85824 FRAMEWORK DOCUMENT FOR A GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR OCEANS A Published: March 2014 Acknowledgements This document was made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the Norwegian people through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to the Global Partnership for Oceans. Special thanks to Rachel Kyte and Juergen Voegele of the World Bank for their leadership. Note on this document This document summarizes the approach that the GPO will take in its work with countries to help improve the health of the oceans and reduce coastal poverty. It is the product of close to two years of consultations and feedback from governments, partners and a wide range of interested stakeholders around the world, and has been guided by a working group of over 20 partners as well as the recommendations of an independent blue ribbon panel of 21 global experts and thought leaders. Disclaimer This document was made possible through support provided by the Office of Forestry and Biodiversity, Bureau of Economic Growth, Education and Environment, U.S. Agency for International Development, under the terms of Award No. EGEE-IO-13-00001, and through support provided by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Government of Norway. The opinions expressed in this document do not necessarily reflect those of the U.S. Agency for International Development and the Norway Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the view of or imply an official endorsement by the World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the Governments they represent. The World Bank does not This document preparedthe guarantee was accuracy by a World Bankof the data Group included team in this in response work. to a Nothing Declaration herein shall for Healthy, Productive Oceans to Help Reduce Poverty, presented constitute toSummit at the Rio+20 or be considered on June 21, be a limitation 2012, upon oron ofthe behalfof waiver partner governments, privileges civil society and immunities oforganizations, private sector World and companies the associations, Bank, research all of which institutions, are specifically U.N. agencies, multilateral banks, and foundations, to develop a Global Partnership for reserved. Oceans (www.globalpartnershipforoceans.org) to help fill significant gaps in the implementation of a number of international commitments for healthier oceans. This document has benefited from a wide range of consultations since Rio+20, including discussions at the World Photo credits Conservation Congress, the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, and the Small States Forum, as well as a number © Cover: of Curt Carnemark/World technical Bank discussions and guidance from an independent Blue Ribbon Panel of 21 global experts and thought leaders. Two previous drafts 5: Page of ©theThi Hoa/World document were Bank circulated to partners and received comments from over 30 organizations, as well as review and guidance Page from an14: © Curt interim group of over Bank Carnemark/World working 20 partners, representing the diversity of the partnership (including governments, U.N. agencies, civil society, Page 21:and the private © Arne sector). Hoel/The This Bank World version has been completed as a basis for the partnership to begin and implement activities. Page 32: © Arne Hoel/The World Bank B Contents Synthesis 3 Why a Global Partnership for Oceans? 7 What will the Global Partnership for Oceans do? 11 How will the Global Partnership for Oceans work? 15 Appendix I. A declaration for healthy, productive oceans to help reduce poverty 23 Appendix II. Non-exhaustive menu of potential activities to be supported by the GPO 25 Appendix III. Guidance from the Blue Ribbon Panel to the GPO 43 Note: All dollars are U.S. dollars unless indicated otherwise. 1 2 SYNTHESIS “Fragmented approaches that fail to consider social, political, economic and ecological relationships will fail to meet the complex challenges facing ocean health” BLUE RIBBON PANEL REPORT, OCTOBER 16, 2013 3 Restoring the health of the world’s ocean is a global Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea, and challenge that can and must be solved if we are to plastic waste alone results in over $1.2 billion in alleviate poverty, build resilient communities, and annual damages to the Pacific region (Goodplanet. foster strong coastal economies. Everyone stands info 2009; Ocean Recovery Alliance 2012). to benefit if the ocean is better protected, better managed, and better understood for the important The natural systems underpinning the health of services that its ecosystems provide. For example, the ocean—and the livelihoods, food, and other the estimated global benefits from more-effective, services dependent upon them—are at risk, due science-based management of fisheries are on the largely to human action occurring in the context order of $50–100 billion annually (World Bank and of weak institutions. The failure of institutions to FAO 2009). Furthermore, Interpol cites estimates manage human action affecting ocean ecosystems is that illegal fishing alone costs the global economy degrading its ability to drive growth. Institutions and up to $23 billion annually. Similarly, the formal and informal rules affecting policy design, coastal water pollution implementation, and outcomes have failed to estab- cost the world economy lish governance frameworks that incentivize better almost $12.8 billion management of the goods and services provided by in 2006, according the ocean’s ecosystems. to the French Fortunately, restoring the health of the world’s ocean is possible—by aligning ocean health and human well-being. Working within the existing framework provided by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Treaty, the institutions governing human action in the ocean can be improved by recognizing that the well-being of communities, the viability of economies, and the sustainability of ecosystems are intricately linked (Blue Ribbon Panel 2013). Drawing upon a continuum of approaches, there are more and more examples of successful reforms that can be customized to different country circumstances. Coordinated action to increase investment and cooperation around these proven solutions could unlock the ocean’s potential to help alleviate poverty and promote shared pros- perity. The international community has agreed on numerous occasions over the last 30 years to take such action. What is needed now is increased collaboration and resources across both public and private sectors in order to actually make it happen. The Global Partnership for Oceans (GPO) has been established as a convening platform that can help to reduce the barriers to countries obtaining the finance and expertise they need to restore ocean health. The GPO will coordinate this finance and expertise in a way that cuts across the traditional silos of fisheries, conservation, and pollution, sequencing interven- tions for maximum impact. It will help catalyze innovation and implement tailored, science-based solutions in response to country demand. 4 The GPO will help mobilize greater finance and 4. Long-term viability, making investments that knowledge to implement solutions. Building on are economically viable and socio-ecologically existing commitments and institutions at the country, sustainable and that promote positive, self-sus- regional, and global levels, the GPO will respond to taining outcomes, especially when transitional country demands for assistance by investing in the funding or other GPO assistance ends. custom design of reforms and action plans to better 5. Capacity building and innovation, aiming to manage their ocean resources, transition resources build on local knowledge and develop innovative (that is, finance and knowledge) for wider replica- solutions, human resource capacity, educational tion and adoption of reforms and innovations, and tools, and operating strategies, as well as new sustainability and scale—leveraging long-term public finance and policy vehicles. and private investment based on the enabling condi- tions provided by the transition. To finance this support, the GPO will establish a new Global Fund for Oceans (GPO Fund), as well as Based on recommendations from an independent an Ocean Investment Roundtable. The GPO Fund Blue Ribbon Panel of global leaders, GPO support will finance the diagnosis of problems, map existing will follow five guiding principles: efforts, develop actions plans for reform, and identify the resources needed to implement them. 1. Sustainable livelihoods, social equity, and food Funds to implement these plans could come from security, emphasizing the importance of marine members of the Ocean Investment Roundtable, who ecosystems in delivering essential goods and will harmonize investments in particular geogra- services that underpin millions of livelihoods, phies, or from other interested public and private social equity, and food security. financing sources, including the World Bank’s 2. Healthy ocean and sustainable use of marine investment portfolio. and coastal resources, ensuring investments contribute to the maintenance, restoration, and To mobilize the knowledge countries need, the GPO enhancement of marine and coastal ecosystems, will include a network of expertise from the partners, while recognizing that people are an essential part coordinated through a global assembly of partners of the global ecosystem. supported by the GPO Fund and a number of commu- 3. Effective governance systems, supporting inno- nities of practice established around specific issues vative systems that provide incentives to private and themes. These communities of practice will help and public sector leaders at all levels to engage develop, compile, and communicate solutions for and support a healthy ocean and community interested countries, and will mobilize the expertise well-being. that countries need to develop action plans for reform. 5 6 WHY A GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR OCEANS? Restoring the health of the world’s ocean is a global challenge that can and must be solved. Leaders in business, government and civil society increasingly recognize this, and are building mechanisms and capacity for making this happen. Increasingly, inadequate policies, lack of political will, and institutional weaknesses are being overcome through new partnerships, coalitions and investments that have a high likelihood of helping reverse the decline of the ocean. Central to the success of these innovative strategies are global partnerships and networks that will enable the international community to tackle the problems at scale. BLUE RIBBON PANEL REPORT, OCTOBER 16, 2013 7 A healthy ocean is fundamental to including anti-cancer agents, HIV drugs, pain human well-being and an indispensable medications, and others (European Science part of Earth’s life-support system, which Foundation 2010; Faulkner 2001). sustains the species and the ecosystems upon which • Homes and shelter: Protection from natural we depend. Some 70 percent of Earth’s surface hazards for the growing coastal population, is covered by a vast body of salt water that moves particularly in small island developing states that between regions to form one interconnected system. depend on natural coastlines. The ocean regulates the climate and supplies half • Mitigation of climate change: Storage of carbon, of the planet’s oxygen. Eighty percent of all life on which can generate significant value for both the Earth is found in the ocean. Humankind depends on local and global economy. “Blue carbon” sinks the functioning of ocean ecosystems (that is, ocean like mangrove forests, sea grass beds, and other health)1 to provide food and medicines for our vegetated ocean habitats can sequester up to five growing population, support hundreds of millions of times the amounts of carbon absorbed by tropical livelihoods, and contribute hundreds of billions of forests (Nellemann et al. 2009). dollars annually to the global economy, all of which underpins the global effort to reduce poverty and However, the natural systems underpinning the promote shared prosperity. For example: health of the ocean—and the livelihoods, food, and other services dependent upon them—are at risk, • Food and nutrition: Seafood contributes 16 due largely to human action occurring in the context percent of the animal protein consumed by the of weak institutions. 2 For much of human history, world’s population, with 1 billion people in devel- the ocean has been viewed and treated as a limit- oping countries relying on this source of protein less resource and a largely cost-free repository of (a particularly critical source of nutrition, notably waste. This misconception was enabled, in part, by for early childhood and during pregnancy). the ocean’s size and remoteness (Blue Ribbon Panel Demand is expected to double in the next 20 2013). Such mistaken beliefs, in combination with years, with seafood already the most heavily a rising resource demand (over the last 100 years, traded food commodity in the world (FAO 2010). the world’s population quadrupled to 7 billion and • Livelihoods: Over 300 million livelihoods are esti- the gross world product increased 20-fold) and mated to depend on ocean fishing, aquaculture, inadequate economic incentives and management and tourism, among other sectors, with 97 percent tools to cope with this demand, have led to ineffi- of livelihoods directly dependent on fisheries and ciently regulated or unregulated competition among aquaculture occurring in developing countries, the various users (individuals, groups, and nations) mostly in small-scale operations in Asia (FAO (Blue Ribbon Panel 2013). Currently, users compete 2010). for a share in the benefits derived from the ocean • Economies: Revenues in the global economy with little or no incentive to protect or improve those of more than $190 billion annually come from goods and services for future generations. This has seafood (FAO 2010), and some $161 billion annu- resulted in excessive use, and in some cases irrevers- ally is derived from marine and coastal tourism ible change, of valuable ocean resources. As a result, and products, including antibiotics, antifreeze, ocean communities have been facing increasing risks fiber optics, antifouling paints, and a number of to their future wealth, livelihoods, and food security pharmaceutical products (UNEP 2006). A large (Blue Ribbon Panel 2013). number of developing coastal and island nations depend on tourism and fisheries for a significant Three key threats to ocean health result from this part of their gross domestic product and public combination of misconceptions on the limits of revenues. ocean resources, growing demand, and weak insti- • Health: Medicines that have improved many millions tutions: overfishing, habitat change, and pollution of lives—over 12,000 biochemical compounds have (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005). In been isolated from sea creatures since the 1980s, the context of weak institutions, a combination of 1. “Healthy ocean” refers to an ocean that is “clean, safe, prospering and sustainably managed. It contributes significantly to the economy, supporting multiple, beneficial uses such as food production, development of energy and mineral resources, recreation and tourism, transportation of goods and people, and the discovery of novel medicines, while preserving a higher level of biodiversity and a wide range of critical natural habitats” (U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy 2004). 2. Institutions are defined here as the formal and informal rules affecting policy design, implementation, and outcomes (North 1990). 8 technological improvements and rising demand long as there is sufficient action to reduce projected for seafood has driven overfishing. The current increases in the concentrations of these gases global fishing capacity is estimated to be 2.5 times (IDDRI 2012). greater than what is needed to catch fish at sustain- able levels, and millions of tons of fish are caught The world has responded to these threats to ocean illegally each year. Some 30 percent of the world’s health with an array of treaties, agreements, and assessed ocean fisheries are currently overexploited, targets over the last 30 years, all committing signatory depleted, or recovering from depletion (up from 10 countries and organizations to concrete action. In percent in 1970), while an estimated 11–25 million 1982, to address the challenge of the ocean as a global tons of fish are captured via illegal, unreported, and commons, countries adopted the United Nations unregulated fishing each year (Agnew et al. 2008). Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). To date As both consequence and cause, the condition the convention has been ratified by 162 countries and and extent of natural habitats in the ocean (and the European Union. UNCLOS established a global particularly coastal habitats) continues to decline. governance framework for the use and management The world has lost 20 percent of its sea grass and of ocean resources by balancing rights, interests, and mangrove habitats since, respectively, 1970 and responsibilities between coastal state jurisdiction and 1980, while coral reefs have declined globally by 38 the areas beyond. Among its most important provi- percent since 1980 (UNEP 2012). As coastal cities sions, UNCLOS provides for a territorial sea not to and populations have grown alongside global agricul- extend beyond 12 nautical miles and a contiguous tural production and energy consumption, so too has zone not to extend beyond 24 nautical miles, coupled the level of pollution entering the ocean, 80 percent with the right of innocent passage for ships from all of which now comes from land-based sources (UNEP states; an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) not to 2012). Pollution continuously worsened from 1995 extend beyond 200 nautical miles; and to 2012 in three areas: excess nutrients, wastewater/ freedoms in the high seas (Cicin- sewage, and marine litter (including, potentially, the Sain and Knecht 2000). emerging issue of micro-plastics). With the delimitation of EEZs, UNCLOS put an Increasing levels of greenhouse gas emissions are additional 35 percent leading to climate change, warming surface water of the ocean’s surface temperatures, lower surface water pH, and rising under national control sea levels. Over the coming decades, these changes with regard to manage- will increasingly stress the physics, chemistry, and ment of natural resources biology of the ocean (Oceana et al. 2011). In terms (WCED 1987). UNCLOS of ocean acidification, the mean surface ocean pH defined a regime that has decreased from 8.2 to 8.1, and under current gave governments a trends a decrease to 7.7 or 7.8 is projected by 2100, mandate to control the which is expected to be a major threat to coral reef use of a much larger communities and shellfish (UNEP 2012). Taken area of the ocean together, climate change and ocean acidification and the opportunity will affect the ocean in ways we are only beginning to address the threats to understand. For example, the United States to the health of the recently proposed listing 66 coral species under the resources and to sustain- Endangered Species Act as a result of rising ocean ably capture the benefits temperatures, ocean acidification, and disease—all they could provide. With this directly or indirectly linked to greenhouse gas emis- opportunity came the obliga- sions and a changing climate. Addressing the first tion to ensure the maintenance three key threats to ocean health now—overfishing, of the ocean’s living resources habitat change, and pollution—offers the ocean and the protection and the best chance to adapt to the changes caused by preservation of the marine increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, as environment. 9 Since UNCLOS there have been over 80 global possible oil spills at local, national, and regional commitments to help address specific threats to ocean levels. Innovative enclosed wastewater management health, most notably at Rio in 1992, Johannesburg systems, including recycling, are being developed by in 2002, and Nagoya in 2010, among others. Nations firms such as Grundfoss as part of the management further reiterated many of these commitments in of a number of densely used tourism developments. Rio in 2012 at the United Nations Conference on Several cities in developed and developing coun- Sustainable Development (Rio+20) (UNCSD 2012). tries have established cost-effective solutions to Based upon these agreements, treaties, and targets, costly wastewater treatment plants through natural a vast array of programs and initiatives have been “nutrient cleaning” that can be provided in lagoons, launched since 1992, often sector- or region-specific. ponds, and wetlands. In Kolkata, India, 0.6 million m3 of sewage and wastewater is treated daily in the Many of these commitments have resulted in real East Kolkata Wetland System. The wetland produces action on the ground. Local bright spots include a yearly catch of 11,000 tons of fish, accounting for an increase in the use of novel management tools about a third of the city’s fish demand (KEIP 2012). and user rights arrangements to help reduce fishing In Lake Manzala, Egypt, a demonstration wetland is effort, rebuild fish stocks, and restore profitability in treating 25-50,000 m3 of wastewater a day, substan- fishing (Blue Ribbon Panel 2013). For example, terri- tially reducing the wastewater inflow from Egypt into torial fishing rights recently implemented in fishing the Mediterranean Sea (GEF 2012). cooperatives and community-based organizations in Mexico, Chile, and Bangladesh have generated new But progress remains uneven, and many global economic and social returns as well as healthier commitments are unfulfilled—hence the rationale fish stocks. There have been major efforts in recent for a global partnership to mobilize resources for this years to combat illegal, unreported, and unregulated effort. Replicating the lessons from bright spots— fishing, including regulations requiring certification with fit-for-purpose policies, underpinned by sound that fish imported into the European Union were science, robust monitoring, and enforcement, and caught legally, and the development of an interna- the resources and strengthened institutions to imple- tional monitoring, control, and surveillance network. ment them at scale and tailored to local context— Interpol has launched Project Scale—a global initia- could help achieve the commitments the world has tive to detect, suppress, and combat fisheries crime made for a healthier ocean. Leaders in business, (Interpol 2013). government, and civil society increasingly recognize this and are building mechanisms and capacity for These successes have not been confined to fisheries. making this happen. The Global Partnership for The amount of ocean under formal protection has Oceans (GPO) is one response designed to bring doubled in five years, as communities and govern- financing and technical assistance to the ocean in ments have established a growing number of marine the pursuit of poverty alleviation, resilience, and protected areas within competing uses, which have inclusive green growth. It aims to bring resources to acted as “fish banks” or ecotourism hubs to generate countries for the implementation of commitments new economic returns. Additionally, some progress and replication of successes. has been made in leveling off and even reducing marine pollutants from a number of sources since 1992. The private sector, as part of corporate social responsibility efforts, has shown that pollution reduction is an important aspect of supply chains and overall business models. For example, A.P. Moeller Maersk Group and Royal Caribbean Cruises track and reduce waste streams to enhance productivity. The International Maritime Organization has devel- oped effective alliances with the oil industry to establish training programs throughout West Africa for communities to prepare for 10 WHAT WILL THE GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR OCEANS DO? 11 The Global Partnership The focus of the GPO’s work is to alleviate poverty and for Oceans is a achieve food security for communities dependent on convening platform that ocean resources—aligning ocean health and human aims to help reduce the well-being. Traditionally, non-exclusive access rights barriers to countries to ocean resources (such as an open-access fishery) obtaining the finance are granted to citizens to provide food or economic and expertise they need returns. This simple allocation of access rights can to improve ocean health. work well as long as the resource vastly exceeds The GPO will help coor- the demands placed on it. But given the non-exclu- dinate this finance and sive nature of this right, often other users crowd expertise in an integrated in, depleting the resource, dissipating net returns, approach across the sectors and increasing poverty. So the GPO will prioritize of sustainable seafood and live- approaches that benefit artisanal fishing communities lihoods from capture fisheries and and the poor over approaches that expose them to aquaculture, conservation or enhance- more uncertainty, leave them vulnerable to external ment of critical coastal habitats and biodi- shocks, or hamper their chances of future prosperity, versity, and pollution reduction. It will also serve as a building on the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible forum to share lessons across countries and regions. Fishing and the Committee on World Food Security’s Voluntary Guidelines on Responsible Governance of The GPO does not advocate a one-size-fits-all Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context approach to solving problems in the ocean. The GPO of National Food Security. For example, though often focuses on supporting countries to diagnose critical used as a cure-all for ocean habitat health, marine needs and opportunities for improving ocean health, protected areas (MPAs) are not always pro-poor. MPAs custom design reforms and action plans to capture involve exclusion rights that can be difficult to uphold these opportunities, build a constituency of support without sufficient enforcement capacity, de facto for these reforms and plans, and mobilize access privileging some access—usually the better-capital- to any finance and expertise to implement them. ized and harder to catch—over other access. At other These efforts will be government-owned and -led, times, MPAs themselves can be designed such that the with the GPO mobilizing the technical expertise and exclusion right is given to one group at the expense catalytic funding to develop reforms and plans with of access rights of a community that depends on the locally appropriate, evidence-based solutions from area for its resilience and food security. As such, the a spectrum of proven approaches. Given the diver- GPO will work exclusively to empower local ocean sity of issues facing the ocean and ocean-dependent users—the owners of this public resource—to take a communities, the approaches most likely to work will long-term stake in the health of those resources and vary significantly from place to place and will need will help them to reap the benefits from them. to be tailored to particular socio-ecological systems (Blue Ribbon Panel 2013). No single approach will Five principles will guide the GPO in prioritizing be sufficient to address the complexity of issues that approaches and solutions for support. As part of the face the world’s ocean today (Blue Ribbon Panel design of the GPO, an independent panel of experts 2013). Instead, solutions must be multidimensional (the Blue Ribbon Panel) was created to advise on the and integrate all aspects of the socio-ecological development and implementation of the partnership system (Blue Ribbon Panel 2013). In general, some and particularly to recommend the foundational prin- key aspects that underlie successful approaches ciples for prioritizing GPO investments, considering include careful allocation of rights and responsibil- ecological, economic, and community sustainability. ities, thoughtful design of management practices, Partners of the GPO nominated and helped select the the efficiency of markets, and appropriate incentives panel members, consisting of leaders from 16 coun- and public-private partnerships (Blue Ribbon Panel tries and representing government, the private sector, 2013). A detailed menu of potential approaches and non-profit organizations, academia, and multilateral solutions within the four areas mentioned in para- institutions. Based on the advice of this panel, the graph 10 can be found in Appendix II. GPO will be guided by the following five principles (see Appendix III for the panel’s full report): 12 • Principle 1: Sustainable livelihoods, social equity, to private and public sector leaders at all levels to and food security. This principle emphasizes the engage and support a healthy ocean and commu- importance of marine ecosystems in delivering nity well-being. essential goods and services that underpin millions • Principle 4: Long-term viability. Consistent with of livelihoods, social equity, and food security. this principle are investments that are economi- Central to this principle is the need to align the cally viable and socio-ecologically sustainable and use of resources to optimize the well-being of that promote positive, self-sustaining outcomes, people today and in perpetuity. Further, efforts especially when transitional funding or other GPO need to reduce conflicts over resources by using assistance ends. Successful management frame- an integrated ecosystem management approach works, designed to restore depleted resources, will that considers economic, environmental, and require long-term investment horizons and consis- social aspects. Key objectives for investments tent monitoring. Ideally, they will build on and include incentivizing socio-ecologically sustain- scale up existing efforts and incorporate pre-ex- able use of ocean resources. isting skills, networks, and organizations locally as • Principle 2: Healthy ocean and sustainable use of well as globally. In pursuing this principle, efforts marine and coastal resources. Investments should need to consider market and social forces and contribute to the maintenance, restoration, and instruments that valuate and cause internalization enhancement of marine and coastal ecosystems. of all environmental goods and services costs and Central to this theme is the recognition that people that promote optimal development, management, are an essential part of the global ecosystem and and utilization of public goods. that efforts to enhance ecosystem health must • Principle 5: Capacity building and innovation. align with the goals of all stakeholders involved in In accordance with this principle, investments the socio-ecological system. Particular emphasis should seek to scale up and integrate proven should be given to fragile or vulnerable solutions and develop novel ideas and strategies ecosystems as well as to areas of in order to produce the required transformative high value in terms of biodiversity, outcomes. Investments will aim to build on local productivity, and functionality, such knowledge and develop innovative solutions, as key spawning and nursery areas. human resource capacity, educational tools, • Principle 3: Effective governance and operating strategies, as well as new systems. Inherent to this principle finance and policy vehicles. Using are initiatives that produce change assessments of risks and opportu- in management practices to enable nities, initiatives should seek to a rapid shift toward the sustain- make strategic investments while able use of marine and coastal at the same time incorporating resources. Investments should lessons learned from failures seek opportunities to mainstream and successes as solutions integrated, sustainable manage- are refined. ment of marine resources into national budgets and plans. The goal is to support (or design) effective, innova- tive governance systems that provide incentives 13 Guided by these principles, the GPO will build on The GPO will support countries to work in partner- the international governance arrangements, conven- ships across private and public sectors. Individuals, tion processes, and agreements that already exist to communities, and industries that benefit from goods achieve agreed outcomes for a healthier ocean. The and services must jointly determine how to manage GPO builds on lessons learned, agreed international and share ocean resources within governance frame- commitments, and targets made in Rio in 1992 works that are equitable and fair to all stakeholders. under Agenda 21, and subsequently at Johannesburg One instrument for holistic solutions is well-struc- in 2002, in the Aichi Biodiversity Targets in Nagoya tured public-private partnerships that resolve pressing in 2010, and at Rio +20. Moreover, the GPO will work ocean issues by incorporating the five principles just with its partners to achieve the outcomes presented described (Blue Ribbon Panel 2013). in the Declaration for Healthy Productive Oceans to Help Reduce Poverty (see Appendix I). The GPO will design multidimensional indicators for each of these outcomes, in accordance with the five principles above, so that progress against them can be measured effectively. The GPO will also work to design broader impact indicators to measure the impact of achieving these outcomes on poverty and resilience. 14 HOW WILL THE GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR OCEANS WORK? 15 the GPO Secretariat will support partic- ipants from developing countries where necessary. Information on the status and progress of GPO investments and activities will be available to all partners, allowing the Assembly to monitor progress and contribute to specific activities. Consolidation of this information, as well as coordination of the annual meeting, is the joint responsibility of the Secretariat and the Partners. • Ad-hoc Working Groups of Partners (for example, communities of practice). From within the Assembly, working groups of GPO partners will be established as needed around specific The GPO is an inclu- subjects/themes and to support requests from sive, open partnership countries/regions. The working groups will be of public, private, and civil society organizations developed around focused terms of reference with and governments collaborating in knowledge and specific and time-bound deliverables, such as financing platforms to assist countries. New members incubating, compiling ,and showcasing solutions may join at any time by formally endorsing the GPO and successes and developing and maintaining Declaration and committing to help implement the an active roster of global expertise on key topics GPO. In order to help reduce the barriers to coun- likely to be needed by countries. tries obtaining the finance and expertise they need to improve ocean health, the partnership will provide a FINANCING PLATFORM knowledge platform that shares lessons from success and failure and that mobilizes global knowledge and • Global Fund for Oceans (GPO Fund). The GPO expertise along with a financing platform to mobilize Fund is a multidonor trust fund (MDTF) managed the seed funding to identify and develop solutions and by the World Bank, under a single governance the larger capital needed for their implementation. framework and common standard provisions and following Bank policies and guidelines. The MDTF The following partnership arrangements are designed will provide grants to developing country govern- to help achieve GPO objectives. ments (and/or regional organizations acting at their request) to undertake activities in support KNOWLEDGE PLATFORM of GPO objectives, as well as funds executed directly by the World Bank for the same purpose. • Assembly of Partners. The Assembly of Partners Planning, allocation, and reporting on finance includes all partners in the GPO. This group contrib- from the GPO Fund, for support to countries utes to the development and implementation of and for global activities, is based on an annual the partnership, representing a broad network of work program that summarizes the activities to stakeholders, healthy ocean supporters, ambassa- be financed in order to achieve the objectives, dors, and advocates for healthy oceans. It can help depicted alongside parallel and co-finance from develop and showcase innovations and solutions partners (to the extent information is provided). that can be supported and scaled by the GPO. The The World Bank will have fiduciary responsibility Assembly will review progress with GPO objectives, over the use of the proceeds of the Fund and will and its innovations, knowledge, and broad network manage and supervise the MDTF per World Bank of expertise may inform the dialogue of the GPO guidelines governing Trust Funds. Fund Steering Committee as well as that of other partners’ finance. The Assembly will aim to meet A GPO Fund Steering Committee will be established annually, although not less than every two years. to provide strategic guidance on the overall use of Partners will fund their own participation, though the MDTF. The Steering Committee will provide 3. Given the role of the GPO Fund Steering Committee in endorsing the work program and budget, provisions and procedures would be developed to address any potential conflict of interest considerations for members. 16 strategic guidance on the overall use of the GPO foster a diverse portfolio of ocean investments tied to Fund, review and endorse the GPO Fund’s annual GPO objectives and country priorities. Membership work program and associated budget prepared by the could grow over time, with members potentially secretariat, and review annual progress and financial financing Roundtable operating costs through an reports of activities financed by the GPO Fund. The annual membership fee. Partners become members committee will include donors to the GPO Fund, the of the Roundtable in one of two ways. They can sign World Bank, and a limited number of other stake- a Memorandum of Understanding to participate and holders who are critical to the MDTF’s achieving can commit to a minimum level of future investment the GPO objectives, as determined by the Steering in the oceans as a best endeavor, for example through Committee.3 The committee will be chaired by one of a dedicated financing fund or a pipeline portfolio its members, nominated by the full Committee at its committed to the GPO’s objectives, in order to ensure first meeting. The Chair will rotate every two years. that they can make a significant contribution—on Decisions will be made by consensus in an open and the order of $10 million over three years. Or they can transparent process, with meeting minutes made contribute to the GPO Fund. The Roundtable aims available to the Assembly of Partners and the general to attract investments from partners with their own public. Meetings will be held on at least an annual project selection and funding disbursement systems basis, and initially as frequently as on a quarterly who also seek to work in partnership and at a scale basis. Over time, some meetings could be virtual to beyond their individual reach. Partners participating reduce transaction costs. The composition and terms in the Roundtable agree to share information on of reference for the GPO Fund Steering Committee the investments made so that all partners can track will be further developed by the GPO Secretariat for progress toward achieving the GPO’s objectives. proposed adoption by the Steering Committee at its first meeting, building on good practice experience. ADMINISTRATION • Ocean Investment Roundtable. Given the scale • GPO Secretariat. The Secretariat, based in the of the funding needed to support countries to World Bank, will include staff assigned to provide implement the reforms necessary to achieve the administration and operational support covering GPO’s objectives for healthier oceans and to help the day-to-day program management and admin- end poverty, an Oceans Investment Roundtable istration of the GPO—including the GPO Fund, of GPO financiers (that is, bilateral and multilat- support of all partnership bodies (Assembly eral donors, dedicated finance instruments, and and partner working groups, Ocean Investment foundations) will be established as a subset of the Roundtable, and GPO Fund Steering Committee), Assembly. This will help fund investment oppor- results tracking, and fund-raising—and the oper- tunities as they are identified and developed by ations of the GPO, including coordination and partners and the GPO Fund. The Roundtable will implementation of the overarching work program provide a flexible, coordinated platform to inform among partners, brokering critical knowledge public, private, and philanthropic capital toward products and information, supporting achieve- projects and investments identified and developed ment monitoring, and facilitating trilateral public- by the partners and the GPO Fund in response to private-civil society partnership in this space. The country demand. Roundtable members will invest Secretariat includes a core administrative team in opportunities of their choosing and according and draws upon a wider group of technical experts to their own procedures. The Secretariat’s role is in the three components of the GPO (sustainable to foster a project or project pipeline for consid- fisheries and aquaculture, habitat conservation, eration by Roundtable members, as a service to and pollution reduction) to provide momentum, and in consultation with the clients of the GPO. support catalytic actions, and proactively main- Interested members work with project propo- tain communication and facilitation with and nents to develop concepts into full projects and between GPO partners. The Secretariat draws investments. upon global experts and thought leaders from private and public sectors as needed for project The Roundtable therefore focuses on matching ideas implementation, beginning with the expertise to finance, while at times it might also serve as a from the Assembly of Partners. marketplace for predesigned programs, helping to 17 THE VARIOUS PARTNERSHIP BODIES WILL INTERACT AS FOLLOWS: COASTAL & ISLAND COUNTRIES AND GROUPS OF COUNTRIES (Based on Country Demand: Countries request support from Secretariat) Provides Financing, Operations and Knowledge to Provides Direct help identify and develop reforms and innovations, Financing for and secure financing for implementation Transition, Implementation, each member according UN agencies, GPO Fund Steering Committee to respective Working procedures Groups of Partners Supports Supports Secretariat Ocean Investment Roundtable Supports Subset of Assembly ASSEMBLY OF GPO PARTNERS hoc working groups established around specific themes and/or countries/regions) (includes ad-­ THE GPO OFFERS A THREE-STAGE of areas beyond national jurisdiction. EEZs are PROCESS TO RESPOND TO COUNTRY where much of the world’s fisheries production DEMAND takes place, where natural habitats are under the greatest pressure, and the source of most of the • Stage One: Country demand for GPO support. The pollution that enters the oceans. process begins with country demand, when coun- tries or groups of countries request GPO support • Stage Two: Global expertise mobilized to help through the Secretariat. Requests for support from identify, develop, and support reforms and action the GPO Fund will be prioritized based on their plans. When possible under the GPO Fund, the contribution to measurable progress as part of the Secretariat will support multidisciplinary teams, five guiding principles described previously (see combining local and global expertise as warranted, Appendix II for a fuller description of the prin- to assess the needs, opportunities, and baseline ciples and accompanying prioritization criteria). conditions for transformational Transparency will be critical to this process, with change, map existing country requests for support communicated widely to the partners to help build upon existing efforts and crowd in knowledge and resources where possible. Demand for GPO support is expected, often, to be multicountry in scale. GPO support will be concentrated primarily in waters under national jurisdiction (EEZs), although not to the exclusion 18 GPO 3-STAGE PROCESS: OUTCOME 1. Countries Request Support Sustainable Ocean-Based Growth to Reduce Poverty 3. Transition Finance Public and private investment Implementation of reforms based on reforms 2. Technical Assistance Identify/develop reforms and solutions • GPO Global Fund for Oceans (MDTF) GPO Ocean Investment Public and private • Expertise from Partners Roundtable* investment *Note: All funds are governed according to the arrangements and procedures of the respective institutions. efforts, help countries develop reforms and action for increased collaboration and resources for plans, and identify the resources needed to healthier oceans in that area of focus, creating a implement them—all in consultation with stake- common agenda for action that draws upon work- holders. The teams will look for local successes able solutions, while building upon existing work and opportunities for reform where support could in each country. Action plans are owned and led help achieve the GPO’s objectives in accordance by client countries, and progress against them is with the five guiding principles, drawing as updated as commitments for support and action needed upon the GPO’s knowledge platform for are made by interested partners. appropriate approaches from elsewhere. Pipeline and existing investments in an area would be • Stage Three: Support for countries to secure clearly identified, both to avoid duplication and transition/implementation finance as needed to build on or complement existing investments. to implement reforms and action plans. Once The resulting reforms and action plans would reforms and action plans are identified and devel- include attainable and measurable performance oped, the GPO will help countries secure the measures toward achieving the GPO’s objec- long-term public and private investment finance tives. As such, the action plans would provide a needed to implement them. To this end, the GPO principle-based framework could draw upon its Ocean Investment Roundtable to identify and develop the finance packages that countries need. 19 GPO SUPPORT TO COUNTRIES WILL • Traditional knowledge. Efforts will be made to BE CARRIED OUT IN ACCORDANCE ensure the historical expertise and cultural expe- WITH THE FOLLOWING OPERATIONAL rience of island and coastal people are fully taken POLICIES into account and incorporated into projects. • Socially and environmentally responsible invest- • National ownership. GPO support will be ment. GPO investments will follow applicable requested and determined by countries, whether social and environmental standards, building for implementation in specific countries or at the on the World Bank’s Social and Environmental regional level on their behalf, and will be guided Safeguards (see worldbank.org/safeguards), the by national plans and priorities. International Finance Corporation’s Performance • Mutual accountability. GPO support in each Standards (see www.ifc.org/performance- country or region will be guided by the relevant standards), and the Equator Principles (see www. national and regional policies and frameworks. equator-principles.com). Similarly, GPO support will be implemented through existing institutions to every extent GPO PARTNERS WILL PLAY possible, rather than creating new ones, working DIFFERENT ROLES ACCORDING TO to build and strengthen capacity. THEIR COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES • Alignment and harmonization. GPO support will be aligned with and augment existing efforts • Donor partners contributing to the GPO’s finance of governments, partners, and stakeholders to platform, either as a donor to the GPO Fund ensure the GPO is adding value to what is already (formalized via an agreement with the World in place. Bank) and/or a member of the Ocean Investment • Empowerment. GPO investments will aim to Roundtable (formalized via a memorandum of strengthen or reform the institutions managing understanding with the World Bank). the use of the oceans in such a way as to empower • Knowledge partners participating and contrib- users to every extent possible, recognizing that the uting to the GPO’s knowledge platform, via more decision-making responsibility that users the Assembly and various working groups to have, the lower the transaction costs of manage- provide ocean research and information, wider ment (and the higher the economic returns). knowledge products, experience, and on-the- • Scientific basis. GPO investments will not only ground operational capacity to help support GPO support projects with science-based actions but implementation. also support improving the science and access to reliable, relevant, and timely data related to the three goal areas, building on existing mecha- nisms, as appropriate. 20 • Participating countries leading and imple- a program of consolidation and renewal that could menting the reforms needed for healthier oceans. extend beyond 10 years. The first five years would • Private investors providing long-term finance enable a good assessment of the effectiveness of the for enterprises linked to healthy oceans, building GPO and the new financing instruments to support off of reforms supported by the GPO. and catalyze the additional efforts of partners, after which successful activities could be replicated even The GPO is envisaged as a 10-year program. However, further to achieve the objectives and targets. to ensure proper follow-through and to capitalize on and replicate successes, the GPO may benefit from   21 22 APPENDIX I. A DECLARATION FOR HEALTHY, PRODUCTIVE OCEANS TO HELP REDUCE POVERTY www.globalpartnershipforoceans.org A DECLARATION FOR HEALTHY, PRODUCTIVE OCEANS TO HELP REDUCE POVERTY W e the Participants in the Global Partnership for Oceans, commit to develop and help implement this Partnership, in recognition of humankind’s dependence on healthy oceans to feed the planet’s growing population, support millions of livelihoods, contribute hundreds of billions of dollars annually to the global economy, and to provide essential environmental services, including climate regulation. Despite global commitments made to date as well as the efforts of many organizations, governments, enterprises and individuals, the oceans remain under severe threat from pollution, unsustainable harvesting of ocean resources, habitat destruction, ocean acidification and climate change. Building upon and better coordinating existing efforts and programs, including in support of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, our Global Partnership will convene stakeholders to mobilize significant human, financial and institutional resources for effective public and private investments in priority ocean areas. These investments will improve capacity and aim to close the gap in implementing global, regional and national commitments for healthy and productive oceans. The Partnership Will Work toward Meeting the Following Interrelated Objectives by 2022 Sustainable seafood and livelihoods from capture fisheries and aquaculture In line with previous internationally agreed commitments* and taking into consideration growing impacts of climate change: • Significantly increase global food fish production from both sustainable aquaculture and sustainable fisheries by adopting best practices and reducing environmental and disease risk to stimulate investment; • Reduce the open access nature of fisheries by creating responsible tenure arrangements, including secure access rights for fishers and incentives for them to hold a stake in the health of the fisheries; and • Enable the world’s overfished stocks to be rebuilt and increase the annual net benefits of capture fisheries by at least $20 billion, including through reducing subsidies that promote overfishing. Critical coastal and ocean habitats and biodiversity In line with previous internationally agreed targets and to address the growing impacts of climate change: • Halve the current rate of natural habitat loss and reduce habitat degradation and fragmentation, by applying ecosystem-based approaches to management; • Increase marine managed and protected areas, and other effective area-based conservation measures, to include at least 10% of coastal and marine areas; and • Conserve and restore natural coastal habitats to reduce vulnerability and increase resilience to climate change impacts. Pollution reduction In line with previous internationally agreed commitments and taking into consideration the growing impacts of climate change: • Reduce pollution to levels not detrimental to ecosystem function and biodiversity; and • Support implementation of the Global Program of Action to reduce pollution, particularly from marine litter, waste water and excess nutrients, and further develop consensus for achievable goals to reduce these pollutants. The Global Partnership for Oceans is an inclusive partnership of Governments, civil society organizations, private sector companies and associations, research institutions, UN agencies, multi-lateral banks and foundations whose membership will grow over time. We will contribute resources according to our respective comparative advantages which may include capability for implementation, knowledge, and/or monetary support towards investment on behalf of healthier oceans in a number of priority ocean areas. A Global Partnership for Oceans Fund will be established and governed by a committee representative of the diversity of the membership and stakeholders of the Global Partnership for Oceans, and with an advisory process that will ensure that investment choices are evidence-based. Within the next six months, the partners will seek to finalize the governance and working arrangements for the Partnership. *Note: The previously agreed international commitments and targets referenced in this Declaration include those made in Rio in 1992 in Agenda 21, and subsequently at Johannesburg in 2002 and in the Aichi Biodi- versity Targets in Nagoya in 2010. 23 24 APPENDIX II. NON-EXHAUSTIVE MENU OF POTENTIAL ACTIVITIES TO BE SUPPORTED BY THE GPO This Appendix provides a non-exhaustive sampling institutional, scientific, and of the types of activities that the GPO could fund in legal framework is in place for pursuit of diagnosing problems and custom-designing introducing, supporting, and reforms and action plans for countries. enforcing tenure rights5 that respect the rights of present and SUSTAINABLE SEAFOOD AND future generations, address broader LIVELIHOODS FROM CAPTURE FISHERIES human rights principles when defining AND AQUACULTURE and allocating rights, and support empowerment of fishing communities The global demand for seafood continues to grow and through social inclusion and capacity is expected to double in the next 20 years. According and capability building. This support to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (FAO would take into consideration the 2012), in 2010 world aquaculture attained an all-time FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible high production of food fish for human consumption Fishing, the International Plan of at 59.9 million metric tons, representing 47 percent Action (IPOA) for Illegal, Unreported of food fish production (up from 9 percent in 1980). and Unregulated fishing, the IPOA As such, the GPO will finance activities aimed at both for managing fishing capacity, the capture fisheries and aquaculture, with the aim of forthcoming international guidelines guiding both toward more-sustainable paths, taking on securing sustainable small-scale fish- into consideration the interests and working conditions eries, the Committee on World Food Security’s of fishers, with a particular focus on the interests of Voluntary Guidelines on Responsible those engaged in subsistence, small-scale, and artisanal Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and fisheries. In the case of fisheries, the GPO will support Forests in the Context of National Food Security policy, legal, and regulatory reforms, coupled with and the International Labor Organization Work sound scientific knowledge for management advice and in Fishing Convention. In particular, this support robust enforcement to enhance compliance. In the case would draw upon the guidance in the Code of of aquaculture, the GPO will build on successful models Conduct for Responsible Fisheries to recognize, to help encourage greater investment in sustainable respect, and protect the various forms of legitimate management of aquaculture at the ecosystem scale tenure rights to aquatic resources and land enjoyed to help reduce the main risks of disease and negative by small-scale fishing communities, even where not impacts on the environment. formally recorded in law. CAPTURE FISHERIES ACTIVITIES could include: This could include the following activities: National and Regional Policy and Legal Reforms • Policy Reform. Technical assistance for devel- opment of policy reforms for more sustainable Strengthening and reforming the policy and legis- fisheries, including the recognition or introduc- lative framework at the national (and, where appro- tion of clear tenure rights to defined fisheries, priate, regional) level is the essential entry point for based on sound science and information, such improving the institutions that manage the fisheries. as bio-economic modeling of various scenarios, This subcomponent would aim to provide the support and emphasizing transparency and empower- governments need to ensure that an adequate ment in decision making. Consistent with the FAO Technical Consultation on International Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries (FAO 2013), the term “tenure right” is used in accordance with the contents of the Voluntary Guidelines on Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security, and hence the notion that tenure determines who can use which natural resources, for how long, and under what conditions. It hence encompasses other commonly used terms, such as “access right,” “use right,” and “management right.” 25 • Legal Framework. Technical assistance to support any necessary revisions to the legal framework in order to implement policy reforms. This would include support for public and participatory processes to review and modify as appropriate the basic laws and regulations. • Operational Framework for Policy Implemen- tation. Technical assistance and training for review and reform of fisheries manage- ment institutions and operations in order to implement the policy vision for the sector, emphasizing transparency and empowerment in decision making. National and Regional Fisheries Management Operations With the appropriate policy and legal framework in place, as well as the operational framework, this subcomponent would provide the support needed to strengthen countries’ fisheries management insti- tutions (public and private), supported by science- based, environmental baselines for fishing activities. This could include the following activities: • Science-based Fisheries Information Systems. Training, equipment, and technical assistance to establish and implement the data collection, data management, activity monitoring, and informa- tion systems, including a fishing vessel and tenure rights registry and fishery-dependent biological and socioeconomic data (catch and bycatch- per-unit-effort from observers and logbook data, biological sampling from observers and fishers, offloading data, fishing inputs/costs, vessel moni- toring system tracks, etc.). Coastal Fisheries • Training for Scientific Analysis. Training and technical assistance to support the analysis of Coastal fisheries, as with inland fisheries, often play these data to monitor socioeconomic and biolog- a particularly important role in the economies of ical trends in the fishery and the stock. Provide communities, and with specific challenges. For this funding for coastal state scientists and managers reason, the GPO will include a specific focus on to participate in scientific meetings of multilat- providing support, where appropriate, to commu- eral/regional fishery management organizations. nity-based initiatives for management of coastal • Training for Management. Training and technical fisheries. assistance to support the development implemen- This subcomponent will include the following activi- tation of management measures based on the ties, notably in demonstration sites: best available scientific advice, including regular monitoring of whether goals are being achieved. • Facilitation, Extension, and Advisory Services. Workshops, study tours, training, facilitation, and social media to facilitate communication and 26 awareness building within and between commu- • Sea and Shore-Based Patrols and Enforcement nity groups in taking ownership of and making Activities. Financing for at-sea and shore-based investments in the sustainability of their fisheries. enforcement activities, including through use of These activities will build upon existing customary decommissioned fishing vessels, aerial surveil- arrangements and recognize the traditional leader- lance, partnerships with other agencies and/or ship structure in participating communities. Study coastal countries, observers at-sea providing eyes tours would allow different community groups to on the water, etc. share and learn from a variety of experiences, as well as supporting periodic lessons learned meetings Social Investments to Support the Transition for multiple communities (for example, the locally to More-Sustainable Fisheries, Particularly in managed marine area network from the Pacific; see Communities www.lmmanetwork.org). • Training. Providing training for fishery partici- The transition to new management arrangements pants in a variety of areas, including fishery oper- for fisheries, particularly in overexploited fisheries, ations, seafood handling, and safety training and may often involve a reduction in fishing effort in equipment (vessel structure, life vests, emergency some form in order to reduce pressure on the stocks gear) to ensure adequate safety-at-sea for fishery and allow them to rebuild. For this reason, the GPO participants and for on-board observers serving would provide a range of support as needed to assist under domestic and international programs. stakeholders, and particularly fishing communities, in this transition. Surveillance and Compliance to Reduce Illegal Fishing This could include the following activities: Strengthened institutions for capture fisheries • Training and Small Grants for Transition. will only be effective if they are enforceable and Training, financing (grants), toolkits, and other compliance is high. For this reason, at the regional, goods and services to offset any loss of employ- national, and local levels, this subcomponent would ment during stock rebuilding periods (decreased provide the support needed to build social capital and catch allowance) and/or when fishing capacity is compliance and would implement robust monitoring reduced for efficiency purposes. Where possible, and surveillance of the fisheries, in order to enforce this would include partnership with private banks tenure rights and reduce illegal fishing. and coastal state government for private loans guaranteed by the government, including local This could include the following activities: commercial micro-finance institutions. • Enhanced Compliance and Educational Public and Private Investments in Value Addition Enforcement: Technical support and training on building social cohesion and capital for compli- Significant inefficiencies exist in fisheries value ance, particularly at community levels. chains around the world, particularly in coastal and • Design of Monitoring and Surveillance Systems. island developing nations, often due to a lack of skills, Technical support and training to design and technology, and infrastructure. Once the transition implement monitoring, control, and surveillance to more-sustainable fisheries management has been measures to ensure compliance with access, use, made, this subcomponent would support public and and management rights, as well as gear restrictions private investments, via public/private partnerships for biodiversity conservation (such as bycatch) where applicable, to help increase fisheries value and any other measures necessary to enhance addition. and enforce the effectiveness of the management system. This would include design and implemen- This could include the following activities: tation of technical services, computer and hard- ware capacity for vessel monitoring systems, and/ • Public and Private Infrastructure and Services. or similar monitoring systems adapted to targeted Grants or loans in hardware/infrastructure and small-scale fisheries, as well as supporting and other public services that will increase the value of linking into regional and international networks. fishery production by ensuring quality and market 27 access—for example, upgrading offloading facilities Reduced Disease Risk (ease of offloading, clean area for preparing fresh product, provision of ice, transportation network to Disease outbreaks have cost the global aquaculture local and outside markets, providing contact with industry tens of billions of dollars over the last 20 potential buyers in niche markets, etc.). These years and represent the major firm-level risk, even activities, which would offer price increases to before potential future impacts of ocean acidification offset decreases in fishery volume under rebuilding on shell/bivalve aquaculture. For this reason, the or capacity reduction, would only occur once GPO would support investments that reduce the secure, enforced access, use, and management risk of disease in aquaculture production, in order to rights were in place, such that price increases do ensure stability and encourage investment. Practical not result in expansion of fishing effort. measures to ensure biosecurity in aquaculture based • Access to Markets and Skills Development. on lessons learned from some key, well-documented Technical assistance to targeted value chains to epidemics with an emphasis on developing countries expand access to markets and skills development, and with a specific focus on South-South experience reinforcing sustainable practices where applicable. sharing to support political momentum for change would represent a global public good. Such measures AQUACULTURE ACTIVITIES could include: would also be of particular relevance to the many developing countries where aquaculture is expanding Enhanced Tenure Arrangements for Aquaculture rapidly but where regulatory frameworks, including aquatic animal health services, are weak. To help countries capture the potential of sustainable aquaculture for their economies, this subcomponent This could include financing for the following would provide technical assistance to introduce activities: spatial and other associated rights and/or reduce tenure risk in aquaculture production, in order to • Regulatory Reform. Technical assistance to ensure stability and investment. advance regulatory reforms to enable better disease monitoring and enforcement at an This could include the following activities: ecosystem scale, including proper siting, produc- tion density, and avoidance of externalities on • Legal Framework. Technical assistance to intro- capture fisheries. duce legal and regulatory measures to ensure • Veterinary Services. Technical assistance, spatial and other associated rights for sustainable training, goods, and equipment to strengthen and responsible aquaculture (taking into account national veterinary services. any broader planning framework in each case), to • Research and Adoption of Technologies to Reduce support management at the ecosystem scale and Risk. Facilitate adoption of improved technology the use of environmental performance bonds. and aquaculture disease management practices • Stakeholder Participation in Regulatory Reforms. through public-private partnerships that establish Workshops, meetings, and background analyses regional and subregional research centers where of proposed regulations, in order to ensure a appropriate. participatory and informed regulatory review • Advisory Services. Extension of advisory services and development process for aquaculture that to improve aquaculture management practices. includes a broad range of stakeholders, including representatives from coastal land-based activities and from the harvesting sector. • Business Development. Technical assistance to public and private financial sectors to prepare proposals and facilitate invest- ments in aquaculture enterprises. 28 Reduced Environmental Impacts from Sustainable Fisheries and Aquaculture Aquaculture Operations The past organic growth of aquaculture may not be The sustainable seafood movement is growing and able to sustainably meet the demand in the next can play a significant role in helping to improve the 20 years, and new efforts will be needed to reduce sustainability of fisheries and aquaculture operations. negative environmental impacts, moving beyond the To help small- and large-scale seafood operations farm level to that of the larger aquatic ecosystem of improve sustainability and make a greater contribu- which aquaculture forms only a part. This subcom- tion toward ending poverty and promoting shared ponent would support investments that reduce the prosperity, this could include the following activities: environmental impacts from aquaculture (including low-trophic-level aquaculture and integrated produc- • Small Grants to Develop Training Programs. tion systems when feed inputs are involved), such Build capacity to initiate and implement improve- that real or perceived impacts are minimized. ment programs. • Extension and Advisory Services. To develop This could include the following activities: technical regional expertise to deliver fisheries improvement in a cost-efficient manner (this • Spatial Planning and Impact Indicators. is about reducing costs of undertaking audits, Technical assistance and training to governments pre-assessments etc.). on carrying capacity modeling, development of • Private Investment in Networks and Platforms. impact indicators, and implementation of spatial To empower fishers and fishing organizations to planning for aquaculture zoning to ensure that pursue market-endorsed improvement projects. future growth is better managed and does not • Leveraged Finance and Low-Cost Loans. To reduce the natural productivity of ocean ecosys- kick-start fisheries and aquaculture improvement tems (taking into account any broader planning opportunities. framework in each case). • Implementation of Environmental Management CONSERVATION OR ENHANCEMENT OF Strategies. Technical or financial support for CRITICAL HABITATS AND BIODIVERSITY the implementation of improved environmental management strategies for aquaculture. Given all of the various goods and services that natural • Environmental Performance Bonds. Technical ocean habitats can provide for coastal and island assistance to establish environmental perfor- economies (and in the case of carbon storage, for the mance bonds as appropriate. global community), conservation or enhancement of • Promotion of Low-Trophic-Level and Integrated these systems and their biodiversity via institutional Aquaculture. Technical or financial support to reforms becomes a good investment. For this reason, promote aquaculture of low-trophic-level species, building on the wide range of efforts in natural especially filter-feeding species, to reduce pollu- capital accounting to better document the value of tion and enhance water quality, and production these goods and services, and the recommendations systems that integrate aquaculture into agricul- emerging from the Agenda for Action produced by ture and other resource users in the watershed. the GPO’s habitat conservation community of prac- tice (GPO Habitat Community of Practice, 2013), the GPO would support investments in reforms that help internalize the costs of ocean habitat change as an incentive for conservation and sustainable use (drawing upon natural capital accounting and carbon footprint tracking where appropriate), as well as direct public investments in cases of public goods. This support would 29 be linked to the establishment of clear access, use, economically and ecologically important areas can and management rights and liability rules to coastal provide—for instance, for tourism and local fish- development and use of coastal space. Such insti- eries that provide livelihoods and food security, for tutions provide the incentives and framework for preserving the option of use by future generations, etc. bankable investments in healthier ocean habitats because they create market mechanisms that allow This could include: rights holders to receive benefits in exchange for the costs of conservation. This component would inves- • Policies, Laws, and Regulations for Coastal tigate and pilot a range of these market mechanisms Tenure. Technical assistance, training, and to help capture the benefits of conservation, which consultations to develop/strengthen and imple- might include, for example, carbon credit schemes ment policies, laws, and regulations for more-se- for preservation of mangroves and sea grass habi- cure tenure rights in coastal areas where appli- tats (that is, “blue carbon”). The carbon dioxide cable (such as nearshore coastal waters within sequestered as a result of these efforts could also be Exclusive Economic Zones). counted toward national greenhouse gas reductions • Strengthened Institutions to Support Coastal targets (and would of course be closely integrated Tenure. Technical and legal assistance and with overall national policy and practice on climate training to help government institutions adapt to a change mitigation and adaptation). more supportive and demand-based role, to meet the demands of coastal communities and stake- This could include: holders in exercising tenure rights to more effec- tively manage coastal habitats and biodiversity. Policy and Legal Reforms for Enhanced Coastal This would represent a paradigm shift for many Tenure and Strengthened Institutions government institutions to a more bottom-up approach. The use of coastal habitats such as mangroves, sea grass beds, coral reefs, etc. has traditionally reflected Incentive-Based Regulatory Frameworks to the value of these areas and served to ensure that any Reduce Habitat Loss trade-offs in their use were fully considered. However, as coastal populations, cities, and industries have On the basis of secure local tenure rights, the GPO grown, many of these rights have been weakened would support local and national governments, and or not fully recognized, so that the consequences of in some cases regional bodies, to introduce regula- habitat change were often not borne by those who tory frameworks and associated innovative financing benefited from the transformation of the areas— mechanisms that reduce habitat loss from coastal essentially a negative externality in coastal and and port development and patterns of land use, and island communities. For this reason, the GPO would at the same time create economic incentives for support the development of more-secure tenure habitat conservation and enhancement, in some rights in coastal areas where applicable, together cases as a climate change adaptation and risk reduc- with sound regulatory frameworks (see 2.2 below), tion strategy. Such regulations are often referred in order to empower all users and communities to to as “cap and trade” regulations because they set make decisions that consider both the benefits and fixed targets or objectives for the total amount of consequences of habitat change. Where communities habitat change permitted (such as zero net impact) or individuals have such rights, they can invest in and allow the use of market-based mechanisms to sustainable use and improved overall health of the meet them. For example, some countries where habitats and capture the benefits of the services these secure tenure rights already exist have introduced regulations that fix an objective for coastal wetland change—that is, no net loss of wetlands—and then allow for “offset” of wetlands loss in one area with the restoration of wetlands in another, increasingly through the use of credits and banking of offset areas. Other countries have introduced “biodiversity banking,” which again allows for offsets of habitat 30 change in one area, with restoration, protection, or maintenance of ecological processes, linked enhancement of habitat supporting similar levels of to broader management frameworks as well as biodiversity in another area. principals cost recovery, in order to help rebuild the natural capital and generate positive This could include financing: economic returns. GPO support to existing or new MPAs would thus be made on the basis • Regulatory Frameworks and Associated that the areas are designed and managed Innovative Financing Mechanisms. Technical so as to deliver sustainable net benefits to assistance, training, and consultations for local stakeholders and, where possible, to meet and national governments to develop and intro- multiple objectives concurrently; that duce regulatory frameworks and associated inno- institutional, customary, and regulatory vative financing mechanisms that reduce habitat frameworks for clear rights are loss from coastal and port development and land in place that allow for empow- use and at the same time create economic incen- erment and, when needed, for tives for habitat conservation and enhancement. compensation of local users; and that sustainable finance for Marine Protected Areas operating costs of such areas is identified and implemented. Protection of critical ocean habitats from specified uses (including terrestrial habitats in the coastal zone This could include: that can impact ocean ecosystems) often provides benefits that extend far beyond the boundaries of the • Identification, Designation, targeted area, for example in terms of replenishing and Management of Marine adjacent fishing grounds due to the protection of Protected Areas. Goods and spawning grounds, supporting low-environmental equipment, technical assis- impact (but often high-value) tourism, reducing tance, training, and consulta- the risk from natural hazards to nearby communi- tions to assist governments and/or ties or cities as in the case of mangrove protection, rights holders to identify/demarcate, maintaining carbon sequestration capacity, and manage, and protect critical coastal supporting globally significant biodiversity. However, and ocean habitats, in cooperation with to be socially as well as ecologically sustainable, such established regional and international marine protected areas (MPAs) must generate posi- mechanisms where applicable (such as under tive and sustainable net economic benefits for those the International Maritime Organization and who pay the costs of protection (in terms of both the Convention on Biological Diversity), so as to opportunity and operating costs) and must integrate deliver sustainable net economic benefits. This multiple objectives (for example, relating to climate support would include geospatial mapping of change, fisheries, and biodiversity) based on sound important ecological and economic zones, using science and economic analysis and underpinned by remote sensing and global positioning system tools sound institutional and regulatory frameworks for where necessary, and would aim to ensure that clear tenure rights and/or recognition of customary the areas identified are established compatibly uses (see 2.1 above). On the basis of such institu- with complementary uses and the management of tional, customary, and regulatory tools, the GPO the broader ocean area with a given jurisdiction would support the establishment or strengthening of (including applicable international rules and regu- MPAs, for example to retire critical ocean habitats lations on maritime traffic). Investments in goods from fishing and other extractive or damaging uses such as buoys or maps to delineate protected areas (these might include arrangements, for instance, would also be eligible, as would local monitoring entered into by tourism developers who wish to of ecological and social indicators of change. preserve habitat to support tourism or NGOs who • Education and Awareness to Build Compliance. wish to enter into debt for nature swaps). In cases Technical assistance, training, and communica- where such institutional and regulatory frameworks tion support as needed to promote awareness and are in place, there may be opportunities for public ensure bottom-up ownership and compliance with investments in conservation of key habitats and regulations surrounding marine protected areas. 31 • Monitoring and Surveillance to Enforce Habitat Restoration or Enhancement Compliance. Goods, works, and services as needed to support initial investments in moni- The GPO would also support rights holders or govern- toring and surveillance to enforce compliance ments investing in habitat restoration or enhance- with the regulations for targeted marine protected ment where feasible, particularly where the goods areas. Such efforts could be a mix of communi- or services provided are public in nature—such as ty-based monitoring with support from local and with restoration of natural barriers to flooding. In national government agencies for more compre- fact, such investments can often be a cost-effective hensive compliance, including support for legal and viable strategy for communities to reduce their processes when needed. vulnerability to natural hazards and climate change. • Financing Mechanisms for Operating Costs. Marine protected areas, particularly those estab- This could include: lished and operated by governments, often suffer from a lack of sufficient long-term financing to • Habitat Restoration or Enhancement cover operating costs. A growing number of exam- Investments. Goods, works, and services for ples are emerging around the world to demonstrate habitat restoration or enhancement, particularly innovative financing mechanisms to sustainably in support of ecosystem-based approaches for cover such costs, including cost recovery mecha- adaptation to the impacts of climate change. nisms based on charging fees for services provided (for instance, direct use fees such as entrance fees for tourists, as well as indirect use fees such as for Development of Sustainable Tourism and New replenishment of fisheries), permits, green taxes, Markets to Drive Conservation fines, and conservation trust funds with sufficient endowments to finance costs from interest. The Given the role that sustainable tourism can play GPO would provide financing for technical assis- in driving conservation or enhancement of critical tance and training to help design and/or establish habitats and biodiversity, in priority ocean areas the such sustainable financing mechanisms and/or GPO would support the private sector, governments, capitalization for conservation trust funds where and communities to design a “GPO brand” of sustain- appropriate (for example, if the benefits provided able tourism that applies directly to the aims of the are global). partnership. In addition to sustainable tourism, the 32 GPO would support the development of new markets Public Awareness, Education, and Training for the goods and services provided by natural ocean habitats, such as carbon sequestration. This could The GPO would support efforts to promote societal include support to improve understanding and tools awareness of the benefits of habitat restoration, for assessing carbon services of coastal habitats and conservation, and sustainable use that supports to implement any measures linked to monitoring behavioral change. and protection efforts needed for access to existing sources of carbon finance (rather than trying to This could include: create new competing sources). Emphasis would be placed on mechanisms to distribute the benefits of • Public Awareness, Education, and Training sustainable tourism and new markets to those who Activities. Technical assistance and awareness have invested in the health of the habitats, such as campaigns to empower children and youth in local communities. targeted priority ocean areas, for example through education and scholarship programs to assist in This could include: supporting movements away from destructive behavior, as well as campaigns for communities • Support for Reef-Based Tourism. With the hotel and local governments to better understand the industry, dive firms, communities, civil society, benefits of sustainable management of critical and governments, technical assistance to design habitats. measures for harmonizing multiple efforts for • Strengthening Relationships along the Value conserving and regenerating coral reef systems, Chain. Technical assistance and communications in order to enhance the tourism experience while as needed to help understand and strengthen increasing the fish population of the lagoons and vertical and horizontal connections along targeted inner waterways for local consumption. value chains that depend on natural ocean habi- • Support for Recreational Fisheries. Support for tats, in order to both enhance competitiveness in recreational fishing enterprises that reinforce the marketplace as well as increase social capital sustainability, via, for example, recreational and trust, with the aim of disseminating good fishing associations and island tourist boards. practices, increasing compliance with regulations, Associated aquaculture projects on-shore for local and wider resource management reforms. food as well as bait. • Development of Blue Carbon Markets. Technical POLLUTION REDUCTION assistance to use blue carbon credits for invest- ment in GPO activities, starting with the tourism Pollution is an externality that reduces the value of sector. This would include identifying a govern- the goods and services provided by the oceans, both to ment partner to help develop the Blue Carbon specific countries and globally to the entire economy. market linked to the global carbon market, as well For this reason, the GPO would work with as support to attract carbon credits from travelers governments and the private sector to to oceans for ocean-related sustainable tourism, find solutions that can meet inter- biodiversity conservation, and carbon capture national commitments made activities. within the Global Program of • Capacity Building for Sustainable Tourism. Action for the Protection of Enhancing local capacity to manage sustainable the Marine Environment from tourism industries by investing in curriculum Land-Based Activities (GPA), development to embed teaching tourism from the notably in the January 2012 elementary school level. Manila Declaration during • Market Identification and Development. the Third Intergovernmental Technical assistance to support the development Review of the GPA. Relevant of new markets for the goods and services provided agencies and programs would by natural ocean habitats in priority ocean areas. be supported at both the local 33 and the regional level to appropriate, regional level. Taking into account help reduce the three the current information about pollution levels in sources of marine pollu- each area, these studies would focus on sewage/ tion that are currently wastewater, nutrient, and marine litter pollution, increasing: sewage/waste- although depending on the local context they may water, nutrients (partic- also include other pollutants such as oil (spills from ularly from agricultural ships and offshore oil exploration and production), runoff and coastal defor- anthropogenic chemicals, heavy metals, and thermal estation), and marine pollution. Within the context of already established litter. Additionally, in regional programs in the targeted ocean areas (such targeted ocean areas as regional seas Land-Based Sources and Activities pollution risks such (LBS/A) pollution reduction programs), the WQM as from extractive studies would be used to generate consensus for industries (such as deep- targets and implementation plans among key seabed mining in areas under participating countries, cities, municipalities, and national jurisdiction) and other geographic locations. The WQM studies would maritime transportation consider the linkages between deforestation and would be addressed. impacts on coastal water quality, opening up the To help reduce these opportunity for “ridge to reef” efforts to enhance sources of degradation water quality. on ocean health, the GPO would support insti- This could include: tutional reforms to help inter- nalize the costs of marine pollu- • Water Quality Management Studies. Technical tion, together with public and private assistance to undertake WQM studies to define investments in infrastructure where and develop the following: an evaluation of pollu- appropriate, particularly to create the enabling tion information to determine the most significant conditions for private sector investment and problems (the extent upon which the priority ocean successful business models for pollution preven- areas are polluted); the main sources (geographic tion and management (including exchanging good locations and sectors) of significant pollution policies, management practices, and regulations). problems; the baselines upon which targets Where applicable, the GPO would leverage the large are being set for pollution reduction (utilizing existing portfolio of multilateral financial institutions standard monitoring protocols such as those investments in agriculture, coastal urban infrastruc- developed by the United States Environmental ture, extractive industries, and maritime transporta- Protection Agency and the Convention for the tion, via the provision of additional finance to support Protection of the Marine Environment of the marine pollution reduction. Northeast Atlantic; the economic and physical impact of significant pollution on human health This could include: and ocean ecosystems in targeted areas; and the most cost-effective plans for reducing significant Water Quality Management (WQM) Studies in pollution problems. These studies could also Ocean Areas potentially contribute to the Global Integrated Marine Assessment of the Regular Process for In countries requesting support, as a starting point Global Reporting and Assessment of the State the GPO would finance WQM studies that set targets of the Marine Environment, including Socio- (building on the work of the GPA and Regional Seas economic Aspects undertaken through the United Programs)6 and baselines and that develop pollution Nations General Assembly. reduction plans at the local, national, and, where 6. Regional Seas LBS/A programs are, for example, established for the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea, the ROPME (Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Quatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE) Sea, South East Pacific, Wider Caribbean, Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, Eastern and Southern Africa, and Western and Central Africa. A LBS/A program is also under way for the Caspian region. 34 Sewage/Wastewater Pollution Reduction quality control for sewage and wastewater treat- ment plans and programs, in order to help ensure At present, only some 10 percent of all wastewater innovative financing for the design, construction, generated in developing countries is treated— operation, maintenance, monitoring, upgrading, meaning that 90 percent is discharged untreated and/or decommissioning of the facilities. directly into rivers, lakes, and oceans. Expanding the • Finance in Sewage/Wastewater Treatment and proportion of wastewater that is treated will require Collection Systems. Goods, works, and services very substantive financial resources, depending on to provide additional financial and managerial the level of treatment and the technology selected support to selected sewage and water treatment for the treatment process. For this reason, the and collection programs in particularly smaller GPO would finance wastewater treatment to help cities and towns, initially on a pilot basis and reduce this externality on ocean health, aiming to subsequently at scale. This support may also scale up lowest-cost options to the extent possible. include facilitation of public/private partnerships This support will be selective, given that large- for delivery of treatment systems where feasible. scale wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) facil- • Reforms of Industry Sources. Technical assis- ities in larger cities with populations of more than tance and pilot programs, particularly to support 1 million often cost hundreds of millions to about cleaner production (reduce pollution at source) a billion dollars (total treatment capacity of up to and pretreatment programs for industries, 2–3 million m3 wastewater per day). Overall, the including sustainable supply chain management, capital requirements for expanding substantively the generating large sewage/wastewater volumes. WWTP capacity in cities and towns throughout the • Public Health Advocacy and Action Plans. developing world may reach several hundred billion Technical assistance to develop and implement dollars. In countries where the GPO would support educational campaigns to raise public awareness WWTP capacity, the capital requirements would be about the dangers of ocean pollution to human achieved through cooperation between public and health, and actions that can be taken to minimize private partners where sufficient cost-recovery plans risk to exposures to contaminated conditions or are put in place to leverage private investments (such food sources. This would include, where feasible, as through project finance schemes) and pursuit of support to introduce measures and lessons from lower-cost treatment options. Appropriate treatment Zero Waste Cities to tourism-related facilities technology and management strategies would be in island and coastal urban areas, including sea designed to fit the specific needs of a city, town, or terminals, leisure craft, airports, hotels, and village that requires new or upgraded wastewater restaurants. treatment facilities. Nutrient Pollution Reduction This could include: To help address this key source of marine pollution • Policy and Regulatory Reform. Technical assis- that results largely from agriculture, the GPO would tance at the local, national, and, where applicable, support increased fertilizer use efficiency (FUE) and regional scale in order to introduce or strengthen use of best management practices to reduce excess policies and regulations to promote economic nutrients from entering watersheds and affecting incentives for the private sector to reduce sewage coastal waters of countries requesting support, via and wastewater pollution affecting the oceans, pilots, extension, and training for better application, as well as improving the efficiency of public (and combined with regulations and enforcement. Due to an also privately funded) infrastructure for collection, overall increased consumption of meat in many diets treatment, and, where possible, reuse of waste- around the world, waste from animal husbandry and water. This assistance would also provide policy concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) has guidance documents where applicable. also increased drastically, and in certain watersheds • Management and Quality Control of Sewage/ nutrient loads from animal husbandry and CAFO Wastewater Collection and Treatment Plans. wastes have reached similar quantities to fertilizer Technical assistance and in particular capacity run-offs. While section 3.2 indicated the challenge building to local and national governments to of traditional and costly WWTP approaches to meet provide guidance on proper management and the drastic increases in wastewater, particularly in 35 season to reduce the leaching, and, if possible, test supplying fertilizer to the plant rather than the soil. Research and innovations could also include improving early crops through higher (hybrid) seed qualities, higher plant densities, reduction in pest (combined pesticide management), and improved water management (UNEP 2010). • Research, Technology, and Innovations to Approach Waste from Animal Husbandry/CAFOs. Based upon the extent that animal husbandry and CAFO waste contributes to the inflow of nutri- ents in parts of targeted ocean areas, the GPO would support research and technology transfer for improvements in animal feeding and manure developing countries, alternative and lower-cost reuse management, such as lower protein animal of nutrient approaches may also exist, with reusing feed, barn adaptations, covered manure storage, the nutrient in wastewater through the “nutrient and better manure application (UNEP 2010). cleaning” capacities that can be provided in lagoons, One approach is to consider managing animal ponds, wetlands, and coastal forests (in some cases husbandry /CAFO waste as industrial point source via protection or restoration, following a “ridge (rather than as a non-point source). to reef” vision of coastal water quality). The GPO • Investments in Low-Cost Natural “Nutrient will work with the Global Partnership on Nutrient Cleaning.” As an alternative to large-scale and Management and other relevant institutions to help costly WWTP options for nutrient reduction, the and finance key gaps in the watersheds of countries GPO would support nutrient reduction via protec- requesting support with regard to improved nutrient tion or enhancement of wetlands, lagoons, and management that will reduce waste and improve the ponds in coastal regions of countries requesting resilience of marine ecosystems as a contribution to support. This would include investments to the promotion of food security. support greater retention of sediment and nutri- ents in agricultural areas through vegetation This could include: buffers between watershed resources or streams. • Apply Best International Practices for “Nutrient • Policy and Regulatory Reforms to Introduce Reduction.” Through the information forum Economic Incentives for Increasing FUE and outlined in section 4.2, the GPO would support Reducing Waste from Animal Husbandry and the introduction and implementation of best CAFO Facilities. Technical assistance, including nutrient reduction practices through, for example, for sector strategic environmental assessments, to the US-based “Whole Farm” integrated nutrient governments to work with stakeholders to iden- management plan (right nutrient, right time, tify, develop, and implement policy and regulatory right place, right rate), the nitrate directive of the frameworks that provide economic incentives to European Union, agricultural hot spots application reduce land-based and marine pollution resulting in the Baltic Sea (Helsinki Convention), selected from both fertilizer application to agriculture and waste reuse practices applied in Chinese farming waste from animal husbandries/CAFOs, in a way communities, and nutrient cleaning applied that respects traditional and customary rights. through wetland restorations in India, Egypt, and • Research, Technology, and Innovation for along the shores of the Danube in Bulgaria This Increased FUE to Reduce Excess Nitrogen effort would link to support for sustainable tourism Runoff. The GPO would support the research and (see Component 2.5), to ensure GPO-branded technology transfer needed to increase fertilizer tourism properties use organic plant water efficiency. The work could include identifying the cleansing systems where feasible. right form of fertilizer, the method and time of • Research and Awareness on Links between application, matching nutrient supply with crop Nutrient Pollution, Reduced Ocean Ecosystem demand, minimizing the application in the wet Productivity, and Impacts on Human Health and 36 Nutrition. Technical assistance to support targeted transition to substitute materials for plastic with research, to accompany investments, on the lower environmental impact. impacts of nutrient loads leading to ocean “dead • Expanded Network of Port Reception Facilities zones” and the human health consequences. in Priority Areas. The GPO would provide tech- nical assistance, goods, and works to support Marine Litter Reduction governments (particularly in ports) to develop and implement programs to better manage ship- Based on a broad and global analysis of where and how borne wastes, including garbage, through partner- marine litter, and particularly plastic waste, is affecting ships with the private sector to implement large- the ocean, the GPO would finance a range of activities sale collection, recycling, composting programs, in countries requesting support, building in partic- development of secondary recycling markets, and ular on the work carried out by the GPA (that is, the creation of new financing mechanisms. Honolulu Strategy, a global framework for prevention • Awareness-Raising for Behavioral Change. Where and management of marine debris), the Regional Seas appropriate, the GPO would support governments Program of the U.N. Environment Programme (UNEP), to promote greater use of biodegradable options, and UNEP’s Partnership on Waste Management. While to reduce the volume of litter in coastal areas. marine litter includes pollutants like fishing gear, cargo, fishing and aquaculture equipment, damaged and lost Reduction of Additional Pollution Risks in vessels, munitions, and other hazardous materials as Targeted Areas, such as from Extractive well as land-based and domestic solid waste that have Industries reached marine environments, the GPO would partic- ularly focus on plastic. When plastic waste is targeted, Based on the results of the WQM studies (see section cleaner feedstock streams for organics and other waste 3.1), the GPO could support governments to enhance materials make it easier to handle those resources in their knowledge and capacity to reduce the risk of new ways, improving the overall waste management additional sources of pollution in selected ocean segment of the community or area in focus. Moreover, areas, for example related to extractive industries it also appears that the plastic waste is becoming a (with an initial focus on offshore environmental greater concern due to the accumulation of plastics protection). The implementation gaps identified over the last 40–50 years, which now has increas- would promote collective action among government ingly shown its tremendous negative impact on ocean ministries of natural resources, national regulatory ecosystems and possibly human health. In particular, agencies, and private industry, to cooperatively the GPO would target coastal cities and island nations, discuss and adopt the best operating practices that which are among the largest sources, and how these are responsive to all stakeholders, and in particular nations handle proper reuse, recycling, or disposal of of benefit to developing countries. collected marine litter in order to reduce the amount transmitted to the ocean. This could include: This could include: • Implementation of Sound Policies and Regulations. Technical assistance to support • Waste Management Programs. The GPO would governments in the development of sound poli- provide technical assistance, goods, and works cies, laws, and regulations to reduce pollution, as to support governments (particularly in cities) well as to protect sensitive habitats, for example to develop and implement programs to better from maritime extractive industries such as manage plastic waste, through partnerships seabed mining, and to provide for the use of tools with the private sector to implement large-sale such as environmental performance bonds. collection, recycling, reusing acceptable mate- • Development of Information Systems for rial, composting programs, development Monitoring. Technical assistance and knowledge of secondary recycling markets, and sharing to develop information systems for moni- creation of new financing mecha- toring and protection of ocean environments from nisms. At the same time, the GPO pollution due to extractive industries. would work with producers to 37 • Development and Implementation of Risk (including monitoring and evaluation). This sharing Management and Emergency Response Plans. of information (for instance on investments, opera- Technical assistance, exchange of best practices. tions, legal issues) will ensure more-effective uptake • Provision of Emergency Response Capabilities. of solutions and action. Through a coordinated Technical assistance, exchange of best practices. communications effort with partners, the GPO will reach a global audience of partners, stakeholders, Pollution Reduction in Targeted Supply Chains and the engaged public. In promoting an evidence- based approach, the GPO will provide for careful To help reduce both nutrient pollution and marine monitoring and evaluation of investments, in order litter, the GPO would consider mechanisms to to track progress and share lessons learned. increase private sector engagement and investment in this area, as well as enhance the sustainability of This could include: key supply chains in targeted areas. This work would build upon an emerging interest among private and Strategic Communications Plan and particularly private multinational companies to Implementation minimize environmental externalities in their supply chains in a market that is increasingly focused on A Strategic Communications program is vital to greener and cleaner products. the GPO’s success and long-term viability. Since the Partnership’s successful launch in early 2012, This could include activities, possibly carried out which resulted in global visibility for the GPO and its through parallel funding or a private investment unique approach, a dedicated team has been working fund, relating to: on a targeted and comprehensive communications program. This has three broad objectives: building • Cleaner Production Facilities. Cleaner produc- awareness, understanding, and support for the GPO tion (or even zero discharge) in production facili- and its goals among a group of key stakeholders; ties in identified land-based polluting enterprises increasing the number of engaged and committed in the targeted ocean areas (throughout primary partners while providing a platform for the GPO source, processing, and manufacturing). partner community; and engaging in and contrib- • Cleaner Transportation. Reduced pollution as a uting to the global dialogue on ocean health. result of transportation from manufacturing to final markets (retailer and consumer). In support of these objectives, the GPO has devel- • Cleaner Production and Marketing Models. oped a number of tools and approaches to ensure Cleaner production and marketing models for timely and transparent delivery of GPO messages local private companies. and communications products. These include: GLOBAL KNOWLEDGE, CAPACITY • GPO Communications Group. This community BUILDING, AND ADVOCACY FOR of practice of communications practitioners from HEALTHY OCEANS GPO partner organizations plays a key role in setting direction for the GPO communications A comprehensive and strategic approach to program, advising on best practice communica- communications, knowledge sharing, and capacity tions approaches, proposing communications building is central to the GPO’s success. The GPO protocols for approving web content and logo will support partner communications and facilitate use, doing partner outreach, and supporting knowledge exchanges to increase global advocacy for healthy oceans. This will be particularly important in priority ocean areas where there is immediate need for, and benefit to be derived from, sharing and scaling of lessons learned 38 specific GPO activities through social media agencies, metro- support, networking, media outreach, web links, politan newspapers, etc. trade press, and scientific journals. In support of the • Web and Social Media Tools. The GPO website GPO’s media outreach efforts, has developed into a central platform for partner the communications team engagement, global outreach on issues surrounding has developed numerous ocean health, and up-to-date information on tools—from talking points developments within the GPO. The website to media kits to FAQs. continues to grow and improve with the support In October 2013, tradi- of dedicated online communications personnel tional and online media creating regular new content and adding features engagement was put to good effect with the aimed at strengthening GPO partner involvement launch of the Blue Ribbon Panel’s report, which in the online space. Since November 2012, the was featured in 76 online outlets with a reader- website has had over 50,000 page views from ship of over 200 million impressions. visitors in 184 countries. A GPO twitter account (@GPOceans) has been active since March 2013 Platform for Global Knowledge Aggregation and and has more than 800 followers (as of November Sharing 2013). With an engaged core of partner accounts, GPO shared messages have had over 7 million With the critical mass of GPO partners developing impressions on Twitter. While the partnership knowledge to support healthy oceans and looking increases its portfolio of actions and approaches, for ways to further share this knowledge with an both web and social media tools are focused on ever-widening community of interested practitioners example approaches that can be used with consid- and policy makers, the GPO Portal could become eration for local contexts and success stories a clearinghouse or one-stop shop to obtain such from GPO partners. As GPO evolves, these tools knowledge. will complement the proposed GPO Knowledge While the portal itself would continue to adapt to Platform, providing updates on project progress meet the needs of the partnership, this could include: with input from a global network of experts and practitioners. A GPO blog that features views from • Development and Implementation of a Global experts, leaders, and partners is in development. Knowledge Sharing Platform. A publicly acces- sible Global Oceans Knowledge Platform is a • Partner E-newsletter: GPO partners are kept key element of GPO implementation, outreach, up to date with developments about the part- and knowledge sharing. This web-based platform nership and key upcoming events through a will complement the GPO website and enable twice monthly e-newsletter. This tool has proved resource and data sharing among partners and highly successful, reaching hundreds of partner the engaged public. Key aspects of this could readers per message. Over time, the newsletter include the following: an up-to-date database of will be used to facilitate even more focused part- partner investments toward healthier oceans; ner-partner communication, possibly linking to scientific knowledge essential to achieving the the Knowledge Platform where partners will be GPO’s targeted outcomes, such as a description able to communicate directly with an engaged of baseline information on ocean health and tech- audience of key stakeholders working on ocean niques for monitoring; lessons from good practice health. in fisheries, habitat conservation, and pollution prevention and reduction; links to educational • Media Outreach: Traditional media outreach material and online courses facilitating learning; continues to be a vital element of the GPO and links to partner websites and resources. In Communications program. Through targeted time, the platform could support crowd sourcing media briefings, report launches, and of technical assistance and finance to support media releases, the GPO has built the scaling up of activities supported by GPO. a network of engaged journalists This platform will not duplicate existing knowl- around the world who span wire edge generation and sharing initiatives but will 39 build upon these efforts and link this information to practitioners, reformers, and investors. In addition, the GPO would support knowledge sharing for specific topics, such as an infor- mation forum on pollution reduction, as well as a Global Alert Platform for Plastic Waste and a Global Plastic Disclosure Project. Last, this platform would help link the GPO to efforts on natural capital accounting to help better measure the economic value of the goods and services provided by ocean ecosystems, to inform partnership efforts and investments (see www.wavespartnership.org/waves). Interactions between Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Efforts, to Inform GPO Implementation Without a strong linkage between activ- ities and global strategies to mitigate and adapt to climate change, there is great risk that funds invested will be wasted as the phys- ical, chemical, and biological nature of the ocean changes when climate change and acidification overwhelm attempts to restore ocean health. The GPO recognizes the importance for incorporating the influence of climate change and ocean acidification government must take ulti- into its forward planning. In this respect, the GPO mate responsibility for them. Action may need to be will pursue an in-depth understanding of the current taken to address environmental impacts and spatial status of the ocean and facilitate monitoring of the conflicts that are beyond the capacity and willingness changes that are occurring, and will then put these of the private sector to address. In these situations, in the context of its attempts to stabilize and reverse it may be necessary for governments to intervene the decline of ocean ecosystems, goods, and services. by establishing conservation prescriptions through Equally, the GPO will monitor information emerging regulation and by applying coastal and marine on the balance between international efforts to miti- spatial planning processes to allocate use rights more gate the drivers of ocean warming and acidification effectively. A wide range of examples of such inte- and the corresponding adaptation costs associated grated processes are under way, notably throughout with maintaining and improving the sustainable use of the coastal members of the European Union, as well ocean goods and services. Understanding the factors as in the Barents Sea (between Norway and Russia) associated with this balance between mitigation and and the Norwegian Sea. Similarly, the government of adaptation is critical to the success of the GPO, so India has embarked on a national integrated coastal that this information would be maintained and fed program. However, many local and national govern- into development of all activities. A formal strategy for ments lack the capacity in terms of both financial maintaining this linkage and communication will be and human resources to enable consideration of the developed, drawing upon the expertise of the partners. trade-offs between competing uses in a given coastal or ocean space and then Building the Capacity of Public Agencies for to introduce regulatory constraints Integrated Approaches to the Management of where needed to help address such Ocean Resources conflicts. For this reason, drawing upon the growing examples around Even where secure access, use, and management the world, the GPO would support rights exist in the oceans, there may be instances capacity building for the develop- where public interests are so varied and diffuse that ment of locally appropriate regulatory 40 frameworks based on such spatial plans, to Monitoring and Evaluation of Progress help local and national governments around the world to enable sustainable private The GPO would invest heavily in monitoring and eval- investment in the oceans. uation of progress, beginning with collection of the best available baseline data for each of the targeted This could include: outcomes and proceeding to track progress toward achieving these outcomes according to a detailed • Spatial Plans and Enabling monitoring and evaluation plan. This monitoring and Frameworks for Competing evaluation plan will be informed by guidance received Uses. Where secure access, in September 2013 from the Blue Ribbon Panel of use, and management rights global experts and thought leaders in ocean policy are in place or have been and economics, nominated by the GPO partners. For introduced in coastal and the terms of reference and composition of the panel, ocean areas around the please see www.globalpartnershipforoceans.org. The world, the GPO would indicators in this plan would aim to allow for global finance technical assis- tracking of the performance of ocean health where tance, consultations, and indicators and indices exist, for example via the appli- training to assist local and cation of the Fisheries Performance Indicators in the national governments to case of fisheries. Aquaculture Performance Indicators develop comprehensive would also be developed to measure the success of and cost-effective spatial aquaculture management. Additionally, robust indi- management plans for these cators will be developed for habitat conservation and areas (including, for example, pollution reduction targets, as well as for global knowl- Strategic Environmental edge sharing. Key indicators and monitoring informa- Assessments in some cases). These tion will be linked to the Oceans Knowledge Platform plans would set restrictions on access, (see component 4.2). Avoiding any duplication of use, and management rights in some cases in order efforts, the GPO would align its monitoring and evalu- to reduce externalities resulting from habitat ation efforts with the ongoing United Nations Regular change, or more commonly would organize public Process, contributing as appropriate, as well as other infrastructure and leases (such as port facilities, monitoring efforts by its members. By combining shipping lanes, etc.) to better consider their such efforts, GPO partners will be able to ensure an consequences for ocean health, all over a 10–20 evidence-based approach, evaluating the effectiveness year horizon. The plans are usually implemented of specific activities and thereby contributing to the by governments through a zoning map and/or a global evidence base for sustainable use of the oceans. permit system, as the basis for individual public Last, to ensure monitoring of progress and adaptive permit decisions. learning, the GPO would also support careful moni- toring of performance and evaluations of its activities, particularly to track consistency with the guiding principles. 41 42 APPENDIX III. 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