VIl -Lo,~ 40 _Jt A, - &I"I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ''suj)"LI~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~6 4*tlp 99S1~~~~ 1W A i 4I o-Se191 f9 19 gSi1 World Development Report 2004: Making Services Work for Poor People Copyright © 2003 by The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W.,Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org E-mail: feedback @worldbank.org r.. Ewl L9, 1/ ~,, ,J1,31 UILIJ 1- sL,:- I LA,1 ~ 1818 H Street, N.W.,Washington. D.C. 20433, U.S.A. W}j _9 - is \11 j< L 'j A This work was originally published by - ^ ' ^ - -' ; 4'' .1 " the World Bank in English as World v v i ,JL Jv Ji . J.L Development Report 2004: Making Services -' jl I Work for Poor People in 2003. This Arabic 13, , 1 S :51.l i1 translation was arranged by Al Ahram Center for Translation and Publishing. Al Ahram Center for Translation and Publishing is responsible for the accuracy of the translation. In case of any discrepancies. the original '' g language will govern. 4-j;YI i; *Jl,JJl J JJA AL I -I IA -jl, J1$ JA1 Yl 1-9 fJ r L,-i - I* aA AV J,Ll ZOV:L _j- ,13 i ^ _> t19\1 .19 4 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~L , >t4l o aA> 4 VV1 li945<1 d_9 a,jU .AY L OVAlArr :LyjSU -oVAI Ar :Lj"- xiii J'4 1 xilSob1S L XW Lej9j• Y i< a J6~LU LUi aJJ1 L6~Li_ PI)AI C.iLzJ Jao ji cjL3~JI rI L J. I 51 stl ,Bllpl L Y. li 16-.,.L _,IAItt4- 1 Jll - .,9 YY J--,d i eUJ S d *- * Z Y'k V aiJl :, LailJl ,~ rv ot§ cui #vl o>a'~r" r-k LLiz V ,T~ .u s 'I LrL< ZA kl Lil.l sJ--.gil-g CLi~l OA rISl LJ! >SSI L:,. vi VE v9-.J -91 f~l. fLL s as~~~V -X L I a L 1"U lj _9A, VA A9 _ltQ, 0 VA 4LL l kLLZ L 1_ t. l _11 l. a 1 _4 ~A1 AO QSt U1 4...iJ Gj4l.
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Goldman, Mark Gradstein, VGA dtaI;IjI Ll ,a1a , .,, LJjD >JAlI lj) pt I1J LNtWI1,t ,, .Dreze and Stern (1987)_, (Bell and Devarajan (1987) a *W1 ,k Jiil ll . CjU) ..... a.>,]1;, Y lJALi L.l u I 1 I , A KJ J Walker, Schwarlander, and Bryce (2002). -Y ;JXsD 1 \ _ ..... L ;,1 . y11 D LSIc au; evarajan, Miller, 1,, ................ -r ,xl . .L;,, jil and Swanson (2002). a -. . AY .(\5sr JJJiuLil) aLl , lla IeLVI, aaKff Peters and others (2003), p. 218. -£ Spotlight on Cambodia. -r: Reinikka and Svensson (2001). -o Schick (1998). -n Chaudhury and Hammer (2003). -\ Jaffre, Olivier, and de Sardan (2002). -v J;jiI ~ ^ 20zLUI J.o 0 1 5j- L5ALsJ• fI J•)jI i 'V PROBE Team in association with Centre for Development Eco- -A a JL;II o1P;t.J) ecoles. 5;.k ,j Jyii aJo ,o ¢ 1 of the Report). U.K. Department of International Development Leonard (2002). -rA (2002). 59 JlU .2 YL e~tl *a1 ~L vi L ;ll~ ~,)jAj l -rn JL Bhushan, Keller, and Schwartz (2002). -'. a, J - - ^ t. t ,, L-?-, ;ll au-1l Ahmad (I 1999). -%N L (PAr) Brooke , ;itl, . .. t .e ; i.. .. i 1 -L -£ . World Bank (2002n). -\Y ;,kl awii ~u. ~. jz Lsl _ii v Behrman and Hoddinott (2001) and Gertler and Boyce (2001). -r > ......... ;JL9g M 2! ese rli8 _re j) YjJLa).i _ JZ. UL- -Y . .('lSA) >jsY..i VJJl M a~ JI 45.&j ~i)j a .. f ,Lll .La l a l , £_ Spotlight on Johannesburg. -tY I V ,J1L;;^L y,, aj2.So *-e YI vn a ULL l I .oZ _ * 1 International Labor Organization (ILO) (2002). -YY 4..U -~..J 1.. .I ,O aUl A.- 91,g .1 0 L> -JI I Scott (1998). -Yr (2 , •..LL J.l; .DLL.) v OYln Reinikka and Svensson (2003b). -Yt Kunfaa and Dogbe (2002). -£t Chomitz and others (1998). -Yo Lewis, Eskeland, and Traa-Valerezo (1999). -£r o-LAil LA .41 LILLKS L WIDlYI J ; L5 I * I J1 -Y\ 1 Mtemeli (I1994). -£ 5 9 CS :;1 LsgJ L;,L_9 ti 1-9a1 r * J! >LL :; .Gwatkin and Others (2000) and Wagstaff (2000) l jll -£ ° .Il ° Y Filmer and Pritchett (1999a) and Filmer (2000) i ,ll -£- Koenig, Foo. and Joshi (2000). -Y UNESCO (2002). -£v Jimenez and Sawada (1999). -YA UNICEF (2001). -iA Hsieh and Urquiola (2003). -T'k Gauri and Vawda (2003). -r. .Wagstaff and others (2002) > J>tl a s.l 1. ' _ -£ Angrist and others (2002). -r .Deaton (1997) ,l&; -o-. -. ie > tl,?i l -r .Filmer and Pritchett (2001) clii I l v _l.A 5 ° World Bank (1 998a) and World Bank (2002a). -rr .World Bank (2001k) )Lil JLt -oY a 1 , ,l 1 31i- L ;JI a 3 -r Papua New Guinea Office of National Planning (1999). -or t.,1 1 j !1 Pritchett and Filmer (1999). International Forum for Rural Transport and Development, -c Millot and Lane (2002). -s 2002 input to WDR team. World Bank (1998b). -jo i lLI i_ 1 :- V .U j ui 1 ; ij Y... 1 Waitzkin (1991). -Aal (Y- -) U_--1 lj JIo UL- 4 -1 Betancourt and Gleason (2000) and Koenig, Foo. and Joshi -W y.L v ,Jy JI &1l- I ,iL-11 41 -j4a -- _ae ,s)LhUI S a Z;J.o L51ALI 4r ZioiL Lewis, Eskeland, and Traa-Valerezo (1999). -hA s (uJ" - l Jaffre and Prual (1994). -Mt . WHO (World Health Organization) and World Bank (2002). -s 1L, J_.-II -Ov Schneider and Palmer (2002). - - ,.L,L UY, - u t , Narayan and others (2000b). -*. ly U 4 ; V° " , Haddad and Fournier (1995). -N .r .(bLJl &-1,iL tLc 1 ,i) Z Davis and Patrinos (2002).-\ . Filmer, Lieberman, and Ariasingam (2002). An evaluation of -oA l 3 u.k) Rao and Walton -N ° the enrollment and labor market outcomes of the program are Dutta (2003). - .A in Duflo (2001). Coady (2003) and Levy and Rodriguez ,Ik ilBUlYl O. . -% . Alderman and Lavy (1996) M iLi .l -ot (2002). - World Bank (2002s) ,pl World Development Indicators database i :.l - -' .A Radoki (2003). -E Bruns, Mingat, and Rakatomalala (2003). -N-1~ Leonard, Mliga, and Mariam (2002). -Y Indonesia: Ministry of National Education (2002): Indonesia -N. Yip and Berman (2001). -i Ministry of Religious Affairs (2002) and Filmer, Lieberman, Leonard, Mliga. and Mariam (2002). -Ar and Ariasingam (2002). Htchinsn (2001). Samrasinghe and Akin (1994) and Akin and Hutchinson -lo ,sJj' Y r... YA... - %9A - yrv... -yY ;Jlg=v *Jo l4> .Yo--i_.ll Ses j5. Pakistan Institute for Environment Development Action and -Al S;) ~iWl7;, LeWI , iilSi71 I 4H aslzl , - EY- * .^ ,j *1_11Project Management Team (1994). . *3 Alderman and Lavy (1996) and Lloyd and others (2001). -\V Chaudhury and Hammer (2003). -1A Hutchinson (2001 ). -8 ES NRI and World Bank (2003). -A\ Peters and others (2003). - Chomitz and others (1998). -V. .in Stiglitz (2000)PsZ and ote , 20) ,-M PROBE Team in association with Centre for Development Eco- -vN Articles 25 and 26 of the Universal Declaration of Human 8 nomics(1999). Rights (http://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html). Schleicher. Siniscalco, and Postlewaite (1995). -VY .WHO (World Health Organization) (2002) JLll J. Lr L -- World Bank (2001e). -vr Articles 23 and 24 of the Universal Declaration of Human -NA Thomas,Lavy,andStrauss(1996).-v£ Rights. (http://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html). Alderman and Lavy (1996). -vo Hunt (2002). -N N Thomas, Lavy, and Strauss (1996). -VI in Green (1990), Pritchett (2002), and Kremer , ' t _,. - Y. Schleicher, Siniscalco, and Postlewaite (1995). -vv and Sarychev (2000). PROBE Team in association with Centre for Development Eco- -VA in Gradstein and Justman ,.i 9,1 LLUtlt JU) J. . Y _rL nomics (1999). (2002) and empirical exploration in Ritzen, Wang, and Duthil- Schleicher, Siniscalco, and Postlewaite (1995). -vs leul (2002). World Bank (2002m). -A. Appleton (2001). - Y Y GfK Praha-Institute for Market Research (2001). -AN t o. L-4 I7L tl ULI WI .71, J . -: I -AtS World Bank (2000c). -At Y- .. ,,.:... 1 45 .. McPake and others (2000) and Levy-Bruhl and others (1997). -Ar _ _SN iIJi, J. ,.t ,I .71 ,C ,5DL 5 7 Di Tella and Savedoff (2001a). -A£ J ,i .Y.. i \. .L1i 4I Narayan and others (2000a). -Ao ;LwII oi, .; plj s J&.01 l *u ,l - .Y v il c Knippenberg and others (1997). -AA (Y. .Y) 7 ,= i,L JL6I ; King and Ozler (2002). -AV Barro (1991), Bhargava and others _ -'Yt v 1 u Lewis, La Forgia, and Sulvetta (1996). -AA (2001), Bils and Klenow (2000), Pritchett and Summers WHO (World Health Organization) (1998). -M (1996), and Savedoff and Schultz (2000). Langsten and Hill (1995). -a.. Gertler and Molyneaux(1995). -8£o i - 1-5- L= -13 ' - s;IlJa.17 voI I 7-I lala (2003) .Y . 9 1 "1Y Ijg71 'i ouA7k1A SJLll -mY ,jllJL;SY35 21 - J, vla iSLL;II J c1 -_j!zJI 6iA 1 YL J'33 -NYv L7 Bruns, Mingat, and Rakatomalala (2003). -'N , L JSv LL I L: YIj JiJ I 1.LL;YI k L- yUW L8 _ ; ¢ 8 _ .,.1Devarajan, Miller, and Swanson (2002) -N A L; I - l ' 1 8AS. $, cE ~~~_,!i ss _9pll S ia4l -- L!5- ijS ,AL-j-'a ~L~Jl ~j>1i . 8Ao L. ~(,.~i (Y. I .T) ~_.1 ,{,'dL ~)L~ J 4 tII A i k.ijjill YZ: I LlI -NA 1 -L,J v'iS:S _9 Y) 1_,a9(Y- * j1>v.sL-_ 1._.^11A qLrL71v -Ni 15Yg\A,Up _Y ,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~j-l 1 .. 41e. .>.i .1- .115 L-I.A u1v kin _ -L I J.. I7 J-9 I Y7 9NA >L I ,jc viSl , v k1 > _L ? ,. t\ JiJJI .I yj u .UI LL *o LsjL 03 .;L~UI Y. . 00 l L- :I L:J ',o V- Z LUI Vt JL,...1II ZUI s .£ . ;w > .Paul (2002) > v i . 13 O U ,IJlI) ,..t ZLLUI Yo - ,l Lo- LUI NV- ClJI JL zaU Comnmunity Driven Development (2002) = -NoN, .(;.ALlJ 7 ;1 ; .LL 1 J-k i .tL. _ tl <*LlI J." j.i . .s U >LiL , l .ii -U ° Y Hammer, Nabi, and Cercone (1995). -. r ., iU Y..Lz iVj -t J,;;J van der Berg and Burger (2003). -Nr N Ramachandran (1996) and Dreze and Gazdar (1996). -Nor a,-,lj Duflo (2001). Filmer, Hammer, and Pritchett (2000) -Nrt Mencher (1980), Nag (1989), and Antia (1994). -\oi £ j.iLJ %AIj-JI & Dreze and Gazdar (1996) and PROBE Team in association -'Noo ,iL .sIL,,,, J7i.y. - IIi,.i Zu-~ - NTr 4 with Centre for Development Economics (1999) v7j, i 5 - yYI :WJI 1 1 iUI 4.4-7 1 l .Shah and Rani (2003) ,i -\ ° U.k kn 4W( jI iLj Dreze and Sen (2002). -\ovv , . Y l LL I ) J.io Keefer and Khemani (2003), Shah and Rani (2003). -NoA A71 OJ , jLa) jLdL "I Chandran (1999). -yO J! el^Y 51pJ (Y)Y Dreze and Gazdar (1996). p. 111. -A-. Fm and Picet( - Er£ ~~~ ~~ ,~~~ ~~ J- L Filmer and Pritchett (1999b). -Vti .Ramachandran (1996), p. 268 L.Lc oo . Ramachandran(1996) p. 268 Ut~ oBidani and Ravallion (1997) and Wagstaff (2002). -ro AVY i I;l Narayan (2002). -.AY Gupta, Verhoeven, and Tiongson (2002). -V\ World Bank (2001h). Rajkumar and Swaroop (2002); Gupta. Verhoeven, and Tiong- -mv -NA' Hammer and Jack (2001) and Gertler and Hammer (1997b). -. £ son (2002) find corruption to be important, but Jayasuriya and Das and Hammer (2003). -NA Wodon (2002) do not. Cornell and Kalt (1995);Cornell and Kalt (1997); Cornell and -' t11 .41. i I. - JI I .U. g.P Jil J~, k -VYA Kalt (2000). Filmer and Pritch-:,! SA ;_ J. Jg jgLI,. 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EE-' Y- *L fUL I ,SS 4.:1 I; tC _' ; &11 YYY I{,a e;L~ .4 1,4 ;;) X9l~y *EL. t ;1 _,l 1 L_.A ,I& Probe Qualitative Research Team (2002) 4 7,11 -NAY * 2t._ 1, U(OLA;;YI LP 6 & LUL 1LU " jL 7L_ jl Leonard (2002). _1 _p.:U) J;l ai Z1 tjqll1 &c LL1 Becker (1971). -NAr LD W-- uLi_I I ( U L; u 1 5 Lewis (2000). -MA *. 1 4i LA M 'a1 U;L1t yL '1 L.9X Tan, Soucat, and Mingat (2000). - AO Shah (2003a); http://www.mampu.gov.my/Circulars/ Li& A- -YYl Wolfensohn (1997). -)Al Clients_Charter.htm. Gertler and Hammer (1997b). - AV Hossain and Moore (2002). -YYv 1 LL ?, P 4111 _l. 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