2017/84 k nKonw A A weldegdeg e ol n oNtoet e s eSrei r e ise s f ofro r p r&a c t hteh e nEenregryg y Etx itcrea c t i v e s G l o b a l P r a c t i c e The bottom line Disaster Preparedness Offers Big Payoffs for Utilities Achieving the right balance between resilience and the cost of electricity poses a challenge. Why is this issue important? Like all other infrastructure, power systems are threatened by extreme weather events and natural disasters, including hur- Technical solutions are available The cost of preventable power outages—in lives ricanes and tornadoes, flooding and rises in sea level, mudslides, to mitigate the risks posed by and lost production—is unnecessarily high earthquakes and ensuing tsunamis, severe wildfires, droughts and most hazards, but they affect the When Superstorm Sandy hit the United States, 8.5 million people were heatwaves, and severe winter storms. Damage to power infrastruc- prices customers pay for power left without power for days or weeks. The storm claimed 72 lives; 87 ture goes on to affect telecommunications, transportation, logistics, and may be difficult to justify more died from its consequences (CEA 2013). In developing countries, health facilities, and other sectors. Yet most utilities give insufficient to regulators. Because power the impact of such natural hazards can be far worse, and the specific attention to such threats. Fortunately, well-documented technical system assets are long-lived, effects on power systems are generally not well documented. Asia and fiscal instruments are available to help utilities and the public they cannot be easily replaced and the Pacific are particularly vulnerable—87.6 percent of all those cope with disasters. Some simple measures, if planned for, can help to take advantage of advances in affected by disasters over the period between 1970 and 2014 lived in alleviate the impact of disasters. For example, when informed about technology. This is where good this region (UNESCAP 2015). Tropical cyclone Nargis affected nearly a disaster in advance, industries, schools, and hospitals can adjust planning comes in: depreciated, 2.4 million people in Myanmar in 2008 and took some 84,000 lives, their operations to minimize damage and even maintain operations obsolete, or damaged equipment with another 54,000 people counted as missing (World Bank 2013). at levels close to normal. can be replaced with hazard- hardy components. Operators The South India floods of 2015 resulted in 500 lost lives both during must plan to “build back better.” and after the flood. Just four hours into the second round of intense How prepared are utilities to handle disasters? rains on December 1, 60 percent of city locations were without power, Not nearly as well prepared as they should be and several hospitals stopped functioning. Fourteen patients died after power and oxygen supplies failed on December 4, days after the Standard engineering practice is to design a power system to initial flooding.1 Cyclone Sidr swept through Bangladesh in December withstand the hazards—seismic events, floods, lightning—that 2007 and resulted in a countrywide blackout that took more than prevail in a region. For example, pylons should have footings or Samuel Oguah is an energy specialist 16 hours to restore. In Haiti after the earthquake of 2010, it took six foundations built to withstand flooding. Dams should be designed in the World Bank’s weeks to restore the first power station and nine months to restore for predefined flood levels. Power plants and substations should be Energy and Extractives billing. The outages in the Caribbean following Irma (Barbuda; St. John, equipped with fire-protection systems. Sea defense walls, greenbelts, Global Practice. U.S. Virgin Islands) and Maria (Dominica, Puerto Rico) may well be and coastal dykes are other measures recommended to protect key worse, although official reports have yet to be issued. infrastructure. Such standard preparations are often not made, however, even Sunil Khosla is a lead energy specialist where outages can have severe effects on people’s lives. This is in the same practice. 1 http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/heavy-rains-lash-parts-of-tamil- especially true in developing countries, where informal settlements nadu-puducherry-normal-life-hit/; http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/live- and unplanned land use are common. And although it may be chennai-hit-by-heaviest-rains-in-a-century-normal-life-thrown-out-of-gear/. 2 D i s a s t e r P r e pa r e d n e s s O f f e r s B i g P a y o f f s f o r U t i l i t i e s financially infeasible to build entire systems with enough resilience to What are the options for incorporating disaster meet all anticipated disasters, a good emergency preparedness plan resilience in power systems? accompanied by strategic investments can shorten restoration time and limit the impact of disasters. But even these require a framework Building resilience into power systems is a systemic, to assess and address hazards. multi-step process Well-documented technical The major components of the power system are subject to Resilience starts with understanding risks, devising a strate- and fiscal instruments different types of hazards. For example, drought poses a greater gic framework to mitigate those risks, and identifying critical threat to generation facilities than to transmission systems, while are available to help nodes. A risk assessment will identify the system’s exposure to the latter, because of their geographic extent, are more vulnerable to utilities and the public extreme events, the frequency of those events, and their impact on hurricanes and wildfires. The reach of transmission lines also means system operations. Some options for incorporating disaster resilience cope with disasters. When that a localized incident will affect the transmission system less than apply at the system level, and others are specific to components of informed about a disaster it would a power plant. the network (generation, transmission, or distribution). This section Thermal plants that need water for cooling are vulnerable to in advance, industries, starts with measures that are applicable at the system level and then droughts and heat waves because plants must compete for scarce schools, and hospitals can takes a look at measures applicable to subsystems. water with other uses such as agriculture and domestic consumption Before any capital investment is made, it is important to adjust their operations to (EPRI 2016). In South Asia, where hydropower is an important source prepare a strategic framework for resilient disaster management. minimize damage and even of electricity, changes in hydrological patterns can be extremely Preparedness is the key. Having a well prepared and widely shared disruptive (World Bank 2013). maintain operations at emergency management plan with periodic trainings and simulation Interdependence with other infrastructure further exposes power levels close to normal. exercises (drills) is essential if the benefits of resilience measures systems to vulnerabilities. For example, an incident that affects gas are to be realized. As the plan is implemented, the resilience of the supplies can cripple a power plant even though the plant itself may system should progressively increase. be unaffected. Similarly, when road networks are destroyed during a Critical nodes are major points in the interconnected power disaster, efforts to repair and restore the fuel supply system may be network that may spread blackouts to a larger area or exert critical hampered (IET 2014). loads under strained conditions. Various methods can be used to Given their geographic extent and long life, power systems may identify critical nodes—for example, the multi-hazard risk framework be hit multiple times, with each incident causing fluctuations in devised by the U.S. Office of Technology Assessment (OTA 1990) and supply and demand and affecting the utility’s revenue stream, even the method presented by Li and others (2015) in their discussion if infrastructure is not directly damaged. Hazard incidents are often of network control theory. In large systems with cross-border followed by sharp fluctuations in demand that may affect system interconnections, utilities from the participating countries should join conditions (frequency, voltage oscillations) and possibly overload together in this exercise (GridWise Alliance 2013). certain transmission lines. The reduced demand may also increase Building resilience can’t be improvised. Resilience mea- the average cost of production, compounding revenue losses owing sures provide early warnings, minimize the immediate impact of to volume reductions. the event, and enable quick recovery after the event. As shown in The growing share of solar and wind generation introduces yet figure 1, four features characterize a resilient system: robustness (the another type of risk. Wind turbines will shut down during strong ability to absorb shocks, which includes reinforcement and substitute winds, and solar panels are useless under cloudy skies, eliminating or redundant systems), resourcefulness (the ability to manage these sources of generation during a storm (EPRI 2016). Solar farms a disaster as it unfolds, which includes identifying options and are also susceptible to strong winds and falling debris. 3 D i s a s t e r P r e pa r e d n e s s O f f e r s B i g P a y o f f s f o r U t i l i t i e s prioritizing actions to control damage), rapid recovery (the ability to to date, and staff training should include frequent drills on handling restore systems quickly), and adaptability (the ability to incorporate such events. lessons from a disaster to “build back better”) (NIAC 2010). Specific measures to increase power system resilience are A disaster-resilience framework is necessarily incremental (OTA discussed below. These fall into three categories: (a) incorporating 1990; EPRI 2016; CEA 2013). Because of the long lifespan and high hazard risks into system planning; (b) standardizing equipment Even where it is financially replacement costs of much power infrastructure, it is typically not and improving inventory management; and (c) investing in resilient infeasible to build entire feasible to replace all equipment at once, leaving parts of the power infrastructure such as smart grids, stronger towers and poles, and system vulnerable until they can be upgraded or replaced. Some robust technologies. systems with enough components, such as wooden distribution poles, grow weaker with Hazard risks should be taken into account in system resilience to meet all age, making them more susceptible to collapse under extreme planning. Until recently, little work had been done on including anticipated disasters, events. New facilities can be designed to meet known climatic climate considerations in planning. Although these issues are well a good emergency conditions that have a high probability of occurrence, such as floods, understood in qualitative terms and practiced in the field, only storms, and droughts. recently have their trade-offs been expressed quantitatively in power preparedness plan A number of “soft” measures can increase resilience, as well— system plans that achieve a good balance between cost and risks. accompanied by strategic key among them operational procedures for utility staff. System An ongoing study by the World Bank, for example, uses a two- investments can shorten operators need to know precisely what to do at the onset of and stage stochastic planning model to analyze the impact of climate restoration time and limit during a catastrophe. The operational procedures need to be kept up risks on the power system expansion plan for Bangladesh, which the impact of disasters. Figure 1. Building resilience at every step Prior to an Event During an Event After an Event The ability to absorb shocks The ability to manage a The ability to get back to and keep operating disruption as it unfolds normal as quickly as possible ROBUSTNESS RESOURCEFULNESS RAPID RECOVERY Incident-focused Post-incident learning ADAPTABILITY/LESSONS LEARNED The ability to absorb new lessons after a disaster Source: NIAC (2010). 4 D i s a s t e r P r e pa r e d n e s s O f f e r s B i g P a y o f f s f o r U t i l i t i e s is highly vulnerable to climate change. The analysis concludes that The database of assets should be regularly updated so that modeling the relationship between climate and generation-system the utility can quickly determine capital requirements to replace parameters increases capital requirements by $560 million (for damaged equipment following a disaster. Many utilities in developing additional flood protection)—but could save up to $1.6 billion. countries maintain only fragmented information on their power Similar considerations of natural hazards can be included in systems across units—this will hamper system recovery. System operators need to transmission and distribution system planning. In more advanced Some items, such as high-voltage transformers, are too expen- know precisely what to do systems, contingency planning can be extended to include demand- sive to permit backups to be kept in stock, and the time between side management. For example, a predetermined amount of load can placement and fulfillment of an order for a replacement may be up at the onset of and during a be disconnected during an event so as to preserve grid stability and to two years. Some utilities solve this problem by replacing damaged catastrophe. prevent widespread outages. transformers with others from less-critical sections of the network, The output of the planning process also feeds into postdisaster giving the utility time to order replacements. needs assessment. By taking into consideration the risk of natural Investment should emphasize resilient infrastructure. hazards, proper planning can help identify segments of the power Examples include smart grids, backup control centers, stronger system that can and should be “built back better,” the costs of which components (such as poles and towers), underground cables, mobile can then be included in needs assessments. substations, and emergency restoration systems. Standardized equipment and better inventory man- Smart grids improve situational awareness. “Smart” electronics agement are part of the resilience chain. Standardizing on transmission and distribution networks have helped many utilities major equipment improves system resilience, since standardized improve grid performance by providing up-to-the-minute information equipment can be used interchangeably and shrinks the inventory of on the state of the power system. These devices also help improve spares required for both routine operations and post-disaster recov- resilience on the grid (GridWise Alliance 2013; CEA 2013). For ery. One of the most unwelcome incidents during a disaster is losing example, phasor measurement units that rapidly assess and report the spares that are needed for system restoration. For that reason, on the state of the transmission network have averted widespread a systemwide approach to maintaining the stock of spares may be blackouts even during normal operations. They can be employed required in countries that are vulnerable to catastrophic events. In in wide-area monitoring systems to automatically react to changes transmission systems, for example, it is not uncommon for different in the network and avoid outages. The two-way communication areas of the grid to manage individual stocks (with the equipment in capability of advanced metering infrastructure, implemented at the stock available on request for use in other parts of the network). level of individual consumers or groups of consumers, can aid in An even better approach would involve central management of restoration. For example, AMI allowed the Potomac Electric Power the stock of spares in close collaboration with the operating areas. Company that serves the Washington, DC, metropolitan area to The equipment in question need not be centrally located. On the rapidly restore power after Superstorm Sandy. The utility received “no contrary, geographic dispersal of warehouses reduces the risk of power” signals from meters that enabled them to pinpoint outages losing critical quantities of spares to catastrophic events. However, and dispatch teams to specific areas instead of scouting wider areas the stocking of warehouses can benefit from central oversight to to locate problems (CEA 2013). ensure that stock levels remain adequate and can be shared across Backup control centers improve resilience. Utilities in developing locations. Independent power producers might even share some countries exposed to natural hazards can follow the example of the common vital spares. The location of warehouses will have to be industrialized world by installing backup control centers from which carefully selected, and warehouse structures must be resilient to to resume system operations following a failure at the main control natural hazards. 5 D i s a s t e r P r e pa r e d n e s s O f f e r s B i g P a y o f f s f o r U t i l i t i e s center. The backup control center should be located some distance from the main center to reduce the risk of losing both facilities. Box 1. Distributed systems improve resilience: Mobile substations and emergency restoration systems signifi- Lessons from Tropical Cyclone Pam in Vanuatu cantly reduce restoration time. Mobile substations are truck-mounted “plug-and-play” substations that can be used to bypass damaged Electricity was hit hard by Tropical Cyclone Pam. The records of UNELCO, a Vanuatu utility, show that Efate and Tanna islands were the Although climate substations to meet demand. Emergency restoration systems are hardest hit of its concession areas: 65 kilometers of transmission and considerations in planning structures that can be rapidly erected to divert collapsed lines. distribution lines were damaged or destroyed. An estimated 12,000 customers were affected, representing approximately 5 percent of are well understood in ••• UNELCO’s base load. Different sets of measures are appropriate for generation and for qualitative terms, only The off-grid portion of the electricity sector suffered minimal damage transmission/distribution. and losses. Owners of individual solar home systems prepared before recently have their trade- Generation plants are exposed to droughts, fires, earthquakes, the cyclone by dismantling and storing the systems. offs been expressed floods, tsunamis, and heat waves, as well as events that affect fuel Disaster recovery recommendations included the provision of backup quantitatively in power supplies and transmission interconnections.2 Among the aspects of generators for critical infrastructure, such as hospitals, pharmaceutical plant design that can increase resilience are higher embankments, storage sites, airports, and wharves, together with distributed systems system plans that achieve for camps and water and sanitation facilities. alternative forms of cooling, alternate fuel storage, and distributed a good balance between generation. Source: Government of Vanuatu (2015). cost and risks. Enhanced embankments and elevation can help protect against floods and landslides. Alternate forms of cooling meriting consider- ation are air- or hybrid-cooled generators. The Thermosyphon Cooler transmission and distribution grids are particularly prone to strong Hybrid Cooling System, for example, uses evaporators and an air- wind events, such as the tropical cyclone that struck Fiji in 2015 cooled condenser (or open cooling tower) to cool convection-driven (box 2). refrigerants (EPRI 2016). Similarly, with gas turbines, the cooling Building redundancy into the network raises flexibility and resil- system requires only a small amount of water, which is cooled by a ience. Increasing the number of electrical paths improves resilience fin-fan cooler or air-cooled heat exchanger. Alternative forms of fuel because power can be rerouted around faulty segments (CEA 2013). storage include the use (presently the subject of research) of active Towers, poles, and foundations can be designed to withstand carbon membranes to store natural gas at a fraction of the pressure strong winds. Installing more dead-end towers and poles (which typically used in cylinders (EPRI 2016). Distributed generation and are stronger than suspension towers) between spans reduces the mobile generators can be deployed to power critical loads during risk of cascades of collapse, which increase the time required to disasters (box 1). However, enhanced supervisory and control sys- restore service. tems will be required to effectively dispatch such units, which may Underground cables can forestall and limit outages during require telecommunication infrastructure (GridWise Alliance 2013). storms. On the other hand, they are 2–15 times more expensive to Because transmission systems extend over a wide area, it is install than overhead conductors, cost more to repair, and take lon- possible to distribute critical nodes, lowering risk to the system ger to restore in the event of a fault. Aerial bundled conductors resist as a whole. However, geographic distribution also means trans- winds and growing trees better than conventional aerial conductors mission systems are more exposed to multiple hazards. Overhead at lower costs than underground cables. 2 Catastrophes at nuclear power plants are a much larger and complex subject that is not dealt with here. 6 D i s a s t e r P r e pa r e d n e s s O f f e r s B i g P a y o f f s f o r U t i l i t i e s Make further Box 2. The vulnerabilities of Fiji’s distribution system connections during Tropical Cyclone Winston Live Wire 2015/43. “Integrating On February 20, 2016, Tropical Cyclone Winston caused all of the customers of the Fiji Electricity Authority (FEA) to lose power. This was primarily because of extensive damage to the distribution grid (with lower levels of damage to power generation and transmission infrastructure). Damage to the rural power Climate Model Data into generation assets of Fiji’s department of energy was significant, with approximately 54 diesel mini-grids and 609 solar home systems affected. Power System Planning,” by Emergency repairs were completed and full generation capacity restored within one week of the cyclone, except at the Nadarivatu Power Station, Debabrata Chattopadhyay and which was switched on after four weeks. All transmission assets were operational by March 20, 2016, although some works were temporary and some Rhonda L. Jordan. customers remained without power. An estimated 4,000 km (41 percent of FEA’s total distribution assets) were damaged in the storm. An estimated 1,500 residential customers whose homes were destroyed were projected to be reconnected gradually over the next 12 months, as Live Wire 2015/44. “Mapping reconstruction proceeded. For customers whose houses were not destroyed, full restoration and connection was not projected to occur until 4–5 months Smart-Grid Modernization in after the cyclone, highlighting the fact that resilience is important throughout the supply chain. Power Distribution Systems,” Recommendations for recovery included using more underground cables and installing power plants at higher altitudes. by Samuel Oguah and Source: Government of Fiji (2016). Debabrata Chattopadhyay. Live Wire 2016/59. “Are Power Utilities in Tonga and New Where do we start? Investments in infrastructure must be made in tandem with investments in human capital. System operators should be well Zealand Resilient? Human Appreciating the need to incorporate disaster trained to react appropriately to disasters. and Organizational Factors in resilience in planning, design, and operations is the Disaster Response,” by Ray Brown, Xiaoping Wang, and biggest challenge References Christopher Page. There are many ways to build the resilience of power systems. CEA (Council of Economic Advisers). 2013. “Economic benefits Some are very capital intensive—others less so. The first priority is of increasing electric grid resilience to weather outages.” Live Wire 2016/60. “Toward President’s Council of Economic Advisers and Office of Electricity to assess the vulnerabilities of the power sector. Platforms like the Climate-Resilient Hydropower Delivery and Energy Reliability, The White House, Washington, DC. World Bank’s Climate Change Knowledge Portal (http://sdwebx. in South Asia,” by Pravin Karki, EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute). 2016. “Electric power system worldbank.org/climateportal/) can help countries understand some Laura Bonzanigo, Haruhisa resiliency: Challenges and opportunities.” Palo Alto, CA. of the hazards their systems face. The Global Facility for Disaster Ohtsuka, and Sanjay Pahuja. Government of Fiji. 2016. “Post-disaster needs assessment, Tropical Reduction and Recovery (http://www.gfdrr.org) also offers a set of thematic programs dedicated to specialists and clients at the country Cyclone Winston.” Suva. Live Wire 2016/66. “Can level (ThinkHazard, Understanding Risk, Resilient Infrastructure, Government of Vanuatu. 2015. “Vanuatu: Post-disaster needs Utilities Realize the Benefits Resilient Cities, Resilience to Climate Change, Hydromet services, assessment: Tropical Cyclone Pam.” Porta Vila. of Advanced Metering Resilient Recovery, etc.). GridWise Alliance. 2013. “Improving electric grid reli- Infrastructure? Lessons from The risks of natural hazards, as gauged in risk assessments, ability and resilience: Lessons from superstorm the World Bank’s Portfolio” by should be incorporated into power system planning to better Sandy and other extreme events.” Website accessed Varun Nangia, Samuel Oguah, understand the costs and benefits of hazard-proofing power system June 2017. http://www.gridwise.org/documents/ and Kwawu Gaba. infrastructure. Planning can also help identify those components that ImprovingElectricGridReliabilityandResilience_6_6_13webFINAL. need to be “built back better.” pdf. 7 D i s a s t e r P r e pa r e d n e s s O f f e r s B i g P a y o f f s f o r U t i l i t i e s IET (Institution of Engineering Technology). 2014. “Resilience of UNESCAP (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia Make further electricity infrastructure.” IET evidence presented to the House and the Pacific). 2015. “Overview of natural disasters and their connections of Lords Science and Technology Committee, London. September impacts in Asia and the Pacific, 1970–2014.” Bangkok. 19. World Bank. 2013. “Turn down the heat: Climate extremes, regional Live Wire 2016/67. “Managing Li, Y.-S., D.-Z. Ma, H.-G. Zhang, and Q.-Y. Sun. 2015. “Critical nodes impacts, and the case for resilience.” Report prepared for the the Grids of the Future in identification of power systems based on controllability of World Bank by the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research Developing Countries: Recent complex networks.” Applied Sciences, pp. 622–636. and Climate Analytics. Washington, DC. World Bank Support for NIAC (National Infrastructure Advisory Council). 2010. “A frame- SCADA/EMS and SCADA/DMS work for establishing critical infrastructure resilience goals.” The authors acknowledge comments and input received from Mare Lo and Mohammad Iqbal at the World Bank. The authors also appreciate the support Systems,” by Varun Nangia, Washington, DC. of Morgan Bazilian of the World Bank’s Energy and Extractives Global Practice. Samuel Oguah, and Kwawu OTA (Office of Technology Assessment). 1990. “Physical vulnera- Gaba. bility of electric systems to natural disasters and sabotage.” OTA-E-453. Office of Technology Assessment, “ U.S. Congress, Live Wire 2016/68. Washington, DC. “Distribution Automation: An Opportunity to Improve Reliability and Quality,” by Samuel Oguah, Varun Nangia, and Kwawu Gaba. Live Wire 2016/69. “Smartening the Grid in Developing Countries: Emerging Lessons from World Bank Lending,” by Varun Nangia, Samuel Oguah, and Kwawu Gaba. Get Connected to Live Wire Live Wires are designed for easy reading on the screen and for downloading The Live Wire series of online knowledge notes is an initiative of the World Bank Group’s Energy and self-printing in color or “Live Wire is designed and Extractives Global Practice, reflecting the emphasis on knowledge management and solu- black and white. tions-oriented knowledge that is emerging from the ongoing change process within the Bank for practitioners inside Group. For World Bank employees: and outside the Bank. 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Once a year, the Energy and Extractives Global Practice takes stock of all notes that appeared, reviewing their quality and identifying priority areas to be covered in the following year’s pipeline. Please visit our Live Wire web page for updates: http://www.worldbank.org/energy/livewire e Pa c i f i c 2014/28 ainable energy for all in easT asia and Th 1 Tracking Progress Toward Providing susT TIVES GLOBAL PRACTICE A KNOWLEDGE NOTE SERIES FOR THE ENERGY & EXTRAC THE BOTTOM LINE Tracking Progress Toward Providing Sustainable Energy where does the region stand on the quest for sustainable for All in East Asia and the Pacific 2014/29 and cenTral asia energy for all? in 2010, eaP easTern euroPe sT ainable en ergy for all in databases—technical measures. This note is based on that frame- g su v i d i n had an electrification rate of Why is this important? ess Toward Pro work (World Bank 2014). SE4ALL will publish an updated version of 1 Tracking Progr 95 percent, and 52 percent of the population had access Tracking regional trends is critical to monitoring the GTF in 2015. to nonsolid fuel for cooking. the progress of the Sustainable Energy for All The primary indicators and data sources that the GTF uses to track progress toward the three SE4ALL goals are summarized below. consumption of renewable (SE4ALL) initiative C T I V E S G L O B A L P R A C T I C E ENERGY & EXTRA • Energy access. Access to modern energy services is measured T E S E R I E S F O R T H EIn declaring 2012 the “International Year of Sustainable Energy for energy decreased overall A KNO W L E D G E N Oand 2010, though by the percentage of the population with an electricity between 1990 All,” the UN General Assembly established three objectives to be connection and the percentage of the population with access Energy modern forms grew rapidly. d Providing Sustainable accomplished by 2030: to ensure universal access to modern energy energy intensity levels are high to nonsolid fuels.2 These data are collected using household Tracking Progress Towar services,1 to double the 2010 share of renewable energy in the global surveys and reported in the World Bank’s Global Electrification but declining rapidly. overall THE BOTTOM LINE energy mix, and to double the global rate of improvement in energy e and Central Asia trends are positive, but bold Database and the World Health Organization’s Household Energy for All in Eastern Europ efficiency relative to the period 1990–2010 (SE4ALL 2012). stand policy measures will be required where does the region setting Database. The SE4ALL objectives are global, with individual countries on that frame- on the quest for sustainable to sustain progress. is based share of renewable energy in the their own national targets databases— technical in a measures. way that is Thisconsistent with the overall of • Renewable energy. The note version energy for all? The region SE4ALL will publish an updated their ability energy mix is measured by the percentage of total final energy to Why is this important ? spirit of the work initiative. (World Bank Because2014). countries differ greatly in has near-universal access consumption that is derived from renewable energy resources. of trends is critical to monitoring to pursue thetheGTF in 2015. three objectives, some will make more rapid progress GTF uses to Data used to calculate this indicator are obtained from energy electricity, and 93 percent Tracking regional othersindicators primary will excel and data sources that elsewhere, depending on their the while the population has access le Energy for All in one areaThe goals are summarized below. balances published by the International Energy Agency and the the progress of the Sustainab respective track starting progress pointstowardand the three SE4ALL comparative advantages as well as on services is measured to nonsolid fuel for cooking. access. Accessthat they modern to are able to energy marshal. United Nations. despite relatively abundant (SE4ALL) initiative the resources and support Energy with an electricity connection Elisa Portale is an l Year of Sustainable Energy for To sustain percentage of by the momentum forthe the population achievement of the SE4ALL 2• Energy efficiency. The rate of improvement of energy efficiency hydropower, the share In declaring 2012 the “Internationa energy economist in with access to nonsolid fuels. three global objectives objectives, andathe means of charting percentage of the population global progress to 2030 is needed. is approximated by the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of renewables in energy All,” the UN General Assembly established the Energy Sector surveys and reported access to modern universalAssistance The World TheseBank and data are the collected International using household Energy Agency led a consor- of energy intensity, where energy intensity is the ratio of total consumption has remained to be accomplished by 2030: to ensure Management Database and the World of theenergy intium of 15 renewable international in the World Bank’s Global agencies toElectrification establish the SE4ALL Global primary energy consumption to gross domestic product (GDP) energy the 2010 share of Program (ESMAP) relatively low. very high energy services, to double Database. measured in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms. Data used to 1 t ’s Household provides Energy a system for regular World Bank’s Energy the global rate of improvemen and Extractives Tracking Framework Health (GTF), which Organization in the energy intensity levels have come and to double the global energy mix, Global Practice. (SE4ALL 2012). based on energy. of renewable The sharepractical, rigorous—yet energy given available calculate energy intensity are obtained from energy balances to the period 1990–2010 global reporting, Renewable down rapidly. The big questions in energy efficiency relative setting by the percentage of total final energy consumption published by the International Energy Agency and the United evolve Joeri withde Wit is an countries individual mix is measured Data used to are how renewables will The SE4ALL objectives are global, economist in with the overall from renewable energy when every resources. person on the planet has access Nations. picks up a way energy that is consistent 1 The universal derived that isaccess goal will be achieved balances published when energy demand in from energy their own national targets through electricity, clean cooking fuels, clean heating fuels, rates the Bank’s Energy and countries differ greatly in their ability calculate this indicator are obtained to modern energy services provided productive use and community services. The term “modern solutions” cookingNations. again and whether recent spirit of the initiative. Because Extractives Global rapid progress and energy for Energy Agency and the United liquefied petroleum gas), 2 Solid fuels are defined to include both traditional biomass (wood, charcoal, agricultural will make more by the refers to solutions International that involve electricity or gaseous fuels (including is pellets and briquettes), and of decline in energy intensity some t of those of efficiency energy and forest residues, dung, and so on), processed biomass (such as to pursue the three objectives, Practice. depending on their or solid/liquid fuels paired with Energy efficiency. The rate stoves exhibiting of overall improvemen emissions rates at or near other solid fuels (such as coal and lignite). will excel elsewhere, rate (CAGR) of energy will continue. in one area while others liquefied petroleum gas (www.sustainableenergyforall.org). annual growth as well as on approximated by the compound and comparative advantages is the ratio of total primary energy respective starting points marshal. where energy intensity that they are able to intensity, measured in purchas- the resources and support domestic product (GDP) for the achievement of the SE4ALL consumption to gross calculate energy intensity Elisa Portale is an To sustain momentum terms. Data used to charting global progress to 2030 is needed. ing power parity (PPP) the International energy economist in objectives, a means of balances published by the Energy Sector International Energy Agency led a consor- are obtained from energy The World Bank and the SE4ALL Global Energy Agency and the United Nations. Management Assistance agencies to establish the the GTF to provide a regional and tium of 15 international for regular This note uses data from Program (ESMAP) of the which provides a system for Eastern Tracking Framework (GTF), the three pillars of SE4ALL World Bank’s Energy and Extractives on rigorous—yet practical, given available country perspective on Global Practice. global reporting, based has access Joeri de Wit is an will be achieved when every person on the planet The universal access goal heating fuels, clean cooking fuels, clean energy economist in 1 agricultural provided through electricity, biomass (wood, charcoal, to modern energy services The term “modern cooking solutions” to include both traditional and briquettes), and Solid fuels are defined the Bank’s Energy and use and community services. biomass (such as pellets 2 and energy for productive petroleum gas), and so on), processed fuels (including liquefied and forest residues, dung, involve electricity or gaseous at or near those of Extractives Global refers to solutions that overall emissions rates other solid fuels (such as coal and lignite). with stoves exhibiting Practice. or solid/liquid fuels paired (www.sustainableenergyforall.org). liquefied petroleum gas