflll!1 ,Q,OfOBO- newHoro nepexoAS K pbiHO~HoA 3KOHOMIIIKe. Jlar- PMTbCSI o u,eHax . .narBMMCKI.1" aKcnopT B Pocc1.110 Biollloll Heo6XOAHMO OTMeHioiiTb Bee coxpaHA!~.:H.~!.IIeesl noCTPSAall OT noBbiWeHMA BABOe pocCMHCKMX orpaHIII~eHioiiR Ha 3Kcnopr (eM. pa3Aen 13} "~ ssec- ~o~~MnoprHbiX nowm1H B Ha"iane 1994 r. Pocc1.1AcK1.1e m a.1CTeMY B03BpaTHbiX nownMH. npH nornoA IM- 3KCnoprepbl MCnbiTbiBaiiH TPYAHOCTM C non~e­ 6epam~3aU,Mioll u,eH B cyW,eCTBOB&Hiilloll 3KCnOpTHbiX H1.1eM nMu,eH3MM Ha sKcnopr B JlaTBioiiiO. 8cKope HafiOfOB HeT 3KOHOMM~eCKOfO CMbiCIIS. 8biCOKMe JlaTBI.1A, B CBOIO O~epe,Q,b, BBena AMCKPI.1MiiiH8- 3KcnopTHble nown~o~~Hbl, np~o~~MeHRBWiolleCR a re~e­ U,MOHHble MMnopTHble noWIIMHbl Ha pocCMHCKI.1H HMe no~nl! BCero 1993 r., 6e3 COMHeHioiiR, ABiollfii.1Cb aKcnopr. JIMWb s anpene 1994 r. Pocclr1A 1.1 .flaTBMA TOPM030M B pa3B&.1Tioll~ 3KCnop'Ta. 60flbW8A ~ac Tb cornacMnMcb npeAocraBMTb APYr .Q.Pyry craryc coxpaHRIOIJ.I.MXCfl 3KcnopTHbiX Hanoroe npMMe- HaM6onbwero 6naronpMATcreoeaHMR B roproene HReTCR 8 OTHOWeHiollloll CblpbA (APeBeCioiiHa, KO>Ka, M OTMeHI!1fiM AMCKPMMMH8U,MOHHble nOWJlMHbl C necOK AfiA CTeKIIOAYBHOfO npOioii3BOACTBa), u,eHbl o6eloiiX CTOPOH. Ha KOTOpble He KOHTpOilMPYIOTCR, no3TOMY 3KC- nocne nposana npaeMrenbCTBeHHbiX roproBbiX ilOPTHble H8110floll 381J.1.MW,810T BHyrpeHHioiiX npOioii3- cornaweHMM roprosnA Me>KJJ,y crpaHaMM 6biB- BOAMTeneA lol ocna6nAIOT nofiyAHTellbHble MOTioiiBbl wero CosercKoro Col03a nepeMecnmacb Ha ypo~ K nepecrpoAKe 3KOHOMMKIII. npiiiMeHeHif1e HanorOB BeHb 6aprepa Me>KAY npeAnPMATr.1AMI.1 1-1111.1 C,Q,efiOK Ha Cblpbe TSIOKe OTploiiLJ,aT8flbHO CKa3biBaeTCR Ha C onnaTOM B TBePAOM BaltiOTe, 6narOAaPR ~eMy B sKcnopre pecypcoeMKioiiX roeapoe, no KoropbiM 1993 r. yAanocb noA.Q.ep~arb Me*rocyAapcr- .flaTBiitA loiiMeer ecTeCTBeHHOe npe!.IIMYW.eCTBO. seHHYIO roproemo. 3roMy cnoco6creoeanM 1o11 AO- 3KcnopTHble HaiiOfloll npenATCTBYIOT loiiMnopTy, TaK roeopeHHOCTM o6 3Kcnopre npOAYKLI.MM AfiSI nepe- KaK COKP8UJ,aiOT npliiTOK He06XOAMMOH AIIR 1.1M- pa6oTKioll 1o11 pesKcnopra o6parHo a crpaHy npo~~tc­ nopTHbiX 38KYnOK BaiiiOTbl lol noHM>KaiOT 06MeHHbl£1 xo)I(AeHioiiR, C noMOW,biO KOTOPbiX npeAnPioiiATioiiRM KYPC. 8biCOKII1e HaiiOfloll ABIISIIOTCR CTioiiMYIIOM ATIR YAaBanocb o6xo,Q,IoiiTb rpe6oaaHMR o Hanoroo6- KOHTpa6aH~oro 8~8038 TOB8POB. nmKeHiollloll 3KCnopra. npoAYKU.MA, BB031o11BW8SICSI B Heo6xo.Q.MMO TaiOKe OTMeHioiiTb AMCKPioiiMioiiHa- .flaTBioiiiO loll3 Pocc~o~~M AliA A8J1bHeAweA o6pa6oTKM, U.IoiiOHHble nown~o~~Hbl. 6onee BbiCOKiolle Hanor~o~~ Ha OCB060*A8/1ClCb OT nOWflloiiH, a 3KCnopr fOTOBOH 3KCnopT B 30Hbl HeKOHBeprMpyeMOM BaiiiOTbl BPRA npOAYKU.Iollloll o6paTHO B POCCioiiiO OCB060)K,O,a11CR OT flloll 6YAYT cnoco6CTBOB8Tb nepeopMeHTSU,Iollllt 3KC- 146 ToproanSI a HOIBbiX Ha3aBHCIIIMbiX rocyAapcTaax nopTa Ha 3anaAHble pbiHK~. BeAb TO, ~To MO>KeT He3Q>4JeKT&.1BHOrO np01.13BOACTBa. npo611eMbl C 6b1Tb npoAaHO Ha PbiHKax 6blawero CCCP, He ou,eHKoL;1 roeapos MO>KHo pewaTb np1.1 noM0141.1 acerp,a MO>KeT 6b1Tb npop,aHo Ha 3anaAe. 0611o- Me>KAYHSPOAHbiX 61.1p>K, Ha KOTOPbiX BeAeTCSI TOP· >KeH1-te HanoroM KOHe~Horo npoAyKTa Mo>KeT CAe- rOBI1st OAHOPOAHOLii cel1bCKOX03st~CTBeHHO~ npo- naTb ero HeKOHtcypeHTocnoco6HbiM Ill 3aTPYAHl'ITb AYKU,I.1eL;1. np1.1 onpeAe11eHit11.1 crolltMOCTI.1 Toaapos, aAanTaU,IIIIO K pbiHO~HbiM OTHoweHIIIstM. Ecn1.11 U,eHbl KOTOpbiX SIB11s:IIOTCSI 6011ee A&.14J4JepeHU,IIIpo- U.e11bl0 3KCnopTHbiX HSiiOrOB ~B11steTCSI CHVI>KeHVIe BSHHbiM&o1, MO>KHO 6bll10 6bl BOCnOI1b30BSTbCSI no- CTIIIMY110B K ToprOB11e 3a HeKOHBepTIIIpyeMyiO MOUJ,biO Me)I(AyHSPOAHbiX 3KCnepTOB B o6nacnt BaniOl)', TO OAHOPOAHble Ha110rlfl MOrli&.1 6bl B 3TOM TaMO>KeHHO~ OU,eHK&.1. c~ae 6b1Tb 6onee 34JcPeKTIIIBHbiMI.1. Hanplt1Mep, B-TpeTbi.1X, JlaTBI.1111 Heo6xoAIIIMO ycTaHOBI.1Tb B 1993 r. poeT 11aTBIIIL;1cKoro 3Kcnopra Ha 3ancm 1.1HCTV11)'l..l.lt10HanbHble ocHOBbl ToproaoL;1 nol1&.1TVIIG1 - npo1.1CXOA11111 MeAJleHHee, ~eM B cTpaHbl 6blawero npOCTble, ~eTKit1e, OCHOBSHHble Ha StCHbiX KP&.1Te- CoaeTcKoro Col03a, xoTst roproaast noni.1Ti.1Ka pi.1stX. Tap1.1cpbl AOn>KHbl ycTaHaBI11.1BSTbCSI B co- flaTBI.11.1 6blna Hanpaa11eHa KaK pa3 Ha TO, L!T06bl OTBeTcTBI.1VI CO CTporo onpeAel1eHHbiM&.1 KP&.1Te- noMewaTb roproane c 3Tit1MIII cTpaHaMIII. Jly~w1.1L;1 P&.1SIMI.1, a 1.13MeHs:ITbCst T011bKO napl1aMeHTOM no CH1MYJ1 AJlSI pa3BI.I1TVISI TOprOB11&.1 - SICHSSI 1.1 111t16eM peKOMeHASU,i.1&.1 u,eHTpanbHOro BeAOMCTBa - Ta- panbHast roproaas:~ no111t1TVIKa. npHMepoM 3TOMY MO>KeHHOrO AenapTaMeHTa 11111111 Ka6&.1HeTa M&.1HVICT· c11~111T 3croHIII~ c ee ycnewHoL;1 nepeoplt1eH- pos. 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MX nepec"'MT&Tb no oci>MLI,ManrtaHOMy o6MeHHOMY KYPCY (1,8 py6. 3 Onpe,qeneHMe c6anatteMpo&aHHOro peanlbttaro o6ue'*IOro KYP- 38 1!1Pnn.). nptt nepec'tBTe no ICYPCY 5 py6. 38 1 AOnn. (KYPC, ca- aecbMa TPVAHBA 38.Q8't8. 3apa6oTHaA nnara 11 .QDnnapoaou npMMe...WMACA MBCb no OTHOWeHMIO It 3cTOHMM II 1991 r.) BbiPS.lKeHMM MO.lK8T 6bn'b MCOOnb30BaH8 ,EU'IA rtpM6nM3MTenbHOrO OIC8liC8TCA, 'fTO C....lK8HM8 o6'b8MOa ToproBIIM COCTUMno 46%, OTpa.lKeHMA 06U¥trO ypoiiHA l¥SH B CTp&He. Aa..._. no 38pa6oT· 'fTO oonee COOTII8TCTay8T ypoBHIO COKJ)8U¥1... A lli)OM380ACTI8. H0A MaTe B CTp&HaX 6wawero Co118TCitOfO Col038 MMeiOTCA B OCHOIIHOM 110 fOCYA8PCTII8HHOMY CeKTopy M Hit OTpaJUIOT ypo- 8 8 TopfOIIOA CT8TMCTMit8 JlaTIMM 38~1tCMpoa&H ltPYfHIIA MM- 38TP8T II 't&CTHOM CIBitTope. He Y'fMTb111810T OHM M MHOfOL*IC· nopr 3tteprOHOCMTeneA 683 ytt.838HMA MCTO'IHMICa. C oonbWOA neHH~ MaTepManbHbiX nbroT, xapaKTepHwx AliA nnaHOaoA AOneA yaepeHHOCTM MO.lKHO npeAJ10nOliCMTb, 'ffO 3TM 3ttlpro- 31tOHOMMKM. HOCMTenM M3 PocCMM. 4 10 CT8TMCTMIC8 38HRiCCTM fiOIC83blll8eT, 'fTO ypoleHb CHM.lKeHMA Hanont H8 31CCnopT II 30fl:llltOH88PTMPyeMOA BaniOTbl npMMe- 06beMOII npoM3110.QCTII8 npeyaenM't8H. 3a napMOA C 1990 r. no HAIOTCA K 270 M3 5020 TOIQI)NaiX 003ML\MA W8CTMatta'IHOA rap- cepe,QMHY 1993 r. ltOnH'IBCTiro 38HRI'bl)( II 31tOHOMMIC8 COJCPS· MOHM:tMpoaaHHOA CMCTeMbl. AIJA 76% 1103ML\MA CT81K14 ttanora TMnOCb Ha 10%, 8 06b8M npott3110ACTII8 ynan HS 50%. Ct&TMC· 1()% M ....liCe, AJ'IA 14%- 11M20, AliA 1()%- 30-3596. HanOnt TM'teCICM& A8tH.IS no narpe6ne... IO 3HeprMM no,QTBel)li\QBIOT 310T H8 HCnopT II aotw.l HeltOHBeprMpyeMC)A BaniOTW npMMeHRIOYCR IC llbiiOA. TO'tHWIC A8HHbiX 110 OOTpe6neHMIO 3H8PntM I !.¥'110M MnM 422 1103ML\MIW WBCTM3Ha"'HHA rBI)MOHM3MI)OII8HHOA CMCTeMW. no orpacnAM HeT, HO o6u4ee noTpe6neHMe 3neltlpo3HepntM a nMWb ,EU'IA 10% no3ML\MA CTUKM COCTUIISIOT 10% MnM ..._, 1991 M 1992 r. ynano acero H8 20%. AnA 62%- 11-20, AJTR 28%- 35-300%. HeiCOYopwe nDWnMHbl 150 loproenR II HOBbOt H838BMCMMWI( rocy,AapcTB8X UM OlWtHetlal 8 OTHOW8HMM 3KCI10p'T8 8 CIC8~HiliCICM8 CTpa- .QilpcTBa M CI06oAHQA ICOHKYP8..._.M • .Qoc1yn IC MHOCTpaHHOA HW-naptttepw no CIOt5o.D,HOA Topf0111118. Coxpatte... HBIIOI'M Ha aanme tte MnAncR cepbU....,. npenATctaMeM toproane. c ICOJtY (200%), Mlal811110110M (300%), MHOrMe M3A8J1MR M3 cepe,AMHbl 1992 r. PbiHOIC CT8J1 IICOHCOJ1M.QMPOB8TbCR BOq)yr ,QpeMCM ... (100%). ICOMM8P..CKMX 68HICOI M '18CTfoiiDC 181110TfoiiDC AMJ18poB. XOTA 11 8 30H15 I'.:OHBeptMpyeMOA 118J110Tbl 'tMCiiO TOI8pt4WI( 1103Ml-'"A CA8J11CM C MHOCTpaHHOA 181110ToA pa3p8W8tti J1MWb 't8pe3 M8liC- 6aHICOIICICYIO CMCTeMY, 6onbWMHCTIO TIUCMX Of18P8l-'"A npoao- W8CTM31f8"1~ f8PMOHM3MpoaaHHOA CMCT8Mbl, OOAJ18JUU.lMX .QMTCR ~T.._....M JIMLUIMM. Oc.....- J18TBMACICM8 ICOMMel)'t8CICM8 o6J10UHMIO 3tCCr10PT......M Hallor&MM, ya811M"'MI10Cb C 270 1JP C5aHKM pa6oT810T CO IC8MM IMA&MM ICOHII8ptMpy8MbiX BaniOT M 383. CTaiiKM ICOJ1861110TCA OT 1 1JP 100%,npM"'&M 90% M3 HMX H8Xo,QRTCR Ha w»GBHB10% MIIM HMliC&. 8 30H8 tteiCONieptMpyat()A MMeiOT 1CoppecrJOHA8HTCICM8 OTHOW8HMR C 5-10 6aJ«aMM. B&niOTbl "'MCJ10 nOSMUMA, no~nexa~MX 3KCnOPTHOMY Hallor006J10.lK8tl410, CHM3MJ10Cb C 422 iJP 406. CTUICM ICOn&6nm- nMTeparypa CR B AM8n&30H8 OT 2 AO 200%, npM 3TOM 84% M3 HMX H8XOARTCA 6anTMACKM8 pecny6J1MICM: 3cTOHMR, JlaTIMR, nMTaa: CTp.~HOB8;Q­ Ha ypolltte 10% MJ1M HMlK8. 't8CICMA chop (Baltic Republic~>; Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania: 12 8 cnMCOIC TOII&poB, OOAJ18liC8UlMX 1108b1W8HHOMY HaJ10roo6- Country Profile)//EConomist Intelligence Unit.~. 1993. J10.lK8HMIO, BICJ110"18Hbl WOi'A:OJ18A (50% MIIM 6o.nee Bb1COIC8A Cl18i4M4Ht't9CKBA CT8m:&), xne6 M ~TepciCMe M3A8J1MA, a T8101C8 llaTBMR// 3KOHOMM't8CKMA o63op MB(J), 6 {Latvia.IMF Economic H81COTopbl8 nMIL\8Bbl8 rtpOA)'ICI'bl (30% MIIM 6onee BbiCOIC8SI Cl18l,ft- Review, 6). BaWMHI'TOH. 1993. ci>M't8CIC8A CTaBKa), MHCBICTM'-'"Abl M 8Hal10nt"'HW8 XMMM~IICM8 ApKSAH (van Arkadie) 6. BaH, KspnccoH (Kar1sson) M. 3KOHOMM- npoAYJCTbl (30%), o6oPYAOII8HM8 AnA 1.1rp M IC83MHO (30%). 't8CKMA o6sop 6anTMACKMX rocyA&pcTa (Economic Surwys 13 8 OTHOW8HMM pe3KCnopTa TaiOICe tta6n!OAMMCb pa3HOi"J18CHA. of the Baltic States). New York University Press. H~a10-~, PocCMR tpeiSoaana, "'T06bl toaapw, f'IOAilS.QaiOUlMB OOA .QBVCTO- 1992. poHHM8 cornaweHMR, H8 pe3KCnopTMpoaanMCb, M Yf'POliC8J18 npe!epaTMTb noct&BICM rasa, 8CJ1M pe31CCI10PT He fiP81CPaTMTCA. Tspp (Tarr) A· Bos,QeActaMe ycnoaMA roproantt Ha I"'J)C)UeCC 14 HanpttMep, paspewancA 6ecnownMHHbiA aaos TBICCTMnA MS nepeXOAB CTpaH 6wawero CCCP 1C MMpoBbiM LljeHaM (The Terms of Trade Effects of Moving to Worid Prices on Coun- PocCMIO I JlaTBMIO B 06M8H Ha BCTp8'*tbiA 3KcnopT 8 PocCMIO Ha TY •e ueHY rotoaoA OABJICAbl, npM npoMsBOACTBe KotopoA tries of the Former Soviet Union)//Joumal of Comparative MCF1011b30&an0Cb J1MWb 40% 88838Hffbl)( M8T8(>M8110B (TMnM"'HU Economics, 18, c. 1-24, 1994. 6aptepHaA OCH088). Crporoe npMM8HBHM8 CX8Mbl B03BP8THbiX CTaTMCTMI.IeCKMA Cnp&IO'HtK sa 1993 r.: rocyASpcTaa 6wewero f10WI1MH 1103BOJ1MJ10 &.1 OCB06oAMTb OT MMnOP'f....X now.nMH TOJ1b- CCCP (Statistical Handbook 1993: States of 1he Former So- ICO 40% l1COOJ1b30B8HHbiX M8T8PM8110B. T&ICMM o6pa30M, J18T- viet Union)/1 .l\OKYM&HTbl no MCCJ18AOBBHMIO nepexoAHbll( BMIACIICM8 np&AI1pMATMSI OOJ1Y'4SIOT Cb!Ph& AliA BHYTp&HHero npo- 3KOHOMM't8CIICMX CMCT8M, T 8. M6PP. BaWMHn'OH, 1994. M3BOACTBa 6e3 ynnaTW 110WJ1MH. 15 Co 8peM8HM o6peT8HMA H83SBMCMMOCTM pbiHOIC MHOCTpaHHOA JlaTIMA. nepexoA K ploiHO'IHOA 3KOHOMMKe (latvia. The Transi- BMIOTbi 6bll1 OCHOBBH H8 fiPM~nax H8BM8WaTBJ1bCTB8 rocy- tion to a Market Economy). M6PP. BawMttnoH, 1993. 7 RHTBA: nPO&REMbl TOPrOBRIA B nEPEXORHb/H nEPHOP, nHpHTTB Copca nlfiTBa SIB11SI8TCSI C8MbiM KpynHbiM nplo16annd1CKIItM rocy- AaPCTBOM c HaceneHIIteM 3,7 M11H. 1.1enoseK. AoxoA Ha AYWY H8C8118Hio1SI H8CKOllbKO Hlo1>Ke, "18M B 3CT0HIItllt lit JlaTBIItllt, TeM He MeHee SIBJ1SI8TCSI OAHio1M 1113 C8Mb1X BbiCOKIItX cpeAIIt rocy- p,apCTB 6blewero CCCP. ll~~tTBa - 6o11ee arpapHast cTpaHa, "18M 3CTOHio1SI lf1 JlaTBio1SI, reorpacpw-teCK&-1 lo1 lltCTOPio1"18CKio1 OHa 6111o1>Ke K cTpaHaM U.eHTpanbHO~ Esponbl • BHeWHSISI Toprosns:~ 1 1,1rpaeT Ba>KHYIO P011b B 3KOHOMio1Ke Jllo1TBbl, OAHaKO He CTOJlb 3Hal.flo1TellbHYIO, KaK B APYr~~tx np1o16anTIIt~CKio1X rocyAapCTBax. 8 neplltOA Me)K,O,y ABYMSI MlltPOBbiMIIt BO~HaMH JllltTBa CTana 3KCnopTepoM C811bCKOX03SI~CTBeHHO~ npOAYKLU11t1 B lltHAYCTpllt- anbHYIO Eepony. B coeeTcKoe epeMSI liiMnopT LJI 3KcnopT cocTaB11Silllo1 AO 50-60% BBn. Co speMeHIIt nplo1o6peTeHIItSI H838Bio1Cio1MOCTIIt JllltTBa Hal.fana npoBOAIItTb 8KTIItBHYIO 3KOHO- MIItl.f8CKYIO nolllo1THKY AfiSI nepeoplo1eHTaU.IItlo1 Ha 3anCJAHbl~ pbi- HOK. J11!1TBa 06118A88T 3HSI.flltT811bHbiM nOT8HU.I.-18110M npo&-13- BOACTBa &r1 ycnyr, B KOTOpbiX M0)1(8T 6b1Tb np1!1MeHeHa ee Bbi- COKOKBanl.-1cp1!1U,IItPOB8HH8SI pa6ol.faSI Clf111a. MaKpoaKOHOMM'IecKaR cM-rya~R M KOMnneM8HT8pHb18 peci»OPMbl YcneXLJI B CTa611tlli.-138U.I.-1111 lo1 npoBeA8HIIt&r1 MaKp03KOHO- MIItl.f8CKI.-1X pe¢'opM 0Ka38lllf1 6naronplltSITHOe B03A8~CTBI.-1e Ha TOprOB1110: 6onee CT8611t11bHbiM CT811 3KOHOM&r'll.f8CKIIt~ KJllltMaT, C03A8Hbl CT&r1MY11b1 AfiSI Yl.f8CT&r'ISI BO BH8WHe~ TOfOBJle. 8 fllf1TB8 • MaKp03KOHOMwieCKast TaK )1(8, KaK B 3CTOH&r11!1 lit JlaTBio1M, npou.eccy CT8611t111!138U.IItll1 c~·nyai.4""SI "" npeAwecTBOBa.Ill.-1 pecpopMbl u.eH, Halloroe 111 3apnnaTbl. Jl~~tTBa KOMn119M9HTapHbl9 SIBI.-1118Cb OAHO~ &r13 nepBbiX CTpaH, Hal.faBWI.-1X B 1991 r. npi.-1- pec:popMbl B8TI.-13aU.Ir'IIO, xoTSI AOCT&r'lfHYTbl~ aa nocneAHee epeMSI nporpecc • ToprOBbte nOTOK"" B8CbM8 CKPOMeH. ToT cpaKT, '-ITO f1111TBa AO KOHU.S 1992 r. H8XOA111118Cb B py6118BOlit 30He, HeraT&r'IBHO CKa3811CSI Ha npo- • Toprosast non""THKa u,ecce cTa61r1111r13aU.Ir'llr'l; aaMeAfleH&r'le B paaBIItTIItllt o6ycnoB&r1111r1 • npo6neMblnnaTe*e" TaK>Ke T8XH&r'll.f8CK&r18 TPYAHOCTIIt C BBOAOM HOBO~ B81110Tbl. BaniOTHaSI pecpopMa cblrpana rnaeHytO ponb B cTa6~~tnllt3aU.1111r1, • P011b CTPYKTYPHbiX OAH8KO nOJl&r'IT&r'll.feCKOe BMeWaTeJlbCTBO B KP8Air'ITHO-A8H8>KHYIO ""3M9H9Hif1~ H HHB9CTML4""l1 &r1 $&r'IH8HCOBYIO nonlf'IT&r'IKY B Hal.falle 1993 r. B H8KOTOPO~ CTe- B nepeCTpO~Ke TOprOB111t1 neHI.-1 CAeP>KallO npoAB&r'I>KeH&r'le pecpopM. B anpe11e 1994 r. • BbiBOAbl no sonpocaM BM8CTO r&r16Koro o6MeHHOro KYPca 6blna BBeAeHa TaKaS! cpopMa Toproso~ non""ll1K"" BaniOTHoro perynlr'lposaH~~tSI, KaK nplr'IBSI3Ka K TBePAO~ eamoTe (A01111apy), '-ITO SIBVIJlOCb cy~eCTB8HHbiM BKJla.AOM B A8JlbHe~­ WYIO cTa6&r'lll&r13aU.VIIO KP8Air'ITHO-AeHe>KHo~ cl.-1cTeMbl 1.1 BalliOT- Hoe perynlr'lpoeaH&r'le. Ha'IBnbHble pet:jJopMbl B cpespa11e 1991 r. Jl~~tTBa Hal.fana npoBOA&r'ITb u.eHOBYIO pecpopMy, H8MHOf0 n03>K8 CBO&r'IX np!.116811TIII~CKII1X COCeAe~, HO HaMHoro paHbWe Pocc&r'l&r'l 1r1 APYr~~tx 6biBWIItX coeeTCK&r'IX 152 ToproBnA B HOBbiX H838BMCMMbiX rocy,QapcTBaX pecny6IWIK. K HOR6p10 1992 r. nOA KOHTPOI19M OC- nacb AO np&>ieMlleMoro ypo8HR 1o1 8 o6paw,eH&t1e 6bl- T8IW1Cb TOilbKO 15% UeH, onpeAei1RIOW,&t1X CT0&-1- na 8BeAeHa noCTORHHaR H8l.l.lo10HallbHas:l Ba1110T8 - MOCTHOe 8~p~eH&t1e noTpe6&>1TellbCKO~ KOp3&>1- lli'IT. H~2. 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B Ha"'ane 1993 r. 110f Ha np1o16~11b (29%), reHepanbHbl~ aKU&t13H~~ UeHTPallbH~~ 6aHK ycryn1o111 nepeA A8BI1eH&t1eM, c6op (18%), cneu~~t&t1'-~ecK&t1e aKU,&t13H~e c6op~ Hanpa8JleHH~M Ha aaMeAJ1eHif1e no8~WeHI'I>t KYP- Ha cn&t1PTH~e "'Ta6a"'H~e &t13Aell&t1R, HerenpoAYK- ca 11&>1Ta, 1o1 cra11 npop,asaTb 11&>1T~. Sro np~~t8el1o K T~ ( cra8K&t1 Kone6an~~tcb or 10 AO 71%), noAo- pocry AeHe)I(HO~ Maccbl 1o1 yc1o111eH&t1IO &t1H11RU.&t1- XOAH~~ HaiiOf, Hanor Ha OHA aapa6oTHO"' nnaT~ oHHoro A8811eHIIISI. 8 peay11bT8Te lf1H11~l!,&t1)1 B Jl&t1T- (31%) All~ noKp~Tlo1R paCXOAOB Ha COU,&>iallbHOe 8e CH&.1}1(811acb MeAileHHee, "'eM B APYf&t1X np&t16an- crpaxo8aH&t1e. C8oe8peMeHHoe npo8eAeH&t1e t-ta- TI'I~CKif1X CTpaHax: CP9AHefOAOBO~ ypoBeHb 1.1H- 11oro8o~ pe1RX naAeH&t1R npo&t1380ACTBa AOXOAHYIO 6aay. B nep8o~ noi108&>1He 1994 r. e}l(eMeCSI"'Hbl~ ypo- Co 8PeMeH&t1 o6pereHMR He3a8&>1C&t1MOCT&t1 peanb- seub &t1H11Sil.J,Ii'llf1 COCT8B&t111 3-5%, np&t1611&>131o1Tel1bHO HaR aapa6oTHaR nnara cyw,ecT8eHHo yMeHb- T8KO~ >Ke, Ke'.K B 3CTOH&t1lo1 &t1 JlaTB&>i!A. CH&>i}l(eHllle Wl.,nacb, np1o1 3TOM ocna6no A8BileH&t1e AeHe}I(HO~ I'IH11R~If1&>1 C8R38HO C yKpenl1eH&t1eM &t1 Y*eCTO- Mace~. 3TOT npouecc 8 Jl&t1T8e HeCK011bKO 38Aep- "'eHI'IeM MOHerapHo~ no111o1rnK&t1. B anpene 1994 r. )l(ai1CSI no cpa8HeH&t110 c 3cTOH&t1e~ 1.1 JlaTB&>ie~. 6bll1a 88eAeHa opMa 8alliOTHoro peryl1li1po8a- TaK KaK 8 Jl&t1TBe &t1HAeKC81.1.&11SI aapa60THO~ nnaTbl HI'IR - npi'IBR3Ka K TBePAO~ 8amore - KYPC 11&>1Ta 8 CBR3111 C poCTOM UeH coxpaHSIIlSCb 6onee npo- 6bll1 np&t1BR38H K AOI111apy B COOTHOW9Hil11f1 4:1. AOJ1}1(111Te11bHOe 8peMSI. TaKo~ MexaHio13M Bai110THoro peryl11f1P08aHI'IR lf1CK- 1110Yaer n011&11Tif1'-leCKOe 11111&.1 &t1HOe 811&>1SIH1o1e Ha Kpe- Cra6HRH381.4HS1 AI'ITHO-AeHe)I(HYIO C&t1CTeMy, yKpen11>teT A08ep&t1e Jl&t1T88 y8epeHHO A8&>1}1(eTCSI K CTa6&>111bHO~ 3KO- K MaKp03KOHOMif1'-leCKO~ noll&t1Tio1Ke. ~CKJliO"'aeTCSI HOM&t1Ke 80 MHOfOM 6narOA8PSI 8alliOTHOVi pe- TaiOKe &t1CnOilb3088H111e AeHe}I(HO~ n01llo1Tio1K&t1 B opMe 8 CO ... eTaH&-1&.1 C }l(eCTKO~ $&>1H8HC080~ &t1 Kal.feCT8e &t1HCTpyMeHT8 AJ1R ynpa811eHio1R 3KOHO- KPeA&t1THo-AeHe}I(HO~ noll&t1T&IIKO~. KoHaepT&>ipye- Mif1KO~, T8K KaK K0Jllf1Li9CTBO H8XOASJ~&IIXCSI 8 o6- MOCTb RB&t1118Cb 8CDKH~M MOMeHTOM 8 C03A8H&t1lf'l paw,eH&t1&>1 AeHer }l(ecrKo np&t1BR3~BaeTcR K aana- CTL1MYI108 K 8HeWHe~ TOpf0811e Ill CH&.i>KeH&-110 Hey- caM lf1HOCTpaHHO~ BalliOTbl 1.1 30110TOMY 3anacy. 8epeHHOCT&t1 80 8HewHeroproa~x onepau&t1RX. He803MO}I(HO 111 $1f1HaHclt1posaHI.1e AelftU.I'ITa ro- CTa6&>111lil38l.l.&t1SI Ha"'ai18Cb B Mae 1992 r. C 880A8 CYAaPCT8eHHoro 610A}I(eTa. TaK&t1M o6paaoM, 8peMeHHoA 8ai110T~. UeHTPallbHbl~ 6aHK 3M&t1T&t1- aAanT81.1.&>1R K BHeWHI'IM B03AeVICTB&t1SIM HanpSIMYIO po8an K)'nOH~ (Ta110H~). nplo13B8HH~e peWif'ITb cKa3~BaeTCR Ha 8HyrpeHHeM cnpoce. Ec11111 B Jlr.n- npo6neMy Hex8aTKI'I py611eso~ Halllii"'HOCT&-1. B oK- 8e CKJ18Ab1BaeTCSI Ae&t1U,!IIT Tet&t11.1.&>1allbHO~ 111'1- HeMII1HyeMO nplf'IBOA&IIT K COKpa~eHif110 BHyrpeH- TOBCKO~ BalliOTO~ np&-1 YH&t11t11.1.&>1P088HHOM nna8a- Hero cnpoca B yci10BII1RX Aecl>&t1U.1'1Ta Hai11.1'-IHOCTif1. IOW,eM o6MeHHOM KYPCe 1o1 KOHBepT&>ipyeMOCTI'I Ao 1993 r. ocropo}I(HaR cplt1HaHcoaaR noi11.1- ret11Rl.l.&t1R CHl-131'1- Tif1Ka no3BOI1RI1a A06111BaTbCR noi10}I(II1Te11bHOro 1'1111'1 c6anaHCI.1POBaHHOfO 610A}I(eTa, 8 3Ha"'lf1- TaCSnMLUI 7. 1. OTAenltHWe 3KOHOMM~ecKHe T911bHO~ creneH&-1 o611erYaR npouecc cra61f'111&>1- noKa3&T811H n..,.~~ 11 1990·1993 rr. aaU,I.1!11. nepsbl~ AeL1U.I'IT 6a11aHca nostBI'II1CR B (B npoueHTax) 1993 r., 8 1994 r. ~~tH8HCOBOe A88JleHI'Ie npo- AOJI.)K8110 paCT&-1 no npM"'&t1He CHio1>KeH&t1R AOXOA08 1990 1991 1992 1993 111 y8el1&>1'-leHio1SI pacXOAOB Ha COU,&>iallbH~e Hy>KA~ AllR o611erYeH1t1R TPYAHOCTe~ nepexoAHoro nep&II- ssn --6,9 -15 -36 -16 OAa. 1!1H11RU.M~ 16,1 225 1021 410 nepecTpo~Ka TOproBil&-1 lil APYf&t1X cep 3KO- nnaTe>KHbllit 68118HC -2,6 5,2 0,6 -5,5 HOMII1KM B H9KOTOPO~ CTeneHI'I CAep>Kio1Ba118Cb (% OT BBn) OTPio11.1.8Tel1bH~Mio1 yYeTHbiM&-1 CTaBK8Mio1 lo1 38AOI1- YposeHb 0,3 0,6 1,6 )I(eHHOCTbiO npeAnPI'IRTVi~. Y"'eTHble CTa8Kif1 OCTa- 6eapa6onu.l,bla Balllo1Cb OTPio11.1.8Tel1bHbiM&t1 8 peal1bHOM B~p8}1(eH&t1111 I!13MeHeHMe pe&JlbHOiit -20 -12 -45 8 TeYeHI'Ie ecero 1992 r. 1o1 8 Ha"'al1e 1993 r. Baa- aapa6oTHoH nnaTbl I'IMHble Henl1aTe}l(lf1 npeAnP&t1RTII1~ - no cyr1o1, 6ec- npoueHTHoe 1o1H8HCII1P088Hif1e- BepORTHO, 8Hec- 11111 C80~ BK118A B noAO,ep}l(aHI.1e OTP&t11.1.8T911bH~X a 0~M~8nbHbl8 ,QBHHble. y"'eTHbiX CTaBOK, npeACT8B11SlSI allbTepHaT1'18Y Kpe- n p M Me '4 a H Me: npo'fepiC 03Ha'488T, '410 ,QBHHble OTCyT- AI'ITHOMY I'IHaHc&t1posaHif110. B Te"'eHI'Ie 1993 r. CT&yiOT. 06W,&t1~ 06beM 3aA011)1(eHHOCTio1 nO"'T&-1 cpaBHSII1CSI lit c T o l.f H M K: M5PP (1993), MBKAeH!IIR, XOTSI BHeC/1111 CBOH BKflaA Ill 38A011- AeHit1eM np!11BaT!II3aLJ.If11A pa3Hb1Mif1 BeAOMCTBaM!II. >KeHHOCTir1 HOBbiX rocyAaPCTB 6blawero CoseT- PecT!IITYU.!IISI He npeAcTaBI.111a oco6blx npo6neM (3a cKoro Cot03a. K Ha"fany 1994 r. lliiiTBa TaK eu~e !IICKfl~"feHir1eM aeMlllll), TaK KaK pacnpocrpaHSillacb 111 He cMorna nonHOCTb~ yperyn!llpoaaTb nono- TOilbKO Ha pe3!11,(J.eHTOB. Ha nepBOM nnaHe CTOSIIla >KeH!IIe C 3a.AOJl)KeHHOCTSIM!II. np111 OTCyrCTB!II!II np!IIBaTI.13aU.If1SI >K!IIIlbSI. K HaYany 1994 r. oKono MOW,HOro BeAOMCTBa, 3aHIIIMa~w.eroCSI t1CTpe6o- 95% >Kif1111f1W,HOfO $OHAa 6biJ10 np!11BaTIII3111POBaHO. BaH!IIeM AOilfOB, npe,lJ.np!IISIT!IISI npOAOJDKaJl!ll HS- noYT!II ace Manble 111 oKono 60% KpynHbiX npeA- Kanll!IIBaTb 3aAOI1>KeHHOCT!II, XOTSl K i 994 r. !IIX np&iiSITif1C1 6biii!II npop,aHbl !IIHBecTopaM. B cenbCKOM ypoaeHb cTa6!1111!113!11poaanCSI. B 1993 r. !IIMen!ll X03RC1CTBe no"'T&-1 Bee npeAnp!IISITif1SI Ill 3eMJ1SI Ha- MecTo acero ABa 6aHi-tpo·rcTBa (MB, 1993). XOAS!TCSI B YaCTHOM BllBAeH!II!II. CoKpaw,eH~t~e npo!113BOACTBa B Jl!IITBe Ha"fa- Pewaercs:~ npo6neMa M06!1111bHocTI.1 pa6o"feH nocb HeCKOilbKO n03>Ke, "18MB 3CTOH!II!II Ill f!aTBl'!t.1, C!llllbl. Ao HaYana 1993 r. AJISI nepee3,D.a a PSIA 1.1 caMble 3Ha"f~t~Te1lbHble MacwTa6bl naAeH~r~fil ropoAOB rpe6oaanocb cneu,&~~anbHoe pa3peweHI!1e np!IIWJU1Cb Ha BTopy~ nonoBI.1HY 1992 r. (36%). Ill HaHIIIMaTellb &-111&.1 HaHI.1Ma~u..t!IIHCSI AOil>KHbl 6bll11!1 OcTpbiC1 AeIIIU.!IIT 3HeproHomnene~ !113 Pocc111111 nnaTif1Tb cneu.L-iaJJbHbiH Hanor. OrpaH!IIYeH!IISI Ha 1113- ycKop!lln npou.ecc naAeH!IISI npo!II3BOACTBa. B MeHeHif'ISI HOMeHKflarypbl BblnycKaeMoC1 npOAYKU.!IIIr1 1994 r. noSIB!IIIl!IICb np!II3HaK!II Taro, "'TO naAeH!IIe 111 3anpeT Ha coKpaw,eH!IIe pa6oY!IIx MeeT Ha npL-1Ba- AOCT!IIf/10 CBOel:1 Hllt>KHeC1 TO"'KIA. 0AHaKO cy- T!II3VipoaaHHbiX npeAnp!IISIT!IISIX TaK>Ke npenSITCTBO- w,ecTBy~T OCHOBaH!IISI nonaraTb, "'TO na.AeH111e Ba/1&-1 M06!111lbHOCT!II pa6o~eC1 C!llllbl lt1 OTPWJ,aTeJ1b- npOIA3BOACTBa 6bll10 MeHbWIIIM, "feM 3TO npeA- HO Blllf1SII1!11 Ha nepecTpOC1KY TOpfOBII!II lit 1!1Hb1X ccpep CTaBnSieT OQ>Ir1LJ.!IIallbHaSI CTaT!IICT!IIKa. HeCMOTPSI 3KOHOM!IIK!II. 8biXOAHble noco6!11SI COCTaB/1~11111 WeC- Ha COKpaW,eH!IIe 06beMOB npO!II3BO,(J.CTBa, Oci>III- T!IIMeCSIYHOe >KaiiOBaHbe Ha rocyAaPCTBeHHbiX Ll,!llallbHas:t 6e3pa6oT!IILJ.a ocTaaanacb HeBbiCOKoC1: npeAnplf1SITif1SIX (.1 18-MeCSIYHOe Ha l.faCTHbiX, 4TO B 1993 r. - 1,6% (XOTSI cl>aKT!II"feCKas:J 6e3- He cnoco6CTBOBaJ10 COKpatUeHIIIIO 11i36biTO"'HO~ pa- pa6oT!II!¥1 - c y"'eToM Heonna"f!t.BaeMbiX oTnyc- 6ol.feC1 Clllllbl. TPYAHOCT!II c >KI!11lbeM TaK>Ke or6111Ba- Koa- 6bllla, BepOSITHO, BbiWe), T.e. H!II>Ke, "18MB 11!11 cTpeMIIeH!IIe K nepeMeHe MeeT. APYrlllx np1116ann1HCK!IIX rocy,D.apcTaax, "'TO, B03- nepecTpOC1Ka 6aHKOBCKOH CIIICTeMbl npoXOAL-iT MO>KHo, oTpa>Kano 6onee TepmtMoe OTHoweH!IIe MeAJieHHO, XOTSl 3aMeTeH pOCT "'aCTHbiX KOM- Jl!IITBbl K HennaTe}KaM - npaKTIIIKa, KOTOPOH B MepYeCK!IIX 6aHKOB &.1 COKpaw,eH!IIe pOillll rocy- 3CTOHI.1!11 6bll1 6biCTpO nollO>KeH KOHeLJ.. 803MO>K- AaPCTBeHHbiX 6aHKOB. KpeA!IITOBaHrAe ace ew.e HO, cblrpan!ll cao10 ponb 1.1 APYr!lle lf1HaHc1!1poaaH!IIe - Aeno w,eHI.1e pa60"'I.1X MeeT B 1992 r., BbiCOKI.1H Hanor Aoporocros:tw.ee 111 TPYAHOAocrynHoe 1o1a-3a oTCYT- Ha cpoHA 3apa60THO~ nllaTbl, "'TO, B03MO>KHO, CTBI!1SI o6ecneYeH!IISI Ill BbiCOKI.1X PIIICKOB. nepeM cnoco6craoaano nepeXOAY pa6o1.1eC1 Cl.111bl B CTpOC1Ka lr1 CTa611111!113aLJ.1.1SI B cpiiiHaHCOBOM ceKTope HeOcp111LJ.1.1allbHbiH CeKTop 3KOHOM!IIKI!1. Tpe6yiOT AaJ1bHeC1wero yKpenneH!IISI "'aCTHbiX KOM- MepYeCK!IIX 6aHKOB (oco6eHHO C T04KIII 3peHI!1~ KOMnneMeHTBPHble CTpyKTypHble o~eHKIII KPeA!IITOB 111 6aHKOBCKoro KOHTponst) 111 pecpopMbl coaepweHCTBoBaHI!1SI nopTcpene£1 u.eHHbiX 6yMar CTPYKTYPHble pecpopMbl, HecMoTpst Ha paHHee Tpex KpynHetf1wlllx rocy,D.af:r.:rmaHHbiX 6aHKOB. Ha"fano nplr1BaTI.13aLJ.!II!II, npoABI!1ran!llcb MeAneH- Hee, "feM cTa6!1111!113aLJ.Itls:t. 3aMeAJ1eH!IIe B cTpyK- Toproawe noTOKM TYPHbiX pecpopMax Blle"feT 3a co6oH 3aMeAJ1eH!IIe Jl!IITBa npoBOA!IIIla nepeop1.1eHTaU.I.110 roproa111.1 pear!llpoaaH!IIs:J np0!113BOACTBa Ha HOBble OTHOCI-1- Me,IJ,11eHHee, YeM 3croHIIISI, HO cnpaB1!11lacb c 3TI!1M TellbHbiS U.eHbl 111 CT111MYllb1 K paCW!IIpeH!II~ 3KC- llyYwe, YeM MHOf!lle APYfllle HOBble rocyAaPCTBa nopTa 1.1 1.1MnopTa. nepecTpOC1Ka np!IIBaTI.13!11pO- 6blawero CCCP. B 1991 r., B MoMeHr aoccra- BaHHbiX npeAnPII1SIT!II&;1 OCJ10>KHS111aCb HepeweH- HoaneHI!1SI He3aBIIICI!1MOCTIII, 6onee 90% o6beMa HbiMI.1 npo6neMaM!II HennaTe>KeC1 1.1 BbiCOKO~ AO- ToprOB/1111 Jl!IITBbl np1.1XOA111110Cb Ha pecny6111.1KIII neV. aKU.I.1~ npeAnPII1SITI.1C1, HaxO,lJ.SIW,I.1XCSI B co6- 6l:l.awero CoeeTcKoro Col03a. B 1993 r. 70% !IIM- CTBeHHOCT!II ynpaaneHl.fecKoro nepcoHana 111 pa- nopra JlVJTBbl ace ew.e nocrynano 1113 HOBbiX He3a- 6oTH!IIKOB. ri.16KOCH1 np1.1MeH111TeilbHO K PbiHO"f- B!IIC!IIMbiX fOCYAaPCTB, OAHaKO AOilSI 3Kcnopra Ha HbiM YC110B111SIM MeWa/1111 orpaH!II"feH!IISI Ha M0- 3anaA npesblc!llna (B nepec1.1ere no oci>IIIU.!IIallb- 61!11lbHOCTb pa6o"feC1 C!llllbl Ill BbiCOK!IIe BblnllaTbl HOMY o6MeHHoMy KYPCY) 40% (a 1990 r. - 6%) YBOJlbHSieMbiM pa60TH!IIKaM. nepecTpoC1Ka 6aH- (Ta6n. 7.2). KOBCKOC1 C!IICT8Mbl TatoKe ocyw,eCTBllSIIlaCb H8Bbi- 3aMeAJ1eH!IIe npou.ecca nepeop!lleHTaL.J,I-1111 Top- COK!IIM1.1 TeMnaML-1. roan!~~ 6blno Bbi3BaHo MeAfleHHbiM npou.eccoM cra- f11!1TBa np1!1cryn1.111a K npL-1BaT!II3aLJ.Ir11.1 B Ha"fane 6!1111!113aU.!IIL-1, Heo6XOA!IIMOCTbtO rny6oKoro pecl>op- 1991 r. pa3,D.a"feC1 nplllaant3aLJ.1!10HHbiX aay"fepoa M!IIpoaaH!IISI ToprOBOH nOJl!IITI.1K,.,, HeysepeHHOCTbiO, HaceneHI.110. Bay"'epbl MO>KHo 6blno 111cnonb- nopo>KAaeMoH MeAJleHHbiM XOAOM cTPYKTYPHbiX 111 30BaTb AfiSI np1.106peTeHI.1SI >K&IIIlbSI, He60llbW1.1X APYf!IIX pect>opM, APYfiiiM!II CTPYKTYPHbiMI-1 111 ec- npeAnPI!1SIT!IIC1 11111111 aKU.!IIH KpynHbiX npeAnP!IISITL-1C1. TeCTBeHHbiM!II OCilO>KHeH!IISIMI-1, XapaKTepHb1M111 ,IJ,IlSI YnpaaneH!IIe XOAOM np!IIBaTir13aLJ.IAVI 6blno cocpe- Jl!IITBbl. AOTO"feHo a PYKax u.eHrpan!llaoaaHHoro areHTCT- CnaA B !IIMnopre &.1 3KcnopTe ll!IITBbl B 1992 r. aa, np1o1 3TOM Jl!IITBa CMOflla !1136e>KaTb HeAOC- CMeH!IIIlCSI HeKOTOPbiM POCTOM B 1993 r. 4 B 3TOM 154 ToproBnR B HOBbiX tte3aBMCHMbiX rocyAapcTBax Ta6nMLUI 7.2. BH8WHAA Toproantl nMTBw. 1990-1993 rr. (e Te~x u,eHax) 1990 1991 1992 1993 0t5beM, MnH. AOM. 3KcnopT, ecero 11023 9613 1062 1625 CTJ)alibl 6b1ewero CCCP2 11144 9268 505 929 C'rpaHbl BHeWHero 1>.n1pa15 679 345 557 696 ~MnopT, ecero 12575 6726 966 1597 CTJ)aHbl 6b1BWero CCCP 11032 6251 624 1111 CTJ)aHbl BHeUJHero Mt..1pa 1543 475 342 486 T oproebl~ 6anaHc -752 2887 96 28 CTPaHbl 6biBWero CCCP 112 3017 -119 -182 CTpaHbl BHeWHero M~pa -864 -130 215 210 llonR s ot5U,4eM o6&eMe,% 3KcnopT, ecero 100 100 100 100 CTJ)aHbl 6b1BWero CCCP 94,3 96,4 47,5 57,2 C"rpaHbl BHewHero Mt..1pa 5,7 3,6 52,5 42,8 l!lMnopT, acero 100 100 100 100 CTpaHbl 6biBWero CCCP 87,7 92,9 64,6 69,6 CTJ)aHbl BHeWHero Mt..1pa 12,3 7,1 35,4 30,4 a .AaHHbte no Toproane c rocyAapcTBaMM 6~swero CCCP noAC'fMTatlbl Ha ocHOae AaHHbiX no OTAanbHbiM rocyAaJ)CTBaM M 01.48HOIC coTPYAJil'IKOB M6PP, c rtepecl.feTOM OOKa3aTeneA a Ha1.4MOHallbHOA BaJliOTe no oc:t>MI..\HanbHOMY/KOMMeP'fOCKOMY KYPCaM AnA 1990 M 1991 rr. 1-1 no cpeAttero.uoaouy pbiHO'fHOMY KYPCY AliA 1992 M 1993 rr. t5 noA CTpaHaMM BHOWHero MMpa MMOIOTCR B BMAY CTpatibl 3a 11P8AOflaMM 6biBWero CCCP. fOAY npoAOmK~IlCSI poeT 3KCnopTa Ha 3anaA. 111 HeXBaTKaMioll AO 1993 r. loiiHOCTpaHHO~ BalliOTbl. B ew,e 60J1bWe~ CTeneH~ yBeil~Y~IlCSI 3KCnopT B 8a)I(Hb1Mioll ToproebiMioll napTHepaMioll 6blllloll TaiOKe rocw~apcTaa 6blawero CCCP - Ha 84% B HO- YKpa1!1Ha 1o11 6enapycb. ToproenSI c npir16a11Tioll~c­ M~HailbHOM AOI111apoBOM ~CI.I~CJleH~Ioll. 111MnOpT KioiiMioll rocyp,apcTBaMioll, rnaBHbiM o6pa3oM c JlaT- BblpOC Ha 6o11ee YeM 60%, TaiOKe B OCHOBHOM 3a e~o~~e~. cocTae~o~~na ecero 5-7% loiiMnopTa lol 3Kc- cL~eT loiiMnopTa 1-13 rocyAaPCTB 6blawero CoseT- nopTa. cKoro Col03a. HeKoTapble nonmK~o~~Te11bHble loii3Me- B 1992 r. TOBSPHaSI CTpyKTypa TOPfOBflloll JlloiiT· HeH~SI. oco6eHHO pacT loiiMnopTa ~3 fOCYAaPCTB Bbl c rocyAapCTBaMII1 6blawero CCCP coxpaH~o~~na 6blawero CCCP, no-B~A~MoMy, SIB11SIIOTCSI cneA- L~epTbl, KOTOpble nploiiCYW.Ioll CloiiCTeMe u_eHTpa111o1130• cTa~eM lll3MeHeH~SI ycnoa~o~~~ Toprosn~. B 1992- BaHHOfO nilaHiollpoBaHioiiSI, HO He ecerAa a.ASKBaTHbl 1993 rr. 3aH~)I(eHHbl~ o6MeHHbl~ KYPC CTioiiMY- ecTeCTBeHHbiM OTHOCioiiT811bHbiM npeloiiMYll.t8CTB8M n~poean sKcnapT 3a npeAe11bl 6blewero CCCP. Jl~o~~Tebl. (AaHHble 3a nocneAYIOLUiolle roAbl orcyr- 803MO)I(HO, noilO)I(~TeilbHOe B03AeHCTBiolle 0Ka3a- CTBYIOT). J11!1TBa 3KCnopTiollpyeT npOAYKU.IoiiiO MaWioii- 11Vi TaiOKe COKpaw.eH~e aHTI-13KCOOpTHbiX TeHAeH- HOCTpOeHMSi, npOAYKTbl m1TSHioiiSI, loii3AenloiiA nerKo£1 LJ,~~ B 1993 r. (CM. H~)l(e) ~ BBeAeHiolle KOHBepTioll- npOMbiWfleHHOCTioll - TeKCTiollflb, loiiMnOpTMpyeT pyeMO~ aantaTbl, cyw.ecTBeHHO noeblclollewee 3Hepr~o~~tO 1.1 cblpbe AllSI nepepa6aTbiBatOw.e~ npo- cn1MYI1bl K BHewHetf Toproane. CtTe- WeilCSl Ha nanbwy. HecMOTPSI Ha cyu.teCTBOBaHiolle npOAYKTbl lol npoAYKl.J.IoiiSI XloiiMiollloll. J1111TBa noKa He c 1992 r. cornaweH~~ o ceo6oAHo~ Toproene ~cnonb3yeT ceo~ noTeHu,~o~~an BbiCOKOKBan~o~~Q>~o~~u.~o~~­ CO CKaHA~HaBCK~M~ rocyAaPCTBSMII1, 3KCnopT poeaHHOVt, HO Hli13KO onnaYioiiBaeMOH pa6oYeM TYPP cocTaB~Il acera 9%. B 1993 r. Ha Pocc~o~~10 c~o~~nbl AflSI aKTioiiBioll3aU.Hii1 3Kcnopra TPYAOeMKOM np~WI10Cb YeTblpe nRTbiX IlMTOBCKOfO loiiMnOpTa npOAYKU.Iolllo1, LITO MOf/10 6bl CTaTb OAHioiiM loll3 ee 1-13 rocyAapcTa 6blawero CCCP. 3aa~o~~cloiiMOCTb eCTSCTB9HHMX OTHOCioiiTSJlbHbiX npeMMYll.tSCTB. 8 Jl~TBbl OT Pocc~1t1, oco6eHHo e 3HeproHOCI!1Te11SIX, 1992 r. A011SI TPYAOeMKO~ npOAYKU.Iollli1, TaKoA teaK o6bSICHSieTCSI OTCyYCTB~eM loiiHQ>paCTPYKTYPbl AllSI TeKCTioiiJlb lol OAe>KAa, B 3KCnOpTe JlloiiTBbl Ha 3anap, lllMnopTa Hecpnt 1o11 rasa 1113 APYr~o~~x loiiCTOYHioiiKOB 111 6blna MeHbwe, L~eM y APYfl.o1X npw6anTMi.lcKioiiX ro- JbtTBa: npo6neMbl ToproanM B nepeXOAHbiA nepMOA 155 cyp,apCTB 1t1 COCTaBit111a 17% (eM. Ta6n. 5.3 B CTBifte, BepOSiTHO, KOMneHCiftpOBallOCb 3aHIA}KeH- paaAene 5). HbiM o6MeHHbiM KYPCOM, CT1t1MY111ftPOBaBWit1M 3KC- TpaH31t1THaSi TOproBI1Si, 6ynbWaSi l.laCTb KOTO- nopr sa TBePAYIO aan10ry. po~ He Yl.llt1T~BaeTCSi B J11t1TOBCKO~ CTaTit1CTit1Ke lt1 8 !.110He 1993 r. craBKift sKcnopTHbiX Hanoroa 3aKOHHOCTb KOTOPO~ COMHit1TeflbHa, &r'trpaeT 60flb- 6bll1111 CYI.l.leCTBeHHO CHlo1}KeHbl, HO npf..1 3TOM 6bllllft Wyl0 ponb AflSi Jl~TBbl, KaK 1t1 AJ1Si APYrlt1x npll1- yc11111eHbl APYrlt1e opMbl sKcnopTHbiX orpaHift- 6ann-1~CK!t1X rocyp,apcTB 5• no AaHHbiM 03CP, B l.leH~A~. noabiWeHifte peanbHoro o6MeHHOro KYPca 1992 r. lt13 Jllt1TBbl IAMriOPTit1POBaHO He$TIA lt1 Me- 8 1993 r. CHSillO Heo6XOAiftMOCTb 8 3KCnopTHbiX Tal'iflOB Ha 418 MflH. AOI'ifl. (CM. Ta6n. 5.3), Torp,a orpaHit1l.leHit1SiX. 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TeM He MeHee, o6b- orpaHI.1l.leHl-1s:! pacnpocrpaHSilliiiCb Ha roaapbl, ~e­ eMbl raKo~ roproanlt1 a 1992-1993 rr. 6bln~A Hac- Hbl Ha KOTOpble 6bllllt1 perynlftpyeMbiMift lftlllft B KO- TOilbKO Belllt1Kit1, l-ITO 0Ka3al'ilt1 B03Ae~CTB!t1e Ha pe- TOpbiX ow,yw,anacb ocrpaSi HexsaTKa Ha BHyrpeH- al'ibHbl~ o6MeHH~~ KYPC 1t1 3KOHOMit1l.lecKYIO aK- HeM PbiHKe, a lt1X lftMnopr ocllO}KHSillCSi 3aAep}K- TII1BHOCTb B Jllt1TBe. YYit1TbiBaSi YA06Hoe reorpa- KaMit1 B BalliOTHOM $1f1HaHCiftPOBaHI!11ft. !.o1l.lecKoe nollO}KeHlo1e Jllo1TBbl, KOTOPaSi HaxOAit1TCSi AanbHe~wl!1e peopMbl 6bllllft nposeAeHbl B Ha nepeKpecrKe cyxonyrHbiX lo1 MOPCI(IIIX Aopo.- espane "" Mae 1994 r. 3KcnopTHble Hanorlft 1ft Me}I(Ay 8ocToKoM 1t1 3anaAoM, MO}KHO npeA- KOil~Al.lecrso roaapoa, noAfle)KSUJ.It1X Hanorco6no- nono}Klo1Tb, YTO 3TO rocyp,apCTBO 1>1 p,anee 6yAeT }KeHiftiO, 6bl11111 COKpaw,eHbl, 3KCnOpTHble KBOTbl nOJ1b30BaTbCSi CBO!t1M npelt1MyW,eCTBOM KaK TpaH- OTMeHeHbl 1ft 3anpeTbl, 3a lftCKI1tOYeHit1eM AByx no- 31t1THOrO ~eHTpa. 3111~1t1~, 6bll11!1 CHSiTbl 10 • 0cTaiOW,It1eCSi sKcnopTHble Ha110flt1, B OCHOBHOM Ha M8Tal111bl, Cblpbe lt1 nolly- ToproaaR nonMTMKa ¢la6plf1KaTb!, pacnpocTpaHSUOTCSi Ha 8% TOBapHbiX ~Si YAOBneraopeHlo1Si norpe6Hocre~ PbiHOY- no3r.1~1ft~ (no WeCTit13HaYHO~ rapMOHift31t1pOBaHHOA HO~ 3KOHOMlo1KIA Jllo1TBa nocTeneHHO OTKa3biBa- Clt1CTeMe) no CTaBKaM OT 5 AO 50%. nocKOilbtHYIO ClftCTe- 6onbwaSi YaCTb 111ft~eH31ftOHHbiX rpe6oaaHit1~ 6blna MY c eAit1Hoo6pa3HbiMit1, yMepeHHbiMIII raplt1$aMI!1 OTMeHeHa, sa lt1CKI110YeHifteM TeX, KOTOpble 3aW,It1- B npeAellax 20-30%. nowlliiiHbl AOil}KHbl 6bllllft UJ,al1111 npoAYKTOBbl!i1 pbiHOK 1t1 ceKrop roaapoa, o6ecneYV~Tb L-tHaHcoabl~ AOXOA ,., 3aW,It1TiftTb u,eHbl Ha KOTop~e He 6blntt~ nlt16epanr~~soaaHbl . 6 npeAnPif1SiTII1S1 a nepexoAHbl~ neplt10A. 8 cepeA!ftHe 3anpeTbl Ha sKcnopr caxapa, cnlftBOl.!Horo 1t1 pac- 1993 r. 6bl111ft BBeAeHbl rAMnOPTHble noWillftHbl, B TiftTellbHoro Macna 6bii11A OTMet-teHbl, OCTaJ11ftCb 3a- OCHOBHOM Ha CellbCKOX03Sii.1CTBeHHble npOAYKTbl, npeTbl Ha 3KCnopT ~BeTHbiX MeTallllOB lit TOBapoB, K OCeHift 1993 r. OHift 6bll11>1 HeMHOro nOBbiWeHbl. TPaAit1~1t10HHO sanpew,eHHbiX K 3Kcnopry B Mlt1- B eapane 111 Mae 1994 r. HeKoropble BbiCWifte poao~ npaKTit1Ke (OPY'fKAY ypoBHSIMLII see ei..L\e BblcoKa. Ha- C03ASB 3KcnopTHble CTliiMYJlbl, He~Tpa111.1130Ba110 1.116onee s~coKI.IIe nownLIIHbl pacnpocTpaHSI~TCSI HBKOTOpble aHTLII3KCnOpTHbl8 T8HA8HLI,LIILII Topro- Ha TOBapbl, KOTOpble COCTaB11S1~T KOHKYPeHU,L/110 BOrO pe}KL/IMa). OTe"4eCTBeHHOi.1 npOAYKU&•U1 12, Tor,o,a KaK MHOrl.lle BLII· C seeAeHil1eM B lt110He 1993 r. n~na peanbHbli.1 Abl CbiPbSI nOUjJlL/IHaMLII He o6naraiOTCS1 (pLIIC. 7.2). o6MeHHblill KYPC Ha"'an noablwaTbCS1. 8 KOHU,e CaMbl~ BbiCOKLII~ B cpeAHeM HeB3Bei.UeHHbl~ 1993 r. e}l(eMeCSI~HaSI 3apnnaTa s rocy,o,apcrseH~ HOMLIIHallbHbl~ ypoBeHb npoTeKU,ViOH&o13Ma (OKOJlO HOM ceKTope Bblpocna AO 75 A01111. 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XOTSI 1.1 Hes¢JcpeKTI.1BH8SI, OOMoraeT OOAAep}I(ClTb Heo6XOAVIMbl~ ypoaeHb roprOBbiX OOTOKOB B yc- npo6neMbl crp}'I(TYPHOH nepecrponKH 11081.1SIX OOJ1HO~ HeKOHBepr1r1pyeMOCTI.1 BalliOT AO CpeAlJI np1.16anT1.1~cK1.1x rocyAapcra Jli.1Taa Ha- rex nop, noKa 6aHKif1 He co3AaAYT HaAe>KHor:1 XOAJ.1TCSI B Hai.160llbWet1 3aB&IICliiMOCT~ OT rocy- c1r1creMbl nepeaoAa nnare>Ket1. 8 Hacrost~ee ape- AaPCTB 6blawero CosercKoro Co10aa a nocraaKaX Ms:l 3Ha~eHllle 6aprepHot1 roproan1r1 Ha~I.1Haer CHir1- 3HeproHocl.1rene~. B 1992 r. He¢JTb cocraansma }I(ClTbcs:J, a c1.1creMa nepeaoAa nnare>Kei:1 coaep- no"'TI.1 ABe rperr.1 n1.1roscKoro HMnopra. AeKe CK.a3al1CSI Ha npo- 1.13BOACTBeHHot1 AeSITellbHOCTH. 8 1992 r. Pocc1.1S1 Ponb CTPYKTYPHbiX M3MeHeHMM pe3KO COKpaTI.1J1a OOCTaBKI.1 HeT~, He BblnOI1HI.1B M MHBeCTML\MM B nepeCTpOMKe TOproanM CB01.1X 06st3aTenbCTB no &IIHAHKaTI.1BHbiM nepeY- 8 1llr1TBe npou,ecc nepeop1r1eHrau,1111r1 roproan1r1 HSIM17. J11.1TBa He cMorna aocnol1H1.1Tb Ae1.1t...U1T Ha 3ana,a. npoXOAir111 MeAJleHHee, YeM B 3CTOH1r11r1 no~raBKaMI.1 c 3ana.Aa, raK KaK ee nopTbl He lr1 JlaTBir11.1 (He C11eAyeT 386b1BaTb, OAHaKo, YTO Top- o6opyAOBaHbl COOTBeTCTBYIOW.1.1M o6J:.a30M AJ1S1 rOBasl CTaTir1CTir1Ka SIBJ1SI8TCSI noTeHU,JIIallbHbiM lr1C- np1.1eMa He¢JT1.1 MOpCKI.1M nyreM. TO'"IHI.1KOM norpewHocret1). B ocHoee raKoro no11o- nepeop&~~eHTaU,I.110 roprOBJ11.1 cyw.ecTBeHHO )!(eHl-1SI 118>KI.1T PSIA aKTopoa. npou,ecc cra61.1111.1- ocno>KHI.111a CTPYKTYPa lllo1TOBCKo~ npoMbiWI1eH- 3aU,lo11.1 B J11.1TBe Well M8AJ1eHHee, YeM B 3CTOHI.11.1, HocTI.1. CpeAI.1 np1.16anrl.1r;1cKI.1X rocyAapcrs IlHTBa 1.1 3aTSIHYBWee~ COCTOSIH1.1e HeyaepeHHOCTI.1 no- HMeer caMyiO 6onbWYJO AOlliO TSVKeno~ npoMbiW- Bl11.1S1110 Ha npou,ecc np1.1HSITVlSI peweH1.1t1 a o6nacr1.1 11eH ..iOCTit1, op1.1eHTHpoBaHHO~ Ha coaercKI.1e Pb1H- Ka01r1Tal10Bl10>KeHt.it11o1 npoi.13BOACTBa. 3aTSiri.1BaHI.1e KI.1 (oKOllO 30% o6w,ero 06beMa np01.13BOACTBa). C npoBeA8HI.18M BaJIIOTHOH peQ>opMbl 1.1 BBOAOM 3ra orpacllb norpe6AAeT OfPOMHOe K0111.1"18CTBO KOHBepT1.1pyeMOCTI.1 He6naronp1.1SITHO CK.a3al10Cb Ha 3Hepr1.11.1, a Ka"'eCTBO OPOAYKUI.11.1 ClilllbHO OT11H- notKI.1M TaK 1.1 He CMOr AO H CTaHAaPTaM AOBOJlbHO TPYAHO. "iHCI18HHOCTb KOHLIP 1.136aBI.1TbCSI OT CBoer:1 aHTI.13KCnopTHO~ Opl.1- pa6oTaiOW.1.1X B MaWI.1HOCTpOeHI.11.1 COCTaBllsteT eHTaUI.11.1, "fTO CHH)KaJlO CH1MY11b1 K 3KCnopry, a OKOJ10 33% BCeX 3aHSITbiX B npOMbllLIJleHHOM ~aCTble CM8Hbl pe>KI.1Ma C03AaBaJ11.1 yYBCTBO He- npOI.13BOACTBe, B XI.1Mlo'l~eCKO~, 3HepreTI.1"1eCKO~ yaepeHHOCTI.1, OOOUJ.PSII11.1Jl0661.1pOBaHr.ote, CHt.1}1(Clll1.1 orpacns:IX "" npo1.13BOACroe crpo~Marep1.1anos - 3ai.1HTepeCOBaHHOCTb B Kani.1Tal10B110>KeHlo1SIX B Te ell.le 18%. 3HaYI.1Te11bHas:t AOilSl npO&o13BOACTBa ccpepbl, a Koropblx J11.1raa pacnonaraer ecrecr- npeAHa3Ha"'anacb AilS! aoeHHbiX uene~ (oco6eH- aeHHbiMI.1 OTHOCHT811bHblMr.of npei.1MyW.eCTBaMlo1. Ho 311eKTpOHI.1Ka 1.1 annaparypa CBS13&11) 6blawero 0rpatil.1"feHI.1SI M061.111bHOCTI.1 pa6oyeiil Cl.111bl 1.1 CB0- CosercKoro Co10aa. 0Kono 40% H3 600 111.1Toa- 60Abl AeVicTBII'Iiil npeAnPI.1SIT'1.1iil CH1.1>Kal11.1 s¢J¢JeK- cKI.1X fOCYAaPCTBeHHbiX npeAOPHSITl-1~ ~Me111.1 TI.1BHOCTb np1.1B8TH3aUir1H, 38M8AJ1SI111.1 npou,ecc BCeCOI03HOe 3Hal.feHHe. np1.1COOC0611)48MOCTb K CTPYKTYPHot1 nepecrpot1Kt.1 111 orserHy~ peaKU.1.1~ 3anaAHbiM CTaHAapTaM 6bllla B 3Hal.fi.1Te!lbHOH npOI.13BOACTBa. Jli.1TBa 38TSIHy11a no cpaBHeHI.1!0 C creneHI.1 ocno>KHeHa 6o11bWL-1MI.1 Macwra6aM&~~ APYrHMH npl-t6anTHHCKHMH rocyAapcraaMl-1 npo- 1.1HAYCTPir1allbHbiX KOMnneKcoa: cpeAHSISI ~1.1ClleH­ u.ecc lll-fKBir1AaU,l-flil rocyAaPCTB8HHOt1 ToprOBI11.1. HOCTb pa6oral01l.l1.1X Ha npeAnPMATI.11.1 cocrasllSieT nocKOllbKY 6011bW1.1HCTBO ABYCTOpOHH1.1X cor11a- 843 YenoaeKa (a rocyAapcraax EC - 1 60); weHHH He OTBeYallo CBOeMy npeAHa3H8Y8HHIO, 3TO Cblrpana CBOIO pOJlb H He3cP¢IeKTI.1BHOCTb npo- cKasa110Cb Ha acet1 roproane crpaHbl. Hecno- 1.13BOACTBa, o6yC110BlleHHast OTCytCTBHeM KOH- co6HOCTb noAAeP)KaTb roproan~. a ceo~ oyepeAb, KYPeHU,1.11.1 B ycnoa1.1stx coaercKo~ 3KOHOMI.1KI.1. HeraH1BHO CKa3aJlaCb Ha npm13BOACTBe, TaK KaK )la>Ke B nl.11l.l8BO~ npOMbiW11eHHOCTH MHOrl.1e o6ew.aHHbiX 3HeproHOCHTenet1 He nocryn1.1no. npeAOPI.1SIT1.1S1 S1Bl1A11li1Cb "'aCTbiO o6beAI.1H8H1.1~­ J11.1Taa Morna 6bl 6blcrpee nepeoplfleHrnpoaarb MOHonOI11.1CTOB Ha BHytpeHHeM PbiHKe. roprosn10, ecn1.1 6bl aocnonbsoaanacb npeHMy- YnaAoK npo~~tsBoAcraa s JlHrse Ha~anCSI no3- w.ecraaMI.1 caoero 6naronpl.1stTHoro nono>KeHI.1~ >Ke, L~eM a APYf1.1X np ..~.6anTI.1~CKr.1X rocy,o,apcrsax. OTHOC&~~TeflbHO 3anaAHbiX pbiHKOB. C 1992-1993 IT. "iaCTI.1"1HO 3TO o6bstCHSieTCS1 Halll-1"1&/leM 3Ha- J11.1TBa 1.1Meer cornaweHI.1SI o ceo6oAHO~ roproane Ya.1T811bHbiX sanacoa Cblpbst 1.1 npOA011)KeHI.1eM no npOMbiWI19HHbiM TOBapaM C 60J1bWir1HCTBOM 6aprepHb1X cAenoK. MHor1.1e npeAnPI.1SITI.1SI nonb- rocyAapcra EACT, nonb3yeTCS~ crarycoM yYacTHl-1- 30Balllr1Cb KOCBeHHbiMI.1 Hai10fOBbiMI.1 llbrOTaM'-1, Ka rcn B Toproane c EC ~ CWA (eM. pa3Ae11 12}. cy6ci.1Aif1AM'-1 l>1111.1 APYri.1MI.1 Blt1AaMI.1 npaBI.1renb- 06'beMbl roprosm>1 Jl1.1TBbl c rocyAapcrsaMI.1 EACT craeHHOH noMoW.1.1 1.1111.1 ,o,eweBbiMI.1 KPeAI.1T8MI.1 6blnH MeHbWEJ, l.feM c EC, ~ro, aepostTHO, o6'b- 6aHKOB. Ao cepeAHHbl 1992 r. He 6blno saKpblra stCHSieTCS1 KparKocpo"'HbiMI.1 TPYAHOCTSIMII'I B o6e- Hilt OAHOrO npeAOPI.1ATI.1SI. cne"!eH'-11.1 3KCnOPTHbiX TOBSPOB, OAHaKO 06'b8Mbl B 1992 r. ot'ibeM npoMbiWlleH~toro nPOH3BOA- roprOB11111 C fOCYAaPCTBaMH-yYaCTHHLIPMH o6el-!X crsa coKpaTI.111CSI Ha 50%. CH1.1)1(eHI.1e cnpoca 1.1 llMTaa: npo6neMbl roproonM B nepexoAH~o~A nePMOA 159 yxyAWeHI!t1e YCl10Ba.1~ ToprOBI1a.1, KCTaTa.1, caMble 3aTei1SIM Ha AYWY HaceneH&.iSI llHTBa OCTanacb cyl!4eCTBeHHble cpeAI!t1 acex rocy,o.apcra 6blawero ~eKO n03aAH 3CTOHI!t1H H H8MH0f0 npoHrpana CCCP, npo~Blllllllt1Cb a ocHOBHOM eo aropo~ flaTBHM. 3TO, CKopee BCero, SIBI!t1110Cb ClleACTBHeM nonoaa.1He ro,o.a. 06w,ee yxyAweH!IIIe ycnoaM~ rop- MeHee CTa6HJ1bHO~ 11011HTI-1Klll 11'1 3KOHOMII'I'48CKO~ rosnllt1, onpeAenSJeMoe no conocraeneHI!t110 ~eH cpeAbl B Jla.1TBe (a.1 JlaTBHM). 1990 r. a.1 Ma.1POBbiX ~eH, COCTaBI!t1110 OT 25 AO IIIHOCTpaHHble lr'IHBeCTH~llla.1 B U,8110M MallO no- 30%, a.111a.1 13% sen (Tapp, 1994). 8 1992 r. a Blla.1SIIla.1 Ha nepeopHeHTa~llt110 llii'ITOBCKO~ TOproB- roprosne npo~3owen Konnanc (cM. ra6n. 7.2). J11H, XOTSI OHH, nO-Ba.1AHMOMy, noMOrllH no,DJJ,ep>Ka- .D.onn1 rocyAapcray a.1 APYrllt1M npeAnPI!t1SITI!t1S~M Ha.110 roprosna.1 co crpaHaMI!t1 6blswero CCCP. Ha~~ HaKanllllt1BaTbCSI. CenbcKoxo3SJ~craeHHoe E;OllbWI!t1HCTBO HHOCTpaHHbiX a.1HB8CTOPOB B Jla.1TBe npollt13BOACTBO coKparllt1nocb Ha 30%. Ocp!!t1~~anb­ l413 HOBbiX He3aBI!t1Ca.1MbiX fOCYAaPCTB. 8 1992 r. Hble ,D,aHHble, nOKa3biBaiOW,a.1e CnaA npOMbiWJleH- TpeTbSI '4aCTb COBMeCTHbiX npeAnPH~TIIl~ 6bll1a HOfO npoa.13BOACTBa a.1 ToprOBI1111, He OTPIDKaiOT C:03AaHa C pOCCH~CKHM Y'4aCTHeM, HX rnaBHO~ fHfaHTCKO~ Yf8'4KH Kamnana 111 HeOcpHU,1!1CL'lbHbl~ u,enbiO 6blno no,D,Aep>KaHHe nocraeoK poccH~CKHX HMnOpT. 8 1993 r. npOA011>KSI10Cb CHa.1>KeHI!t1e voaapos HnH cnoco6craoaaHHe HX pe3Kcnopry. BBn, OAHaKo ao3o6HoaneHI!t1e HeKoropblx ropro- llpH 3TOM 60% Kanllt1TanOB110)f(eHI!t1~ nocrynHno l/13- BbiX CBSI3e~ Ill BH8WHSI~ nOMOW,b nOMOfalll.ll noA- aa npeAe.noa nocrcoaercKoro npocrpaHcrsa. Ha- AeP>K~BaTb 3KOHOMH'4eCKYIO aKTI!t1BHOCTb. npa.1Mep, 3aperii1CTpHpOBaHO 305 COBM8CTHbiX C repMaH~e~ npeAnPI!t1SITlll~ (MB, 1993), XOTSI HHOCTpSHHble HHBeCTII11.4VIH o6w,H" o6beM ocanllt1Tanoano>KeHHC1 HeBellllt1K. Ka- 1111t1Tanoano>KeHI'ISI B COBMeCTHble npeAnPHSITHSI JlMTBa npa.1BJ1eKna M8HbWe a.1HOCTpaHHbiX liiHBe- MOr)'T nOAHRTb Ha HOBbl~ ypoBeHb TeXHOJlOrl-110 cnUJ,Ifl~, 'ieM 3CTOHMSI, H3·3a pa31111'1'4HbiX orpa- UlPOH3BOACTBa H o6ner'4HTb TSKHM o6pa30M TOp- HM'4eHI!t1~ Af1SI II'IHOCTpaHHbiX HHBeCTOpOB. , 1993). CTBO allKOfOllbHbiX Ham1TKOB 11'1 Ta6a'4HbiX 1.13Ae11a.1~, OAHaKo npHBaTI!t13a.1POBaTb 3a TBePAYIO BalliOTY BwaQAW no aonpocaM Toproaoi MO>KHO 11a.1Wb npeAnPHSITI!t1S., BHeCeHHble B AOBOllb- HO orpaHI!t1'4eHHbl~ Cnllt1COK, a.1HOCTpaHU,bl He MOfYT nOnMTMKM BllaAeTb 3eMne~. He cyw,ecrayer HaAe>Kuoro Mno- nocne HecnewHbiX nepablx waroa JlHTBa Ha- Te'4Horo 3aKOHO,D,aTellbCTBa. VlHTepec a.1HOCTpaH- '4ana 3aKpei111SITb 3KOHOMH'4eCKHe npeliiMyW,eCTBa ~eB K C06CTBeHHOCT&.1 B Jla.1TBe orpaHH'4MBaeTCSI cra6Hn~aa~llt111t1. Cra611t1nHaa~.zy~SJ }l(llt13HeHHO Heo6xo- 6!0pOKpaTI!t1'4eCKHMa.1 npOBOI10~KaMI!t1 a.1 npOM3B0- AHMa All~ o6ecne'4eHHR roproao~ nepeopHeH- 110M npa.1 npMHRTI!t1M peweHI!t1M (CA811KM C ~aCTII'IeM TaUHH M 3Hepr1.1'4HO~ peaK~H~ npOH3BOACTBa Ha II'IHOCTpaH~eB AOfl*Hbl yraep~TbCR rocKOMH- HOBble Pb1H0'4Hble CTIIlMYllbl. Sra peaKU,IIIR aaBH- TeTOM no npHBaTI!t13a~llt111t1). C 1987 no 1992 r. 6bl- CHT, no BCe~ B1.1AHMOCTH, OT CTa61.1111bHOCTII'I MaK- no aaperllt1cTpHpoaaHo 6onee 2 TbiC. npoeKToB c p03KOHOMI!t1'4eCKO~ CHCTeMbl, pa3BHTHR CT1r1MY110B Y'tSCTII'IeM IIIHOCTpaHHOfO KanliiTalla, llt3 HII'IX 'ieTblpe '4aCTHoro ceKTopa, nporpecca npHBaTH3aU,IIt1H, nS~TbiX CT811a.1 COBM8CTHbiMII'I npeAnPHSITr.1RMII'I a.1 crpyKl)'PHO~ nepecrpo~IG1 rocy.o.apcrnet-tHblX npe_o.- 11a.1Wb nSJTSSI 'iaCTb- C06CTB8HHOCTbiO a.1HOCTpaH- npa.1RTI!t1~ 111 yperyn!!t1pOBaHI!t1R npaB C06CTB8HHOCTH. HOfO ocana.1Tana. BcnnecK aKTMBHOCTM npmo13owen Oco6eHHO Ba>KHO C03AC1HII1e 3cpcpeKTliiBHo~ cllt1c- a 1992 r., Kor.o.a 6blna aaperMcTp!!t1poaaHa no'4TIIt1 TeMbl CTI!t1MYI10B, TaK KaK np""BaTI!t13a~llt1SI He nplii- noi10BI!t1Ha 3Ta.1X npoeKTOB. 60J1bWMHCTBO lll3 He- B8A8T K CTPYKT'YPHO~ nepecrpo~Ke, noKa He 6YAYT AaBHO 3aperHCTPHPOBaHHbiX npeAnPMRTH~ noKa ycrpaHEn1bl npenRTCTBII'IR pa3BHTHIO '4aCTHO~ l-'IHH- ew,e He cpyHK~HOHI!t1pye'T {M8¢>, 1993). ~aTHBbl H M06HJ1bHOCTH pa6o~e~ CHJlbl. AHanHa nnare>KHoro 6anaHca noKaablaaer Ha.13Klll~ ypoaeHb npSJMbiX a.1HOCTpaHHbiX a.1H- npo6neMbl roprosoit nonHTHKH BeCTII'I~a.1~ B 11a.1TBe- 10 MllH. A01111. B 1992 r. a.1 8 roproaoi:\ nonHTHKe l111t1TBbl cyw,ecrsyer PM 40 MnH. Aonn. a 1993 r. (ra6n. 7.3). no noKa- npo6neM, CBR3aHHbiX C acf>eKTHBHbiM pa3Mew,e- Ha.18M pecypcoa 11'1 ycneWHbiM npOABir1>KeHHeM K Pb1H0'4HO~ 3KOHOMII1Ke. MHorne RPKO Bb!pa>KeHHble Ta6JIMI4a 7 .3. MHoCTpaHHwe KanMTalloano•eHM• a aHT~SKCnopTHble TeHAeH~H1.1 B 3KcnopTHOH nonH- n.,..GanntKe THKe ycTpaHeHbl, H OCTaBWIIleCR orpaHW·Ie~ia.1SI He HMeiOT 3KOHOMH'4eCKOrO 060CHOBaHHSI, TeM 60- CrpaHa 1993, Hattywy nee, 'iTO u,eHbl nllt16epam130BaHbl. HeKoropyiO aH- MnH. ,o.onn. HaceneHHR, TIIt13KcnopTHyiO HanpaaneHHOCTb roproaoMy pe}l(llt1- ,o.onn. MY npa.1p,aer llt1cnonbaoaaHI.1e HMnopTHbiX rapllt1- cpos. YpoaeHb nporeKU,HOHI!t13Ma RBJlReTcR anonHe 3cTOHHR 110 69 yMepeHHbiM, OAHaKO VIMnOpTHbl~ pe>KI.1M B ~ellOM Jl&TBMR 50 18 llHWeH CI.1CT8MHOCTI!t1 lr1 nOC118AOBaTellbHOCTH. JlKTBa 40 11 Jla.1TBe He06XOAI!t1MO KaK MO>KHO CKopee ycTa- HOBI!t1Tb CTa6HllbHYIO a.1 nocneAOBaTellbHY~ CHC· TeMy no6yAI!t1T81lbHbiX MOTI.1BOB K ToprOBile, npe}l(- lll C T 0 't H M IC: M6PP. 160 ToproBnSI e HOBbiX tre3aBHCHMbiX rocyAapcTBaX ,o,e ~eM copMII1pyercst Hoaas:~ crpyKTypa npo1.113~ MO)KHOCTiil, npeAOCTa81leHHble npoTeKU,II10HII13MOM, BOACTBeHHbiX OTHOWeHiillil. He AJ1S1 CTPYKTYPHOt:ii nepecrpoHKr.1, a AflSI roro, O~eHb BrutKaTb ee. 3ro cnoco6crsyer p,anbHei1- 60ilbW!t1HCTBa OCTaiO~"'XCSI 3KCnopTHbiX Ha/lOfOB weMy npoM3BOACTBY Hes$eKTr.1BHOH npOAYKI.J,Ii1M, 1.11 3anperoa. Hanor1.11 npens:~rcray10r pacw1.11peHI.IIIO OC06eHHO B YC110Br.1RK 8biCOKO" KOH~eHTpa~lil~ TOPfOBJll!l B rex o6naCTSIX 3KOHOMII1Kiil, r,o,e Jl1.1TBa pbiHKOB, KaK s Jlr.1TBe. 111Meer OTHOCII1TenbHble npeliiMy~ecraa. Hanor1.11 He8biCOKr.1e M eAMHoo6pa3H~e nownMHbl Ha craas:~r npoii13BOAL.nenelll cblpbst B HepaaHoe nono- YP08He 1 0% r.11lM HVI>Ke, npr.1MeHS18Mble KO BCeMy )l(eHII1e no cpaaHeHt.110 c BHyrpeHHiiiMiil npol.ll3· r.1Mnopry, o6ecnet.tar Heo6XOAr.1Mbl" ypo8eHb 3a- BOAII1Tens:tM111. Hanor1.11, HaKoHeU., MOryT np1.11aecrlil W.r.1Tbl 1lr.1T08CKoro pbiHKa. 6onee 8biCOKr.1e cTaB- K nos:~aneHI!110 orp1.11u,arenbHbiX noKa3arenet:1 AO· KM 6YAYT cnoco6CT80BaTb ABM)KeHr.110 3a OC80- 6asneHHOli! 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MaMeHeHM• BHewHaro xapaKTepa 1992-1993 BBe,l\eHa KOHBepTlo1pyeM8H Bal1toT8 nplo1 1992g 1993 OcHOBHbiMI-1 lo1HA}'CTJ)r.18IlbHbiMH rocy- rlo16KoM o6MeHHOM KYPCe. ,Q,apcTBaMI-1 Jl~otTBe npeAOCTSBileH CT8TYC ~ 992 OrMeHeHa 06H38Tei1bHBH npo,Q,aJKB 3KCnopTHO~ BbiPY'IKl-1 no ;cypcy Hlo't:lKe ocn. 1992-1993 3aKI'I~eHbl cornaweHHH o cao6oAHO~ PbiHOYHoro. ToproBile c rocy,Q,apcTB8Mir1 EACT. ~ 992 OrMeHeHO H8110r006IlO:lKeHlo1e AQXOAOB OT 3KCnopTa 38 TBCPAYIO B811IOTY no KYPCY 1992-1993 npeKP8lUeH8 TOprOBilH H8 OCHOBe lotH,Ql-1· K8ll1BHbiX nepeyHeH TOBapoB. 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H..,IO 0 CB060AHO~ ToproBile. 3eKTif1BHo~ peaKu,..,.., npo..,3BOACTBa Ha PbiHOI.f- 3tteprOHOCMTemt, HeKOTOpb18 81iiAbl Cb!J)bA, T8KCTMnb, M8T811nhl Hble CTif1MYfll:ll. 1!1 M3A811MA M3 Ap&88CMHbl; "'Hbl H8 AP888CMHY M H8KOTopble BliiAbl CbiPbA 6bllll!i lllii6epanM30BaHbiiC ICOHI.W 1992 r. npMM8'18HMR 7 11MTOacKMA 3Kcnopr noAMprancR M APYJ'MM orpaHM._....,., B pa3Aene Mcnonb3oaaHbl KOMMeHTapMM A. XMnnMaHa, M. PYKJbl, OBOUI,M M 1.41!18Tbl. 10 lpeMR BBOAB B o«5paU¥tHM8 TMOHOB M B MIOtte 1993 r. 10 13 6yYblnKM M3 npospa"4HHrO CTeKna (B AOOOJ1H6HM8 K 30%-HOA &peMA BIO.Qa 8 0«5paU48HM8 J1MTa. OOWJ1Mtte), CKOT, CBMHMHa AliA KOn«Sac M APYrM8 npo.QYJcrbl 17 B 1991 r. POCCMA noCTaiMJ1B nMTie TOJ1bKO 70% coro nMTaHMA, CbiPbe AI'IA Cf:\X&PHOA npoMbiUneHHOCTM, xno&tble Ma- naCOI8HHIIO( 0«5'b8MOI Cblpoft tteei>TM. B 1992 r. MMI"'IP'I' ~TM KM M ~yp&lle. CHM3MJ1CA A0 35% 0«5'b8MOI ~Yll48r0 ro,Qa, rasa «5biiiO 14 n~pab!i\1 MSMeHeHMA nocne.QoaanM '4epes MeCfill.4 nocne nocTalneHO Ha 4·5% Mett~awe, '4BM 1 1991 r. OPMHRTMR 38KOH8 0 TaMOliCH8 M AIMJ1MCb CJ18,QCTIM8M ,Q81J1eHMA arpapHOro no«5«5M, liC8J10BaDW8rOOA H8 ,QeW81b&\ iKMOOPT. now- J1MHbl H8 MACO M mHI.ft «5blnH Y.QBOeHbl AO 30%, H8 CKOT OOA- nMT8p8TJP8 HA11HCb C 5 AO 30%. 6hii1M OOAHRfbl T8101C8 OOWJ1MHbl Ha npo- 6anTMACICM8 pecny«SnMKM: 3CTOHMA, naTIMfl, nMTIB: CTpa- .QYKL\HIO pacTeHHeiOACTBa M lKMBOTHOBOACTBa. TaKMM o6pa30M HOieA'48CKMA o«53op (Baltic Republics: Estonia, Latvia, O,[t'IH ceK'I'op 3ICOHOMMKM nenc:o CYMen Ao«5MTbCA 6onee lllbiCOKoro Lithuania)// Economist Intelligence Unit. JloHAOH, 1993. ypoBHA npoT81Q4MOHM3M8, 'fl'O MOJIC8T C03,Q8Tb J10}1(HW8 CTMMYJ1b1 nMTBa (lithuania) // IMF Economic Review, 7. MBro YHtnsepcM- OC~TIJ1ATibCA nocp&ACTIOM ABVCTOpotHtro KnMPMHr8 '48pe3 T&Ta, HbiO-riilopK, 1992. py6J18Bbl8 KOpp&cOOHA8HTCICM8 C'*!Ta I l48HTp&nbHbfX &\HICB.X rocy.QapcTIIt-Y't8CTHMKOI cornaweHMA. B paMK&X rocy,QapcTBeH- .flHTaa: nepexoA ec ptolttCHtOA HOHOMHKe (Lithuania: the Transi- HOA ToprolnM ycTaHalnHI'J8IIMCb onpe,QeneHHbl8 o«5'b8Mbl noc- tion to a Market Economy). M6PP. BawMttnott, 1993. TaaoK TOBBPOI no CI>HKCMPOEIBHHbiM 1,4eHaM I AOnnapOBOM CTaTMCTM'f&CKMA CI1)8BO'HIK: rocy,QapcTaa &aaewero CCCP (S1a- Bbll)aJICSHMM, npM 3TOM AOnnapoBaR L48H8 nepeao,QMnacb B py6nM tisticai Handbook: States of the Former Soviet Union). M6PP. BawMHrTOH, 1993. 8 BHEWHETOPrOB&IH If BAniOTHbiH PEJKHMbl MOR_tlOBbl ,/PKoHaTaH Yonrepc Mo.11AoBa, KaK ~ APYr~e pecny6n~K~ 6biBWero CoeercKoro COI03a, H~KOfAS npSIMO He }"faCTBOBana B Toproene C BHeWH~M M~POM, paBHO KaK HI.1KOfAS ~ HII'IKOII'IM o6pa30M He Morna 803- Ae~CTBOBaTb Ha nonmKeHPA~, coo6pa3HO KOTOPbiM ocyw,ecr- BllS:Jn~Cb BHeWHSISI roproenS~ "" nnare)l(~ 1. B paMKax CCCP MOflASBCKaSI 3KOHOMII'IKa MOrna C"'II'ITaTbC$J BeCbMa OTKpbiTO~. 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YposeHb 1.1H$11RU.I.11.1 coKpaTI.111CSI AO 5% s o6yCI1081.1BWf.i!X pe3KOe COKpaLJ..4eHI.1e 06beMa 1.1M- Mecstu,; 610A)I(eTHbiH Ae$&~~U,I.1T, Ol.feBI.1AHO, COCTa· nopra. 6blcrpo pacry1.1.41.1e B npeAenax 6blswero CCCP Sl'IT, KaK 1.1 nnaH1.1pOB8110Cb Ha 1994 r., MeHee 4% U,eHbl - a 0Hif1 CTpeMI.1ni.1Cb K MI.1POBOMy ypoBHIO - BBn; BbiCOKLile nono)I(I.1Te11bHble 3Ha'feHI.1R e pe- CYLJ..4eCTB8HHO ysenlf11.fJ.il111.1 CTOI.1MOCTb 8Cl)KHei1UJ1.1X aJlbHOM Bblp~eH1.1!f1 lr1MeeT ypoBeHb ~eTiiOH CTaB- Afl$1 MOJlAOBbl BI.1AOB 1.1MnOpTa, B l.faCTHOCTI.1 3Hep- KI.1 I.J.eHTpa11bHOfO 6aHKa. nporpecc OTMe"taeTCR roHOCI.1Tene~ (99~ CBOI.1X 3HepreTI.11.feCKI.1X OOT- 1.1 a npoaeAeHI.11.1 CTPYKTYPHbiX pe~OPM. pe6HOCTei1 MOJlAOBa o6ecnel.fi.1BaeT 3a cl.feT 1.1M- nopTa, s ocHOBHOM 1.13 Pocc1.11.1 1.1 APYfi.1X cTpaH Crpyterypa aHewHei Toproantt 6blawero CCCP). 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MaTp1.1sana 6onee Jll.16epanbHYJO ToprosyiO 1.1 u,e- MonAOBe np1.1xOAHTC~ npoTMBOCTORTb *ecrKoA HOBYIO 0011!f1T1.1Ky, np1.1SaTI.13aU,I.110 8 npOMbiW- KOHKYPeHU,I.1~ Ha PbiHKaX crpaH 6blawero CCCP. neHHOCTIA 1.1 CeJ1bCKOM X03RLiiCTBe, a TaK)I(e 3aMeHy llt3-3a OTCYTCTBI.1~ AOCTOB8PH0'1 1.1HcPOPMaU,I.11.1 061.1.4ero cy6CI.1ALIIPOS8HI.1Sf norpe6i>HSflbCK1.1X TO- o6 o6beMe Toproanl.1 MO)I(Ho 111.1Wb npl16111.131.1- sapos 6onee aApecHbiMI.1 KOMneHcau,L~~OHHbiMI.1 TeJlbHO ou,eHI.1Tb yxyAWeHVIe ycnoa1.1i1 ToproBJll.1 BblnnaTaMI.1 ysi3Bl-1Mb1M S COll,LilallbHOM nllaHe rpyn- B CBR31.1 C poCTOM U,eH Ha 3Heprl.110 1.1 3HeprOHOCI.1· naM HaceneHI.1R. Te!11!1 {no KOTOpbiM t.1MelOTCR 6onee TO\fHble AaH· K anpen10 1994 r. cra61.1m13SU,VIOHHble Mepo- Hble), ecn1.1, KPOMe roro, npeAnono*I.1Tb, "'TO oc- 8HeWtteToproBbiA M Ba/IIOTHbiA pe:IKMMbl MOllAOBbl 167 Ta&tMqa a. 1. BH8WHIIII TOprOBIIII MOJIAOBIDI II 1990-1993 rr. 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H M K: Ha~oHanbHbiA 6aHK Mon.QOBbl. 168 ToproanR B HOBbD( He38Br.1CMMbiX rocyA8J)CTBaX TafinM~ 8.3. OcHOBHwe voproawe napntepw CIIIMOCTIII ee TOPfOBbl~ pe>KIIIM 1113MeHIIIJ1CSI BeCbMa MOIIAOBW ID 1992 r. cy~ecraeHHO, eras 6onee m16epa11bHbiM (npHno- (MnH. py6.) >KeHIIISI 8.1 Ill 8.2). ToproBbiH napTHep 3Kcnopr /IIMnopT 15anaHc 3KCnOpTHbiH peJKHM l5b1BWHH CCCP, 47841,7 74127,3 -26285,6 K Ha~any 1993 r. MOJ1AOBa ~t~Mena pasaer- acero aneHHYIO Ill CJlO>KHYIO CIIICTeMy 3KCnopTHOfO KOHT· A3ep6atflA>KaH 1259,5 1149,5 110,0 pons:~. 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JliiiU.eH3111POB8HIIIe 3KCnop- TbiC.T Ta reKcrHnst a crpaHbl EC npoiii3BOAl-1TCS1 cornacHo II1H,D.eKC U9H H8 100 6143 86769 rpe6oaaHIIISIM EC 5 . 3Kcnopr PaAI.10SKTIIIBHbiX or- 3HeproHOCIItTenlit XOAOB Ill 6aprepHb!H 3Kcnopr B crpaHbl C KOHBep- (1991 = 100) TIIIpyeMbiMif1 BaniOTaMIII3anpew.eHbl. 3Kcnopr scex 111HP.eKC no-rpe6111- 100 889 3955 OCTaJlbHbiX TOBapoB He nOAJ18>KIIIT KaKIIIM-1111160 TeJlbCKIIIX U9H 3KCnopTHbiM orpaHIII~eHIIISIM - 11111U.eH3111pOBaHrr110, (1991 = 100} 6 KBOTIIIPOBaHIIIIO, aanpeTaM, HanoraM - 38 IIICKIIIO· ~eHIIIeM rpe60BSHIIIS1 yTBep>KAeHIIISl U.eHbl 3KCnop- Ill C T 0 '4 H H K: focyp,apcT08HHbl~ A9rlaPT8M8HT CTBTHCTHKM MonAOBbl. T~pyeMOf0 TOBapa7 • HMnopTHt'lli~ peJKVIM TSJlbHble 3KCnopTHble Ill IIIMnopTHbl8 U.8Hbl nOAHIII· Ao KOHu,a 1993 r. 6onbwas:~ ~acrb lf1Mnopra MSJliiiCb B COOTB8TCTBIIIIII CO cpeAHIIIM YPOBH8M 1113 crpaH BHewHero Mrrtpa o6naranacb IIIMnopr- BHyrpeHHe~ IIIH$11~U.IIIl4. AaHHb1'1 pac~er Aaer HbiMIII rap~~tcpaMIII Ill Ha110f8MIII, BBeAeHHbiMIII ew,e noKaaarenb yxyAweHIIISI ycnoe111~ roproa11111 AJls:l AO nony'teHIIISI MOJlAOBo~ HeaaBIIICIIIMOCTlo18 . CraB- MoJ1AOBbl B 1991 111 1992 rr. Ha ypoaHe, npea~:a~wa­ Kill COCT8BJ1S111111 OT 5 AO 1300%. Hanor111 Ill Taplllcpbl IO~eM 20% 88n. B3111MCli1111Cb OT py6neBO~ CTOIIIMOCH1 TOBapa, a OHa paCCI.4111TbiBal1aCb Ha OCHOBe $111KCIIIpoBaHHOfO BHewHeToproablit pelKMM KYPca BaiiiOTHoro py6.nR - 1,8 p}'f). K 1 AOM. CWA. 3a fOAbl nocne o6pereHIIISI MOJlAOBO~ He3aBIII- K KOHU.Y 1993 f. py611b o6ecu.eHIIIJ1CS1 HSCTOJlbKO, BHeWHtnoproabiA H aaniOTHbiA pe)I(MMbl MoriAOBbl 169 Te5.nMI4S $.5. ToaapHaR H reorpaci»H'IecKaR CTJ»YKTYPB BHewHeifl TOproiiiiH Mo.ftNltBW, 1992 r. (M11H. py6.) Bcero 3Kcnopr ltiMnOpT 5biBWHH CTpaHbl Bcero 6b1BWHM CTpaHbl ToproBbiH 6anaNc 06U(UH ...._. 6biBWUH CrpaHbl ___ HauMeHOBBHUe CCCP BHeWHero CCCP BHewHero CCCP BIHewHero MUpa MUpa MUPB npo,D,yKLJ,HR )I(HBOTHOBOACTBa 3241,9 3097,4 144,5 379,3 360,2 19,1 2862,6 2737,2 125,4 npo,D,YKLJ,HR pacTeHHeBO,D,CTBa 5930,6 4581,1 1349,5 10497,7 4470,3 6027,4 (4567,1) 110,8 (4677,9) >KIIIPbl 111 Macna 1273,3 1256,1 17,2 82,9 80,7 2,2 1190,4 1175,4 15,0 npoAYKTh! mrraHHR, 81JKOf011b Ill Hani/ITKH 15344,1 14897,7 446,4 2067,9 855,8 1212,1 13276,2 14041,9 (765,7) M111Hepa11bl 945,0 59,6 885,4 41665,0 41654,8 10,2 (40720,0) (41595,2} 875,2 XIIIMH'ieCKaH npo,D,YKUIIISl 1908,7 452,7 1456,0 4053,9 3454,4 599,5 (2145,2) (3001 ,"1) 856,5 nnacTMaccbl, pe3111Ha 111 npo,D,yKLJ,HR 1113 nnacTMaccbl H pe3r..1Hbl 661,5 615,7 45,8 2114,7 1964,4 150,3 (1453,2) (1348,7) (104,5) Ko)l(3, Mex 111 npo,D,yKIJ,IIIR 1113 KO)I(III Ill Mexa 583,2 474,7 108,5 394,4 174,1 220,3 188,8 300,6 (111,8) .llepeeo 111 nPQAYKLJ,HR ,D,epesoo6pa6oTKIII 121,9 17,0 104,9 1578,2 1349,8 228,4 (1456,3) (1332,8) (123,5) 6YMara, K8PTOH, npoAYKLJ,HR 1113 6YMarlll Ill K8PTOH8 1145,7 535,6 610,1 2202,5 1997,2 205,3 {1056,8) (1461,6) 404,8 TeKCTIIIJlb Ill TeKCTIII11bH8R npo,D,yKU,HR 5941,6 4413,9 1527,7 9765,8 6082,5 3683,3 (3824,2) ( 1668,6) (2155,6) 06ysb, W11Rnbl, 30HTbl, .QP. 1144,5 567,7 576,8 549,2 186,6 362,6 595,3 381,1 214,2 npo,D.YKLJ,HSI 1113 KepaMIIIKIII, CTeKJla Ill K8MHs:f 583,2 550,5 32,7 1139,8 632,1 507,7 (556,6) (81,6) (475,0) AParou,eHHble MeTa1111bl 111 K8MHIII, IOBelliiiPHble lii3,D,e11HR 812,9 809,0 3,9 350,6 335,3 15,3 462,3 473,7 (11,4) MeYa1111bl ~1 MeTaMonpo,D,yK~!1Sl 6635,8 309,6 6326,2 5748,4 5137,7 610,7 887,4 (4828, 1) 5715,5 MaWVIHbl 111 o6opy.J40S8Hl-'le 6396,3 5429,2 967,1 3500,4 1392,3 2108,1 2895,9 4036,9 (1141,0) 3rleKTPOo6opy,D,osaHIIIe ir1 np~~t6opbl 7251,6 6144,3 1107,3 3834,7 1719,9 2114,8 3416,9 4424,4 (1007,5) TpaHcnopTHible cpeACTBa 2570,9 2369,2 201,7 3801,8 1665,0 2136,8 (1230,9) 704,2 (1935,1) oToKaMepbl, 'i8Cbl, M}'3biK811bHblf.~ IIIHCTPyMeHTbl, neKapcTBa 235,1 207,4 27,7 300,2 270,6 29,6 (65, 1) (63,2) (1,9) Pa311H'iHaR npo,qyKU.V.st 1072,3 986,6 85,7 785,7 322,3 463,4 286,6 664,3 (377,7) npe,D,MeTbl IIICK')'CCTBa, 8HntKBaPII!8T 2,3 2,2 0,1 16,9 16,3 0,6 (14,6) (14, 1) (0,5) Ycnyrlll MaTePIII811bHoro xapaKTepa 77,6 64,5 13,1 19,6 5,0 14,6 58,0 59,5 (1 ,5) Bcero 63880,0 47841,7 16038,3 94849,6 '74127,3 20722,3 (30969,6) (26285,6) (4684,0) liTO BbiCWSs:l CTaBKa HMilOPTHO~ ll0Willt1Hbl cJ>aKn'l- Hs:tiOrCs:t K npOr.13BOACrBeHHbiM pecypcaM, caMble lieCKIII cocTaens:tna He 6onee 2% np1.1 nepeclieTe BbiCOKif18- K HalliiiTKaM Ill Ta6aliHbiM lf13Ae/lllls:IM. no cy~ecTBYJO~eMy o6MeHHoMy taMIII He AeKa6pe 1993 r., MapTe 1994 r. 1.1 ew,e Pa3 B 1.110- o6naraercs:t 11 • V1MnopTHble 111.1U,eH31Afil rpe6y10Tcs:t 9 He 1994 r. Taplllci>Has:t CTPYKTYPa BKilJOliaeT OAMH- Ha BCe BfiiAbl TOBapoB, KOTOpble noAfle>Kar 3KC- HSAL.J,aTb ypoaHel-1 cTaBoK oT 0 AO 300%, nplr1lieM nopTHOMY 111.1U,eH3lt1POBaHif110 (no coo6piDKeHfils:IM AJ'IR 60ilbWif1HCTBa ToaapoB AeHCTBYJOT TaPif1cPb1 Hlt1- oxpaHbl 3AOPOBbs:t, oKp)')KaJOw,eti cpeAbl .., tcynb- )l(e 30%. GaMble HIII3Kif1e CTaBKIII Tap1.1Q>OB npfi!Me- rypHoro xapaKTepa). 170 ToproenA B HOBbl)( tte3aBMCMMbiX rocyAaJ)CTBaX L.leHbl Ht.1CTepcYBa 3KOHOMI.1Kt.1, npot.1CX0Al-1T 6biCTpoe CHI.1>KeHI.1e 3TO~ A0111.1. no CllOBaM OAHOfO 1.13 pa- .n1.16epant.1aau,t.1~ BHewHeroproao~ 1.1 nnaTe)K- 6oTHI.1KOB Mt.1Ht.1CTepcTBa, B 1994 r. AOll~ 1.1MnOpTa HO~ c1.1cTeM conpoao~nacb nocreneHHO~ n1.1- 1,13 crpaH 6blawero CCCP B o6LUeM o6beMe lf1M- 6epan1.1aau,1.1e~ u,eH 1.1 c6J11.1)KeH1.1eM BHyrpeHHI.1X 1.1 MI.1POBbiX U,eH. 8 YaCTHOCTI.1, BHyrpeHHI.1e U,eHbl nopra MoMOBbl AOroKHa CHI.131.1Tbai c 80% a 1993 r. Ha 3HeproHOCI.1TeJlt.1 noBbiW8111.1Cb OAHOBpeMeHHO ,o,o 20-25%. B 1993 r. 3annaHI.1POBaHHble rocy- C pOCTOM CTOI.1MOCTI.1 1.1MnOpTHbiX nocTaBOK 3Hep- AaPCTBeHHble 3aKynKl-1 no U,eHTPaJ1l-130BaHHOMY fOHOCI.1Teneil!, nocTeneHHO npt.16J11.1)K(l~Cb K Mt.1PO- 6aprepy 6bl111.1 BblnonHeHbl nt.1Wb Ha 60%. YKaaaHHa~ T6HAeHU,t.1~ HaxOA1>1T~ B COOTBeT- BOMY ypoBHIO (np1.1 3TOM u,eHbl Ha sneKrposHep ... CTBI.11.1 c APYrt.1Mt.1 1.13MeHeHHSIMI.1 a roproaoM l-1 ft.110 OCTaiOTC~ nOA KOHTponeM) 12 . 8 TeYeHfr1e nnaTe)KHOM pe)f(t.1Max. B '4aCTHOCTif1, orMeHa Kao- 1993-1994 rr. ocna6eean np~Mol'\ KOHTponb Hap, Tt.1poaaHI.1~ sKcnopra a crpaHbl 6blswero CCCP U,eHf.iM~ Ha nPOAYKTbi mtraHI.1~, 1.1 B Mae 1994 r. obifM on~eHeHbl nocne.a,Ht.1e Mepbl u,eHosoro KOHT- 1.1 co3AaHI.1e a MOJlAOBe aaniOTHoro PbiHKa co3- pom~ (Ha onpeAeneHHble copra xne6a 1.1 MOJlOYHbiX Aafllll soaMO)KHOCTI.1 .o.n~ paaBI.1Tt.1~ cTPYKTYP. anb- npoAyKToB) 13 • EionbWI.1HcTBo KOHTponbHbiX Mep a ·repHaT1.1BHbiX fOCYAClPCTB9HHOW ToprOBJle. npt.1- OTHOWeHI.11.1 onTOBbiX 1.1 p03Ht.1YHbiX HaU,eHOK OCTa- Me'4aTe11bHbiM B 3TOM nnaHe C06biTI.1eM CTaJlO no- ~BJleH1.1e B 1993 r. AOCTaTOYHO KpynHOfO YaCTHOfO eTC~ B Ct.111e, HO AOnycT~Mble YPOBHI.1 TaKI.1X Hau,e- HOK nOBblllleHbl, npt.1YeM 3KCnopTHble U,eHbl 1.1 u,e- PbiHKa 6eH31.1Ha. KaK 6bl TO Hl-1 6blno, rocyAapcT- aeHHble 3aKynKI.1 no u,eHrpant.1aoaaHHOMY 6aprepy Hbl Ha npeAMeTbl poCKOWI.1 TaKOMY KOHTP01110 He noAfle)KaT. MoHononbHble npt.16blnt.1, npeBb1Wa10- npOAOIDKaiOT OKa3biBaTb OLUyTI.1MOe Bllt.1s:IHif1e Ha LUI.1e ycraHoaneHHbl~ ypoaeHb, o6naratarc~ Hano- MOJlAaBCKyiO 3KOHOMI.1Ky. roM Ha caepxnpM6blnb c u,enbta YAeP)KaTb MoHo- nomtcroa or YpeaMepHoro noablweHI.1~ u,eH 14 • Toprosble cornaweHHR MoHonont.1cTbl o6~aHbl 1.13BeU,laTb Mt.1Ht.1crepcrso Co speMeHI.1 pacnaAa CCCP MofiAoBa e)Ke- cpt.1HaHCOB 06 ycTaHaB111.1BaeMbiX 1.1M&.1 U,eHaX. roAHO 3aKniOYaeT roprosble cornaweH~tt~ c APY- 0AHaKo u.e11b ,o.aHHoro rpe6oaaHI.1~ He~cHa ·- aoa- ft.1MI.1 crpaHaMI.1 6blawero CCCP. CornaweHHs:l e MO)I(HO, TaKI.1M o6pa30M C03,D.a9TC~ OCHOBa A/1~ OCHOBHOM co,o,ep)KaT cnt.1CKlo1 npe,o,MeTOB TOBapo- Heocpt.1U,t.1anbHoro peryn1.1poaaH1.1~ u,eH. 06MeHa 18 • Toproan~ a paMKax 3Tt.1X cornaweHH~ npaKTI.1"f8CKlo1 nOllHOCTbiO Be,D,eTCs:l Ha OCHOBe 6ap- Ponb rocy,qapcrsa so BHewHeiit roprosne Tepa. C reYeHI.1eM speMeHI.1 o6~aarenbHble nepeY- B Moll,D.oae 111.1KBI.1At.1POBaHa c1.1creMa rocaaKa- Ht.1 TOBapoB B OCHOBHOM 6bllllt1 aaMeHeHbl lo1HAI!t- aa, OAH8KO rocy,o.apCTBO npOAOJl)KaeT np01.13BO- KaTI.1BHbiMI.1. npol-1CXOAI.1T poeT nps:tMO~ TOprOBllllt At.1Tb KpynHble 3aK)'nKI.1 onpeAeneHHbiX Bt.1AOB TO- Me)I(Ay npeAnPI.1~Tt.1~Ml-1, OAHaKO POllb fOCYAaPCT- sapos, B OCHOBHOM B paMKa>< U,eHTPCL'lt.130BaHHOfO seHHbiX 3aKynOYHbiX BeAOMCTB OCTaeTCS1 AOCTa- 6aprepHOf0 06MeHa B COOTBeTCTBIIWl C Me)Krocy- TOYHO Cy!.l\eCTBeHHO~. npeAnOllaraeTCSI, YTO At.1C- AaPCTBeHHbiMI.1 cornaweHL-t~Mlil c APYrL-tMI.1 crpa- 6anaHC ABYCTOPOHHe~ TOPfOBJllf1 He AOJl)KeH npe- HaM~~t 6blswero CCCP. 3HaYI.1TenbHYIO YaCTb u,eHT- BbiWaTb ycTaHOBneHHbiX Ha AOfOBOpHO~ OCHOBe pam1aoaaHHoro 1.1Mnopra, no nnaHy 1994 r., coc- Me)KfOCYAaPCTBeHHbiX Kpe,lJ,t.1TOB, OAH8KO YaCTO rasn~IOT 3HeproHOCI.1Tent.1 (yronb, Masyr 1.1 raa), 1.1MeiOT Mecro 38AOJl>KeHHOCTI.1 19 • An~ MOilAOBbl OAHaKO OH BKJliOYaeT TaiOKe HeKOTOpble Bt.1Abl OCHOBHO~ CMbiCJl 3Tfr1X cornaweH1.1~ 3aKJ110YaeTCS1 aepHa 1.1 MeAI.1KaMeHTOB 15 • B rapaHTlo1pOBaHHOM o6ecneYeH1.11.1 nocTaBOK C1.1creMa Ae~crsyer cneAYIOW.t.1M o6paaoM. 3Hepr~t.1 1.1 sHeproHOCI.1Tene~. Mt.1Hif1crepcrao 3KOHOMif1Kt.1 onpeAen~er rocy- 8 anpen~ 1994 r. napnaMeHT Moll,D.OBbl pant- AaPCTBeHHble norpe6HOCTI.1 1.1 ~1HcpopM1.1pyeT 06 cpt.1u,t.1poaan Aorosop o c03AC1H1.1l-1 CHr 1.1 Corna- 3TOM fOCYAaPCTBeHHble 3aKynOYHble BeAOMCTBa weHif1e 06 ~3KOHOMI.1YeCKOM COI03e, a 15 anpe11s:1 (MOJlAKOHTpaKT 1.1 rocyAapCTBeHHOe TOnl11.1BHOe 111.1AePbl crpaH CHr AOCTI.1r111.1 AOroaopeHHOCTI.1 o areHTCTBO). 3m BeAOMCTBa MOryT 3aTeM 3aKa3aTb C03AaHl-1~ 30Hbl CB060AHO~ TOproBJ11.1, KOTOp~ onpeAelleHHble Bt.1,1l,bl TOBaPOB y np01.13BOAI.1Tene~, paccMaTp~saercs; KaK 3jleMeHT nepexoAa K TaMo- KOTOpbiX onpeAen~eT Mt.1Ht.1CTe~CTBO ceJlbCKOfO )KeHHOMY COI03y. MOflAOBa Ta!OKe 1.1MeeT cor- xoa~~craa "" npoMb1WneHHocrw 1 • UeHbl ycraHai:l- JlallleHI.1e o cso6qAHO~ roproaJJe c P'JMb::·:wa~ - Jlt.1BaiOTCS1 npOI.13BOAI.1Te11SJMI.1 ~ rocyAaPCTBeH- CBOI.1M Ba)KHe~Wif'M TOpn'lBbiM napTHepOM 3a Hb1Mif1 3aKynOYHbiMI.1 BeAOMCTBaM~1 Ha AOroaopHO~ npe.o,enaMl-1 6b1BWE.'ro CCCP. OCHOBe. Ec111.1 3aKynOYHble BeAOMCTBa B TeYeHif1e Mof!AoBa, 3aKntOYHB cornaweH1.1SJ o roproso- ycraHosneHHoro Ksaprana He sa6pan1.1 roaap, 3KOHOMI.1YecKoM coT.PYAHI.1Yecree c PSJAOM crpaH, npot.13BOAI.1Tent.1 1.1MetaT npaao peam130BaTb ero seAeT noAroroBKy K 3aKntaYeHI.110 raKI.1X cornar..ue- no co6craeHHOMY ycMorpeHI.110. 8 npt.1HU.Vtne, Ht.1~ c HeKoropbiMH APYri.1Ml-1 rocyAaPCTBaMVJ 20 • npolf13BOAif1Tenlf1, o6ecneYif1BaiOtl\1.1e rocyAapcr- 60l1bWI.1HCTBO TaKI.1X cornaWeHVI'-1 npeAyCMSTpt.1- BeHHble norpe6HOCTI.1, nOl1b3YIOTC~ npi.10PI.1TeTOM saeT aaat.1MHOe npeAocraaneHl-1e craryca Hat.1- np1.1 pacnpeAeneHI.11.1 KpeAf.1TOB, rann1.1sa t.1 JJ.PYrt.1X 6onbwero 6naronpt.1~TcrsoeaHI.1~ a roprosne. Be- np01.13BOACTBRHHbiX pecypcoB, OAHaKO He~CHO, AYTC~ neperosopbl o scrynnet-tt.11.1 MonAOBbl s HaCKOJlbKO 3TO COOTBeTCTByeT Ae~CTBHTel1bHOC­ Tt.117. rATT. 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M6PP, VIM89T M8CTO 1o1 Kpocc-cy6cMAHpoBaHM9 CTOIAMOCTM KOMMY- HaJlbHbiX ycnyr, a Taae a.QPeCHOe cy6cHAIJ1po&aHMe M KOMneH- POCCMR: 8CTYf1CiSi 18 MMpoByJO 3KOHOMIAKy, OKTR6pt:. 1993 r., C. ca~.tMOHHble BblnJlaTbl 1':-t!HCIAOHepaM 3a nocTaBKH yrnA M ra3a. 56-57. 178 ToprOBIIR B HOBbO< He3aBMCHMbO< rocyAflPCTBaX 25 Cyti4ecTBOBai1M, OAtiiiKO, liC8CTKM8 orpaHH'tflHMA Ha ICOHBBPTM- KOilbJCY MMOOpTHbl8 OOWIIHHbl H8 B3MMaiOTCR C TOBapoB, BB03M- pyeMOCTb 3TO~ BalliOTbl. Orpa...l.feHHA KaCanHCb 89 KOHBePTat.tHM Mb1X H3 OCHOBHbiX TOproBbiX napntepoB Monp.OBbl, ya.t8HbW8HM8 B Bal'IIOTbl APyrMX CTpaH 6blawero CCCP. KpoMe TOfO, HaC8118tt.18 BbiCOICHX CTaBOIC Taplr1ct>oB BPRA 11M npMB9A8T IC cepb83HOMY MOil.O.OBbl CTOI1KHYI10Cb C cepb83HOA HeXBaTKOA MHOCTpaHHOA CHHliCeHMIO AOXO,O.OB. BaniOTbl B CTpaHe !A H8 MM8110 3SKOHHOrO ,O.OCyYna K Bal'IIOTHbiM 33 B oTHOWeHHH 3KcoopTHbiX nocranoec npMMeHRIOTCR npaKTM· pbiHICaM .D.PyrMX CTpaH 6blawero CCCP. 'f8CKH HYI18Bble CTaBICM AaliC8 B TOM cnyotae, ecnH HIJ.C Ha 26 IJ.o 3TOA AaTbl ~lllltM311bHO H8 npH$1-IaeaJtOCb, l.fTO KyPC MOil- npoH3BOACTB8HHW8 pecypcw 6bll1 ynna'fBH B ,cv>yroA CTpaHe. ,o.aacKOA Bai110Tbl 6onee H8 3KBIIIBa118HT&!i poccr.tACKOMy py61110. nnaTeliCH HIJ.C He 803M8LU310TCR, a 38nMCbiBaiOTCR B Kpe,o.MT o~""'an&HbiA o6MeHHbiA KYJ'C, Hcnon&30aaawHAcR Hal4MOHallb- npe,o.npMRTHIO a c-.er nocne.O.YIOLUMX BblnnaT HAC; .o.nR HbiM 6aHKOM Mon.o.oabl c ICOH~ 1992 r., onpe.o.emmcR Ha Moc- npep.npMATHA, 3KCnopTMPYIOLUHX ~JlbwyiO 'faCTb npolr13BO,o.MMCM\ KOBCKOA MeliC6aHKOBCKOA BalliOTHOA 6HpliC8 B XOA8 Toproa, npO,O.YICLlHM B CTpaHbl, He RB11Mli.Uir18CA "UU8HBMH CHf, 3TO npoao,o.MMbO< a nocne.D.HIOIO llRTHHL\Y nepe.o. ero o6'bReneHI1eM 03H!i~eT AI1HT8llbHW8 38AepliCKH fl 0011Y'f8HHM Jq)8,o.MTa. H6M. C KOHUil 1992 r. HCOOI1b30Bai1CR TOJlbKO O,o.MH ~Hl\H­ 34 noyotHTeneH onbiT '-lexocnoeaJCI.1H, BeHrpMM 1r1 nonbWM a allbHbiA ecypc; ,0.0 3TOro cyLUeCTBOBallM pa311H'fHb18 HHBBCTH- cpaBtteHMM c 6onrapMeA H PyMbiHMeA. B nepaot.l rpynne CTpaH LlHOHHbiO H KOMMepo.teCKMe 1-=\ipCbl. nocne,QOaarenbHbiA KYPC Ha p.ocTHliCeHMe MaKP03KOHO~M'f8CKOA 27 B ICCl)I(,QbiX roprax no npoAa*e .o.onnapoa CWA Y'fBCTByeT .o.o CTa6MI1M3al..llr11r1 M Ha61110.D.aBW88CR B pe3yl1bT8Te COiq)81J.l8HM8 10 6aHKoa; a roprax no npoAa*e py6neA, PYMbiHCKHX neA H coaoKynHoro aHyrpeHHero cnpoca no6yp.MI1H CI>MPMbl H8MeuKHX MapoK y\faCTHHKOB MeHbWB. npol\e,O.ypa TOproa Becb- BOCnOI1b30BaTbCR npeMMYI.U8CTBaMH ToproaoA H B8l110THOII\ Ma npocTa. no ka)ICAOMy BM.O.Y B31110Tbl aYKLlHOHep llOCI18AO- nH6epa111113al\HH lr1 MCKaTb 31CCOOpTHbl8 pbiHICH. 6onrapHR M BaTel1bHO ornawaer ecypc npo,o.aliCH, nocteneHHO noBbiWaR ero. PyMbiHHR, p.eli!CTBOBaBWH8 MeHee 3ci>cl>e1CTMBHO B n118H8 Y'facTHHKH (BKil~R HaLtMOHallbHbiA 6aHK Mon.o.oabl} YKa3biB310T CTa6HI1M3al..llr10HHbD< Mep lr1 11H6epanH3al..llr1H, H8 CMOrllM pe31CO 06'beMbl noJCYnKH H npo,o.aliCIII npM 38RB11eHHOM KyPCe .0.0 TeX yaenH'fHlb CBOiil 3~CI10PT {KaMMHC~H, 1993). nop, noKa H8 6YAST AOCT!o'lrHYJO paBHOB8CH8 cnpoca H npe,o.- llOliCeHHR. npaKTH"'eC((QA npoJ.1,a)l(a Bal'IIOTbl npoHCXO,o.MT lj)Ke no nMTepayYpa r10CI18.D.H8MY ecypcy, KOTOpbl~ 06'bSIBI1A8TCR B Ka'fBCTBe O$H- MBCb. 3KOHOMH'48CKMA o6aop oo Mon.o.oae (Economic Review: I..llr1al1bHOro o6Mel-n;oro KYJWa Hai,U10HallbHbiM 6aHKOM Mon.o.oabl Moldova). BaWHHrTOH, 1993. snpe,o.b AO npoBeAeHWSI HOBbiX Topros. 3To e,o.MHCTBeHHbiA ecypc, 00 KOTOpoMy H6M npoH3BOAHT £.111M Ol\8HHBa8T C,O.ellKH. 6aHKaM KsMHHCKH (Kaminski) 5., RHTC (Yeats) A. Toproabl8 6apb8pbl pa3pewaeTCfl npo,o.aBaTb H OOKYfia.Yb BalliOTY no c$HI..llr1allbHOMY 03CP AfiR rocyAapcTs t5biBWero CCCP (OECD Trade Barri- ICYPCY ::t1% {KOHElepTHpyeMbl8 BaniOTbl) HIIH 2% (AJ)YrMe BaiiiOTbl). ers Faced by the SucceSSQr States os the Soviet Union)// 28 BHYTP8HHRR 11Ml\eH3M'R Bbi.D.3eTcR Ha o,o.MH rop.- .o.o rex oop, Pa60\fHe ,O.OKyMeHTbl B o6nacTM MCcne,o.o- OOKa 6aHKM He npHo6peyYT OnbrT COOTBeTCTBy!OLUeA ,[l,eATellb- BaHMiil 3KOHOMM'fectcoA nonHTHKM, T. 1175. M6PP. HOCTH. KpHTei)MeM .D.11R npep.ocTaBneHHR reHBPallbHOA 11Ml\eH3MH BawHHrTOH, 1993. RBI1A8TCR B OCHOBHOM HallH'fHe 06Y'f8HHOrO nepcoHana M a,o.eK- BaTHOA CHCTeMbl OT'feTHOCTH. 3Ta 11Hl\eH3MOHHaR CHCTeMa npM- KBMHHCKH 5. B03,Q9ACTBHe nepexo,o.a IC pbiHICY Ha pa3BHTM8 MeHReTCR a ocH08HOM K C,!J#311KaM sa npe.o.enaMH 6blawero CCCP; 3KCoopTa B 3KOHOMH"'SCKHX CHCTeM3X IJ,eHTpanbHOA Esponbl .o.nR c.o.enOK c APYrMMH crpaHaMH 6blawero CCCP 6onbWHHCTBO (How the Market Transition Affected Export Performance in Mon.Q&BCKMX 6aHKOB nonbsyeTcA nps!MbiMH ~eoppecnotit\eHTCKHMH the Central Europaan Economies)//Pa6oYHe .o.oecyMeHTbl a OTHOWBHHSIMH C 6aHKaMH 3THX CTpaH. o6naCTH HCCI16,QOBlUUIIil 31COHOMIII'f8CKOR OOJ1Mn11CM, T. 1179. 29 3ToT pbiHOK, no-eHAHMOMy, YAOBneraops18t 3anpocbl rex, KTO M6PP. BawHHrTOH, 1993. XO'feT COBepWaTb CABI11Gl H80011bWOrO o6'b8Ma, MTeX, KTO XO'I8T MHX8110f1)'.110C (Michalopoulos) K. npo6neMbl roproanM HOBbiX H36elte8TI> c$Hl\Hal1bHO~ npoaepKH. 8 T8\fBHHe HeCKOilb!G'IX He38BMCHMbiX rocy,o.apcTs (Trade issues in the New Inde- Hep,ellb nocne peweHH~ o BbiXOAB H3 o6paLUeHHSI py6neA o6- pendent States)/flllccne.o.osaHHR nepexo,QHbO< 3KOHOMM'f8C- pa3~ AO 1993 r. H BBe,O.eHHSt B o6paLUeHHe nes:1 Ha ynH'fHOM KMX CHCTeM, 7. M6PP. BaWHHrTOH, 1993. BaniOTHOM pb1HK8 Ha611!0,Qai18Cb 6onbWaSt aKTHBHOCTb no py6- 118SbiM onepal..llr1StM. npep,nonO)KHTellbHO OOilbWaA 'iaCTb npHo6- MHXanonynoc K., Tapp (Tarr) ,ll. Toproao-nnaTeliCHbl8 Mo,o.enM a peTeHHbiX py6ne~ npeAtfa3Ha'ial1BCb AfiA npH,QHBCTpoBbR. cypaHaX 6blawero CCCP (Trade and Payments Arrangements 30 Cyutecrayer onpe.o.eneHHaA pa3HHLW. Me.Jt:AY ecypcoM Me>K- for states of the Former USSR)/fl-1ccne.o.oaaHHSI nepexoAHbiX tiaHKoBCKO~ BallJOTHOA 611Jp.)ICM M ecypcaMM 06MeHHbiX nyHKTOB, 3KOHOMH'fBCKMX cMcTeM, 2. M6PP. BaWHHrTOH, 1992. OOCICOilbiCY nocneAHHe npH noecynKe Bai110Tbl B 6aHKaX Bblnna- l.fHBa!Ot 6aHKOBCJCYIO Hal\EiHICY H 4% KOMMCCIIJOHHbiX 3a 06Ha11H- OpnOBCKH (Orlowski). Henps:!Mbl8 TpaHCePbl B Toproane Me>r,Qy 'fHBaHH8 MHOCTpaHHOA Ba1110Tbl. pecny6nMKaMM 6blawero CCCP: l-1cTO'fHHKH, MOAenH H 31 OnbfT ycneUJHO TpaHCCI>OPMHpyeMbiX 3KOHOMW·feCKHX CHCTeM peaK~MR Ha nonMTM'f8CKMe peWeHHR B noCTCOB8TCICHA crpaH BocTOLfHO~ Esponbl noKa3biBaeT, l.fTO npoH3BOp.HTenM, nepMOA (Indirect Transfers in Trade among FSU Republics: CYl1'8CTBOBaBWHe paHee B ycnOBHRX MaHOBO~ 31COHOMHKIII, MOryT Sources, Patterns and Policy Responses in the Post-Soviet BblliCMTb npM HH31CHX HMnopTHbiX TaPHCI>ax; BHAHMO, 11H6epa- Period)//KHilbCICHe pa6oLfHe AOJCYMeHTbl, T. 556. KMilb. 11H3al..llr1SI MMOOPTa cnoco6cTayeT pa3BHTH!O ICOHJCYPB~HH Me>K.D.y npoH3BO,o.HTei1SIMH KaK Ha BHYfpeHH8M, TalC H Ha 31CCOOPTHOM Tapp ,ll. Bos,o.eli!CTBMe nepexo,o.a IC MHpoBbiM ~eHaM Ha ycnoBHR PbiHICe. non&wa, BeHrpHSI H 6b1BW8SI '-lexocnoBaKHR, ICOT0Pb18 roproan11 15 rocy,o.apcTB 6blawero CCCP (How Moving to 3Ha'fHTel1bHO ysenHI.flr111H CBOA 31CCnopT B Ha'falle 90-X rr., World Prices Affects the Terms of Trade in 15 Countries of HCOOI1b30Bai1M B CP8AH8M HMnopTHbl8 TapH$bl Ha ypo&He 15- the FSU)//Pa6o"'M9 AOICYM8HTbl B o6naCTH HCCileAOBaHHiil 20%. 3KOHOMM'fecKolil nonMTMKM, r. 1074. M6PP. BawMHrTOH, 32 nocne,O.CTBHR ,o.aHHOiil Mepbl ,o.nSI AOXOAHbll< CTaTeA 610A)I(eTa 1993. OOK.a H8B03MO)kHO paCC'fHTaTb BBMAY OTCyYCTBHSI He06XOAHMOA MGPP. POCCHR: BcrynaR B MHpoB}'\0 31COHOMMICY (Russia: .Join- M$pMal..llr1H, OAHaKO 6biCTpo coaepweHCTBYJO~eCSI CMCTeMbl ing the World Economy). BawHHrTOH, 1993. c6opa HH$0pMaUHI1 AOilliCHbl B CKOpoM BpeMeHH c,o.enaTb TaKOA pac'feT B03MOJ«HbiM. /J.OXO,O.Hbl8 CTaTbH 610A)I(eTa MOJ«HO MonAOBa: nepexop. I( PbiHO'fHOA 3KOHOMHIC9 (Moldova: Moving 3aUJ.MTHTb aaep.eHHeM aKI..llr13HOrO c6opa Ha ytC833HHbl8 TOBapbl to a Market Economy). MSPP. BaWMHrTOH, 1994. KaK HMOOPTHOro, TaK H OTe'f8CTB8HHOro npOM3BOACTBa. noc- 9 Kb/Prbi3CTAH: BHEWHRR TOPrOBnR HE&OnbWOH CTPAHbl K3TH KpyMM MacwTa6Has:t clllcTeMa pa3AelleHir1SI TPYAa (cooTBeTCTBYIOW.IIIe peweHIIISI "facTo nplr1HHMalllr1Cb AOCTaTO"'HO npolr13BOJlbHO), cyw,ecTBosaswas:~ B paMKaX u,enocTHoVI 3KOHOMir1Kir1 CoseTcKoro COI03a, He OCTaBllSIJla 3a Kb1Pfb13CKir1Mir1 npeAnPir1SIT&o1SIMir1 Hlr1- KaKOH caMOCTOS!TeJlbHOCTIII. npeAr1Pir1SITir1SI He o6Jlap,aJllr1 He- o6XOAII!MOH lr1HcpopMaU,Ir1eH 0 TOM, "iTO 1113 ce6SI npeACTaBJlSIIOT noTeHU,Ir1a11bHble noTpe61r1T8111r1 npm.13BOA1r1MOH lr1Mir1 npoll,yKU,Ir11r1. C pacnaAOM CoeeTcKoro Col03a Kblprb13CTaH KaK He3aBir1Cir1Moe fOCYAaPCTBO CTOJlKHYJlCSI CO 3Ha"flr1TeJlbHbiM Ae¢llr1U,Ir1TOM B Toprosne co cTpaHaM~ 6blewero CCCP 1r1 BHewHero Mlr1pa. 3Ha"'II1TellbHO yxy.o.wlr1llii1Cb ycnoBIIISI ToproBJllr1. Pecny6m-1Ka lllr1- Wir1Jlacb cp~t~HaHcoablx cpeAcTB, cocTaens:tBWIIIXAO 10% ee BBn, KOTOpble oHa paHee nony11ana B pe3y11bTaTe nepepacnpe- AelleHIIISI np1r16bllllr1 B paMKax CCCP. MacwTa6bl Heo6XOA1r1MOH B 3TIIIX YC110Bir1SIX peKOHCTPYKU.Ir11r1 BH8WH6TOPfOBOH Clr1Ci8Mbl Kb1pn::aa3cTac-ta npocTo owenoMJ1SIJOW,Ir1e. Toproebl~ pe)KVJM, npeo.Q.oneeas:~ TPYAHOCT'-1 nepexoAHoro nep1r1op,a, AOJ1>K8H no6-y>KAaTb 3KOHOMir1KY B U,8J10M K reHepaU,Ir1r.-l TOpfOBbiX MOA8118~, KOTOpble COOTB8TCTBOBa111r1 6bl lr1M810W.Ir1M- CSI y CTpaHbl AOJ1fOCpO"'HbiM U,811SIM. KntO"'eBble 3aACl"'lr1 Ha ne- peXOAHbiH neplr10A lr1 cpeAHecpoYHYIO nepcneKTII1By COCTOSIT B • MaKp03KOHOMIII"'ecKas:t CIIITYa~VISi Ill KOMn- neMeHTapHbl9 peOpMbl nOJlY"feHir11r1 IIIHOCTpaHHO~ Ba1110Tbl nocpeACTBOM yBeJ11r1"18Hir1~ 3KCnopTa ("'TO, B CBOIO OYepeAb, n03BOJ11r1T ocyw,ecTBJ1SITb lr1MnopTHble 3aKYnKif1, He06XOAir1Mble AJ1SI 03AOPOBJ1eHir1SI 3KOHO- Mir1Kir1), a TaK)Ke B CTir1MY111r1POBaHir11r1 3cpcpeKTir1BHOfO npo- • Pa3BIIIT111e Toprosnlll lr13BOACTBa np1r1 lr1CnOJ1b30BaHir11r1 MHOfO"'Ir1CJ1eHHbiX KaHallOB • TOPfOBJ11r1 1r1 aAanTaU,Ir11r1 npolr13BOACTBeHiibiX MOW,HOCTeH . Toprosas:t noniiiTIIIKa B o6nacTir1 3KcnopTa cTpaTerllls:t 3aK1110YaeTcs:t B 6onee • 111HOCTpaHHas:t BaniOTa 111 nnaTe)f(lll nonHoH peanlr13aU,Ir11r1 noTeHu,~t~ana Y>Ke ~t~cnonb3YIOW.Ir1XCS1 PbiHKOB C6b1Ta lr1 l-13biCKaHir11r1 HOBbiX pbiHKOB np1r1 Ha111r1"11r11r1 COOT- B8TCTBYIOW,8H noTpe6HOCTir1. BbiXOA Ha yposeHb noKaaaTeneH • AAanTBL\~SI K HOBbiM ycnOBIIIs:tM TOprosm, Ill MII1Kp03KOHOMIIiKII1 nepcneKTir1B pa3Bir1Tir1SI sKcnopTa noTpe6yeT B TeYeHIIIe 6nlr1- >KaHWir1X Tpex neT e>KeroAHoro 15%-Horo ysen~t~YeHIIISI sKcnopTa B CTpaHbl BH8WH8f0 Mlllpa lr1 noAIJ,ep>KaHIIISI Ha cyw,eCTBYIOW,SM • PeKOMeHAa~lt1vt no pa3pa6oTKe 111 npOB9A8HII110 TOprOBO~ ypoeHe 3KcnopTa B cTpaHbl 6blewero CCCP. TosapHas:t CTPYK- TYPa lr1MnopTa 1r1 3KcnopTa no 3Tir1M pbiHKaM 6yAeT, oYeBIIIAHO, MeHSITbCSI, TaK KaK 60J1bWaSI YaCTb peaJ111130BbiBaBWir1XCSI paHee TOPfOBbiX MOA8118H 6blna He3¢lcJ>eKTir1BHOH. n0111.1THKIII Kb1prb13cKas:t 3KOHOMIIIKa cpaBHir1Te11bHo Hesen~t~Ka, OAHaKo pa3H006pa31r18 COC8AH1t1X PbiHKOB Tpe6yeT paCWir1P8Hl-tSI npOir13- BOACTBa Ha OCHOBe lr1CnOI1b30BaHir1S1 cpaBHir1T9JlblibiX npeL-t- MYW.SCTB 111 Toprosoro coTPYAHIIIYeCTBa c APYflr1Mir1 cTpaHaMIII. PyKOBOACTBO CTpaHbl lr1CnbiTbiBaeT ~BJ18Hir18, HanpaBJ1eHHOe Ha IIICnOJ1b30BaHir1e TOpfOBOH nonlr1TIIIKir1 AJlSI orp~eHIIISI OT- AellbHbiX OTpacneH OT He06XOAir1MOCTir1 np1r1cnoca6111r1BaTbCSI K lr13MeHIIIBW~iMCSI ycnoBIIISIM. 0AHaKo B cenbcKOX03S1~CTBeHHoC1 180 Toproa.nA B HOBbiX He38BHCir1MbiX rocyASpcTBax 1r1 ropHOA06biBaiOLUeH OTpacllRX, B oco6eHHOCTir1, )KeTa c 16,6% BBn B 1992 r. AO MeHee "4eM 9% He06XOAI.IIMO npOTir1BOCTORHir1e npoTeKU,If10Hir13MY. B 1993 r., HOB OCHOBHOM aa C"4eT 3Ha"4111T811bHOfO Mo)KHO raK>Ke O>Kir1ASTb nos:~a11eHJr1R KOHKYPeHro- coKpaw,eH&.1s:t scex pacxoAOB, a He 3a C"4eT cosep- cnoco6HbiX sKcnoprepoe npoMbiWneHHbiX rosa- weHcrsosaHir1s:l Aes:trenbHOCTI!t no o6ecne'feHIIIIO poe 1r1 npoAYKU.Ir1L-1 nepepa6arblaa10w.e~ npo- $111HaHcOBbiX nocryn11eH&.1H. Ha Aene Haflorosble MbiWI1eHHOCTI.1. Peanlr13yeMbl~ c He,o,aBHir1X nap nocrynneHir1s:t aHa'flr1TellbHO CHit131r1111r1Cb - c 14% no,O.XOA K KpynHbiM y6biT0"4HbiM npeAnPif1RT&.1RM 88n B "1992 r. AO 8% B 1993 r. 0CHOBHbiMir1 AOI1)KeH cnoco6CTBOBaTb yKpenl1eH&.110 AOBep&.1s:! K np&.1"4HHaMir1 3TOfO CTal1&.1 OTCYTCTBtle AOI1)KHOM npaB&.1Tel1bCTBeHHbiM 3as:IB11eHr..1s:IM 0 nplr1AaHir1&.1 HaCTOH'f&.1BOCT&.1 B peaniii33U,IIIIII HaflOfOBbiX Mep, roproa11e orKpblroro xapaKTepa. MHO)KeCTBeHHble &.1CKI110'1eH&.1R 1113 o6UJ,Ir1X npaBMil, 8 Ha"4al1e 1994 r. npaB&.1Tel1bCTBO Kblprbl3 cra- pacnpocTpaHeHHe 6apTepa. KpoMe roro, MHoote ua pe3Ko yae11w·t&.1.rm reMnbl npoaeAeHI.IIst rop- CAe11Kir1 He Y"'&.1Tb1Ba11&.1Cb B COOTBeTCTBYIOU41r1X roabiX peopM &.1 ycrpaH&-1110 6onbWYIO "4aCTb o&.1- IIIHCTaHU.Ir1RX. K Hal.fany 1994 r. Hanorosble noc· U,If1allbHbiX 6apbepoel npens:ITCTBOBaBW1;1X TOp- rynneH&.1R eu~e 6onee coKpaTir111&.1Cb. C y"4eToM rDBI1e. 3TO nparMaT&.11.feCKir1H llOAXOA ,DJ1R pec- HanpR)KeHHOH 610A*eTHOH Clr1ryaU,III&.1 nnaHIII- ny6I!L-1K&.1 I He r..1Mel0w,e~ BbiXOAa K MOPIO t.1 oKpy- PYIOTCSI )KeCTK&.1e Mepbl o6ecne'feH&.1R TOfO, "4T06bl )KeHHO~ crpaHaM&.1, raiOKe nepe}K&.1BaiOW.Ioo1Mrr'! ne- HallOf Ha A06aaneHHYIO CTOI.1MOCTb &.1 noAOXOAHbl" P&.10A 6biCTPbiX 3KOHOMr..11.fecK&.1X nepeMeH. 0AHaKo HallOf CTal1&.1 OCHOBOM 610tJ.)KeTHbiX nOC'fYnlleHir1M, Ails:! peWeH&.1SI CTOs:IUJ,If1X h~peA pecny6m1KOH 3a.Aal.f npLIII.feM B AOnOnHeHIIIe K HVIM npeAyCMaTP&.1BaeTCSI B 0611aCT&.1 roproBI11r1 Heo6XOA&.1MO CTOflb >Ke peWir1- aaeAeHir1e APYrMX Hanoros. ol.feBI.tAHbiX 1r1 YA06Hb1X TeJlbHO Ae£1CTBOBaTb B HanpaBI1eHif1t.1 J1&.1KBif1AaU.&.11r1 AI1R B3HMaH&.1Si. Tol1bKO raKir1M nyreM MO)KHO acex KocaeHHbiX roproablx 6apbepoa. npOT&.1BOAeHCTBOBaTb AaBJleH&-110, IIIMeiOUJ,eMy U,eJlbiO BBeAeH&.1e B~COK&.1X HailOfOB Ha TOPfOBble MaKp03KOHOMMa.aecKaR CMTY&LU1R onepau,1.1111 (Koropble HaHecyr YI.L\ep6 aoaMO)KHOMY pocry sKcnopra &.1 np&.16biJlbHOCT&.1 roprosn1r1) 111 M KOMnneMeHT8pHWe peci»OpMbl KpynHoMacwra6Horo Hanoroo611o)KeH&.1R 3apo*- npaB&.1TellbCTBO Kb1prbi3CTaHa npeAnPMHSIJlO ASIOW.Ir1XCs:t 61r13HeC-CTPYKTYP· MY>KeCTBeHHble war&.1 a Hanpaal1eHL-'!&.1 pb1H0"4HOH HecMOTPR Ha ycv:11&.1R no cra6&.111&.138U.Ir11r13KOHO- sKOHOML-'!Kif1 1. 8 Mae 1993 r. KblprblacraH nepBbiM Mir1KIII yposeHb lr1H(j>lls:!U.Ir1&.1 ocrasancs:t BbiCOKir1M 1r1 noc11e npr..16a11n1HCK&.1X rocyAapcra Bb1Wel1 1.113 B 1993 r. AOCTir1r 1300% (700-850% AllR &.1HAeKca py6neaoH 30Hbl. 6bll1a aaeAeHa co6crseHHas:l onrosblx u,eH). PoeT lr1H(j>nsu.-.&.11r1 l.faCTI.1"4HO MO*Ho aa1110ra (coM) 1.1 npr.~~HRTa nporpaMMa cra6&.111~­ 06bs:ICH&.1Tb TaK&.1Mir1 4>&.1HaHCOBbiMI;1 06CTORT911bCT- aau,~Air1, B pa3pa6oTKe KOTopoH np1!1Hir1Man yYaCT&.1e BaMII1, KaK 1Hanp&.1Mep 1poeT U,eH, &.1MeBWir1H MeCTO MB4>, - npeAycMaTPir1Balllr1Cb KOHTPOilbHO-KOH- s Mae nocne nepexop,a Ha HOBYIO BalliOTY- coM. cynbTaU,1110HHble MeponpL-'!RTir1s:l 1.1 npe,[J,ocraal1eH&.1e K cepeAL1He 1993 r. 6bll1&.1 aaeAeHbl 6o11ee ')KeCT- Kblprb13CTaHy KPeAir1TOB Ha u,ei1H Clr1CTeMHOH K&.1e Mepbl KPeAL1THO-AeH8)KH0fO KOHTPOI1S1, OAHa- rpaHccJ>opMaU.&.11r1. nporpaMMa cra61t1111r13aU.&.11.1 KO cra6&.111&.13aU,Ir1&.1 Mewan&.1 (j>lr1HaHcosble npo6- BKI1101.fal1a PaA&.1Kal1bHble &.13MeHeH&.1R Bai110THO- neMbl He611arono11}"'4HbiX npeAnP&.1S1Tir1H. OHM •aa- Q>&.1HaHCOBOH n011&.1Tir1Kir11 KOTOpaR B CBOeM HOBOM piDKan&.1" CB0&.1X napTHepOB 1 6aHK&.1, B TOM 'flr1Cile COCTOs:IH&-1&.1 AOmKHa 6bll1a cnoco6CTBOBaTb nepe- 111 l~eHrpanbHbl~ 6aHK, •a&.1pycoM" Hapacra10W.Ir1X XOAY 3KOHOM&.1Kir1 K pacnpeAelleH&-110 pecypcoa Ha 3a,D,Oil)KeHHOCTeH 1 "4TO OTKPb1110 AOPOry AllR KOC- pbiHOI.fHbiX np&.1HU,&.1nax. B peal11r13aU,&.1&.1 nporpaMMbl BeHHOro Kpocc-cy6C1.1A&.1POBaH&.1R B o6UJ,e3KO- AOCT&.1rHyr onpeAe.neHHbiH nporpecc, KOTOPbiH, HOMM!.f6CKOM MaCWTa6e. Ha1r16011bWir1M yw,ep6 OAHaK0 1 conpoBO>KIJ.f'WICSl nepr.10A8M&.1 KOI1e6aHLIIH npllll.f&.1H&.1110 KOCBeHHOe cy6CIIIA&.1POBaHIIIe npo- 1.1 Hepew&.1Te11bHOCH1. 8 cepeA&.1He 1994 r. noA MbiWrJeHHOCTI.1 CO CTOPOHbl Cel1bCKOX03RHCTBeH- 3fr.1AOH nporpaMMbl yrl1y611eHHO~ CTPYKTYPHOH HOfO ceKTopa. no Mepe HapacTaH&.1R 3CIAOil)KeH- nepecrpoHKI.1 MB"UJ.&IIT 610A- )KJr1Ba~ a reYeHLI!e nepaoro Kaaprana 1994 r. KbtprD13c·raH: BHeWHAA torproanA tteCSonbuJOA ctpa.., 181 KPeAHTito·AeHe>KHble "BO>IOKI.1" B Han:IHYfOM COC· KYPC Aa)l(e Bblpoc no OTHOW9Hir110 i( py6mo lr1 TORHir1~, 1r1 K Mapl)' e)l(eMeCRLIHaR &.1HcP11RU.Ir1R COK· AOilllapy. 8 lr110.flG 1993 r. HaLia!lOCb naA9Hir1e paTir111acb AO 7%. TeM He MeHee oTcyrcTBir1e nlla- KYPca coMa. TeMnbl pocTa lr1HcP11SilJ.Hli,J, OAHaKo, Te)I(HO" Alr1CU,Ir1nlllr1Hbl lr1 KOHTPOilR HCJA B381r1MHbiMir1 6bllllr1 BbiWe, LITO B KOHU,e 1993 r. npHBellO K CY· HenllaTe)l(aMir1 npeAnPir1RTir1i1 noTpe6oeallo >KecT- lU,eCTBfJHHOMY noBbiWeHMKi! peanbHOH CTOHMOCTH Kir1X Mep KP6Air1THO·AeHe}KH0fO KOHTPOI1S1, LITO nplr1- COMa no OTHOWeHl110 K t\Oilllapy. 8 TO )I(S speMRv Bei10 K cytU,eCTBeHHO~ ASMOHeTaplr13aU,Ir11r1 3KOHO· YL!Ir1T.biBaR 6onee 6blcrpoe noa~:a~weHHe peanbHOA Mlr1Kir1. 60ilbWaR LlaCTb CAe.nOK, KaK C006lU,aeTCSI, CT01r1MOCTH py511R no on~oWeHir110 K AOilllapy, ~TO OCylU,eCTBilReTCR Ha 6apTepHOi1 OCHOBe. 03HaLiaJ10 CHH>KeHir1e peallbHOA CTOHMOCTVI COMa np1r1 BBeAeHvWI B o6paLUeH!r1e COMa ero KYPC no OTHOWeHir110 K py6.mo (pHC. 9.1 ). 8 HaL~ane 6bll1 ycTaHOBileH Ha ypoeHe 4 coMa K 1 A01111. CWA 1994 r. peaJibHi:iaH o6MeHHbiM KYPC cTa611111H3H· 1r1 200 py6. K 1 COMy. 0cPir1U.Ir1allbHbl~ 06MeHHbl~ poBallCR lA HecKOJlbKO noH1f1gHJ1CR. noablweHifte KYPC onpeAefiReTCR He:! BaJliOTHbiX Toprax, KoTopble peallbHO~ CTOHMOCT~ COMa no OTHOWeHHIO K npOBOARTCR nOA KOHTpOileM L.J.eHTP811bHOfO 6aHKa. AOilllapy He npHBellO K CHH)KeHHIO KOH£Ka, L1 MeCRL~HaR 3apa60THaR nllaTa COCTaBir1fla OKOI10 B TeLieHir1e HeKoToporo epeMeHir1 ero o6MeHHbl~ 20 AOfin. (Ta6n. 9.1 ). TaCinMtta 9. 1. CpeAHMA o6MeHHblii KYJJC, ypo11eH11 MHcl»nRI(MM M pean~e1an aepa6oTHaR nn&Ta 1!1 N!'l9 1993- Mae 1994 rr. Aara CpeJ:tHHH KYPC Cpe,o.HeMeCR'I· HH,lfeKc Cpe,lfHRR (K11111PHHrDBbiH HOe H3MeHeHHe pean&HOH aapnnara, KYPC, BYKL4H· HH.QeKca no- aapnnaTbl .40nn. CWA OHHbiH KYPC Tpe6HTeRbCKHX (1992=100) H5K) K 1 ,lfonn. 1..4eH, % Marit 1993 3,9 21,4 65,0 13,8 AeKa6pb 1993 8,0 15,7 53,0 22,3 Marit 1994 12,3 3,5 48,0 20,1 ~ c T 0"' H M K: 0c:l>f.1LtManbHa~ CTaTMCTIIIKa Kb1pf"bt3cTaHa M pac'feTbl COTPYAHMKOB annapaTa M6PP. PMc. 9.1. 3aoniOI(MR peaniiHoro o6MeHHoro !KJPCB a Mao 1993-arap9Jie 1994 r. {Marii 1993 = 100%) Aonnap CUJA % 250 200 150 Pocc"ritcK"HPY6nb 100 50 0 ~-.........,--+-----1 Mec. ~ .D I:S: .D ::t .ll .D a. .D a. .D c. .D a. .D c~ ~ 5. .D ~ ~ aJ 2 aJ ::::e :s: :s: \0 ~ \0 \0 \0 ~ :! a. 2 ~ ~ Ill co co ::t c ::t Q) co ~ :t: 1::: Q) 0 .g. 0 1993 1994 182 ToproanA 8 HOBbiX He38BMCMMbiX rocyABpcTBaX PasaMTMe ToproanM KaK wepcTb, Ta6aK, PYAbl, nPOAYKU.~~ MaW~Ho­ crpoeHV~~.- s 1993 r., KaK l-1 s 1992 r., oH~ co- CornacHo oct>~U.I.1anbHbiM ASHHbiM, o6beMbl cras~n~ rpeTbiO "faCTb o6w.ero o6beMa 3Kcnopra 3KCnopTa 1.1 lr1MnOpTa COKPaTHJlHCb B 1992 r. npl-1- ~ no~~T~ nonos~HY 3Kcnopra B crpaHbi 6blswero :.RepHO Ha TpeTb H npoAOJl>KaJU.1 COKpaw.aTbCSI B CCCP. HecKOJlbKo ~3MeH~nacb ToeapHaR crpyK- 1993 r., KOfAa OHH COCTaBHJ11.1 nOJlOBHHY COOT- TYPa 3Kcnopra - 6blcrpo poe o6beM 3KcnopTHbiX B8TCTBYIOI.UI.1X notcasarene~ 1991 r. (Ta6n. 9.2) 2• nOCTSBOK HeKOTOpbiX B~AOB CeJlbCKOX03~~CTBeH­ noKa3aTenl.1 cnaAa roprosnH Moryr 6b1Tb aaabl- HOH npOAYKU.~~ (Hanp~Mep, Mep,a) np~ npaKT~­ weHHbiMH, nocKOllbKY He Y"fl-1Tb1BaiOT pacTa He3a- "f9CKOM npeKpaw.eH~~ 3KCnopTa OTA911bHbiX B~AOB peri.1CTP!.IIPOBaHHbiX CA8110K BHe paMOK rOCYASP- npoMbiWJleHHOH npOAYKU.~~ {Hanp~Mep, C9JlbCKO- CTB8HHO~ TOproBOH CI.1CT8Mbl. TeM He MeHee, no X03~HCTBeHHO~ TeXHlo1K~). Ha~6onee cyw.ecrseH- C.yW,eCT8YIOW.1.1M OU,8HKaM, C 1991 r. IIIM8Jl0 MeCTO Hble ~3MeHeH~~ npOH30WJl~ B ~MnopTe, "'TO 6b1Jl0 sHa"f~TenbHOe yxyAWeHI.1e ycnos~~ roproen111 -- Bb13BaHo sHa"f~TenbHbiM ysen~"fet-t&~~eM u,eH Ha np1.1MepHo Ha 20% (6a3oBble noKaaarenl.1 no 3HeproHoc~renl-1. Aon~ TPSA!t1U.l-10HHoro HMnopra 1990 r. CM. B Ta6n. 9.3). no APYrHM OL\8HKaM, 3Ht~proHomneneH H3 crpaH 6blswero CCCP YC11081.1R TOPfOBJU.1 yxyAW!IIJIHCb Ha 15% B 1992 r. BbipOC11a C 9% 06W.eH CTOHMOCTH HMnOpTa 8 VI ew.e Ha 30% a 1993 r. TaiG1M o6pa3oM, B 1993 r. 1991 r . AO no"fTH TpeTH B 1993 r. (OKOJlO nOJlOB~­ o6w.ee yxyAWeH~e ycnoBir1~ ToprosnH no cpas- HbJ l-1Mnopra 1.13 crpaH 6blswero CCCP). HeH~IO C 1991 L, O"f6BIIIAH", COCTaBI..UIO 40%. 8 nepeopHeHTal.~H~ ToprOBJlH HaH6o.nee cy- 1993 r. Toprosblw Ae1.1U.I.1T AOCTI.1r 12% BBn no w,ecTBeHHO npo~sHnacb Ha BHeWHHX pbiHKaX. K cpasHeHHIO c 11% B 1992 r. OTpHu,arenbHoe caflbAO sHeWHeroprosoro 6anaHca cPl-1HaHc1!1po- 1993 r. AOllR 3Kcnopra sa npeAenbl oblswero CCCP ysenH"fHnacb AO 28% o!h1~ero ofi·beMa sanocb B OCHOBHOM Me~yHaPOAHbiMI.1 AOHO- paM~. B 1993 r. Hau,vtoHanbHOMY 6aHKY 6bln 3KCnopTa, B TO speMR KaK B 1991 r. OKa COCTa- npeAOCTaaneH pocci.1~CKIIIH TeXH1.1"feCKHH KPeAI.1T, Bfl~Jla MeHee 1%3 . Bblpoc o6beM Toprosnl.1 c a KpoMe TOfO, 1.1M8110 MeCTO H83Ha"f1.1T8JlbH08 raKHMI.1 crpaHaMl-1, KaK K~TaH, Kope~. T~IPU.l-1~ 1.1 npRMOe 1.1HOCTpaHHOe VIHB8CTI.1pOBaHHe. Beni.1Ko6p1.1TaHV~~. Ha1.16onee BCDKHbiM npeAMeToM B o6w,eM o6beMe Toprosn.-1 Kb1prb13CTaHa 3KCnopTa ~BJl~eTC~ KO>KeBeHHUe Cblpbe, fJ1J. H AOil~ ToproBJII-1 co cTpaHaMVl 6blewero CCCP noTeHU,1.1allbHble l-1HBeCTOpbl npOSlBilRIOT 1.1HTepec pe3KO COKpaTI.1JlaCb B 1992 r. 1.1 npOAOil~ana K Ko>KeseHHOH npoMblwneHHOCTI.1. Toproan~ c coKpaw.arbcR B 1993 r. CoKpaw.eHI.1e npe>KAe KI.1TaeM BKniO"faeT B ce6S~ rpaH3~THble nocraBKM scero KOcHynocb sKcnopra. B 1993 r. 3Kcnopr s H pe3KcnopT {HanpHMep, aBTOMo6~neH pocc~~c­ cTpaHbl 6blswero CCCP cocTaBvtn oKono 72% Koro npm13BOACTBa). PeanM3YIOTCSI TaiOKe Kb1P- o6w.ero o6beMa sKcnopTa (eM. Ta6n. 9.2). Cpas- rb13CKI.1e noTpe61.1T9JlbCKI.1e !.1 npOMbiWJleHHble TO- HI.1TenbHO MeHbWir1e lr13MeHeHvt~ npovtsownvt B Bapbl. K1.1TaH 6biCTpO CTaHOBI.1TCSI B9AYLUHM Topro- o6naCTir1 TPSAI.1U.l-10HHbiX BHAOB 3KcnopTa, TaKHX BbiM naprHepoM Kb1prb13CTaHa. TafinMI.Ul 9. 2. BHeWHIIII ToproanR Kblpl"hi£CT&Ha 11 1990-1993 rr. {B T8K}'1UHX UeHaX) 1990 1991 1992 1993 06oeM, MnH. ,o.onn. 3KcnopT, scero 4233 5186 313 394 CrpaHbl 6b1Bwero cccpa 4144 5163 236 282 CrpaHbl sHewHero M~pa 6 89 23 77 112 VIMnopT, scero 6686 5078 415 490 CTpaHbl 6blswero CCCP 5388 4293 344 378 CrpaHbt BHewHero M~pa 1298 785 71 112 Toproebl171 6anaHc -2453 108 -102 -96 CrpaHbl 6biBWero CCCP -1244 870 -108 -96 CrpaHbl BH9WHero M~pa -1209 -762 6 .f.lonR o6U{ero o6oeMa, % 3KcnopT, scero 100 100 100 100 CT))aHbl 6biBWero CCCP 97,9 99,6 75,4 71,6 CrpaHbl sHewHero Mt.'lpa 2,1 0,4 24,6 28,4 lltMnopT, scero 100 100 100 100 CTP8Hb1 6b1BU.Jero CCCP 80,6 84,5 82,9 77,1 CTJ)8Hbl BH8UJHero Mlr1pa 19,4 15,5 17,1 22,9 8 ,ll,aHHble l":iO Toproane co c·rpaHaMM 6blawero CCCP noAC~MTaHbl Ha ocHOae ABHHbiX no OTAenbHbiM crpaHaM M ou,eHOK coTPYAHMKOB M6PP, C nepaC'-IeTOM llOY.SsaTelleiA e HalJ,HOHailbHOA BBJIIOTe no ()$HLJ,HaflhHOMY/ICOMMe~~ICOMV tcypcaM AJ1SI 1990 M 1991 rr. M no cpeAHeroA•oaoMY pbiHO~HOMy KYPCY P.J1H 1992 M 1993 !T. l5 li1MeiOTC;.: B eMAY CTpaHbl 38 I'JPaAellaMH 6blawero CC:CP, U,Mci>Pbl OCHOBbiBBKITCR Ha ~:lHHbiX oMU.MBnbHOIA CT8TMCTMICH BAOiln. CWA. Kblprb13CTBH: BHeWHRR TOproBnH tteC5onbWOA CTpaHbl 183 Ta&nuua 9.3. OheM aHewHel TOproanM, ycnoBMR Tafi.nHqa 9.4. XpoHo.norMR MaMeHeHMI aHew- M TOaapHaR CTpJKTYPa TOproanM KwprwaCTaHa ao HeTOproaol nonMTMKM a 1992-1994 rr. laiiJTP8HHMX qeHax B 1990·1993 rr. (a npo~HTax) 1992 s:IHB8PbJl1116epam138UHR Ut!H, OTMeHa orp&HIII'H!HIIIH H8 1991 1992 1993 np1116bl1tb. MapT Jl1!16epaniii38UIIIR CeltbCKOX03RHCTBeHHOro HHP.eKc o6&eMa TOprosnu Pb1HK8, 38MeHa CIIICT8Mbl fOC38Ka38 CIIICTeMOH (1991 = 100} fOC38KynOK. 3KcnopT, scero 100 65 46 Anpeltb BaeAe!Ute 3KcnopTHbiX lt111Ut!H3111H, 3&npeToa, 111MnopT, ecero 100 69 52 Hanoroa li8 3KCnopr B cypaHbl BHe CHf. 0KTR6pb BBeAeHIIIe 3KcnopTHbiX JlllltJ,eH3111A Ha nocra&KIII YcnosuR TOprosnH a crpaHbl cHr. CooTHOWeHI/Ie ueHbl 3KCnopTa Ill IIIMnopTa: 1993 K ypoBHIO 1990 r. 100 84 7'9! K ypoBHIO 1993 r. 100 85 61 MapT Bae,AeHI!Ie nowni!IH Ha 3KcnopTHble nooTaBKIII a POCCIIIIO. 8Kcnopr 100 100 Malit BBeAeHIIIe B o6pau.teHI/Ie COMa Ill H8'48110 npoAYJW,HR M8WIIIHOCTpoeHIIIR 31 41 nposeAeHIIIR B81110THbiX Toproe. Ill MeTannoo6pa60TKIII 11110Hb BBeAeHIIIe HOIJM mproeolit np1!16bll1111111 ueHQsoro npoAYJCUIIIR nerKolit npoMbiW- 29 24 KOHTpoJlR B OTHOW8HIIIIII MOHOnonMCTOB. lt8HHOCTIII(BKni0'48HTOB8Pbl ABrycT OTMeHa HOPM Toproaolit nplll6bll1111 no HMnopr- 1113 wepcTM) HbiM TOBapaM. npoAYJ(UHR ua6THOiit MeTannyp- 8 11 HOH6Pb COKP8U48HIIIe '41110118 H8111MeHOB8tiiiiM TOBapoB, r111111 {BKIIIO'-IaR cypbMy, PTYfb, noAite:lKau.tiiiX orpaHIII'4eHIIIRM no 1·oproeolit 301JOTO) npl!l6bllllll. npo,D.yKUIIIR nllluteBOiit npoMbiW- 20 7 lteHHOCTIII ( BKII10'48R r~xap Ill 1994 Te6aK) cbeepanb PacwlllpeHI!fe AOQryna Ha B81110THble Toprlll. Jlpyr&R npoAYKJJ,IIIR 13 17 Anpenb OTMeHa orpaHI!I'4eHIIIM Ha nJ)M6bll1b OT Toproanl!l xne6oM. IAMnopr 100 100 Anpellb OrMeHa Mep nps:.Moro ueHoaoro KOHTponR a HeTb 111 ra3 9 28 OTHOW8HIIIIII npeAflPIIIRTI.odit (KPOMe ecTeCT· npo,D.yKLJ,IIIR M8WIIIHOCTPOeHHR 19 24 H MeTaMoo6pa60TKl-1 npo~1R nerKor71 npoMbiW- 22 ., ~110Hb BeHHbiX MOHOnOiti/ICTOB ). 0TMeHa 3KCnopTHoro 11111U8H3111POB8HIIIR Ill Hanoroe no seeM BIIIA&M Toeapoe {3a lteHHOCTIII H8KOTOPbiM IIICKIIIO'teHI/IeM }. npoAYJW,Hs; nllluteBOM npoMbiW· 16 6 11110Hb 0rMeH8 fOC38K838 Ill KOHTP8KTOB H8 BHYTJ)eH· lt8HHOCTIII Hille noCT8BKIII, 38M8H8 IIIX 38KynK8MIII {H8 ,LlpyraR npoAYJW,IIIR 34 35 A06pOBOitbHOM OCHOBe) Altfl o6ecne'4eHI/IR n p HM 8 a H H e: KI18CCHci»Hl4HpoBaHO B COOTB8TCTBHH ,_. C rocyASpcTBeHHbiX norpe6HOCTelit. ~HI..lM8nbHbiMH MCTOtftiHKaMr... Ill C T0 ,_. H M K: pac'f&Tbl COTPYAHHKOB M6PP. 1!1 CT o ... H H K: M6PP ( 1994d) H npaBHT8nbCTB8HHb18 AOICYMetfTbl. ToproaaR nonMTMKa M~e orpaHIII"'eHIIISI roprosn111, BK1110"1a~ 3Kcnopr- B Ha'fane nepexoAHoro nepiiiOAa ToproE.:::'.KIIIM, onpeAen~~rcs. B Aonnapax no ~eHaM, 6ni!13KI.1M He COOTBeTCTBY~W.III~ MaCWTa6aM 3aAC\"', Tpe- K MIIIPOBbiM. K~pr~3CT8H IIIMeeT TaiOKe COfJ18We- 6yiOU..U•'IX peweHIII~. YcraHOBIIIBWIII~c~ pe)I(IIIM Hii1s:l c Ha3BaHH~MI.1 ~~~ APYfi.1MI.1 crpaHaMI.1 o rop- npeAyCMSTPIIIBan coxpaHeHIIIe fOCYAaPCTBeHHO~ rosne TOBapaMI.1, BKJl~'feHHb!MIII B &.1HAI.1KaT1.1BH~e TOPfOBfllll no ABYCTOPOHHIIIM cornaweHIII~M, np~- nepe"'HI.1. 3TI!1 cornaweHI.1~ onpeAen~IOT o6w.1.1e 184 ToproanR B HOBbiX tte38BMCMMbiX rocy,QapcTBaX o6'beMb4 3KcnopTa (KBOTbl) AilS! Ka>KAO~ cTpaHbl, Y36eKIIICTaHa oT nocrynneHIIISI BOAbl 1113 IIIPPIIIra- a u,eHbl ycTaHasm.,eaiOT caMl-1 npeAnPl-1SITVISI. U.IIIOHHbiX coop~eHIII~, HaXOASUU,IIIXCSI Ha Tep- '"ll-1cno Tosapos, BXOASIW.l-1X s nepe~Hl-1 o6ol-1x PIIITOPIIIIII Kb1prb13cTaHa. YAosneTsops:~s:~ noTpe6- Tl-1nos, noc-raneHHO coKpaw.anocb • .D.ns:~ Poccl-1l-1, HOCTl-1 Y36eKIIICTaHa s BOAe, Kb1prbi3CTaH npo- Hanp'-1Mep, ~l-1CI10 T3Kl-1X TOBapOB YM8HbWVII10Cb 1113BOAIIIT MeHbWe 311eKTp03Heprl-1~ Ha CBOIIIX co 118 s 1992 r. AO 70 s 1993 r. Konl-1~ecrso rl-1AP0311eKTpocTaHU,l-1SIX. Ae¢>l-1U.l-1T 311eKTp03Hep- Hal-1MeHoBaHl-1~, BlKe eo3pocn1.1 npVIMepHo .o,o Ml-1posoro ypoBHS1. Bee COKpaTIAilCSI. no BCe~ BIIIAII!MOCH1, 11Pl-1~l-1HO~ 3TO o3Ha~aeT A11S1 K"'prb13CTaHa .o,anbHe~wee 3Toro cTana AaneKo He nonHa~ peanl-13au,~~ Y>Tb e)KeKsapTallbHo nepecMaTp ~BaJOTCS1 ~ WeHl-1~ B Ka~eCTBe cpeACTBa nony~eHl-1S1 cy6Cl-1,1J,l-1~ npl-1BO,IJ,S1TCSI B COOTBeTCTBIIIe C Me)f(,IJ,yHapO,IJ,HbiMI!I OT COC8AHl-1X CTpaH CO~TeHbl. He,tJ,aBHO 3aKI110- U,eHaMl-1, O,IJ,HaKO PS1A npeAnPIIISlTl-1~ (B OCHOBHOM ~eHHble cornaweHVISl npe,IJ,ycMaTpl-1BaJOT vtcnonb- npoMbiWileHHbiX) He onnaYIIIBaer CYeTa ,.., HaKan- 30BaHl-1e Ml-1POBbiX u,eH s AOI111. CWA B Ka~ecrse lliiiBaeT 3ClA011)1(8HHOCTif1. 111H¢>opMaU,IIIS1 no U,eHaM KOCBeHHOfO MeXaHIA3Ma 6anaHCIAPOBaHl-1Sl TOBa- 3a 1993 r. CB&iiAeTellbCTByeT, ~TO TOpfOBI1S1 HeKO- poo6MeHav ocyw.ecTBJlSleMoro no o6S13aTellbHbiM TOPbiMiil B&.1,1J,aMI.1 riPOIII3BOACTBeHHbiX pecypcos, nepe~HSlM. C ~eTOM 3Ha~IAT8JlbHOfO pocra OT- TaKrAMl-1 KaK ai110Ml-1HIII~, Me.O,b Ill npoAyKU,IIIS1 HOC~TellbHbiX U,eH Ha 3Hepronpo.o,yKTbl Ill 38pHO, Merannoo6pa6oTK'-1, TaiOKe BeAeTcS1 no u,eHaM JliAWb ~aCTIA~HO KOMneHCIIIPOBaHHOfO pOCTOM HVI)I(e MIIIPOBbiX. TeM BpeMeHeM OT cellbCKO- OTHOCVITeJlbHbiX U,eH Ha H8KOTOpble OCHOBHble X03SI~CTBeHHbiX npOIII3BOAI!ITeiJe~ Tpe6yeTCS1 npo- Bl-1,D,bl Kblpfb13CKOfO 3KcnopTa, IA3M8H8Hl-18 MOAelllll ,tJ,aBaTb CBOIO npOAYKU,l-110 rocy,o,apcTBY no U,eHaM TOPfOBbiX OTHOW8HIA~ Bblpa31AJ10Cb B 20%-HOM HIA)I(e Ml-1POBbiX. 3a.o,ep)!(Kl-1 nnaTe)Ke~ npol-13- yxyAweHl-1l-1 ycnos1.1~ roprosnl-1 AJ1Sl Kb1prb13CTaHa. BOAI!ITellSlM S1BJ1S110TCS1 ew.e OAHO~ cepbe3HOl/t YxyAW8Hl-1e 6yAeT ew.e 6onee 3Ha~VITellbHbiM, npo611eMO~ AJ1S1 C911bCKOfO X03S1~CTBa: WeCTl-1- ecn111 AllSl pac~eTa l-1cnonbsosarb 6onee no3AH111e MeCS1YHaS1 3aAeP)I(Ka nnare)l(e~ 3a ceaoH 1992/ noKa3aTeiJl-1 Tosapoo6opora. B 1993 r. 6naro- 93 r. 03Ha~ana AI1S1 npo!f13BOAIIITene~ noTepiO 50% npiAs:ITHbiM l-1CKI110~eHl-1eM 1113 o6w.ero PSVJ.a u,eHo- np1116bl11e~. TaKoro POAa KocBeHHOe Hanorc> .. o6110)I(eHWe npOV13BOACTBa ~aCTI!I~HO KCMneH- BbiX noKa3aTe!le~ 6bl!llll TOilbKO 1..\8Hbl Ha 3KC- Cl-1pyeTCS1 cy6CIIIA~POB8HI!IeM IIIMnopTHdX noc- nopTHble nocTaBKl-1 wepcTVI 111 ra6aKa no coma- TaBOK npm"i3BOACTBSHHbiX pecypcoB. Hanpi!IMep, weHl-110 c PoccrAellt l-1 l-1MnopTHble nocTaBKIII npVI- YAo6peHIIIS1 npoAaJOTCSI npoiii3BOAl-1Tei1S1M no POAHoro ra3a no cornaweHHIO c Y36eKl-1CTaHoM U,eHaM Hlfl)l(e MIIIPOBbiX, O.O,HaKO IIIX A8¢l1AU,IAT (Ta6n. 9.5). KocseHHble L~eHbl, no KOTOpbiM Poc- cH!fnKaer 3Ha~eHI!Ie cy6cvr.o.~~- He Mo)l(eT npvrsec- CIASl B paMKax cornaweHHSI 1993 r. pacnna- TIII K ycnexy cTpeMneHIIIe o6ecneYIIITb no01ynneHIIIS1 ~l-1Banacb aa Ta6aK, 6bii1Vl nplll6111113l-1TenbHO Ha B roc610,1J,}KeT TOJlbKO sa CYST C911bCKOX03S1~CTBeH­ 35% BbiWe COOTBeTCTBYIOWYIX MIIIPOBbiX U,eH, u,e- HOfO CeKTOpa, l-1 6e3 Taro !IICnbiTbiBaJOUJ,teiO Hbl Ha wepCTb Ha 1 00% npeBbiWalliA MIIIPOBble TPYJJ,HOCTIII. '"Ira Kacaercs:~ ropHOA06blsaJOw,e~ u,eHbl. ToprosaS1 cy6c111Al-1S1, ycraHosneHHaS1 co- OTpaCill-1, opllleHTIIIPOBaHHO~ Ha 3KcnopT, B OTHO- rnaweHIAeM c Poccl-1e~. noMorna cTa6Hill-13l-1PO·· weHVIl-1 Hee AOil)I(Hbl 1-1 Moryr npl-1MeHSITbCS1 oonee BaTb U,eHbl Ha Kblpfb13CKYIO WepCTb, XOTS1 B 3TO noHstTHble MeTOAbl Hanoroo6nmKeHit1SI. 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Y36eKMCTaH: ToprOBble pecl)opMbl B 31COHOMM'fBCIC~ CMC18M8 193 3HeprOHOCI.1T811e£1, C811bCKOX03Siii!CTB8HHbiX npo- 0CHOBHbiM 3KcnopTHbiM npOAYKTOM S!Bils:teTCSi 1.13BOACTB8HHbiX pecypcoB, Bblpa>KaeTCSI B cpopMe XllOnOK - OH AOMI.1H1.1pyeT BO BHeWHeToproBbiX cy6CI.1AliiPOBaHI.1SI 1.1MnopTa. onepau,1.1s:tx. 8 1993 r., KaK 1.1 a 1992 r. 1 xnonKoaoe BOllOKHO COCTaBI-1110 nO"iTI.1 nOilOB~HY ya6eKCKOro /],eHe>KHBfl CHCTeMB 1!1 KpeP,HTbl aKcnopTa B crpaHbl 6blewero CCCP, 6onbwas:~ nonbiTKa aaK1110"ii.1Tb c Pocc1.1eill comaweH1.1e "iaCTb 3KCnopTHbiX nOCTaBOK OCYLLJ.8CTBJls:tllaCb B 0 cpopM1.1pOBaHI.11.1 HOBOi/1 py6neBOill 30Hbl B 1993 r. paMKax ABYCTopoHH1.1X roproBb!X cornaweH1.1ill aaKOH"il.111acb HeyAa"ieill, nocne "iero npaBI.1Tenb- (Ta6n. 10.3). np1.1pOAHbl£1 raa COCTaBI.111 23% CTBO np1.1HSIJ10 peweHI.18 BB8CT&o1 BpeMeHHYIO Ba- aKcnopra {!.ieTblpexKparHoe yaenl.1"ieHI.1e no cpaa- fliOTY. 15 HOs:t6ps:t 1993 r. 6bll11.1 BB8A8Hbl B o6pa- HeH1.110 c, 1992 r.); 3118KTP03Hepr1.1s:t - 12% (ABY- W.8Hl>,e cyM-KYnOHbl, a 1 VIIOHSI 1994 r. - nOllHO- KpaTHOe ysenl.1"ieHI.1e no cpaeHeHI.110 c npe.o.bi- ~eHHaSI Ha~I.10HallbHa~ Bal110Ta - cyM. 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WHpoKoMacwra6Hoe nepepacnpeAeneHHe Ha y36eKCKHC1 xnonoK cyw.ecTByiOT ABe ueHbl, pecypcoe 8 xnonKo8oC1 oTpacnH SJ811SJeTCSJ SJpKo~ KOTOpble o6pa3y10T BOCXOASilUYIO cryneHLfaryiO H111110CTpau,HeH 803Ae~CT8HSJ SIBHbiX H KOCBeHHbiX YHKUHIO. nepBaR u.eHa - perynHpyeM~ - P , no KoropoH cenbCKOX03~C1cT8eHHble npm.13BOA~­ Hanoroe Ha 3KOHOMHKY H ToproBniO. Becb 3KcnopT xnonKa 11V~U,eH3HposaH. Tp&~~ ~eTeepTH xnonKa npo- TenH A011)KHbl 6bii1H npop,aTb 85% 3annaHHpo- ~380AHTCS1 B paMKaX roC3aKa3a. B 1992 r. cKpbi- BaHHOro Ha 1992 r. npOH3BOACT8a (Q ). 3TO Tble Ha.norH Ha xnonoK, noAfle)I(BlUH~ npoA8)Ke npeACTaaneHo ropM30HTanbHOH 11HHLIIeHq P AO oTMeTKH o6beMa 0,850 . BTopaS~, 6onee 8biC~KaSl rOCYAClPCTBy, COCTaBHI1H npHMepHO 1 MllPA· AOflll. nepepacnpeAe11eHHe 1 M11PA· AOI111. OT cel1bC- q - U.eHa, Pf - U.eHa, no KOTOPOH MO)KHO npOAS8aTb KOX03SJ~CT8eHH~X npOH3BOAHTene~ rocyAapCT8Y CB060AHYIO KBOTY (ylfaCTOK Q - 0,85Q ) H ocylUecrsnSJeTcst 8 A8a aTana. 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AOJ111. a~ AO QT" npM U,eHe p w ce11bCKOX03RMCTBeHHble 0AH08peMeHHO LfaCTb AOXOA08 8038palUSeTCSI npoi>13BOAHTenH nocTaB!.111H 6bl o6beM xnonKa Qr CeilbCKOX03R~CT8eHHbiM npOVi380AHTe11RM 8 8~Ae UeHbl, no KOTOPbiM nnann MecTHble reKcTMilbHble cylUecr8eHHbiX cy6cHA~~ Ha cenbCKOX03R~cr­ cl>a6pHKH, H'1)1(e MHPOBbiX. 06beM 8HyrpeHHero aeHHble npOH3BOACTBeHHble pecypcbl, BKJ110"1as:l noTpe6neHHSI nOAHHMaeTCR c a~ AO ad. Co"'e- BOAY H ~MnopTHYIO npOAYKU.1>110. PaclfeTbl noKa- TaHHe 3THX AByx ¢»aKTOPOB (COKPalUeH~e np8Af10- 3biBaiOT, LfTO CeJ1bCKOX03S'l~CTBeHHble cy6c~AHH )I(eH!.1R H noBbtWeHHe BHyrpeHHero norpe6neHHR) 8 1992 r. COCTa8~11H npM611H3HTeJ1bH!'J 670 MTIH. npHBOAMT K COKPall\eHHIO y36eKCKOro 3KCnopra. A01111. (M6PP, 1993). TaKHM o6pa3oM, LfHCTaR COOTBeTCTBYIOlUee CHlii>KeHlile 3KcnopTHbiX AOXO- cyMMa AOXOA08, nepepa;npeAeneHHbiX H3 cenbc- A08 npeACTaBnReT cyMMY ni10ll.I.ClAe~ P (a~ad) H Koro X03R~CTBa - CKpbiTbl~ Hanor Ha Ce11bCKOX0- 1 p w(Q~Q ). 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JlliiHllle~ MliiP080Vl U,eHbl 8 TOYKe h. 8 HaWeM CJlyYae, OOCKOilbKY CeJlbCKOX03~~CTSeHHble npo- PeKOMeHA8LPIM no TOprrOBOM nonMTMKe 1113BOAIIITeJllil nonyYaiOT cy6CiiiAIIIIO S H3 KIDKAYIO B nepeXOAHbiM nepMOA eAiiiHIIIU.Y o6beMa npoi!I380ACT8a, KPiil8a~ npeAflo- 8 XoAe ocyLL\eCTB1leHl!1SI nporpaMMbl crpyK- )!(eHiil~ S~ CABI!IraeTC~ 8Hiil3 Ha BeJlliiYIIIHY cy6CH- TYPHbiX pecpopM Ys6eKiiiCTaHy cneAyer o6ecne- Aiillf1 AO Sd (Ho8a~ KPif18as:t np8AfiO:>KeH!f'ls:l co cropo- '-llr'1Tb CTIIIMY111i1POBaH!f'le TOPfOBJlL-1, C8060AHO~ OT Hbl CeJlbCKOX03~VJCT8eHHbiX npolii380AiiiTenelif). 3KCnOpTHbiX Ill V1MOOPTHbiX orpaHIII'-IeH1!1~ (roc- KOTOpa~ OTpa)!(aeT liiX ('-laCTHble) 3aTpaTbl Ha npo- 3aKa3, rOCYAaPCT8eHHaSJ TOpf0811R, CliiCTeMa 1llil- 111380ACTBO eA!f'!Hif'IU,bl ceepxnnaHoaoro o6beMa. u,eH3IiiP08aHlil~ 3KCnopra), KOTOpble nplii80~T K CenbcKoXo3~~CT8eHHble npoiii380AHrenlil pacw&rt- AecpopMaU,II'1~M 8 npoiii3BOACT8e 111 ropro8ne. ltro Ps:ttOT npolf13'30ACT8o AO rex nop, noKa Sd He ne- AeMCT8l-1TenbHO Heo6xo,D,l-1Mo, raK 3TO nomHIIIKa peceYercs:~ C Pw' lf'IAST nepepacXOA pecypc08, eALo1H006pasHoro CTIIIMY1llt1POBaHIII~ np0!.1380ACT- nOCKOflbJK9HHbiM Me)t(Ay p w If'! S~. 3a ero Me:>KAyHaPOAHble u,eHbl, cnoco6Hble noAAep}KaTb npeAeJlaMIII CTOiiiMOCTb pecypco8, 8JlO)!(eHHbiX 8 AOXOAbl rOCYAaPCT8a 8 nepi!IOA nplll8aTiil3aU,IIII!1. AOOOJ1HIIIT91lbHble o6beMbl npolil38eAeHHOf0 XJIOO- Ha,o,o ycrpaHIIITb 6onbWYJO YaCTb lt1MnopTHbiX cy6- Ka, npe8b1WaeT CTOIIIMOCTb ST!f'IX 06beM08 Ha ML-1- CHAL-1~, 3TO 6yAeT COOT8eTCT808aTb Tpe6o8al1111~M P080M PbiHKe. rATT Ill yepe3 8crynneHIIIe B STy opraHiil3aU,Iil10 Ys6eKYJcraH IIIHTerplf'lpyercSJ 8 Mlilposoe roprosoe nnaTelKH8R CMCTeMa TOproanM coo6w,ecrso. Ao 1994 r. nnaTe)!(Ha~ clilcTeMa npeACTa8nsma npo61leMa rocyAapCTBeHHOfO AOXOAa MO}K8T co6oi:1 ew,e OAHY noMexy pacwlilpeHiiiiO ropro811L-1, 6b1Tb peweHa Ha OCH08e np!.18aTiil3aU,IIIIil, HaY!.1Ha~ Afls:l Hee 6blnlf1 xapaKTepHbl KPYOHble 3aAOJl- c npeAnPt.1SJTt.1l:1 ropros11111, rpaHcnopra Iii C8SJ3111; )!(9HHOCH1, HeKOH89PTIApyeMOCTb BaJliOTbl, npeA- 88eAeHJ.1~ apeHAbl 3eMJllil 8 C911bCKOM X03~VlCT8e; nOYTeHiil9 6aprepHbiX 111 K11111PIIIHrosblx cAenoK. B BBeAeHIIIR e,lJ,l-1Hoo6pa3HbiX ropro8biX Hanoro8 (Ha 1994 r. Ya6eKVICTaH nepe8en 600 MflH. AOilfl. 8 3Kcnopre !.111lil IIIMnopr) 6e3 3Ha'-II!ITenbHbiX Jlbror; 30nore aa rpaHIIIU.Y 8 KaYecr8e aanora noA rop- no3ranHoro 8BeAeH1-1SJ HAC Ha liiMnopr. Heo6xo- ro8ble KPeAIIITbl. 3ro no3BOJ1111110 npolii3BOA!f'!Tb on- AiiiMa pa3pa60TKa HOBO~ 3aKOHOAaT91lbHO~ 6a3bl nary 6onbwe~ '-lacTIII ropro811lil '-lepes KoppecnoH- Afl~ yperyJlliiPOBaH!f'ISI npa8 C06CT8eHHOCTiil, 6aHK- AeHTCKiile cyera, OTKPbiTble npa8111TeJ1bCT80M 8 pOTCT8a, co6ntaAeHiiiSI Aeno8biX KOHTpaKToe. Co- W8e~u,apcKIAX 6aHKax. HeKOHBeprlilpyeMOCTb 8epweHHO Heo6XOA111Ma nonHaSI KOH88PT!.1pye- cyMa, OAHaKO, 8 HaCTOSIU,\ee BpeMSI ~BJ1~8TCs:l MOCTb HaU,IiloHanbHO~ 8ani0Tbl, peweHiile 80npo- rna8HbiM npen~TCT8Lo1eM pa38!.1Tii110 Topr08J1!.1 Ill co8 83aiiiMHCIX 3(]A01l>K9HHOCT9"' KaK Ha 8HyrpeH- AOCT!.1:>K8Hif110 MaKpOSKOHOMiii'-18CKOlif CTa6lo1Jllil3a- HeM, TaK Ill Ha 8HeWHeM pbiHKax. U,If'!lil. Afls:t CHIII}K8HIIIR 3aTpaT, C8~3aHHbiX C nepe- nnaTe}KHa~ CLo1CTeMa 6bi8Wero CCCP pa38a- 80AOM pecypco8 lil3 c8opal.flil8atOU.V1XC~ orpacne"' Jllil1laCb 8 TOT MOM8HT, KOrp,a nmepiiiHQ>JlS~U,L-1~ s pasBIIIBatOW,I'!ec~ 1.1 80 !t136e>KaHiile no8opora py6n~ npliiBena K MaCC080MY OTKa3Y OT py6neBbiX acn~Tb npou,ecca nlf16epanlilsau,t.1lil ropro811t.1, He- HaKonneHiil~. nplil OTCYfCT8Iillil KllViPiiiHfOBOfO Me- o6xoAI!1MO no3TanHoe npoaeAeH!.1e pecpopM, npe- xaHIA3Ma Iii KOHBepTiilpyeMO~ 8a1110Tbl nilaTe>KHa~ AYCMorpe8 COOTBeTCT8YIOW,Iile Lo13M9H9Ht.1~ Ha Pa3- Cli1CTeMa He CMOrna cpyHKU,IiiOH!.1pOBaTb Ill KI1~1PIIIHf JlliiYHbiX 3Tanax: HeMeAJleHHble, cpeAHecpoYHble Yepe3 OcP!f'IU,If'!aJlbHble KoppecnOHAeHTCK!.1e CYeTa 111 .a.onrocpoYHble. Ecn1-1 pecpopMbl 6y.a.yr npoABiil- 8 U.eHrpanbHOM 6aHKe Pocc!.1lil cran npeAMeTOM raTbC~ MeAneHHo, 3TO Aacr liiX npoTiiiBHHKaM A8YCTOPOHHIAX neperoaop08. B03MO>KHOCTb co6paTbC~ C Clo111aMiil 1.1 Topne,D,HPO· Topro8ns:t c Pocclf'!e~ ocyU.\eCT811~er~ B paM- 8aTb nporpaMMY pecpopM. 8biCOKVie HallOfOBble Kax A8YCTOPOHH!f'IX Topr08biX cornaweH!.1~, KO- CTa8Kir1, ~BHble Ill CKPbiTble, A011>KHbl 6b1Tb TOTYac TOpble o6ecnel.ft.18a!OT He06XOA!.1Mbl~ T9XH!.1Y9CKIII~ >Ke OTMeHeHbl, KaK l-1 Bee JlbrOTbl. no Mepe CHt.1>Ke- 6anaHc Afls:l perynlilposaH!f'l~ roproeblx onepau,lill:1. H!.1SI Hanoro8b!X CTa80K CJleAyeT paCWiiiP~Tb Ha11o- 0AHaKo KpynHble nnare:>tKfJ,y 500000 1.1 600000 py6.; 60AHO, no MVIPOBbiM u.eHaM, KaK Ha BHYTPeHHeM, Me:>KAy 400000 l-1 600000 py6. TaK l-1 Ha BHeWHeM PblliKax, 6e3 BMeWaTeJlbCTBa rocyp,apcraa. Bo3MO}I(HO co3AaH~e xnonKoao~ • Pc = 141000 py6. 3a roHHy. 6vtpJKY~. 06s:~3arenbHas:t npoArutopMrt~poaaHv-~;~ cv-~cre­ repCTBOM C911bCKOfO X03s:IC1CTBa. Ma ayKU,l-10HOB YIHOCTpaHHO~ B81110Tbl, npVI KOTO- poUi VIX npoBOAYIT UeHrpanbHbiVI 6aHK c y~.tacnt1eM • P, = Pw (1 - t,) = 1112925 py6. aa TOHHy. lo136paHHbiX KOMMep"teCKVIX 6aHKOB. npVI rocy- • t1 = 5%-Hbl~ 3KcnopTHbl~ Hanor. p,apCTB6HHOM KOHTpone 3a TOPTOBO~ A6s:tTeJ1b- HOCTbiO He CJleAyeT O}I(YIAaTb 3KOHOMVI~6CKOfO CenbCKOX03s:t~craeHHble npol-13BOAVITenl-1 nna- pocra Y36eKL-1CTaHa. 3ro noATBep}I(AaeT onbiT Ts:IT 5%-Hb1C1 Ha110f Ha 3KCnopT CB060AHOC1 KBOTbl MHOrl-ix Heyp,aBWVIXCS! nonbiTOK B APYrrt~x crpaHax Vlfll-1 csepxnnaHoaoro xnonKa. UeHoaoc:t noKa- ML-ipa. aare.nb ocHOBbiBaercs:t Ha u,eHe 950000 py6. aa TOHHY (ASHHble npeAOCTaB116Hbl C6JlbCKOX03s:IC1- npMnOlK8HMe: AaHHble, MCnOnb30B8H- CTB6HHO~ Mf.IICCVIL-1 M6PP M1.1Hl-1CTepcTBOM cenbc- Hble AnR p8C'18TOB B xnonKOBOM Koro xo3s:tC1craa). B aarycre 1994 r. e~e Aec:tcrao- OTpacnM 38 1992 r. aan 5%-Hbl~ Hanor. npl-1Hlo1Mas:t u,eHOBY~ 311aCTVI"tHOCTb BHYTP6H- Hero npeAflO}I(eHVIS! 3a E = 1 .5 VI U,eHOBYIO 311aC- e Qq = 12811 00 T Tl-1"tHOCTb cnpoca 3a ~ = 2 MO}I(HO nOAC"tVITaTb e QT = (1,05)Qq = 1345000 T paaHOPJ pop,a l-13MeHeHIIis:t ,... nepepacnpeAeneHVIs:t e 0,85Qq = 1088000 T C r!OMOll.l,biO cpopMyn: MvtHIIiCTepcrao cenbcKoro xoas:~c;1craa npeAoc- e [(Pw - P0 ) 0,85Qq] + [P1(QT - 0,85Qq] TaBL-1110 AaHH~e no o6~eMy o6beMy npo&-13- - aanoaoe nepepacnpeAeneHVIe AOXOAOB or ct>ep- BOACTBa xnonKa-cblpLJ,a (Qq). 111HQ>OpMaU,&o1&o1 0 Mepoa npaBL-1TenbcTay. paaMepax KBOT~ ~nl-1 o6beMe caepxnnaHoao~ npOAYKU,l-11.1 HeT, npeAnonaraeTCS!, LITo caepxnna- e sQT - cy6CVIAL-1Vi npaBLiiT611bCTBa B n011b3Y Hoaas:~ npOAYKU,Hs:l COCTaBJls:leT 5% KBOTbl. C911bCKOX03s:tC1CTBeHHbiX npOV13BOAIIiTeJ1eC1. • Qd = 0,15(Qq) = 192000 e Qd[1-(P.jPd)e11) - COKpa~eHf.lle BHYTPeH- Hero norpe6neHVIS!. • 0'/Qd = (P jPd)e11 • Q'd = 3,456. e (Pw- p d) Qd- norpe61.1T611bCKf.lle cy6CYIAVIVI. Al1s:l pacLtera 1.13MeHeH~s:t BHyrpeHHero norpe6- • QT[(P.jP1)ee -1) - poeT BHyrpeHHero npo- neHVIs:t Heo6xoAIIIMO pacnonaraTb AaHHbiM&-1 o 1.13 BOACTBa. BHYTPeHHeM norpe6.neHL-1l-1 ~ 3nacTW·IHOCTL-1 cnpo- ca -- ~· BHyrpeHHee norpe6neH&o1e cocraar.s:~er • [Pw(Qd - Q'd)] + [Pw(Q~ - QT)] - poeT np&o16111.13YIT611bHO 15% 06beMa npolo13BOACTBa, a 3KCnopTHbiX AOXOAOB. noKaaarenb 3flaCTL-1LtHocTL-1 cnpoca, npeAnono}I(VI- renbHO, COCTaB11s:I6T -2. 3TO AOBOJlbHO OCTOpO}I(- npl-1 pac"teTe cpopMyn VICn011b:~oBa111.1Cb "tVIC- Has:l ou,eHKa, YLt&o1TbiBas:t, liTO 6onee 50% 3Kcnopra JlOBble 3Ha"teH~s:l: T8KopMyna onpeAenSJeT 3nacT~LtHOCTb cnpoca no C06CTB8H!iOC1 U,eHe: Ans:t BbiBO,D,a 3Ha"teHf.lls:l p Mbl 83S!J1VI 3a VIC- XOAHYIO B611VI"tVIHY u,eHy 10g5 A01111. 3a TOHHY e Q'r/QT = (P.jP,)ee xnonKa, OCHOBbiBas:ICb Ha AaHHbiX Mf.IIHYICTepcTBa cenbcKoro xo3s:tC1crsa (1 060-1 070 A011!1. 3a TOHHY • Q'r = 1447000 T a 1992 r.). UeHbl AaiOTCs:l c y~.teroM CKVIAKVI co- YpoaeHb npoV13BOACTBa a ycnoBVIs:IX cao6oA- oraercraeHHO 40 VI 148 Aonn. 3a TOHHY no npVI- HOUi TOprOB111t1 MO}I(HO nonyYIIITb aHaJlOfVIL!HbiM o6- "t&o1He HeonpeA6116HHOCTI.1 Ka"teCTBa 1.1 cpOKOB AOC- pa30M. ¢>opMy.na onpeAeflS'.IeT 311aCT1.1LtHOCTb B~IYT­ TaBKf.il (3TVI CKYIAKL-1 COOTB6TCTBYIOT CKVIAK6 88 Aonn. aa TOHHY (MEiPP, 1993a)). Aon.napoaas:~ peHHero npeAJ10}I(eHIIISI. YLtl-1TbiBas:t He3nacT&o1Lt- u,eHa 6blna nepeaeAeHa B py6neay10 no KYPCY HOCTb 3KOHOM1.1LtecKo~ crpyKTypbl (cf.llcTeMa roc- 11 00 py6. 3a 1 AOnn. (VICTOLtHVIK- MVIH~crepcrao aaKa3oB), npeAnonaraeM yMepeHHYIO 311acTI.1Lt- cenbcKoro xo3s:t~craa). Hocrb npeAflmKeHV'Is:l - 1,5. e S = 496 AO.n.n. aa TOHHy. 06beMe cy6CHAMH 6yAeT pasHa ee AO.ne B o6- lU8M nepepacnpeAe.neHMM AOXOAOB M~ cellbCKOfO ~T06bl pacC~MTaTb pa3Mepbl Cy6CMAMM Ha X03SlHCTBa, KOTOpasl B 1992 r. COCTaBmma 78%. TOHHY x.nonKosoro sonoKHa, Mbl cHa...ana ycTaHo- 06U4asl cy()cHAMSI Ha x.nonoK 6bl.na noAeneHa Ha BHm1 pa3Mepbl C81lbCKOX03SlHCTBeHHOH Cy6CMAMH o6beM npoH3BeAeHHoro xnonKa a 1992 r., a B006ll.le (M6PP, 1993a). 3aTeM Mbl npeAnO- peaynbTaTe naJIY'·Wmacb U.Hcllpa 496 Aann. aa na}l(lo1.nM, ~TO AO.ns:l x.nonKOBOH OTpacnM B o6~eM TOHHy. npMIIOlKeHMe 1 0. 1. MMnOpntOe M 3KCROpnt08 HaJIOfCO&iOlKeHtte (aerycT 1993 r.) Py6nesaR 30HB 3oHa rsept{oi4 BBniOTbl 3Kcnopntwe Hanont e 10%-HbiM H8nor H8 3KCnopTI {B3MM86TCR T8101Ce c C58pTepa, 38 HCKiliO'IeHMeM racy- • 35%-HbiM Hanor H8 AOXOJlbl B TBeP.D.OM 881110Te, 38 MCK1110'feHM6M rocaaK838, AflpcTBeHHbiX npe,lUlPMsm'IM, u,eHTp8111-t30- C5n8rOTBOPHTe.nbHbiX B3HOCOB (AO 1 % }, BaHHoro 3KcnopT8 xnonKs M .QP.) 8KIJ,HOH6PHbiX M nopTc:l>e.nbHbiX MHBeCTM· UJIIM M 38KYflOK Hai1W-tHOH MHOCTP8HHOH 6 88IltOTbl • 38npeT H8 68pTepH}'IO Topr081110 C 16 MIOilR 1993 r. { 38 HCKI110'f6Hr.18M • 6apTePH8R ToprOBil~ C 16 MIOilR 1993 r. OC5118r&eTCR H8.nOrOM B MHOCTPSHHOM HeKOTopbiX TOBapoB, B OOHOBHOM B81110Te no CT8BK6 35% HeTM, cl'POMM&TepM8110B M nMno- M8TepMSI10B) • 3anpeT Ha C58pTePHYIO ToproeniO OT 16 MiOilR 1993 r. (36 MCKI110'-t6HMeM H6KOTOpbiX TOBapoB, B OCHOBHOM He· TM, CTP0MM&TepM8110B M nMnOM&Te- PMaooB) TaMOlKeHHwe nownMHW 0rCyYCTByiQT • no MMnOPTY OTM6H6Hbl 8 MIOilR 1993 r. • no 3KCnOPTY YCTSHOBI16Hbl H8 ypoaHe OT 2 A040% • • .O,onollHHTe.nbHbiM SAMMHMCTPSTMBHbiM c6op a p&3Mepe 1-3%. 11 11 Hanor Ha Ao6aaneulfYIO Ei&3088R CT8BK8 25% (He OC5118f86TCR 6&30B8R CT8BK8 25% (He 0611araeTCR CTOMMO~ 31Kcnop-r, HO oC5naraeTCR .Q068&.neHHaR 3KcnopT, Ho oC5nar8eTcR A068BileHH8R CTOMMOCTb MMnOPT8 ,DJIR nepenpoAfl:liCM) CTOMMOCTb MMnopT8 AnR nepenpo.QB)I(M) a B cTpaHb16biBwero CCCP. li'ICICI110't8HMA: xnonecosoe aonoKHO- 30% (31CcnopT Konx03oB- 40 TbiC. py6. 3a TOHtfY, 3KcnopT APYrMX opraHM3al4HA- 150 TbiC. py6. 3a TOHtfY), npMpo~ ra3- 20, A8TCICM8 TOaapt.l- 20%, cenbCKOX03JIACTB8HHaR npoAYK14MA- OT 2 AO 40 TbiC. py6 3a TOHHY. !S Bae.QBH 8 A8RCT8M8 1 RHBaPA 1993 r., HO ~aKTM'48CICM 83MManCA C 6 MIOHA 1993 r. 8 riPMHl4Mr18 MMeeT o6paTHVJO CMny AO 1 SHiaPft 1993 r. • K rOTOIIOA rtpOAYJCI..'MM M nony$l6pMKaTaM OOAXO,Qbl pa3._.. 11'1 C T 0 ~ H M K: MMCCMA M6PP, npaBMTBnbCTBO Y36eKMCTaH8. 1994 21 RHB8PR 3H&~KTe11bHOe COKJ)8l!.l6tMe no1J,ne)l(8~ IlM~H3MpoBSHMIO 3KcnopTHbiX TOBapoB- A0 26 no3MIJ,HM (BKI110'f810lUM)(, BnpcJ'teM, OCHOBHyK) CTOMMOCTb 3KCnOPT8). Cbeap8Ilb OiMeHeH BBe,QeHHbM B Mae 1993 r. 35%-HbM H8110f H8 onepaUJIIM C HHOCTPSHHOM B81110TOM. BpeMeHHO aae,D,eHo 'TJ)eC50BSHMe oC5R3&TellbHoM npoA&JKM 15% B81110Tbl rocyASpcTBy no oMUH8IlbHOMY KYPCY M 15%-HbiM Hanor H& MHOCTJ)8HHYJO ~IOTY· CbeapSilb II'IMnopTHble nOWilMHbl BpeMeHHO OTMeHeHbl 1JP 1 MIOilR 1995 r. 11 8npe11R YK830M npe3H,AeHT8 on,-.('~eH 35%-HbiM H8110r B MHOCTP8HHOM 881110Te H8 B81110THble AOXOAbl (HO BB61J,6HO ypeC50B8HMe OGPl38Te/1bHOM npo.D~B:.>KM 30% B81110Tbl. Y'fMTb!Bas:l, 'ITO H8 oML!,H8Ilbtlb1X Ba!IIOTHbiX 8ytci.J,HOH8X KYJlC MHOCTJ)8HHOA B81110Tb138Ht.aeaeTCS1 H8 80%, CKJ)bllbiM H8110r H8 MHOCTPSH- HYJO Ba.niOTY CHM3MI1CR IJ,O 24%). Anpenb 8Be1J,6H8 o6A38TellbH8~ npoASD 30% B81110THOM BbiPY'fKM rocy,o,apcTBy no oMUJIISilbHOMY tcypcy. ,ll,nA onpe,QeneHMR Kypca aa.niOTbl npoeo.QRTCR exeHeAeilbHble 881110THble aytO.J,MoHb!. K MIOHIO 1994 r. CKPbiTbiM Hanor H8 MHOCTP8HHY10 B8l110TY C5blll CHIICKeH npMC511M3HT9IlbHO A0 24%, T8K K8K o¢1M- 1J.M8IlbHbiM c.5MeHHbiM KYPC 3SHM)I(eH H8 80%. 24 MIOHR Ya6eKMCT8HY npe.QOCT8BI16H CT8TYC HSC51110ASTei1R B fATI. Y36eKMCTaH: TOprOBble pt$opMh~ B 3KOHOMIII"'BCK~ CHCT8M8 2Q 1 npMMe'I8HMR MMneKC" 3aHMMaeTCSI MMOOPTOM M 3KCnopTOM MeAHL.tHHCKOro o6opyAoBaHHSI 111 MeAHKaMeHTos; "Y3npoMMaWMMneKc" HMnop- 8 OCHOBB 3TOro pa3AB11a llB)«B.T pa60Tbl MHCCHH M6PP, 903- ·lr,pyer lr'l 3KCOOpTHpyeT Cblpbe, ra3 M HB$Tb; "Y311BrHMneKc" rnaBilSIBWBACs:l aaropaMH. 8 ee cocrae raiOKe BXOAHilH Xoce KOHTpollHpyeT MMOOpT M 3KcnopT rlPClAYKI.4111111 llerKOA npoMbiW- MeH,Qec (YHHBepcHTeT wrara Apr,30Ha), Xenbra M101111ep (M6PP), 119HHOCTM (B OCHOBHOM TBKCTMilb); "npoMCblpbe" 3aHHMa9TCSI PeMotJ..U> B OOAro- 3Awa Tpatte") o6ecne"'IHaiOT nepeB03KY mo6biX rpy30B 3a py6e.lK roaKe cTaTbM 0Ka3allr.1 3HTOHI1 3AI1YOPA H CreaHO 6epi0ltltr.1. M B crpaHbl CHr; ABe APvme KoMnaHMM - "Y3arponpoMTpaHC" 1 8 OCHOBHOM, MO.lKHO nonaraTb, B !.4Bils:IX CHM.lKeHHA BHYTPBHHeA lr1 "Y3nllOAOOB014TPaHc" - orpaHH"'MBaiOTCSI nepeB03KOA LtBHbl HMOOPTHpyeMbiX npoAyKTOB nHTaHHSI H 3tteprOHOCHTBI1BA. CBJlbCKOX03SIACTBBHHOA npoAYKL.tM~1. 2 Heo6XOAHMO YI.JBCTb, 'ITO s 1993 r. 3Kcnopr 3a raePAYIO oantO- TY BKiliO"'aal 3Ha"'r.1TellbHble npo,t\a)t(H 30110Ta, KOTOpoe patJee nMTepa-rypa YI.JHTbiBallOCb KaK 3apy6e)I(Hble pe3BJ}Bbl. MHxanonynoc (Michalopoulos) K. 111 Tapp (Tarr) ,ll. TeXHHraHHCTaH); "Y3arpoMM110pr" 8awMHnoH, 1994. Ko~-rrponHpyer roprosn10 cenbcKoxo3SIAcraelflbiMH npoAYKTaMM; "~HHOBaL.tiiiR" KOHTPOilHpyeT nepBAai.JY TBXHOilOrHA, OKa3biBaeT Y36eKHcraH: Ha nosecTKe AHSI - 3KOHOMH"'BCKaSI peopMa OOMOIJ..Ib COBMBCTHbiM npeAnPHSITHSIM Ill npOBOAVJT pa6oTbl no (Uzbekistan: An Agenda for Economic Reform}. M6PP. TBXHHK0-3KOHOMM"'BCKOMY OOOCHOBaHHIO npoeKTOB; "Y3MBA- AoKilaA N211683-UZ. 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B pa3peweHHH roprosblx cnopos. 6!JilbWIIIHCTBO pa3BHBaiOW.HXCSI CTpaH lo1MeeT Ta- Cyw.ecrsyer MHO)KecTso opM npeAocrasne- Kio1e opraHio13aL.J.IIIIo1, OAHaKO npaKTLt1YeCKVI BCe OHLit HJ.1S1 ycnyr, Heo6XOAHMbiX 3KCnoprepaM, no- HeaeKTIIIBHbl {Keesing, 1991 ). none3HOCTb Ta- cpeACTBOM KaK fOCYAaPCTBeHHoro, TaK J.1 ~aCTHOfO KIIIX opraHio13aU,Io1H 80 MHOflo1X CTpaHax CBOAlitTCSI K ceKropa. 6onbwast t.tacrb ycnyr oKa3biBaercst MJ.1HIIIMYMY J.13-3a HenOAfOTOB11eHHOCTio1 cpeAbl AflSI Y3Kocneu,HanH31.1posaHHbiMJ.1 1t1pMaMJ.1. C ~eToM npeAnPIIIHIIIMaTenbcTsa. YcnewHyiO Aes:~renbHOCTb TOfO, ~TO ~aCTHbiVl CeKTOp stB/lsteTCst ny~Wio1M raKJ.1X opraHHaau,H~ s cTpaHax BocTo~Ho~ A3HVI nocraBW.HKOM 111 APYrlilx cneu,HH~ecKio1X rosapos MO)I(HO ~aCTIIIYHO 06bSICHIIITb TeM, ~TO OHIII 6bllllo1 1o1 ycnyr, no see~ Blt1Ait!Mocrlt1, OH 6onee 3cpQ>eK- Tio1BHo, t.teM rocceKTop, pa6oraer no YAOBnerso- co3,o.aHbl Y*e nocne Toro, KaK 6blna copMio1- peHio110 norpe6Hocre~ 3Kcnoprepos. 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Aonrocpo"!Hoe nocnenocraBO'"IHoe cl>MHaH- cornaweHVIS1X c APYrVIMVI cou,VIanVICTVI'"IecKVIMI.1 cV~posaHir1e ocyw.ecrsns:~nocb 836 no npo,D.a)K21M cTpaHaMVI VJcnoJJb3osancs:~ TOT )l(e MeTOA nnaTe- BOeHHOfO CHaps:~>KeH~R 1r1 CTPOl-1TeJ1bCTBy BOeHHI :u~ )KeL;1, '-ITO ~ a Toprosne co cTpaHaMI.1-•meHaMIII 06beKTOB. tJ.onrocpO'"IHble 3aHMbl COCTaBIISifllil no- C38. KorAa npeAnPVIS1TVIs:l nocTaBnS1nVI TOBapbl AaBIIs:IIOW.YIO '"laCTb cplr1HaHCVIPOBaHMSI ToproBnl.1. {o6~YHO TeXH~k.y, o6opyAOBaHVIe VI BOOp~eHV!e) P~.~tcK HennaTe.>Ka co cTopcHbl notV~HaHcos cpa3y nocne nocraBKVI. noAPa3y- AOIIfOBpeMeHHble TPaAMU.MOHHble OTHOWeHM~ C Mesanocb, '-ITo VIMnopTepbl pacnna'"IVIBanl.1cb co CCCP. 8 pa3BI.1BaiOlUMXest crpaHax PIIICK Henna- CBOVIM npaBif'ITeJibCTBOM, KOTOpOe, 8 CBOIO O'"le- Te.>Ka CO CTOPOHbl noKYnaTeneM 6bl!l HeCKOflbKO peAb, nepeBOAVInO cpeACTBa MVIHVICTepcTBy Q>VI- BbiWe, OAHaKO npaBir1TeJ1bCTBO npMMeHSfiiO cpeA- HaHCOB CCCP. MVIHVICTepcTBO Q>V~HaHcos ynonHo- CTBa nO!IVITVI'"IeCKOfO p,asneHir1R ,D.JIR 06ecne'"leHMS1 l-1HCTMT}'l4140Hanbtta§l nollMTMKa B o6naCTM pa3BMTMA 3KCnopra 219 nnaTe)l(e~. Bee Plr1CKl-1 HennaTe)l(e~ nornotUalllr1Cb CoaercKoro Col038 (Trade Policy Reform in the States of 836 (a cneAOBarenbHO- 510A>KeTOM). the Former Soviet Union)// EBS/93/158. MBop- <1>0& - OKOJ10 10%. MMpoaaHMR roproaoA nonMTMKM (Best Practices in Trade 2 Y36eKMcTaH apeMeHHO - AO cepeAMHbl 1995 r. - OTMeHMJl Policy Reform) f B.ToMac (Thomas) MA:~K.H3W (peA.). HbiO- MMOOPTHbl8 TapM~bl. Ii1opK, M3A·BO 0KC<1>0PACKOrO yHIItBepcitTeTa, 1991. 3 npM IIICnoJ1b30BaHMM CMCTeMbl npMnMCHOrO TaMO :IKeHHOrO CICJ18AMpo&aHMR ~MpMa MO:IKeT MMnopTMpoBaTb TOBapbl 6e3 Bbi- KH3HHr ,a. ~etwpe c-.acTnMBbiX MCKlliO'fBHMA: O~MI.4ManbHOe MaTbl noWJlMH M CKIIaAMpoBaTb MMnopTHb18 TOBapbl no CKnSA- 1100U4PBHMe 3KcnopTa M noMeP:IKKa 3KcnopTHOro Map.::e- CitOA TaMO:IKOHttOA 33Klli1AHOA AO TOro ap8M8HM, KOrAa OHM 6yl1:fT TMHra B Kopee, roHKOHre, CMHranype M TaAB9.HB {The Four pe3KCnopTMpo88Hbl MJlM MCnoJ1b30BaHbl B npoM3BOACTB8 npo- Successful Exceptions: Official Export Promotion and Sup- AYK14MM, KOTOpaR noAAeT Ha 3KCnopT. port for Export Marketing in Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore, 4 B 3TOM noAPa3Aene o6wHpHO Mcnonb30BaHbl MaTe pManw and Taiwan, China) I10T.QBJ1bHbl8 ,QOJ:YMeHTbl no nporpaMMe M6PP (1993). pacwMpettMR roproanM. IOHAfl M M6PP, T. 2. BawMHrTOH, S M6PP tteAaBHO peKOMOHAOBaJl, '4T06bl 6aHKM, COOTBeT- 1988. CTBYIOU4Me Me:IK,QyHapOAHbiM CTaHAapTaM, cct>opMMposani1 OCHOBY HOBOA KeHeaa, IOHKTAA IIIHMUMaTM&a no noabiJ..IeHMIO 34$et.."TMB- rpo6ap (Graubart) C. IIIHCTMTY'-'MOHaJlbHaR noAAeP:IKKa HOCTM roproanM, 1993. tteTPSAMI..\MOHHOro 3KcnopTa (Institutional Support for Non- traditional Exports)// KocTa-PMKa: YKpeMeHMe CBR3eA c Ys.:JA (Wade) P. CMcteua B03BpaTHbiX nownMH a TaAaatte (Tai- MMpoBOIA 3KOHOMMKOA (Costa-Rica: Strengthening Unks to wan, China's Duty Rebate System). M6PP, OTAen roproaoA the World Economy)// IOH,O.I1 M M6PP. ,L\OKl18A no npo- nonMTMKM. BaWMHrTOH, 1988. rpaMMe pacwMpeHMA roproanM, T. 9. f JJ,llc.H3W (Nash) (peA.). BawMHrTOH, 1992. 3oHbl o6pa6oTKM 3KcnopTHbiX roaapoa (Export Processing Zones)/I CepMR nonMTMI.feCKMX MccneAOBaHMA, T. 20. M6PP. MaapMKIIt~: npoABM:IKeHMeXXI aeiC'{ (Mauritius: Toward the 21st &e ,L\enapraMeHT npoMwwneHHOCTM M3ttepreTMKIIt. BawMHrTOH, Century)/ 1 IOH,L\n M M6PP. AoKnaA no nporpaMMe pacwMp&HMA toproanK, T.12. 1 A. X3'f8TT (Hachette) M,L\>K. 1992. H3W (peA.). BawMHrTOH, 1993. POCCMR: BcrynaA B MMpoByiO 3KOHOMMICY (Russia: Joining the Pe~opMa roproao~ nonMTMKM a rocyAapcroax 6wawero World Economy). M6PP. BawMHrTOH, 1993. KOMNieHTBp!AH K pa:JAeny 11 reHe3MC H rH6enb npoeKTa C03ABHifR MeJKrocy,qapcTseHHoro 6aHKa A3HBen rpoc K KOHU.Y 1993 r.~ '-lepe3 ABa roAa nocne pacnaAa CoeeTcKoro Col03a, see 6biBW~e pecny6n~K~, KpoMe Tawt<~KIACT&Ha, seen~ ceoiA co6cTBeHHble eantOTbl 1. oOflbWIAHCTBo aKOHOMIACTOB O)KL.1AaJ10 111MeHHO TaKoro pa3BIATIAS1 co6biTIA~, OAHaKo lf1MSJ1H MSCTO 3Hal.IIIITSnbHbl9 paCXO.>K,AeHif1SI AOeTaBilSITb KaK MO)KHO 60ilbW88 py6118808 KP8- B OnpeASJ19Hif11.1 npeAnOnaraSMbiX CpOKOB A~TOBaH'-18, noeKOllbt11SUJ.HOHHb18 noc118A- ASaMHTerpaU,Hl.1 py6nesoi:1 aOHbl 1.1 u,eneco- eTBHSI A811HI1Heb 6bl Ha sc8x. PoceHs; B8pHo ou.8- Hiitlla MaeWTa6HOeTb 3TOH npo6118Mbl 1.1 B l-110118 06pa3HOCTif1 C03AaHII'ISI H9KOero nepeXOAHOrO 1992 r. Ha"'afla KOHTPOllHPOBaTb A8H8>KHb18 on8- MSXaHif13Ma C U,eJlbiO Mlf1Hl.1Ml131f1pOBaTb Hera- paLI,HI-1 APYfl-1X HOBbiX H83aBr..1Cl-1MbiX roeyAapeTB Tlf1BHble nOCJleACTBII'ISI, Bbi3BaHHble paCnaAOM noep8AeTBOM er..1eT8Mbl Kopp8enOHAeHTeKr..1X e"'8- AeHe.>KHOi:1 CHCTeMbl. TOB, eBSI3blsaswHx 88 e APYrHMl-1 U,8HTPallbHbiMl-1 PaenaA py6n8BOH 30Hbl, npoAOil>KaBWHHeSI B 6aHKaMH. TaK KaK 3Tl-1 KoppeenoHA8HTeKr..18 e"'8Ta Te"'eHr.-18 60ilbWeH "'aeTV'I 1992 V1 1993 rr., B o6W,8- 6bllll-1 ABYeTOPOHHl-1Ml-1, eTallo H8803MO>KHbiM no- 3KOHOMI!1"18CKOM nnaH8 060W811CSI 0"18Hb AOporo. raW8HI!18 A8Q>l-1LI,I!1TOB l!1 aKTr..1BHbiX CallbAO Ha MHO- npoB8A8Hl-18 nllaT8>KeH B np8Aellax 6blswero roeTopoHHei-1 oeHoae. 6onee Toro, UeHTPai1bHbli.1 CCCP cTallo o"!eHb 3aTPYAHI!1TellbHbiM, TaK KaK 6aHK Poecr..1r..1 npHHSIIl p8weHr..18 6noKHpoaaTb nlla- oI!1U.l-1allbHbl8 KaHailbl, KoTopbiMH n8pBoHa"fallb- Te>Kr.-1 APYfii1M HOBbiM eTpaHaM, l-1M8BWI!1M KPYnHbiH HO BbiHY>KAeHbl 6bll11!1 nollb30BaTbeSI np8AnPl-1SIT!ASI AeHU.l-1T nnaTe)l(t-roro 6a.naHea e Pocel!1eH. Pe- ..., 6aHKI!1, eKopo 6bll1H 6110KI!1PoBaHbl. TPYAHOeTI.-1, 3YilbTaToM eTan >KeeTOLfaHWI!1H nnaTe>KHbli.1 KPII1- B03H1!1KWI!1e B py6neBOH 30He, HOCI!111l-1 8 OCHOBHOM 31!1e, poeT A01111ap1!13aLI,I!1111, YB811W~8HH8 6apTepHOH MaKp03KOHOMI!1LfeeKI!1H xapaKTep: PoeCI!1SI He XO- TOpfOBllVI 1!1 onepaU,I!1H C Halll-1"1HOeTbiO. Tella V~HaHeHpoBaTb esoe aKTHBHOe CaJlbAO B noene HeeKOI1bKI!1X 6e3ycneWHbiX nonbiTOK TOPfOBile e OCTallbHbiMr.-1 roeyAapeTBaMVI 6b!BW8- BOeC03AaTb HaeTOSIW.YIO py6neByiO 30HY e 9AI!1- ro CCCP 111 Ha"fana 6noKHposaTb nllaTe>KVI, KOfAa HbiM u.eHTPallbHbiM 6aHKOM, masbl roeyAapeTB- B Ha"'ane 1992 r. o6HaPY>Klllna, LfTO CLfeTa J~pyrHX Lfl18HOB CHf B XOA8 BeTpe"fH, eoeTOSIBWei.1eS1 L1,8HTpallbHbiX 6aHKOB B LJ.eHTpallbHOM 6aHKe 9 OKTS16ps; 1992 r. B r. 61.1WKeKe (Kb1pfb13eTaH), PoeeHH 6~nH AaJ18KH oT e6anaHeHpoRaHHOeTI!1. 3aK1110LfHI1H eornaweHHe o eAHHO~ AeHe>KHoA 3TO nplr1B9fl0 K TOMy, LfTO 60ilbWaSI "'aeTb nnaTe~ el!1eTeMe 1!1 eornacoBaHHOH A8He}KHOH, KPeAYITHOH >KeA B Te"'eHif1e HeKOTOporo speMeHI.-1 ocyw,ecTBnst- VI BalliOTHOH noni!1TI!1Ke roeyAapCTB, IAenOI1b3YI0- 11aeb Ha ABYCTOPOHHe~ OeHOBe Me>KP,y L1,8HTpallb- W,I!1X py611b KaK nllaTe>KHOe epeAeTBO. LJ.ellb!O HbiMH 6aHKaMH. EellH 6bl epa3y 6bllla BBeAeHa 61!1WKeKeKOfO cornaweHHSI 6bll10 C03AaHI!1e py- nOilHaSJ KOHB8PT1!1pyeMOeTb, nllaTe>KIII npoCTO ne- 6neBOH 30Hbl C YeTKO OLfepLteHHbiMH rpaHHLJ,aM~. pew11111 6bl B ccpepy A8HCTBHSI KOMMepLteCKHX 6aH- 8 3TOH eBSI31!1 noHSITHO, no"feMy ti8KOT0pble CTpa- KOB. 0AHaKO KOHB8pTHpyeMOeTb BBOAHilaeb no- Hbl B XOAe neperosopos 0 e03AaHHH M8>Kroey- CTeneHHO, H no T8XHHLieeK1!1M npH"'HHaM, KOTOPbiX AaPeTB8HHOfO OaHKa (OKTSI6pb-AeKa6pb 1992 r.) HeMano, KOMMep"'eCKHM 6aHKaM noTpe60Bai10eb HaeTaHBallH Ha TOM, LfTO A011>K8H 6b1Tb e03AaH HeKOTOpoe BpeMSI Ha C03p,aHIAe nepBHLfHOH eeTH COBMeeTHbiH LJ,8HTpallbHbiH 6aHK, KOTOpbli.1 AOll- 2 KOppecnOHA8HTeKYIX CBSI3ei.1 • >K8H npHHI!1MaTb peweHHSI no np1!1HLI,Hny- OAHO Pear111pys; Ha B03HHKW1!1e TPYAHOCTH, AeeSITb roeyAapeTBO- OAHH ro11oc. TatoKe 3TO o6b~eH~eT roeyp,apeTB CHr B KOHU.e 1992 r. np111w11H K eorna- ..., To, no"feMy s pa3pa6aTbiBasweMcSI eornaweHHI.-1 W8HIAIO 0 e03AaHI!11!1 MHOroeTOPOHHei.1 nnaTe>KHOH o eo 3AaHif11r1 Me)KroeyAapeTBeHHOfO 6aHKa see CYieTeMbl, B L1,8HTpe KOTOPOH HaXOAIIIIlaCb 6bl 8W.8 lo1M811Heb HeSieHble ynOMHHaHHSI 0 3aAaLfa>C eOBMeeTHO ynpaBilSieMaSI fOilOBHas:l HHaHeOBaSI LI,8HTpallbHOrO 6aHKa. opraHH3aLI,HSI- Me}Krocyp,apeTBeHHbiH 6aHK. TeM KaK 6bl TaM Hl.-1 6bll10, HO 61!1WKeKCKHH CaMMHT He MeHee eornaweHvre o eo3AaHI-1H Me>Krocyp,ap- np1!13san K eo3AaHI!110 s paMKax CHr pa6o"'ei.1 erseHHoro 6aHKa AO cHx nop He peal11113oBaHo. rpynnbl ",o.ns; nOAfOTOBKH noAp06HbiX npeAfiO>Ke- HI!1H no Ae~TenbHoeTIII Me>KroeyAapeTBeHHoro Kp&TK8A MCTOpMR 6aHKa, s nepsy10 oLtepeAb no e03AaHHIO nnaTe)i(- Me•rocyAapcTaeHHoro 6aHKa Horo MexaHIII3Ma". 8 nocn8AHr..1e MeCSIU.bl 1992 r. KorAa pacnancs; CCCP, py611b era11 eAHHoi.1 neperosopbl no co3AaHHtO Me>KrocyAapeTBeHHoro AilS! nSITHaAU.aTI.-1 He3asHeHMbiX roeyAapeTs 6aHKa, B KOTOPbiX np~HHMalll.-1 }"''aeTHe 3KenepTbl BalliOTOH. KIDKAaSI 1!13 CTpaH HMena eTHMYll npe- MB H EC, cKOHU.eHTpHposanl!1eb Ha paeeMoTpe- KOMMeHTapM~ IC pa3Aeny 11: reHe3MC M m6enb npoeKTa C03,QS.HMA MelKfOCYAapcTB8HHOrO 6aHKa 221 Hlit&.1 6aHKa KaK MHOrOCTOPOHHero nnaTe::lKHOro Bail 6bl CTpaHbl - "UleHbl AOrosopa 06 f.t1X cyMMap- MeXaHiit3Ma, a lltAeSI COBMeCTHOro ~eHTpanbHOrO HOM Ae6eTo-KpeA&.1THOM nono::lKeHf.t1f.t1. Cf.t1cTeMa 6aHKa OTOWJla Ha 3aAHiitH nnaH. \.leTKaSI Oplit- on~panacb 6bl a caoeH pa6oTe Ha Ha~anbHY~ eHTaUiitSi Ha MHOrOCTOpOHHIOIO CIIICTeMy K11&.1Pf.t1Hra KPeAIIITHY~ m1HIIIIO UeHTPaT!bHoro 6aHKa Pocc1Af.t1 111 nnaTe::lKeH no3BOn~~tna YKpa~~tHe, KoTopaSi B ro (c ¢'1.1KCf.t1pOBaHHbiM 06beMOM cpeACTB B 300 BpeMSI BBOA1,111a C06CTBeKHYIO BafiiOry, np1.1CO- MllPA· py6.), HO AOnOilHIIITellbHOe KPeAIIITOBaHIIIe eAiitHiitTbCS1 K neperoaopaM ,., noAn~~tcaTb 22 stH- He npeAyCMaTp1.1BallOCb. np111 r.1C~epnaHIIIIII Kpe- aapst 1993 r. cornaweH(t1e o C03AaHI.11.1 Me)K- AI.1THbiX 11111MIIITOB u,eHTpanbH~e 6aHKIII AOJl)KH~ rocyp,apcTBeHHoro 6aHKa COBMeCTHO C AeBSITbiO 6bl111.1 COrJlaCOBbiBaTb 06beM 1.1MnOpTa, no KOTO· APYri.1Miit cTpaHaMI-1. poMy OHIII HaMepeaanlllcb npolr13BeCTIII pac~eT no- B XOAe neperoaopoa Ha~~t6onbWI.1e pa3Ho- cpeACTBOM c~~tcTeMbl Me::lKrocyp,acTBeHHoro 6aH- rnac~~tst Bbi3Bano peweH~~te sonpocoa o6 o6beMax Ka, c o6beMaMIII 3KcnopTa, 3aSiBI1eHHoro APYriiiMIII nepeoHa~allbHbiX BK11SAOB, KPeAIIITOBaHIIIIII, Ba- CTpaHaMf..1·napTHepaMIII (B npOTf..1BHOM Cllylfae 1110Te, npoueAype np1.1HSIT!Itst peweHr.1~ ,., "'neHcTBe B03Hir1Ka11a yrpo3a IIICKll~~eHIIISI). 0AH03Ha~HO (npHllO::lKeHIIIe 1 K KOMMeHTapiiiiO). npeAycMaTpr~~aanocb, ~To Me*rocyp,apcTBeHHbiH B AetKAeHI-1111 Me::lKrocyp,apcTBeHHoro 6aHKa 6bln nepBble peweHf.t1SI, 3aK11a)J.biBaiOW,f.t1e OCHOBY OKOH"'aTellbHO cornacoaaH Ha caMMII!Te CHr, peanlr13aUf.t1111 npoeKTa Me*rocyAapcTBeHHoro OAHaKo 3aTeM BH&.1MaHHe K 3TOMY AOKYMeHry 6aH Ka, 6bl11111 np1!1HSiTbl Ha BCTpe"'e PYKOBOAIII· CTaJlO OCJ1a6eBaTb, H B TelfeHIIIe nO"'Tf.t1 rop,a Hill· reneH u,eHTpanbHbiX 6aHKOB B MocKBe 8 AeKa6pSi KaKIIIX KOHKpeTHbiX AeHCTBHH no C03AaHIIIIO Me::lK- 1993 r. (XpOHOJ10ri.1Si ocJ>IIIU,IIIailbHbiX neperosopoB rocyp,apCTBeHHOfO 6aHKa He npeAnPIIIHIIIMallOCb. 1.1 APYrlllx co6biTIII~, 111Me10W.1.1X oTHoweHIIIe K npo- PaTIIIci>&.1KaUIIIst Aoroaopa HaUif10HanbHbiMIII napna- eKTY Me::lKrocyp,apcTBeHHoro 6aHKa, KpaTKO 1113110- MeHTaMI-1 Halfanacb TOJlbKO B HIOHe 1993 r., npLII- ::lKeHa a npr.1no)l(eHIAIII 3). BcneA 3a 3TIIIM He nocne- "'eM 3TOT npou,ecc TaK 1.1 He 6bln 3asepweH. YKpa- AOBano KaKf.t1X·J111160 AOnOllHIIITellbHbiX waroB no IIIHCKI.1H napnaMeHT Aa*e He npoBOAI-111 ronoco- npaKTIIIlfecKoMy co3p,aH~~tiO Me)Kfocyp,apcTBeHHoro BaHIIISI no AOrosopy, xoTst 6onbWIIIHCTBO APYrlltx 6aHKa. 6onee Toro, c Te"'eHIIIeM apeMeH~~t 6bln cTpaH (BK1110lfaS1 Pocc~~tiO, 6enapycb "" Ka3axcTaH) AOCTiitrHyr 3Half~~tTel1bHbiH nporpecc B ABIII::lKeHiitlit B KOHUe KOHUOB ero paT1.1ci>1.1UHPOBai11.1. no HanpaBlleHIIIIO K KOHBepT~~tpyeMOCTiit lit B C03· 0CHOBHaSI np1.1"11.1Ha TaKOH cna6oH 3ai.1HTepe- p,aH~~tlll np1.1eMneMoH nnaTe::lKHOH cl.1cTeMbl B Poc- COBaHHOCTI.1 3aK1110"1aJlaCb B TOM, lfTO CYAb6a npo- Ciitlr1 (111 a HeKoTopbJx APYr~~tx cTpaHax CHr). TaK~~tM etKe pa6oraH TaK, "'TO MOr pa6oTaTb C pa311HlfHbiMH pycne, TO CKOPO lit BOBCe He 6yAeT He06XOAiitMOC- HaU,HOHallbHbiMI-1 BalliOTaMH H B paMKaX py6neBOH Tiit B C03AaHiitlll TaKoro 6aHKa. 30Hbl. VI TeM He MeHee BbiCKa3biB8110Cb MHeHI.1e, "'TO Me>KrocyAapcTBeHHbiH 6aHK MO>KeT 6b1Tb npM'IMHbl npoaana npoeKTa C03AaHMA C03AaH TOllbKO nocne BOCC03ASHHSI py6neBO~ Me•rocyAapcTaeHHoro 6aHKa 30Hbl (B03MO::lKHO, B M8HbWIIIX MaCWTa6ax, "!eM npe)I(Ae). AaHHbiH apryMeHr yrpaTHll cao10 c1.1ny no"'eMy >Ke TaK ,., He 6bl11 C03ASH Me>Krocy- nocne Toro, KaK Pocclo1Si B aarycTe 1993 r. asena AaPCTBeHHbl~ 6aHK? 0AHa 1.13 np1.1"11.1H 3aK11~­ HOBble py6neBble 6aHKHOTbl, a 1.1AeSI BOCC03ASHI.1S1 "'aeTCSI a TOM, "'TO 6onbWIIIHCTBo cTpaH CHr 6blno py6neBOH 30Hbl 6bllla "3a6b1Ta" BClleACTBL'le OT- 3at1HTepecoBaHO TOllbKO B AallbHeHWeM nony- Ka38 acex cTpaH (3a 1.1CK1110"!eHr..1eM 6enapyc1.1 ,., "'eHI-1111 AeWeBbiX KPeAI.1TOB t-1 Aeweao~ Heci>TI-1 H3 T8A)IG1KlJ!cTaHa) co3p,aBaTb py6neay10 30HY Hosoro POCCIIII-1, HO He B C03A8HIIIH 3cJ>cJ>eKTHBHO~ MHOro- rr.1na. B raKoM cnylfae Me>KrocyAapcTseHHbiH CTOpOHHeH nllaTe)KHOVl Clt1CTeMbl. 6aHK MOr paccMaTpHBaTbCSI B KalfeCTBe cpeACTBa TaK KaK npeHMyw.ecTBa cyw.ecTBOBaHI.r'ISI sct>- Q>et- HaS1 npo6neMa 3f01.1CTHlfeCKf..1X, OAHOCTOPOHHl!tX KHO~ CHCTeMbl. lJIHTepecoa Ka)I(AOH crpaHbl CHr. H1.1 OAHa lll3 Hlt1X np,., pa3pa60TKe HAer.1 C03ASHVISI Me>Krocy- He 1.1Mena cepbe3HbiX no6yA..,Tem~HbiX CTHMYllOB p,apcTBeHHOro 6aHKa npeAnonaranocb, lfTO 6aHK BKI18AbiB8Tb n011HTf..14eCK!o1M Ka~I.1T811 B OTCTai.1- 6yAeT stAPOM MHorocropoHHero nnaTe::lKHoro Me- B8Hit1e 1.1Ael.1 Me)l(rocyp,apcTBeHHoro 6aHKa. BeAb raKoro POAa cl>r.1HaHcoBbiH 1.1Hcnrryr pa6oTaeT xaHI.13Ma Ha OCHOBe poCCHHCKOfO py611SI H C ycneWHO TOllbKO B TOM CJ1Ylfae, eCJlH B HeM \"faCT· Ylf8CTI.1eM U,eHTpanbHbiX 6aHKOB CTpaH- YlfaCTHI.1U, BYIOT see CTpaHbl 1(1 BblfOAbl OT ero pa60Tbl nony- AOroBopa. 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