28829 28829 2005 28829 28829 2005 « » 2005 33 65.5 63 . , . , , . , , , , , . : .., .., .., .., .. : .. : .., .. 63 2004. / . . -- .: « ». -- 288 . ISBN 5 7777 0238 4 2004 . World Development Report 2005. A Better Investment Climate for Everyone Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 8213 5724 7 ( ), 0 8213 5682 8 ( ). « », . . . , , , , , , . . , , : Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA, . 978 750 8400, 978 750 4470, www.copyright.com. , , , : Office of the Publisher, World Bank, 1818 H Street N.W., Washington, DC 20433; 202 522 2422, e mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. : . -- « 2005»; © Linda Frischtel. ISBN 5 7777 0238 4 © 2004 . / The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433, USA © -- « », 2005 xiii xv xvi 1 -- 1 , , 4 6 , 7 -- 9 12 14 I 17 1 , 19 20 25 33 37 2 38 : ? 39 42 48 53 56 57 vi 2005 3 58 58 60 69 73 77 II 79 4 81 82 86 90 94 5 97 97 109 113 6 117 117 : 127 7 140 141 145 155 III ? 161 8 163 163 167 vii 9 179 179 180 184 «» 186 187 IV 191 10 193 193 194 199 201 203 212 , 2005 243 , () 2005 244 245 246 246 , 247 252 255 255 255 255 256 267 viii 2005 1. 2 2.12. 51 2. 2.13. -- ? 5 52 3. : , 2.14. 7 4. 54 2005 15 2.15. 55 1.1. 2.16. « » 20 56 1.2. 3.1. : 21 59 1.3. , 3.2. 60 22 3.3. 1.4. ? 66 . 3.4. 2003 25 67 1.5. 3.5. : : , ? 68 27 3.6. -- 1.6. 29 68 1.7. 3.7. « »: , 69 29 3.8. 1.8. -- 70 , 3.9. «» «» 30 72 1.9. 31 3.10. 1.10. 74 3.11. 32 75 1.11. 3.12. 76 33 3.13. 1.12. 35 2.1. 76 39 4.1. 2.2. 40 82 2.3. 40 4.2. : 2.4. 41 82 2.5. Gécamines 4.3. 43 83 2.6. : 4.4. 84 ? 43 4.5. 20 2.7. 44 85 2.8. : 4.6. ? 46 86 2.9. 4.7. ; 47 87 2.10. 4.8. , 92 48 4.9. -- 2.11. 49 ? 93 ix 4.10. : 6.12. ? 95 139 5.1. , 7.1. / 99 141 5.2. : 7.2. «» 100 5.3. 143 101 7.3. 5.4. 103 5.5. « »? 103 144 5.6. 7.4. 145 7.5. 146 105 7.6. 5.7. 105 150 5.8. 7.7. 108 ? 152 5.9. : 7.8. ? 110 158 5.10. , 8.1. ? 111 164 5.11. 8.2. «» ? 112 . 5.12. () 164 115 8.3. 5.13. 168 116 8.4. 169 5.14. : 116 8.5. : 6.1. : 171 119 8.6. 171 6.2. 8.7. : 172 , 122 8.8. 173 6.3. 8.9. 174 123 8.10. 6.4. 175 , 8.11. 124 176 6.5. 8.12. « » 124 176 6.6. 8.13. 128 176 6.7. 9.1. : 180 130 9.2. : 6.8. , ? 181 131 9.3. 183 6.9. 9.4. 135 184 6.10. 9.5. 136 185 6.11. 9.6. 138 187 x 2005 9.7. 10.1. 188 197 9.8. 10.2. , : ? 188 198 1.1. , 8.1. 172 ( ) 22 8.2. 2.1. , (%) 173 42 8.3. 175 3.1. ? 69 8.4. 3.2. , 177 , -- 10.1. 74 , : 5.1. , 1999--2002 . ( . 2001 .) 195 108 1. 13. 2 2. 3 14 3. , 1.1. 3 4. 21 3 1.2. 5. 60 . 23 1.3. 4 6. «» 23 4 1.4. 7. 5 23 8. 1.5. «» 6 24 9. , 1.6. ( ) 8 10. 1.7. -- , 25 9 1.8. 11. 26 11 1.9. 26 12. 1.10. 12 28 xi 1.11. 3.2. 28 64 1.12. , 3.3. 30 64 1.13. , 3.4. 32 , 1.14. 33 65 1.15. -- 3.5. 34 1990 . 1.16. 67 , 3.6. 34 -- 69 1.17. 4.1. ? 83 35 4.2. 1.18. , , 86 36 4.3. , 2.1. 43 89 2.2. 4.4 44 89 2.3. , 4.5. 46 91 2.4. 4.6. -- 47 91 2.5. 4.7. 96 «», 5.1. 48 2.6. 98 , 5.2. 48 2.7. -- 102 «» 5.3. 49 2.8. , 102 5.4. , 50 , , 2.9. 104 5.5. , 30% 50 2.10. : , 107 , 5.6. 51 2.11. 109 : 5.7. 1990 . 53 , 2.12. 109 5.8. : 54 109 3.1. , : 5.9. , 61 111 xii 2005 5.10. 140 114 7.2. 5.11. , 142 114 7.3. 143 5.12. -- 7.4. 18 115 , 6.1. 148 117 7.5. 6.2 118 , 149 6.3 , 7.6. 1990 . 150 120 7.7. , 6.4 151 ( 7.8. ) 127 6.5. , 151 7.9. 129 153 6.6. 7.10. 129 6.7. 154 7.11. , 1990 ., 129 154 6.8. 7.12. , , , 130 156 6.9. 8.1. , -- , 133 165 6.10. 8.2. 174 8.3. 133 6.11. 175 8.4. 134 6.12. 177 9.1. () 135 181 6.13. 9.2. , 182 , 9.3. 1990 . 136 186 6.14. 10.1. , , 137 7.1. 193 , , . , , -- , , -- , , . , . ­ , . 2 . , 1,1 . 1 . . , 30 2 . , . . , , . : . , . , , . 27 ­ ­ : ? , 30 . 53 , . , , , , . , . . , , . ­ , , ­ . xiv 2005 , , . , , . , , . , . . , , . . «» . , , . , , , . , , . , . , . . , , . ­ , , . 2005 , ­ . , ­ , . . . , , , , , , . . : , , . , , . . . , , , , , , , , , , . . . , ( ), , , , , , , , , , , , , . , , , . , -- , -- . . , , . II II (Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey II) / / , , . « ». , , ; . « » . . , , , . () 1000 , , . () -- 1000 . «» , . , ­ , , , . , , , , . , , . . . ­ . , ­ . , , ­ ­ . , ­ , , . , . 90% , . , 1,2 . . 1 . , , . , , ­ . , . , ­ . , , . , , , . . , , , , (. 1). . « » (Investment Climate Surveys), . 26 . 53 , , , "Doing , Business", , 130 1. , ( , ), , « , 2005» , 2 2005 1 . , ; · , , , , . . , , ­ . , ; . , , , . , , , . . , , ­ . ; , · , . , . , , , , , . ­ , . , . « 2004: , »*. , . , ; * 2004. : · / . · , . ­ .: « », 2004. ­ . . , : Stern (2002) , , , . . , , . . , (. . 1). ­ . , 1 . 1980­1990 . ; 20 2. , , , , , , 14­40% 15 , , 3. % 30%. ,10 1990 . , . 5 , (. . 2)4. 0 1980 1990 2000 , : 92 . ­ : World Bank (2004k). 3 , . 2 , , « » , . ? , (. 14% . 5). . ­ , 90% 7. 41% , , , « »; , , , 5. . , 45% , , : . 30% 8. 84 1960­2000 . ­ 6. . . , : Bosworth and Collins , (2003). 50% , , , , (. . 3). . («») , , , (. . 6). « . , » , , , (. . 4). , , , , . 20 400 . , , . , . . 3 4 , 10 75 8 % 50 6 , 25 4 0 2 : , 0 . : World Bank Investment Climate : 1992­1998 ., (1992­2000) Surveys/BEEPS II 27 (1993­1999). . : World Bank (2002d). 4 2005 5 , 60 . , ( ) . , , , , , . , , . , , , , 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 , : Narayan and others (2000). % . , « » . , , . , 6 , . , «» , , , , 9, , . , , , 10% 6%10. , , , . . , , . . , . 28% 68%11. , , ­ ; , 0 25 50 75 , , . "" , . % , 12. : Schneider (2002). . , , . . ? , , , , . ­ , , , , 25% , 13. , , 5 . , 7 (. . 7). . 30 , , , 25 , . , , 20 200 14. % 15 , , , . 10 , , , 5 , . 0 , : . 1.2 . . , : World Bank Investment Climate Surveys. . . 2 (. 2). ? , « , . » , , 26 . 53 . ( , ) . . , . . . / , . 90% 40% 15. . 0 20 40 60 80 100 , , , , , , % , : . , . « » « ». . , , . 1. , : World Bank Investment Climate Surveys 6 2005 , 8 . , «» . 75 , . . 50 , % ­ , , , 25 . : , 0 . , , , , . : 10 , , , , . , : World Bank Investment Climate Surveys «» , . , . , , «» . (. . 8). . . . ­ . 90% , . , . , , , , , . , . , , : , , , . 16. . ( , , ) . . , , , , , , . 7 . ­ ­ ­ , . , . , . . , , . (, , . ). , , , , . . , . , : , (. 3). , . . (, , 3 : ). , , , , . , , . . , , . , , . . . 20 . 8% , , . , 1 . , . 64% 1981 . 17% 2001 . , 2,9% 1970 . 6,7% 1990 . , 1990 ., , . , , 1 . , , . , , 54% 1980 . 35% 2000 . , 1993­2000 . , . 4% ( , , ), , . , . , , , 56% 1992 . 35% 2000 . , , . , . , , . . , : ­ Chen and Wang (2001), , Qian (2003) Young (2000); ­ . . Aghion and others (2003), Ahluwalla (2002), De Long (2003), Rodrik and Subramanian , , (2004), Varshney (1998); Panagariya (2003); ­ Holmgren and others . (2001); World Bank (2001d). 8 2005 . . , . , , . . , ­ , 17; . , , , . , , , , : , , , . , , . : . ­ , . . . , , , , . . «» . , . «» (. . 9). (, ), ; , (, ) (, 9 , , : , ). «» ( ) , . 1 . 0.5 . , , . , , , , : . . , . . 0 () 1 (). . . . . 3.1. : World Bank Investment Climate Surveys BEEPS II. . 9 . , , , «» . . , : ; , , ; , ; . , , . , , . , ( ­ , ) , . . , , , , , , . . , , , , , . . , , , : , . , : . ; , , . 10 , , . . . , . , . ­ 0 20 40 60 80 100 % : Investment Climate Surveys. , , . 10 2005 ; , ; . . , , . . , , , . , , . . , . . . , (. . 10). . , , . , , . , , . . , /4 18. 1 , ­ , , . . , , . . , , . , . , / . . . . . , , . . , . , , . . , . 11 11 . , . . . , 19. , . . , 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 , % : , , , , . «» «» . , : World Bank Investment Climate Surveys. , , «» . . , (. . 11). . . , , . , . , , . , . , , , , . , . ( , . ), : , ; , . . . . . ­ . , , , . , , 12 2005 . 12 . , . . , . , , . . ­ 20% ­ 0 20 40 60 . 10% 20% 20. , : , , . . : World Bank Investment Climate Surveys. , . . , , , . , . (. . 12). «» , . , . , . , . . , . , : . , , , , , 13 , . , , , , , , (, . ). : , , . . : , 2,2 . , . , 200 , , , «» . . ­ , . . , ­ : . , , «» . , . . . , «», , , . , . , , , . , , . . , , , ­ , . « » . , ; , ­ , , , , , . , . , , , , , , , . . . , . , , . , . , , : . . . 14 2005 , ; . . , . . «» , . , . , . , . «» 2015 . . 85 .21, , , . . , , . . . . . , , , , . (. . 13). 1/4 , 21 . , : , , 22. ; , 13 13% , , , , 500 . , 400 . . 1995 300 . , , .200 , , , , . , 100 26 . 0 . , 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 : (www.oecd.org) World Bank (2004k) , 15 4 2005 ­ , . 25% : , · . , · ; , · . , , . , ­ , ; , , · , , ­ . . ; · ­ · , . . 30%. , . · ­ , . , , , . . , · «» , , , . , 53% . 2 . , . . , . 50%. , , , , 90% . · , . «» , , , , . . . · , , , , , , . . . ­ . , , . , . , . , , , I . 1 ­ , ­ , , , . 2 ­ ­ , , . 3 ­ ­ , , . , , . , 1 , . . . , , , . , ( , ), , . , ­ , , , ­ , , . , , , , «», . . , , , , , ­ . (. 1.1). , , , , , ­ . : , , ; , ; . , , , , ; , . . , , ­ , . , . , , , , , , , . , . , , . , , . , : , ­ 20 2005 . , , . , , , «», , , . . , , ­ , , , , . 1.1 ? , , , . . , , , , , , . , , . . , , , . , . , , , . , , , , (. 4). ­ , , , (. 5). , . . , , . (. 6 7). , , , , . , , . , . . ( ) . «» ­ . . , , ­ , ; , (. , , 2). . , . , . . , . , . , , (. 3). , 21 1. 1.1 , . 12 20 , . 10 , , , 8 , 2. , , 6 ­2 ­1 0 1 2 (. . 1.1)3. : « », « », « , » « , » Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi 4. (2003). : 0, ­ 1. , : Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi (2003). , , , 5. , . , . , , , « » . "Doing Business" (. 1.2). , , , . 1.2 , , , . 2001 ., ( . 20 . ). · . , ­ 26 . 53 , , , 4,8 . . « » 2003 .; , , , , 1999 . « . . », . , . · "Doing Business". 3 250 , 130 «» 11 « ». 22 2005 . 1.3 , , . , , , , (. 1.3). , . . , , , , . . , , , , , , : (. . 1.1). ­ ? , (. 2). ­ , , , . , . : , , , . , , . (. 2). , . ­ , «» . , , , : Easterly and Levine (2003); , . Gallup, Sachs, and Mellinger (1999). . , , , . . , . . , , 1.1 , ( ) , · (. 2) · (. 5) · · , · , (. 5) · (. 6) · · (. 7) · (. 2) · · (. 4) · · (. 4) · · (. 4) · · (. 4) · · , (. 5) · (. 5) · (. 6) · · (. 6) , 23 1.2 30 25 20 % 15 10 5 0 : , , . « » , , ( ), ( 10% ). « » , ( ) , ( ). «» , , ( ). « » , , . , . : World Bank Investment Climate Surveys. 1.3 1.4 . , 100 100 . % ­ . , % 75 75 , . , , , . , , , 50 50 , , , , , , , 25 25% ­ , 25 , , . , (. . 1.2). , 0 , 0 : : , , , ; . , , . . : World Bank Investment Climate Surveys. : World Bank Investment Climate Surveys/BEEPS II. 24 2005 1.5 . , , , , , , , 25 , 7 . , 6 . 20 5 , ­ 15 4 , % 3 10 (. 2). , 2 , 5 (. . 1.3). 95% 1 , 0 0 . ( ) , : World Bank Investment Climate Surveys. : , 2 , 200 6. . , , , , , ­ 7. 1.6 , 30% (. 2)8. 75 . , , . , 50 , % . , , 25 . , , 0 . , , , / , . : 10 , , , ­ , (. . 1.4). , «» . : World Bank Investment Climate Surveys and WDR Surveys of Micro and Informal Firms. , , 25 1.4 . 2003 ­ , , . . ? ­ , , , , , . . ( . 1995 .) , , 383 . 1960 . 246 . 2002 . . . , , , , . , , , . , , , , , . 1950 . 23% . , , , , . . , , , , , , () , . . . , . . ­ , 5% . : World Bank (2003). . (. . 1.6). . , , ­ . , , 1.7 , (. ­ . 1.5). , 25,000 , . , 20,000 ( ) . , 15,000 : , , , , 15 10,000 65 9. ( ..) 5,000 . ­ , 0 1600 1700 1820 1870 1913 1973 2001 , . : Maddison (2003). 26 2005 1.8 . , , , 8 , 7 (. 1.4). 6 1990 . % 1980 . , , 5 1970 . 4 , 1960 . 3 , , 2 . 1 ? 0 ­1 ­ , ­2 , : , 1980 . : World Bank (2004k). , , , ­ , . , , . , , , , . 1798 . , . , , 10. , , , . , , , (. . 1.7). , 1.9 , , ­ 20­30 . , 20 , , , , XIX .11, 15 , . , % , ,10 , ( ), . (, 5 ), (, ) ( , ) ­ , 0 1980 1990 2000 . : 92 . , : World Bank (2004k). , 27 1.5 : , . ? , , , , . , . 10 ­ 440 . 1980 . 4 475 . 2002 . ( , , . ), 1980 . ­ 670 . 1980 . 2 570 . 2002 . , , (. .), , . , 1990 . . , , 1980 . , . , , . , 1990 . , . . , . . . . 18 75 ) . , . 12 50 % . 1 1990 2000 . , 1990 2002 4% ( 6 25 ( ). , , , 56% 1992 . 35% 2000 . : Ahluwalia (2002); Chen and 0 0 1990 1999 1981 2000 1990 2002 1981 2001 1981 2001 1992 2000 Ravallion (2004); De Long (2003); Che and Wang (2001); Qian (2003); Rodrik and Subramanian (2004); Young (2003); Young : () (2000); Holmgren and others (2001); World , ( ). Bank (2001d); and IMF and IDA (2003); World . Bank (2004k); IMF (2004). , , . , , . , , , , , , , , 2000 . , (. . 1.8). 1900 ., , , , ­ 12. , , 1990 ., . , , , . . ­ , 28 2005 13. , 14­25% , 1.10 , , (. 4). . , ; , , 14. , 12 , (. 6). , 8 15. , , , , 4 , , , (. 1.5). 0 ­4 . ­8 (. . 1.10). 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 . 20 . , , , : , 1984 2000 . , . , (. . 1.9). (ICRG) , , . , . , , , , , . , . , , , . « » , , , , . , : World Bank (2004k) and 1.11 , International Country Risk Guide , , (ICRG). « »16. 4 , % , . 3 , , 2 , , 1 17. , 0 , 1 2 3 4 . , ­1 , : ; 1960­2000 62 . . : Bosworth and Collins (2003). , 29 1.6 , , ­ , . . , , . . . ( ) ­ , , , . . ­ , , . . , . . , , ? , , , . , , , , . . , ­ , , , , « ». , . . . ­ . , , . : Acemoglu (2001); Barro i Martin , , ( (2003); Bosworth and Collins (2003); Easterly ) and Levine (2001); Hall and Jones (1999); « », Parente and Prescot (2000); Klenov and ­ Rodrguez Clare (1997); Young (1995). . , , 1960­2000 . , (45­90%) , , (), , , 1.7 (. . 1.11 1.6)18. , , « ­ , »19. , , , , , , . . , 1960 1970 . , , , 20. , , , , , . . . , , , , , . . , , , , . , . , . . . , . : Castelar Pinheiro and others (2001) and Schor (forthcoming). , . 30 2005 , 1.8 ­ 21. , «» 200 «» . 1960 . , , , «» , . , 288 , . . 1986 . 156. , 96 . , , , , . , , , , 53 , . , ­ 88 14 , , , 26 , , : . 6 20 1 30 1 22. . , , 324 , . , 200 , . , 150 , , , , 1992 . , . 2003 . ­ «» 2 . , ­ , , . . 40 60 , . : Kim (1997). , : . 19 ( 1961 .), ­ 15 ( 1965 .), ( 1965 )23. , , 1.12 , , , .24 , 75 , % , , , , . 50 , 25 . , 0 ­ . : 27 , . , : World Bank Investment Climate Surveys/BEEPS II. , , 31 1.9 , , . , . , . , ­ , . . . , , , , . , , . , . ­ , . . . , , , , . , . . , « , ». , , , . « », 5% 20% , . . . ­ . , . . , , (. 7). , . , , . , . ­ , ­ , . . , , ­ , . . ( ) . . , , , , , . ­ . , . , , , ( ) , , . , , . , , ; , , , . , . . . , , , . : Bartelsman and others (2004); Klein . , and Hadjichael (2003); Haltiwanger (2000); . , Roberts and Tibout (1996); Schumpeterr , . (1942); Cabellero and Hammour (2000); , Boumol (2002). . , , , ­ , , , (. 1.7). 25. , 26. , 32 2005 1.13 , () 5% 20% 29. , , , , 20% . , , 30. , , , , (. . 1.13). . , 80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 : . 1988­2000 , (). : Bartelsman and others (2004) ­ World Doing Business Project. ? , , , , « »27. , ­ , . (. 1.8). , , 31. ­ , (. . 1.12) 28. , . , (. 1.9). . , , 1.10 , 32. « », , , , 15%, 20%. , , , , , , , , , . , 40%, , , , , 18%. . « , : . 80% », , . , , , 38%. , , , 40% , , , : Dollar, Hallward Driemeier, and . Mengistae (2003b); Hallward Driemeier, (. 1.10). , Xu, and Wallsten (2003); Dollar and others (2004). , , , 33 1.14 , 50 . ( ) : 40 80% 1981­2001 . , 30 ( ) 1 20 , . 10 , 0 , 2 . , , ­10 , ­2 0 2 4 6 8 10 , , 1981­2001 1 . . : ­ 1992­2000 .; , . : Chen and Ravallion (2004); World Bank (2004k). 1.11 1990 . (. .). , , , , , 45°, , 3,9%, . , , . , : , , , ­ ­ , , , . . , . , , ­ . , , , , , , . . ­ , , . , . , , , 1993 ., 1997 . 59% , : 1980 . , , , 4% . 62% , 1993 . 8 ; , , 1998 . , 10% 6 . . 1995 1998 . 60% 4 . , 9% . 1991 2 1,8% , 0,7%. 2000 . 55% , , 5% , . 0 , , . : United Kingdom ­ DFID (2004); ­2 Pritchet (2003); Graham and Pettinato (2001); ­4 ­2 0 2 4 6 8 , Fields and Pfefferman (20030); and Lpez , % , (2003). 34 2005 1.15 400 ­ . (. 1.5)35. . , 1980 2002 , 66,8 70,7 , , 49 32 1 . . 54 63 , 40%, , . : . , , 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 % : 60 . . . : Narayan and others (2000). : , , , 36. . , , , , , , , 37. 33. , , , (. , 90% 1.11). , (. . 1.14)34. , , , ; , , , 38. 1.16 . , , ´ 5 39. 4 , , , 3 . , 2 . 1 0 0 2 4 6 8 , : ­ , 1960­2000 . , : World Bank (2000k). , 35 1.12 . , : 1990 . , , , , 40% 0,7 . , , . , . , , . . , , , . , , , , , , 80% . , . , 40. . « », 60 . , 60 , . , , , . (. . 1.15). . , , ­ , , . , 2003 . . 95% . 90% , , 95% , , 80% , , : Black (1999); Field (2002); 41. , . Grameen Bank website:...grameen , info.org; Kabeer (2003); Klasen (1999); (. . 1.16). Klase and Lamanna (2003); Maloney (2004); Narayan and others (2000); Rama . , (2002); United Nations (2000); World Bank , (2001g); and World Bank (2004f). . , , , 1985 2000 2% . , 1.17 . : 20 . 1995 . 1 , ­ . 2002 ., . , 200 . ., ­ , 42. , . , , , (. 7). 43. . 3 , . ­ 25 , 1,5 ­ 15 . 30 , ­ . 2 ., 7 8 0 25 50 75 , . % , , , , : Schneider (2002). 44. /45. 36 2005 1.18 , , 80% , , , , 48. , , , , , , , , , 49. , 80% , , 50. , . 10% , , 5,8% 51. 0 5 10 15 20 , . , 1960­2000 . : World Bank (2000k). . , , , ­ , . ­ , . , (. 1.12)46. . (. . 1.17)47. · , , , , . , ( , ), ( , ). . , , , , , ­ , , , , , . , . , , , , , , 37­47 . 52. (. 6). · , , . ­ , , , , , . (. 6). , , , , . 28% 68% ( 6.14). , 37 · , , , ? , , , (. 6). . · , , , ? . , . , , , . , . , ; . , 17% . , . 53. 3, . . , . . , , , , , , , , . . , , . , , , , , . 80% ; , . , 54. , (. . 1.18). , , , . , ­ , . . (. 5). , . , , , , . , , 55. . , , . . , 2 , , . ­ . 1. , , , . . ­ , , . , , ? . ? , . , , . , , , , , : , , , , ; : ; · . ­ , , , . . , , , , , . ? . , , , . , , . . · . , . , , . , , . , , , , , . . 39 · . 2.1. . , , . , , , , , (. 1). , . · , , . , , , , , , . . , , . . ­ , (. .) ­ , , (. , 2.1). . . . , , , . (, , ). , . , : . ? . (« ») , : «, « », . , »1. , , . , , ­ . . , (. 2.2), , . . , , , , . , , . , , . 40 2005 , , 2.2 , , . . , . 3000 . . . . . , . , , , . . , , . , , . . (218­202 . , , . .). . 25% 1960 . 57% . . 2001 ., , XVI­XVII . 2000 . , . 1,4 . , ( ­ . : Micklethwait and Wooldridge ) (2003); IMF (2004); Bates (2001); Bernstein . (1996); Yergin and Stanislaw (2002); World Bank (1996b); McMillan (2002); The . Economist (2003a); Chinoy (1998); World , , Bank (2004k); UNCTAD (2003i). , , , , , (. 2.3). ­ . , : . , « » 2. 2.3 . . 40% «» «» . , ­ 100­200% . , , . . . , , , , . , , . , (. 9). , ( ) , , , 20 . , , , « » (Equator Principles), /. , , . , , , . , , . , , , , "The Body Shop" . : . : Graham (2000); The Economist , , (1999, 2002a); www.equatorprinciples.com. 41 , ­ , ­ , . , (. 5). , . . , , , . 2.4 ? , , , . . , . . , : , ; , , . ,. « «» ; », . («») ; , 50% , . . . , «» , ­ . : . , , . , ´ , ; , , . (. .) , . , ´ «» , , , , , ; . , 50% . . . . : , «» : . «» . , . , , . , , . : World Bank Investment Climate 0 10 20 30 40 50 Surveys; WDR Surveys of Micro and Informal Firms; Hallward Driemeier and Stone (2004); , , %. Halward Driemeier and Stewart (2004); Schnei : , der (2002); de Soto (2000). . : World Bank Investment Climate Surveys and WDR Surveys of Micro and Informal Firms. 42 2005 . , . , , , . , ( ), , , , , . , , , ( 2002 . , ) . , , , 2,5 , (. 7). 3. , . , . 4. , , , . ­ , , . , , , , 5. (. 2.4). , , , , . : «» «» · ; · ; · (. ; 6). , · , . . 2.1 , . , , , , : « »6. , % , % : 55,5 3,9 , , «» ( 10 ) 49,9 4,4 , (10­19) 56,7 4,8 . (20­49) 57,6 4,0 , , (50­249) 58,5 3,4 (250 ) 55,7 3,0 , «» : 27,4 8,6 . ( 10 ) 25,5 8,5 ­ (10 ) 49,1 9,3 , 43,1 2,8 50,0 5,2 , 51,0 3,4 . 59,1 4,2 , 68,8 7,0 74,2 3,2 . : World Bank Investment Climate Surveys and WDR Surveys of Micro and Informal Firms. 43 2.1 2.5 Gecamines ´ 3 6 . ­ "Union Minie´re du Haut Katanga", 300 70 , 5 1966 . % "Gécamines". . 4 , . , "Gécamines" , , , 3 . 70% . . ( ­ , 2 ) 240 . . , , 1960 . « . ». 1 , , , 1974 . 0 , , 1 800 , . 1990 . . , : , . 1994 . . «» , , 30,6 . ., . , ­ 3 . . . , : World Bank Investment Surveys. . , . . 1970 . 300 . ., 400 . 700 . . 3 . .; 10 . 18 . . , 2 . . 700 . . 900 . . "Gécamines" ­ . : Wrong (2000). ­ 7. 2.6 , : ? . , , , , . . , , . , , . « , », , . . , . , . , ? , (. . 2.1) , . , , , . . (. . 2.1). « ». , . , , . , , . . . ­ , , , , , , , , . . . , : Stijns (2000); Tornell and Lane : . (1999); Levi (1988); Sacks and Warner (2001); Leite and Weidmann (1999); Ross , , , , (2001); Chaudhry (1997); Moore (1998). 44 2005 2.2 8. , , . . 18 «» 17 , . . 16 15 , (. 2.5). 14 , 13 , 12 , 11 , 10 . 9 , 8 , , 7 , 6 5 , 4 (. 2.6). 3 , 2 : 100 80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 , , ( ), . : 133 , « ­ , , , . , . , , , , , , , . . , , ­ , ­ »9. : Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi, 2003 . . : World Bank (2004b); Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi (2003). . , , 2.7 . , , 1974 . , 10. 1. . , , , , . : , . , , (. . 2.2). , , , , , , ­ . . . , . 1997 . , 1994 . , . 1997­2002 . , , ( 10 73), (. 5). ­ 2 1997 . ­ . 19 2002 . , . : Open Society Institute ( . « ») (2002); Fombad 828 , 141 . (1999); Doing and Riby (1998). 45 . , , , . . , ­ «» , , , . , 14. « » , 11. , ( ) : (. 2.7). , 15. , , , , . , 12. , . , , . , , , , , . . , ­ . , . , . 13. , . , . , . ­ , , , , . . , , , , 16. . . , . : ­ . , , . . . 17. 46 2005 2.8 : ? , , , . , . 2002 ., , . , , , , 240 . , ., , . . , 600 . . . , , , . , , . . , . , , . , ? . , ­ : Tullock (1983); Acemoglu, Johnson, , and Robinson (2001); Hufbauer and Goodrick ( ), . (2003b). , , , . . 2.3 , . , . . « » . 18. ­ , . , 19. . , , , , , , , (. 2.8). , , , , 20. , , 0 10 20 30 21. , , «» «» , % : , , , . «» , , 22. . , , . , : Desai (2004), World Bank Investment Climate Surveys. 47 2.4 . , 1998 . 0 23. ­10 , , % , , (. ­20 . 2.3). , ,­30 (. . 2.4)24. , ­40 . : ­50 ­60 , . , : , . , , . «» , , , . . : Desai (2004), World Bank Investment Climate Surveys. : · . (. 3). , · . , , ( , 3). , . (. . 2.5)26. . « 2.9 », , . , , , , . 300 . , «» . , , , . , , 25. · . . , , . , : , · . , , , , . , ; , · , 13 , ; . 2/3 · . ; · , . (. 2.9). , : Maxfield and Shneider (1997); , Recanatini and Ryterman (2001). , 48 2005 2.5 2.6 «», , . 2% 2% 2.0 2% 4% 28% 10% 1.5 () 1.0 10% 19% «» 0.5 23% : , 0.0 , ­2 ­1 0 1 2 , 48 . : World Bank Investment Climate Surveys. : («»), ­ , , , WEF Executive Opinion Surveys. ( ) 27. . : Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi (2003). : Banks (2001). (« ») . : Kaufmann (2003); Banks (2001). . 2.10. , . . . , , , , . . , , , , . , . . , . , , ­ . . , , , , , ­ . . ­ , , . . . . , , . , , . , . : Blanchard (1986); Caballero , , . (1999); Dixit and Pindyck (1994). 49 , 2.7 ­ . « «» » , , «» , , (. . 2.6). . , , . , . . , 0 20 40 60 80 . , , «» «» , % , . : , 11 , «» . : World Bank Investment Climate Survey and WDR Surveys of Micro and Informal Firms. , , , , , , 28. , , . , , , 29. 2.11 , , , . . , (. 2.10). , , . , , . , , , , , , . , . . , , , , , . . , : , , ­ , , , 1993 . , , . , . 2 . .30. . , . , : Covin and Slevin (1989); . , , Etounga Manguelle (2000); Hart (2003); Hofstede (1984); Iyidun and Rodrick , , , (2003); Lee and Peterson (2000); Lumpkin and Dess (1996); McGrath, MacMillan, and . «» Scheinberg (1992); Miller (1983), Miller and Friesen (1982); Porter (2002); Reynolds . and others (2004); Wild (1997). , 50 2005 2.8 , , , . , , . . , , 0,9 . « », % , . " , 0,8 , , , . , . . 0,7 33. , , , . 0,6 , , ­4 ­2 0 2 4 , . , : , , . , . , , , . , . . . 2.9 , , , . : World Bank: World Business Environment , Survey database. 30% 34. . 40 (. . 2.7). , , , 30 . (. . 2.8). , % , , , , 20 . , 30% (. . 2.9). 31. , 10 , ­ 35. 0 ­ , « »32. : . , , , , , , . . (. 5). , , 80 , , , , . , , , (. (. 2.12), : World Bank: World 2.11). . Business Environment Survey. , 51 2.12 ( C ), , . . «» . . ­ . , ­ , ­ . . ( , . ). , ­ . , . . , ( B A , , ). . A' , A , . . , ( ) ­ . B' . ( B C' , C , , B1, B). , 0 . , , . ( B A1) , . , . . , , . , 2.10 36. , : , , , , 10 . 8 . 6 , , . 4 , , 2 . , , 0 , 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 1990 . : , 12 . . ICRG ­ , . : Henisz (2000); International Country Risk Guide. 52 2005 , , , , . , · . . . , , , . ­ , , . 39. , , (. . 2.10). · 37. , . 1689 . , , . . , (. 6)40. 38. · . , . , 2.13 ­ , . ( 5). , , 2002 . , . « ( 4). , ». · , 1980 ., , 2002 . 1990 . 1990­2000 . . . 1993­2002 . 20 . . 4% , , . . ? 1991­92 . , . , , , (. 9). . , ­ , . , , , , . . , « » , . . , , 2002 ., . . . . : Holmgren and others (2002); . 1996 . World Bank (2001d). , . 53 ( ) 41 , , , , 44. (. 3). . , . 1990 . , XIX . (. 2.13). , , , , , , . , 45. , 1910­1920 . , . . , «» , () 46. . ­ , . , . , , . 42. , ­ « » 47. : ­ , . 43. , , . , 2.11 , : . 20 , , , % . , 10 0 , . : ­10 , , , , . ­20 ­20 ­10 0 10 20 , % : , « » «» « , ». 1998­2002 . . : www.latinobarometro.org. 54 2005 2.12 . 4 100 80 3 ( ) 60 ( ) 40 2 20 1 0 . . . : : ­ « ?» ( «», %); ­ « ?» (1 ­ ; 4 ­ ). : The Pew Global Attitudes Project (2003); Inglehart and others (2000). 2.14 , 2002 ., , , "Petroleum Development and Pipeline", , , . , , , , . . . . 2003 . . , , . . . , « , » , 200 , (), . , , , , . . 120 , . . : World Bank (2000b); World Bank (2000e); , . . 55 , , , . , , (. 2.14). . , , , , . , . , , , 48. , , . , , . : , · , , , , . . . , , , · 49. , . · 50 (. . 2.11). , , 2.15 , , . , , . 85% 77% , 98% 1291 . (. . 2.12)51. . , ? . , , , . , , , « . , , », 52, , . , . , . 53. , , . , , , ­ . , , . . , 54.. . . . : Brueckner (2000); Treismann (. 2.2). , (2000); Tanzi (1995); Weingast (1995). , 56 2005 , . · , . ­ . , , 55. . , . , . . , , , , , , . . , , , , , 2.16 « » 1990 . . , , , , , , , , "Bhoomi". , , , (. 5.2). , , . . , . , (RTC). , 30 ; , , . , (. 2.15). 2000 . 2 . ( 43 . « ). 1000 », (220 . ) . «» . . . , « » , , ( 9 . « » ­ , ). , . ­ . , 12 . RTC , , 15 (0,32 . . ), 5­30 1,2­ 35 . . , , . (700­2000 . ) 300 . . (175 . ) , . . . , , , 50% . . 1884 , 1901 , 1916 . : Tan (2004); Bhatnagar and 450 . Chawla (2004); Lobo and Balakrishnan (260 . ). (2002). «» , , 57 , , , , , , , . , , . , , , . . . , , , . . , , . . , . , . , , , , 57. . (. 3). . . , , 56. . , . , (. 2.16), (. 5). , , , , , , , ­ , . . , , , , , . , , , . , , . , . 3 , , . 2, · . , , . 3 ­ , , , . , . , · . , . , , , 1, . . , . , , , . , . , · . , . , . , : . , . , , , . , . ­ , , : . · . , , . . ­ . , ­ , , , , , «». ? , , . , 59 , , . , « ». , , , , , « » , . , ­ 2. ­ , , , , , 4. 3. , , , , , , , . , , , , . . , , , , . , , , , , . . , , , . , , ­ , . , . () . , , . , , , , , 3.1. : 20 , , , 8% , . , , . , , , ­ 60 17% . . , , , 14% , . . , , , , , , (. . 1.2). . (), , . , , , « » . . , : Chen and Wang (2001); Qian (2003); . , , Young (2000). 60 2005 3.2 1991 . , . , 1980 . . , . , . . ­ , . . . 1984 . , , , , , . . . . . . 60%. . "Doing , Business", , . . 9% 1981 . 10 . , , , 15% 2000 . 2,9% 1970 . , , 5,8% 1980 . 6,7% 1990 . . . 90 . : Aghion and others (2003); Ahluwalia : (2002); De Long (2003); Rodrick and Subramanian , . : (2004); Vershney (1998); Panagariya (2003). (. 3.1) , ­ , , () , ­ . , , . 6. 5. (. 3.2). . 1980 . , . . , , ­ , , , 7. , . 1991 . , . . , , , . . ? , , , . , , , . , , , . , , 61 3.1 . , : , 1, . 1 , , ; 0.5 , (. 3.1.) , , ­ . « » , . : 0 ( ) 1 (). . . . : , . ( ) , : World Bank Investment Climate Surveys. , , , , . , ( ) , , . (. 2). . . , "Doing Business" , , 200 , 20, , ­ 2 . , . , , 1000 , ­ 50 8. . «» . (. 3.9). , , , , « » « » , . , . , , , , . , , ­ (. 4). ­ , . . . , , , , 62 2005 , . ­ · , , , . , , (. 1). , , . . , , . «» . , , , . . ­ . , ; , . , «» . , . . . : , · . , , , . , : · , , «». , , . . · , . , , , , . , , . (. 4). · . : , ­ ­ , , , , . . · , , . , , , , , , , . , . , , . · , . 63 , , , . . , , « », (. 8). 1991 1996 . , . . . . , · . , , . . , , . (. 4). , , , , : · (. 6). ; · . · ; · . , ; · , . ? . , ­ . ­ , , , . . , ( 1.17), . , 11. , . , ­ , . , , 10. , , , , (. . 3.2). , . , , , , ; , , , , . ; , . . , , , , . , , «». , , (. . 3.3)13. 64 2005 . 3.2 , , , , 50 , , 1--4 , 50--199 14. 100 , 5 , 200 , , , 75 (. 5). % , , 50 . , , , 15. «» , 25 , , 0 . , , : World Bank Investment Climate Surveys; WDR Surveys of Micro and Informal Firms. 16. , , , , , , , , , (. 4)17; , . (. 5), , , « (. 6). ». . , , , (. 7). , . , 3.3 . , , , 75 , 1--4 , 5 % . , ,50 . , 25 18. , , 0 (. 4), : World Bank Investment Climate Surveys and WDR Surveys of Micro and Informal Firms. 65 (. 5). 3.4 , , , 19. 50% 100 ; , , 75 20. 20% , % , , ,50 21. . 25 , , , , , 0 , 22. . : Ayyagari, Beck, and Demirguç Kunt (2003) , , . , , , , ­ , . 23, , 25. , , , , . «» (. 6.6 . , ). . . , , . (. 6). , , , , . 25. () (. 6)26. ( 3.4). , . , , (. 27. 3.3). , , . , . . 66 2005 3.3 ? , , , , , . , , . , . , , ; , , , . , . . . (. .). , , , , , , , , . , , , , . , , , , . , , , . . . , . , , , , , , . . , , 1990 . ( 100 . , , ­ ) , , , , (54%), (74%), . , ­ (76%) , , . , , , . . : Biggs, Ramachandran, and Shah , . (11998); Biggs (2003); Acs and Audretsh , , , , (1997); Biggs, Shah, and Srivastava (1995); Batra and Tan (1995); Beck, Demirgüç Kunt, . , and Levine (2003). (< 20) (20­40) (50­249) (250 ) , % 0,9 1,4 1,5 1,4 , % 6,7 13,6 20,4 24,9 , % 27,2 41,6 56,7 63,4 , % 5,7 10,1 21,0 34,0 , % 12,6 20,9 39,6 56,8 e mail 36,0 46,9 55,4 58,9 , % : World Bank Investment Climate Surveys. 12% 1970 . . , , 29% 2001 ., 0,1 3% , 28. ( 3.5). , . 29. ? . : (. 3.5) · . , . , , ( , , 67 3.4 , , 1,5 . . . . . . . ( . , ), 15 , 15 , . . ( ) , . , . . , 500 , , , . (. 9.5). . . : Commonwealth Secretariat and . , , World Bank Joint Task Force on Small States 16 ( (2004); Brautigam and Woolcock (2001); ), Commonwealth Secretariat; Harsh (2002); , Fairbairn and DeLisle (1996). )30. , 36. , , , , , 31. , , · . . , . 37. , 3.5 . 1990 . , 40 5 5% , 6,5%32. : : · : 4 30 : . % % , , 3 , , 20 33. 1990 1995 ., 2 1970 1980 ., 1990 . 1977­1991 . 10 1 , , 34. 0 0 (. 3.6). 10% 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 : . () 3%35. . : World Bank (2004b). 68 2005 3.5 ­ ? , « . , ». ( (), , (. . ) « ( ), , »). . , , , . , . . , , , . , , . . « ». , , . : Aw, Chung, and Roberts (2002); Bernard and Jensen (1999); Clerides, Lach, and , , Tybout (1998); Hallward Driemeier, Iarossi, and , , Sokolov (2002); Kraay (1999); Liu, Tsou, and (. . «»). «». Hammitt (1999); Westphal (2002). « » , . . «» ( , , , ) , . , , , ( , « » , « »38. )39. . , , , (. 3.7). . 3.6 ­ , 1980 ., . , , 100%, . 60% , 1992 . . « 15%, 1990 . », . . . 1991 . 83%, 13% . . 1998 . , 30%, . , , , , , 57%. , , , . 40 1980 1990 ., , ­ , , , Ace Designers, , 2003 . . (11 ), , . . , . 10% : Aghion and others (2003); De Long . (2003); Rodrik and Subramanian (2004); Sutton 0,5%. , 1950 1990 . (2002); Topalova (2003); World Bank (2004k). 69 3.7 « »: . «» () , , . ­ 74%. . 1990 . , , . , , 15 70% 20 . 2002 . , : « » . , . 1995 . 59% 9% , 4 . , , , 9%: : Biers and Dhume (2000); The , . ­ Economist (2003c); The Economist (2001); Head and Reis (1998); Gillespie and others ­ (1999); Kapur (2001); Li, Li and Zhang (1999); , Rauch and Trindade (2002). , 3.6 . ­ , (. 5), (. 6). , (. 9). / . , ­ . , , . , . « » 0 20 40 60 , % : « » (. 1). , , , , : World Bank Investment Climate Surveys. , , 3.1 , ? , , 40. , 0,35 0 41. , 0,15 0 , 33% , 16,6 3,87 49% , , , 1,58 0,41 , b 0,74 0,13 (. 3.6)42. 0,04 0,01 , b ­ . , b 0,96 0,25 , b 0,34 0,12 26% , ( ) (. . 3.1). , b 0,28 0,22 , 10 . . . b , , : Lederman and Saenz (2003). 70 2005 3.8 , ­ , . . . , , , , , . . , ­ , ­ , . . , . « » . , () . , 45 , . . . . , , , ­ , . D . , . ? ? , B C B C . , A A D , D . « » , , : Lax and Sebenius (1986). ( ), , , . , . 43. , 46. (. 7)44. . , ­ 1990 ., , (. 3.8). 1997­98 .47. , , . 2002 . , , , . . 71 . . . ­ , , 51. 48. , , , 52. , , . , . . , , 2000 . , 2002 . , , , . XIX ­ (). . . , , , , . , 53. , , , , , , 1990 . . . . , . « » , , , « . , » , 54. 49, . , « » , , , . . , . , , . , , . . , , , . . . « » , 50; . «» . . , . 72 2005 . . . . , 60 «», , , , 55. . , , ­ . ­ ­ , . , . , , . (Buro de Credito) , , . (. 2). , , , . 56. , . , 3.9 «» , , . , «» 2002 . , . , «» , . 30 , . , , , . . , , , , , , , . , . , , , ­ . , « ». , . , . . « », , . , , , . . «» ­ , . , . : Herzberg (2004). , 73 , 58. . , , , , 59. , . , , , . . , . , 57. , «» , , , . (. 3.9). , , ­ , ( ), ( . ). , , , . , , , ­ . (. 7). , , , . . ­ , , . , , , , . , «» , . , , : (. 7). · ; , · ; , · ; . · , . ­ (. 4). , , . . , , , , . , . , , , 74 2005 3.2 , , -- ­ · · · ­ · · · · ­ ­ · · · · · ­ · · · · ­ · · · · ­ · · · ­ · · : . , . . , ­ , , ­ , . . , , (. 3.10). ( 3.2). , 3.10 , . , , , , . . . . , , , , . , . . . , . . . , , . , . , . , , . , , . , : . , , 60. , , , . . : Coolidge, Grava, and Putnina . (2004); www.yased.org.tr. . 2000 . 75 , 3.11 (. 3.11). , . , 1980 . , . , , , « , , . (. 2). ». , «» ( ( . , ) ) , , ­ . . . 2000 . , « , , , ». , , , , , . . . , , , : Mallon (2004). , . . , , . , ()62. 1988 . , , . . , , . 2000 . . , , , (). , : « . , » , , 61. (. 5). . , ; . , . , , , . 76 2005 , . ­ , , . , , . 66. , () « . »67. , . . , , . , , . 60% . . 22 , , , , 63. . , , (), 2000 . 2003 . . , , 1500 64. . , 1998 2002 . 3 . , , 387 , 1157 , 68. 65. , ­ , 3.12 , . . 1993 . 2000 . , , , 69. , , , . . . , , , , , . , , , , , , , , . . , « , », , , 70. 60 14. , . , : Diop (2003); www.apix.sn. 77 . . , . , , , , , , ­ . ­ , , . . . , . (. 5). , , , . . , , . . , , . , . . , . , , 3.13 (. 5). ­ ­ 1990 . 1998 . . , , , . , , , , . . () . , 200 90% , . . 71. «» , 1999 ., , , . , (. 5). 1996 . , 2000 ., , , ; , , , (. 3.13). . 1997 . . 2003 . 1000 115 . 350 . . , , : 78 2005 , . . ­ ­ . . , . , , , . , , , . . , , , , , . . , I , . , · II , ­ (. , , 4); . (. 5); 1 , (. 6); (. 7). , , . , . , · III , , , , . 2 (. 8) , (. 9). : , , , . . · IV , : , , . , , , , . II . 4 ­ ­ , . 5 ­ ­ . 6 ­ ­ , . 7 ­ ­ . , . ­ , , ­ 4 ­ , , «», , , ­ , . . , , 50 , , , , . , , (. 4.2). , 2,2% . . , , , , 15% , . , , , , , ´ /3 . 1 1 ( 14­40%), , 3. . 8% 15 , , 4. . , , , , . . , , 5. , , 2. , , ­ . , , . 6. , , , . , . , (. 2). , , , (. 4.1). « »7. ; , , , . : 82 2005 4.1 , ­ 3000% ; , , ­ 100% . , 2001 . . , 15%, . , . 38%. , . . , , . , , , 1980 ., . . . , , 1980 . 1990 ., « , ». ­ . , , 1970 . . 1980 . . . : World Bank (2003h); Easterly , . . (2001); Hnatkovska and Loayza (2004); Desai 1980 . and Mitra (2004); Caballero, Engel, and Micco 10 000% ; (2004). · ; · ; · ; · . , , , , , , 4.2 : , , , . . . , , , , 30 . , 43% . 81% , , 8. : , « ». , 14% 9, 25% ­ ( , . . )10 () 58% ­ ( . , )11. . . , (. 4.3). , 1970 . , 1982 . . , . . , , , , . 42% 1978 1984 . 14­25% , , , , . 12. . , : McMillan (2002), Lin , (1992); World Bank (2003m) , , 7,5% 83 , , , 4.3 13. , , , , . , , , , 13%14. « ». , . , , , , ? . ­ ­ « , , ». . , , , . , , , . : , . . , , , , . . , , , , . , . . , , , , , 53 , , , . . . 50% 5 , , , . : Deininger and others (2003); 15. Samuel and Pender (2002); Pender . . , . (2001); Mwangi, Ongugo, and Njuguna , (2000); Gissurarson (2000); Newell, , , Sanchirico, and Kerr (2002). , . , , ­ , (. . 4.1), ­ , . , , , , , , , . . , , , , , 4.1 ? . , 100 . , % , 20 75 , , , , , 16. 50 , , , . 25 (. 4.4). 0 . : De Soto (2000). 84 2005 4.4 , , , , . , . , , . , . , 80% , . , , 1990 . XVIII . . . « , . 2002», , , , , . . , (, , , , . ) , , , . , , , . , , . , . , , . , 4.3. , . , , 23 , . , , , , , . , , ­ , , , , ­ , . . , , , , . . . : , , , (. 4.10). . , , : Demsetz (1967); Libecap (1994); , . , Putnam, Leonardi, and Nanetti (1993); Ostrom , , (2000); Binswanger, Deininger, and Feder , ? (1995); Transition (2003); Hoff and Stiglitz ­ , . (2004). , . 17. , , , , , , 21%; 17% , . . , . , 40%, , , 67%18. 19. ( ), . ­ . , . , , , «» (. 2.16). , 85 . 4.5 20 , , , , 1982 . 20 , , . , ­ ; , . . . ? , , , . . 9,90 . 24,40 . 1 354 . 20. 8,5 , , . . , , , , , , 4,5 1984 . , 18 2001 . . , . , , , : , , , . . , , , , , , , ­ , (. 4.5). . . . : Burns (2004). . , , , . , , 24. , . , , 25. , 21. . . . , . , , . , , , , . , , (. 4.6). . 22. , , , , , , 23. , . , 86 2005 . C 4.6 , . 1984 . , , , , . 180 . , , , , , . . , , , , , , , . . . , . , . . 18% 1990 . , 1987 . , , 100 , . 27. , . , , 2,5 . , , , , . 28. , . , , , 2000 . . . , , , , (. . 4.2). , , , 10% 1983 1986 ., , , . ­ , , , , : Domberger and Sherr (1989); . , Baker (1996); Philipsen (2003); European . Commission (2004b). , 4.2 . (. 4.7). , , , , . 16 . 2000 . , 2003 . , % 200 . , . 12 2003 . 12 . , , , . 26. . "Doing Business", , 8 , 274 1000 . . , 4 . , , (. 6). , , 0 , , : World Bank (2002b). . 87 4.7 : , , , ­ , , , , , . , IV . . , . , , , . , . , , , . , , , , , . , , . . 2001 ., , , . , , , 11% 8% 7% . . , . . , , , , , , , , . XIX . . , . . , , , , , . , , . , . , . XIX , . , , , , , , . , , . , , , . , . : Braga, Fink, and Sepulveda (2000); . , Maskus (2002); Arora, Ceccagnoli, and Cohen , , (2003); Nathan Associates Inc. (2003); Hoff , (2003); Luthria and Maskus (2004). , . . , , , , . , . . , . . , , , , . , 29. , . « , », 88 2005 , , , 30. . , , , 31. , 37. . , , , , , . .32 , , , 38. , , , , , . . , , , 39. · , 33. , , , . 40. , , · , , , . , , , , , , , , , , 34. , 41. · , , , , , , . , . · « . », , , , . , , , , , . . , · , , , , . ', , , , , , .42 . , « » . , , , (. . 4.3). 35. , , , . , . "Doing Business" , , 2003 . , , , , , 50 , 600 36. 1500 . , , , 89 , 4.3 43. , . « 2004», , , , , . . . , . 0 20 40 60 80 100 , 44. : . : World Bank Investment Climate Surveys. , 45. . , , , . , , . , , 85% , . . , . , 1999 ., . 2/3 , , , , , (. . 4.4). . , , 46. 4.4 . , 800 , 1999 , , 600 . , , 400 , , 2001 , , 200 , . , , 0 , ', . , . , : Supreme Court of Repblica Bolivariana de Venezuela. 90 2005 , , 2000 . 182 , , . 49. , , , , . , . , , . , . , , , , . . , , , , . . , , ­ . . , , , . , . , , , . , , , , , , , 50. , , , , , , , 47. , , , . . . , 51. , , . , , . , , . , , , . , . . 9. , 48. , , . , , , , . , , , , 2001 . 371 , , , , 3,2 . 91 . 4.5 , . , 2000 ., , , . ; , , 10% (. . 4.5). , , , 0 10 20 30 , . , % 50% , , : 1999­2000 : London~o and Guerrero (2000). . 25% 9% (. . 4.6). 20­50 . . , , , « » 6% . , 37% , , , ­ 50%, ­ , « 70%. ». , , ­ 80% ­ . . « . », , . , . 45% , « , 20% »53. "Doing . Business", , 2002 ., , , , , , , , 52. , , , . , , , ­ . 2001 ., . 4.6 ­ , 9% , 22% , 60 , , . % . 10 , . 40 . , , , . 20 , . , , , , , 116 400 , , 665 000 ( 11 000 ). 0 : World Bank Investment Climate Surveys. 92 2005 ­ . , , . , , . . . , , , . , , . , , , , , , , « (. 4.8)54. ». : , . , , , . , . , . , , , 4.8 , , ? ? , ? , , , . , , , , . . . , , , , , , , . . , 30­45%. , , . , , . , , 50% , , , . , , . , , . , , . , , , , . . . , 1990 . , , , , . , (. 4.9). , . , , , , : , · , , , , , . , . , , . : Bourguignon (2000); Demom ; , , bynes and Özler (2002); Wilson (1991). · 93 . ; , · , , 57. , 55. , , , , 6­7 . 58. . . , , 10%, , . , , 59. , , . , , 60. ­ , , 56. , ­ 61. 4.9. ­ ? 1990 . , , ? . 68%, ­ 53%, , . , ­ 61%. , , . «» , . , . . , , , . « » 1994 1996 . . . , : , , , , , , . . . . , , . , , , ­ , , , , , , . . ­ , . , «» 400 . . , , , : Bratton and Andrews (1999); Lifsher . (2001); Fundacio´n Paz Ciudadana (2001, 2002); . . Webb Vidal (2001); Bratton and Andrews (2004). 94 2005 . , . , , 62. «» 65. , , . . , . . , , « », , 66. . , , 2, , ­ . , , , , 63. , 67. 68. 64. , « » « », , (. . 4.7). . , , , , . , . , ­ , . . , , , , , , . , . , .69 , , . 2% , 1917 . . , , . , . , , , (. 4.10). . , «» «». , , . 95 4.10 : ? , , . , . ? , , , . . , , , , , 2000 . ? XIX ., , . . , 1997 . , 2003 . ­ , , . , . , , . , , , 2000 ., , . , , , . . , , . , , , , . . , , , ­ , , , . «» , . , . . . , . , , , : Pound (1959). , . , , , ­ , : , . . . , . (. 9). , , . , . , , , , . , . . , « », , , , , . , . , : «» , , , «» , «» , 70. , , , , , , 96 2005 4.7 . 25 , . 20 , , . . 15 2003 , .71 10 , , , 5 . 9, . 0 , , : , , , , , , . . , , , . , . : Euromoney website. , . , 2, « . » , , , (. 9). . , . , ­ , , , . . 1980 . , , 1990 . , . , 1993 . . , « ». , , , (. 2). , , , , , . . . , , , 5. , . ­ , , ­ 5 , . . , , . , e . , , , , , . . . , , , , . , , , , , , . . . . , , . . ? (. 6), (. 7), , , , (. 8) . (. 9). , . , . . , , , , , . , . , . , . , , «» , , , 98 2005 5.1 ( ´ ) ( ). ­ 66 () : , 63 () , 56 , . 30 27 27 () , , 43 , 18 . , . 11 12 10 , 7 ; , 1. · : World Bank Doing Business Project. , : World Bank (2004b). . , , (. . 5.1). , . ? . , . , (, , ), , , . ( ), . · , ( ) , , , , . ­ ­ . ­ « » ­ , , . . , . (, ). . : , . , · , «» , 99 5.1 , . . , ; , ­ , , . ­ , , . , , . . · , . . , , ­ , . , « ­ » , . . . , , · , , , , (, . , , ), ­ . . , , ­ , ( ), , (. 6). . · , , , , . , , ­ . , , . , ­ . , , , , , . , : Clarke and Xu (2004); Djankov and . , . Murrell (2002); Hettige and others (1995); Lovel , and McKechnie (2000); Megginson and Netter (2001); Shirley and Walsh (2002); Wheeler , (2001); World Bank (1995). ­ . , . , , . , (. 5.1). . , , . , · . . , , (. 2). , . , . . : , · . , , , . . 100 2005 · . , , 3. , . , , , , . , . , , , , , . , , , 1854 ., . . 1981 ., « . ». 2, , , (. . , ) . , , 4. , . , . , , 1884 . , , , . 5. . , , , , , , 2. , . 5.2. : 1965 . , . , . , , , , , , «» , , , (. 6). , , . 1995 . . . , 1962 1971 . , , . , «» «». . 1970 . , , , . , , 1974 . . () . . , , 1890 ., 1985 . . , . , : Spiller and Sampson (1996); Phillips . (), (1993); Jamaica Office of Utility Regulation Act. 101 , , 6. . , , . : , · , ; . , · , ; · , . . , , . , , (. 5.2). , , 5.3 1990 , , , , . , , ­ , « » , ­ . , . ­ , «», « ». , () , , , , . , , . , , , , , . () , . , , , , , , . . , . , , . . . « » , ­ . , , . , . , ­ , , , , ­ , , . (. 9). . , , , : Copeland and Taylor (2004); , , Wheeler (2001); Becker and Henderson (2000); ­ ­ Dowell, Hart and Yeung (2000); Frankel (2003); , . Greenstone (2002); Jaffe and others (1995); . , Keller and Levinson (2002); Klein and Hadjimichael (2003); List and others (2003). 102 2005 5.2 , . 160 80 , , , ( ) . , , , 120 ( ) 60 . , 80 40 . , % , , , , , 40 20 7. . , , 0 0 2,6 8. , « » : % , () . , , Doing Business. , : World Bank (2004b). 200 9. , . (. . 5.2). , , , , (. 5.3). , , . 5.3 , 0,4% , 0,01%10. (20­50 .) (250 . ) (1­10 .) , () 20 20 , , . % , % 15 15 , 11. : 10 10 , , ­ 5 5 ­ (. . 5.3). , 0 0 . , (10­20 .) (50­250 .) (1­10 .) , (. . 5.3). , : , , , , , , , , , . 12. , : World Bank Investment Climate Surveys and WDR Surveys of Micro and Informal firms. 103 5.4 (, , 2 30 . . ). 6 12 75%. . 700 ­ 1400 . ( . , 2000 . 2 , ), , 15 , 350 . . . , . , , , , 1999 . . 6 . , 2000 . . 14 ., 2001 , 40 2002 . 21 . . , 10 20 25% 10% . , , , , , . . . : ­ Mallon (2004); ­ Sander (2004). 5.5 « » « »? ­ , , ­ , . . 1990 . . : , , , , , , , , . .. . « , », . , , , . , , . . , , , « , , », . : 14 . . , « » . . , , , . , « . » , « » « » 1987 . , , , . , , 45 . 3 . , . , : Bannock Consulting (2001); Brimble « » (2002); Miralle (2002); Sader (2003). , . . , , 104 2005 . , , , , , , . , . . , 30% . , (. 2). . () , . , , 20%13. , (. 5.4). . , . , , , (. 2.15), . « » (. 5.5). , , . ­ « ­ »14. () , , , , . , . Doing Business , . « ­ , », 28 15. . , , . , , . , , . , 5.4 , , , , 100 , , , % . 75 . , , 50 , ; , 25 . , , , 0 . , : 50 , 50 . , , : World Bank Investment Climate Surveys. (. . 5.4). 105 , . 5.6 ­ , . . ­ (. 5.6), , , ­ (. 6). , , , , , , . , , . , . , , . . , . . . . . , . . , , , . . , . , , , , « » ­ ­ , , ; , , , (. 5.2). . (. 5.7) . 5.7 , , . , , , , . ( . , ), , , . , , . . , , () . , .. « , ». . , ­ , , . , , . , ­ . . , : Waelde and Ndi (1996); Tropin (2003). 106 2005 , ­ ­ , , , . , . . . . , , «» , , (. 8.5). , , , , 7%, 90% 16. , , , . 17. , , , , , , , 18. 20. , , , , , , , . , ( , , , 50% )21 , , 22. (. 1). . , , , . . , , , . (. 6). , . . . 2004 . 5 , 12,5 , , 23. . , . , , . , ­ , ­ , . , (0,6% . ) 20%19. . , . , , , 107 . , , . , · , , , , 24. , . , 20% . (. 1). , , . . (. 3). Doing Business, , 65% , 5 43 «» (), 10 , . , 28% , 28. . , (, , ) , , 1% , 76%. 29. , , ( , . ). , , , , 25. 30. , , . 5.5 , . , 6 20 , . , 15 4 ( .. )26. , , 27: 10 · , . 2 5 , , , . · , 0 0 ; , , ; : ; . , : World Economic Forum (2002); Nicholson (2003). 108 2005 5.8 (. .) « ? » . , , , . , . 2000 . , . , . . , , . , , . , , , ­ , , , , , , . ? . . ­ , , ­ . , , , , . ; , ­ . , . , . , . . 1998­1999 . : CUTS Center for Competition (2003); Economic and Social Research Foundation , , (2002). (1999) (1996 2000) (1996­2000) (1999) (1996­2000) (1998­2000) , 206 30 166 273 6 50 0 22 16 236 1 22 206 8 149 37 6 28 9,0 1,3 33 7,4 0,9 24,8 , 5.1 . , , , , , (. . 5.5). ? ­ . 18 56 82 , , , 40 90 100 (, 12 35 71 / ), 11 56 83 , , , 14 62 86 , , (. 5.8). 33 67 83 14 29 71 50 50 50 : , , , 18 . . : World Bank Investment Climate Surveys. 109 5.6 , , . , , , , , . 3, , . , , , « » . , , ­ . 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% : 1999­2000 . : World Bank (2004k); Ebrill and others (2001). . , . , . , . . . . . , ­ . , , . , , , , 5.7 ­ 1990 . . . 1797 .31, 1909 . 1913 .32 () ­ 1948 ., 1970­1980 .33 , , , , . , 1993­1994 2000­2001 (. . 5.1). , 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 , % , : 81 , . . , : IMF (2003); OECD (2002d); Dobrinsky (2002). 110 2005 5.9 : ? , , , « » (. . 5.7). , . . , , , ­ . . . , . , , , , , , , : . (.. · , , , ), . ? . , , , (, ; , , , , ) , , , . . 25 , . , . , ( , . , , . ), , , · , , , . , 3,3%. , , . . , , , , , « » , ? ; , , . , . , , . . . , , , , ? , . , , , , , « », (. 8). 1990 ., ( , : Baldwin and Krugman (2004); ) . Brennan and Buchanan (1980); De Mooij and , Ederveen (2001); Devereux, Griffith, and Klemm , , (2002); Glaezer, Johnson, and Shleifer (2001); . Gordon and Hines (2002); Haufler (2001); Hines . (1999); Mitra and Stern (2003); Oates (2001); , , Rodrik (1997); Tiebout (1956); Wilson (1999); , Wunder (2001a). 34. , , 36. , , , 35. (. . 5.6). , ­ , , ­ . (. . 5.7). , 70% 1990 . 111 , , 5.10 , 37. ? , « , , » . , « », (. 5.9). , . , , , . . , , , ( , ), , . (. 5.10), . . , , , , , . , , , , . , , . , . , : Fuchs, Krueger, and Poterba , (1998); Mulligan (2002); Rosen (1995). . , ). , . . , , , , (. . 5.8)38. . , . , . , . , , « » , , 50% . , ( 5.9). ­ (e «» , . 5.8 : . 10 5.9 % 8 , 6 4 2 0 20 40 60 80 0 2­5 6­25 26­75 76­200 200 % : , «» : Gauthier and Reinikka (2000); Gauthier and . Gersovitz (1997). : World Bank Investment Climate Surveys. 112 2005 . , ; ( ), , . . , , , 5.11 , , , . . , 39. ? , . , , . , . «» , , . «» (. 3). , , . . , , 41. , , , , . « , , , » . , 42. . , « , ». , , , . 2002 . . (), (. 5.11). , , , , , , , , , , , . . . , ­ , . , . , . , , . , «» , 2004 . «» 100 500 . , , . . , , ( , ), . , . . 43. , . . , 732 . ., , . , , , 17,1 . . . . : The Economist . (2002b). , , . 113 , . 53. , ­ . (, , 1980 . , ), « », 15 44. , . . , , , , , 45. 46. (. 2). , 47. , , , , . 85% , , , , , SUNAT , , , 54. 48. ­ : , 1995 . , 55. , , , , 49. . 50. 56. . , (, 57. , , , ), , , , , , . , 57. . , , , 59. . , , , 60. . , , 51. . , , . , , , . , . 52. , , , 114 2005 5.10 , . , , 1995 . 60 250 , 80 , , 200 (. . 5.10). 60 150 . , 40 , 100 20 . 50 (. 8). , 0 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 , : UNCTAD (2003) « », ­ , 5.11 . , , , , 61. , , , ( 5.11). , «» , , . , , (. 5.12). 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 ( ) : Golub (2003) , () . , , , . . . , , (13%)62. , (. 3). , 10%, 115 5.12 , , , . 20 , , , «» , . . , . , , , ­ , 1992 . , . . , () . . , , . , . , . ­ , ­ . . , «» , , , . ­ . , . , ­ , , , , . ? (.. , ). , , , . . , . . , . : Schumukler (2003); World Bank (2002d); Ariyoshi and others (2000); de Ferranti ( 1997 ), . and others (2000); Edwards (1999); Kaminsky, « Reinhard, and Ve´gh (2003); Montiel and » . 1991 . Reinhard (1999); World Bank (2001f). 5%, 2015 . 100 . . , ­ , ­ , (. 10). 5.12 ­ 2 18 . , , , ­ , , ­ . , , « »; , , . , 2 . 18 , 16 ( 5.12). : , ­ , 0 5 10 15 20 ; , 64. : World Bank Investment Climate Surveys. 116 2005 . 5.13 20% , , , . . . , , , , , , , . . , 10% , . , , , 14% radeNet. , 11% 100 . , . . , , 18% (. . . 5.13)65. , , , . , , . , , . 66. , , «» . , 1989 . , , , 67. 2­4 . , , , 3­35 . « (. 5.14). , », 24 , 20­35%. . , , : De Wulf (2004); World Bank . (1998b). . 6. 5.14 : 1995 . · ( 2001 . . 20 ). ; . · . 2002 . , , . , , , , , , , ; , . · . , ; . . · ; . , , · . « ». 1999 . 2003 ., . () 2005 . 1995 . « », 1996 . , , . . , : , 2003 . · , . , ( ) ; 1996­2000 . : Mwangi (2003). , , ­ , 6 , . . . , , , . , . , 1. ­ , . , , , , . . (. . 6.1). 2. , . , , , , . . ­ , , , 6.1 , , . , , , , . , . 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 , , , % : , , . , , ­ , , «» «» . . : World Bank International Climate Surveys. 118 2005 6.2 9. . , 1% 5% , 13% 5% 5% , , 5% . , 11% 70% . 52% 22% , , , , , , 4% . : , , , , , , , , . 10 ., ­ 50 . : World Bank International Climate Surveys, WDR Surveys of Micro and Informal Firms. , , , . , , , , . , (. , . 6.2). , , . , . , ­ , , . . . , , ­ . , 3. , . , 4. , . , , . , . , : , 5. , , , , . 6. . : . 4% 3%7. . , 1990 . , 8. . 1980 . 119 , 6.1 , : , 10. , , (. 6.1). , . . , 1876 . , . , : , , . , , , . , . , , , , . : . (), , . . , «», 1 , (). , . , , , , , , , , , . . , . , , , . , , , ­ . , ( ) . . , . . : Rajan and Zingales (2003) and . Haber, Razo, and Maurer (2003). , , . , , . . , , , , . , , , , , , 13. 11. , , , (. . 6.3). . 12. () 120 2005 6.3 , 80% 15. , 100 % 90 . , 80 2003 70 1995 , . 18 , 60 1985 , , 50 50% 16. 40 . , 57% , 30 20 , , 6% 10 75% 0 . . , 1983 1992 . «» : « » , , 23 . 17. ; « » ­ , , , , , , ; « » ­ . , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; , « » ­ , , , , . « » , , , , , , , , , . : 2003 . : Clark, Cull, and Shirley (2003); 1985 . ­ , , , : La Porta, Lo´pez de Silanes, and Schleifer (2002). . , , , , , . 18. , . , 1980 . , 14. , , . , , , , . . , , , , , ( . ), , ­ , . , , , . , ­ , . , , . , , , , , : . . 1998 . , 121 . , · , . · , · , . , · , , , · . . , . . ­ , , , 19 . , ­ . , . , . , , , , , ­ , . . , . , . . , , 20. , , , . , , . , . , , , , 1995 2003 . . . . . , , , 21. 24. , , , ­ , , , , ­ , . , . , , , 25. , 22. () . , 1980 23. 1990 . , . , , : 26. , 122 2005 . 6.2 500 15 . : , , . , , , , , . , . , , , , , , , , . . 29. , , . . , , , , 35% ( . , , )30. , . , . , , . «», . () . , . , . , 31. , , , ­ 32. , , , , . . 1998­1999 . 2003 . 31,6 : Hess and Klapper (2003) and (. 6.3). . World Bank (2004j). ? , , , , (. 6.2). . , , , 5%, 1%33. . , , , . , , 27. , , 34. : 28. , , , . , «» 35. , , 36. . , , , . 123 6.3 3,5 ., , 280 . ­ , . 1992 . «», () ­ , , . . «» ­ , , , . 5­20% . 14,3 . . , 70 . . , . , 1998 . «» , , . . . , , , , «» ( , , ), . , , , . , , , , . . , , . , , 1983 . , , «» , , , , , , , . 1986 . ­ () . . . : Ghatak and Guinnane (1999); . 2002 . , Morduch (1997); Morduch, Littlefield, and 1 . Hashemi (2003); Hubka and Zaide (2004); 30 , . , CGAP (1997); Klapper and Kraus (2002); , www.mixmarket.org. , 39. , , , , . , 37 , , 37. 25 75 , 87 40. , ­ , . , , , , , ­ . , , , 38. . , , ( ), , (. 4). , , ­ , 124 2005 , 6.4 , 42. , , . , , « . » , , , , . , 366 . , , . 43. , , , . , , , , . (. 6.4). () , , ( , , , ()). , . 44. 1999 ., , . , , , , , , . , . 45. : Fleisig (1998) and Stoica and , Stoica (2002). . , , 41. , , , , , ( , , 25% , ), 6.5 , . () , (GAAP), , ). . , , , . () , , 2001 . BOVESPA ( . . ) () ­ Novo Mercado, ­ , (, « , Neuer Markt. ­ » « , » « »). , . Novo . Mercado Novo Mercado , . . , : McKinsey & Company (2002); Dyer , . 25% (2001a, 2001b); Weiss (2002); BOVESPA Web , 2 , site; Novo Mercado regulations 10.303; and de ( 2 . ). ­ Carvalho (2003). 125 , , , 46. . , ­ ­ , . , , , , , , , . , . , . , , , , , , 50. . , ( , , , ) . , , , , (. 6.5)47. 51. , , , , , , . 25%52. , , , 16%, 48. , , 40%, , , , , , 67%53. , , , . 49. , , , , , . , , , , . , , , , , ­ . . , , , , (. 9). . , ( . , ), 126 2005 , ( 56. , ) 54. , , , , 57. «» , , . , . . , . , , , , 58. , , . , , , 59. . , . ­ , . , , , ( ) . 60. ( , , ) 2% . 1998 . . , , . . ­ , , , , ­ , , . 61. : , 1997 . ­ , , , . 62. . , , , , , «» , , 55. 63. , , . ( , , , , ). , , , , , 127 , , , , . , . , 68. 64. , . 439 50 65. , , , , , . , , . , . , «» 66. , . 67. , : , , . , , , , , , , , . , . . , , . ­ , , . , , 6.4 , (. . 6.1). ( ) 30 ­ % , , (. . 6.4). , , , 20 , . , : , , , 10 . , , «» . 0 : 20 ., ­ 20 49, , , ­ 50 249 ­ 250 . , , : World Bank Investment Climate Surveys. 128 2005 . , , . , , , , . : , , , , , , , . , . , , , , 6.6 , .69 . , 1970 . . , , , , . , . , . , , , . . , , , . . . , ­ . , , , , 80% . , 70. , . , 2002 . , : , , , , 200 300 . ­ , 4 . . , . , . , , , , , , : , . , , . , , (. 6.6). , , , , , , . , . , . , , , . . ( ). : Agarval, Alexander, and Tanan . , baum (2003); Dubash and Rajan (2001); India ­ Ministry of Finance (2003); and Lal , (2004). , 129 6.5 (. . 6.5). 100 , 80 . % 60 , , 40 , , 20 . , , , , 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 , : , , , 128 1990 . 151 2002 . , , ( ). . , : World Bank Private Participation in Infrastructure Project Database. 6.6 , (. . 6.6). 40 . 30 , . : 20 (. . 6.7)71. , 10 , , , 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 , : , . . : World Bank Private Participation in Infrastructure Project Database. , , 6.7 . , , 1,000 400 . .72 , 750 200 , . , 500 0 , , , 250 ­200 . 0 ­400 , , 3 5 7 9 11 ­4 ­2 0 2 (. 6.7). : 2001 . , , , , . , ( ). . : International Country Risk Guide. International Telecommunication Union. 130 2005 6.7 , , , , ­ , . . , , «», , , . ( . ( ) . , , , .) , , ( , ). . . « , , », , . , . , . , 100 . , , « , » , . . , , , : , ­ , . . , «», . , . , . , , , : PPIAF and World Bank (2002); Burr . , (2000); and Cohen (2001). (. . 6.8). , . , 1990 , , , , 6.8 (. 4). . , , , , , . (. 5.2)73. , . , , , , . , , , 74. 2002 . , (. 2). , . , , , , . , , , , . , 131 6.8 , « » , . . , . 20 : , . , , , , . , . , . , «» , , , . . , . , , ­ . , , . . , , ­ ­ , ­ ­ . , , . , , . , , , , . , , , , . , , 20 , , : Easterly and Serv´n (2003); Irwin . . (2004); and Tanzi and Davoodi (1997). . , , , , . , . , , , , . , , (. 6.8). . , , , 75. . : , . . , , , . , , (. 5.1). 132 2005 , , , , . . , , , , , , . . , , , . . , , , , , . , , , , , , : , , , , ; , . ; . , , , . , , «», , , , . , , , , . , , , . , , , ­ , ­ . . , , , , . , , , , , . , , , , . , , , . : ? « ­ », , , . , (. 6.8), 133 , , . . 20 . « » , , 7% . , , 81. , 76. , , . 20 , 77. 10% , . , 1,5%78. , , , (. . 6.10 6.11)82. , ­ . 0,17 , ­ (. 6.9), 9 ., , . .79 , , , . (. . 6.9). , , , , 6.10 20% , 80. 6.9 ­ , 300 6.7 200 5.2 , 5.4 100 4.6 0 : 2002­2003 . , 40 . . : International Communication Union and World : 1996­2001 . Bank Investment Climate Surveys. : Qiang, Pitt, and Ayers (2004). 134 2005 6.11 84. (. 6.10). , 8 ' , 7 85. 6 5 , 4 . 3 , , , 2 , 1 ( 0 ). ­6 ­5 ­4 ­3 ­2 ­1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 , . : . , 1 , ; . 1998 .; , . 1998 .. : International Communication Union and World Bank staff. , , , , , , . 86. , . 2002 . . , , , ( , ) , (. . 6.12). : 87. , , , « », , , , : 88. . 10% , , , 1,5%89. , , 83. , , , . , . , (. . 6.13), , 1980 ., . , , , 5% 90. , 135 6.12 : World Bank staff; . , . . . , , , 6.9 . , , , . , , . , . , , , , , . , . ( , , 6.7). 90%. , , , , 41% , . . , , , , 74% , , . , . , , . , . , , . , , : Cannock (2001); Harris (2002); , Tomkins (2001); Wellenius (1997a); and Jadresic 136 2005 6.13 , , , , , ­ , 91. 100 , , 80 % , 60 . , ,40 , , , , , 20 , . , , ­ 0 , 0 90 180 270 360 , : , . , , . 1999 2003 . : World Bank Investment Climate Surveys. . , , ( . , ) . , , , , , . , , , (. 6.8). 92. 37%, ­ 17% 1986 6.10 1996 . , , 93. , , () . 94. , . , , , , 0,30 . , 1998 ., 93% 1 , , , . . . , , : 88 . , , . , , , ­ , , , NEPA, . . . , , . 24% , 95. 14%, ­ 17%. , , . , , : Adenikinju (2003). (. . 6.14), , 137 . , 6.14 20 , , 96. 120 10%, , , 20%97. , 100 98. , 80 , , 60 , , . , 40 , 40% , 20 60%. 0 , 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 , , : , 100 1930 . : Buss (2003). , , , 12%102. 99. , , , , , 103. (, , , ), ­ , ( ) , 75 100. . , , , , , , . , , : , , . , . , , , , , , , . , , , , , 104. (. 5). , : . 80% (. 6.11). .101 , ( ) , , 105. , , . 25 , 76 ( : , ) , , 138 2005 6.11 (. 6.12). , . 12 . , 10% . , . , , 1990 . 1994 . 2%110. , 1996 . , ; , «», . 1950 1960 ., , . , . 111. , 1989 . , 1990 . . , , . . ( , , , , ) , , , , , , , . 60 . , : «», . , , , (), , . , , , , . , , , 6 750 ­ ­ 112. . 11 1996 . , 3 2002 . , . : Navarrete (2004) and Ray . (2004). . , 106. , 107. , , , 10 , . , , , , . , 108. , 72 . 33 ., , , 900 4850 , . 109. , . , , , . 139 , . 6.12 , ( « »), , , . . , , , 16 30%. , , , , , , , . . . , . , , , . . . , 29% 68%. ­ . . , , , . , , . , , , , . , , , ­ , . , , 113. . . , , , . , . . , , , , . , . . : World Bank (1996a); Fan, Hazell, and Thorat (1999); Fan, Zhang, and . Rao (2004); Fan, Zhang, and Zhang (2002). . , , . , , , . . , , , , . . , , , 25% 5%, . 10%. 7. , ­ . . ­ , . 7 , . ­ . ; 1. , «» , . 2. , 20% 2 ., (. . .7.1, ). , , (. . 7.1, 7.1 ). «» . , , , , «» , . , . , , , . ­ 20% ­ 10­20% . , , : · : , , , , . . : World Bank Investment Climate Surveys. . 141 , , 7.1. / . / , . 1% . . / , , , , , . . , , , . . · , . . ; /: 40 . , , , 2,5 15 . 2003 . . 80% / , «» / 75% , . . . . , 90% , : Sachs (2003); McArthur and /. Sachs (2001); UNAIDS (2003); Bloom and , others (2003); United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (2000); Bell, Devarajan, . and Gersbach (2003). · . . , /, , . , , . (. 7.1). , : , , , . . : «» , , . . , , « 2004», . , , , , , . , , . , . . , , 142 2005 7.2 , , . 1980 2000 , . , . , , 6. , . 0 20 40 60 80 , % . : 25 , ; , . 7. : Barro and Lee (2001). . . . 2000 . , 40% 25 , . . , . , , (. . 7.2). , , , , . . , , , , 8. . . , : « ?»3. , , (. 7.2). , , , . , , 9. , , . , , , , 10. , 4. : (. . 7.1). , 5. , . , , , , , 143 , , 7.2. «» « » « » . (. . 7.2). , 1996 . , , 1948 ., . , , , , , . , . ­ «» 300 . , , «», , , , . . : . ; 1988 ., 1996 . , ( . «» ); ). , . . . . : World Bank (2003); Spar (1998). , , , 7.3 . , , . , 30 80 100 . , 20­100 , , , 60 20 , , 20 40 , . 10 , 20 2004 . , . , 0 0 . : «» ­ , . . « » , «» « » . . 13 300 33 , ­ 12 099 29 . : World Bank Investment Climate Surveys. , . . ­ , . ( )11 . , , . , ­ 144 2005 ­ 12. . , , . , , . . , ( ) , ( ). . 20 , , 7.3. (, , , )13. . , . . , , 2002 . 70% , , . . , . PROBECAT (SENAI) , , , , , , ( 1% '14. ) ­ ­ . SENAI , . . , , . , , , , . 1% , ; , . , . , . , , . . 1979 ., . , . , , . 15. , . «» . , , , , , ; . , , . . , 2002 . 28 .. 1990 , . 35­54 . 16. , , , , , . , : Middleton, Ziderman, and . Adams (1993); Calderon Madrid and Belem , (2001); Betcherman, Olivas, and Dar (2003); . . , Aedo, and Nu´nez (2001); de Ferranti and ~ others (2003). 145 , . , . . . . , , «» , , , (. 7.3). , . . ­ . , , , «». , (. . 2). . , , ­ ­ 17, . , , ( 5). . , , , , . , . ­ (. . 7.1). (. 7.4) ­ , 7.4. , . , , () . , . , , , . : , , 1990 . , , , . 28%. , , . . . 5 , 17 . , , , , , . , ( . , ), , ­ ­ . . . , : ILO (2003b); Burra (1995); Edmonds (2004); Krueger (1996); Brown (2000); ECD , (2000a); Martin and Maskus (2001); Miles (2002). 146 2005 , , . . ­ , , ­ , , . 18. , «», . . . , . , , , , . , . , , ­ : , · , ; 7.5. · , ; . · . , , . . . « » , , , , , . , . , . , , , . (21­28%) (10­24%), . , , . () (2­4%). , , , ; , , , . . , , , , , . . . , . . . , ( ) , , . . 19. : Aidt and Tzannatos (2002); , Harrison and Leamer (1997); Maloney and , . Ribeiro (2001); Urizar and Lee (2003); Menezes Filho and others (2002), . , (1997a); Ratnam (1999). 147 . , , . , «» · . . ­ , , , , ­ (. 7.5). , , . , , , , . , «» 22. .20 1992 ., , , , ( . , ) . , 21. , . 23. , . . () ­ , . , . . · . , , , (. . , (, , ), ). . , , , , , , , , «» . , . . , , , , . , : , · , , , ( 50% . ) 1990 . 148 2005 7.4 , 4 40 % 3 30 , 2 20 , 1 10 0 0 4 6 8 10 : 0 25 50 75 100 ( ) , % : ­ /. 1980 2000 . (). ­ 26­40 , 30 . : : Rama & Artecona (2002). : . 24. , · 27. , (. .7.4)25. , , , , . ; «» , , 28. . , · , . . , ( . ) . , , , 1990 . . , (. . 7.4). ­ , , , 29. 2/3 , ( 40% ); , (25%)26. . , , , , . , , . , , . 149 7.5 , . ­ , . , «» , , , . . : , 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 . , : . : Pierre & Scarpetta (2004). , Doing Business. . , , , (. . 7.5)30. , . , , , , , . , : · . , , . , , , , , 50% 48 32, . 40 , . 35 , . , . , , , (), . , , , . , , . , , . , . , . , , (, , , ). , , · . (. 7.6). ­ 30 , 33 ­ 39 ­ 31, ­ 30 . . . ­ 150 2005 . 7.6. , . , , . , , , , ; . , , , . . , . , , , , , , , . . , . , , , , . , , ( 9). , . 5% , . 20%, : 40% (. . 7.6). , , . , . ( 30 50%) ­ , , . (. . 7.7)33. . , , ( 8) ­ , , : OECD (2000a); Krumm and , , Kharas (2003); Basu (1999); Maskus (1997); , . 73 , Brown, Deardorff, and Stern (2003); World , Bank and IFC (2003); ECD (2001); . 6 Raworth (2004). , «» 7.6 , 1990 . . 20 8 . , , % 6 (. . 7.8). , % , , 34. 10 4 35. . , 2 « » , , , / 0 0 . . : , . 20 ., . 1990 .. 2­3 : Bartelsman and others (2004). 151 , 7.7 25­30 , . . . . , , , , , , . , , 36. 1999 . ; . 2 ( 6% ) , ­15 ­10 ­5 0 5 10 15 . , % , : , 37. 20 .. : Bartelsman and others (2004). . 7.8 , . , , ( ) , . (. 7.7). , , . · . , , 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 . , : . : Pierre & Scarpetta (2004) Doing . , Business. 152 2005 7.7. ? » 73 , . , , , , , . , . , , , ­ . , 70% , , ­ , ( . , , ) . , , ; , . 15% , . , . : , , , , , , . , , . , . . , , . « , , . "" , , : 8 . 64 . , , . ­ c 20 ; ­ 20 100; ­ 100. : Pierre & Scarpetta (2004); Bertoa, Boeri, Cazes (2000); Batra, Kaufmann, and Stone (2002). , , , , , . 19 , 20%.38 , ( ; , . ). · . (), , , . 39. 153 · , . , , . 40. , ( , ­ ) « » (. . 7.10). , ­ , , ­ , «» . , . , . , , , . , . , , , 41. . 1990 ., . ( ). , , . (. . 7.11) . . , . . , (. .7.9)42. 7.9 , , 60 , , 43. 50 ( 12 ) (6% ) 40 , 50% . , 30 , , 0 . ­ 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 ­ 1990 1990 , : ­ 2000 ., ­ 1995­2000 . «» 44. , . , , : World Development Indicators Doing Business. 154 2005 7.10 16 16 12 12 % % , , 8 8 4 4 0 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 16 16 12 12 , % % , , 8 8 4 4 0 0 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 2000 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 : Bartelsman and others (2004) Brown and Earl (2004). 1980 . , ( ) 1,8 . 1990 . 45. . ; 46. , , , , . , 7.11 , , , , 1990 ., , , 16 . 1991 . , 14 . , % 12 , . , 10 .47 8 . 0 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 . , : Bartelsman and others (2004) 155 , , 48. , , , , ( 3). , . , , , , 49. . «» ­ , . . , , , . , , , 50. , . , , , , . , , . ­ , 51. . 7.12 «» ; , , , , . 100 , 90 ; , 80 . 70 60 . 50 , 40 30 , (. . 7.12). 20 10 : 0 · ; · () : : · , , , «» . . : Vodopivec (2004) 156 2005 . ­ , 54. , . : · . , . . , , . , ­ , . 1990 . , , , . ­ , . , , 52. . , , 55. · , . . , , , . , , 53. . , , ( ) . , . , . . · . ­ , , , , . . ­ . , , . . , 56. , · , . , . , , , , 157 , , , . , , , 61. , , , . . , ; . , . , , , . 62. . , , , 57. . , 1990 , , 2002 . (. , 7.8). 25% 50% 58. , . , , , , 63. . , , , , 1990 . , « ». , , 64. , , 59. , , , . , 60. , 65. , . , , . . , , , . , «» 66. « ». , , , ­ ­ , , . . 1990 . , 158 2005 7.8. 1990 . , (, . ; , , , , , , , . ). ( , ). , . , . , , . (, , , . , , ( 2002 . ). : ) . , . , , , . , . , . , . , , . ­ : Vodopivec (2004); Kugler (2002); . , Acevedo and Eskenazi (2003). , , , , , , 12% . , 1/3 , , 69. . , , , , , . , 70. , ­ ( ) , , . . «» , . , , «» , : , . . , . , . , , « », , 67. . , . « », , . , , (). 2 41% ­ 1 8% 68. 159 «» . . , , , , , , , 75. . , , , 71. 76. , , , . . . , , , , , . . . . ­ ­ . . , , . , , , , , ( ), . , , , , , . , , . 73. , , . . «Oportunidades» ( «Progresa») 1999 . 2,3 . 1990 . (Bolsa Escola, PETI) (PATH) , 74. . () ( ( ). ) . , , . 1980 ., , . . , ( ) . . , ­ , ­ 77. . Oportunidades 2% 10 8%, 160 2005 , ­ 20%. , , , Bolsa Escola , , , 5,6% «» 0,4%78. , , , , , . , . , , , . II . . III ­ ­ , , . . ? , . III , . 8 ­ ­ , , , . 9 ­ ­ , , , . , II, : 8 . , , , , , ­ , , . . 3, ­ . « », , . , . . , , , . , , , . , , , ? . . , . 14 15 . , : «», . , , «» . , . , 250%. 60 70 . , , , , . , . . . : , , , , , . , . . 164 2005 , , . . : , , , , . . , , , , . . 3, , () «» . : , , 8.1 , , , , ­ , , . , . . . , . , , , , , , «» 1979 . . , , , 2003 . . 350 . ., «». . «» 135 . , , . . 7. ( «») , , , «», . . , , ­ , , 5, 130 , , , ­ , «», , , . , «» «» (. 8.1)8. , , , 1 ., , , . , 2003 . 3,6 . . (. 8.2). . : Easterly (2001); Rhee (1990); , 10 English, Jaffee and Okello (2004). , . , 8.2 «» , . () 9. , , (Socie´te´Textile de Kaloack) 1980 ., , 1980 . 1989 ., , , , 20% . 10. , , , , , , . 1990 . . , . , 25 . . , , , , 28% ­ . , . , : Golub and Mbaye (2002). , 165 11. . 8.1 , , , , 160 , . , , 120 , . 1962 ., , , 80 (. . 8.1). , 40 , , . 0 . 1962 1980 2000 1962 1980 2000 , , , : . ( wits.worldbank.org). , , , , . . , , . , , , . , , . . , , , . , , , , . . ., . , . , , «» . (. 7.2) 13. , , , , , , . , . , ( , , , ) , , 14. , , . . ­ , , , . , «» , ­ , . . , , , 12. , ­ 166 2005 15. , , « », , 16. , . · . , , , , ­ . , . (. 8.9). . . , , , , , , , . . , , . , , . , , . , , , , ­ . , , , , . , ? . : , , , 1. . , . , , , . ( , ) 17. , , . , , . , , 2. . , , , . , , , . . ? : , , , · . . , , , , . , , , . , , . 3. · . . . , . , 167 . . , , , . , , , . , , () . , 21. , 6. . , , , , , . . 4. . . , . , . () , , 22. . , , , , , . 23. , , , , ­ ( 18. , ). 19. . , , , , 20. , . , 3, : . · 5. . · , , . · , · . , ? , ­ . , , , , (. 3). . , ­ 5. . , , 168 2005 . . ­ , , (. 6). . , . . , , (. 6.3). , . . , , , . () , . 550 . , , , . , . . , , 24. () () , , . , (. 8.3). 25. 8.3 1994 . , , , . . , , . , . , , . , « » . , , (. 3). . . , , . ( . , ) . , . , . . , , , , . . , 26. . , . . : Lund and Skinner (2004). , 169 (. 6). 8.4 (. 8.4). 2001 . 27. . 28. , : 2% 57% ; 75% «» , , 6%. , , ( 38% , , . 2002 .). 50%, , . 29. , , , : , , , . , , . . , : Klapper and Zaidi (2004). , . , , , . 30. , 35. , , . . 31. , . 32. , , (. 3), , , . , 33. , . . . , , , . , : , . , , , . . . 34. , , , , . , , . (. 6). , . . 170 2005 . , , . . , 36. 48. , , 37. , , , , , , . 26 38. , , 49. , , , , . 39. , , , . , . , , , . , 50. , , . . , . . . , , . , . , . , , , (. 8.5). , , 40. , 41, (. 3). 42. . , , . , . 43. 1990 , 44. , 500 . , 45. . , 46, ­ , 1980 . 47. , (. 8.6). 171 () 8.5 : . 2002 . 3000 116 , 1967 ., , 43 . , , , (. . 8.1)51. ( , , . , 200 . .). , , 47 , , . 52. , 675 , 2004 . , , . , , , , (. 8.7) 53. , . , 1997 ., , , , 550 . , , , 90 , . . , , . , 81% , . , 83% . . . 2003 . , , 165 . , , , , : Morris and others (2001); Hussain . (1997); Gupta (1999); India Ministry of Small . Scale Industries (2003); Harsh (2003); Katrak , , , , (1999); World Bank (2003c); Deccan Herald (2003). , , . . . , , 8.6 1980 . : (, ) , , (), , , , () . , , , (). 23,4 . . 1990 . , 1980 . 672 1993 , . . , 35% 1980­1995 ., 1992 ., . . . , , , . . , 75% . . , , , , 1990 . 85% . . , , « », . . , . () (), . 1984 . 14 : OECD (2003b); Chen (2002); Ge . . 1980 . (1999). 172 2005 8.1 . , 1975 1986 1995 1997 2002 25 47 73 93 116 , 79 176 500 845 3000 , ( .) ... ... ... 22,5 43 , ... ... ... 18 30 55. , 0,8 1,9 ... 4,5 13 : ... ­ . 1990 . : ILO (2003a) 100 , 56. () (. 8.8). 45 , 85% , , , 57. 54. (. . 8.2). 20% 58. , , . , 0,7% 59. , . 1997 ., 420 . . 60. , , . , . , , , , , ? . , , . . (, , , ), , , 8.7 , . , , 1990 ., . . 40 80 . . . . , . 1993 . ­ , 12 . , 4 . , . . , . 2002 . 55 720 . , , , 61 . 5,9% 1991­2001 ., 2002 . , ? , 73% , . . , 80 . 90 . . , ­ , , . . 1980­2002 . , 5,5%, : ­ Subramanian and , Roy (2003); Moran (2002); Rodrik (1999); World . Bank (2004k); . ­ Schrank (2001); Consejo Nacional de ? , , 1980 ­ Zonas Francas de Exportacio´n (2002). 173 8.8 , . , , (), . . , . , , , . () . 1947 . , 16 . , , 2001 ., (). , , . 1995 ., , . , . . , : , . () 1000 . . , , : World Bank (2004d); Hoekman, Mattoo, " " and English (2002); Hoekman, Michalopoulos, , . . and Winters (2003); GATT. 8.2 , , , % , . , , 47 30 46 , , ( ) , : , 19 0 28 , 7 8 11 (. 1). 21 22 7 ( ) . : Chalk (2001). , , ? . . , . , 64. , , , , 61. (. . 8.2). , . 191 , ; , , , 18% . 9% , 62. , 75 « 500», . «», , 63. , . , 65. , . 174 2005 8.2 , , . 200 . , ( ) , , 2,000 , , 150 , ( ) % , . 100 , , . 1,000 , . , 50 . . 66. , 0 0 . , 7 VW 3 (1980 .) (1987) (1995­1996) ( , : % ), , . , : McKinsey Global Institute (2003) . , , , , , , (. 8.10). , (. 8.9). . , (). , : , 160 , 250 , , . 67. , 68: 8.9 · . . , . · . . , . . . · . . , , « » . 18 . 300 . . " 1990 ., 80 . " (. 5). , · . , 5000 , , . . , 2003 . : O'Malley (2004) Uchitelle (2003). , . 175 8.10 , , , , , , 50 . . 1990 , . , . 54 . 340 . . . . 20 , , « , », , , 1993 . , . , . . , 153 . . 250 . , . «», , , : Yusuf (2003); Scott and Storper 224 . . (2003); Charlton (2003); Christiansen, Oman, . , and Charlton (2003); Peters and Fisher (2004). · . 8.3 . , . . . , 40 · . , , , . 71. 30 , % . , , . 20 , (. . 8.3) 69. (. 5), . , , , 10 . , , (. 8.11). 0 0,25%. , , : Morisset and Andrews Johnson (2003). . 72. , , (. 8.9). , 70. 8.3 , , , (. . 8.3). (, 1999) ( .) (.) . (EDB) 45,0 3,2 14,06 , (IDA 1999) 41,0 3,7 11,16 , (CINDE) 11,0 3,5 3,14 . , (MEDIA 1996) 3,1 1,2 2,58 , (IPC) 8,8 8,4 1,05 (MIDA) 15,0 22,7 0,66 , : Velde (2001) 176 2005 , 8.11 , . , , 1985 . , . , . , . 100 . 180 . . . 25% 35% , 50% 60% . , , . . . . « », . . , . , , , , «» , «» (58%) « » (18%). « », 10 . «» , , 74% . «» 61% ­ , . « », «» . , . 73. , 21 . 20 . . 1985 252 . . 1989 . , . 9,6 . . 2001 . . , , , «» , « » : Moran (1998); OECD International Trade by Commodity Statistics Database. , «»74. . 8.12 « » , 30 200 83 . ? 11 83%, . 36%, . 33%. . . , () , 2001 . , () , , 5,49 . 5,12 . . , , . . , , . , ­ «» , , . . , 1986­1994 . 32 . 1985­1992 . , 180 . . , , . ( 438 811 . , ) ­ . ( 980 . 1,46 . 17%, ). 14%. : Battat, Franck, and Shen (1996); 1999 . 670 9 19%. UNCTAD (2001b); Ireland IDA (2002). 177 . 8.4 , . , % , % , % , , () 100 100 (. 8.12)75. 100 100 100 18­20 10­25 3 100 , 100 25 (. 3). , () 100 10­25 , . , 200 , . : 100% . : Mani (2001a); de Ferranti and others (2003). , . , , , , 78. . , , , (. . 8.4). , , . . , , « . , ». , , , , , , , , 79. , , , ( ) . , ()80. . . , 8.4 . . , (1997) (. . 8.4). (1995) , . (1997) , . (1997) , , (1997) 76. 80% , (1999) , 0 5 10 15 20 25 20% 77. , , % , , : OECD (2003f). 178 2005 82. 8.13 , , , . . , , . , 83. , () , () , . ( ), . . . , 84. . , . . . : UNCTAD (2003c); de Ferranti and others (2003); Mani (2001b). 85. , , , , . . (. 8.13). , , , , . , , . . , , , , , , . 81. , , . , () « . » , 9. 9 , II , 500 . , , , ­ . , , , , , , . , , , . ? , , . , ( , , , ) , , , , (. 5). , . , , (. 3). , ; ( , . ) , , . : , · , , , ; . · , ; , · «», , . . : · . . XII . , .1 20 . . , 2. . · . 2200 , 200 , 180 2005 , , , . . . «" . , · , . . · , , . 3. , , , . , , , (. 9.1). , . . · , , . , ; . , . «», (), (), () , , (. 9. 2). 9.1 : , ? , , , , . . , . , , . . . , . 1959 . (. 9.2). 2200 . . , : , , , (), . ( ). (). , , , , , . , . , , , . . , (). , , , . , , . 4. , , , . . , 181 9.2 : ? . , , () 1959 . ( . ), . , 2002 . 22% . ? . , () . . , 2, . , . , , . , , . , . , , , , . , . , . , ­ , , , , (. , , . 4). , . , 80 90 , 100 , , , , . . , . : Dolzer and Stevens (1995);World . , Bank (2003b); Hallward Driemeier (2003); , , UNCTAD (2003e); UNCTAD (1998). , , . , , . , . , , () . , , , , . 9.1 () , . , 50 , . 40 , , . 30 -- 20 , , 10 , . , 0 , 1960 1970 1980 1990 «» , : UNCTAD (2000b) 182 2005 (. 9.2). , , , 1960 . (. 9.1). , . , . , , , , . . , , . , , . . , . , , . , , . , , . , ­ . , , . . « » , , ­ , , , (. . 9.2). ­ . 9.2 , , , , , , 12 5 . -- (. 9.3). 10 , , 8 ­ . , , 6 , . , 4 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 . : , , 1994 . « » ­ 18 . , ICRG , , / , , . 12. . : , , International Country Risk Guide. 183 9.3 , . , . , . 2001 . . . (). . ­ , . . ­ , , . , , , ­ . , 6. , , , , , . . : Funke and Nsouli (2003); , . . , ­ 7. 1966 . . , (), . , 8. 140 . , . , , , . . , . . . , . (. 4), , . , , , . . , , , , , . 1990 , . , , , , . ? . . ? , , , ? ­ 129 , ? , 9. , , 184 2005 9.4 , , . , , 1987­2003 , 10 87 . ( .. ) 6 31 , 6 18 . , , 2 10 , 4 8 amicus curiae, . ( ), 29,5 28,2 , . , . : 2003. , : , ICSID, . 24 . , 1987 2003 . . , , , , , , (. 4). , . 10; ? , . , ? . ( , ), , . (. 2). , . ? , , , , , . . , , « , » . , , . , . , , , , (. 9.4). . , , « ». , 185 , . , . ­ , « », , (. 2). . , , , . 35 . . , 11. , , . . , , , , , . . , , . ­ , , . , . , , , , 12. . , , , . . . , , , . 9.5 13. , (), , 1993 ., , . , 14 () 16 : , , , . , , , , , , , , , , ', , , , . , , . . (, . 9.5). « » , , , . . , . : , . , , , , : Ba (2000) and OHADA official . , . , documents. 186 2005 . «», , , , , . . , , , , . . , . , . , , 1970 . , . , 16. . , , . , (. 9.3). , , , , .17 , , 15. , . , , , , , . , (. 9.6). , , , . . . «» , , , , , . 1990 . 40 , . 9.3 1990 . 20--40%. , 200 , . 12 150 2000 . 10 . 18. , 100 . ? 50 ? ?19. 0 , 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 . : , . : WTO. 187 , . 9.6 , (. 3). , , IX . . . . « « » , » . 5, , , 1976 . . . , ­ , ­ ­ , . , 2003 . 106 ; 2005 . . , ­ , . 1997 . . , ­ , (, , ­ , ) . 1999 . , . , . . , : , , 20. . , Transparency International (2004), Braithwaite and Drahos (2000). , , . , . , , . , , , . 21. , , , , . , , , , . . , , , , , . . . 2, , . , . . , (. 9.7). ­ 188 2005 9.7. . , , . , . , ISO 14 000 . , , 0 20 40 , , , , % : , , . , , , . ­ . (ISO), ­ , ­ , ­ , . ­ . , , « » « . ; , , » , , . , , , , , , (. ) . , , , , : Jorgensen and others. (2003); Smith . and Feldman (2003); UNCTAD (2001); Berman , , , and Webb (2003). 9.8 ? , . , . . 1929 . , . , , 1948 . 1959 . . , . ­ . 1967 . , , . . 1995 98 . . , . , , . , , 2001 . , . , . , , . , , . (. 5). , . , , ( ) , : Ferrarini (forthcoming); Henderson , (2000); World Bank (2003b); Parra (2000); , , , , Warner (2000). 189 . . , , (. 9.8). . , , . ­ . ­ . , , 700 . , 22. . , , . . , , , 10. , , . IV 10 ­ ­ , , , . , , , 10 , , 2015 . . , 1 . 2. . , 30 2 . ; 7 8 . 3. . , . , . , . : , 2 . , 1,2 . , , 1 . 1. . , , , , 10.1 , , (. . 10.1). , 500 : · 400 . , . 1995 · 300 , .200 , . · , 100 , . 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 : , . : OECD online database; World Bank (2004k). 194 2005 . , . ? , , . . , , , , . , , . . , . . , , , 100%, . 500%. , , , , , , 1998 2002 . 4. 21,1 . . ­ 26% 8. . , , , 2001 . 311 . . . ­ , (. . 10.1). 5. , , . , . 1998 2002 . 3,1 . . . , , 26,4 . . , . , 2015 . 85 . ., , 6. . , , . , , . . . , ­ ; 9. . , 10% 30%7. , 10. , , , , . . ­ 195 10.1 , : 1998­2002 . ( . 2001 .) 1,5 5,5 7,0 . . . . 1,7 1,0 2,7 . . . . 1,7 9,7 11,4 3,2 3,0 1,1 2,0 3,1 . . . . . . . . 0,0 13,4 6,8 6,0 18,2 24,2 16,6 9,8 : .. ­ . « » , , , , ; , , . « » , , , , , , , , ; , , , , ; , . «» , . « » (, ) (, ), . « » , . : ; , , : IFC (2002) Migliorisi and Galmarini (2004). (. 3). , , , . , « " "», . 11. , , . , , ; 7 . . , 1998­2002 . 33% 12. , , 13. , , , , . 1980 . . , , , , . 1990 . , . 1990 . ( ) , , . 14. , , , , , , 196 2005 . 200 (. 2 3). 1980 1990 . . 600 . ­ , , . . , , , , . 15. , , . , · , , . , . , , , . , . , , . , , . , , , , 16. , , ­ ­ , . , , · . . ­ 17 ­ . . : , 1998 2000 . 1,1 . (. 3). . · . , ­18. . , , . . . , . . ­ , , , , , . 19. , , , , , , (. 2). 2,7 . . 1998 2002 ., , , 13% ­ ­ 197 (. 10.1 10.1). . , ­ , , , , , , . , , , , , , , , , () . , 2004 , 70 . . . . 310 , 88 . , 32 . , , 45 , 14 20. , , 28 ­, 1,5 . . . 80 , . , ­ , 9 . , ., , . . 11,4 . . , 1998 2002 ., 54% (). , , . , 1999 ., , . ­ , . . , ­ , , : PPIAF (2003) , . . , (. 6). , , . . , , , , , . . , , . . , ? . , . , ­ ( ) , 1990 , , , , , , , . , . 1998 2002 ., 198 2005 3.1 . . , , , . (. 6). , . , , . , (. 10.2). 8 , , ( 3), : , , , . , ­ , . , 8, , . , . . , . , , , . , ­ . , ­ . , , 1998 2002 . 26,4 . . . , 21. , , , , . , ( ) . 10.2 , : , , , . . , , , . , , , , . , , , . , . 1996 2001 . , 14 , . , , , , . . , , , . , . , , , . ( , 2002 ., , ), . 14 . , 22. 10 . , 70% . . . , : Brusky (2003) , 199 , , . . . , 3, . , , . 50 , , 23. , . , , , . , , , . , . . , . . «». ­ « », , , "Doing Business" ­ , , , . , . , . . , . , . , , . , , . . , . . , . . , , . , . . , , . , , , : . · , , , ; . · : ; 200 2005 · , , , . , . . , . . , 175 . 24. . , . ., ­ , ( . , , ) 25. . , . , . . , , , . . , ­ . , , , , , , . . . . , , . , . . , , , , , , . . . , , . , , . . , , , , , , , , . . , , , . , . . , , , , , , , . , , , , , : , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . , , , , , , , , , , , ­ http://econ.worldbank. org/wdr/wdr2005/ , , , library/ ­ , , , , , , , . , , , , , , , , , , , , . , , , ­ , , , , , , , , ­ , . , , . , , , , , , , : , , , , , , , , , , , , , . , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . . , , , , , . , , : , , 202 2005 , , , , , , , , . . , , , , , , , ; , , , . , , , , , , , . . 20. Barro and Sala i Martin (2003); Bosworth and Collins (2003); Easterly 1. . and Levine (2001); Hall and Jones (1999); Klenow and Rodrguez Clare 1.2 . 1 2 « » (1997); Young (1995). . 21. Solow (1957); Jones (2002); and Barro and Sala i Martin. (2003). 2. . 1.5. , 3. Johnson, McMillan, and Woodruff (2002b). 4. Hall and Jones (1999); Parente and Prescott (2000); Easterly and Levine (), (2001); Bosworth and Collins (2003). , . . , 5. Schumpeter (1942). . . Hall and Jones (1999) Acemoglu and Jonson (2003). 6. . . 1.13. 22. Jovanovic (1995). 7. OECD (2002b); Carlson and Payne (2003). 23. Parente and Prescott (2000). 8. Dollar, Hallward Driemeier, and Mengistae (2003a). 24. Hall and Jones (1999) and Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson (2001). 9. Minot and Goletti (2000) Winters, McCulloch, and McKay (2004). 25. Hicks (1935). 10. Hoekman, Kee, and Olarreaga (2001). 26. Baumol (2002). 11. . 6.12. 27. Schumpeter (1942). 12. Field (2002). 28. Carlin and others (2001) 13. . . 1.18. . 14. World Bank (2004b). . : Bastos and Nasir (2003). 15. . . 1.4. 29. Haltiwanger (2000) Bartelsman, Scarpetta, and Schivardi (2003). 16. . . 2.1. 30. Scarpetta and Bartelsman (2003). 17. World Economic Forum (2004). 31. 18. Londoo and Guerrero (2000). . 19. 5.13. 32. Desai and Mitra (2004) and Caballero, Engel, and Micco (2004). 20. Bartelsman and others (2004). 33. World Bank (2002d). 21. World Bank (2004d). 34. Kraay (2003). 22. Migliorisi and Galmarini (2004). 35. , I , . , , 1. Chermak (1992). , , 2. Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson (2002); Levine (1997); Kaufmann, , Kraay, and Mastruzzi (2003); La Porta and others (1999); Glaeser and Shleifer . .: Chen and Ravallion (2004); Ravallion (2003a); (2002); Glaeser and others (2004). Deaton (2002). 3. Acemoglu and Johnson (2003); Rodrik, Subramanian, and Trebbi 36. Bourguignon (2004). (2002); Knack and Keefer (1995a). 37. Dollar and Kraay (2002). 4. Burgess and Venables (2003). 38. Bourguignon (2004). 5. Pritchett (2004). 39. World Bank (2003m); Midlarsky (1999); Fearon and Laitin (2003). 6. World Bank (2004b). 40. Fields and Pfeffermann (2003). 7. Erb, Harvey, and Viskanta (2000). 41. OECD (2002b); Carlson and Payne (2003); India National Sample 8. World Business Environment Survey. Survey Organisation. 9. World Bank (2004b). 42. World Bank (2004i). 10. Malthus (1798). 43. Dollar, Hallward Driemeier, and Mengistae (2003a) Hallward 11. Maddison (1995). Driemeier, Iarossi, and Sokoloff (2002). 12. De Long (2000). 44. Lanjouw and Stern (1998). , 45. United Nations (2002b). 1900 . , 46. ILO (2002b). 50% , 1900 ., 47. Schneider (2002); Chen, Jhabvala, and Lund (2002); . Charmes (2000);Mead and Liedholm (1998); Jhabvala, Sudarshan, and 13. Pritchett (1997). Unni (2004); ILO (2002b). 14. Pritchett (2002) and Hausmann and Rodrik (2003). 48. Minot and Goletti (2000). 15. Easterly (2001); Aghion and Durlauf (2004); Hausmann, Pritchett, 49. Winters,McCulloch, and McKay (2004). and Rodrik (2004). 50. , 16. Tanzi and Davoodi (1998). (« »). 17. Sala i Martin and Vila Artadi (2002) Easterly, Devarajan, and Pack .: Dougherty (2004) and Tranberg Hansen (2000). (2001). 51. Hoekman, Kee, and Olarreaga (2001). 18. Bosworth and Collins (2003). , 19. Krugman (1997). , ', 204 2005 , , . .: Roberts and Tybout (1996); Harrison , (1994); Levinsohn (1993). . 52. ESMAP (2002). 35. Hnatkovska and Loayza (2004) Ramey and Ramey (1995). 53. Field (2002). 36. Svensson (1998); Paunovic (2000); Rodrik (1991). 54. Palmade (2004). 37. North (1993). . 5. 38. North and Weingast (1989). 39. ., , Henisz (2000); Stasavage (2002); Falaschetti (2003). 2 44. .: 1. 1953 . Fukuyama (2001); Coleman (1998); Putnam, Leonardi, and Nanetti (1993). , ( « ») 45. , : «[] : , . , " ", ». 2. Litvin (2003). , , 3. Hufbauer and Goodrich (2003a) Hufbauer and Goodrich (2003b). . , 4. Rajan and Zingales (2003) , , ­ . . .: Banfield (1958); Piore and Sabel (1984); Fukuyama (1995). 5. Stigler (1971) and Peltzman (1976). 46. Olivier de Sardan (1999). 6. Sutton (1976). 47. Alesina and others (2003b). 7. World Bank (1997). 48. Henisz and Zelner (forthcoming) Kubler (2001). 8. Murphy, Shleifer, and Vishny (1993). 49. Kay (2003). 9. Klitgaard (2000). 50. .: Center for Policy 10. Reinikka and Svensson (1999) Transparency International Studies (2003); The Economist (2003b). Bangladesh (2002). 51. The Pew Global Attitudes Project (2003). 11. Adser`, Boix, and Payne (2003). 52. Muller (2002). 12. Klitgaard (1998). 53. , 13. Van Rijckeghem and Weder (2001). 1860 14. Laffont and Tirole (1991). « » « », 15. Hellman and others (1999). .: Micklethwait and Wooldridge (2003). 16. Wintrobe (1998). 54. Micklethwait and Wooldridge (2003). 17. Robinson and Verdier (2002); Robinson (1998); Herbst (2000); and 55. Stiglitz (1989). Bates (1981). 56. OECD (2003g). 18. .: Barzel 57. Stiglitz (1999b). (2002); .: De Soto (2000); .: Golden (1997); .: Rajan and Zingales (2003); 3 .; World Bank (2003p). 1. Maloney (2004). 19. « 2. Johnson,McMillan, and Woodruff (2002b). », 3. Reid and Gatrell (2003). , 4. Rodrik and Subramanian (2004). . .: Keefer (2002). 5. Cao, Qian, and Weingast (1999). 20. ., .: Morris and Shepsle (1990) Keefer and Khemany (2003). 6. Saavedra (2003). . : Blanchard and Giavazzi (2003); Bineswaree 21. Khemani (2004) Desai and Olofsgård (2003). and Freund (2004); Klapper, Laeven, and Rajan (2003). 22. Faccio (2003). 7. World Economic Forum (2004). 23. Fisman (2001). 8. World Bank (2004b). 24. Hellman and Kaufmann (2003). 9. World Bank (2002c) and Commonwealth Secretariat (2003). 25. 10. Blanchard and Giavazzi (2003). .: Kaufman (2002). 11. ILO (2002b). 12. Chen, Jhabvala, and Lund (2002). .: World Bank (2000c). 13. . 1.12. 26. Keefer (2002) Keefer (2003). 14. Galal (2004). 27.Mukherjee (2002) World Bank (2000a). 15. Hallward Driemeier and Stone (2004). 28. Dixit and Pindyck (1994). 16. Mitullah (2004); Lund and Skinner (2004); Chen, Jhabvala, and Lund , (2002). , , 17. Field (2002); Bannock and others (2004). . 18. Stern, Dethier, and Rogers (2004). . 19. Lanjouw and Stern (1998). , , 20. Reardon and others (1998). . 21. Lanjouw and Shariff (1999). 22. Foster and Rosenzweig (2004). , . 23. World Bank (2004k); and Chandra and Rajaratnam (2004). .: Serven (1997) Caballero (1991). 24. : EBRR (1999) Batra, 29. Pattillo (1998) and Darku (2001). Kaufman, and Stone (2002). 30. Smith (1997a). 25. Christianson (2004). 31. Gaston and Wei (2002). 26. , 32. Keynes (1936). ; .: McMillan and 33. Thaler (1993); Thaler (2000); Rabin (1998); Kagel and Roth (1995); Woodruff (2002). Camerer, Loewenstein, and Rabin (2003); Kahneman and Tversky (2000). 27. Baldwin (2003) 34. Henisz and Delios (2003) . , 49 ; 28. Aitken, Hanson, and Harrison (1997). 205 29. : 12. Feder and others (1988). Tybout (2003) Keller (2001). 13. Do and Iyer (2003). 30. Hoekman, Kee, and Olarreaga (2001); Roberts and Tybout (1996); 14. Harrison (1994); Levinsohn (1993). : Baharoglu (2002). 31. .: Hufbauer and Goodrich (2003b). 15. Feder and others (1988). 32. Bayoumi, Coe, and Helpman (1999) de Ferranti and others (2003). 16. Field (2002). 33. Tybout (2003). 17. World Bank (2003n). 34. Fernandes (2003) ; Muendler (2002) ; 18. Macours (2003). Pavcnik (2003) . , Aghion 19. World Bank (2003n). and others (2003) . 20. Adlington (2002). 35. Fernandes (2003). 21. Deininger (2002). 36. Aghion and others (2003). 22. International Institute for Environment and Development (2001). 37. Hu and Jefferson (2002); Aitken and Harrison (1999); Djankov and 23. Siamwalla (1993) Stanfield and others (1990). Murrell (2002). 24. United Nations­Habitat (2003) Baharoglu (2002). 38. Blalock and Gertler (2003); Smarzynska (2002); Kugler (2001). 25. Yahya (2002) Botswana­Ministry of Lands (2002). 39. Görg and Strobl (2001) Blomstrm and Kokko (1998). 26. Fleisig and De la Pea (2003). 40. 27. IFC and CIDA (2001). . 28. World Bank (2002b). 44 , ; 29. Greif (1989) Fafchamps (2004). 30. Klein (1992). 166%, ­ 1%. .: Basant and Fikkert (1996). 31. World Bank (2003a) Jappelli and Pagano (1999). 41. Coe and Helpman (1995) Coe,Helpman, and Hoffmaister (1997). 32. Jappelli and Pagano (1999). 42. 33. Fafchamps (2004). . ., ., Crespo, Martin, and Velasquez (2002). 34. Milgrom, North, and Weingast (1990). 43. Lederman and Maloney (2003). 35. Mnookin and Kornhauser (1979). 44. UNCTAD (2003c) de Ferranti and others (2003). 36. Galanter and Krishnan (2003). 45. Fernandez and Rodrik (1991). 37. Williamson (1996). 46. Krueger (2000); Tommasi (2002); Hausmann, Pritchett, and Rodrik 38. Cristini and Moya (2001) Castelar Pinheiro and Cabral (2001). (2004). 39. Laevan and Woodruff (2003). 47. Woo Cumings (2001). 40. Castelar Pinheiro (1998); Sereno, de Dios, and Capuano (2001); 48. Parente and Prescott (2000). Herrero and Henderson (2001). 49. Berglof and Roland (2000). 41. Johnson, McMillan, and Woodruff (2002a) Broadman and others (2004). 50. Cao, Qian, and Weingast (1999) Yeung (2003). 42. Bigsten and others (2000) and Fafchamps and Minten (2001). 51. North and Weingast (1989). 43. Djankov and others (2003b). 52. Boix (2003). 44. Djankov and others (2003b). 53. Kingdon (1995). 45.World Bank (2003f). 54. Consumers International (www.consumersinternational.org) Trans 46.Messick (1999) Burki and Perry (1998). parency International (www.transparency.org). 47. Chengappa (1999). 55. Cabanero Verzosa and Mitchell (2003). 48. .: Kahkonen and others (2001). .: 56. Georgian Opinion Research Business International (GORBI) (2002) Fleisig and De la Pea (2003). 57. Yufei and others (2004). 49. Inter American Development Bank (2002). 58. Smith (1997a). 50. Ahmadi (1999). 59. Sidak and Baumol (1995) Hempling, Rose, and Burns (2004). 51. UNCTAD (2003a). . 9. 60. Kostrzeva (2003). 52. World Bank (2003d). 61.Wedel (2002). 53. Volkov (2002). 62. OECD (1999a). 54. Polinsky and Shavell (2000). 63. Argy and Johnson (2003). 55. Stone and Ward (2000). 64. OECD (1999b) and OECD (2002c). 56. Schrf (2001). 65. OECD (2000b) and OECD (2002c). 57. Greenwood and others (1998) Waller and Sanfacon (2000). 66. Kirkpatrick and Parker (2003) and Lee (2002). 58. McDonald (1994). 67. Stanchev (2003). 59. Sherman and others (1998). 68. Regobeth and Ahortor (2003). 60. Villadeces and others (2000) Mockus (2002). 69. Stanchev (2003). 61. Buvinic and Morrison (2000). 70. Zeruolis (2003) and Vilpisauskas (2003). 62. Frye and Zhuravskaya (2000). 71. Environmental Resources Management (2004). 63. Rossiter (1961). 64. Mattei (2000) Shavell (2004). 4 65. Chifor (2002). 1. Murdoch and Sandler (2002). 66. Vernon (1971). 2. World Bank (2003m). 67. Wells Jr. and Gleason (1995). 3. Johnson,McMillan, and Woodruff (2002b). 68. West (2001). 4. Besley (1995) World Bank (2003f). 69. , 5. Erb, Harvey, and Viskanta (2000). , .: Smith (1997a). 6. Torstensson (1994) Knack and Keefer (1995b). 70. Van der Walt (1999). 7. Keefer (2004). 71. Stephenson (2003). 8. World Bank (2003n). 9. Jimenez (1984). 5 10. Lanjouw and Levy (2002). 1. Coase (1960) Pigou (1932). 11. Friedman, Jimenez, and Mayo (1988). 2. Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson (2001). 206 2005 3. Pistor and others (2003). 40. Elstrodt, Lenero, and Urdapilleta (2002). 4. Pistor and others (2003). 41. Djankov and others (2002). 5. Pistor (2000). 42. Ebrill and others (2001) , 10% 6. Berkowitz, Pistor, and Richard (2003). 90% , , . 7. Alesina and others (2003a) Nicoletti and Scarpetta (2003). 43. Das Gupta, Engelschalk, and Mayville (1999). 8. , : Alesina 44. Taliercio Jr. (2003b). and others (2003a). 45. Bird and Engelschalk (2003) . 9. World Bank (2003a). 46. 10. ­ , , , , , . .: www.worldbank.org/publicsector/tax/autonomy.html. . « 47. Bird (2003). » . 48. Taliercio Jr. (2003b). 11.World Bank (2003g). 49. Taliercio Jr. (2003b). 12. Schneider (2002). 50. Taliercio Jr. (2001). 13. Flores and Mikhnew (2004). 51. Taliercio Jr. (2001); Taliercio Jr. (2003a); Taliercio Jr. (2003b). 14. OECD (2003a). 52. . Das Gupta, Engelschalk, and Mayville (1999) and Bird (2003). 15. World Bank (2004b). 53. Das Gupta, Engelschalk, and Mayville (1999). 16. Winston (1993) OECD (1997b). 54. Taliercio Jr. (2003b). 17. Guash and Hahn (1999) Guash and Spiller (1999) 55. Fjeldstad (2002) World Bank (2004e). . 56. Gill (2003) Engelschalk, Melhem, and Weist (2000). 18. Fernandes (2003) ; Muendler (2002) ; 57. Bird and Engelschalk (2003). Pavcnik (2003) ; Aghion and Burgess (2003) . 58. Bird (2003); Engelschalk, Melhem, and Weist (2000); Bird and 19. Bartelsman and others (2004). ­ , , Engelschalk (2003). , , , , , . 59. Gill (2003). 10% , 20% ­ , 60. Bird (2003). . 61. APEC Committee on Trade and Investment (2003). 20. Akiyama and others (2003). 62.World Bank (2004d), Table 2.9. 21. Akiyama and others (2003). 63. 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Maksimovic (1998). . .: www.irs.ustreas.gov/. 4. Caprio and Honohan (2003). 33. Ebrill and others (2001). 5. Li, Squire, and Zou (1998). 34. Lewis (2004). 6. Rajan and Zingales (2003). 35. .: 7. Easterly, Islam, and Stiglitz (2000). Diamond and Mirlees (1971); Stiglitz and Dasgupta (1971); Ebrill and others 8. Dehejia and Gatti (2002). (20011); Sandmo (1976) Slemrod (1990). 9. Stiglitz and Rothschild (1976) and Stiglitz and Weiss (1981). 10. Rajan and Zingales (2003). .: Tanzi and Zee (2001). 11. Barth, Caprio Jr., and Levine (2001); Clarke and Cull (2002); La Porta, 36. 2000/2001 . 14% Lpez de Silanes, and Shleifer (2002); Sapienza (2004). , 12% ­ 12. Beck, Cull, and Afeikhena (2003); Beck, Crivelli, Summerhill (2003); 9% ­ . and Omran (2003). , , 41%, 42% 13. Berger and others (forthcoming); Demirg Kunt and Maksimovic 37%. , (forthcoming); Berger, Hasan, and Klapper (2004). , 18%, 14% 8%. 14. Schreiner and Yaron (2001). 60 , 15. Townsend and Yaron (2001). . : IMF (2003), OECD (2002d) 16. Harvey (1991) World Bank (2001f). Dobrinsky (2002). 17. World Bank (1994a). 37. Mitra and Stern (2003) 18. Vittas and Je Cho (1995). . 19. Klapper and Zaidi (2004) World Bank (1989). 39. 20. Caprio and Demirg Kunt (1998) World Bank (1989). 1990 2000­2001 . , 21. , 15% , ; .: Njoku and Obasi (1991). . IMF (2003), OECD 22. Management Systems International (1996) Magno and Meyer (1988). (2002d) Dobrinsky (2002). 23. Graham Bannock and Partners Ltd (1997). 207 24. Black and Strahan (2002); Cetorelli and Strahan (2002); Beck, (1996); Smith (1997b); Spiller and Savedoff (1999) Willig (1999). Demirgü Kunt, and Levine (2003); Cetorelli (2003); Berger, Hasan, and , Klapper (2004). , , 25. Demirgü Kunt, Laeven, and Levine (2003). « », 26. Berger and others (forthcoming). . 27. Barth, Caprio Jr., and Levine (2004) Demirgü Kunt, Laeven, and 70. See Wodon, Ajwad, and Siaens (2003). . : Clarke and Wallsten Levine (2003), . (2003); Estache, Foster, and Wodon (2002); World Bank (1994b). 28. Unite and Sullivan (2003). 71. 29. Clarke and others (2003); Clarke and others (forthcoming); Escude .: Bergara, Henisz, and Spiller (1998); Henisz and others (2001). (2002); Henisz and Zelner (2001); Weder and Schiffer (2000) Zhank, Parker, 30. Faulkender and Petersen (2003). and Kirkpatrick (2002). 31. Carmichael and Pomerleano (2002). 72. 32. Impavido (2001) and Impavido, Musalem, and Tressel (2003). .: Lamech and Saeed (2003). 33. Ekmekcioglu (2003). 73. Phillips (1993); Smith (1997a); Smith (1997b). 34. Shah (1997) and Srinivas,Whitehouse, and Yermo (2000). 74. .: http://rru.worldbank.org/ 35. Impavido (2001). contracts/. 36. Deepthi and others (2003). 75. ., , Klein and Hadjimichael (2003). 37. Black, Jang, and Kim (2003); Johnson and others (2000); La Porta and 76. Dollar, Hallward Driemeier, and Mengistae (2003a). , others (1997); La Porta and others (1998); Stiglitz (1999a). , 38. Shleifer and Wolfenzohn (2002). . 39. Demirgüç Kunt and Maksimovic (1998); Demirgüç Kunt and 77. Rller and Waverman (2001). Maksimovic (1999); Giannetti (2003); Claessens and Laeven (2003); Allayanis, 78. Caldern and Servn (2003). Brown, and Klapper (2003); Esty and Megginson (2003). 79. International Telecommunication Union 40. Bae and Goyal (2003). SIMA 2001 . 41. , 81. Rossotto and others (2003) Telegeography 2002 . 12,6% 35% International Telecommunication Union. 141% ( IMF­IFS). 82. Wallsten (2001); Wallsten (2003); Bortolotti and others (2002); Boylaud 42. Berkowitz and White (2002). and Nicoletti (2001); Galal and others (1994); Ramamurti (1996); Ros (1999); 43. Pistor, Raiser, and Gelfer (2000). Wellenius (1997b); Winston (1993); Fink,Mattoo, and Rathindran (2002). 44. Claessens and Laeven (2003). 83. Komives,Whittington, and Wu (2003) Clarke and Wallsten (2003). 45. Durnev and Kim (2003); Gompers and Metrick (2001); Joh (2003); 84. World Bank Investment Climate Surveys. Klapper and Love (forthcoming); La Porta and others (1998). 85. World Bank Investment Climate Surveys Batra, Kaufmann, 46. McKinsey & Company (2002) Aggarwal, Klapper, and Wysocki (2003). and Stone (2002). 47. Levitt (1998); Frost, Gordon, and Hayes (2002); Hail and Luez (2003); 86. World Energy Council (2001). Lee and Ng (2002). 87. Reinikka and Svensson (2002). 48. Rajan and Zingales (2003). 88. Dollar, Hallward Driemeier, and Mengistae (2003a). 49. Glaeser, Johnson, and Shleifer (2001). 89. Calderón and Servén (2003). 50. Miller (2003). 90. Hunt and Shuttleworth (1996). 51. Galindo and Miller (2001) and Love and Mylenko (2003). 91. ., ., Besant Jones and Tenenbaum (2001). 52. World Bank (2003a). 92. Pollitt (2003); Newbery and Pollitt (1997); and Galal and others (1994). 53. , 93. World Bank (2004j). . : Spiller : Gilbert and Kahn (1996). 50% 94. Zhang, Parker, and Kirkpatrick (2002). , , 27% 95. Limão and Venables (2001). , , , 96. Clark, Dollar, and Micco (2002). , 28% , , 97. Limão and Venables (2001). , ­ 40%. .: Love and Mylenko (2003). 98. Radelet and Sachs (1998). 54. Barron and Staten (2003); Bailey, Chun, and Wong (2003); Padilla and 99. Limão and Venables (2001). Pagano (2000); Castelar Pinheiro and Moura (2003). , , 55. Chami, Khan, and Sharma (2003). , 56. Barth, Caprio Jr., and Levine (2004) Beck, Demirgüç Kunt, and 25% . Levine (2003). 100. Limão and Venables (2001). 57. Stigler and Becker (1977); Stigler (1975); Rajan and Zingales (2003). 101.World Bank (2004j). 58. Stigler (1971). 102. Clark, Dollar, and Micco (2002). 59. Barth, Caprio Jr., and Levine (2001) and Barth, Caprio Jr., and Levine 103. Inter American Development Bank (2001). (2004). 104. ., Estache and Carbajo (1996) Gaviria (1998). 60.Martinez Peria and Schmukler (2001). 105. Estache and Carbajo (1996); Trujillo and Serebrisky (2003); Gaviria 61. Calomiris and Powell (2001). (1998). 62. Saunders and Wilson (2002). 106. World Bank and PPIAF (2003) 63. Caprio and Honohan (2003). . 64. Stiglitz and Yusuf (2001). 107. Galal and others (1994). 65. Caprio and Honohan (2003). 108. Gaviria (1998). 66. Levy Yeyati,Martinez Peria, and Schmukler (2004). 109. Trujillo and Serebrisky (2003). 67. Beck, Demirgüç Kunt, and Levine (2003). 110. Caldero´n and Serve´n (2003). 68. ., , Tanzi and Davoodi (1997); Tanzi and Davoodi (1998); 111. Fernald (1999). and Devarajan, Swaroop, and Zou (1996). 112. Gómez-Ibáñez and Meyer (1993) www.worldbank. 69. org/html/fpd/transport/roads_ss.htm. .: Gómez-Ibáñez (2003); Gómez-Ibáñez and Meyer 113. Tanzi and Davoodi (1997) and Tanzi and Davoodi (1998). (1993); Klein and Roger (1994); Levy and Spiller (1994); Levy and Spiller 114. Liautaud (2001). 208 2005 7 31. 39 1. ILO (2004). , 20 . 2. Schneider (2002). . : ILO (2002a). 32. Heckman and Pags (2004) , 3. Pritchett (2001); Easterly (2001); Topel (1999). 52% 90% , 4. , . Mondino and Montoya (2004) MacIcaac , and Rama (1997) , 7­10%. . Psacharapoulos and Patrinos (2002). , 5. , , . , 33. , , , , , , . . Bassanini and . .: Alogoskoufis and others Scarpetta (2002) De La Fuente and Domnech (2002). (1995). 6. Rosenzweig (1995) , 34. Heckman and Pagés (2004), , . , 7. Pritchett (2001) Pissarides (2000). , , , 8. Acemoglu and Shimer (1999). , .: Abowd and others , , . (2001) Nestoriak (2004). 35. 9. Bresnahan, Brynjolfsson, and Hitt (2002). : ) 10.Van de Walle (2003). ; ) ; ) 11. Nicholls (1998). ) 12.World Bank (2003e). . 13. IFC (2001); World Bank (2002a); World Bank (2003e); El Khawas, : ) «» , DePietro Jurand, and Holm Nielsen (1998). , ) 14. Tooley (1999). . .: Djankov and others (2003a) World 15. IFC (2001). Bank (2003a). 16. . 36. World Bank (2003j). 17. 37. World Bank (2002a). 38. , ( ), . ., , . Nicoletti and others (2001) 18. Bourguignon and Goh (2003); de Ferranti and others (2000); Gill, , Scarpetta and others (2002) Scarpetta and Maloney, and Sanchez Paramo (2002); Devarajan, Dollar, and Holmgren Tressel (2004) (2001); Rodrik (1997); Freeman (1994); Matusz and Tarr (1999); Rama (2003); . World Bank (2002d). 39. . Gorg 19. . : Aidt and Tzannatos (2002); (2002) Dewit, Gorg and Montagna (2003) Brown (2000) Boeri, Brugiavini, and Calmfors (2001). 40. . Nicoletti and others (2001) , Nicoletti and others 20. Aidt and Tzannatos (2002) Forteza and Rama (2002). (2001) , Scarpetta and others (2002) 21. Calmfors (1993). , . Christianson 22. Haltiwanger, Scarpetta, and Vodopivec (2003). (2004) , 23. Eslava and others (2003). 24. . 0,15 41. 1998 . : .: Maloney and Núñez (2004). .: Alatas and Cameron (2003). 60% . 25. , , . «» , : World Bank (2003j). . 42. .: Pagés and Montenegro (1999) Montenegro and Pagés (2004) 26. . Djankov and others (2003a) , 1:1 1 ( 0,76 . 2,40) 27. 80% 6,7 , 13,8 . . .: World Bank 43. 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( « » ) . . , . . . , % , % , % % , % , . , % , % % , % , % 2002 170 6.7 48.3 19.5 63.5 6.0 4.4 31.0 2.6 6.5 12.9 2002 170 48.5 54.5 47.5 84.5 4.6 32.9 50.6 21.2 11.8 1.4 2003 557 .. 44.8 35.2 75.0 8.6 .. 27.3 .. 11.0 12.2 2002 171 32.0 51.6 13.5 35.7 4.8 8.2 44.1 3.6 9.4 14.1 2002 1,001 45.4 21.4 57.9 97.8 2.8 .. 83.0 39.4 23.5 2.3 2002 250 59.0 77.6 17.9 62.0 3.4 11.2 48.1 12.3 21.6 3.8 2002 250 59.5 62.3 25.4 75.9 4.2 17.9 50.6 18.8 34.4 2.7 a 2001 671 .. .. .. 40.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. 2002 182 40.5 47.0 34.8 62.6 3.0 22.6 38.0 18.7 13.7 1.7 2003 1,642 75.9 66.0 67.2 51.0 .. 32.8 39.6 52.2 22.7 2.8 a 2002 96 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2.3 .. .. 2002 250 21.1 42.7 8.8 60.4 2.4 4.5 40.3 4.9 33.6 1.1 2003 455 66.4 89.5 80.9 57.6 7.4 36.7 71.3 80.4 42.2 4.8 2003 450 47.0 65.9 62.8 50.0 6.0 21.8 56.1 60.9 3.3 3.1 2002 174 44.3 73.4 35.1 81.5 4.4 11.2 59.0 19.0 27.6 7.0 2003 207 57.0 70.1 46.4 49.5 3.8 38.6 36.0 48.8 79.7 4.4 b 2003 1,827 20.9 64.1 37.4 .. .. .. 29.4 15.6 .. .. 2004 713 48.2 56.0 41.5 50.9 4.6 24.7 40.8 22.0 15.6 3.1 2002 250 18.5 52.7 14.2 69.2 3.8 4.0 48.5 8.4 29.2 3.5 2003 503 40.1 44.4 55.9 82.3 6.0 31.4 61.0 41.7 20.1 7.0 2003 284 51.5 451.5 73.8 75.5 5.5 .. 51.3 69.8 31.0 4.1 2002/3 275 34.7 67.0 31.4 82.4 4.6 15.7 66.3 18.5 27.3 8.2 2002/3 3,948 32.9 33.7 27.3 55.0 2.6 .. 17.5 20.0 10.4 2.6 2002 176 27.4 71.4 11.7 62.6 2.3 3.2 49.1 6.4 33.0 2.7 2002 200 33.5 61.9 15.6 52.0 1.9 12.0 59.5 16.2 38.0 2.8 , 2002 170 37.3 42.3 31.2 68.7 1.5 27.1 50.6 20.4 14.1 6.7 2003 902 22.4 .. 14.5 .. .. .. 19.1 11.4 19.1 3.0 a 2001 859 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2002/3 277 57.0 79.0 40.2 77.6 3.0 19.8 72.1 26.5 17.3 3.9 a 2001 232 .. 55.1 .. .. .. .. .. 36.3 .. .. 2003 452 58.2 66.4 65.7 45.5 7.0 33.3 60.4 39.2 2.7 7.0 2002 965 40.1 64.8 40.4 59.0 3.6 .. 62.6 21.5 8.8 2.5 a 2002 583 71.1 78.7 59.6 .. .. .. 34.7 51.6 21.8 10.2 2002/3 608 59.1 68.0 27.6 52.4 3.1 27.0 46.2 24.9 31.6 2.8 2002 506 31.5 75.1 13.7 78.0 2.3 9.5 65.3 12.4 36.4 2.9 2002 255 43.3 54.5 34.9 73.3 4.7 20.9 45.8 19.8 24.7 3.8 2004 262 31.3 42.5 39.9 45.2 1.8 13.3 40.5 15.4 47.0 2.1 2002 250 47.8 42.9 16.3 61.6 4.0 13.8 28.6 8.9 22.4 4.6 2002 170 44.6 55.1 44.65 68.1 2.6 25.3 53.9 15.4 42.9 1.8 2002 188 11.8 47.8 6.1 36.2 5.4 8.0 45.6 3.3 19.7 2.8 2002/3 283 24.4 56.3 21.0 76.7 3.7 9.1 48.2 3.0 20.1 4.2 2003 276 31.5 58.6 51.1 42.9 2.9 20.0 55.1 25.5 25.7 3.2 2002 514 53.8 40.6 23.7 71.8 0.6 11.9 33.1 12.9 5.8 2.7 2003 300 27.6 40.0 38.2 39.0 4.9 .. 30.1 26.8 .. .. 2002/3 360 27.2 42.3 8.7 57.7 2.6 7.6 25.4 7.0 6.7 10.4 2002 463 46.9 67.5 27.8 70.2 4.4 15.3 49.0 19.6 27.9 4.7 2003 719 29.5 49.1 35.2 50.6 4.0 .. 33.8 26.5 27.1 4.2 2002 187 35.9 51.4 22.5 48.7 2.6 27.6 33.3 8.5 13.4 2.1 2002 268 20.2 56.0 12.5 55.5 2.9 11.1 47.1 14.3 33.6 3.1 2003 453 60.7 68.0 49.2 58.9 5.4 34.1 70.8 27.8 36.4 3.5 a 2002 78 31.5 .. 2.7 64.1 3.8 .. .. 1.3 .. .. 2002 170 12.0 45.1 5.4 48.8 1.1 4.8 28.6 6.5 35.9 0.5 a 2002 427 39.3 .. 39.0 .. .. .. .. 9.5 11.5 7.1 249 1. ( « » ) ­ . . , , . . . . ., . , ., ., . . ., % % ., , % , , % % ., % , % , % % , % (% . . .) 18,8 17,5 10,1 7,3 2,6 12,3 4,9 20,2 .. .. 4,5 1,3 37,1 25,0 22,9 13,6 2,4 20,1 7,8 57,1 .. .. 13,2 7,3 44,8 36,2 27,4 .. 21,6 51,3 27,1 11,5 58,9 8,9 25,5 12,9 35,5 37,7 9,0 7,4 3,7 25,9 11,1 15,8 .. .. 6,0 1,8 35,8 50,7 22,5 4,6 11,5 45,7 48,8 73,2 58,5 5,2 19,8 10,8 47,0 44,2 25,8 11,0 2,4 30,1 8,3 2,8 .. .. 8,4 9,3 33,1 13,0 15,1 8,5 4,2 40,3 9,0 8,0 .. .. 10,2 7,8 .. .. .. .. 9,3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 26,9 26,0 11,9 11,7 3,6 27,9 23,2 5,6 .. .. 5,7 9,1 84,5 66,1 29,8 9,4 13,8 71,7 51,6 20,3 40,1 3,8 39,6 56,9 .. .. .. .. 3,1 .. 50 5,6 .. .. .. .. 30,2 13,7 3,3 8,7 4,3 20,2 18,5 1,2 .. .. 12,5 7,3 56,5 34,8 15,6 17,4 9,4 38,7 43,5 26,6 60,7 3,7 31,4 16,7 35,6 23,2 21,1 14,2 5,1 26,4 46,9 36,4 58,0 5,2 26,4 14,2 30,5 47,1 9,9 14,7 3,2 14,2 19,6 22,4 .. .. 8,6 4,0 57,5 27,5 10,1 14,1 4,8 67,7 29,6 39,6 63,8 6,6 35,7 16,9 27,9 26,4 13,4 15,3 6,7 19,2 51 28,9 69,2 11,6 12,5 16,7 29,5 23,0 20,5 14,6 5,8 23,0 16,7 22,3 33,0 6,1 18,9 25,9 18,6 20,7 11,7 14,6 5, 9,9 7,9 12,7 38,6 5,2 6,6 5,9 13,8 14,3 9,0 14,6 5,3 14,0 13,3 3,6 .. .. 6,3 0,8 68,2 50,9 15,2 13,8 8,9 58,3 59,3 48,1 58,5 14,9 27,6 22,5 32,5 35,1 11,6 13,2 3,3 27,7 9,3 4,7 46,1 3,2 7,7 4,5 36,8 26,7 21,3 19,0 7,9 22,3 52,0 29,7 05,0 5,0 30,7 20,7 27,3 27,6 9,2 10,7 1,2 7,6 23,2 4,0 .. .. 15,5 4,1 36,5 19,8 8,1 10,0 2,4 7,0 21,1 4,5 .. .. 7,5 8,5 , 21,0 15,1 17,4 13,5 5,0 16,6 11,1 5,4 .. __ 3,7 4,6 21,7 13,3 10,9 10,2 3,6 17,8 57,3 14,8 40,6 5,2 25,0 14,5 .. .. .. .. 2,7 .. 34,2 .. .. .. .. .. 54,9 47,6 24,6 7,1 2,1 39,6 26,4 5,4 15,5 0,8 11,0 5,2 .. .. .. .. 17,8 .. 11,1 97,4 .. .. .. .. 34,7 18,1 10,6 17,3 5,8 57,6 42,0 34,7 59,5 7,1 17,0 6,9 45,6 46,1 14,5 10,6 17,2 40,1 11,2 39,2 81,3 6,7 12,8 15,0 .. .. .. .. 7,9 55,8 43,6 11,1 30,5 6,3 12,5 .. 64,7 41,0 13,5 12,3 3,1 42,6 31,5 5,8 18,5 0,7 12,2 25,2 24,6 31,8 14,6 14,1 6,9 17,0 8,8 4,6 .. .. 9,9 3,3 51,6 33,2 23,2 10,7 1,4 32,3 25,5 9,5 .. .. 10,8 8,1 50,8 48,2 7,5 13,8 6,5 60,0 23,2 30,7 49,4 9,6 18,5 16,3 35,3 29,3 7,8 15,1 5,5 28,3 11,3 6,2 .. .. 11,9 6,9 31,7 19,8 17,9 9,5 2,2 30,1 41,2 3,0 .. .. 9,7 7,4 11,2 5,9 3,2 7,7 3,1 11,2 23,8 0,5 .. .. 4,3 2,7 26,2 21,8 14,2 8,3 9,6 20,1 2,0 17,1 63,6 5,7 2,4 2,3 73,4 55,7 27,4 16,2 17,5 53,0 13,3 58,9 .. .. 25,0 12,1 38,1 33,1 5,8 8,0 3,7 23,2 11,3 17,3 .. .. 12,8 8,7 48,3 36,1 10,1 5,0 6, 52,8 14,1 44,5 41,7 13,1 30,8 10,8 19,9 22,7 7,7 12,1 6,0 20,6 2,3 4,8 19,0 5,6 4,9 1,7 39,6 34,9 18,2 15,4 5,8 29,1 6,5 5,9 .. .. 13,0 5,8 30,4 25,1 13,5 11,0 2,8 18,2 16,8 33,4 41,6 9,6 11,9 24,7 27,8 7,7 9,2 9,0 3,8 21,6 33,3 1,1 .. .. 8,7 5,4 25,6 19,8 10,2 5,5 4,4 23,1 32,2 5,3 .. .. 9,1 3,5 38,1 28,5 13,0 17,7 16,4 42,2 54,6 28,3 46,4 5,7 22.3 14,1 31,1 16,2 2,7 5,9 9,1 53,7 26,3 38,2 41,0 12,8 41,0 5,2 16,7 4,5 11,2 6,2 1,6 8,4 46,0 10,1 .. .. 23,8 4,2 73,6 60,3 8,3 5,7 13,5 40,2 26,3 42,5 65,6 7,7 17,9 4,6 , , . , . . , «» , 11 ­ , , , , , , , , , . . .: Hallward Driemeier and Stone (2004). «..» ­ . 2002 . ; , . b 895 2000 . 250 2005 2. 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CRG WEF WEF WEF I 2004 I 2004 I 2004 I 2004 I 2004 I 2004 I 2004 2003 2003/4 2003/4 2003/4 2 2 157 11 7 5 1 10 5,4 5,6 5,1 29 9 374 20 32 3 1 12 5,1 4 5,1 123 14 267 25 61 7 2,7 9 .. .. .. 47 11 390 39 47 7 4 8 .. .. .. 26 14 407 49 52 16 3,5 8 3,5 3,6 2,7 146 14 1011 47 335 8 4,7 8,5 2,4 2,5 2,8 32 15 520 33 44 5 2,8 5 4,4 2 2,8 25 10 195 24 18 4 1,9 8 .. .. .. 35 8 365 29 .. .. 4 5,25 4,8 3 2,9 79 16 250 28 231 7 5,8 5,5 .. .. .. 34 4 112 27 132 2 0,9 11,5 5,6 3,9 3,8 32 8 570 49 50 3 3,1 .. .. .. 32 11 440 34 19 9 3,3 11,5 4,6 2,7 3 59 15 591 47 92 7 1,8 9,5 3,8 3 3 . . 54 12 330 36 331 7 3,3 .. .. .. 108 11 154 26 69 4 2,2 11,5 4,1 5,1 3,8 152 17 566 25 42 14 10 7,5 5,2 3,6 2,1 135 13 458 41 107 8 4 9 .. .. .. 43 11 512 51 94 5 4 .. .. .. .. 62 11 275 20 44 4 .. .. .. .. .. 6 288 14 21 2 1 12 6 5 4,3 .. y 52 6 365 21 79 4 2 12 4,9 3,9 2,3 , 116 13 445 41 34 8 4 5,5 3,8 2,1 3,3 56 11 404 37 78 5 5,5 7,5 4,9 4,3 2,8 203 12 368 35 195 5 5,7 5 4 2,7 1,5 .. .. .. .. .. 8,5 4,2 4,7 3,4 .. .. 85 12 200 23 382 7 1,9 7 4,3 4,3 3 39 15 1459 37 55 5 4 11 4,1 2 2,7 49 13 306 44 104 6 3,8 6,5 .. .. .. 45 9 184 26 41 4 1,2 12 5,5 4,5 4,8 62 13 545 36 36 7 3,7 8 3,4 2,9 3,5 38 15 151 14 23 12 2 11 5,1 3,6 3 25 9 375 18 39 8 3,2 .. .. .. .. . 4 4 83 15 42 6 3,4 11,5 5,5 5,2 5 . . 78 10 580 29 107 7 3,5 8,5 4,5 3,4 3,3 ,. . 43 13 410 55 193 7 4,2 6,5 4,4 3,4 3,6 35 6 274 16 70 6 2,7 6 4,1 4,5 2,8 96 10 350 33 30 4 2,2 2,5 3,6 2,6 3,5 l 34 5 585 27 144 7 4 9 5,6 4,2 5 89 11 425 40 67 6 10 8 5,6 4,1 2,5 151 12 570 34 33 6 6 4,5 4 3,6 3,6 36 11 342 43 22 8 4,3 9,5 5,2 4,4 3,4 , . . 48 9 545 23 36 9 4,5 6 .. .. .. 24 4 217 16 38 5 0,4 12 5,2 4,2 3,8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 5,3 5,3 4,3 108 7 169 23 20 4 1 12 5,5 4,2 3,9 13 9 1390 18 27 8 1,2 12 5,3 3,9 2,6 , . 63 12 360 37 21 6 3 8 .. .. .. 94 11 401 31 56 7 .. .. .. .. .. 25 9 400 41 52 8 3,3 7,5 .. .. .. 37 12 585 58 93 5 3,2 6,5 4,1 4,4 2,8 3 2 346 17 20 6 0,8 12 5,5 4,5 4,1 47 12 360 25 39 7 4,5 9 5,2 3,6 2,8 .. 21 8 492 46 15 7 3,5 .. .. .. .. 41 12 241 25 32 3 2,4 7,5 5,3 4,2 3,3 () 11 5 211 16 56 3 1,1 11,5 5,6 5,4 5,2 198 9 443 53 135 9 5 .. .. .. .. 43 14 363 37 23 7 3 9,25 4,6 4 2,8 , . . 155 13 909 51 106 8 5,2 6 .. .. .. , . 67 8 560 47 103 6 3 8,5 .. .. .. , . 22 12 75 29 11 7 1,5 9,5 5,3 4,4 3,8 77 11 550 34 21 6 3,5 8,5 4,7 3,9 3,7 ' 58 11 525 25 340 7 2,2 6 .. .. .. 35 13 390 52 75 8 4,2 11 .. .. .. 18 7 189 23 62 10 1,1 11 5 4,1 3,6 92 9 285 49 101 6 2,6 .. .. .. .. 46 6 721 39 25 8 4 9 .. .. .. 26 8 154 17 3 3 1,2 11 5,1 3,8 3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 12 4,4 5,3 5,1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4,9 4,5 4,4 82 11 410 28 49 4 8 .. .. .. .. 44 13 280 29 .. .. .. 8 4,2 3,5 1,9 , 48 13 509 27 74 6 3,7 .. 4,3 3,8 3,7 35 10 277 16 118 6 2,6 8 4,2 4 2,9 30 9 300 31 143 4 2,3 8,5 5,3 5 3,9 42 13 340 28 44 5 3,6 7,5 3,8 3,5 2,5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11,5 5 4,8 5,5 11 5 240 17 82 3 1,8 9 4,4 4,2 2,5 58 8 421 37 74 5 1,8 11,5 4,9 3,7 2,5 153 14 580 38 33 7 5 8,5 3,2 3,4 2,1 30 10 280 37 81 5 2,8 6,5 .. .. .. 20 8 314 26 10 4 4 8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4 .. .. .. 85 10 270 31 28 9 1,0 10 4,4 4,2 3 21 7 350 28 .. .. 5 .. .. .. .. 27 11 330 33 49 5 5 7,5 .. .. .. 44 10 730 23 274 21 1,5 3,5 4,7 3,5 2,9 11 7 48 22 5 4 1,7 12 5,6 4,8 5,1 45 9 155 18 65 7 2,2 6 3,2 2,9 2,9 12 2 50 19 2 2 2 11,5 5,7 5,2 4,9 251 2. ( ) ­ Doing Business . . . . CRG WEF WEF WEF I 2004 I 2004 I 2004 I 2004 I 2004 I 2004 I 2004 2003 2003/4 2003/4 2003/4 23 4 87 14 1 1 0,9 11,5 5,1 3,8 3,9 54 12 614 53 9 3 5,1 11,5 .. .. .. 34 9 455 41 16 4 7 11,5 .. .. .. 24 11 395 46 49 5 2,8 4,5 5 3,5 2,8 19 7 355 45 44 7 2 9,5 4,5 2,8 3,4 56 8 295 22 72 4 2,8 8 .. .. .. 74 17 285 46 48 7 3,9 8,5 4,1 2,2 3,3 98 10 441 35 31 5 3,1 7,5 4,6 2,9 2,2 31 10 1000 41 204 7 1,4 11 4,8 2,9 2,8 78 11 320 24 83 5 2,5 12 5 3,7 2,8 7 7 270 43 .. .. 3,8 .. .. .. .. 36 9 330 29 37 6 1,5 9 4 2,5 2,3 21 9 395 29 354 5 .. .. .. .. __ 28 5 335 43 170 8 4,6 8,5 3,6 2,6 2,8 115 12 275 41 52 5 4 6 5 4 3,3 64 12 360 44 4 4 2,8 11 .. .. .. 57 9 485 36 114 6 3 8 4,3 3,9 2,6 51 11 1028 36 186 6 2,6 8 4,1 4,1 2,8 8 7 69 23 9 3 0,8 12 5,4 6,2 5,8 . 47 12 672 48 23 4 4,1 6,5 .. .. .. 52 9 565 27 22 5 4,7 12 4,7 3,4 2,2 61 10 1003 25 391 6 3,6 10 4,9 4,2 3,4 5 5 250 17 12 4 3 12 5,9 4,9 5,2 26 9 305 58 58 8 2,5 6.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 33 8 390 26 2 2 2,6 8,5 5,3 4,3 4,1 35 13 242 21 61 12 3 7,5 4,7 4,1 2,6 53 13 535 37 212 6 3 7,5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11,5 4,8 3,9 4,3 a 14 9 27 14 57 5 1,3 8 4,5 5,1 3,4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9 8 330 22 9 8 2,9 7,5 4,7 3,4 2,2 36 17 209 15 48 8 2,1 8,5 4,4 3,9 2,7 35 9 368 35 97 12 4 .. .. .. .. 34 15 269 28 93 9 2,6 6 4,1 2,2 2,7 45 11 620 39 66 8 2,1 10,5 4,3 3,3 3,9 50 11 380 25 33 8 5,6 10 5 3,7 2,5 3 240 27 14 3 0.9 12 5,4 5,5 4,3 .. 8 7 75 21 193 10 1,9 12 5,4 4,4 4,2 . 49 12 415 22 956 5 3,1 9 4,6 3,1 2,8 14 10 660 45 69 3 4,8 .. .. .. .. 75 19 526 52 44 6 10 .. 3,6 2,5 2,3 . . 40 10 300 22 122 4 9,2 12 5,1 3,5 3,2 28 10 305 28 31 6 5,6 11 5,6 4,5 3,3 16 3 208 23 2 1 2 12 5,5 5,2 4,1 20 6 170 22 16 4 4,6 11,5 5,1 5,3 4,7 50 8 440 17 63 8 2,2 8,5 4,7 3,7 3,4 . 92 14 388 41 21 12 4,3 6 3,5 2,5 2,9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 72 6 150 25 65 4 3 10 5,3 4,2 2,7 32 7 420 30 56 15 2,4 7 3,6 3 2,2 38 9 277 26 20 6 2 10,5 5,3 4,3 2,9 31 7 202 18 54 5 1,1 9,5 4,9 3,5 4 31 11 60 16 14 6 0,5 12 5,5 3,9 4,5 50,8 9,9 388,3 31,2 81,4 6,2 3,2 8,8 4,7 3,9 3,4 65,8 10,8 416,0 34,5 99,6 6,8 3,9 6,8 4,2 3,6 2,7 50,0 10,6 422,1 32,6 80,4 6,5 3,4 8,7 4,6 3,5 3,1 50,0 11,3 424,9 33,1 66,4 7,0 3,4 7,8 4,5 3,4 3,0 49,9 9,5 417,2 31,8 104,2 5,6 3,3 10.0 4,8 3,7 3,3 57,5 10,7 419,2 33,5 89,3 6,6 3,6 7,9 4,4 3,6 3,0 72,9 9,9 373,8 31,0 59,4 5,2 4,2 7,2 5,0 4,2 3,4 41,7 9,9 389,0 30,2 120,3 6,7 3,3 9,2 4,6 3,3 2,8 73,5 12,0 471,7 35,1 56,8 6,9 3,6 8,1 4,4 3,1 3,1 . 39,3 10,2 412,6 37,3 48,3 6,7 3,7 8,1 4,4 4,1 3,1 46,8 9,3 375,0 30,0 55,8 5,8 4,8 6,6 5,0 3,6 2,9 63,2 11,2 434,2 35,2 434,2 6,9 3,6 7,2 4,2 3,8 2,9 27,2 7,0 280,2 23,2 49,9 4,7 2,0 11,4 5,4 4,7 4,4 «..» ­ . 252 2005 « , ». 1. , ( , , « » « , » . ) , 2001 . « » ­ , 53 . , . . , ­ , . . , , , , . . , , . , . , , . , , , , « . 27 » . , « II» (BEEP II). (, , , , , , ..) . . ­ , . . 8 ­ , , « » « » . . , : « », « », ­ « », « » « 20 ., ». (). , , . , , , , , . , « ­ , » . . , , , ­ , , . , . , , , , , , . « » . , , , , , , « » « », . , , 2. . ( , . ) , , , « Doing Business » Doing Business . , , , ­ . , : . 253 , , . . « » , , , . , . . . , , « » «». , PRS, , . , . ­ 1 12, 50 . . , « », , ­ / , . (, ) . . , , 50% , 102 . . , 76 . . . « » , , : « , : Business Risk Service Business Environment Risk 50 Intelligence www.beri.com . . Country Credit Euromoney Institutional Investor 151 Ratings www.euromoneyplc.com . . Country Risk World Markets Research Center, 186 6 Indicators www.wmrc.com . . Country Risk Economist Intelligence Unit 100 6 Service www.eiu.com 13 . . Economic Freedom of Fraser Institute C 142 the World www.freetheworld.com 10 . . , . FDI Confidence A.T. Kearney 62 . 1 . . Index www.atkearney.com . Global Competitiveness World Economic Forum, 102 . Report www.weforum.org . . Global Risk Service Global Insight, 117 51 www.globalinsight.com . Index of Economic Heritage Freedom Foundation,www.heritage.org 142 10 . . International Country Political Risk Services International 140 22 Risk Guide www.prsgroup.com 3 . . World Competitiveness International Institute of Management 51 9 . Yearbook Development,www.imd.ch . 199 , , . . . Worldwide www.worldbank.org/ 199 , Government Indicators wbi/governance/data . . . 254 2005 ­ , .» , 1 ( ) ?» : 1 () 7 (). 7 (). « » 1 ( . ) 7 ( , , ). « . » « PRS Group . , , 2004. 130 , , . . 75 , . , 1,5 . . , , 800 , . 2004. . 2004 CD ROM WDI Online . , «» , , , . . 2000 . , , , , , , , , , , . . , , CD ROM, . 1000 800 225 . () (WDI Online) CD ROM. , . , , : , , , , (), 1993 . , 1993 . « , » « () ( . ». . . 1 3. ). , 1986 ., , , 1993 . , , , , . , , , . , , . , , . . , 256 2005 . () . , (), : ( 2003 . 765 . , , ), ( 766 . 9 385 .) . (9 386 . ). 3 035 . ( ) ( ). . «» , , , , ( 1,5 ). . 2003 , -- ( t, . , . , s -- ), (w) (m), . , ( 1), , , , . . 2004. . , , , 2004 « », , (« »). : « . , » : ( ), http://www.worldbank.org/wdi2001/index.htm. . : 1 800 645 7247 703 661 1580; 703 661 1501. : The World Bank, P.O. Box 960, Herndon, VA 20172 0960, U.S.A. 257 , 2005 () , , . . , . . -- , . . , . ' () . , . . , , . , . () . , . . () 258 2005 1. . ()a ()b 5 , , . . , 1 . (% , % . , , . . . , % , 15 ) 2003 1990­2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2002­2003 2002 2002 2002 2000 19,9 1,2 3 431 21 650 563 28 290 1,2 79 6 .. 344,8 8,1 0,3 97 215 26 720 239 29 610 0,6 79 5 .. 60,8 8,2 1,1 95 7 810 28 3 380 10,5 65 96 .. 29,0 3,2 ­0,3 116 6 1 740 15 4 700 6,9 74 24 99c 2,9 31,8 1,9 13 60 1 890 189d 5 940d 5,2 71 49 69 89,4 13,5 2,8 11 10 740 26d 1 890d 1,4 47 260 .. 6,4 38,4 1,3 14 140 3 650 419 10 920 3,3 74 19 97 138,2 3,1 ­1,1 108 3 950 12 3 770 11,9 75 35 99c 3,5 138,1 1,7 1 061 55 400 258 1 870 3,5 62 73 41 29,3 9,9 ­0,2 48 16 1 590 59 6 010 6,1 68 20 100 59,2 10,3 0,3 342 267 25 820 299 28 930 1,0 79 6 .. 102,2 6,7 2,7 61 3 440 7 1 110 2,9 53 151 40 1,6 7,8 ­0,8 71 17 2 130 60 7 610 4,9 72 16 99 42,3 9,0 2,4 8 8 890 22 2 450 ­0,8 64 71 87c 11,1 4,1 ­0,6 82 6 1 540 26 6 320 3,0 74 18 95 19,3 1,7 2,3 3 6 3 430 14 7 960 4,0 38 110 79 3,9 176,6 1,4 21 479 2 710 1 322 7 480 ­1,4 69 37 86c 307,5 12,1 2,4 44 4 300 14d 1 180d 4,1 43 207 .. 1,0 7,2 2,1 281 1 100 4d 620d ­2,9 42 208 50 0,2 59,3 0,2 246 1 680 28 350 1 639 27 650 2,1 77 7 .. 567,8 10,1 ­0,2 110 64 6 330 139 13 780 0,7 72 9 99 54,2 , 25,5 2,1 29 89 3 490 121 4 740 ­10,9 74 22 93 157,7 81,3 1,6 250 39 480 202 2 490 6,1 70 26 .. 57,5 8,4 2,0 306 3 380 14d 1 630d ­1,8 52 123 52 1,4 20,4 2,2 90 7 320 45d 2 190d 2,5 55 97 74 5,9 12,3 2,6 114 23 1 910 50d 4 060d ­0,5 65 49 70 9,9 7,9 2,4 32 3 430 17 2 100 0,0 46 165 .. 1,3 82,6 0,3 237 2 085 25 250 2 267 27 460 ­0,1 78 5 .. 785,5 7,0 2,8 62 7 970 18d 2 580d ­0,5 66 42 80c 4,8 10,7 0,4 83 147 13 720 213 19 920 4,2 78 5 97 89,6 5,1 ­0,5 74 4 830 13d 2 540d 9,4 73 29 .. 6,2 5,4 0,4 127 182 33 750 168 31 213 0,2 77 4 .. 44,6 8,7 1,6 181 18 2 070 54d 6 210d ­2,2 67 38 84 25,1 , 67,6 1,9 68 94 1 390 266 3 940 1,4 69 39 .. 142,2 10,4 2,2 14 4 380 9 850 3,5 37 182 80 1,8 13,1 1,9 34 6 480 28 2 180 ­6,7 39 123 90 14,8 6,7 2,8 324 105 16 020 128 19 200 ­0,8 79 6 95 63,1 1 064,4 1,7 358 568 530 3 068d 2 880d 6,4 63 90 61c 1 070,9 214,5 1,4 1068 173 810 689 3 210 2,8 67 43 88 269,6 5,3 4,0 60 10 1 850 23 4 290 0,5 72 33 91 15,6 , . 66,4 1,5 41 133 2 000 477 7 190 4,4 69 41 77e 310,3 3,9 0,9 57 106 26 960 120 30 450 1,1 77 6 .. 42,2 41,1 0,4 82 698 16 990 905 22 020 1,9 78 6 98 282,9 57,6 0,1 196 1 243 21 560 1 543 26 760 0,4 78 6 99 428,2 , . 19,2 3,7 36 10 520 16 820 0,7 57 114 49 8,4 14,9 ­0,7 6 27 1 780 92 6 170 8,7 62 99 99 121,3 13,4 2,9 76 4 310 28d 2 060d 5,8 54 138 69 0,5 16,1 2,5 35 10 640 32 1 980 0,5 48 166 68 e 6,5 31,6 1,0 3 757 23 930 941 29 740 0,9 79 7 .. 435,9 31,9 2,4 56 13 390 33 1 020 ­0,7 46 122 84 9,4 . 5,1 1,0 26 2 330 8 1 660 3,9 65 61 .. 4,6 1 288,4 1,0 138 1 417 1 100 6 435f 4 990f 8,4 71 38 91 c 2 790,5 () 6,8 1,4 .. 173 25 430 196 28 810 2,9 80 .. 33,1 44,4 1,8 43 80 1 810 290d 6 520d 2,0 72 23 92 58,5 , . . 53,2 2,7 23 5 100 34d 640d 1,9 45 205 .. 2,7 , . 3,8 3,2 11 2 640 3 710 ­1,7 52 108 83 1,8 , . 47,9 0,9 485 576 12 020 859 17 930 2,4 74 5 .. 427,0 4,0 2,1 78 17 4 280 36d 9 040d 3,9 78 11 96 5,4 ' 16,8 2,7 53 11 660 23 1 390 ­5,6 45 191 .. 10,5 2,4 0,9 134 38 16 340 42d 17 870d ­3,3 77 10 83 47,9 2,3 ­1,1 37 9 4 070 24 10 130 8,1 70 21 100c 6,0 1,8 1,0 59 1 590 6d 3 120d 20,9 38 132 81e 4,5 1,6 440 18 4 040 22 4 840 1,4 71 32 .. 15,2 3,5 ­0,5 53 16 4 490 38 11 090 7,0 73 9 100c 11,9 5,7 2,4 25 2 320 10 1 730 2,6 55 100 66 0,4 2,7 2,2 3 1 430 5d 2 010d 2,9 51 183 41 3,1 16,9 2,9 29 5 290 13 800 6,5 55 135 .. 2,3 , 2,0 0,6 81 4 1 980 14 6 720 2,5 73 26 .. 11,2 11,0 2,0 117 2 170 7 600 3,8 38 182 62 0,8 24,8 2,4 75 94 3 780 222 8 940 3,2 73 8 89c 144,4 11,7 2,5 10 3 290 11 960 3,5 41 222 19c 0,6 30,1 1,7 67 40 1 320 119d 3 950d 3,8 68 43 51 36,5 102,3 1,6 54 637 6 230 915 8 950 ­0,1 74 29 91c 424,0 18,8 2,2 24 4 210 2102 1 070d 5,0 41 205 46 1,2 4,2 ­0,2 129 2 590 7 1 750 6,5 67 32 99 6,6 2,5 1,3 2 1 480 4 1 800 3,4 65 71 98c 7,5 49,4 1,5 75 .. h .. .. .. 57 108 85 9,1 2,0 2,8 2 4 1 870 13 6 620 ­6,7 42 67 83 1 8 24,7 2,4 172 6 240 35 1 420 0,7 60 83 44 3,4 11,8 3,3 9 2 200 10d 820d 1,0 46 264 17 1,2 . . , . 259 1. () . ()a ()b , . . , 5 , (% , % . , 1 . , . . . , % 15 ) 2003 1999­2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2002­2003 202 2002 2002 2000 135,6 2,6 149 43 320 122 900 8,3 45 201 67 36,1 16,2 0,6 479 427 26 310 464 28 600 ­0,9 78 5 .. 138,9 5,5 2,8 45 4 730 13d 2 400d ­0,2 69 41 77e 3,7 4,0 1,2 15 64 15 870 85 21 120 0,9 78 6 .. 32,1 4,6 0,6 15 198 43 350 170 37 300 ­0,2 79 4 .. 49,9 148,4 2,4 193 69 470 306 2 060 3,3 64 101 .. 104,8 3,0 1,7 40 13 4 250 19d 6 310d 2,3 75 25 92 6,3 -- 5,5 2,5 12 3 510 123 2 240d 0,2 57 94 .. 2,4 5,6 2,4 14 6 1 100 27d 4 740d ­0,3 71 30 92e 3,7 27,1 1,8 21 58 2 150 138 5 090 2,4 70 39 85e 29,5 38,2 0,0 125 201 5 270 437 11 450 4,9 74 9 .. 301,3 10,2 0,2 11241 124 12 130 183 17 980 ­0,9 76 6 93 59,8 143,4 ­0,3 8 375 2 610 1 279 8 920 7,8 66 21 100 1 435,1 8,3 1,3 334 2 220 11d 1 290d 2,1 40 203 69 0,6 22,2 ­0,3 96 51 2 310 159 7 140 5,6 70 21 97c 86,3 6,5 1,9 315 14 2 200 32d 4 890d 1,8 70 39 80 6,7 22,5 2,7 10 187 8 530 281d 12 850d ­1,8 73 28 78 374,3 10,0 2,4 52 6 550 17d 1 660d 6,0 52 138 39 4,2 8,1 " 79 16i 1 910i .. .. 5,5 73 19 .. 39,5 4,3 2,6 6 967 90 21 230 103 24 180 ­1,0 78 4 93c 59,0 . 17,4 2,8 95 20 1 160 60 3 430 0,0 70 28 83 54,2 5,4 0,1 110 26 4 920 72 13 420 4,8 73 9 100c 35,4 2,0 ­0,1 98 23 11 830 38 19 240 3,5 76 5 100 14,6 291,0 1,2 32 10 946 37 610 10 914 37 500 2,0 77 8 .. 5 601,5 ­ 5,3 2,2 75 1 150 3 530 4,5 37 284 .. 0,6 6,3 1,3 45 1 190 7 1 040 7,8 67 116 99c 4,0 62,0 0,8 121 136 2 190 462 7 450 6,1 69 28 93c 198,6 35,9 2,6 41 10j 290j 22 610 3,5 43 165 77 4,3 4,9 2,6 89 1 310 7d 1 500d 0,9 50 140 60 1,8 9,9 1,5 64 22 2 240 68 6 840 4,4 73 26 73 18,4 4,9 2,2 10 5 1 120 28 5 840 15,3 65 86 .. 34,6 70,7 1,8 92 197 2 790 473 6 690 4,2 70 41 87c 221,6 25,3 2,9 128 6 240 36d 1 440d 0,8 43 141 69 1,5 25,6 1,7 62 11 420 44 1 720 3,0 67 65 99 118,6 48,4 ­0,5 83 47 970 262 5 410 10,2 68 20 100 342,8 3,4 0,7 19 13 3 790 27 7 980 1,9 75 15 98 5,4 81,5 2,2 273 88 1 080 379 4 640 2,5 70 37 93c 77,5 5,2 0,3 17 141 27 020 141 27 100 1,7 78 5 .. 53,4 59,7 0,4 109 1 523g 24 770g 1 640 27 460 ­0,3 79 6 .. 362,4 4,5 ­0,5 80 2 5 350 48 10 710 4,0 74 8 98c 19,6 3,9 2,1 6 1 260 4d 1 080d ­8,8 42 180 49e 0,3 8,6 3,0 7 2 250 9 1 100 4,3 48 200 46 0,1 10,2 ­0,1 132 69 6 740 160 15 650 2,9 75 5 .. 118,8 15,8 1,4 21 69 4 390 155 9 810 2,0 76 12 96c 59,5 7,3 0,7 186 293 39 880 235 32 030 ­1,2 80 6 .. 39,1 9,0 0,3 22 258 28 840 238 26 620 1,2 80 3 .. 46,9 19,2 1,3 297 18 930 72 3 730 4,3 74 19 92 10,2 13,0 1,8 47 23 1 790 45 3 440 0,9 70 29 91c 25,5 4,4 2,6 43 1 190 5d 1 110d 2,8 51 80 .. 0,6 1,4 ­1,2 32 7 4 960 17 12 480 5,3 71 12 100c 16,0 68,6 2,3 69 6 90 49d 710d ­5,7 42 171 42 5,6 45,3 1,9 37 126 2 780 465d 10 270d ­2,0 46 65 86 327,3 2,6 0,8 244 7 3 790 10 3 790 1,1 76 20 88 10,8 127,2 0,2 349 4 390 34 510 3 641 28 620 2,7 82 5 .. 1 184,5 6 271,7 s 1,4w 48 w 34 491 t 5 500 w 51 314 t 8 180 t1 1,4 w 67 w 81 w 79 w 22 994,5 t 2 310,3 2,0 76 1 038 450 5 052 2 190 4,9 58 126 61 2 066,7 2 990,1 1,1 43 5 732 1 920 17 933 6 000 3,9 70 38 90 9 129,1 2 655,2 1,1 47 3 934 1 480 14 617 5 510 4,5 69 40 90 7 116,3 334,9 1,3 26 1 788 5 340 3261 7 9 900 1 7 73 22 91 2 012,0 5 300,3 1,5 53 6 762 1 280 22 894 4 320 3,8 65 88 78 11 196,2 1 854,5 1,2 117 2 011 1 080 8 675 4 680 6,8 69 42 90 3 752,3 472,7 0,1 20 1 217 2 570 3 579 7 570 6,0 69 37 97 3 162,6 534,2 1,6 27 1 741 3 260 3 780 7 080 ­0,1 71 34 89 1 357,4 311,6 2,1 28 689 2 250 1 743 5 700 1,2 69 54 69 1 227,2 1 424,7 1,8 298 726 510 3 795 2 660 5,7 63 95 59 1 220,3 702,6 2,5 30 347 490 1 243 1 770 1,3 46 174 65 478,8 971,4 0,7 31 27 732 28 550 28 603 29 450 1,4 78 7 .. 11 804,3 a. « ». b. , . . . d. ; . e. . f. (Ruoen and Kai, 1995). g. , , . h. (765 . ). i. . j. . 260 2005 2. . . . , . , % % 2 . 1 . , , 1 . % 2 . . . . % , % , % . 20% 20% .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1994e,f 35,2 5,9 41,3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1997e,f 30,0 8,1 38,5 2001 .. .. 49,6 2001a 3,7 <1,0 9,1 3,5 2001 c,d 36,5 7,4 44,5 2002 29,6 .. 25,4 2002a <2,0 <0,5 11,8 2,0 2002c,d 28,2 9,1 37,4 1998 16,6 7,3 12,2 1995a <2,0 <0,5 15,1 3,8 1995c,d 35,3 7,0 42,6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1998 .. 29,9 .. 2001a 3,3 0,5 14,3 4,7 2001e,f 52,2 3,1 56,4 1998­99 44,8 60,4 53,7 1998a 12,8 3,3 49,0 17,3 1998c,d 37,9 6,7 45,1 2000 53,0 36,6 49,8 2000a 36,0 8,1 82,8 36,3 2000 c,d 31,8 9,0 41,3 2000 .. .. 41,9 2000a <2,0 <0,5 <2,0 0,1 2000 c,d 30,4 8,4 39,1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1996e,f 25,0 8,3 37,3 1995 .. .. 33,0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2001 .. .. 12,8 2001a 4,7 1,4 16,2 5,7 2001e,f 31,9 6,7 38,9 1999 81,7 .. 62,7 1999a 14,4 5,4 34,3 14,9 1999 c,d 44,7 4,0 49,1 2001­02 19,9 13,8 19,5 .. .. .. .. .. 2001c,d 26,2 9,5 35,8 .. .. .. 1993a 23,5 7,7 50,1 22,8 1993c,d 63,0 2,2 70,3 1990 32,6 13,1 17,4 2001a 8,2 2,1 22,4 8,8 1998e,f 59,1 2,0 64,4 ­ 1998 51,0 16,5 45,3 1998a 44,9 14,4 81,0 40,6 1998c,d 48,2 4,5 60,7 1990 36,0 43,0 .. 1998a 58,4 24,9 89,2 51,3 1998c,d 33,3 5,1 48,0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1999e,f 36,0 6,1 44,0 1997 .. .. 17,3 1998a <2,0 <0,5 7,3 1,7 1999c,d 24,4 7,7 37,5 , 1989 .. .. 31,3 1998a 15,0 6,9 32,0 15,2 1998e,f 49,1 3,0 53,4 1993 57,2 25,9 50,9 1998a 17,7 3,3 63,7 22,9 1998c,d 36,1 8,0 44,5 1995 66,0 .. 65,0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1998 49,9 18,6 39,5 1999a 44,8 17,3 78,5 40,8 1999c,d 30,0 5,6 46,6 2000 74,5 27,1 56,2 2000a 16,0 4,6 37,4 16,0 2000e,f 48,3 2,6 64,1 1994 .. .. 40,0 .. .. .. .. .. 1994c,d 40,3 6,4 47,2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2000e,f 28,3 8,5 36,9 1993 51,0 57,0 53,0 1998a 23,8 11,6 44,4 23,1 1999e,f 55,0 2,7 58,9 .. .. .. 1998e,f 35,4 7,1 43,6 1997 9,9 12,1 11,1 2001a 2,7 0,9 15,7 4,6 2001 c,d 36,9 6,4 43,6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1997e,f 24,7 8,3 35,8 . 1998 42,1 20,5 28,6 1998a <2,0 <0,5 <2,0 <0,5 1998e,f 47,4 5,1 53,3 , . 1999­00 23,3 22,5 16,7 2000a 3,1 <0,5 43,9 11,3 1999c,d 34,4 8,6 43,6 1998 83,1 56,0 72,9 1998a 63,7 32,7 87,4 55,4 1998c,d 52,6 3,3 56,6 1995­96 48,0 7,9 34,9 1990­91a 36,0 9,6 64,2 29,4 1995c,d 56,8 4,6 55,7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1997e,f 35,5 6,9 44,3 1999­00 30,2 24,7 28,6 1999­00a 34,7 8,2 79,9 35,3 1999­00c,d 32,5 8,9 41,6 1999 .. .. 27,1 2002a 7,5 0,9 52,4 15,7 2002c,d 34,3 8,4 43,3 1997 .. .. 11,7 1997a <2,0 <0,5 7,4 1,4 1997 c,d 36,4 7,6 44,4 , . .. .. .. 1998a <2,0 <0,5 7,3 1,5 1998c,d 43,0 5,1 49,9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1996e,f 35,9 7,1 43,3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1990e,f 32,5 7,5 40,3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2000e,f 36,0 6,5 42,0 , . 1998 45,0 30,8 41,8 1998a 15,7 4,5 45,2 15,0 1998c,d 33,4 7,4 41,2 1996 39,0 30,0 34,6 2001a <2,0 <0,5 8,5 1,4 2001c,d 31,3 8,2 39,6 1997 40,1 21,1 36,1 1997a 34,1 9,7 77,7 34,5 1997c,d 40,4 6,9 47,6 2001 49,9 22,1 40,2 2001a 17,1 4,1 50,6 19,3 2001c,d 44,6 5,6 50,9 .. .. .. 1998e,f 33,1 7,0 40,4 1997 53,0 49,0 52,0 1997a 23,0 6,0 58,6 24,1 1997c,d 44,5 5,6 51,2 . 1999 69,7 49,0 64,1 2001a <2,0 <0,5 27,2 5,9 2001c,d 29,0 9,1 38,3 1998 4,6 <2,0 4,6 2001a 16,6 3,9 46,7 18,4 2001c,d 44,7 4,7 50,0 () .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1996e,f 43,4 5,3 50,7 1999 79,0 55,0 64,0 1999a 8,2 2,2 22,6 8,8 1999e,f 57,6 2,7 61,8 , . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. , . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. , . .. .. .. 1998a <2,0 <0,5 <2,0 <0,5 1998e,f 31,6 7,9 37,5 ­ 1992 25,5 19,2 22,0 2000a 2,0 0,7 9,5 3,0 2000e,f 46,5 4,2 51,5 ­' .. .. .. 1998a 15,5 3,8 50,4 18,9 1998c,d 45,2 5,5 51,1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1998a <2,0 <0,5 8,3 2,0 1998e,f 32,4 7,6 40,3 .. .. .. 1995a 36,4 19,0 56,1 33,1 1995 c,d 63,2 1,5 66,5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2000a <2,0 <0,5 13,7 4,2 2000c,d 31,9 7,9 40,0 1997­98 41,0 26,9 38,6 1997­98a 26,3 6,3 73,2 29,6 1997c,d 37,0 7,6 45,0 2000 61,2 25,4 46,3 2000a 25,9 7,6 63,1 26,8 2000c,d 39,0 6,2 45,7 1999 76,7 52,1 71,3 1999a 49,1 18,3 83,3 44,0 2001c,d 47,5 4,9 53,5 .. .. .. 1998a <2,0 <0,5 4,0 0,6 1998c,d 28,2 8,4 36,7 1997­98 66,5 54,9 65,3 1997­98a 41,7 14,8 76,1 38,3 1997c,d 50,3 4,9 56,1 1989 .. .. 15,5 1997a <2,0 <0,5 9,3 2,0 1997e,f 49,2 4,4 54,3 1998 75,9 30,1 63,8 1994a 72,8 37,4 90,6 60,5 1994c,d 50,5 4,6 56,2 . . , . 261 2. () . . . , . , % % 2 . 1 . , , 1 . % 2 . . . . % , % , % . 20% 20% 1998­99 27,2 12,0 19,0 1999a <2,0 <0,5 14,3 3,1 1998­99c,d 39,5 6,5 46,6 1988 .. 10,1 2000a 9,9 3,7 26,3 10,9 2000e,f 54,6 3,1 59,1 1996­97 71,3 62,0 69,4 1996a 37,9 12,0 78,4 36,8 1996­97c,d 39,6 6,5 46,5 1997 26,7 .. 23,3 2001a 22,0 5,8 63,7 25,1 2001c,d 36,2 7,1 43,7 1995 33,1 38,5 36,3 1995a 13,9 3,1 50,0 17,5 1998c,d 44,0 5,6 51,2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1993a 34,9 14,0 55,8 30,4 1993e,f 70,7 1,4 78,7 1995­96 44,0 23,0 42,0 1995a 37,7 9,7 82,5 37,5 1995­96c,d 36,7 7,6 44,8 1989­93 66,0 52,0 63,0 1995a 61,4 33,9 85,3 54,8 1995c,d 50,5 2,6 53,3 1992­93 36,4 30,4 34,1 1997a 70,2 34,9 90,8 59,0 1996­97c,d 50,6 4,4 55,7 .. .. .. .. .. 1994e,f 32,6 7,3 40,1 1998 68,5 30,5 47,9 2001a 45,1 16,7 79,9 41,2 2001e,f 55,1 3,6 59,7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1997e,f 36,2 6,4 43,8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2000e,f 25,8 9,6 37,2 1998­99 35,9 24,2 32,6 1998a 13,4 2,4 65,6 22,0 1998­99c,d 33,0 8,8 42,3 1997 64,9 15,3 37,3 2000a 7,2 2,3 17,6 7,4 2000e,f 56,4 2,4 60,3 ­ 1996 41,3 16,1 37,5 .. .. .. .. .. 1996c,d 50,9 4,5 56,5 1991 28,5 19,7 21,8 1999a 14,9 6,8 30,3 14,7 1999e,f 56,8 2,2 60,2 1997 64,7 40,4 49,0 2000a 18,1 9,1 37,7 18,5 2000e,f 49,8 2,9 53,2 1993 .. .. 23,8 1999a <2,0 <0,5 <2,0 <0,5 1999c,d 31,6 7,3 42,5 .. .. .. 1994a <2,0 <0,5 <0,5 <0,5 1997e,f 38,5 5,8 45,9 1994 .. .. 30,9 2000a 6,1 1,2 23,8 8,0 2000c,d 45,6 4,9 51,3 1993 .. 51,2 1983­85a 35,7 7,7 84,6 36,7 1983­85c,d 28,9 9,7 39,1 1994 27,9 20,4 21,5 2000a 2,1 0,6 20,5 5,2 2000c,d 30,3 8,2 38,4 1992 55,7 43,1 48,3 2000a 31,1 14,1 58,0 29,7 2000e,f 53,2 2,9 57,1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1992 40,4 .. 33,4 1995a 26,3 7,0 67,8 28,2 1995c,d 41,3 6,4 48,2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1998e,f 42,5 5,0 49,0 . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1996a <2,0 <0,5 2,4 0,7 1996e,f 25,8 8,8 34,8 .. .. .. 1998a <2,0 <0,5 <2,0 <0,5 1998­99e,f 28,4 9,1 35,7 .. .. .. .. .. .. 2000e,f 40,8 5,4 45,8 ­ 1989 76,0 53,0 68,0 1989a 57,0 39,5 74,5 51,8 1989c,d 62,9 1,1 63,4 .. .. .. 1998a 10,3 2,6 50,8 16,3 1998c,d 34,7 8,0 40,0 1992 15,5 10,2 13,1 2000a <2,0 <0,5 32,5 9,0 2000c,d 43,2 6,1 50,0 2000­01 38,7 .. 35,7 1993a 19,9 4,8 59,7 23,0 1993c,d 38,2 6,8 45,5 1987­89 .. .. 32,3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1995 13,9 3,6 7,6 2000a <2,0 <0,5 6,6 1,3 2000c,d 39,8 6,0 47,3 .. .. .. 1998a 12,1 2,6 44,0 15,4 1998c,d 40,8 6,1 47,5 .. .. .. 2000a <2,0 <0,5 10,3 2,5 2000c,d 40,0 6,1 46,7 1997 .. .. 44,0 .. .. .. .. .. 1999c,d 43,0 5,9 49,7 2000 30,5 22,5 27,5 2000a 21,8 5,4 77,5 28,9 2000c,d 26,8 9,2 36,3 1995 .. .. 31,7 1999a 2,9 0,6 45,7 16,3 1999c,d 29,0 8,8 37,8 .. .. .. 2000a <2,0 <0,5 3,9 0,8 2000e,f 44,6 4,8 50,1 1997 50,7 21,5 36,8 2000a 14,6 2,7 46,4 17,2 2000c,d 46,1 5,4 52,3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2000e,f 26,9 9,6 36,7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1995e,f 32,7 7,2 40,2 .. .. .. 2000a <2,0 <0,5 <2,0 <0,5 2001c,d 29,0 8,3 39,6 .. .. .. 1993a 66,6 38,1 84,0 58,4 1993c,d 61,3 2,0 65,0 1995­96 67,0 63,0 64,0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. 1996a <2,0 <0,5 <2,0 <0,5 1996e,f 25,4 10,3 35,9 1998 .. .. 17,0 2000a <2,0 <0,5 9,6 2,5 2000'' 57,1 3,3 62,2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1992e,f 33,1 6,9 40,3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2000e,f 25,0 9,1 36,6 ­ 1995­96 27,0 15,0 25,0 1995­962 6,6 1,0 45,4 13,5 1995c,d 34,4 8,0 42,8 1994 47,0 25,0 35,0 1998a 17,7 7,1 40,8 17,7 1998c,d 43,7 3,3 58,0 1993­94 .. .. 53,0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1995 14,7 6,8 8,9 1998a <2,0 <0,5 5,2 0,8 2000e,f 37,2 6,1 44,0 1999­00 45,0 37,0 44,2 1999­00a 26,3 5,7 80,7 31,8 2000c,d 30,0 9,1 39,4 .. .. 1995a 7,1 1,1 23,8 8,6 1995c,d 59,3 2,0 66,5 2000 25,1 .. 18,7 2000a <2,0 <0,5 13,3 2,7 2000c,d 37,9 6,7 46,0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1993e,f 24,9 10,6 35,7 a. . b. , . d. . e. . f. . 262 2005 3. . . , % , . . , , % . 1995 . , , , , , . % % % % % 2003 1990­2003 1988­90 2000­2002 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 1990­2003 518 382 3,8 24 500 36 327 4 26 71 60 18 24 ­3 1,9 251 456 2,1 15 593 33 828 2 32 66 58 19 22 1 1,7 7 124 2,4 .. 1 029 16 54 29 60 10 52 ­23 65,6 6 124 4,6 1 137 1 868 25 19 56 93 8 23 ­24 26,9 65 993 2,4 1 781 1 919 11 65 24 45 8 32 14 14,7 13 189 3,2 218 137 9 65 27 63 ..a 32 5 518,4 129 735 2,3 7 282 10 317 11 35 54 63 11 15 11 4,9 2 797 1,5 .. 2 827 24 38 38 85 10 20 ­15 119,9 51 897 4,9 244 318 22 27 52 77 5 23 ­6 3,8 17 493 0,6 .. 3 038 10 37 53 60 21 22 ­3 252,3 302 217 2,1 30 479 57 462 1 27 72 55 21 19 4 1,8 3 499 5,0 397 621 36 14 50 80 13 19 ­12 7,0 19 859 ­0,2 3 409 8 282 12 27 61 69 17 21 ­8 75,1 8 024 3,5 681 754 15 33 52 77 15 11 ­3 7,1 6 963 17,8 .. 7 634 17 35 49 88 25 19 ­32 3,5 7 388 4,7 777 575 2 48 50 28 32 25 14 9,0 492 338 2,6 2 982 4 899 6 21 73 58 20 20 2 118,9 ­ 4 182 4,2 148 185 31 19 50 83 13 19 ­15 4,7 669 ­1,5 176 1,51 49 19 32 93 8 10 ­10 12,8 1 794 858 2,6 29 138 32 918 1 26 73 66 20 16 ­2 2,8 82 805 2,4 5 133 5 625 4 31 65 67 11 24 ­2 16,4 , 84 793 0,5 4 449 5 399 3 43 54 70 6 12 12 39,5 39 157 7,5 192 256 23 39 38 66 6 32 ­4 11,6 2 745 ­0,8 .. .. 27 16 57 103 ..a 21 ­24 19,4 7 659 4,3 542 571 35 25 40 83 11 19 ­14 26,4 24 730 3,8 1 932 2 115 22 19 58 90 5 17 ­12 9,3 3 626 4,2 228 286 25 36 39 83 6 14 ­4 5,2 2 400 655 1,5 16 783 33 686 1 30 69 59 19 18 4 1,6 6 978 3,0 856 1 037 13 31 56 74 14 29 ­17 16,2 173 045 2,7 10 578 13 860 7 22 70 67 16 23 ­6 7,5 3 937 ­3,2 .. .. 21 23 56 81 10 21 ­12 185,8 212 404 2 4 29 551 63 131 3 27 71 48 26 20 6 2,0 . 15 915 5,7 2 061 3 281 11 32 57 80 7 22 ­9 9,1 , . 82 427 4,5 1 000 1 316 16 34 50 72 13 17 ­2 7,0 4 299 1,4 188 194 19 30 51 84 11 16 ­11 41,8 8 304 1,1 292 355 17 24 59 72 17 8 2 32,3 103 689 4,3 .. .. .. .. .. 60 31 16 ­7 8,2 598 966 5,8 342 401 23 26 52 65 13 24 ­2 6,8 208 311 3,5 674 748 17 44 40 69 9 16 6 15,3 9 860 4,6 1 810 1 145 2 26 72 80 23 23 ­26 2,5 , 136 833 4,0 2 613 3 737 11 37 53 64 10 30 ­3 24,6 148 553 7,6 .. .. 3 42 54 47 15 24 15 3,8 836 100 2,8 12 860 22 412 3 30 66 58 18 26 ­2 3,8 1 465 895 1,6 13 990 27 064 3 29 69 60 19 20 1 3,4 , 10 831 5,8 329 412 15 40 45 74 14 17 ­5 18,6 29 749 ­0,6 .. 1 753 8 39 53 59 13 26 2 120,2 4 299 6,6 .. 422 36 28 36 80 6 22 ­8 3,4 12 449 2,7 837 1 213 45 19 37 71 12 17 ­1 4,4 834 390 3,2 29 425 43 064 .. .. .. 56 19 20 5 1,5 13 842 1,8 265 213 17 19 64 70 19 16 ­5 12,2 1 737 ­1,5 .. 1 861 39 23 38 68 19 18 ­4 191 1 409 852 9,5 227 338 15 53 32 44 13 42 1 4,9 () 158 596 3,7 .. .. 0 12 88 57 11 23 9 1,8 77 559 2,3 3 889 3 619 14 31 55 71 14 16 ­2 17,8 , 5 600 ­3,9 250 212 58 19 23 92 4 7 ­3 617,0 3 510 1,8 486 469 6 61 33 35 18 23 24 7,9 605 331 5,5 .. 13 747 3 35 62 55 13 29 3 4,8 ­ 17 482 4,8 3 721 5 270 8 29 63 69 15 18 ­2 14,9 ­' 13 734 2,4 779 1 046 28 21 52 63 12 10 16 7,3 35 369 2,9 .. .. .. .. .. 56 26 9 9 2,6 9 671 ­0,1 .. 2 773 5 24 71 62 18 31 ­10 31,5 1 135 3,4 591 575 16 42 42 85 33 34 ­52 9,5 19 000 4,6 .. 29 874 12 20 68 96 13 17 ­26 12,2 18 213 0,0 .. 3 431 7 34 59 64 20 21 ­6 45,8 2 036 6,3 462 621 51 23 26 .. .. 22 28,6 1 128 4,4 382 447 19 30 51 82 18 41 ­41 5,6 5 459 2,1 160 155 29 15 55 82 10 16 ­8 16,0 , 4 705 0,1 .. 4 243 12 30 57 85 12 22 ­18 48,8 1 731 3,1 77 124 38 15 48 85 20 8 ­13 30,9 103 161 5,9 5 678 6 912 9 49 42 46 14 22 18 3,4 4 326 4,9 251 274 36 27 37 79 10 22 ­11 6,0 44 491 2,7 1 823 1 513 18 30 52 64 20 23 ­6 2,3 626 080 3,0 1 579 1 913 4 26 70 69 13 20 ­2 16,5 4 320 7,0 126 136 23 34 43 59 11 45 ­15 24,8 1 964 ­5,9 .. 971 23 25 53 95 18 22 ­34 78,9 1 188 1,7 1 44 1 444 28 15 57 63 19 31 ­13 40,5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15 .. 24,6 4 658 3,7 1 055 1 545 10 31 59 58 28 24 ­10 10,3 5 835 4,6 188 203 40 21 39 79 10 26 ­14 6,9 . . , . 263 3. () . . , % , . . , , % . 1995 . , , , , , . % % % % % 2003 1990­2003 1988­90 2000­2002 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 1990­2003 2 730 2 7 211 197 40 17 43 82 12 16 ­10 5,2 50 202 2,7 509 729 37 29 34 57 26 22 ­5 23,1 511 556 2,7 34 647 59 476 3 26 71 50 24 20 5 2,4 4 100 4,3 1 255 1 618 18 25 57 78 16 31 ­25 28,3 76 256 3,2 20 966 28 740 .. .. .. 60 19 20 2 1,6 221 579 3,4 21 358 37 073 2 38 60 43 20 20 17 3,2 68 815 3,6 544 719 23 23 53 73 12 15 0 8,6 12 916 4,1 2 192 2 967 6 14 81 70 7 26 ­3 3,0 ­ 3 395 2,8 695 823 26 39 35 .. .. .. .. 7,6 5 814 1,7 3 261 3 318 21 27 52 81 8 25 ­15 11,2 61 011 3,9 1 39 1 863 8 29 64 72 10 19 ­1 18,1 209 563 4,7 .. 1 879 3 31 66 70 16 19 ­5 17,7 149 454 2,6 5 391 7 567 4 30 66 61 21 28 ­10 4,8 433 491 ­1,8 .. 3 826 5 34 61 53 16 20 11 106,4 1 637 2,3 220 254 42 22 36 85 14 20 ­19 10,6 60 358 0,2 2 340 3 588 12 36 52 76 9 21 ­5 78,1 14 396 4,0 1 619 1 678 9 32 59 88 11 17 ­16 5,7 188 479 2,1 7 348 15 796 5 551 44 37 26 20 18 1,7 6 496 4,0 352 354 17 21 62 75 14 20 ­9 3,8 19 176 0,5 .. .. .. .. .. 86 19 18 ­23 52,9 91 342 6,3 27 156 42 920 0 35 65 41 12 13 33 0,6 21 517 4,3 2 056 2 636 23 29 48 66 11 24 0 6,6 31 868 2,5 .. .. 4 30 67 55 21 25 ­1 9,3 26 284 4,0 .. 37 671 3 336 61 53 22 25 0 9,6 10 881 609 3,2 27 975 53 907 2 23 75 70 16 18 ­4 2,0 ­ 793 ­3,1 766 359 52 31 17 92 20 18 ­31 24,6 1 303 ­3,2 .. 617 23 20 56 91 9 19 ­19 147,0 143 163 3,7 768 863 9 41 50 62 9 23 6 3,4 b 9 872 3,7 174 187 43 17 40 77 15 18 ­10 17,4 1 759 2,1 458 503 41 22 37 83 9 22 ­14 5,9 24 282 4,6 2 228 3 115 13 30 58 64 15 25 ­4 3,9 6 010 0,8 .. 690 25 44 30 55 13 33 0 226,6 237 972 3,1 1 848 1 848 13 22 65 67 14 23 ­3 68,7 6 198 6,8 285 346 33 22 45 76 15 23 ­14 8,8 9 949 1,2 .. 1 449 35 22 43 57 19 17 7 162,4 49 537 ­5,3 .. 1 576 14 40 46 60 16 19 5 155,0 11 182 1,5 6 832 8 177 9 27 64 73 12 11 3 23,9 80 574 3,5 1 354 1 458 14 32 53 72 11 19 ­2 7,7 161 549 2,9 23 140 42 306 3 33 64 51 22 20 8 2,0 1 747 973 1,9 30 635 59 243 3 25 72 55 24 19 2 1,5 28 322 1,7 .. 9 741 8 29 62 61 21 27 ­9 53,0 1 198 1,8 383 502 61 25 14 75 13 18 ­6 3,9 2 648 3,0 171 211 38 17 46 81 7 45 ­33 6,7 85 438 1,4 .. 6 382 4 40 57 53 21 28 ­2 9,2 72 416 5,6 4 854 6 226 9 34 57 63 11 22 3 7,0 309 465 1,0 .. .. .. .. .. 61 14 21 4 1,1 300 795 2,3 30 186 40 368 2 28 70 49 28 176 6 1,8 ­ 18 514 4,7 677 725 20 26 54 76 9 23 ­7 9,0 26 913 1,9 4 726 3 310 9 29 62 70 12 22 ­4 3,9 734 4,0 .. 68 15 24 61 104 34 22 ­60 10,3 8 383 1,5 .. 3 650 5 30 65 62 18 32 ­12 35,5 6 638 4,3 .. 154 42 11 47 79 19 21 ­19 5,4 159 886 2,3 3 428 4 072 4 31 65 67 14 15 4 9,0 7 817 0,7 1 232 1 487 5 29 66 74 18 27 ­19 18,6 4 326 444 1,3 25 293 33 077 1 31 68 56 17 26 1 ­0,5 36 356 240t 2,6 w , w 1 051 w 4w 28 w 68 w 62 w 17w 20 w 1 w .. 1 101 435 4,7 329 383 25 25 50 68 13 22 ­3 .. 5 995 502 3,3 .. 818 11 38 51 60 13 25 2 .. 4 146 612 3,4 522 716 12 40 48 58 13 27 2 .. 1 830 894 3,0 .. 4 027 7 32 61 65 13 18 4 .. 7 086 806 3,4 492 627 13 36 51 61 13 24 2 2 050 713 7,2 .. .. 14 49 38 52 12 33 3 1 394 511 0,2 2 376 9 31 60 61 16 21 2 1 733 889 2,7 2 770 3 591 7 25 68 62 16 19 11 676 986 3,2 1 917 2 340 11 41 48 54 18 23 5 755 772 5,5 343 412 23 25 52 68 12 23 ­2 417 336 2,7 382 360 14 29 57 68 16 18 41 29 270 317 2,5 .. .. 2 27 71 63 18 19 0 a. , . . . b. . 264 2005 4. , , , , % , a, % . 2003, , . , , . . . . . . % % 2003 2003 2002 2002 2003 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 70 358 88 618 29 16 ­30 675 .. 16 364 .. .. .. 93,9 96 187 97 678 82 15 ­2 392 .. 886 .. .. .. 124,3 2 592 2 626 6 8 ­2 021 1 313 1 392 43 1 398 21 8,5 450 1 879 86 1 ­408 136 135 101 1 312 20 43,6 25 300 12 850 2 4 1 023 1 065 12 22 800 42 29,1 9 075 4 175 .. .. ­1 431 1 420 1 312 32 10 134 120 5,5 29 349 13 813 31 7 9 559 681 785 0 132 314 66 62,4 678 1 269 61 2 ­186 108 111 96 1 149 34 7,3 6 820 9 660 92 0 739 132 47 7 17 037 22 40,2 9 964 11 505 64 4 ­505 227 247 4 908 7 17,5 267 179b 250 399b 79b 11 9 392 .. 73 635b .. .. .. 115,4 425 765 6 0 ­153 41 41 34 1 843 36c 5,8 7 439 10 742 61 ­1 648 808 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2 576 .. .. 659 ­11 65 7 4 568 38 174,4 17 954 23 021 67 5 2 891 ­576 693 10 13 555 35 27,9 2 169 2 190 37 3 354 107 177 4 10 736 65 21,3 37 065 39 301 50 65 2 060 3 549 1 111 7 59 342 77 10,0 52 834 41 312 85 24 9 295 .. 8 156 .. .. .. 116,0 384 662 388 373 81 21 25 744 .. 52 020 .. .. .. 17,0 6 164 14 199 73 12 ­2 039 3 604 980 37 15 347 76 74,4 130 97 .. .. .. 4 4 16 1 066 78 59,1 230 852 .. .. .. 900 901 28 1 281 37c 19,1 48 723 51 306 89 14 ­4 485 10 382 9 323 38 26 419 46 15,4 20 875 19 320 18 3 ­594 2 781 1 713 ­1 41 945 62 27,5 100 550 96 345 93 21 26 011 3 599 .. .. .. 145,3 100 939 82 317 81 16 10 624 11 828 .. .. .. 246,6 ­ 5 060 6 455 74 1 ­264 206 242 18 9 611 48 93,3 5 988 6 534 10 7 ­1 222 2 103 1 275 17 16 452 95 .. 56 600 .. .. ­223 21 21 54 528 40 15,0 5 618 7 967 72 12 ­1 150 1 586 285 51 4 741 86 44,8 535 2 015 14 ­70 71 75 19 6 523 63c ­0,5 36 452g 38 141g 63g 5 ­1 456 783 739 14 25 041 22 46,7 1 215 3 815 64 0 ­1 119 540 481 9 5 477 82 58,7 471 934 382 959 93 24 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CD ROM «World Development Indicators 2004. « » , , () 1993 . (. (1993 System of National Accounts, SNA). , 1993 . ) « » « , , ». . 1 3. , . , , , « » -- , « 2004. , -- , , . , 1 . () 2003 . , , « . ». , . . () , , () , . . . , 1995 . , . . , , . . , , . , , . , , « . 2004 .» (World Development Indicators 2004). , , . . , , , . , . , . : , , , ; , , , ; , 1995 . , , , . , . , , , , , , , . , . , . , . , , 1. . . CD ROM , World Development Indicators 2004. , , 268 2005 , , , , . , , , , . (. ). . . , . . -- . , ( -- , ), , , , . ( , . ) () . . , , , «». . ( «» , . « » ). (. , « » 2001 ). . ( ) «». , , , . , . , . , , (), , , , . . . . (2) , , . . , , , . , () , , . . , , 1999 .; 1996 ., (World Energy Data Set), 1993 . , 1996 . , , , . 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