AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION December 2019 © 2018 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Contents Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org EXECUTIVE SUMMARY IX This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments INTRODUCTION 1 they represent. Is interjurisdictional cooperation needed? 6 The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of Cooperation vs. consolidation 8 any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. EXPERIENCE OF DEVELOPED COUNTRIES WITH INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION Rights and Permissions AGREEMENTS 9 The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. IDENTIFICATION OF SECTOR/AREAS WHERE CROSS-JURISDICTIONAL PROJECTS ARE Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank PLANNED, IMPLEMENTED, OR MANAGED 21 Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. CASE STUDIES 27 Barcelona 27 Bordeaux 31 Regionalverband Saarbrüecken 33 Brainport Region Eindhoven 37 Grenoble-Alpes 43 Saint-Étienne Métropole 46 Terrassa 50 KEY PUBLIC SERVICE SECTORS COVERED BY ROMANIAN MUNICIPALITIES 55 THE FRAMEWORK FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION IN ROMANIA 59 MULTIJURISDICTIONAL AREAS/SECTORS THROUGH THE LENS OF SUB-NATIONAL ADMINISTRATIONS AND CITIZENS IN ROMANIA 65 POTENTIAL AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION IN ROMANIA 75 DISCLAIMER Strategic, spatial, and economic planning 81 This report is a product of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ Metropolitan spatial planning 82 the World Bank. The findings, interpretation, and conclusions expressed in this paper do not Metropolitan economic planning 82 necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of the World Bank, the European Commission, or the Government of Romania. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy Roads and bypasses 83 of the data included in this work. European and National Roads 83 County Roads 83 Local Roads, including underpasses, overpasses, bridges 84 Public transport 86 This report has been delivered in June 2019, under the Administrative Agreement No. 2019CE160AT020 Airport infrastructure 90 (under TF073325) on the Romania Multi-municipality Financing Program, signed between the European Climate change adaptation, risk prevention, and management 91 Commission and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. It corresponds to Output 2 Health infrastructure 91 in the above-mentioned agreement. Educational infrastructure 92 Social inclusion, poverty, and discrimination 92 Energy efficiency Environmental infrastructure 93 94 FIGURES Business infrastructure 95 Tourism infrastructure 97 FIGURE 1. NUTS 2 regions classified by Cohesion Policy category and Lagging Region category 5 FIGURE 2. Dimensions of interjurisdictional cooperation 11 CONCLUSIONS 99 FIGURE 3. The evolution of the City of Prague 12 ANNEX 1. Areas/sectors covered by major OECD metropolitan areas 104 FIGURE 4. Integrated cooperation tools in the Czech Republic 13 ANNEX 2. Metropolitan areas in Romania 124 FIGURE 5. Inception year of OECD metropolitan governance bodies 15 FIGURE 6. Thematic focus of Sustainable Urban Development (SUD) and Integrated Territorial ANNEX 3. Strategic multijurisdictional projects for the urban areas of Bucharest Investment (ITI) strategies currently implemented across Europe 16 and the 40 counties capital 130 FIGURE 7. Shared governance between traditional governmental levels (vertical) and across policy ANNEX 4. Public services covered by sub-national authorities in Romania, issues (horizontal) 18 and normative acts mandating service provision 172 FIGURE 8. Eight action areas for the implementation of the metropolitan planning approach 19 ANNEX 5. FUA Integrated Urban Development Strategies in the EU FIGURE 9. The student catchment area of the “Babes-Bolyai” University in Cluj 26 (2014-2020 programming period) 194 FIGURE 10. Number of pupils that commute for school in the Ploiesti Metropolitan Area 26 BIBLIOGRAPHY 221 FIGURE 11. Catalonia and Barcelona Metropolitan Area 27 FIGURE 12. The evolution of the city of Barcelona and its surrounding territory 28 FIGURE 13. The Bordeaux Metropolitan Area 31 FIGURE 14. The State of Saarland and the Regionalverband Saarbrüecken 34 FIGURE 15. Brainport Region Eindhoven 37 FIGURE 16. Accountability Arrangement of Brainport organizations 38 FIGURE 17. The Isère Department and Grenoble-Alpes Métropole 43 FIGURE 18. The French Metropolitan Areas and Saint-Étienne Métropole 47 FIGURE 19. Relation between Functional Urban Area of Barcelona, Metropolitan Urban Area and the Metropolitan Development Area of Terrassa 50 FIGURE 20. Terrassa Metropolitan Area management structure 52 FIGURE 21. Metropolitan (established) and Functional Urban Areas (proposed) in Romania 62 FIGURE 22. Urban areas and votes received under “Your City’s Priorities Campaign” 68 FIGURE 23. Localities with population growth between 2002 and 2012 81 FIGURE 24. The Metropolitan Road designed by the Oradea Metropolitan Area 83 FIGURE 25. The NUTS 2 regions in Romania, and constituent counties (NUTS 3) 84 FIGURE 26. County Roads financed from the ROP 2007-2013 85 FIGURE 27. Road network in the Cluj urban area 85 FIGURE 28. The easier it is to access opportunities, the better the social outcomes 88 FIGURE 29. Potential users of the planned Brașov Airport, in the one-hour catchment area 90 FIGURE 30. Business infrastructure in the Ploiești Metropolitan Area 96 TABLES Abbreviations and Acronyms TABLE 1. Administrative tiers for selected EU countries 6 AA Administrative Agreement TABLE 2. Distribution of projects and budgets for Polish ITIs, in the AFM Environment Fund Administration 2014-2020 Programming Period 16 ANFP National Public Functionaries Agency TABLE 3. Areas/sectors with multijurisdictional impact, of greatest interest to ANIF National Land Improvement Agency sub-national administrations in Romania 69 ANL National Housing Agency ANOFM National Employment Agency TABLE 4. Areas/sectors with multijurisdictional impact identified by a selection of sub-national authorities in Romania 70 CLLD Community-Led Local Development CNI National Investment Company TABLE 5. Potential areas/sectors for interjurisdictional cooperation in Romania 78 EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development TABLE 6. Commuter dynamics in the urban areas of Bucharest and the 40 county capitals 86 ESF European Social Fund ESFI European Fund for Strategic Investments TABLE 7. Number of marginalized people 93 ESIF European Structural and Investment Funds ERDF European Regional Development Fund TABLE 8. Square meters of green space per capita 94 ESPON European Spatial Observation Network TABLE 9. Distribution of historic heritage 97 EU European Union FS Feasibility Study FUA Functional Urban Area GDP Gross Domestic Product GIS Geographic Information System GoR Government of Romania IB Intermediate Body IDA Intercommunity Development Association ITI Integrated Territorial Investment IUDP Integrated Urban Development Plans IUDS Integrated Urban Development Strategy JRC Joint Research Center LAG Local Action Group MA Managing Authority MC Ministry of Culture MEN Ministry of Education MS Ministry of Health MWSJ Ministry of Work and Social Justice MRDPA Ministry of Regional Development and Public Administration MT Ministry of Tourism NGO Non-governmental organization PPP Public-Private Partnership PNCDI National Research & Development and Innovation Program PNDL National Local Development Program PUG General Spatial Plan (Plan Urbanistic General) PUZ Zonal Urban Plan (Plan Urbanistic Zonal) RAS Reimbursable Advisory Services Agreement RDA Regional Development Agency ROP Regional Operational Programme SUD Sustainable Urban Development SUMP Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan TAU Territorial Administrative Unit TF Trust Fund TP Technical Project UA Urban Authority WB World Bank Acknowledgements This report has been delivered under the provisions of the Administrative Agreement on the Romania Multi-municipality Financing Program and prepared under the guidance and supervision of David N. Sislen (Practice Manager, Social, Urban, Rural and Resilience, Europe and Central Asia) and Tatiana Proskuryakova (Country Manager, Romania and Hungary). This report was developed by a team under the coordination of Paul Kriss (Lead Urban Specialist) and made up of Marcel Ionescu-Heroiu (Senior Urban Development Specialist), Marius Cristea (Senior Urban Development Specialist), Yondela Silimela (Senior Urban Specialist), Sylwia Borkowska-Waszak (Senior Urban Development Specialist), Ioana Ivanov (Senior Urban Development Specialist), Nic EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Țarălungă (Lead Urban Development Specialist), Sorina Racoviceanu (Lead Urban Specialist), Reinhold Stadler (Senior Urban Development Specialist), Daiana Ghintuială (Urban Development Specialist), Maria-Magdalena Manea (Operations Specialist), Adina Vințan (Operations Specialist), and George Moldoveanu (Information Assistant). The team would like to express its gratitude for the excellent cooperation, guidance, and feedback provided by the representatives of the European Commission, the representatives of the Romanian Ministry of Regional Development and Public Administration, the representatives of the Romanian Ministry of European Funds, and the multitude of local and regional actors who have helped with the development of this report. . EXECUTIVE SUMMARY XI Jurisdictional boundaries, when they are drawn, try to find a balance between proximity to citizens and their needs and efficient service delivery, while taking a series of factors (e.g. geographical constraints, historical dynamics, ethnic considerations, administrative efficiency, etc.) into consideration. As such, jurisdictions vary in size from country to country. While there is no evidence that smaller or larger jurisdictions have an influence on overall economic performance of a country, day-to-day practice indicates that existent jurisdictional boundaries rarely respond fully to public service delivery needs. For a variety of areas/sectors, interjurisdictional cooperation agreements are needed, and such agreements are in place virtually in every country (although most of the evidence on such agreements is collected for developed countries). The scope of this report is to identify the public areas/sectors in Romania that would benefit from interjurisdictional cooperation agreements. The report is part of a suite of reports that aim to determine how partnerships between different jurisdictions could become eligible for EU financing in the 2021-2027 Programming Period. The reports prepared under this program include: • Identification of areas/sectors with multijurisdictional impact [this report]; • Identification of interjurisdictional cooperation models and territories for multisectoral project implementation; • Identification of organizational models for multi-municipal territorial cooperation for attracting EU funds; • Identification of conditionalities and resources implied by proposed organizational models. The report first looks at the experience of developed countries with interjurisdictional cooperation agreements and identifies a number of areas/sectors that are commonly subject to such agreements. Second, the report outlines the relevant Romanian legislation with a focus on: 1) the areas/sectors that are part of the mandate of sub-national administrations; 2) the framework for interjurisdictional cooperation. Third, the report summarizes original World Bank research on the interjurisdictional cooperation areas/sectors that sub-national administrations identify as being of highest need. La, the report identifies the area/sectors in Romania that are ideal candidates for sub-national interjurisdictional cooperation agreements (listed in the table below), with more in-depth analyses on some of these key areas/sectors. XII OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION EXECUTIVE SUMMARY XIII Potential areas/sectors for interjurisdictional cooperation in Romania Eligibility for Eligibility EU funding in for state Area/sector of Potential interventions / measures suitable for Eligibility for Eligibility the 2021-2027 budget intervention multijurisdictional arrangements EU funding in for state programming -funded Area/sector of Potential interventions / measures suitable for the 2021-2027 budget period programs intervention multijurisdictional arrangements programming -funded period programs - Roads and bypasses       Administrative - Traffic management systems Territorial, strategic and financial planning ERDF PUG capacity MDRAP - Metropolitan urban plans Climate change and Apele Risk mitigation CF + ERDF - General urban plans risk management  Romane - SUMPs ANIF       - IUDSs - Consolidation of seismic-risk buildings; - Public policies and program-based budgeting   - Flood protection measures;     - Green cadaster - Landslide protection measures. INA   Emergency response ERDF No   Human resources in local administration ESF ANFP - Investments in professional and voluntary emergency situation services (buildings, equipment, training); - Competencies building and training (e.g. public procurement)             - Development of integrated multi-risk intervention centers; - Project implementation units - Mountain and sea rescue centers.   Management and administrative processes and tools  ERDF No Low carbon and Energy generation, transmission and distribution CF + ERDF MDRAP - One-stop shops for citizens and companies energy efficiency   - Quality management standards, procedures     - Modernization of district heating systems, including co-generation; - Urban/metropolitan authorities - Use of renewable energy for public building;       Transport Public transport ERDF +CF No - Smart metering and energy consumption monitoring; - Subway extension - Extension of energy and gas distribution networks. - Metropolitan railway systems   Energy efficiency ERDF MDRAP - Extension and rehabilitation of tram lines - Energy efficient public lighting.   - Extension / modernization of public transport stations / terminals     PNDL Education Basic education ERDF - Bus rapid transit systems MEN - E-ticketing - Nurseries and kindergartens; - Electric public transport fleet   - Schools;       Multi-modal transport CF No - High-schools. - Intermodal freight transport infrastructure   Technical and vocational education ERDF MEN   - Park & rides / Bike & rides       - Campuses for vocational training     - Intermodal passenger terminals Special education ERDF MEN   Non-motorized transport and E-mobility ERDF AFM - Special educational facilities - Bicycle lanes and bike sharing systems   Higher education ERDF MEN   - Pedestrian and shared-space areas       - Campuses for higher education     - Charging stations for electric vehicles Health Medical infrastructure ERDF MS / PNDL   Accessibility CF + ERDF PNDL - Building regional emergency hospitals;       - Investments in municipal emergency hospitals and units. XIV OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION EXECUTIVE SUMMARY XV Eligibility for Eligibility Eligibility for Eligibility EU funding in for state EU funding in for state Area/sector of Potential interventions / measures suitable for Area/sector of Potential interventions / measures suitable for the 2021-2027 budget the 2021-2027 budget intervention multijurisdictional arrangements intervention multijurisdictional arrangements programming -funded programming -funded period programs period programs Environment and   Knowledge and technology transfer ERDF No Waste management CF AFM biodiversity - Public and private innovation and technology transfer         - Promotion of separation at source waste collection     infrastructure and services   Water and wastewater CF PNDL / AFM Digitalization Broadband CF No - Extension of water and wastewater infrastructure to areas - Extension of broadband infrastructure             not covered by regional water and wastewater masterplans  - Public Wi-fi hotspots ERDF +   Biodiversity No   E-public services ERDF + CF No EARDF   - Implementation of management plans for NATURA 2000 areas       - Implementation of e-governance, e-heal, e-learning, e-culture tools       Brownfields ERDF No Start Up   IT&C private sector ERDF Nation   - Public and private brownfields for other functions       - Support for the IT&C companies and clusters     Social inclusion and Social services ESF + ERDF MMFPS Cultural heritage employment Leisure infrastructure ERDF CNI and tourism - Social and healthcare daycare centers and services for vulnerable groups;   - Public leisure facilities             Tourism resources ERDF MT - Home care for vulnerable groups; - Protected homes for vulnerable groups. - Valorization of natural tourism resources; ERDF - Development of health tourism;   Marginalized and disadvantaged communities No     ESF - Basic infrastructure for tourism areas; - Integrated measures for addressing marginalized neighborhoods; - Tourism marketing and promotion. - Integrated renewal measures for communist districts / collective   Cultural heritage ERDF MC   housing;     - Historic centers; - Integrated renewal measures for new residential area lacking basic       infrastructure. - Monuments of national importance. ANL Start Up Competitiveness SMEs and entrepreneurship ERDF + ESF Housing ERDF Nation Prima Casa     - Support infrastructure and services for SMEs      - Affordable housing;   - Social and emergency housing.     It should be noted that the project’s premise is that without strong urban areas, one cannot have strong regions or national economy. Interjurisdictional cooperation tools, and resources for   Employment ESF ANOFM interjurisdictional projects, can help urban areas become more efficient, inclusive, and competitive. - Youth employment (competence development and evaluation, employment services, internships etc.); It is also important to note that interjurisdictional cooperation approaches are not new in Romania. Several initiatives exist, many of which function successfully. In some cases, these   - Access to the labor markets for informal workers and unemployed     (training, employment services, social economy etc.); initiatives have appeared naturally and organically. In other cases, however, interjurisdictional agreements have been established in response to mandates from a higher level or in response to - Social economy. targeted incentives (e.g. access to funds). Relatively high transaction costs, political dissention, R&D and R&D ERDF PNCDI  or low levels of trust and trustworthiness have frequently acted as a barrier to interjurisdictional innovation cooperation agreements. Targeted incentives, such as access to EU funds, may help temporarily - Support for public R&D infrastructure; overcome these barriers, but it is critical to think about the changes required to ensure the long-       term sustainability of such cooperation agreements – where and if such agreements continue to - Support for R&D partnerships between companies and public bodies. have higher benefits than costs. XVI OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION This project focuses squarely on how to enable multi-jurisdictional agreements to have easier access to EU funds for the 2021-2027 Programming Period and will not detail critical aspects pertaining to the sustainability of multi-level governance systems. But, a number of key issues should still be considered: i. Interjurisdictional spatial planning – interjurisdictional projects will almost always require, or at least benefit from, holistic spatial planning for the entire area. Such planning should, at a minimum, consider issues pertaining to mobility (people and freight), economics, and environment. This planning should identify key intervention areas and projects associated therewith. ii. Clarity on powers and functions – where new institutions are established (whether voluntary or statutory), there should be a clear delineation of powers and functions. These may be sole or shared mandates. These range from ability to regulate, implement, INTRODUCTION raise taxes, borrow, etc. Where mandates are shared, intergovernmental arrangements should be clearly defined. This certainty on powers and functions enables interjurisdiction institutions to clearly define their mandates, build capacity consistent therewith and better manage functional overlaps. iii. Funding and finance –it is critical to determine how the proposed solutions will be financed as corporate entities, as well as how they will finance projects. Consideration of funding and financing options should be linked to the consideration of powers and functions as well as ownership of assets built by these institutions. There are a wide variety of options, informed by a range of considerations, such as the extent of fiscal devolution and capacity. INTRODUCTION 3 The mandate of the EU Cohesion’s Policy is to narrow development gaps and reduce disparities between member countries and regions. Around 454 billion euros of European Structural and Investment (ESI) Funds have been allocated to help EU regions become more competitive in the 2014-2020 Programming Period, with a focus on less developed regions (with a GDP per capita (PPS) of less than 75% of the EU average) and transitions regions (with a GDP per capita (PPS) between 75% and 90% of the EU average). However, not all EU regions have been able to fully take advantage of the benefits, due to the effects of the 2008 economic crisis and structural problems. Consequently, Corina Crețu, the Commissioner for Regional Policy, with the Task Force for Better Implementation, initiated the Lagging Regions Initiative to identify growth constraints in less developed regions, and provide targeted assistance and programs to foster growth. Thus, lagging regions development support is offered to a broad range of stakeholders (regional and local administrations, educational institutions, business support institutions, small and midsize enterprises (SMEs), entrepreneurs, investors, non-governmental organizations, international financing institutions). It is meant to maximize the impact of regional investments. Two types of lagging regions were identified in the EU: • LOW GROWTH REGIONS: cover less developed and transition regions that did not converge to the EU average between the years 2000 and 2013 in member states with a GDP per capita (PPS) below the EU average in 2013. These include almost all the less developed and transition regions of Greece, Italy, Spain, and Portugal. • LOW INCOME REGIONS: cover all the regions with a GDP per capita (PPS) below 50% of the EU average in 2013. This group covers the less developed regions of Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland and Romania. Poland and Romania were the first countries to pilot this initiative, with two regions each – Świętokrzyskie and Podkarpackie in Poland, and Northwest and Northeast in Romania. Since these first pilot projects, the work has been extended both thematically and geographically (e.g. Slovakia was included in the initiative), with a focus on determining how regions can become more competitive and inclusive. 4 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION INTRODUCTION 5 Analytical work undertaken in recent years1 indicates that the performance of regions in the territorial administrative Units (TAUs), etc.), for the instances in which EU funding EU is linked to the performance of urban areas within the region. The most dynamic EU regions could be organized at the subnational level. These forms of cooperation could come to either have one or more metropolitan areas or urban agglomerations within their boundaries, complement or supplement the current model used for EU funding, which focuses only or they are close to one in another region. Without strong urban areas, one cannot have strong on the administrative territory of the eligible county seats. regions. Cities function as pulse beacons, diffusing development to the areas around them • Activity 3. If the opportunity for such an intercommunity or regional model is confirmed Strong cities are not enough though. To ensure that the benefits of city development also spill for any of the intervention areas/sectors under analysis, the project will identify suitable over to the urban hinterland, it is critical to devise and encourage interjurisdictional cooperation organizational models (for example, establishing a new intercommunity association or and development. Few urban investments nowadays have impact only on one administrative making use of an existing one, or ad-hoc initiatives, such as a partnership agreement for unit, so provisions should be in place for interjurisdictional planning and implementation. The a certain investment project) and functional within Romania for each of the intervention numbers speak for themselves. Thus, the suburban and peri-urban areas of Bucharest and the areas/sectors. 40 county capitals generate 20% of firm revenues in the country, have attracted 31% of migrants, and have received 32% of new housing units after 1990. However, little has been done to foster • Activity 4. In case EU funding is proposed on a new, alternative organizational model, interjurisdictional dynamics between core cities and their suburban and peri-urban areas (e.g. different from the ones already existing in Romania and based on international best metropolitan mobility, cross-jurisdictional investments, sharing of services). practices, establish the implications for: i. The need for integrated urban development strategies/plans. For the 2021-2027 Programming Period, the European Commission has decided that the ii. The need to strengthen administrative capacity, at different levels. European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) will have a stronger focus on sustainable urban development (SUD) activities, with member states allocating at least 6% of ERDF funds for This report corresponds to Activity 1 listed above. The report looks at international case studies integrated development in urban areas (Sustainable Urban Development), either through a on multi-jurisdiction territorial planning, financing instruments and management approaches, dedicated operational program a dedicated priority axis, within an operational program, or juxtaposing these against Romanian regulatory and institutional arrangements. It then explores with the help of tools such as Integrated Territorial Investments (ITI) or Community-Led Local in more depth the areas/sectors that could be organized at a multijurisdictional level and why Development (CLLD). The European Commission also wants to offer “more incentives for a more some areas/sectors should be organized at the multijurisdictional level. Lastly, the report looks at effective governance based on partnership, multi-level governance and an integrated place- the areas/sectors managed by local administration in Romania, with recommendations on which based approach in its programmes.”2 sectors may be organized at the multijurisdictional level – including areas/sectors that are not typically implemented by local administrations. Thus, all EU Member Countries, Romania included, need a stronger focus on cross-sectoral and interjurisdictional approaches, and better respond to the needs of territories that may not be FIGURE 1. defined by one clear administrative boundary NUTS 2 regions classified by Cohesion Policy category (left) and Lagging Region category (right) With this in mind, a new Administrative Agreement (AA) for the Romania Multi-municipality EU Cohesion Policy region Lagging region Financing Program was signed between the European Commission and the International Bank More developed Low income Transition Low growth for Reconstruction and Development with the objective to support Romania to identify ways to Less developed improve the impact of its investments in urban area through better territorial planning, and by Non-EU or No data providing inputs into the design of multi-municipal financing instruments and recommending relevant institutional structures. The following activities are envisaged under the project: • Activity 1. Identification of intervention areas/sectors, in which there could be intrinsic added value for channeling EU funding through municipalities, functional urban areas (FUA) /metropolitan and/or regional associative bodies (such as Inter-communal Development Associations (IDAs) , Regional Development Associations (RDAs), etc.) in place of, or in addition to, the national authorities (heal, tourism, energy, education, social services, urban and metropolitan/regional transport, competitiveness and support for SMEs and innovation, etc.). • Activity 2. Analysis of the need for an overall or sector specific forms of territorial cooperation (such as metropolitan IDAs, project-oriented partnerships between 1 See for example: Farole, Thomas, Soraya Goga, and Marcel Ionescu-Heroiu. 2018. Rethinking Lagging Regions: Using Cohesion Policy to Deliver on the Potential of Europe’s Regions. World Bank Publications. 0 250 500 1,000 km 0 250 500 1,000 km 2 European Commission. 2018. Policy Objective 5 – Europe Closer to Citizens and Tools for Integrated Territorial Development. [Policy Pape] 6 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION INTRODUCTION 7 Is interjurisdictional cooperation needed? Country Population in Intermediate level Local level 2012 (in millions Sub-national governments carve up territories for many reasons – social, economic, fiscal, Luxembourg 0.5 3 districts, 12 cantons, 106 communes and political. Success of government actions is measured based on how well policies and Malta 0.4 68 local councils programs cater to local residents’ demand. There is no clear evidence that a higher or lower Netherlands 16.8 12 provinces 483 municipalities level of decentralization impacts socio-economic conditions (see Table 1 below with sub-national Poland 38.5 16 provinces 307 poviats and 2,489 gminas divisions for a selection of EU countries), but the effectiveness and efficiency of government 18 districts + 2 autonomous 308 municipalities, 4,261 freguesias action often depends on conditions elsewhere – particularly in neighboring jurisdictions. And Portugal 10.5 regions (parishes) interdependence with neighbors increases as one zooms in closer, moving from a national to 42 counties (41 + Bucharest), 320 urban provincial/regional or metropolitan lens. Consider infrastructure services such as water, sewerage, Romania 21.3 8 planning regions areas (103 municipalities and 217 towns) solid waste management, electricity, and transport – they all flow across administrative divisions. and 2,861 communes Similarly, negative environment externalities from congestion and air pollution are not limited to Slovakia 5.4 8 regions (kraje) 79 administrative districts, 2,875 municipalities (towns and villages) specific jurisdictions. 8 regions, 79 districts (okres) – mostly TABLE 1. Slovenia 2.1 4 oblasts statistical units, 5,992 settlements (182 Administrative tiers for selected EU countries urban) Population in Spain 46.2 17 regions 50 provinces; 8,111 municipalities Country Intermediate level Local level 2012 (in millions Sweden 9.5 8 national areas 21 counties, 290 municipalities Austria 8.5 9 states (Länder / regions) 35 districts, 2,360 communities 30 counties (England) + 7 unitary 3,232 cities, towns, and villages (66 cities 3 regions, 3 communities, 4 United Kingdom 63.2 authorities (2 in Wales, 4 in with official status) Belgium 11.1 language areas, 11 provinces (10 + 44 arrondissements, 589 communities Scotland, 1 in N. Ireland) Brussels) Source: World Development Report, 2000; desk research 28 districts/oblasts and 5,333 Bulgaria 7.3 8 planning regions communities (including 247 towns) Economic and social interactions are not contained within administrative divisions, yet public 21 counties; 128 cities; 428 municipalities Croatia 4.3 2 regions (groups of villages) policies are often designed and implemented within jurisdictional silos. This translates into lost opportunities to derive higher gains from common institutions (e.g. joint utility networks, integrated Cyprus 1.1 6 districts, 140 towns and villages spatial planning, regional public transport provision, joint management of negative environmental Czech Republic 10.5 14 regions (kraj) – 13 + Prague 75 districts, 6200 communities externalities), connective infrastructure (e.g. regional transit systems connecting to easier, cheaper, 98 municipalities; those under 20,000 and more efficient access to regional opportunities) and targeted incentives (e.g. reducing beggar- residents are required to enter into binding Denmark 5.6 5 regions cooperation with a larger neighboring thy-neighbor adverse policies when it comes to the attraction of private investments). municipality Policy options to respond to cross-jurisdictional dynamics can vary greatly, from voluntary 241 communities (39 towns and 202 rural Estonia 1.4 15 counties settlements) agreements and metropolitan governments, to setting standards, taxing, and regulatory frameworks. Government involvement in cross-jurisdiction dynamics has been the subject of Finland 5.4 19 regions (maakunta) 320 communities (107 cities) academic discourse over time with varying options, including laissez-faire type approaches, France 65.7 21 regions 95 departments and 36,772 communities promoted initially by Nobel-prize Laureate Ronald Coase – who thought that mutually satisfactory Germany 81.9 13 states, 3 city states 329 counties, 115 county-free cities, and agreements can be reached without direct government intervention (when transaction costs are 14,915 communities negligible or inexistent); to options that invariably require direct government intervention. 54 districts, 900 municipalities and 133 Greece 11.2 13 regions communes Day-to-day reality shows that neither laissez-faire approaches nor pure government 20 subregions (including Budapest); 3,156 intervention are always the go-to solution for interjurisdictional cooperation. Rather, Hungary 9.9 7 counties (megy) communities (2,920 villages) interjurisdictional approaches should be tailored to each individual context and adjusted according Ireland 4.6 8 regions 34 councils (29 counties and 5 cities) to the impact that is hoped to be achieved. At all time, it is important to ask whether an Italy 60.9 22 regions 107 provinces and 8,100 communities interjurisdictional solution has a bigger positive impact than the costs associated with it. Also, depending on a country or city’s development level, the size of the locality, and on the area/sector 5 planning regions, 26 regional 60 cities; 556 communities (of which 470 Latvia 2.0 that is considered, there may be a need for interjurisdictional cooperation. What may work in municipalities are rural municipalities) one place, will not necessarily function in another, despite similar contexts. Thus, cookie-cutter 60 municipalities, 546 elderships (an Lithuania 2.9 10 counties eldership varies from a few villages, a solutions should be avoided whenever possible, and a menu of options should rather be provided town, or parts of a city) for when dealing with interjurisdictional challenges. 8 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION The challenges faced by Romanian cities indicate that interjurisdictional approaches are needed. In some sectors, such as water and wastewater, or solid waste management, interjurisdictional cooperation approaches have already been proven to function well. However, there are additional areas/sectors where interjurisdictional approaches could also bring efficiency gains. For example, metropolitan spatial planning, could better streamline urban development patterns; the development of cross-jurisdictional road links and metropolitan public transport systems could help address traffic issues most large cities deal with (e.g. Bucharest has some of the worst traffic in the world); the development of business infrastructure (e.g. industrial parks) often is done in peri-urban areas (e.g. Ploiesti, Cluj-Napoca) but is dependent on the labor force from the city’s center. The report will discuss such cases in more depth. Cooperation vs. consolidation EXPERIENCE OF In response to experienced challenges, public officials should make evidence-based decisions, take care to explore a range of solutions and taking due regard of their operating context. Thus, when local administrations are faced with negative metropolitan externalities DEVELOPED COUNTRIES (e.g. congestion, capital flight, pollution, chaotic urban development), the solution may not only be the establishment of a metropolitan governance structure (which would require a metropolitan WITH INTERJURISDICTIONAL development law), other alternatives such as simple cooperation (e.g. voluntary agreements) and co-financing agreements do exist. COOPERATION AGREEMENTS Ideally, the simplest and least distortionary solutions should be sought to each problem that arises. Thus, if voluntary agreements are easy to achieve, they should be the first option. If, however, a particular issue requires new institutional set-ups, these should be pursued – with due regard to transactional costs associated therewith. The decision to pursue cooperation or consolidation approaches should be taken having considered a variety of factors, such as the complexity of the issue being addressed, the number of institutions involved and associated transaction costs. For complex, multi-stakeholder and multi-year recurring issues, a governance solution may be appropriate. Whereas short term, simple issues may be resolved through, for instance, project specific interventions (i.e. a multi-jurisdiction project team constituted and dissolved on completion of the project), transaction costs and complex political interrelationships should also be considered. Transaction costs should relate to the scale and complexity of the issue being addressed and in complex political environments (i.e. different and opposing political parties) extra care should be taken in designing a cooperation or consolidation approach that anticipates changes in the political environment. To make informed decisions, policy makers need to explore a range of options, conscious that solutions may be time-bound, a solution that may work well today, may need reform tomorrow. Most of today’s mega-cities, such as New York, London, and Tokyo, relied in their initial development phases, on cooperation agreements between different local administrations (e.g. between New York and Brooklyn, between London and Camden Town, or between Tokyo and Shinagawa), but over time these matured into consolidation in response to the joint challenges they faced. Similarly, Romanian localities should take a long-term view in considering solutions to respond to interjurisdictional challenges – understanding that these will morph and change over time in response to dynamics such as shifting political affiliations, demographic and economic shifts. EXPERIENCE OF DEVELOPED COUNTRIES WITH INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION AGREEMENTS 11 Necessity has prompted developed and developing countries to develop a myriad of interjurisdictional models, in a variety of sectors. The experience of these countries is relevant for Romania, as it is increasingly dealing with some of the challenges that these countries have dealt with. Moreover, for the 2014-2020 Programming Period, the European Commission has promoted integrated urban development not only at the neighborhood and city level, but also at the metropolitan level and for function urban areas. STRAT-Board: Territorial and Urban Strategies Dashboard3 shows that 18 EU member states, including Romania, developed integrated strategies at the FUA level, meaning that they have been developing interjurisdictional partnerships and cooperation mechanisms. FIGURE 2. Dimensions of interjurisdictional cooperation Adapted from: Nunn S., Rosentraub M.S. 1997. Dimensions of Interjurisdictional Cooperation, Article in Journal of the American Planning Association 3 The European Commission’s interactive mapping tool that provides a visual overview of Sustainable Urban Development (SUD) and Integrated Territorial Investment (ITI) strategies currently implemented across Europe - https://urban.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ strat-board/#/where 12 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION EXPERIENCE OF DEVELOPED COUNTRIES WITH INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION AGREEMENTS 13 Interjurisdictional cooperation models range from simple voluntary agreements, to new Looking at the most complex cooperation agreements, and the areas/sectors they cover, administrative levels (e.g. metropolitan governance). The simpler the type of cooperation, the can provide a better picture of the areas/sectors most likely to have a cross-jurisdictional more sectors/areas it can be used for. Conversely, the more complex the type of cooperation, the impact. In this respect, metropolitan areas, and metropolitan forms of governance, are among the more limited the scope of its cooperation is likely to be. Figure 2 below presents in a synthetic form most complex interjurisdictional cooperation agreements, short of creating a new and separate of some of the various dimensions of interjurisdictional cooperation. administrative level. And indeed, many metropolitan areas have over time morphed into stand- alone city administrations. For example, the neighborhoods of Vinohrady, Zizkov, Karlin, or Letna, used to be stand-alone towns, which eventually became part of the city of Prague. Several of FIGURE 3. Prague’s 56 districts used to be stand-alone villages and towns a few years ago. Figure 3 shows The evolution of the city of Prague how Prague evolved over time. Thus, in 1842, Prague had roughly the shape and size of the current historic district and was surrounded by a myriad of villages. Over time, the urban mass of the area has extended continuously, and so have the administrative boundaries of the city of Prague. Currently, metropolitan planning and project implementation extend well beyond the administrative boundaries depicted below. For the 2014-2020 Programming Period, an ITI approach was prepared for the Metropolitan Areas of Prague, which extends well beyond the city’s current limits (see map below). Similar ITI approaches have been proposed for all the major cities and urban agglomerations in the Czech Republic. FIGURE 4. Integrated cooperation tools in the Czech Republic 1844 1880 1920 1950 1990 2016 Source: Prague Planning Institute (IPR) 14 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION EXPERIENCE OF DEVELOPED COUNTRIES WITH INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION AGREEMENTS 15 Interjurisdictional cooperation agreements, of the type established in the Czech Republic, FIGURE 5. have not been established solely for the purpose of attracting EU funds. There are clear Inception year of OECD metropolitan governance bodies benefits of such agreements, some of which include:4 • Economic development outcomes, including an improved business climate, entrepreneurial activity and business attraction; • Municipal service outcomes, including improved quality, cost efficiency, and provision of public services due to economies of scale; • Physical environmental outcomes, including improved environmental quality outcomes; and, • Socio-political outcomes based on improved citizen participation and inclusiveness. Based on an analysis of the metropolitan cooperation in Europe, Heg, Klagge and Ossenbrugge5 have identified three areas of metropolitan cooperation: i. cooperation in thematic fields which are characterized by a rather state-oriented regulation model, and where the local or regional administration plays an important role - e.g. the common use of costly infrastructure; Source: OECD. 2014. The OECD Governance Survey: A Quantitative Description of Governance Structures in large ii. cooperative efforts focusing on thematic fields which are generally dominated by private Urban Agglomerations. actors and market-oriented regulation models (e.g. economic specialization). The success Given that across 21 OECD countries, there are clear periods when metropolitan areas were of such efforts depends on the ability to build economies of scale and scope, based on “in” and periods when metropolitan areas were “out”, indicates that the political, social, and the premise that bigger markets specialization may lead to cost savings, innovations economic context of the time, may have played an important role in their establishment. This and learning effects; and should be a point of reflection for when new metropolitan governance structures are established, as they may partially be the product of a trend. Nonetheless, prior OECD research7 indicates iii. A mix of the previous two - in thematic fields such as culture, education or tourism it that metropolitan areas that have a governance structure in place, have better socio-economic is possible to share infrastructure, which can lead to both cost savings and improved indicators than areas without such a governance structure in place, hence the renewed interest organizational performance. of the European Commission in cities and metropolitan areas (the 2021-2027 ERDF Policy has a clear focus on integrated urban development approaches), the next decade may see further A recent OECD study6 looked at 263 metropolitan areas from OECD countries, to see interest in metropolitan development and management. whether these metropolitan areas had some form of governance structure in place and tried to identify the areas/sectors these governance structures focused on in their day- The European Commission’s Joint Research Center (JRC) has undertaken an inventory of to-day activity. Sixty-eight percent of the analyzed metropolitan areas had governance bodies integrated urban development strategies in the EU, which usually focus on multijurisdictional in place, with countries like France, the Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden, and Switzerland, having areas and has identified the key areas/sectors these strategies focus on. The Stratboard8 all their metropolitan areas with a dedicated governance body in place. Forty-eight of these 178 includes 191 strategies at the FUA level in 18-member states and points to an increased focus (27%) governance bodies have the right to regulate and pass local laws. With respect to the year on low carbon economy, environment protection, resource efficiency, and social inclusion. The the metropolitan governance bodies were created, there seems to be strong cyclicity – with a lot thematic objectives addressed by the 39 Article 7 Romanian cities (within the ROP Axis 4) of governance bodies being created in the late 1970s, the 1990s, and around the new millennium. included: 1) TO4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy; 2) TO6. Environment and resource efficiency; 3) TO9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination; 4) TO10. Education, training and vocational training. However, only TO4 interventions related to urban mobility were addressed at the metropolitan / FUA level. 4 See:Nunn S., Rosentraub M.S. 1997. Dimensions of Interjurisdictional Cooperation, Article in Journal of the American Planning Association 5 Heeg, Klagge, Ossenbrugge. 2002. Metropolitan cooperation in Europe: Theoretical issues and perspectives for urban networking, article in European Planning Studies, Vol. 11, No. 2, 2003 6 OECD. 2014. The OECD Governance Survey: A Quantitative Description of Governance Structures in large Urban 7 OECD. 2013. Regions at a Glance: Special Focus on Metropolitan Areas. Agglomerations. 8 STRAT-Board: Territorial and Urban Strategies Dashboard, https://urban.jrc.ec.europa.eu/strat-board/#/where 16 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION EXPERIENCE OF DEVELOPED COUNTRIES WITH INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION AGREEMENTS 17 FIGURE 6. Thematic focus of Sustainable Urban Development (SUD) and Integrated Territorial Value of projects in No. of Investment (ITI) strategies currently implemented across Europe Thematic area mil. Polish Zloty projects (1 EUR = 4.25 PLN) Education infrastructure for vocational education and training and 63 389.6 adult education Infrastructure for early childhood education and care 89 389.0 Reducing and preventing early school leaving, ensuring equal access to quality early childhood education and to primary, lower secondary and upper 264 317.7 secondary education, including formal, non-formal, and informal learning pathways to re-enter education and training Business infrastructure for SMEs (including industrial parks and facilities) 23 263.3 Wastewater treatment 26 257.6 Improving the labor market relevance of education and training systems, facilitating the transition from education to employment and strengthening Source: STRAT-Board: Territorial and Urban Strategies Dashboard, https://urban.jrc.ec.europa.eu/strat-board/#/where vocational education and training systems and their quality, including 120 240.5 through mechanisms for skills forecasting, curriculum adaptation and design and development of learning systems through practical apprenticeship, Each of the EU Thematic Objectives includes a number of Thematic Areas, and a number undertaken in close cooperation with employers of eligible activities. A full overview of these thematic areas and eligible activities is available Measures in the field of air quality 31 215.5 online.9 The table below includes an allocation of funds for ITIs in Poland, the EU country with the largest SUD allocation for 2014-2020 (around 6.2 billion euros). A total of 24 functional urban Educational infrastructure for school education (primary and secondary 31 195.5 general education) areas (FUAs) in Poland have used the ITI tool in this programming period, and the table below includes the main areas they focused on. Intelligent transport systems (including introduction of demand management, toll collection systems, IT systems for monitoring, control and 6 191.0 information) TABLE 2. Protection, development and promotion of public goods in the field of culture 38 187.9 Distribution of projects and budgets for Polish ITIs, in the 2014-2020 Programming Period and heritage Active inclusion, including to promote equal opportunities and active Value of projects in 90 170.0 No. of participation, and improving employability Thematic area mil. Polish Zloty projects (1 EUR = 4.25 PLN) Other railways 2 151.8 Clean urban transport infrastructure and promotion thereof Facilitating access to affordable, sustainable and high-quality services, 157 3.579,7 106 147.7 (including equipment and rolling stock) including health care and social services of general interest Renovation of public infrastructure for the purposes of energy Source: Wolanski, Michal et al. 2018. Evaluation of Implementation of the ITI Tool in the EU Financial Perspective 345 1,879.8 efficiency, demonstration projects and support measures for 2014-2020. Final Report for Government of Poland. Rehabilitation of social infrastructure contributing to regional 66 645.0 The European Spatial Observation Network (ESPON) also promotes interjurisdictional and local development cooperation models, with a focus on the development of metropolitan areas. The ESPON Cycling and walking paths 54 626.9 SPIMA initiative (Spatial dynamics and strategic planning in metropolitan areas) promotes shared metropolitan governance as the way forward to address the demographic, social, Housing infrastructure 40 483.3 economic and political challenges cities and their surrounding areas are facing. Different Other reconstructed or modernized roads (motorways, national, regional, forms of shared governance / interjurisdictional cooperation already exist in the stakeholder 22 403.0 or local roads) areas (Vienna – Austria, Zurich – Switzerland, Prague and Brno – Czech Republic, Brussels – Belgium, Oslo-Akershus – Norway, Turin – Italy, Terrassa – Spain, Lille and Lyon – France). Access to employment for jobseekers and inactive people, including the However, their effectiveness in the long term depends on the specific local context in each long- term unemployed and those distant from the labor market, i.e. 136 394.0 through local employment initiatives and support for worker mobility area, including the institutional frameworks and structures in place, the spatial planning practices and the capacity available for building durable and trust-based collaboration between different actors. Figure 7 below illustrates a model for shared metropolitan governance, showing potential directions and structures for horizontal and vertical cooperation, as well as suggesting topics for metropolitan development. 9 See here: https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/information/legislation/guidance/ 18 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION EXPERIENCE OF DEVELOPED COUNTRIES WITH INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION AGREEMENTS 19 FIGURE 7. FIGURE 8. Shared governance between traditional governmental levels (vertical) and across policy issues (horizontal) Eight action areas for the implementation of the metropolitan planning approach Source: ESPON.2018. SPIMA – Spatial dynamics and strategic planning in metropolitan areas A - strategic planning processes, B – statutory planning processes, C – collaborative planning processes SPIMA also proposes a metropolitan planning approach embedding eight “action areas” Source: ESPON / [SPIMA] (2018) (see Figure 8) that set different foci in strategic, statutory, and collaborative planning processes. Implementing these action areas may help to better understand the existing situation in the metropolitan areas, establish suitable governance process and support decision-making processes. The case study analysis showed that among the stakeholder areas there is relative progress made with regard to the assessment of current urban trends and identification of key challenges. The action areas that are less well-addressed relate to ensuring key success factors, incentives and triggers, the establishment of suitable governance models, and the involvement of relevant actors. These observations also apply to the general situation of metropolitan areas’ development in Europe,10 where difficulties were identified especially in the operationalization and maintenance of interjurisdictional cooperation. 10 See also: METREX. 2018. Looking at metropolitan areas as Laboratories of metropolitan governance IDENTIFICATION OF SECTOR/AREAS WHERE CROSS-JURISDICTIONAL PROJECTS ARE PLANNED, IMPLEMENTED, OR MANAGED IDENTIFICATION OF SECTOR/AREAS WHERE CROSS-JURISDICTIONAL PROJECTS ARE PLANNED, IMPLEMENTED, OR MANAGED 23 ESPON SPIMA groups interjurisdictional challenges and dynamics in seven thematic categories:11 demographics, spatial development, economy and finances, social welfare, transport, environment and quality of life, culture, and one crosscutting issue – institutional. Out of these challenges, several areas in which interjurisdictional cooperation can be identified: Population growth / decline Demographics Ensuring an efficient transport Migration of population to suburban areas Transport infrastructure, mobility and accessibility infrastructure Traffic congestion issues Suburbanization and urban sprawl Inefficient spatial planning process Environmental quality Relocation of businesses outside core area Regeneration of post-industrial areas Pressure on land and land price imbalances Environment Urban-rural conflicts of interests Spatial (i.e. suburbs - core city) and quality structure and of life Nature and landscape preservation development Missed opportunities for mutually beneficial developments between municipalities Energy Need for multi-functional land use planning Climate adaptation (floods risk etc.) Achieving polycentric development Ensuring cultural vitality Ensuring sustainable commuting patterns Accommodating multicultural communities Cultural Ensure affordable and good quality housing Providing opportunities for the poorly educated Economic stagnation Cultural heritage Economy and Creating sustainable tourism opportunities finances Taxation systems as support for spatial development Need for multilevel collaboration Economic growth and attractiveness Shared visions on strategic plans Gap between strategic planning and Institutional implementation of metropolitan Unequal job opportunities between different development urban areas and among social groups Social Dealing with intermunicipal/regional welfare Deprived communities in inner city competition Social segregation Internationalization Source: ESPON SPIMA 11 ESPON SPIMA 24 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION IDENTIFICATION OF SECTOR/AREAS WHERE CROSS-JURISDICTIONAL PROJECTS ARE PLANNED, IMPLEMENTED, OR MANAGED 25 Both the Territorial Agenda 2020 and 2020+ and the Urban Agenda for the EU acknowledge starting with the previous programming period. As a result, most municipalities have the need for interjurisdictional cooperation in functional urban areas. The Urban Agenda for delegated their legal competences in the field of waste collection, transport and the EU12 provides concrete examples on how functional areas can support effective integrated elimination to IDAs, that further outsourced these services to private operators, approaches to sustainable development: covering different territorial clusters. In most cases, these clusters have been designed to overlap with the cities’ functional areas. • The sustainable use of land and nature-based partnerships to promote FUA cooperation as a tool to diminish urban sprawl. This is to be achieved through improved cooperation • Water and Wastewater. 35% and 26%, respectively, of governance bodies dealt with between municipalities pursuing coordinated spatial planning and appropriate financial these sectors. In Romania, water and wastewater services are provided by regional incentive systems at the level of FUA. water companies, usually covering all, or most localities, within an existing county. Some water and wastewater companies have extended their service area, however, • Urban mobility policies for cities covering FUA and hinterlands. beyond the boundary of the county in which they were originally created. The OECD, mentioned above, looked at 263 metropolitan areas, and for 178 areas that had • Culture and Leisure. 29% of governance bodies are active in this area/sector. This a metropolitan governance body in place, it identified the key areas/sectors covered by the is an area that is not commonly managed at the metropolitan level in Romania, governance body.13 Annex 1 includes key areas/sectors covered by the 178 governance bodies. although there is a definite need in this respect. For example, some of the main These sectors hint about the key sectors that could potentially be covered by interjurisdictional cooperation agreements in Romania, and they include: seaside resorts in Romania (e.g. Neptun, Olimp, Saturn, Venus, Jupiter, and Cap Aurora) are part of the Mangalia Territorial Administrative Unit (TAU) – a small town with 36,000 citizens, and hardly with the necessary budget to keep this massive • Regional Development. 81% of all analyzed governance bodies covered this area. The main tourist infrastructure in good shape. Consequently, some of the most prized seaside activity covered is the promotion of the local economy, with a focus on attracting private resorts in Romania have fallen into disrepair in recent years. investors, encouraging local entrepreneurship, promoting skills’ development among the local labor force, and targeted support to for key economic sectors. It is worth mentioning • Energy. 15% of governance bodies operate in this sector. This sector is also uncommon that none of the metropolitan area Intercommunal development associations (IDAs) in for Romanian interjurisdictional cooperation agreements, with production and Romania currently assume this function directly. distribution of energy handled by large private and public companies. However, as • Transportation. 78% of governance bodies work on transportation, focusing primarily on energy production is becoming more autonomous and localized, and with energy metropolitan public transport and the construction, modernization, and rehabilitation efficiency high on the EC’s policy agenda, this may be a sector where localities will of roads. This is also the area that is most often identified as having a metropolitan/ increasingly cooperate. multijurisdictional dimension in Romania. • Health. Healthcare is provided at the metropolitan level by a few metropolitan • Spatial Planning. 67% of governance bodies undertake metropolitan spatial planning. governance bodies in places such as Vienna, Hamburg, Nuremberg, Saarbrüecken, This is an area/sector that emerged, in the Romanian context, as being most Geneva, Eindhoven, Lisbon, Porto, and Malmo. Generally, however, it is unusual for such needed for the proper development of metropolitan areas, in conjunction with the a service to be provided at the metropolitan level, despite the clear multijurisdictional consolidation of spatial planning tools at the local level. Even in cases where one impact of the sector. The sector is quite diverse and complex, with some small clinics center city has a strong and well-enforced spatial plan, the lack of similar strong plans only servicing a neighborhood, while some hospitals can have regional, national, and and enforcement in suburban and peri-urban areas, means that the metropolitan multi-national reach area still develops in a non-coordinated manner, with clear negative externalities for the center city (e.g. congestion, pollution, social exclusion, the creation of service • Education. Education is also provided by only a few metropolitan governance bodies, deserts). because of the varying territorial impact one can have in this sector. Thus, the Babeș- Bolyai University in Cluj has a national reach. At the same time, school children • Solid Waste Management. 35% of the 178 governance bodies, in the OECD study, commute across jurisdictional boundaries to meet their educational needs (see map dealt with this sector. In Romania, IDAs specialized in waste management, reuniting below with the number of pupils commuting within the Ploiesti Metropolitan Area). all TAUs and coordinated by the County Councils, have already been established. Moreover, with the rapid development of new settlements in the suburbs and peri- This has actually been a pre-condition for accessing EU funding for the waste sector, urban areas of dynamic cities in Romania, critical public infrastructure has been slow to follow. Thus, there are communities with several thousand new residents, but with 12 European Commission. 2019. Urban agenda for the EU, Multi-level governance in action. no new schools, kindergartens, or nurseries, adding pressure to the existing social 13 OECD. 2014. The OECD Governance Survey: A Quantitative Description of Governance Structures in large Urban and transport infrastructure. Agglomerations. 26 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION IDENTIFICATION OF SECTOR/AREAS WHERE CROSS-JURISDICTIONAL PROJECTS ARE PLANNED, IMPLEMENTED, OR MANAGED 27 FIGURE 9. The student catchment area of the Babes-Bolyai University in Cluj CASE STUDIES Barcelona General Information The Barcelona Metropolitan Area is situated in Catalonia, in the northern part of Spain, comprised of 36 municipalities raging from municipalities with less than 10,000 inhabitants to the city of Barcelona with more than 1,000,000 inhabitants. Covering a total surface of 636 km², the Barcelona Metropolitan Area has a total population of over 3.2 million people and a population density of 5,093 people/km². This area is the largest on the Mediterranean coast and one of the largest in Europe. FIGURE 11. Catalonia and Barcelona Metropolitan Area Source: UEFISCDI FIGURE 10. Number of pupils that commute for school in the Ploiesti Metropolitan Area Source: Àrea Metropolitana de Barcelona Institutional history Starting from Ildefons Cerdà’s innovative urban plan in 1859, which introduced the grid-iron pattern, the development of Barcelona grew rapidly, connecting the city to the surrounding towns which were incorporated by the city by the end of the century. The year of 1953 marked the establishment of the first metropolitan body, the Barcelona Town Planning Committee, which comprised of 27 municipalities. After a series of changes in 2011, the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona was constituted as a To better understand the more varied basket of public administration in accordance with Law 31/2010 passed by the Parliament of Catalonia, areas/sectors covered by mature metropolitan replacing the three existing metropolitan bodies until that date: the Union of Municipalities of areas in developed countries, a few case studies the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona, the Environmental Agency, and the Transport Metropolitan will be analyzed in more depth in the following Agency. Since then, the period 2011-2015 marked the first term of the metropolitan government, sub-sections. with a second one following for 2015-2019. The Barcelona Metropolitan Area is now considered a best practice in metropolitan governance for introducing a single institution for the coherent Source: Ploiești Integrated Urban Development Strategy 2014-2020 management of the territory. 28 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION IDENTIFICATION OF SECTOR/AREAS WHERE CROSS-JURISDICTIONAL PROJECTS ARE PLANNED, IMPLEMENTED, OR MANAGED 29 FIGURE 12. Areas/sectors of multijurisdictional impact The evolution of the city of Barcelona and its surrounding territory The Metropolitan Area of Barcelona covers the following key areas/sectors: • Territory. In terms of territorial development, the AMB covers responsibilities in urban planning, infrastructure, public space and housing, conducting activities regarding the elaboration of the Plan Director Urbanistic Metropolitan (PDUM), the design and maintenance of public places and coastal areas, the construction of public facilities, the development of transport, energy, ITC or green infrastructure, the implementation of smart city solutions, the development of projects for housing rehabilitation, the introduction of social housing rental scheme, as well as the enforcement of official general and fixed-priced protection schemes. 1956 1977 2006 • Transport and mobility. The main responsibilities of the AMB in mobility focus on public transport, the fare system, and planning activities, including the direct management Source: Àrea Metropolitana de Barcelona of the public transport system (busses, metro, taxis, and aero busses), the setting of fares according to the specific zoning for the surrounding territory of Barcelona, the implementation of sustainable transport (electric vehicles, bicycles, parking), as well as elaborating planning documentation such as the Metropolitan Urban Mobility Plan, urban Organizational structure mobility plans for municipalities, the Mobility Law and mobility studies. The administrative territory of the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona (AMB) includes 36 municipalities that are organized under a governing body, the Metropolitan Council, which • Environment. The AMB is responsible for the management of water, waste and the provides public services and infrastructure functions in the metropolitan area. It also has water cycle management at the metropolitan level, including the monitoring of water authority to adopt regulations and monitor implementation of public policies. The Metropolitan resource availability and consumption, the sanitation process (transport and treatment of wastewater), the management of water treatment plants, waste collection, the Council has a four-year term and is constituted by mayors and councilors from the 36 elaboration of the sustainability plan of the AMB, as well as environmental quality municipalities. It is comprised of several distinct bodies such as the Metropolitan Council, assessment, and the establishment of the Environmental Authority. the President, the Executive Vice-President, the Vice-Presidents, the Governing Board, the Metropolitan Political Groups, as well as other bodies (the Council of Mayors, the Special Audit • Social and economic development. The social and economic sectors are dealt Commission and metropolitan Political Groups). In addition, the Metropolitan Council ensures with both from a planning perspective, as well as from a development one. The that necessary resources are available for the implementation of metropolitan scale projects, AMB elaborates the Metropolitan Strategy, as well as other strategies and studies while sharing competency with individual municipalities in a number of areas / sectors. in the fields of land, economic development, mobility and transport, social cohesion, sustainability and telecommunications. The areas of social policy covered by the AMB include social emergencies, housing, tackling inequality, cohesion and coexistence, public Planning system space, together with fuel poverty. In terms of economic development, the AMB covers The Spanish planning system is a hierarchical one, with different plans covering all topics such as development areas (some of the most important development areas are El Prat Airport, the port, the sites of economic activities, the area of the Besòs administrative levels. A national spatial plan has never been elaborated. Other planning power plant, the Maritime Platform of Montgat, and Parc de l’Alba), re-industrialization, instruments have been used instead, including General Territorial Plans for autonomous the development of industrial parks and business services, new economies, as well as regions, such as Catalonia (PTG – Plan Territorial General de Cataluña). These can be metropolitan tourism. There is also socio-economic transversality, and the AMB is also accompanied by Territorial Planning Guidelines such as Provincial Territorial Plans (PTP), for responsible for developing social and employment plans, setting metropolitan reference example, in the case of the partial Metropolitan Territorial Plan of Barcelona, and Sectoral wage, encouraging employment insertion, and the collaboration with social agents. Territorial Plans (PTS). Lastly, municipalities elaborate their own local plans (POUM) or they can collaborate to prepare a single plan, for example in the case of metropolitan areas • International relations. The main activities developed by the AMB are exchanging (PDUM). The Metropolitan Area of Barcelona is responsible for preparing the Plan Director experiences and best practices with other cities throughout Europe and worldwide, Urbanistic Metropolitan, a process that started in 2013 and has followed numerous steps contributing to discussions regarding urban and metropolitan issues on the international from the active involvement of relevant stakeholders to the analysis of the local context, as agenda, implementing international collaborative projects, establishing international well as the elaboration of the territorial diagnosis and of proposals. networks, working with city councils, economic actors, civil society and the academic sector, and positioning Barcelona as a knowledge center on urban and metropolitan policy. 30 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION IDENTIFICATION OF SECTOR/AREAS WHERE CROSS-JURISDICTIONAL PROJECTS ARE PLANNED, IMPLEMENTED, OR MANAGED 31 Examples of metropolitan projects and initiatives The Metropolitan Area of Barcelona implemented numerous successful projects in various Bordeaux areas of interest. Some of them include: General Information • the elaboration of the Plan Director Urbanistic Metropolitan; The Bordeaux Métropole, located in southwest of France, includes 28 municipalities and is one of the 10 metropoles of France. With a total population of 749,595 inhabitants, the Bordeaux • the urban regeneration plan for the Roca industrial area; Métropole is the 5th largest urban agglomeration in France. Within its 570 km2 there are approximately 387,000 housing units of which 80% are privately owned, while 20% represent • the development of infrastructure and services in relation to the Llobregat River, social housing. for example by designing and creating public spaces (e.g. Parc de la Solidaritat or underground / suspended pathways in Badalona, Gavà, and Cerdanyola del Vallès), by creating cycling connections to the Avenida Diagnonal (e.g. Esplugues de Llobregat), Institutional history and by the transformation of major roads into urban boulevards (e.g. the C-31 The association between Bordeaux and surrounding FIGURE 13. between Besòs and Montgat, the B-23 between Sant Joan Despí to Barcelona, or municipalities started in 1966 under the name The Bordeaux Metropolitan Area the C-245) “Communauté urbaine de Bordeaux” and is one of the first four urban metropolitan communities created • the metropolitan program of action to improve the natural and urban landscape directly by the French Parliament. Since then, (PSG), which consists of the contribution of the AMB with 60-75% of the total multiple laws aiming to strengthen intermunicipal budget for activities regarding the river areas, the improvement of degraded areas, cooperation were passed, while also pursuing the the integration within the local landscape of road, energy, and services infrastructure, fusion of small municipalities. In 2015, under the and the management of forest areas with high risk of being affected by fire. territorial organization law of the French Republic, the Bordeaux Métropole was created based on the former urban community. The MAPTAM Conclusions law (Loi de modernisation de l’action publique The Metropolitan Area of Barcelona is considered a best practice example in metropolitan territoriale et d’affirmation des métropoles) gave governance due to its organizational model that provides administrative power to a single more power to metropolitan agglomerations and authority responsible for metropolitan development. This has enabled the AMB to be remade their statute and the way in which the responsible for a great variety of areas with multijurisdictional impact, implementing and metropolitan council is formed. Also in 2015, under the reorganization of French regions, Bordeaux conducting numerous initiatives varying from planning activities (elaborating urban planning became the capital of the Aquitaine region, which documents, as well as integrated and sectoral strategies and studies) and the development is the result of merging former Poitou-Charentes, and management of major metropolitan infrastructure and services (such as water and Limousing and Aquitaine regions. waste management, public transport, and the development of the areas in the proximity of the Llobregat river), to smaller scale/local activities (including the design and maintenance of public spaces and coastal areas, and the construction of public facilities), collaborative Organizational structure initiatives with local municipalities and international activities aimed at promoting the AMB The administrative structure of the Bordeaux Métropole is the Metropolitan Council, which is activity on European and global scale and attracting new opportunities. made up of 105 councilors. These are proportionally (number of municipalities and number of Locating cross-jurisdiction planning capacity and authority, and project conceptualization, inhabitants) selected from the council members of the 28 municipalities that form the metropolitan design, financing and implementation in a single authority has demonstrable benefits for community. The Metropolitan Council elects a president that embodies the executive power and a vice president. Under the lead of the president and the vice president, seven thematic coordinated cross-jurisdiction implementation. directions (Direction Générale) handle metropolitan or communal services: transport, quality of life, capitalization of the territory, public finances, informatic systems, general administration, and territory. The yearly budget (1.685 million euros in 2018) is from the following revenues: public services (10.9%), taxes (67.4%), donations from municipalities (18.43%), and other (3.23%). 32 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION IDENTIFICATION OF SECTOR/AREAS WHERE CROSS-JURISDICTIONAL PROJECTS ARE PLANNED, IMPLEMENTED, OR MANAGED 33 Planning system Examples of metropolitan projects and initiatives At the national level, schemes for collective services (SSC) refer mostly to policies at the national level or investments of national interest. For regions (where?) spatial development • The Jacques Chaban-Delmas Bridge and the Simone Veil Bridge; plans are developed – Regional Sustainable Spatial Development Perspective (SRADDT). At the • Tramline to Bordeaux Airport16; metropolitan level, SCoT (Scheme of Territorial Coherence) replaced the SDAU (Schéma Directeur d’Aménagement et d’Urbanisme) (Municipal Masterplan) to ensure coherent spatial development. • Brazza a new eco-district with affordable housing options; At the local level, zoning is controlled by the PLU (Local Urban Plan) which includes both strategy and regulation and is directly linked to the Plan de Déplacements Urbains (PDU).14 Recently, the • Campus Metropolitan – a campus oriented towards education, research and development Sustainable Development Plan (PADD) was introduced as a new planning tool, mostly concerned in health; and with including sustainable development into the PLU (Local Urban Plan). • Bordeaux-Euratlantique - a park for environmental intelligence hosting green growth businesses. Areas/sectors of multijurisdictional impact It is important to note that the Bordeaux Métropole finances all its projects from revenues as Metropolitan competences refer to four pillars: 1. Mobility, 2. Economy, 3. Housing and urban mentioned above. planning and 4. Quality of life. • In terms of urban mobility, Bordeaux Métropole is in charge of metropolitan public Conclusions transport, major infrastructure, and road signage. In general, the systematic improvement of the French administrative system, without forcing a major administrative reform (i.e. creation of a new administrative tier – regional or metropolitan) • Bordeaux Métropole supports economic development initiatives and is also responsible is an approach to be appreciated and considered for supporting interjurisdictional cooperation. for the international promotion of the territory and its economic activities.15 Another important responsibility of the Bordeaux Métropole is related to the management and The Bordeaux Metropole is a good example as the association has gone through all phases of development of business parks. Several flagship projects like the Bordeaux-Euratlantique metropolitan governance supported by the French legal framework. Thus, the Bordeaux Métropole, Innovation Park are already under implementation. Finally, digital public services are also represents a mature and consolidated association with a strong joint vision, identity, and managed at the metropolitan level. With approximately 250 employees, the General clear understanding of both horizontal and vertical cooperation. Also, the Bordeaux Métropole Direction for Informatic Systems manages most digital public services at metropolitan represents o good example of how to strengthen the metropolitan level while keeping the local level, while also providing support to local authorities. autonomy of the institutions involved. • Planning, and in some cases, the implementation of residential developments is the responsibility of the Bordeaux Métropole. Urban operations, such as the development of new residential areas like Brazza, Ginko, or Quais de Floirac are managed at the metropolitan level. Recently, the Bordeaux Métropole has become responsible for implementing the “City Policy”, a partnership to reduce inequalities between neighborhoods in the peri- urban area and improve living conditions by targeting interventions where they are most Regionalverband Saarbrüecken needed. The target areas are composed of 14 municipalities, 21 neighborhoods with a total of 60,000 inhabitants. The implementation of these local, sometimes bottom up General Information projects, is co-financed from the ERDF and the ESF. The German state of Saarland is divided into five districts and the Regionalverband Saarbrücken (Regional Federation of Saarbrücken) is one that was created in 2008 as part of an • Technical infrastructures or services, like heating, water sanitation, and waste disposal administrative reform. Since 1974, the local authority had been called Stadtverband Saarbrücken. are also managed at metropolitan level. In addition, some of the regions natural heritage The Regionalverband is by far the largest district in the Saarland. With approximately 330,000 is also managed by the Bordeaux Métropole. In terms of planning, the Bordeaux Métropole inhabitants, one third of the population of Saarland lives there. The Regionalverband Saarbrüecken recently developed the Bordeaux Métropole Plan, which was approved in July 2017. is the economic center of Saarland, but also deals with a host of challenges associated with urban agglomerations. 16 TheBordeaux tram extension was one of the first projects to be started under the “Communauté urbaine de Bordeaux”. The 14 Similar to the already well know Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan (SUMP). aim was counter the sprawling trend of the suburbs by ensuring adequate high capacity public transport and thus generating 15 There is even a discussion of developing a RIS 3 (Regional Innovation Strategy) at metropolitan level, even if this planning transit-oriented development. The main planning tools that made this possible were an urban mobility master plan that was instrument has been designed by the EC for NUTS 2 regions. afterwards replaced by a SUMP (Plan des Déplacements Urbains) 34 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION IDENTIFICATION OF SECTOR/AREAS WHERE CROSS-JURISDICTIONAL PROJECTS ARE PLANNED, IMPLEMENTED, OR MANAGED 35 Institutional history Planning system As part of a territorial reform in 1974, the city of Saarbrücken was joined with the District of The German planning system is very decentralized, with significant powers given to states and Saarbrücken, to form a city association – the Regionalverband. The cities and municipalities in localities. In accordance with Articles 8 through 16 of the Federal Spatial Planning Act, state today’s regional association are very different, ranging in size from 8,000 inhabitants to almost governments are responsible for elaborating spatial plans for their entire territory (state-wide 180,000 inhabitants. Over its 40-year history, the Regionalverband has assumed more and more area plan) and regional plans for particular areas. Based on the Federal Construction Law (1960), responsibilities. For example, in 1984 the then Regionalverband took over the provision of youth as well as the Code of Construction (1986), local governing bodies have to formulate a F Plan welfare services for the city of Völklingen and the Saarbrüecken in 1993. Between 2008 and 2011, (elaborated at a scale of scale of about 1:10,000, outlining zoning regulations, and being binding the Regionalverband took over social services provision for all ten local and regional authorities. for the administration that elaborates it) and a B Plan (a construction guidance plan, at the scale of about 1:500, which is binding for private actors). The federal Spatial Planning Act requires that FIGURE 14. F and B Plans be in conformity with the regional plans. The State of Saarland and the Regionalverband Saarbrüecken The Regionalverband Saarbrüecken has the mandate to prepare the spatial plan for the region, through the Cooperation Council. The Cooperation Council sits beside the mayors and the local councilors of the constituent localities. The Cooperation Council decides on the land use plan and the landscape plan that the Regionalverband establishes for its ten constituent localities. In addition, the Council covers issues pertaining to economic development, public transport, and the coordination of leisure, sports and recreational activities. Areas/sectors of multijurisdictional impact The Regionalverband Saarbrüecken covers the following key areas/sectors: • Work and social affairs. The job center in the Regionalverband has 540 employees and is responsible for approximately 37,000 people in more than 20 communities. The job center is run by the Employment Agency Saarland and the Regionalverband Saarbrücken. It provides social benefits, unemployment benefits, and support for finding a job. At the same time, it is the point of contact for employers that seek to fill job vacancies. • Youth and family. The services offered by the Child and Youth Welfare Services range from early help during pregnancy to child daycare, educational assistance, and support in the transition to school or work, as needed by a growing number of families. Child protection, combating the effects of child poverty, help for young refugees, and respect for diverse family forms and world views are some of the other topics covered. There are Organizational structure around 250 employees. The administrative territory of the Regionalverband Saarbrücken includes 10 cities and communities. The Regionalverband mayor is directly elected by the citizens of the ten cities • Education. The Regionalverband Saarbrücken is one of the largest educational institutions and communities from the county of the Regionalverband for a ten-year term. This election in secondary education, vocational education, and support schools, in southwest Germany, took place for the first time on June 7, 2009. The Regionalverband mayor is, without requiring a and thus responsible for a regionally balanced educational offer. The tasks of the school separate vote, the chair of the Regionalverband, the Regionalverband Committee, the specialized board are carried out by the school administration office. The Building Authority is committees and the Cooperation Council. S/he is the legal representative of the Regionalverband responsible for the construction, maintenance, and modernization of school buildings. and head of the administration. If s/he is unable to attend, s/he will be represented by one of the • Regional Planning and Economic Development. The Regionalverband Saarbrücken is volunteer aldermen. responsible for spatial and landscape planning for its territory. It ensures an orderly urban The Regionalverband committee is a smaller version of the Regional assembly and consists of 15 development of the greater region and formulates goals and measures for the protection members. The Regionalverband committee prepares all the matters that the Regional assembly and careful use of nature and landscapes. The 30-member Cooperation Council decides has to decide on. The Regional assembly has 45 members. They are elected by the citizens of the on planning objectives. Members include the head mayor of the Regionalverband, locality ten affiliated cities and communities. Their term of office is five years. The Regional assembly mayors, and members of the local councils for the ten cities and communities. Their decides on all municipal affairs of the Regionalverband. decisions are bound by the instructions of the city or local councils. 36 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION IDENTIFICATION OF SECTOR/AREAS WHERE CROSS-JURISDICTIONAL PROJECTS ARE PLANNED, IMPLEMENTED, OR MANAGED 37 • Tourism and Culture. Tourism is an important income generator for the region. Together with the City Marketing and Tourismus Zentrale Saarland (TZS), the Regionalverband Brainport Region Eindhoven develops tourism infrastructure and cultural programs. Examples include the cross- border cycling network Vélo Visavis, the establishment of hiking trails, the adventure General Information route Baroque-street Saar-Palatinate, and the implementation of uniform touristic signposting system. Brainport (Brainport Region Eindhoven) is located in the southeast Netherlands, a region famous for its “DNA of cooperation”17 and innovation. Brainport benefits from its geographic position • Health. The health department is responsible for the health of the people in the and European accessibility, only 100 km from Leuven (Belgium) and Aachen (Germany) and Regionalverband Saarbrüecken. It acts as a supervisory entity, playing a controlling role, approximatively 450 km away from Paris and London. Brainport is one of the three pillars of the while also supporting, coordinating and helping with socio-medical issues. It acts as Dutch economy, along with Amsterdam and Rotterdam, and its economic capacity is crucial to the counseling center in the following fields: the social psychiatric service and senior the international competitiveness of the country. counseling, pregnancy, conflict, counseling and family planning, the counseling center for Brainport Region Eindhoven encompasses 21 municipalities and 757.000 inhabitants (30% living AIDS and sexual health, addiction counseling and prevention, etc. The employees of the in Eindhoven), accounting for around 4% of the total Dutch population, while contributing with care support centers provide assistance to people who prefer to live in their own home 19% to the total national investments in private R&D and 44% of the patents in the country. for as long as medically possible. FIGURE 15. • Continuous Education. The Regionalverband responds to the needs of citizens in areas Brainport Region Eindhoven of study such as history, philosophy, creativity and art, health education, literature, music, Institutional history or languages. The adult education center of the Regionalverband covers a wide range of The emergence of Brainport Eindhoven is a result of educational opportunities. The educational program includes around 1,500 events and close collaboration between the local governments, courses per semester. With more than 30,000 people participating in offered courses high-tech industries and knowledge institutions in the and events, this is one of the largest adult education centers in the nation and one of past two decades, with the main aim to strengthen the largest providers of education in southwest Germany. the regional economy. The collaboration was triggered by the economic? crisis in the late 1980s and early Examples of metropolitan projects and initiatives 1990s. The Stadsregio Eindhoven (SRE, Eindhoven City Region), municipalities, business, and knowledge Some good examples of multijurisdictional projects include: Brainport institutions joined forces to recover from the economic downturn. SRE is a regional organization Eindhoven • Economic development - the Saarland Thermal Bath: the Regionalverband Federation consisting of Eindhoven and Helmond cities and 19 was involved from the start, along with a considerable share in the project company. surrounding municipalities, which created a joint fund The baths are a tourism magnet, attracting visitors from across the border in France. to strengthen the economic structure of the region and set up the Stimulus program18 in 1995. The • A number of cross-border projects have been implemented, such as the “Warndt success of the program fostered broad acceptance Weekend” and the “Vélo SaarMoselle”. of cooperation between government, academia, and industry as the basis for regional development and the creation of an innovative milieu. Hence, • Tourism and culture - The cultural forum of the Regional Federation stands for originality since the early 2000s, the governance framework of the region has been developing based on a and creativity, with a number of events such as “Sunday at the castle”, “Street Theater triple-helix model. The Horizon Programme was the first joint agenda built by local governments, Days”, “Summer Scene”, or “Culture for Kids”. knowledge institutions and the business community, and was followed by the establishment of the Brainport Foundation in 2005. The Foundation brought together representatives of all three Conclusions sectors, working together to determine the development strategies for Brainport Eindhoven NV. The key take-away for Romanian authorities is that successful interjurisdictional cooperation The advisory committee board of the foundation includes representatives of the government, mechanisms can be created even for relatively smaller localities, enabling economies of scale and business sector and knowledge institutions and acts as a think-tank for the Brainport Foundation more efficient service provision. It is also an interesting example of interjurisdictional cooperation, and Brainport Development NV. focusing primarily on soft areas/sectors, such as continuous education, youth and family, education, and health. Often, interjurisdictional cooperation agreements are primarily designed for 17 Horlings.2013. Leadership, governance and place in the knowledge economy: the case of Brainport Eindhoven in the Nether- lands, Paper for the Regional Studies Association European Conference 2013: “Shape and be Shaped: The Future Dynamics of the development of infrastructure and provision of utilities. The Regionalverband Saarbrüecken Regional Development” is an example that such agreements can respond to a wider palette of multijurisdictional needs. 18 Based on the success of the program in 1994-1996 and 1997-1999, Stimulus Program Management has grown from a southeast Brabant organization to an implementation organization for the expenditure of the regional structural funds from the ERDF for the entire southern Netherlands (https://www.stimulus.nl/over-stimulus/) 38 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION IDENTIFICATION OF SECTOR/AREAS WHERE CROSS-JURISDICTIONAL PROJECTS ARE PLANNED, IMPLEMENTED, OR MANAGED 39 The Brainport Development Agency is the implementation body for the regional strategy defined The cooperation between the 21 municipalities in Brainport takes place on a voluntary basis and by the Brainport Foundation. Unlike other commercial services and consultancies, as a triple the metropolitan region has no legal powers. In order to reflect democratic legitimacy, the powers helix-governed development agency, Brainport Development Agency is able to offer several free and decision-making authority – including in terms of planning, belong to and are retained by the services to new arrivals: practical assistance in areas such as tax structures, incentives and municipalities. However, in order to reflect the importance of cooperation, the local governments permit procedures, confidential and personalized support, such as insight and data on location players are represented in the triple helix of Brainport by the Eindhoven Metropolitan City Region (SRE). and site selection, introducing corporate investors to networks and service suppliers in business, Aside from providing funding to the Brainport Development NV through SRE, larger municipalities regional government, consultants, academic institutions and other relevant stakeholders. (e.g. Eindhoven, Helmond, Veldhoven, Best) have been providing additional funding directly to the agency, in order to gain the position of municipal shareholders and to be engaged in the Finally, cluster development has played an important role in the regional development strategy and decision-making processes. Funding from the local governments contributed to covering the basic there are several umbrella organizations that play coordinating and cluster management roles, operational expenses of the development agency. supporting the regional innovation ecosystem: the Design Cooperation Brainport, Automotive Technology Campus, and the high tech open supply chain Brainport Industries. Due to its flexible structure, Brainport Development NV has also attracted funding from additional sources, including the EU, national government, provincial government, municipalities According to the Brainport 2020 strategy,19 the regional institutional framework is planned to and private sectors. shift from Triple Helix to Multi Helix, so that it should develop to involve citizens, customers, Brainport Development NV has to render financial accountability to its shareholders. Any strategy, consumers, investors, designers, artists and corporations in decision making and regional and action plan or project that needs funding must be agreed by the SRE and the municipal shareholders. local development. In terms of scope and initiatives, Brainport Development NV stimulates and develops regional and (inter)national projects and programs, promotes Brainport Region Eindhoven at home and Organizational structure abroad, facilitates regional industry through business advice and funding, start-up provision, business accommodation and business centers, and monitors regional trends. It also supports The Brainport Region Eindhoven is an example of voluntary cooperation between local many bottom-up initiatives with external project owners. governments, academia, research institutions and the business sector. The Brainport Foundation is the governing body constituted of founding institutions. It determines the development strategies of Brainport Development NV and appoints the Supervisory Committee Board. The Planning system Foundation’s representatives on the board include: the executive committee of SRE, mayors of The Dutch planning system has undergone a phase of fundamental change, especially since the the shareholder municipalities, presidents of research institutes, CEOs of high-tech firms and/or introduction of the new Spatial Planning Act (WRO) in 2008. The general aim of this transition chairpersons of local business associations. The main responsibility of the committee is to set up has been to accelerate planning processes and to decentralize planning responsibilities. According the strategic development agenda for the improvement of the regional economic structure and to the WRO, spatial planning decisions are made at the national, regional, and local levels, international competitiveness. As mentioned, implementation of these strategies is undertaken through the spatial visions (policy papers) of the government, provinces, and municipalities, which by the Development Agency. describe expected spatial developments, as well as how these developments will be directed or implemented. The Spatial Vision on Infrastructure & Spatial Planning (SVIR) states priorities and FIGURE 16. issues of national interest (e.g. improving accessibility), while the provincial spatial visions focus on Accountability Arrangement of Brainport organizations provincial interests, such as landscape management, urbanization, and the preservation of green spaces. Spatial planning policy and its implementation are often shaped at the municipal level. The cooperation and development of the Brainport Region Eindhoven is not explicitly linked to the planning system. However, the branding of the “brainport” and the directions for regional economic development and quality of life embedded in the Brainport strategy are reflected by the planning documents in force or under development. For example, the National Policy Strategy for Infrastructure and Spatial Planning20 mentions Brainport as one of the three “urban regions with a concentration of key sectors”, alongside Amsterdam (airport) and Rotterdam (port). At the same time, the provincial and the regional plans were supposed to include at their core the economic development to a region with international charisma, a good infrastructure, development of the central area focused on the knowledge axis A2 (highway with knowledge- based industry on both sides), the focus on “brainport” Eindhoven, and the development of the public transport system.21 Source: Huang, Wei-Ju. 2015. Accountability and Relational Governance: The Case of Brainport Eindhoven, The 20 Summary National Policy Strategy for Infrastructure and Spatial Planning, available at: https://www. Netherlands. AESOP 2015 Congress, Prague government.nl/topics/spatial-planning-and-infrastructure/documents/publications/2013/07/24/ summary-national-policy-strategy-for-infrastructure-and-spatial-planning 21 JOINING FORCES. Metropolitan governance & competitiveness of European cities - “Governance in Strategic and Spatial 19 Brainport Eindhove, 2017 https://brainporteindhoven.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Welcome-to-Brainport-2017.pdf Planning at City Region Level”. EINDHOVEN. 2008 40 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION IDENTIFICATION OF SECTOR/AREAS WHERE CROSS-JURISDICTIONAL PROJECTS ARE PLANNED, IMPLEMENTED, OR MANAGED 41 Areas/sectors of multijurisdictional impact network of Brainport can be further enhanced by improving the links with neighboring regions in the South of the Netherlands, with the two other pillars of the Dutch economy The strategy and activities of Brainport Development Agency are clustered around four main – Amsterdam and Rotterdam, as well as with economic hotspots across the border. enablers for regional grow that can be considered areas for multijurisdictional impact: people, International accessibility will gain a further boost from the growth of business-related technology, business, basics, and international.22 destinations from Eindhoven Airport. • People - a high-quality, adaptive workforce potential - Human capital investment • International collaboration with high tech and design ecosystems worldwide is a key enabler for Brainport. Ensuring enough well-educated professionals and - Collaboration between government, research, and industry has brought Brainport knowledgeable workers is essential for the economic growth of the region. Hence, talent international visibility and collaboration opportunities with other successful regions. The attraction and retention, both from home and abroad, is a priority. Moreover, as the international profile of the region is also supported by the international orientation and competencies demanded by companies and knowledge institutions are always changing, operation of the residing companies and knowledge institutions. This applies to the competencies like entrepreneurship, research, and design as taught in Brainport are export of products and services, as well as to alliances with innovation partners and the becoming increasingly vital. With the rapid tempo of societal changes, it is essential recruitment of global talent. Brainport is looking to attract more foreign investment to for all the actors in education and the employment market to boost their capacity strengthen the ecosystem and boost employment. To this end, partners from the region to adapt. Brainport provides children, students, and employees in the region ongoing have united in the Brainport International Programme, thereby intensifying relationships education so that they always have the right knowledge and capacity to adapt, and thus with high tech hotspots in Belgium and Germany, and building a network with Asian, be permanently employable in the resident businesses and industries. American, and other knowledge regions that can help enhance Brainport’s position in terms of knowledge and economy. • Technology - unique technology and open innovation position - The region is characterized by a very strong position in the latest technologies, system integration, Examples of metropolitan projects and initiatives and social innovation, and excels in the technology disciplines of high-tech systems, Several programs are in operation to ensure that Brainport Eindhoven remains a competitive materials and data science. Private spending on R&D and numbers of patents has industrial center: been at a very high level internationally for many years. To encourage companies to continue performing in R&D in the region, it is essential to ensure that public R&D is given a strong boost. To this end, lobbying is to be intensified in the national and • the Brainport 2020 strategy, which aims to position the area as one of Europe’s top European governments. The region has also been profiling and promoting internationally, three strong economic regions; communicating their unique technological and manufacturing competencies along with • awareness raising programs to draw attention to the many innovative developments in the quality of the open innovation campuses and institutes in detail, in order to attract the region: e.g. the second edition of the Dutch Technology Week in 2013; foreign investors and companies. • programs aimed at attracting international workers from the sector; and • Business - Brainport is the perfect place for tech start-ups and growing companies - Brainport is seeking to be among the top 20 startup ecosystems. To this end, Brainport • measures to promote technical studies and professions among young people. Development supports each year around 1,000 start-ups that generate 200 highly promising technology companies. The approach includes strengthening entrepreneurial Over the years, Brainport Development NV has developed key partnerships and has attracted skills, increasing the start-ups international visibility, improving the match between funding from various sources, including European programs for territorial cooperation. Some key demand and supply of capital, and reinforcing start-up networks. Particular focus is projects and programs in this regard include: provided to growth companies, whereby the experience of the top technology companies in the region (Philips, ASML, NXP, DAF, VDL Group, FEI Company) can be used for • Week of Innovative Regions in Europe 2016 - the 7th edition of the European Commission’s both inspiration and development power. Also, growth is happening by stimulating Week of Innovative Regions in Europe (WIRE) - The conference of the Directorate- the cooperation of a unique network of industrial suppliers (Brainport Industries) and General Research & Innovation served as a prime event under the flag of the Dutch EU through the specific support of industry clusters. Presidency in 2016. The conference provided a platform for policy makers, national and regional authorities, knowledge institutions and enterprises from all over Europe to have • Basics - better international accessibility, a top business climate, and an attractive an in-depth discussion on research and innovation practices and challenges throughout image - An international region should be a top-quality place to work and live. A priority is the European regions – with a focus on open innovation practices, including possibilities the alignment of the amenities and activities in Brainport, such as culture and sports, to in the current EU funding programs and those beyond 2020. provide world class opportunities. On the other hand, the conurbation strength and urban • Flemish-Dutch cross border (Interreg) project Werkinzicht (Jan. 2018 – Dec. 2020) - 22 BrainportDevelopment NV. 2016, available at: https://brainporteindhoven.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Welcome-to- Cross-border bridges strike the labor market. The project aimed for an improved labor Brainport-2017.pdf 42 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION IDENTIFICATION OF SECTOR/AREAS WHERE CROSS-JURISDICTIONAL PROJECTS ARE PLANNED, IMPLEMENTED, OR MANAGED 43 mobility across the Flemish-Dutch border and a better match between demand and supply of work in border regions. Werkinzicht is working with data and visualization Grenoble-Alpes mechanisms to provide target group-oriented, directly applicable customized information about cross-border labor market for job seekers, employers, educational institutions, General Information governments and intermediaries. Grenoble-Alpes Métropole is a metropolitan area with an intercommunal structure centered on • Brainport Clusters Program - In 2015, Brainport Development started to implement a the city of Grenoble, situated in eastern France, in the Isère Department, part of the Auvergne- more structured cluster approach in order to better focus its activities and to further Rhône-Alpes region. It consists of 49 municipalities, 444,100 inhabitants and 221,400 jobs which increase its significance for the business sector. There are several clusters being developed cover a total surface of 546 km² with a population density of 814 people/km².23 Grenoble-Alpes within the program, aiming to become self-sufficient and independent. Moreover, Métropole is the largest intercommunal structure in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region after Lyon Brainport Development is setting up a learning network of cluster managers, in order to metropolitan area which is a territorial authority with a particular status. enhance their skills and stimulate cross-cluster cooperation within the region. The region is also involved in promoting and shaping the cluster approach at national level. FIGURE 17. • Singularity University Eindhoven – Eindhoven hosts the first Singularity University The Isère Department and Grenoble-Alpes Métropole location outside the US, that opened in May 2016. Singularity University is a global learning and innovation community using new technologies to tackle the world’s biggest challenges. Eindhoven joined a community that includes entrepreneurs, corporations, global nonprofits, governments, investors, and academic institutions in more than 127 countries. With over 5,000 impact initiatives, the community is driving positive change in the areas of health, environment, security, education, energy, food, prosperity, water, space, disaster resilience, shelter, and governance. Conclusions Brainport Region Eindhoven shows a success model for voluntary cooperation that fostered economic development and competitiveness. The analysis of Brainport’s cooperative approach and innovative governance framework highlights a number of key success factors: tru, shared and cooperative leadership to design and implement place-based solutions, unlimited administrative or geographical borders, focus and continuity in strategy. An important aspect of its success is the role of the public sector as enabler (providing part of the funding, taking part in decision making), while encouraging the businesses and knowledge institutions to participate both in strategy design and implementation, leading to sound solutions, innovation and economic vitality. For Romanian cities, an important lesson is that strengthening the economy structurally is/ Institutional history could be an important field of interjurisdictional and cross-sector cooperation, which could be approached by sectorial strategies or plans. Although the case study looks at an innovative Grenoble-Alpes Métropole was created in 2015, succeeding the community agglomeration of and developed region, some of the approaches for fostering the development of the knowledge Grenoble-Alpes Métropole after the MATAM law (Loi de modernisation de l’action publique economy, entrepreneurship and human resources are transferable and should be considered territoriale et d’affirmation des métropoles) was introduced in France. The process of creating (adapted at the appropriate scale), especially given the funding opportunities in these fields in the association between the city of Grenoble and its surrounding municipalities started in 1966 the post-2020 programming period. Nevertheless, even in an innovative and developed region as with the establishment of SIEPURG (Intercommunal Syndicate of Studies of the Problems of Brainport, basic factors such as accessibility, quality of living, and urban image are strategically Urbanism in the Grenobloise Region) by 23 municipalities. This structure evolved over the years, important. passing several milestones such as the adoption of the status of agglomeration community in 2000, the expansion to 27 municipalities in 2004 and to 49 municipalities in 2014, as well as The Brainport case also demonstrates partnerships across government and between government, changing its status to a metropolis of approximately 450,000 inhabitants on January 1, 2015. the private sector and knowledge institutions underpinned by a bold economic development vision while retaining certain powers and functions, such as spatial planning, within government. 23 Source: Grenoble-Alpes Métropole, L’Agence d’Urbanisme de la Région Grenobloise, 2017. Baro’Métropole. Grenoble-Alpes Métropole & 13 métropoles à la loupe. Analyse comparée des situations métropolitaines 2017 44 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION IDENTIFICATION OF SECTOR/AREAS WHERE CROSS-JURISDICTIONAL PROJECTS ARE PLANNED, IMPLEMENTED, OR MANAGED 45 Organizational structure • Mobility - Grenoble-Alpes Métropole is responsible for the financing, building, and organizing of the public transport network as part of the SMTC authority for public The administrative structure of Grenoble-Alpes Métropole consists of 124 councilors that form the Metropolitan Council. They are part of all 49 municipalities in the metropolitan area and transport, elaborating the Plan for Urban Mobility (PDU), implementing the “Metropolis are elected differently during municipal elections, according to the municipality’s size: citizens appeased” initiative whose main measure is to organize areas where the speed is vote for their metropolitan advisors in municipalities with more than 1,000 inhabitants or the limited to 30 km/h, developing and implementing the cycling policy (which contains newly elected municipal councilors designate their representatives in communities with less than actions regarding the creation of the cycling network, the diversification of the parking 1,000 inhabitants. The Metropolitan Council meet monthly to debate and adopt decisions on offer or the development of the Métrovélo service), as well as for reducing automobile the actions of the metropolitan region. Other metropolitan bodies and forms of organization congestion (through actions such as the development of soft means of transport, the are the Metropolitan Office, six thematic commissions (the Commission for Development and implementation of an action plan for sustainable urban logistics or the creation of park- Attractiveness, the Social Cohesion Commission, the Sustainable Territory Commission, the and-ride facilities). Resources Commission, the Mobility Commission and the Commission for Public Services for Environment and Infrastructure), the Mayors’ Conference and well as other regional conferences. • Roads and public spaces - Grenoble-Alpes Métropole is responsible for the management of all roads in the metropolitan area, the maintenance of accessories and furniture for public spaces and roads, the development of skills of other public actors (regarding snow Planning system removal, public lighting, urban cleanliness, maintenance of green spaces etc.), and the The French planning system provides a series of documents and plans that apply at regional, elaboration of the General Metropolitan Road Regulation, as well as of the guide for the metropolitan and local level. First of all, the Scheme of Territorial Coherence (SCoT) sets the development of public space and roads. main development directions both for the entire urban region of Grenoble (consisting of 273 municipalities), as well as for the metropolitan area. In addition, the Sectoral Scheme sets the • Housing - Grenoble-Alpes Métropole is responsible for the elaboration of the Local main development orientations for areas such as territorial structure and organization, economy, Housing Plan (PLH) and its monitoring system, as well as for the support systems of the housing, mobility and the environment, while the Project for Planning and Sustainable Development (PADD) reunites all the public policies at metropolitan level. Grenoble-Alpes Métropole has also metropolis in the production of social housing, the improvement of the existing public elaborated a series of sectoral documents such as the Local Housing Plan (PLH), the Plan for and private park and the acquisition of property. Urban Mobility (PDU), or the Plan for Air, Energy and Climate. At local level, the main planning instruments are the Local Urban Plan (PLU) and the Sustainable Development Plan (PADD), • Urban Planning - Grenoble-Alpes Métropole is responsible for the elaboration of the which are accompanied by other sectoral documents. Local Intercommunal Urban Plan (PLUi) which will define the rules of construction and land use, as well as for offering services to municipalities regarding the issuing of planning authorizations. It also holds the pre-emptive rights which allows it to develop Areas/sectors of multijurisdictional impact the territory according to its major objectives and the general interest. Grenoble-Alpes Métropole covers the following key areas/sectors: • Environment - Grenoble-Alpes Métropole is responsible for developing metropolitan plans for environment management such as the Plan for Air, Energy and Climate or the plan • Waste management - Grenoble-Alpes Métropole is responsible for waste prevention, for protection of the biodiversity, for the management of several natural areas or support collection of residual and recyclable waste, sorting and recovery of waste, management of waste stations, as well as information and communication on the sorting and offered to local municipalities for management and maintenance of roads and public spaces. prevention of waste. • Social inclusion - Grenoble-Alpes Métropole is responsible for developing and supporting • The water cycle - Grenoble-Alpes Métropole is responsible for monitoring the catchment solidarity actions such as urban renewal projects, the territorial social cohesion fund or protection perimeters, producing, distributing, and guaranteeing the quality of drinking actions to fight against discrimination. water, managing the water infrastructure, guaranteeing the protection of water resources, elaborating studies for the network development, as well as organization and management • Economy - Grenoble-Alpes Métropole is responsible for offering guidance to the business of contracts, subscriptions and billing. In addition, it is responsible for operating, maintaining sectors in areas regarding the start of a new business, relocation of offices, accessing grants and monitoring the network and treatment plants for wastewater, for controlling the renewal and funding, innovation, recruitment, access to public markets or organization of events. and maintenance of fire poles for fire protection and for flood protection. • Energy transition - Grenoble-Alpes Métropole is responsible for creating a public energy • Guidance - Grenoble-Alpes Métropole offers guidance to local stakeholders in numerous pole with the concessionaires for power distribution, gas, and district heating, the areas related to waste management, economic development, energy, mobility, water and elaboration of the energy management scheme, supporting the process of public and sanitation, tourism etc. private housing renovation for an increased energy efficiency, as well as for supporting the development of renewable energy. 46 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION IDENTIFICATION OF SECTOR/AREAS WHERE CROSS-JURISDICTIONAL PROJECTS ARE PLANNED, IMPLEMENTED, OR MANAGED 47 Examples of metropolitan projects and initiatives FIGURE 18. The French Metropolitan Areas and Saint-Étienne Métropole Over the years, Grenoble-Alpes Métropole implemented numerous major metropolitan projects and programs which cover all the areas of multijurisdictional impact mentioned before. Some of these projects are: • “Cœurs de Ville, Cœurs de Métropole” is a program dedicated to the enhancement and development of the most attractive municipalities in the metropolitan area by an integrated approach regarding the enhancement of the quality of public spaces, support for local manufacturers or the development of public transport and of alternative means of transport. • “Portes du Vercors” regards the development of a mixed area in the municipalities of Fontaine and Sassenage comprising housing, economic activities, commercial and business centers, as well as public spaces. • “Metropolis appeased”, an initiative that promotes the implementation of 30 zones in 45 out of 49 municipalities. • “Chronovélo” regards the development of the major cycling network in the metropolitan area. • “Biomax” is a new cogeneration installation aimed at improving the metropolitan Institutional history infrastructure for power and heat supply. The institutional history of Saint-Étienne Métropole starts in 1995 when 22 municipalities associated in a communauté de communes centered on the city of Saint-Étienne. It followed Conclusions a gradual continuous extension to 25 municipalities in 1996, 27 municipalities in 1999, 34 All in all, Grenoble-Alpes Métropole is a very good example of metropolitan management that can municipalities in 2001, 43 municipalities in 2003, 45 municipalities in 2013, and a total of 53 be considered a best practice due to its long-term development which enabled the intercommunal municipalities in 2017. The total number of inhabitants enabled it to evolve into a communauté organization to extend its support system towards local municipalities and its responsibilities. d’agglomération in 2001, a communauté urbaine in 2016, and in 2018, a metropolitan area of Nowadays, Grenoble-Alpes Métropole has numerous competences that provide the opportunity more than 400,000 inhabitants. These are the various forms of intercommunal association for developing a general framework for providing public services, strategic planning activities, in France that enable communities to collaborate on a series of sectors according to the size guidance and the development of major metropolitan projects and programs. of the agglomeration. Organizational structure In terms of organizational structure, the metropolitan area is represented by the President, while Saint-Étienne Métropole the General Direction of Services implements the decisions of the elected officials and organizes the services provided by the metropolitan area. This is accompanied by four divisions (poles) led by a Deputy Chief Executive Officer and a delegated management that cover various areas of interest. The pole in charge of the attractiveness and the sustainable development of the General Information territory is responsible for actions regarding economic development, higher education, research, Saint-Étienne Métropole is a French intercommunal structure situated in the Loire Department, innovation, entrepreneurship, sustainable development and energy, sport and leisure, design part of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. This is the second largest metropolitan area in the management, as well as tourism and culture. The pole in charge of urban development focuses on region, after Grenoble-Alpes Métropole, with a population of 404,859 inhabitants, a total surface territorial planning, construction, heritage, transport and mobility. The pole in charge of territorial of 723 km² and a population density of approximately 560 people/km². Saint-Etienne Métropole action and proximity coordinates the activities regarding roads, waste management, drinking is recognized as the national capital of design with the city of Saint-Étienne being the only water, sanitation, rivers and major infrastructure works. Lastly, the pole in charge of resources French city labelled “Design City” by UNESCO and the largest Le Corbusier heritage in Europe, manages finances, human resources, public procurement, legal affairs, documentation, and the information system. located in Firminy. 48 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION IDENTIFICATION OF SECTOR/AREAS WHERE CROSS-JURISDICTIONAL PROJECTS ARE PLANNED, IMPLEMENTED, OR MANAGED 49 Planning system • Smart-City – Through the “Smart Metropolis 2015-2020” Program Saint-Étienne Métropole aims to coordinate the provision of digital services to its inhabitants in fields Saint-Étienne Métropole is developed following the principles of numerous planning documents such as education, public transport, public spaces, or sports. according to the French planning system. For example, the Scheme for Territorial Coherence (SCoT) represents the common sustainable development plan for the region of Sud Loire, comprising four • Education and research - Saint-Étienne Métropole is involved in various actions intercommunal structures: Saint-Étienne Métropole together with Loire Forez, the Pays de Saint- regarding the launch of innovative initiatives for students (such as the student pass, Galmier and the Monts du Pilat. At metropolitan level, the Local Intercommunal Urban Plan (PLUi) the students welcome desk or the organization of the Forum for Higher Education), the is being elaborated at the moment and will set the development strategy of the metropolitan modernization and creation of higher education campuses, the support for technology area. In addition, a series of sectoral planning documents have also been created to guide the transfer initiatives, and the creation of science centers. actions at the metropolitan level such as the Plan for Urban Mobility (PDU), the Inter-Campus Travel Plan (ICPP) that coordinates the mobility of 20,000 students and 3,000 employees in • Design - Saint-Étienne Métropole is a major promoter of local design by conducting seven institutions of higher education, the Local Plan for Insertion and Employment, the Local research on design issues, informing all audiences about the advantages of design, guiding Housing Plan (PLH), the Territorial Plan for Energy and Climate or the Plan for the Protection companies in developing knowledge on the subject of design, organizing he International of the Atmosphere (PPA). At local level, Saint-Étienne Métropole coordinates the elaboration of Design Biennale in Saint-Étienne, as well as supporting municipalities in improving local Local Urban Plans (PLU) by the municipalities. heritage by incorporating a design approach or in creating public space furniture that also offers new services and uses. • Culture, sport and leisure - Saint-Étienne Métropole is in charge of managing Areas/sectors of multijurisdictional impact / creating major cultural facilities (for example, the Museum of Modern and Saint-Étienne Métropole covers the following key areas/sectors: Contemporary Art or The Zenith of Saint-Étienne Métropole), the implementation of the “City of Design” initiative, or the development of the outdoor interpretation program at the Le Corbusier Site in Firminy. • Environment - Saint-Étienne Métropole is in charge of waste management including the prevention, collection, sorting, recovery and treatment of waste, as well as water services regarding the drinking water supply, sanitation, flood protection and the management of dams. Examples of metropolitan projects and initiatives Some of the most important projects conducted by Saint-Étienne Métropole include: • Mobility - Saint-Étienne Métropole is responsible for the development of the public transport network (including the pricing and investment policies, the transport • The extension of the third tramway line which will link Châteaucreux SNCF train station infrastructure, major projects in the field of public transport, school transport, the and its business district with the multimodal pole of La Terrasse: accessibility of public transport and intermodality), the implementation of facilities for car-sharing, carpooling and electric cars, as well as the promotion of alternative means • The development of Châteaucreux, the most important business center of Saint-Étienne, of transport. through actions of urban renewal, construction of new amenities or the development of public transport; • Spatial planning - Saint-Étienne Métropole is responsible for the elaboration of metropolitan planning documents and the coordination of local ones, as well as for • The transformation of Colonel Marey Street into an urban boulevard; the development of equipment of community interest in the shape of local projects in every municipality with the aim of promoting the local design and cultural values (public • The development of Manufacture Planie Achille, the creative district of Saint-Étienne, spaces, cultural routes, cultural centers, etc.) In addition, Saint-Étienne Métropole is in through the creation of and support for creative institutions; charge of all the roads in the metropolitan area with the exception of rural roads and • The project of urban redevelopment of Novaciéries in the municipality of Saint-Chamond it promotes a rich and dynamic agricultural economy through actions regarding the from a previous industrial site to a mixed and sustainable neighborhood; development of short circuits, the protection of agricultural land and the development of agri-environmental practices. • The project of urban restructuring of the Pont-d’Ane-Monthieu district as a major point of entrance in the city of Saint-Étienne; and • Housing, employment, integration and accessibility - Saint-Étienne Métropole conducts various actions regarding urban renewal, housing rehabilitation, the implementation of • Métrotech is a tertiary green park, a business campus dedicated to creating and employment / insertion policies, the development of deprived neighborhoods and the promoting exchanges between companies. fight against discrimination. 50 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION IDENTIFICATION OF SECTOR/AREAS WHERE CROSS-JURISDICTIONAL PROJECTS ARE PLANNED, IMPLEMENTED, OR MANAGED 51 Conclusions The metropolitan development area of Terrassa encompasses 11 localities (Terrassa, Castellbisbal, Matadepera, Rellinars, Rubí, Sant Cugat del Vallés, Sant Llorenç Savall, Sant Saint-Étienne Métropole is another very good example of French intercommunal association, Quirze del Vallés, Ullastrell, Vacarisses and Viladecavalls), and over 438,000 inhabitants (201424), a case that highlights the advantages of intermunicipal cooperation and of delegation of out of which approximatively half live in Terrassa. The territory is considered a functional urban competences according to the territory’s size and capacity to coordinate public services and area, with the 11 municipalities cooperating based on a voluntary agreement / association. The initiatives. The strengths of metropolitan cooperation in the case of Saint-Étienne Métropole metropolitan area is not formally recognized by the national government. include the provision of a higher level of expertise concentrated at metropolitan level rather than dispersed at local level, the authority of municipalities that is preserved by their inclusion in the decision-making process, and last but not lea, the promotion of local assets by creating a strong Institutional history metropolitan identity. Terrassa has a central role in the second industrial / economic ring of Barcelona Metropolitan Area and was one of the engines of Catalonia’s industrial development. Following the industrial Terrassa decline and economic transformation of the region, Terrassa has recovered and developed as a local center attractive both for residential functions, as well as for innovation, attracting new residents as well as migrants – which generated specific challenges. General Information The metropolitan cooperation dates back to the 1990s and since then several agreements have The metropolitan area of Terrassa is located in the autonomous region of Catalonia, Spain, been established between the mayors of the 11 municipalities, based on common interests and the idea of shared governance, that would help achieving synergies and benefits by joint planning in the historical county El Vallès. The over 584 km2 territory is also part of the Barcelona and provision of services between municipalities. Over time, collaboration areas have included Metropolitan Area and the interdependencies between Terrassa and Barcelona in terms of European integration, waste management, transport and security. jobs, population commuting patterns and metropolitan services are defining factors for the interjurisdictional cooperation within the Terrassa metropolitan development area. The Terrassa Metropolitan Area joined the EUROCITIES25 network as a full member in 2009, cooperating and exchanging experiences with major European cities as part of the working FIGURE 19. groups on city branding and international economic relations, cohesion policy and structural Relation between Functional Urban Area of Barcelona, Metropolitan Urban Area and the Metropolitan funds, creative industries, culture and young people, employment, entrepreneurship and SMEs, Development Area of Terrassa innovation, metropolitan areas, safe and active travel, urban agenda for the EU, and water. Organizational structure The metropolitan area of Terrassa is considered a functional urban area and has no unified political or administrative structure or a common budget. It is an intermunicipal informal association of municipalities, combining a mix of users and functional cooperation areas within the Vallès Occidental County. In relation with EUROCITIES and setting a join policy agenda – including territorial planning issues, the 11 municipalities are organized, as indicated in Figure 20. However, the structure above does not apply to or limit cooperation in other areas – for example economic cooperation is significantly based on clustering (sectoral clusters, university cluster, transversal cooperation, and big clusters). Planning system In terms of statutory planning, the metropolitan level in the case of Terrassa is not regulated, as the territory is only considered a functional urban area and has no administrative powers. There is also no territorial development plan in force for the Terrassa metropolitan area, and urban planning in the 11 municipalities is based on the Pla d’Ordenació Urbanística Municipal (POUM, the urban municipal plan) of Terrassa and on the general plans of each of the other 10 municipalities. This leads to a fragmentation in spatial planning and the necessity for coordination. 24 ESPON.2018. SPIMA – Spatial dynamics and strategic planning in metropolitan areas Source: ESPON.2018. SPIMA – Spatial dynamics and strategic planning in metropolitan areas 25 http://www.eurocities.eu/eurocities/about_us 52 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION IDENTIFICATION OF SECTOR/AREAS WHERE CROSS-JURISDICTIONAL PROJECTS ARE PLANNED, IMPLEMENTED, OR MANAGED 53 FIGURE 20. • Terrassa authorities coordinate urban and economic development for its smaller region Terrassa Metropolitan Area management structure to the north of Barcelona. Overall, the association needs a clear metropolitan planning approach, setting the framework and rules for the cooperation and envisioning the future development and management of the challenges generated by post-industrial transition, planning inefficiency, waste management, transport, and immigration; • The three smaller cities defining the Catalonia Innovation Triangle (Sant Cugat, Cerdanyola, and Rubí) have pooled their resources by linking the joint strengths of their industrial production capacity, technical university and a cluster of business headquarters to coordinate developments along the region’s outer ring road. Specific areas/ sector of multijurisdictional impact in the metropolitan area of Terrassa include: • Innovation, employment and economic development - Terrassa City Council, through Foment de Terrassa SA, the Municipal Agency for Economic and Social Development, supports innovation and economic development and implements the strategic objectives on economic and social policies. The focus of this formation is on employment issues, including (1) employment through increasing individual capacities in job orientation and information, education for employment and training, and local mediation with employers (incl. targeted measures for vulnerable groups – disabled citizens, women and migrants; (2) employment through self-employment, through technical support for the creation and consolidation of small companies’ projects. • Building social capital and accommodating migrants – an important challenge is the improvement of the social relations within the communities; these have worsened, Source: Chicón, J. 2014. Terrassa Metropolitan Area. In: Seminar EUROCITIES, Terrassa, 4 April 2014. among others, as a result of economic crisis, political changes, and immigration (i.e. immigrants from Africa and South America). As mentioned before in the Barcelona case study, the Spanish planning system is a hierarchical one, with plans applying to all administrative levels. The Barcelona Metropolitan Territorial Plan • Spatial development and participation - as an urban center with a metropolitan (PTMB), approved in 2010, is the closest to Terrassa metropolitan area in terms of territorial character, impacting the ten municipalities in its surroundings, Terrassa faces the level. It includes the regions Alt Penedès, Baix Llobregat, Barcelonès, Garraf, Maresme, Vallès challenges of shared vision and coordination in the spatial planning process. Some Occidental and Vallès Oriental, with an area of 3,236 km² and comprising 164 municipalities. The initiatives have already been started in the field of urban regeneration (including PTMB proposes the reinforcement of a polycentric metropolitan territory articulated from both neighborhood planning) and the involvement of civil society and academics. The next step the central city of Barcelona and a set of main centers located beyond the central agglomeration, is to develop a clear strategy on spatial development and to enhance the metropolitan referred to as the cities of the Arc Metropolità (Metropolitan Arch). These include Terrassa, territory’s identity. The area aims at a compact and sustainable model that will favor alongside Mataró, Granollers, Sabadell, Martorell, Vilafranca del Penedès and Vilanova I la Geltrú urban rehabilitation and renovation processes, on the one hand, and the preservation of and are foreseen to strengthen their centrality and area of influence. ecological connectivity and efficiency of the agro-forestry areas, on the other. • Urban and metropolitan mobility - an emergent problem of the Terrassa metropolitan Areas/sectors of multijurisdictional impact territory is the outdated internal traffic system, which does not correspond to the current needs of mobility and accessibility. Municipalities cooperate on projects to Multijurisdictional cooperation is one of the strategic directions for the development of the improve mobility and connectivity (e.g. building/ modernizing transport infrastructure). Terrassa metropolitan area, but the impact of cooperation is still rather weak, due to its informal character and the overlapping with cooperation processes within the larger Barcelona • Health – Terrassa is a metropolitan health center, fostering the development and Metropolitan Area: cooperation between academia, research, preventive and rehabilitation activities, social, and health care. • Barcelona Metropolitan Area coordinates territorial development-related issues such • International cooperation – the participation in European networks and projects and as water, transport, social housing, infrastructure projects and strategic planning organization/ attraction of international events in order to consolidate the metropolitan for its 36 participant municipalities; area’s position. 54 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION The cooperation in most of the fields above is fragmented. But, depending on the opportunities and projects, municipalities within Terrassa metropolitan area also cooperate more strategically, based on collaboration agreements, in the fields of public transport, waste management, maintenance of public facilities, police. Examples of metropolitan projects and initiatives Terrassa has been developing as an innovative and attractive metropolitan area, and several key projects with territorial impact have been developed or initiated over the last years, including: • Ronda del Valles Quart Cinturó is one of the main infrastructures planned in the KEY PUBLIC SERVICE SECTORS Metropolitan Region of Barcelona. Originally conceived as a road infrastructure to absorb vehicle traffic between France and the rest of the corridors to the interior of the peninsula (corridor towards Zaragoza and Madrid and the Mediterranean corridor), is now configured as a metropolitan corridor to serve the municipalities of El Vallès; COVERED BY ROMANIAN • Orbital 40 Science and Technology Park promotes the economic and social development of Terrassa and the improvement of its business competitiveness, through the creation MUNICIPALITIES of an optimal environment for the development of R&D activities and knowledge and technology transfer to innovative industries. It is a partnership between Terrassa City Hall, Leitat Technological Center, and the Technical University of Catalonia (UPC); • The Professional Campus of Vallparadís – matching professional capacities with official recognition (titles) and employers’ demands; • The Audio-Visual Park of Catalonia PAC (in the former Hospital del Tòrax), over 45,000 sqm available room; • ESADE Creapolis – the first international center of innovation to practice “Open & Cross Innovation”, to support the local companies and innovation ecosystem. Conclusions Terrassa shows that cooperation is relevant for smaller functional urban areas, even as part of a larger polycentric metropolitan system such as Barcelona. What is remarkable is the complementarity between the metropolitan interactions and fields of cooperation at different territorial levels. While it could be argued that the voluntary, sometimes on-off or project-based cooperation model within Terrassa metropolitan area provides the flexibility for that, the case study also emphasizes the need for continued coordination, especially from the spatial planning and public services provision point of view, in order to plan and implement key interventions at metropolitan level. The Terrassa case study also shows that the successful implementation of collaboration agreements, generally for the provision of public services (public transport, waste management, maintenance of public facilities, and police) can kickstart metropolitan development. KEY PUBLIC SERVICE SECTORS COVERED BY ROMANIAN MUNICIPALITIES 57 According to Law 215/2001 on Local Public Administration, the sub-national territorial administrative units (TAUs) in Romania include counties, municipalities, towns, and communes – with the possibility to form interjurisdictional cooperation agreements between each of these TAUs. In practice, a variety of such interjurisdictional cooperation agreements already exists, taking the following forms: single-purpose Intercommunal development associations (e.g. water & wastewater, solid waste management; multi-purpose IDAs (e.g. metropolitan areas); project-based partnerships; program-based partnerships (e.g. Local Action Groups, Community-Led Local Development). Knowing the areas/sectors where these sub-national TAUs have a mandate, can also help identify the types of areas/sectors that could potentially be subject to interjurisdictional cooperation agreements. Thus, local councils cover, by law, the following areas/sectors: • Education; • Social services for child protection, people with disabilities, the elderly, families, and other people or groups at social risk; • Health; • Culture; • Youth; • Sport; • Public order; • Emergency situations; • Environment protection and rehabilitation; • The conservation, restauration and valorization of historical and architectural patrimony, parks, public gardens, and natural preserves; • Urban planning/development; • Citizen registry; • Public roads and bridges; • Public utilities: water and wastewater, natural gas, solid waste management, district heating, public lighting, and public transport; • Emergency services such as mountain rescue, lifeguard, or first aid; • Socio-community management activities; 58 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION • Social housing and other housing units in the ownership or management of the TAU; • The valorization, for the benefit of the local community, of natural resources within the administrative boundaries of the TAU; • Other public services as mandated by law. [Annex 4 includes a comprehensive overview of all public services, where sub-national TAUs have a competence, and a reference to the pieces of legislation that mandate the provision of these services.] County councils cover, by law, the following areas/sectors: • Education; • Social services for child protection, people with disabilities, the elderly, families, and other people or groups at social risk; • Health; THE FRAMEWORK FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL • Culture; • Youth; • • Sport; Public order; COOPERATION IN ROMANIA • Emergency situations; • Environment protection and rehabilitation; • The conservation, restauration and valorization of historical and architectural patrimony, parks, public gardens, and natural preserves; • Citizen registry; • Public roads and bridges; • Public utilities of county importance, and supply of natural gas; • Other public services as mandated by law. [Annex 4 includes a comprehensive overview of all public services, where sub-national TAUs have a competence, and a reference to the pieces of legislation that mandate the provision of these services.] It should be noted here though, that in several cases competences are shared with the Central Government (e.g. education, social protection, health, public order, culture, sports, emergency situations, housing etc.), or with other sub-national TAUs (e.g. water and wastewater). The next section will discuss the areas/sectors with potential multijurisdictional impact, for which interjurisdictional cooperation agreements may be considered. It should be noted that in certain areas/sectors (e.g. water and wastewater, solid waste management), interjurisdictional cooperation agreements are already the norm. Similarly, in other areas/sectors (e.g. public transport provision), interjurisdictional cooperation agreements have become increasingly common. THE FRAMEWORK FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION IN ROMANIA 61 The establishment of interjurisdictional cooperation and planning at the metropolitan level in Romania has already gone through two exercises during the last two programming periods. Conclusions drawn from experience in recent years show that metropolitan areas have not developed on the basis of an integrated strategic planning approach, except for the seven growth poles (Brașov, Cluj-Napoca, Constanța, Craiova, Iași, Ploiești, and Timișoara), where access to community and national funding was conditioned by the existence of strategic documents dedicated to the entire referenced territory. With respect to the legal framework, the main laws defining metropolitan areas, metropolitan territory, and intercommunity development associations in Romania are law number 215 / 23.04.2001 of the local public administration, law number 350 / 06.07.2001 on spatial planning and urbanism and law number 351 / 06.07.2001 regarding the approval of the National Territory Plan - Section IV - The Network of Localities. The development associations, including the metropolitan ones, are regulated by Governance Ordinance number 26/2000. From a chronological point of view, the metropolitan area and metropolitan territory were defined with the entry into force of laws numbers 350 / 06.07.2001 and 351 / 06.07.2001, when the delimitation mode and their characteristics were established at a conceptual level. Metropolitan area - the area established on a voluntary basis between major urban centers (Capital of Romania and first ranking municipalities – in total 12 cities: Buchare, Bacău, Brașov, Brăila, Galați, Cluj-Napoca, Constanța, Craiova, Iași, Oradea, Ploiești, and Timișoara) and urban and rural localities in the immediate area, at distances of up to 30 km, between which relations have developed (Law No. 351 / 06.07.2001 on the approval of the National Territory Plan - Section IV - Localities Network) Metropolitan territory - the area around large urban agglomerations, delineated by specialized studies, which creates mutual relations of influence in the field of communication, economic, social, cultural and urban infrastructure. As a rule, the metropolitan territory limit exceeds the administrative limit of the locality and may exceed the boundary of the county to which it belongs. (Law No. 350 / 06.07.2001 on Spatial Planning and Urban Planning) Depending on the range of services and activities assumed by the metropolitan IDAs, the basic legislative framework includes Law no. 51/2006 on community public utilities services, Law no. 273/2006 regarding local public financing, Law no. 3/2003 on the administration of local public and private assets, Law no. 213/1998 on public property, Law no. 326/2001 regulating communal management services, Law no. 92/2007 on local public transport services and Law no. 7/1996 regarding the cadaster and land registration or Governance Ordinance no. 39/2018 on PPP. Annex 4 includes a more comprehensive overview of the relevant legislation in this respect. 62 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION THE FRAMEWORK FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION IN ROMANIA 63 The first metropolitan area in Romania was established in 2004 around Iaşi, with the support In 2008, the financial and planning framework for the designation of the growth poles and the of the GRASP (Governance Reform and Sustainable Partnerships) program funded by USAID. The urban development poles was outlined through the Government Decision no. 998 / 27.08.2008, Iaşi Metropolitan Area Association was established as a metropolitan association (association with priority given to investments from the programs with EU and national funding. Thus, for the of partners in a nonprofit organization). Two years later, the institutional framework was also 2007-2013 programming period, each of the seven growth poles (Brașov, Cluj-Napoca, Constanța, clarified at the national level, with the first mentioning of the organization of metropolitan areas Craiova, Iași, Ploiești, and Timișoara) were constituted as metropolitan areas and established a as forms of association with legal personality, promoting the concept of intercommunality for the form of metropolitan cooperation and developed Integrated Urban Development Plans (PIDU) development of projects, and initiatives that target an enlarged territory and require cooperation in order to benefit from the structural funds through the Regional Operational Program. This from of the territorial administrative units involved. Over the years, several metropolitan areas principle has also been applied in the current programming period with the seven growth poles have been established in Romania. Annex 2 includes a list of the active metropolitan areas. having to elaborate Integrated Urban Development Strategies (SIDUs) addressing the entire metropolitan/ functional area territory, while the other 32 eligible cities had the option to choose Intercommunity Development Associations - legal cooperation structures of private law, if the strategy will cover only their administrative territory or the metropolitan / functional set up under the law by the administrative territorial units for the joint development of one. However, the eligible ERDF funding for the strategic interventions has been directed mainly projects of zonal or regional interest or the joint provision of public services towards the core city (except for urban mobility interventions where metropolitan public transport Metropolitan area - the intercommunity development association established based could be established). This approach led to limited interjurisdictional cooperation, encouraging on a partnership between the capital of Romania or the I rank municipalities and the cities to focus on their own projects. Nevertheless, there are examples that show the need for administrative-territorial units located in the immediate area (Law No. 215 / 23.04.2001 of cooperation was understood and measures were taken to focus on cross-jurisdictional projects local public administration - updated version, 06.07.2006) – e.g. the rehabilitation of the Iași – Dancu (Holboca) tram line. Finally, the latest recent legislative amendment aiming to establish metropolitan areas in Romania dates from 2011 and refers to lower-rank municipalities. This was developed through FIGURE 21. laws no. 215 / 23.04.2001 and 351 / 06.07.2001 allowing county seats to establish metropolitan Metropolitan (established) and Functional Urban Areas (proposed) in Romania areas. However, this reference has not been incorporated in to all the existing legal provisions regarding metropolitan areas. In order to ensure balanced development of the territory around the capital of Romania and the first ranked municipalities or the county seats, the basic administrative-territorial units in these areas may associate with each other in a voluntary partnership in order to establish metropolitan areas. (Law No. 351 / 06.07.2001 on the approval of the National Territory Plan - Section IV - Network of Localities - Consolidated form starting with 15.12.2018) Nevertheless, the concept of a Functional Urban Area, which can serve as a starting point for interjurisdictional cooperation in urban areas, was studied both by ESPON and OECD (and later the EU-OECD functional urban area definition), based on defining cities and their commuting areas. While this concept hasn’t yet been taken up in the Romanian legislation, the delineations proposed by the World Bank, based on the OECD definition, were included into the guidelines of the Axis 4 of the Regional Operational Programme (ROP) and were considered for the development of Integrated Urban Development Strategies during the current programming period. Some metropolitan areas have experienced territorial expansion and joint projects in recent years. In other cases, there have been numerous impediments to the implementation of cross- jurisdictional projects. Moreover, with the establishment of sectoral, stand-alone, intercommunity development associations for the provision of public services at the territorial level (e.g. waste management, public transport, or public utilities) some metropolitan IDAs have reduced the number of areas/sectors covered. In essence, sectoral IDAs have taken over some of the responsibilities of metropolitan IDAs. Regarding the activity of the metropolitan areas in Romania, the establishment of Intercommunal development associations has contributed to the development of the territory they represent, Source: The World Bank ranging from local interventions in some territorial administrative units to projects dedicated to a larger territory. Such actions included: 64 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION • Involvement in strategic planning processes, such as: integrated urban development strategies and plans (SIDU and PIDU), metropolitan development strategies, local development strategies of component territorial units, other strategies, studies and sectoral plans (e.g. Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans - SUMP, tourism development strategies, etc.) or metropolitan territorial plans; • Projects to increase the administrative capacity and development of human resources with external financing during the programming periods 2007-2013 and 2014-2020 through sectoral operational programs, such as POSDRU (Operational Program Human Resources Development), PODCA (Administrative Capacity Development Operational Program) or POCA, including the initiatives of the Federation of Metropolitan Areas and Urban Agglomerations of Romania (FZMAUR) to support the members of the Federation; • Attraction of other national and foreign external funding (for example, through the MULTIJURISDICTIONAL AREAS/SECTORS THROUGH National Cultural Fund Administration, EEA Grants, etc.) for local interventions in cultural, environmental, mobility, social, urban regeneration, etc. • Participation as partners in transnational cooperation projects within the framework of numerous programs such as Interreg Danube, Interreg Europe, Horizon 2020, URBACT, THE LENS OF SUB-NATIONAL South East Europe Transnational Cooperation Program, Erasmus +, etc. ADMINISTRATIONS AND • Involvement as partners in cross-border cooperation projects with settlements in the neighboring countries for the provision of public services. CITIZENS IN ROMANIA • Studies and guides for the development of public services. • Strategies and plans for the development of settlements. • Establishment of consultative councils focusing on areas of metropolitan interest such as economic development and tourism; • Involvement in the management and development of public services, e.g. public transport; • The administration of NATURA 2000 protected sites; • Provision of technical and financial support (e.g. revolving funds) to their members to prepare and implement public investment projects; and • The preparation of feasibility studies and other technical and economic documents related to the implementation of public investment projects of common interest. Thus, metropolitan areas in Romania have the potential to play an important role in multijurisdictional cooperation and the management of the territories they represent. They have the potential to plan for, and support a balanced development of the territories, and to coordinate and monitor development. In this context, it is timely and necessary to further develop a solid framework for multijurisdictional cooperation. The framework should clarify and strengthen the position of existing metropolitan areas with growth potential. It would also align their scope and attributions vis-à-vis their members’ and with other intercommunity development initiatives. This will avoid overlapping and dilution. Developed metropolitan areas benefit from specialized human resources and an already developed knowledge base that should be capitalized on. MULTIJURISDICTIONAL AREAS/SECTORS THROUGH THE LENS OF SUB-NATIONAL ADMINISTRATIONS AND CITIZENS IN ROMANIA 67 The World Bank, together with the Romanian National Federation of Metropolitan Areas and Urban Agglomerations (FZMAUR), undertook a unique engagement of sub-national administrations and citizens at the beginning of 2019, to identify a list of priority projects with multijurisdictional impact, for the urban areas of Bucharest and the 40 county capitals. As part of “Your City’s Priorities Campaign”, individual letters were sent to (i) the city halls of Bucharest, (ii) the 40 county capitals in Romania, (iii) the 40 county councils, and (iv) to the 40 prefectures. The letter asked for a list of up to 10 projects with multijurisdictional impact of critical importance for their respective urban area. In addition to the potential of multijurisdictional impact, the projects had to respect three criteria: • Be included in an existent strategy or plan – at the local, county, or national level. • Have a minimum value, adjusted to the financial capacity of each core city (i.e. at least 10% of the estimated capital investment budget for 2014-2023). • Not have secured funding. Virtually all sub-national administrations contacted (city halls, county councils, prefectures) sent project lists. Moreover, many of the sub-national administrations sent, of their own initiative, joint project proposals. The lists of strategic multijurisdictional projects received from sub-national administrations were subsequently included in the largest public surveying campaign of its kind in Romania – Your City’s Priorities Campaign. Between January 22, 2019 and March 22, 2019, citizens of the urban areas of Bucharest and the 40 county capitals were asked to rank the projects for their respective community. Over 150,000 people accessed the survey, and over 100,000 people voted. The map below shows the distribution of votes across urban areas. In addition to identifying a number of strategic projects for all of the major urban areas in Romania, the campaign also managed to identify the key areas/sectors that, in the view of sub-national administrations, should be organized at the multijurisdictional level. Asking sub- national administrations to identify up to 10 projects with multijurisdictional impact, also helped identify the areas/sectors that require the intervention of the national level or interjurisdictional cooperation agreements. Annex 3 includes the list of strategic multijurisdictional impact projects for the urban areas of Bucharest and the 40 county capitals, as chosen by sub-national administrations and ranked by citizens. 68 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION MULTIJURISDICTIONAL AREAS/SECTORS THROUGH THE LENS OF SUB-NATIONAL ADMINISTRATIONS AND CITIZENS IN ROMANIA 69 The table below includes an overview of the areas/sectors with the highest number of proposed TABLE 3. projects, as well as the cumulated value of projects by area/sector. Through the voting there Areas/sectors with multijurisdictional impact, of greatest interest to sub-national administrations in Romania appears to be a clear dominance of transport-related interventions, as well as health infrastructure and business infrastructure. Number Cumulated Number Cumulated of value of of value of The data was also used to identify the preference of different types of urban areas for Area / sector proposed projects Area / sector proposed projects projects (million euros) projects (million euros) multijurisdictional projects. The table below, thus includes a break-down of the areas of most interest in Bucharest and the 40 county capitals in Romania. Bucharest has needs beyond Road 58 €5.427 Railway Station 7 €153 those of smaller cities – including the extension of the metro network, the development of the R&D ecosystem in Măgurele, and the integrated urban regeneration of the capital’s large Bypass 33 €2.669 Overpass 7 €90 historic center. Railway 32 €11.060 District heating 5 €89 All of the cities had a preference for multijurisdictional interventions in the transport sector, with an over-representation and a higher diversity among larger cities (e.g. the Ghimbav Health Infrastructure 26 €3.703 Water transport 5 €614 Airport for the Brasov urban area, the metropolitan train in the Cluj area, and the development of the port in Constanța). Larger urban areas also had a stronger preference for health Business infrastructure 22 €346 Non-motorized transport 3 €61 infrastructure, which also was ranked high by their citizens. Sports infrastructure 21 €389 Educational infrastructure 3 €105 FIGURE 22. Airport 17 €2.057 Underpass 3 €112 Urban areas and votes received under “Your City’s Priorities Campaign” Highway 17 €24.471 Solid waste management 2 €61 Expressways 15 €6.128 Social Infrastructure 2 €21 Tourist infrastructure 15 €454 Public administration 1 €5 Cultural infrastructure 14 €377 Bus Station 1 €6 Intermodal transport link 12 €259 Public lighting 1 €6 Natural patrimony 12 €282 Administrative infrastructure 1 €5 Urban regeneration 11 €479 Water and wastewater 1 €5 Public transport 11 €232 Research infrastructure 1 €15.000 Port 9 €1.277 Gas infrastructure 1 €10 Parking 8 €89 Housing 1 €5 Bridge 8 €828 Metro 1 €7.526 Smaller urban areas had a higher preference for business infrastructure projects, cultural and recreational infrastructure, and tourism infrastructure. 70 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION MULTIJURISDICTIONAL AREAS/SECTORS THROUGH THE LENS OF SUB-NATIONAL ADMINISTRATIONS AND CITIZENS IN ROMANIA 71 TABLE 4. Areas/sectors with multijurisdictional impact identified by a selection of sub-national authorities in Romania ENERGY AND COMM. UTILITY TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT URBAN REGENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE 1. Highways, expressways, roads and bypasses 1. Natural gas 2. Passages, bridges, drains, grooves, locks, etc. 1. Buildings, squares, distribution network 1. Industrial / business parks 1. Water and plazas, parking areas AREAS / SECTORS WITH 3. Rail network and railway stations wastewater 2. Electricity distribution / structures 2. Logistical parks No. MULTIJURISDICTIONAL 4. Airport – passengers and cargo network 2. District heating IMPACT 5. Water body and touristic / commercial port 2. Parks, gardens, green 3. Expositional / trade halls 6. Pontoon (tourism) 3. Internet networks / areas, brownfields 3. Solid waste 7. Intermodal transport link connections in public 4. Research/innovation center management 3. Market / fair grounds buildings and spaces 8. Public transport/bus stations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 1 2 3 I NORTH-EAST REGION 1 Iași 2 Bacău 3 Botoșani 4 Piatra Neamț 5 Suceava 6 Vaslui II SOUTH-EAST REGION 7 Brăila 8 Buzău 9 Constanța 10 Galați 11 Focșani 12 Tulcea III SOUTH–MUNTENIA REGION 13 Pitești 14 Călărași 15 Târgoviște 16 Giurgiu 17 Slobozia 18 Ploiești 19 Alexandria IV SOUTH-WEST OLTENIA REGION 20 Craiova 21 Târgu Jiu 22 Drobeta Turnu Severin 23 Slatina 24 Râmnicu Vâlcea V WEST REGION 25 Arad 26 Reșița 27 Hunedoara/Deva/Simeria 28 Timișoara VI NORTH-WEST REGION 29 Oradea 30 Bistrița 31 Cluj-Napoca 32 Baia Mare 33 Satu-Mare 34 Zalău VII CENTER REGION 35 Alba Iulia 36 Brașov 37 Miercurea Ciuc 38 Sfântu Gheorghe 39 Târgu Mureș 40 Sibiu VII BUCUREȘTI–ILFOV REGION 41 București 42 Ilfov 72 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION MULTIJURISDICTIONAL AREAS/SECTORS THROUGH THE LENS OF SUB-NATIONAL ADMINISTRATIONS AND CITIZENS IN ROMANIA 73 CONTINUED HEALTH EDUCATIONAL SOCIAL CULTURE AND RECREATION NATURAL AND TOURISM CLIMATE CHANGE INFRASTRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE CULTURAL PATRIMONY INFRASTRUCTURE 1. Hotel, hostel, guest 1. Nurseries and kindergartens 1. Museum / library 1. Cultural and houses 1. Consolidations works, 1. Hospitals 1. Social homes historical 2. Picnic facilities piers, cliffs, beaches AREAS / 2. Schools and high schools 2. Theatre patrimony 3. Balneary treatment SECTORS WITH 2. Policlinics 3. Sports halls / fields 2. Cantines 3. Cultural and/or recreational 2. Protection plantations No. buildings centers MULTIJURISDICTIONAL center IMPACT 3. Dispensaries 4. Specialized laboratories and 3. Social housing 2. Nature 4. Equipment and furniture 3. Intervention equipment workshops 4. Multipurpose hall / stadium preserves for treatment centers 4. Renewable energy 4. Equipment and 4. Equipment and 5. Observation point, 5. University campus 5. Concert hall 3. Natura 2000 sources furniture furniture access ways, connective 6. Equipment and furniture 6. Equipment and furniture areas infrastructure to tourist 5. Green transport attractions 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 I NORTH-EAST REGION 1 Iași 2 Bacău 3 Botoșani 4 Piatra Neamț 5 Suceava 6 Vaslui II SOUTH-EAST REGION 7 Brăila 8 Buzău 9 Constanța 10 Galați 11 Focșani 12 Tulcea III SOUTH-MUNTENIA REGION 13 Pitești 14 Călărași 15 Târgoviște 16 Giurgiu 17 Slobozia 18 Ploiești 19 Alexandria IV SOUTH WEST-OLTENIA REGION 20 Craiova 21 Târgu Jiu 22 Drobeta Turnu Severin 23 Slatina 24 Râmnicu Vâlcea V WEST REGION 25 Arad 26 Reșița 27 Hunedoara/Deva/Simeria 28 Timișoara VI NORTH-WEST REGION 29 Oradea 30 Bistrița 31 Cluj-Napoca 32 Baia Mare 33 Satu-Mare 34 Zalău VII CENTER REGION 35 Alba Iulia 36 Brașov 37 Miercurea Ciuc 38 Sfântu Gheorghe 39 Târgu Mureș 40 Sibiu VII BUCUREȘTI–ILFOV REGION 41 București 42 Ilfov POTENTIAL AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION IN ROMANIA POTENTIAL AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION IN ROMANIA 77 The report has provided a number of international examples with areas/sectors that are commonly part of interjurisdictional cooperation approaches. It also discussed key attributes of sub-national Romanian authorities, and some of the areas/sectors that sub-nationals in Romania perceive as having a multijurisdictional dimension. In what follows, the report builds on this analysis and details the areas/sectors that could be the subject of interjurisdictional cooperation approaches for the 2021-2027 Programming Period. The section will be split in two; the first listing areas/sectors that could be considered for interjurisdictional cooperation (see Table 3 below), and the second, a more in-depth discussion of the areas/sector that are the best candidates for interjurisdictional cooperation approaches. The areas/sectors discussed in more depth were chosen because they: 1. respond to the largest stated needs of sub-national administrations in Romania; 2. are commonly under the mandate of Western metropolitan areas; or 3. have commonly been included in integrated urban development strategies, for EU SUD funds accession). 78 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION POTENTIAL AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION IN ROMANIA 79 TABLE 5. Eligibility for Potential areas/sectors for interjurisdictional cooperation in Romania Eligibility for EU funding in Area/sector of Potential interventions / measures suitable for state budget the 2021-2027 Eligibility for intervention multijurisdictional arrangements -funded Eligibility for programming EU funding in programs Area/sector of Potential interventions / measures suitable for state budget period the 2021-2027 intervention multijurisdictional arrangements -funded   Emergency response ERDF No programming programs period - Investments in professional and voluntary emergency situation services (buildings, equipment, training) Administrative       Territorial, strategic and financial planning ERDF PUG - Development of integrated multi-risk intervention centers capacity - Mountain and sea rescue centers - Metropolitan urban plans - General urban plans Low carbon and Energy generation, transmission and distribution CF + ERDF MDRAP - SUMPs energy efficiency       - IUDSs - Modernization of district heating systems, including co-generation - Public policies and program-based budgeting - Use of renewable energy for public building - Green cadaster       - Smart metering and energy consumption monitoring INA   Human resources in local administration ESF - Extension of energy and gas distribution networks ANFP   Energy efficiency ERDF MDRAP - Competencies building and training (e.g. Public procurement)       - Energy efficient public lighting - Project implementation units   Management and administrative processes and tools  ERDF No PNDL Education Basic education ERDF - One-stop shops for citizens and companies MEN   - Quality management standards, procedures     - Nurseries and kindergartens   - Schools     - Urban/metropolitan authorities - High-schools Transport Public transport ERDF +CF No   Technical and vocational education ERDF MEN - Subway extension   - Campuses for vocational training     - Metropolitan railway systems Special education ERDF MEN - Extension and rehabilitation of tram lines - Special educational facilities   - Extension/modernization of public transport stations/terminals       Higher education ERDF MEN - Bus Rapid Transit systems   - Campuses for higher education     - E-ticketing Health Medical infrastructure ERDF MS / PNDL - Electric public transport fleet - Building regional emergency hospitals;   Multi-modal transport CF No       - Investments in municipal emergency hospitals and units - Intermodal freight transport infrastructure Environment and Waste management CF AFM   - Park & rides / Bike & rides     biodiversity - Intermodal passenger terminals   - Promotion of separation at source waste collection       Non-motorized transport and e-mobility ERDF AFM   Water and wastewater CF PNDL / AFM - Bicycle lanes and bike sharing systems - Extension of water and wastewater infrastructure to areas       not covered by Regional Water and Wastewater Masterplans    - Pedestrian and shared-space areas       Biodiversity ERDF + EARDF No - Charging stations for electric vehicles   - Implementation of management plans for NATURA 2000 areas       Accessibility CF + ERDF PNDL   Brownfields ERDF No - Roads and bypasses         - Public and private brownfields for other functions     - Traffic management systems Social inclusion MDRAP Social services ESF + ERDF MMFPS and employment Climate change Apele and risk Risk mitigation CF + ERDF - Social and healthcare daycare centers and services for Romane management  vulnerable groups ANIF       - Home care for vulnerable groups - Consolidation of seismic-risk buildings - Protected homes for vulnerable groups   - Flood protection measures     ERDF   Marginalized and disadvantaged communities No - Landslide protection measures ESF 80 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION POTENTIAL AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION IN ROMANIA 81 Area/sector of Potential interventions / measures suitable for Eligibility for EU funding in the 2021-2027 Eligibility for state budget Strategic, spatial, and economic planning intervention multijurisdictional arrangements -funded programming programs period - Integrated measures for addressing marginalized neighborhoods Looking at how major cities in Romania have developed in recent years, it is clear that better - Integrated renewal measures for communist districts /       coordination is needed with respect to strategic and spatial planning. While the population of collective housing - Integrated renewal measures for new residential area lacking Romania has been decreasing, from around 23 million in 1990 to around 20 million currently, basic infrastructure some localities (primarily the suburbs and peri-urban areas of large and dynamic cities) have ANL registered population growth (see map below). Of the 1.1 million people that migrated to the Housing ERDF   Prima Casa functional urban areas (FUAs) of Bucharest and the 40 county capitals, 47% settled in peri-urban   - Affordable housing areas of the FUA, outside the center city. Neither individual spatial plans (PUG) nor zonal plans     - Social and emergency housing (PUZ), or ad-hoc development decisions have any measures to retard suburbanization. It will be   Employment ESF ANOFM difficult to redress the ad-hoc development patterns of the past 30 years and any attempts - Youth employment (competence development and evaluation, to redress this have to be holistic and multisectoral. To turn the tide on this trend requires employment services, internships etc.) ensuring that future urban/metropolitan development is more efficient and sustainable through   - Access to the labor markets for informal workers and     supporting more compact, high density development. unemployed (training, employment services, social economy etc.) - Social economy FIGURE 23. R&D and R&D ERDF PNCDI  Localities with population growth between 2002 and 2011 innovation - Support for public R&D infrastructure   -Support for R&D partnerships between companies and public     bodies   Knowledge and technology transfer ERDF No - Public and private innovation and technology transfer       infrastructure and services Digitalization Broadband CF No - Extension of broadband infrastructure       - Public Wi-fi hotspots   E-public services ERDF + CF No   - Implementation of e-governance, e-heal,e-learning, e-culture tools     Start Up   IT&C private sector ERDF Nation   - Support for the IT&C companies and clusters     Cultural heritage Leisure infrastructure ERDF CNI and tourism   - Public leisure facilities       Tourism resources ERDF MT - Valorization of natural tourism resources - Development of health tourism     - Basic infrastructure for tourism areas - Tourism marketing and promotion   Cultural heritage ERDF MC - Historic centers       - Monuments of national importance Start Up Competitiveness SMEs and entrepreneurship ERDF + ESF Nation Source: National Institute of Statistics   - Support infrastructure and services for SMEs      82 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION POTENTIAL AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION IN ROMANIA 83 Metropolitan strategies have already been developed by most governments of large cities in Romania (e.g. Integrated Urban Development Plans for the 2007-2013 Programming Period or Roads and bypasses Integrated Urban Development Strategies for the 2014-2020 Programming Period). Metropolitan spatial plans can either be normative (which would require them to be mandated by law), or This is the one area where sub-nationals would most likely want to undertake interjurisdictional directive (e.g. simple masterplans that do not require separate legislation). In either case, several cooperation. Connective infrastructure is critical for helping urban areas become more models can be considered, as listed below: competitive, by allowing people easier access to opportunities, and by better connecting these areas to markets. Roads fall into three main categories in Romania: 1) European and National • Development of a metropolitan territory through the development of the central core, Roads, managed by the National Government; 2) County Roads, managed by county councils; 3) and the attainment of a territorial continuity between localities; Local Roads, managed by local administrations. • Development of a metropolitan territory containing functions dispersed in each of the localities; • Development of a metropolitan territory through the development of suburban localities European and National Roads as secondary centers; European and National Roads are normally planned, designed, constructed, and managed, by • Development of a metropolitan territory linearly, following development corridors the national government. However, often planning at the National level does not match local between localities. priorities and needs. As such, there are cases when sub-national government entities have gotten involved in the design of these roads. For example, the Oradea Metropolitan Area has developed the technical documentation for the road connecting the city of Oradea and several localities Metropolitan spatial planning within the Oradea Metropolitan Area, to the planned A3 Highway (see figure 24 below). Similarly, Challenges in demographic and socio-economic patterns deeply influence spatial development the city of Cluj has tendered the technical documentation for the South Bypass, which will also patterns and the urban-rural relationship. The increasing demand for a new quality of public benefit the Florești Commune in the Cluj Metropolitan Area, and the Cluj International Airport services, infrastructure, and space puts pressure on administration and planning in general, (managed by the Cluj County Council). and spatial planning in particular. The metropolitan areas in Romania are in various stages of development, presenting different features according to the spatial location, such as access FIGURE 24. to transport infrastructure, demographic characteristics, and the economic mass of the city The Metropolitan Road designed by the Oradea core, proximity of cultural and natural values. The political commitment and local administration County Roads Metropolitan Area capacity to formulate and implement projects with added values at the regional level are in For the 2014-2020 Programing Period, county various stages of development. councils that wanted to access EU funds for the rehabilitation/modernization/construction of The metropolitan space is heterogeneous. However, the goal of the partner local authorities is county roads under Axis 6 of the ROP 2014-2020 to improve the spatial coherence. The spatial development policies should focus on increasing had to agree that the routes of regional importance mobility and competitiveness of the core city of the metropolitan area, the parity access to that will be financed. Thus, the county councils infrastructure, and knowledge within the metropolitan area of the management of the natural from each region (see map below) decided together resources and cultural heritage. on a number of Priority 0 county roads that would help improve connectivity at the regional level. Metropolitan economic planning The Priority 0 projects financed under Axis 6 of the ROP 2014-2020 (identified jointly by the county Urban economic development dynamics are rarely confined to administrative boundaries. As councils in each region) were cross-jurisdictional, indicated in the Magnet Cities report, over two million people in Romania commute for work connecting two or more counties together. across jurisdictional boundaries, every day. Moreover, 27% of firm revenues generated by the functional urban areas of Bucharest and the 40 county capitals are generated outside the center While this approach was new during the 2014-2020 city. Thus, economic development patterns have clear cross-jurisdictional dynamics, requiring Programming Period, there is evidence that even proper interjurisdictional tools for: for the 2007-2013 Programming Period, counties have jointly undertaken cross-jurisdictional road • Workforce training (e.g. vocational education); development projects (see map below). Several • Providing support to start-ups and encouraging entrepreneurial activities (e.g. with the counties have proposed projects that crossed help of a metropolitan revolving fund); and at least two jurisdictions and have coordinated planning and implementation. • Attracting investors to the area. Source: bihon.ro 84 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION POTENTIAL AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION IN ROMANIA 85 FIGURE 25. FIGURE 26. The NUTS 2 regions in Romania, and constituent counties (NUTS 3) County Roads financed from the ROP 2007-2013 Note: In red, the map includes the TEN-T Road Network (highways and expressways – in thick red; and European and national roads in thin red) FIGURE 27. Local Roads, including underpasses, overpasses, bridges Road network in the Cluj urban area With the main urban areas are undergoing a rapid suburbanization process, there is an increased need for the coordination of road development at the metropolitan level. For example, the stretch of road sections between the city of Cluj-Napoca and the Florești Commune (the fastest growing commune in Romania and now the largest rural settlement in the country, with roughly 50,000 residents) has one of the highest traffic flows and incidences of traffic accidents. In the absence of additional connector roads between Florești and Cluj-Napoca, all of the commuter traffic between the two localities is concentrated on National Road 1 (see map below). The proper coordination of road development at the metropolitan level would require proper spatial planning at the metropolitan level, as discussed further down. Note: Yellow arrow indicated National Road 1, connecting Cluj-Napoca to Florești 86 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION POTENTIAL AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION IN ROMANIA 87 Public transport Population in 2011 Employed People in 2011 Number of Commuters in 2011 Cities, including Romanian ones, are characterized and enabled by mobility and this is directly Cities correlated with economic growth. In most large and dynamic cities, a large share of the employed Municipality FUA Municipality FUA Municipality FUA workforce moves across jurisdictional boundaries. Enabling the seamless movement of people Râmnicu Vâlcea 98,776 233,497 55,641 106,795 17,393 24,268 requires efficient metropolitan public transport systems. Bacău 144,307 228,656 74,835 108,638 18,367 20,733 Metropolitan public transport systems, which are becoming increasingly common in Romania, have both economic and social benefits. As the figure below highlights, the localities in Prahova County Baia Mare 123,738 215,129 64,456 91,812 16,322 19,000 that had the highest share of commuters, also had the highest Local Human Development Index Târgoviște 79,610 210,410 47,737 99,872 21,076 28,890 in the county showing an interesting correlation between proximity to opportunities (enabled by good public transport) and improved HDI. Brăila 180,302 196,818 70,490 76,422 6,267 11,162 It is clear that at least for the large cities in Romania, public transport systems (subway system, Satu Mare 102,411 195,584 55,703 77,998 13,089 16,006 trams, trolleys, buses, rail, stations, contact infrastructure, fleet, depots, etc.) need to be designed, developed, and managed at the metropolitan level. For the 2021-2027 Programming Period it Suceava 92,121 182,955 49,271 85,310 15,176 17,799 is important to consolidate the progress already made in the sector, and to identify ways of Focșani 79,315 172,530 42,463 77,227 13,279 16,558 developing it further. Deva 61,123 158,650 36,234 76,433 13,325 22,074 TABLE 6. Piatra Neamț 85,055 148,011 39,964 66,598 9,704 16,044 Commuter dynamics in the urban areas of Bucharest and the 40 county capitals Târgu Jiu 82,504 144,618 42,807 67,396 11,373 13,774 Population Employed People Number of Commuters Slatina 70,293 132,789 40,384 63,374 9,471 10,529 in 2011 in 2011 in 2011 Cities Botoșani 106,847 129,276 45,675 56,509 5,958 6,423 Municipality FUA Municipality FUA Municipality FUA Bistrița 75,076 126,860 44,383 64,419 10,270 12,063 București 1,883,425 2,703,015 1,001,430 1,354,658 252,462 330,793 Drobeta Turnu Constanța 283,872 546,900 143,018 219,753 37,799 52,749 Severin 92,617 120,762 42,400 56,541 6,410 8,915 Timișoara 319,279 508,037 174,862 236,703 42,469 52,014 Alba Iulia 63,536 113,461 37,216 54,331 11,368 14,751 Ploiești 209,945 506,213 115,986 213,284 45,159 68,786 Călărași 65,181 104,323 30,544 43,774 5,874 6,748 Cluj-Napoca 324,576 470,939 173,354 215,275 40,462 49,726 Miercurea Ciuc 38,966 97,627 24,389 42,672 9,036 11,231 Brașov 253,200 455,830 133,870 202,138 33,233 50,880 Tulcea 73,707 94,092 37,304 70,114 5,721 6,371 Iași 290,422 414,869 142,439 193,830 32,048 36,341 Zalău 56,202 90,073 29,780 41,931 5,831 7,502 Craiova 269,506 380,641 128,387 171,052 20,454 24,926 Sfântu Gheorghe 56,006 84,341 26,399 36,307 4,953 6,281 Pitești 155,383 348,981 90,481 183,206 32,093 59,657 Reșița 73,282 81,091 29,328 33,375 3,218 3,399 Galați 249,432 339,408 111,072 151,776 15,437 17,786 Giurgiu 61,353 80,932 25,317 33,276 4,452 4,848 Oradea 196,367 336,538 106,896 154,595 25,276 34,658 Vaslui 55,407 80,861 26,687 39,929 4,705 5,161 Arad 159,074 296,981 91,166 131,041 25,721 32,304 Slobozia 45,891 80,570 23,300 33,639 5,268 6,311 Sibiu 147,245 270,064 85,825 124,109 23,156 30,664 Alexandria 45,434 70,409 23,215 31,766 5,625 6,311 Buzău 115,494 258,137 66,137 111,139 20,546 24,731 TOTAL 7,100,570 11,662,401 3,706,287 5,276,216 922,335 1,203,116 Târgu Mureș 134,290 251,523 75,442 110,199 22,489 29,949 Data Source: Romanian National Institute of Statistics 88 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION POTENTIAL AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION IN ROMANIA 89 FIGURE 28. The easier it is to access opportunities, the better the social outcomes 90 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION POTENTIAL AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION IN ROMANIA 91 Airport infrastructure Climate change adaptation, risk Airports are by nature regional in reach and benefits. Large airports usually have a large catchment prevention, and management area. For example, the World Bank undertook a survey to determine the attractiveness of the planned Brașov Airport, looking at a catchment area of around an hour by car. Around 450,000 Climate change has material effects on cities and their residents. Moreover, the causes and of people in this catchment area will likely use the airport, with a higher share of potential users impacts of climate change or disasters often do not follow administrative boundaries, and as among those living closer to the airport (see figure below). such most often requires multijurisdictional approaches. Romania, in line with the assumed policy of the EU, is committed to address climate change challenges and has made significant strides in Airport infrastructure in Romania is developed and managed either by county councils or the this respect (it has already achieved most of the Europe 2020 Sustainability Indicators). Moreover, central government. County councils often lack the resources to properly maintain and run these together with the World Bank, Romania has started an ambitious disaster risk management airports. Often, such infrastructure is managed by regional governments (as is the case in Poland), program, focusing both on the national and local levels, anchored on technical support and actual if regional governments are in place. Without a regional administrative tier, it is important to investments in retrofits. In light of this focus, it is likely that for the 2021-2027 Programming identify solutions for engaging several benefiting jurisdictions in the development and upkeep of Period, climate change and urban resilience measures will feature prominently in a number of airport infrastructure. At a minimum, the county residence and the county council could both integrated urban development strategies. have a stake in such infrastructure. The development of emergency response infrastructure and capacity has already been FIGURE 29. Potential users of the planned Brașov airport, in the one-hour catchment area implemented at a multijurisdictional level for the 2007-2013 Programming Period, covering the eight regions in Romania. Flood protection measures, planned for the 2021-2027 Programming Period, will also most likely be done through interjurisdictional cooperation agreements, and the same is true for other adaptation and mitigation measures to climate change. Health infrastructure Depending on the size and specialization of the health infrastructure, the population serviced comes from a much broader area than the locality where the hospital is located. For the 2014- 2020 Programming Period, there were plans to build three regional hospitals (Iași, Craiova, and Cluj-Napoca) with EU funds, but progress has stalled. Other cities or counties have expressed interest in building new health infrastructure with their own funds. For example, the city of Brașov commenced a partnership with EBRD to develop a regional hospital. While the hospital will be built with funds of the Brașov, the beneficiaries of the infrastructure will come from a much larger area. Going forward, it is pertinent for localities/counties that manage health infrastructure to identify ways in which the facilities’ operating could be shared with other sub-national administrations that benefit, directly or indirectly, from it. 92 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION POTENTIAL AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION IN ROMANIA 93 Educational infrastructure TABLE 7. Number of marginalized people Depending on the level, all educational infrastructure has multijurisdictional impact. Universities, Urban Area Core City FUA Urban Area Core City FUA for example, have much larger catchment areas then the municipality where they are located. București 14,890 49,963 Cluj-Napoca 3,660 4,766 But even lower level educational units have multijurisdictional impact. In search of good schools, students and parents often commute over jurisdictional boundaries. Usually, cities with a larger Brașov 1,279 24,592 Bistrița 1,681 4,726 and more diverse educational offering tend to attract students from significant distances. Constanța 2,201 15,752 Brăila 4,643 4,643 Figure 9 indicates that even for cities with a more modest educational offer, there is plenty of Iași 1,531 10,709 Vaslui 1,846 4,482 commuting. For example, over 6,700 students and pupils commute to the city of Ploiești daily to Oradea 1,262 10,496 Călărași 1,394 4,155 take advantage of the city’s educational offering. Other localities in the metropolitan area are Târgu Mureș 3,070 10,343 Râmnicu Vâlcea 1,107 3,971 also direct beneficiaries. Ploiești 5,130 8,564 Botoșani 3,122 3,788 In fact, most large and/or dynamic urban areas in Romania face a common challenge. As Baia-Mare 5,631 8,487 Piatra Neamț 1,734 3,633 suburban and peri-urban areas have grown rapidly, housing more and more people (particularly young families), there has been a very poor, and in most cases non-existent response in the Buzău 3,363 8,253 Târgoviște 2,538 3,400 development of new educational infrastructure in these suburbs. Thus, in localities where the Satu-Mare 1,882 7,653 Drobeta-Turnu Severin 2,419 3,374 population has grown from 2,000-3,000 people to 20,000-30,000 people, there have been almost Arad 4,109 7,459 Timișoara 731 3,368 no investments in new nurseries, kindergartens, schools, or high schools. In essence, families in Focșani 779 6,752 Miercurea Ciuc 588 2,715 these suburban and peri-urban areas have to either commute to a school in the core city, or they Suceava 1,047 6,693 Reșița 2,634 2,634 have to resort to administrative tricks, such as registering their domicile to an address in the core city, to access the educational offering in the core city. Craiova 2,826 6,414 Târgu Jiu 1,582 2,362 Sfântu Gheorghe 3,525 5,731 Slatina 1,266 2,318 This is clearly a sector where interjurisdictional cooperation approaches are needed in Romania, with a focus on: 1) identifying the proper solutions for educational facilities with low enrollment (e.g. Galați 4,725 5,715 Zalău 777 2,260 reconversion); 2) developing new educational infrastructure (e.g. with the help of a metropolitan Bacău 1,977 5,356 Alexandria 1,685 2,193 revolving fund, fueled by the core city and with suburban localities as the prime beneficiaries); 3) Sibiu 602 5,304 Slobozia 1,032 1,880 improving children’s access to schools (e.g. a metropolitan bus transport system). Pitești 409 5,038 Alba Iulia 816 1,327 Tulcea 5,018 5,018 Giurgiu 1,083 1,083 Deva 1,130 4,974 Data source: World Bank Social inclusion, poverty, and discrimination Energy efficiency Social inclusion interventions are usually targeted and focus on a well-defined area within a Energy efficiency was one of the large areas/sectors of focus of the EU for the 2014-2020 locality. As such, it may seem that they do not have an interjurisdictional dimension. However, Programming Period, and it is likely to remain the same for the 2021-2027 Programming Period. the externalities of poverty, exclusion, and inequality, rarely remain contained to a well-defined Energy efficiency interventions do not necessarily rank high among the needs of sub-national area, and most often spill over jurisdictional boundaries (e.g. begging, vulnerability to disease), administrations in Romania (maybe with the exception of the thermal insulation of apartment requiring interjurisdictional approaches. For the 2014-2020 Programming Period, urban areas blocks), but this is likely to be an important sector of local focus, because of the EU funds in the EU had two major interjurisdictional tools to address social inclusion issues: 1) ITIs (with available. Given the integrated urban development approaches throughout the EU in the 2014- many integrated urban development strategies focusing on social inclusion issues); 2) CLLDs 2020 Programming Period (see Annex 5), it is likely to again find energy efficiency interventions (which require cooperation between various actors to achieve a common goal). An analysis of in the integrated urban development strategies for the 2021-2027 Programming Period. Local marginalized communities in Romania (see table below), indicates that urban marginalization administrations in Romania could complement such interventions, by establishing metropolitan follows more of a metropolitan dynamic, with a large share of marginalized communities living revolving funds, which would enable poorer localities and private actors (e.g. households, firms) on the urban fringes. to easily access financing for energy efficiency interventions. 94 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION POTENTIAL AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION IN ROMANIA 95 Environmental infrastructure Business infrastructure The European Commission indicates that cities should offer their citizens at least 26 square Attracting investment often requires that the proper business infrastructure is in place. Several meters of green space per capita. As the table below highlights, very few cities in Romania sub-national administrations are thinking about developing such infrastructure. Often, this new meet this indicator. In many cases, the only way to create additional green space and new business infrastructure, particular industrial parks, is developed outside the administrative limits recreational infrastructure (e.g. bike trails) is by looking at nearby jurisdictions. Obviously, easy of a core city. The Ploiești Metropolitan Areas, which has the most extensive system of industrial access (e.g. good public transport connections, or connections to network of bike paths) to this parks in the country, is a case in point. A significant share of the industrial parks in the Ploiești green infrastructure will be paramount. Metropolitan Area, are outside the boundaries of the city of Ploiești (see map below). However, most of the people working in those industrial parks live in Ploiești. This raises a double-problem TABLE 8. as the revenues from the personal income tax (which make the bulk of a local budget) are Square meters of green space per capita collected by the suburban localities that house these industrial parks. But, a significant share of Locality 2000 2015 Locality 2000 2015 costs (e.g. public transport, new connective infrastructure, pollution) are borne by Ploiești. Baia Mare 15 141 Deva 18 20 Thus, developing new business infrastructure inherently require interjurisdictional coordination, on Miercurea-Ciuc 15 46 Zalău 14 20 multiple planes. For one, center cities often lack the land required for new business infrastructure Bistrița 11 43 Brăila 13 19 development (for example, the Pipera Office Park in Bucharest-Ilfov, which generates 2% of Craiova 34 39 Pitești 16 18 Romaniațs GDP, has extended and is now growing in the town of Volunari – the now richest town in Romania). For another, it is important to identify interjurisdictional solutions that enable Suceava 30 35 Buzău 11 18 a more equitable sharing of benefits and costs across the localities that are impacted by the Călărași 20 29 Galați 30 18 business infrastructure. Satu Mare 14 27 Drobeta-Turnu Severin 18 17 Bacău 9 27 Timișoara 15 16 In addition to industrial and office parks, many sub-nationals are considering the development of Oradea 7 26 Târgu Mureș 11 15 exposition and conference venues. Brașov and Constanța, the two largest tourist magnets after Buchare, are both considering the development of such centers, which would enable them to make Cluj-Napoca 10 25 Constanța 18 15 better use of the existent hotel infrastructure throughout the year. Such conference centers would Alba Iulia 5 24 Sibiu 15 14 not only have a multijurisdictional impact but would also require interjurisdictional cooperation. București 25 24 Târgoviște 7 14 For example, the Brasov conference center is planned by the Ghimbav administration, next to the Iași 14 24 Sfântu Gheorghe 8 14 planned new airport (which is developed by the county council). A close collaboration with the Vaslui 5 23 Ploiești 10 13 city of Brașov is required for tthe conference center in Ghimbav to suceed. (e.g. to ensure proper Slobozia 31 23 Focșani 7 9 connectivity and access) and with the Brașov County Council (which is developing the airport). Piatra Neamț 16 22 Giurgiu 4 9 Alexandria 20 22 Tulcea 7 9 Botoșani 20 21 Târgu Jiu 6 7 Slatina 11 21 Arad 15 7 Reșița 18 21 Brașov 5 6 Râmnicu Vâlcea 10 20 Source: National Institute of Statistics Moreover, environmental dynamics rarely follow administrative boundaries. Pollution in one area can easily spill over to another area, and it is important for local administrations to have the interjurisdictional tools needed to address environmental challenges and dynamics, with a consideration to: • Promotion of measures to prevent environmental damage, in order to protect health and improve living conditions; • Environmental preservation for the benefit of multiple jurisdictions; and • Use of environmental impact assessments for investments. 96 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION POTENTIAL AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION IN ROMANIA 97 FIGURE 30. Business infrastructure in the Ploiești Metropolitan Area Tourism infrastructure Tourist attractions are rarely clustered in just one locality. Seaside resorts are spread from Mamaia to Vama Veche, and historic heritage buildings in the Brașov area are spread relatively evenly between the city of Brașov and surrounding localities. In fact, many suburban and peri- urban localities have a high concentration of heritage buildings. In some cases (e.g. Sibiu, Ploiești, Râmnicu Vâlcea), surrounding localities amass more heritage buildings than the core city. This obviously requires integrated approaches, from the coordinated development of tourism infrastructure to the joint promotion of larger areas. TABLE 9. Distribution of Historic Heritage Core City Outer FUA FUA Architectural Category A Architectural Category A Monuments Monuments Monuments Monuments Bucharest 2,081 172 384 84 Iaşi 452 48 58 13 Braşov 335 83 202 79 Cluj-Napoca 286 37 151 13 Craiova 264 17 96 18 Sibiu 225 99 241 64 Bistriţa 191 40 76 43 Târgovişte 174 49 164 34 Târgu Mureş 146 44 80 61 Drobeta-Turnu Severin 136 11 51 13 Arad 118 7 43 19 Botoşani 107 16 11 0 Slatina 100 4 61 7 Focşani 95 13 38 12 Piteşti 92 13 164 75 Timişoara 92 39 49 21 Constanţa 91 31 25 7 Alba Iulia 87 17 49 26 Oradea 84 25 51 7 Ploieşti 79 27 129 61 Galaţi 77 5 5 0 Brăila 74 1 0 0 Călăraşi 73 4 6 0 Giurgiu 72 2 16 0 Baia Mare 66 19 99 26 Reşiţa 62 9 11 7 Suceava 60 53 28 15 Satu Mare 55 9 46 3 Târgu Jiu 51 6 84 15 Buzău 49 16 77 23 Sfântu Gheorghe 47 24 74 44 Piatra Neamţ 45 5 38 16 Râmnicu Vâlcea 44 11 211 45 Miercurea Ciuc 40 15 90 39 Bacău 35 6 19 6 Tulcea 35 3 15 6 Alexandria 33 0 12 3 Zalău 31 0 30 16 Deva 27 3 51 27 Vaslui 20 2 7 3 Slobozia 6 3 17 3 Source: The Romanian Ministry of Culture CONCLUSIONS CONCLUSIONS 101 Without a clear National Urban Policy in place, there has been limited prioritization in the past years of areas/sectors with the highest importance for the sustainable and efficient development of Romania’s urban areas. EU Operational Programmes have helped address some of these issues, by tying access to EU grants to a number of conditionalities such as: 1) clear implementation timeline; 2) clear multi-annual budget and co-financing requirements; 3) the need for sectoral strategies/plans; 4) the need for clearly identified priorities; 5) the need for proper evaluation, selection, and monitoring of projects; and 6) a focus on measurable results. Urban priorities have often been defined in response to the requirements of EU funded programs. This has limited the scope of identified projects as the EU priorities do not cover the whole palette of needs that Romanian cities have. While Western European cities have a more elevated set of needs (e.g. focus on innovation and entrepreneurship, sustainability, climate change), Romanian cities continue to have significant basic infrastructure gaps. The dichotomy between the European’s Commission Sustainable Urban Development goals, and those of Romanian sub- nationals, can be compared by looking at Annex 5 (showing the major urban priorities financed from EU funds in European cities) and Annex 3 (showing the major urban priorities of Romanian sub-nationals). Reconciling the needs of Romanian cities with EU priorities, requires an open dialogue and a clear understanding of the multitude of needs of European cities, and ways in which the EU could respond to those needs. Obviously, the needs of Bordeaux are likely to be quite different to the needs of Iași. Moreover, Bordeaux has more advanced and complex means to spell-out its needs, yet even in Romania there is demand for interjurisdiction program and project implementation, as evidenced by the results of the “Your City’s Priorities Campaign.” This report emphasizes the significant development benefits to offering sub-national administrations the proper tools for interjurisdictional cooperation, and it highlights a number of areas/sectors where interjurisdictional cooperation may make sense. At a minimum, interjurisdictional approaches can help strengthen the decentralization process, by allowing more resources (EU, central, and local) to be mobilized for local development. In a situation where the central government is overwhelmed with daily governance and funding priorities, moving decision- making and investments to the local level will bring decision-making closer to citizens and provide more resources to local communities. Interjurisdictional approaches have already proven very successful in a number of areas/sectors (water, waste water, solid waste management, etc.), and they are likely to be successful in at least some of the areas/sectors detailed in this report. 102 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION The report makes a case for progressive, fit-for-purpose solutions to inter-jurisdictional cooperation. In determining an appropriate solution or combination of solutions, the following is to be considered: • Interjurisdictional spatial planning – the FUA that make up the contemplated interjurisdiction territory need to undertake holistic spatial planning for the entire area. This planning should consider sectoral strategies such as, at a minimum, mobility (people and freight), economics and environment. This planning should identify key intervention areas and projects associated therewith. The case and benefits of strong interjurisdiction planning is made clear in the Barcelona case study. ANNEXES • Clarity on powers and functions – where new institutions are established (whether voluntary or statutory) there should be a clear delineation of powers and functions. These may be sole or shared mandates. These range from ability to regulate, implement, raise taxes, borrow, etc. Where mandates are shared, intergovernmental arrangements should be clearly defined. This certainty on powers and functions enables interjurisdiction institutions to clearly define their mandates, build capacity consistent therewith and better manage functional overlaps. As demonstrated in the case studies, some interjurisdiction structures can be responsible for strategy and conceptualizing projects, implementation and regulation may remain with local municipalities, and others may establish full mandates such as project execution. These powers and functions may morph over time in response to the operating environment, but clarity should be maintained at all times. • Funding and finance – How solutions will be financed as corporate entities, as well as how they will finance projects is key. As demonstrated in the case studies, there is a variety of options, from donations from constituting members to capital raising from external parties. Consideration of funding and financing options should be linked to the consideration of powers and functions, as well as ownership of assets built by these institutions. Again, there is a wide variety of options, informed by a range of considerations, such as the extent of fiscal devolution and capacity. 104 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 1. AREAS/SECTORS COVERED BY MAJOR OECD METROPOLITAN AREAS 105 ANNEX 1. Areas/sectors covered by major OECD metropolitan areas MA has Culture Metropolitan Spatial Regional Waste Water Sewerage COUNTRY Governance Transportation Energy Education Tourism and Healthcare Area Planning Development Disposal Provision Provision Body Leisure VIENNA yes   yes                 yes AUSTRIA GRAZ yes yes yes yes           yes     LINZ no                       BRUSSEL yes yes yes yes yes     yes         ANTWERP no                       BELGIUM GHENT no                       LIEGE no                       PARIS yes yes yes yes                 LYON yes yes yes yes yes yes yes           TOULOUSE yes yes yes yes yes yes yes       yes   STRASBOURG yes yes yes yes yes yes yes           BORDEAUX yes yes yes yes yes yes yes       yes   NANTES yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes       LILLE yes yes yes yes yes yes yes       yes   FRANCE MONTPELLIER yes yes yes yes yes yes yes       yes   SAINT-ÉTIENNE yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes   RENNES yes yes yes yes yes           yes   GRENOBLE yes yes yes yes yes   yes           TOULON yes yes yes yes     yes   yes yes yes   MARSEILLE yes yes yes yes yes yes yes           NICE yes yes yes yes yes yes yes           ROUEN yes yes yes yes yes yes yes     yes yes   106 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 1. AREAS/SECTORS COVERED BY MAJOR OECD METROPOLITAN AREAS 107 MA has Culture Metropolitan Spatial Regional Waste Water Sewerage COUNTRY Governance Transportation Energy Education Tourism and Healthcare Area Planning Development Disposal Provision Provision Body Leisure BERLIN no                       HAMBURG yes yes yes yes         yes yes yes yes MUNICH yes yes yes               yes   COLOGNE yes yes   yes       yes   yes yes   FRANKFURT yes yes yes         yes yes       ESSEN yes   yes yes yes         yes yes   STUTTGART yes yes yes yes yes         yes yes   LEIPZIG no                       DRESDEN yes yes yes yes           yes yes   DORTMUND yes   yes yes yes         yes yes   DÜSSELDORF no                       BREMEN yes yes yes yes                 GERMANY HANOVER yes yes   yes       yes   yes yes yes NUREMBERG yes yes   yes       yes   yes yes   BOCHUM yes   yes yes yes         yes yes   FREIBURG IM yes yes yes yes             yes   BREISGAU AUGSBURG yes yes yes yes                 BONN yes yes   yes       yes   yes yes   KARLSRUHE yes   yes             yes yes   SAARBRÜCKEN yes   yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes DUISBURG yes   yes yes yes         yes yes   MANNHEIM yes   yes yes       yes   yes yes   MÜNSTER no                       AACHEN yes yes yes yes           yes     IRELAND DUBLIN yes     yes                 108 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 1. AREAS/SECTORS COVERED BY MAJOR OECD METROPOLITAN AREAS 109 MA has Culture Metropolitan Spatial Regional Waste Water Sewerage COUNTRY Governance Transportation Energy Education Tourism and Healthcare Area Planning Development Disposal Provision Provision Body Leisure ROME no                       MILAN no                       NAPLES no                       TURIN no                       PALERMO no                       ITALY GENOVA no                       FLORENCE no                       BARI no                       BOLOGNA no                       CATANIA no                       VENICE no                       MADRID no                       BARCELONA yes yes yes yes yes yes yes     yes     VALENCIA no                       SEVILLE no                       SPAIN ZARAGOZA no                       MÁLAGA no                       LAS PALMAS no                       BILBAO no                       ZURICH yes yes yes yes       yes yes   yes   SWITZERLAND GENEVA yes yes   yes         yes     yes BASEL yes yes yes yes                 THE HAGUE yes yes yes yes                 AMSTERDAM yes yes yes yes                 NETHERLANDS ROTTERDAM yes yes yes yes   yes             UTRECHT yes yes yes yes                 EINDHOVEN yes yes yes yes           yes yes yes 110 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 1. AREAS/SECTORS COVERED BY MAJOR OECD METROPOLITAN AREAS 111 MA has Culture Metropolitan Spatial Regional Waste Water Sewerage COUNTRY Governance Transportation Energy Education Tourism and Healthcare Area Planning Development Disposal Provision Provision Body Leisure WARSAW yes yes yes yes         yes yes yes   LÓDZ no                       KRAKÓW no                       WROCLAW no                       POLAND POZNAN yes yes yes yes           yes     GDANSK yes yes yes yes         yes yes     LUBLIN yes                       KATOWICE yes yes yes yes yes yes   yes yes yes   yes LISBON yes yes   yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes PORTUGAL PORTO yes yes   yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes STOCKHOLM yes     yes       yes yes       SWEDEN GOTHENBURG yes   yes yes                 MALMÖ yes   yes yes       yes yes   yes yes LONDON yes yes   yes                 BIRMINGHAM (UK) no                       LEEDS no                       BRADFORD                         LIVERPOOL no                       MANCHESTER yes yes yes   yes               CARDIFF no                       UNITED SHEFFIELD no                       KINGDOM BRISTOL no                       NEWCASTLE no                       LEICESTER no                       PORTSMOUTH no                       NOTTINGHAM no                       GLASGOW yes   yes yes                 EDINBURGH yes   yes yes                 112 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 1. AREAS/SECTORS COVERED BY MAJOR OECD METROPOLITAN AREAS 113 MA has Culture Metropolitan Spatial Regional Waste Water Sewerage COUNTRY Governance Transportation Energy Education Tourism and Healthcare Area Planning Development Disposal Provision Provision Body Leisure EDMONTON yes yes yes yes                 CALGARY yes yes yes yes yes yes yes           WINNIPEG yes yes yes yes                 VANCOUVER yes yes yes yes yes yes yes       yes   QUEBEC yes yes yes yes yes yes yes     yes yes   CANADA MONTREAL yes yes yes yes yes yes yes     yes yes   OTTAWA- yes yes yes yes             yes   GATINEAU TORONTO no                       HAMILTON no                       SEATTLE yes yes yes yes                 PORTLAND yes yes yes yes   yes         yes   MINNEAPOLIS yes yes yes yes yes yes yes           MILWAUKEE yes yes yes                   MADISON yes     yes                 BUFFALO no                       GRAND RAPIDS yes yes yes                   ALBANY no                       DETROIT yes yes yes yes   yes     yes       UNITED BOSTON yes yes yes yes                 STATES CHICAGO yes yes yes yes   yes             PROVIDENCE no                       TOLEDO (US) yes yes yes yes   yes             CLEVELAND yes yes                     DES MOINES no                       OMAHA yes yes   yes                 AKRON no                       NEW YORK no                       SALT LAKE CITY yes yes   yes                 114 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 1. AREAS/SECTORS COVERED BY MAJOR OECD METROPOLITAN AREAS 115 MA has Culture Metropolitan Spatial Regional Waste Water Sewerage COUNTRY Governance Transportation Energy Education Tourism and Healthcare Area Planning Development Disposal Provision Provision Body Leisure PITTSBURGH yes yes   yes                 HARRISBURG yes yes   yes                 PHILADELPHIA yes yes yes yes                 COLUMBUS yes yes   yes                 DENVER yes yes yes yes                 INDIANAPOLIS no                       DAYTON yes yes yes                   BALTIMORE yes yes                     CINCINNATI yes yes                     WASHINGTON yes yes yes                 yes KANSAS CITY yes yes                     COLORADO yes yes   yes                 SPRINGS SAINT LOUIS (US) yes yes   yes                 UNITED SACRAMENTO/ yes yes                     STATES ROSEVILLE LOUISVILLE yes yes                     SAN FRANCISCO yes                       WICHITA no                       RICHMOND yes yes     yes               NORFOLK- PORTSMOUTH- yes   yes yes   yes             CHESAPEAKE- VIRGINIA BEACH FRESNO yes yes                     LAS VEGAS no                       NASHVILLE yes yes yes yes           yes     TULSA yes yes yes yes                 RALEIGH yes   yes yes   yes             OKLAHOMA CITY yes yes       yes             CHARLOTTE yes yes yes yes                 116 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 1. AREAS/SECTORS COVERED BY MAJOR OECD METROPOLITAN AREAS 117 MA has Culture Metropolitan Spatial Regional Waste Water Sewerage COUNTRY Governance Transportation Energy Education Tourism and Healthcare Area Planning Development Disposal Provision Provision Body Leisure ALBUQUERQUE yes yes yes yes   yes             MEMPHIS yes yes   yes           yes     LITTLE ROCK yes yes                     LOS ANGELES yes yes yes                   COLUMBIA yes yes yes yes                 ATLANTA yes yes yes yes                 PHOENIX yes yes     yes yes             BIRMINGHAM yes yes yes yes                 (US) DALLAS yes yes                     SAN DIEGO yes yes yes yes yes yes   yes         FORT WORTH                         CHARLESTON yes yes yes yes   yes             UNITED TUCSON yes yes           yes         STATES EL PASO yes     yes yes yes             BATON ROUGE yes yes   yes                 AUSTIN yes yes   yes yes               JACKSONVILLE yes yes yes yes                 NEW ORLEANS yes yes yes yes                 HOUSTON yes yes   yes                 SAN ANTONIO yes yes   yes                 ORLANDO yes yes   yes                 CLEARWATER/ SAINT                         PETERSBURG TAMPA yes   yes yes                 MIAMI yes yes yes yes                 MCALLEN yes yes yes yes yes yes             118 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 1. AREAS/SECTORS COVERED BY MAJOR OECD METROPOLITAN AREAS 119 MA has Culture Metropolitan Spatial Regional Waste Water Sewerage COUNTRY Governance Transportation Energy Education Tourism and Healthcare Area Planning Development Disposal Provision Provision Body Leisure SAPPORO yes     yes           yes yes   SENDAI yes yes yes yes           yes yes   NIIGATA no                       TOYAMA yes       yes     yes     yes   NAGANO yes     yes yes         yes yes   KANAZAWA no                       UTSUNOMIYA no                       MAEBASHI yes             yes yes       MITO no                       TOKYO yes     yes                 KOFU yes   yes             yes yes   NAGOYA no                       NUMAZU no                       OSAKA yes     yes       yes   yes yes yes SHIZUOKA no                       ANJO yes     yes                 YOKKAICHI yes   yes yes                 HIMEJI yes                 yes     JAPAN TOYOHASHI yes     yes           yes     HAMAMATSU yes     yes       yes         OKAYAMA no                       KURASHIKI                         FUKUYAMA no                       HIROSHIMA yes     yes           yes yes   TAKAMATSU no                       WAKAYAMA no                       TOKUSHIMA no                       KITAKYUSHU yes     yes                 MATSUYAMA no                       FUKUOKA yes     yes   yes             KOCHI no                       OITA                         KUMAMOTO yes yes   yes           yes yes yes NAGASAKI yes                       KAGOSHIMA no                       NAHA yes     yes yes         yes     120 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 1. AREAS/SECTORS COVERED BY MAJOR OECD METROPOLITAN AREAS 121 MA has Culture Metropolitan Spatial Regional Waste Water Sewerage COUNTRY Governance Transportation Energy Education Tourism and Healthcare Area Planning Development Disposal Provision Provision Body Leisure SEOUL INCHEON yes   yes yes   yes             CHEONGJU no                       DAEJEON yes yes yes yes yes yes     yes       POHANG no                       DAEGU yes yes yes yes yes yes yes     yes yes yes KOREA JEONJU no                       ULSAN yes yes yes yes yes yes yes     yes yes   BUSAN yes yes   yes yes yes yes   yes yes yes yes CHANGWON yes yes yes yes   yes yes     yes yes yes GWANGJU yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes     yes   CONCEPCIÓN no                       CHILE SANTIAGO no                       VALPARAÍSO no                       ACAPULCO DE yes yes yes yes yes yes yes           JUÁREZ AGUASCALIENTES yes                       CENTRO yes yes yes yes yes yes yes           CHIHUAHUA yes yes yes yes yes yes yes           CUERNAVACA yes yes yes   yes yes yes           CULIACÁN yes yes yes yes yes yes yes       yes   MEXICO GUADALAJARA yes yes yes yes yes               HERMOSILLO yes yes yes yes yes yes yes           JUÁREZ no                       LEÓN yes yes yes yes yes yes yes           MÉRIDA yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes         MEXICALI yes   yes yes                 MEXICO CITY yes yes yes yes   yes yes           122 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 1. AREAS/SECTORS COVERED BY MAJOR OECD METROPOLITAN AREAS 123 MA has Culture Metropolitan Spatial Regional Waste Water Sewerage COUNTRY Governance Transportation Energy Education Tourism and Healthcare Area Planning Development Disposal Provision Provision Body Leisure MONTERREY yes yes yes yes yes yes yes           MORELIA no                       OAXACA DE yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes     yes   JUÁREZ PUEBLA yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes         QUERÉTARO yes yes yes yes yes yes yes           SALTILLO no                       MEXICO SAN LUIS POTOSÍ yes yes yes yes yes yes yes           TAMPICO no                       TIJUANA no                       TOLUCA yes yes yes yes   yes yes           TORREÓN yes yes yes yes yes yes yes           TUXTLA yes yes yes yes yes yes yes           GUTIÉRREZ VERACRUZ yes yes yes yes yes yes yes           SYDNEY no                       MELBOURNE no                       BRISBANE no                       PERTH no                       AUSTRALIA ADELAIDE no                       GOLD COAST-                         TWEED NEWCASTLE- no                       MAITLAND CANBERRA- no                       QUEANBEYAN AUCKLAND yes yes yes yes yes yes yes     yes yes   NEW ZEALAND WELLINGTON yes yes yes yes   yes             CANTERBURY yes yes yes                   Source: OECD. 2014. The OECD Governance Survey: A Quantitative Description of Governance Structures in large Urban Agglomerations. 124 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 2. METROPOLITAN AREAS IN ROMANIA 125 ANNEX 2. Metropolitan areas in Romania Total population Metropolitan Year of (According to Observations regarding the legal form, evolution, partnerships and the status of the urban Current members Area establishment Population and polarizing center Housing Census 2011) Bacău Municipality, Intercommunity Development Association Buhuși Town, 241,619 BACĂU 2007 FZMAUR Member (Federation of the Metropolitan and Urban Agglomerations in Romania) Communes: Berești-Bistrița, Buhoci, Faraoani, Filipești, Gioseni, Hemeiuș, Itești, inhabitants Izvoru Berheciului, Letea Veche, Luizi-Călugăra, Măgura, Mărgineni, Gârleni, In February 2014, it joined the Association of the Metropolitan Area of Bacău and Buhuşi. Odobești, Prăjești, Sărata, Săucești, Secuieni, Tamași, Blăgesti, Horgești and Traian Baia Mare Municipality, Intercommunity Development Association Towns: Baia Sprie, Cavnic, Seini, Șomcuta Mare and Tăuții Măgherăuș; 215,932 FZMAUR Member (Federation of the Metropolitan and Urban Agglomerations in Romania) BAIA MARE 2006 Communes: Cernești, Cicârlău, Coaș, Coltău, Copalnic Mănăștur, Dumbrăvița, inhabitants At the moment, Baia Mare Metropolitan Area has the same members as it had at the time of its Groși, Mireșu Mare, Recea, Remetea Chioarului, Satulung, Săcălășeni and Valea establishment. Chioarului Botoșani Municipality, Intercommunity Development Association 143,193 BOTOȘANI 2012 Bucecea Town, FZMAUR Member (Federation of the Metropolitan and Urban Agglomerations in Romania) inhabitants Communes: Vlădeni, Mihai Eminescu, Roma, Rachiți, Stăuceni, Balușeni and Curtești In October 2013, Bucecea Town and Vlădeni Commune become associated to Botoşani Metropolitan Area. Brașov Municipality, Growth pole Brașov County Council, Intercommunity Development Association Săcele and Codlea Municipalities, 410,808 BRAȘOV 2006 inhabitants FZMAUR Member (Federation of the Metropolitan and Urban Agglomerations in Romania) Towns: Râșnov, Ghimbav, Predeal and Zărnești, At the moment, Brașov Metropolitan Area has the same members as it had at the time of its Communes: Sânpetru, Hărman, Prejmer, Tărlungeni, Bod, Hălchiu, Cristian, establishment. Crizbav, Feldioara, Vulcan and Budila Intercommunity Development Association Bucharest Municipality, 2.2 mil. FZMAUR Member (Federation of the Metropolitan and Urban Agglomerations in Romania) BUCHAREST 2016 inhabitants Ilfov County through Ilfov County Council At the moment, Bucharest Metropolitan Area has the same members as it had at the time of its establishment. Growth pole Cluj Napoca Municipality, Intercommunity Development Association 418,153 CLUJ NAPOCA 2008 Communes: Aiton, Apahida, Baciu, Bontida, Borsa, Jucu, Căianu, Chinteni, Ciurila, inhabitants FZMAUR Member (Federation of the Metropolitan and Urban Agglomerations in Romania) Cojocna, Feleacu, Floresti, Gîrbău, Petrestii de Jos, Tureni, Vultureni, Sânpaul, Săvădisla and Gilău In 2009 Sânpaul Commune also joined and in 2018 Săvădisla Commune became affiliated as well to the Association. Constanța Municipality, Growth pole Constanța County Council, Intercommunity Development Association 434,265 CONSTANȚA 2007 Towns: Eforie, Murfatlar, Năvodari, Ovidiu and Techirghiol, inhabitants FZMAUR Member (Federation of the Metropolitan and Urban Agglomerations in Romania) Communes: 23 Augu, Agigea, Corbu, Costinești, Cumpăna, Lumina, Mihai At the moment, Constanța Metropolitan Area has the same members as it had at the time of its Kogălniceanu, Poarta Alba, Tuzla and Valu lui Traian establishment. 126 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 2. METROPOLITAN AREAS IN ROMANIA 127 Total population Metropolitan Year of (According to Observations regarding the legal form, evolution, partnerships and the status of the urban Current members Area establishment Population and polarizing center Housing Census 2011) Growth pole Craiova Municipality, Intercommunity Development Association Towns: Filiași and Segarce, 356,544 CRAIOVA 2009 inhabitants FZMAUR Member (Federation of the Metropolitan and Urban Agglomerations in Romania) Communes: Almăj, Brădești, Breasta, Bucovăț, Calopăr, Cârcea, Coșoveni, Coțofenii din Față, Ghercești, Ișalnița, Malu Mare, Mischii, Murgași, Pielești, Predești, At the moment, Craiova Metropolitan Area has the same members as it had at the time of its Șimnicu de Sus, Teasc, Terpezita, Țuglui, Vârvoru de Jos and Vela establishment. Deva and Hunedoara Municipalities, Intercommunity Development Association Hunedoara County Council, DEVA - 149,198 2008 HUNEDOARA inhabitants At the moment, Deva - Hunedoara Metropolitan Area has the same members as it had at the time of Towns: Simeria and Călan, its establishment. Communes: Băcia, Cârjiți and Pestișu Mic Growth pole Iași Municipality Intercommunity Development Association Iași City Council, FZMAUR Member (Federation of the Metropolitan and Urban Agglomerations in Romania) 403,572 IAȘI 2004 Communes: Aroneanu, Bîrnova, Ciurea, Holboca, Lețcani, Miroslava, Popricani, inhabitants At the moment, Iași Metropolitan Area has the same members as it had at the time of association, Rediu, Schitu Duca, Tomești, Ungheni, Valea Lupului and Victoria, Movileni, the only existing difference being at the level of the observing members, among which is Dobrovăţ Comarna, Prisăcani, Țuțora, Mogoșești, Dobrovăț Commune, that recently joined. Intercommunity Development Association Oradea Municipality, 245,537 ORADEA 2005 FZMAUR Member (Federation of the Metropolitan and Urban Agglomerations in Romania) Communes: Biharia, Borș, Cetariu, Girișu de Criș, Ineu, Nojorid, Oșorhei, Paleu, inhabitants Sînmartin, Sîntandrei and Toboliu In July 2007, Girişu de Cris, Toboliu and Ineu Communes also joined. Piatra Neamț Municipality, Intercommunity Development Association Roznov Town, 130,224 PIATRA NEAMȚ 2013 inhabitants In 2014, Gircina, Dobreni, Dumbrava Rosie and Girov Communes also joined. Communes: Alexandru cel Bun, Săvinești, Zănești, Costișa, Gîrcina, Dobreni, Dumbrava Roșie and Girov Argeș County Council, Intercommunity Development Association Pitești Municipality, 206,082 PITEȘTI 2012 inhabitants At the moment, Pitești Metropolitan Area has the same members as it had at the time of its Ștefănești Town, establishment. Communes: Albota, Bascov, Băbana, Budeasa, Mărăcineni, Micești and Moșoaia Ploiești Municipality, Growth pole Prahova County Council, 336,203 Intercommunity Development Association PLOIEȘTI 2009 Towns: Băicoi, Boldești Scăieni, Bușteni and Plopeni, inhabitants At the moment, Ploiești Metropolitan Area has the same members as it had at the time of its Communes: Ariceștii-Rahtivani, Bărcănești, Berceni, Blejoi, Brazi, Bucov, establishment. Dumbrăvești, Păulești, Târgșorul Vechi and Valea Călugărească Râmnicu Vâlcea Municipality, Intercommunity Development Association RÂMNICU Towns: Ocnele Mari, Călimănești, Băile Govora and Băile Olănești, Babeni, 167,455 FZMAUR Member (Federation of the Metropolitan and Urban Agglomerations in Romania) 2013 VÂLCEA inhabitants Communes: Păușești-Măglași, Vlădești, Bujoreni, Muereasca, Runcu, Mihăești, At the end of 2013, Sălătrucel, Berislăveşti, Golesti, Milcoiu, Runcu, Bunesti, Babeni, Şineşteasa and Dăești, Șirineasa, Frâncești, Sălătrucel, Berislăvești, Golești, Milcoiu and Bunești Frânceşti Communes also joined. 128 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 2. METROPOLITAN AREAS IN ROMANIA 129 Total population Metropolitan Year of (According to Observations regarding the legal form, evolution, partnerships and the status of the urban Current members Area establishment Population and polarizing center Housing Census 2011) Reșița Municipality, Intercommunity Development Association Bocșa Town, 100,957 REȘIȚA 2013 inhabitants At the end of 2013 Carașova Commune also joined. Communes: Ocna de Fier, Dognecea, Goruia, Târnova, Văliug, Brebu Nou, Lupac and Carașova Roman Municipality, Intercommunity Development Association 129,507 ROMAN 2009 Communes: Gherăești, Ruginoasa, Botești, Ion Creangă, Văleni, Poienari, Icușești, inhabitants At the moment, Roman Metropolitan Area has the same members as it had at the time of its Moldoveni, Bahna, Dulcești, Horia, Sagna, Făurei, Pâncești, Boghicea, Bozieni, establishment. Doljești, Gâdinți, Oniceni, Secuieni, Valea Ursului, Tămășeni, Bîra and Stănița Satu Mare and Carei Municipalities, Intercommunity Development Association Towns: Ardud and Tășnad, 217,403 FZMAUR Member (Federation of the Metropolitan and Urban Agglomerations in Romania) SATU MARE 2013 Communes: Agriș, Apa, Beltiug, Berveni, Căpleni, Craidorolț, Culciu, Doba, Dorolț, inhabitants At the moment, Satu Mare Metropolitan Area has the same members as it had at the time of its Foieni, Gherța Mică, Lazuri, Medieșu Aurit, Micula, Moftin, Odoreu, Orașu Nou, establishment. Păulești, Terebești, Turț, Valea Vinului and Viile Satu Mare Suceava Municipality, Intercommunity Development Association Salcea Town, 167,095 SUCEAVA 2011 Founding members of Suceava Metropolitan Area were Suceava Municipality, Salcea Town and inhabitants Adâncata, Ipoteşti, Mitocu Dragomirnei, Moara, Patrauţi, respectively Bosanci Communes. Vereşti, Communes: Adâncata, Bosanci, Ipotești, Mitocu Dragomirnei, Moara, Pătrăuți, Siminicea, Stroieşti, Dumbrăveni, Udeşti, Hânţeşti and Dărmăneşti Communes joined afterwards. Verești, Siminicea, Stroiești, Dumbrăveni, Udești, Hânțești and Dărmănești Growth pole Timișoara Municipality, Intercommunity Development Association Timiș County, 387,604 TIMIȘOARA 2008 inhabitants FZMAUR Member (Federation of the Metropolitan and Urban Agglomerations in Romania) Communes: Becicherecu Mic, Bucovăț, Dudeștii Noi, Dumbrăvița, Ghiroda, Giarmata, Giroc, Moșnița nouă, Orțișoara, Pișchia, Remetea Mare, Săcălaz, At the moment, Timișoara Metropolitan Area has the same members as it had at the time of its Sânmihaiu Român and Șag establishment. Tîrgu-Mureș Municipality, Metropolitan Association Ungheni Town, 204,158 FZMAUR Member (Federation of the Metropolitan and Urban Agglomerations in Romania) TÂRGU MUREȘ 2006 Communes: Acățari, Ceuașu de Câmpie, Corunca, Crăciunești, Cristești, Ernei, inhabitants At the moment, Târgu-Mureș Metropolitan Area has the same members as it had at the time of its Gheorghe Doja, Livezeni, Pănet, Sâncraiu de Mureș, Sîngeorgiu de Mureș and establishment. Sînpaul Vaslui Municipality, Intercommunity Development Association Vaslui County Council, 86,943 VASLUI 2015 inhabitants At the moment, Vaslui Metropolitan Area has the same members as it had at the time of its Communes: Bălteni, Delești, Laza, Lipovăț, Muntenii de Jos, Muntenii de Sus, establishment. Pușcasi, Ștefan cel Mare, Văleni and Zăpodeni Zalău Municipality, Intercommunity Development Association Towns: Cehu Silvaniei, Jibou, Șimleu Silvaniei, 133,044 ZALĂU 2015 inhabitants Dobrin, Hida, Meseșenii de Jos, Mirșid, Pericei, Sălățig, Sărmășag, Vârșolț, Hereclean and Bocșa Communes: Agrij, Crasna, Creaca, Crișeni, Dobrin, Hida, Meseșenii de Jos, Mirșid, Communes also joined in 2015. Pericei, Sălățig, Sărmășag, Vârșolț, Hereclean and Bocșa 130 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 3. STRATEGIC MULTIJURISDICTIONAL PROJECTS FOR THE URBAN AREAS OF BUCHAREST AND THE 40 COUNTIES CAPITAL 131 Visual representation of priority projects in Bucharest-Ilfov ANNEX 3. Strategic multijurisdictional projects for the urban areas of Bucharest and the 40 counties capital 132 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 3. STRATEGIC MULTIJURISDICTIONAL PROJECTS FOR THE URBAN AREAS OF BUCHAREST AND THE 40 COUNTIES CAPITAL 133 Visual representation of priority projects in Alba Iulia Visual representation of priority projects in Alexandria 134 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 3. STRATEGIC MULTIJURISDICTIONAL PROJECTS FOR THE URBAN AREAS OF BUCHAREST AND THE 40 COUNTIES CAPITAL 135 Visual representation of priority projects in Arad Visual representation of priority projects in Bacău 136 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 3. STRATEGIC MULTIJURISDICTIONAL PROJECTS FOR THE URBAN AREAS OF BUCHAREST AND THE 40 COUNTIES CAPITAL 137 Visual representation of priority projects in Baia Mare Visual representation of priority projects in Bistrița 138 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 3. STRATEGIC MULTIJURISDICTIONAL PROJECTS FOR THE URBAN AREAS OF BUCHAREST AND THE 40 COUNTIES CAPITAL 139 Visual representation of priority projects in Botoșani Visual representation of priority projects in Brașov 140 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 3. STRATEGIC MULTIJURISDICTIONAL PROJECTS FOR THE URBAN AREAS OF BUCHAREST AND THE 40 COUNTIES CAPITAL 141 Visual representation of priority projects in Brăila Visual representation of priority projects in Buzău 142 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 3. STRATEGIC MULTIJURISDICTIONAL PROJECTS FOR THE URBAN AREAS OF BUCHAREST AND THE 40 COUNTIES CAPITAL 143 Visual representation of priority projects in Călărași Visual representation of priority projects in Cluj-Napoca 144 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 3. STRATEGIC MULTIJURISDICTIONAL PROJECTS FOR THE URBAN AREAS OF BUCHAREST AND THE 40 COUNTIES CAPITAL 145 Visual representation of priority projects in Constanța Visual representation of priority projects in Craiova 146 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 3. STRATEGIC MULTIJURISDICTIONAL PROJECTS FOR THE URBAN AREAS OF BUCHAREST AND THE 40 COUNTIES CAPITAL 147 Visual representation of priority projects in Deva-Hunedoara-Simeria Visual representation of priority projects in Drobeta-Turnu Severin 148 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 3. STRATEGIC MULTIJURISDICTIONAL PROJECTS FOR THE URBAN AREAS OF BUCHAREST AND THE 40 COUNTIES CAPITAL 149 Visual representation of priority projects in Focșani Visual representation of priority projects in Galați 150 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 3. STRATEGIC MULTIJURISDICTIONAL PROJECTS FOR THE URBAN AREAS OF BUCHAREST AND THE 40 COUNTIES CAPITAL 151 Visual representation of priority projects in Giurgiu Visual representation of priority projects in Iași 152 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 3. STRATEGIC MULTIJURISDICTIONAL PROJECTS FOR THE URBAN AREAS OF BUCHAREST AND THE 40 COUNTIES CAPITAL 153 Visual representation of priority projects in Miercurea Ciuc Visual representation of priority projects in Oradea 154 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 3. STRATEGIC MULTIJURISDICTIONAL PROJECTS FOR THE URBAN AREAS OF BUCHAREST AND THE 40 COUNTIES CAPITAL 155 Visual representation of priority projects in Piatra Neamț Visual representation of priority projects in Pitești 156 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 3. STRATEGIC MULTIJURISDICTIONAL PROJECTS FOR THE URBAN AREAS OF BUCHAREST AND THE 40 COUNTIES CAPITAL 157 Visual representation of priority projects in Ploiești Visual representation of priority projects in Râmnicu Vâlcea 158 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 3. STRATEGIC MULTIJURISDICTIONAL PROJECTS FOR THE URBAN AREAS OF BUCHAREST AND THE 40 COUNTIES CAPITAL 159 Visual representation of priority projects in Reșița Visual representation of priority projects in Satu Mare 160 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 3. STRATEGIC MULTIJURISDICTIONAL PROJECTS FOR THE URBAN AREAS OF BUCHAREST AND THE 40 COUNTIES CAPITAL 161 Visual representation of priority projects in Sfântu Gheorghe Visual representation of priority projects in Sibiu 162 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 3. STRATEGIC MULTIJURISDICTIONAL PROJECTS FOR THE URBAN AREAS OF BUCHAREST AND THE 40 COUNTIES CAPITAL 163 Visual representation of priority projects in Slatina Visual representation of priority projects in Slobozia 164 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 3. STRATEGIC MULTIJURISDICTIONAL PROJECTS FOR THE URBAN AREAS OF BUCHAREST AND THE 40 COUNTIES CAPITAL 165 Visual representation of priority projects in Suceava Visual representation of priority projects in Târgoviște 166 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 3. STRATEGIC MULTIJURISDICTIONAL PROJECTS FOR THE URBAN AREAS OF BUCHAREST AND THE 40 COUNTIES CAPITAL 167 `Visual representation of priority projects in Târgu Jiu Visual representation of priority projects in Târgu Mureș 168 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 3. STRATEGIC MULTIJURISDICTIONAL PROJECTS FOR THE URBAN AREAS OF BUCHAREST AND THE 40 COUNTIES CAPITAL 169 Visual representation of priority projects in Timișoara Visual representation of priority projects in Tulcea 170 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 3. STRATEGIC MULTIJURISDICTIONAL PROJECTS FOR THE URBAN AREAS OF BUCHAREST AND THE 40 COUNTIES CAPITAL 171 Visual representation of priority projects in Vaslui Visual representation of priority projects in Zalău 172 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 4. PUBLIC SERVICES COVERED BY SUB-NATIONAL AUTHORITIES IN ROMANIA, AND NORMATIVE ACTS MANDATING SERVICE PROVISION 173 ANNEX 4. Public services covered by sub-national authorities in Romania, and normative acts mandating service provision Numeric Performance code AREA Name of public service Normative acts level Public service for sanitation of localities Law no. 51/2006, Law no. 101/2006, ANRSC Order no. 82/2015 Local level Public service of water supply and sewerage Law no. 51/2006, Law no. 241/2006, ANRSPGC Order no. 88/2007, no. 89/2007, no. 90/2007 Local level COMMUNITY Public service of centralized heat supply Law 51/2006, Law 325/2006 Local level 1 PUBLIC UTILITY Public lighting service Law 51/2006, Law 230/2006 Local level SERVICES Public and private domain management service of local interest Law no. 51/2006, G.O. no. 71/2002, G.D. no. 955/2004 Local level Law no. 51/2006, Law no. 92/2007, Order of the Ministry of Transport no. Regulation (EC) no. 972/2007, Local public transport service Local level 1370/2007 The public service provided at the level of communes, cities, municipalities and districts of Bucharest in the areas of order, public peace and security of the goods, circulation Law no. 155/2010 Local level on public roads, construction and street display, environment protection, commercial activities and records of persons Law no. 371/2004 on the establishment, organization and operation of the Community Police, Law no. 155/2010 of the local police; Law no. 60/1991 regarding the organization and carrying out of the public The public service to ensure the protection of the goals of the county interest by the assemblies; Law no. 61/1991 for sanctioning the facts of violation of rules of social cohabitation, order Local level Community Police and public peace; Law no. 333/2003 regarding the guarding of goals, goods, values and protection of persons; Law no. 550/2004 regarding the organization and operation of the Romanian Gendarmerie; Law no. 4/2008 on the prevention and combating of violence during competitions and sports games; Public service for the defense of fundamental rights and freedoms of the person, private Local and and public property, prevention and detection of crimes and respect for the order and Law no. 218/2002 on the organization and operation of the Romanian Police central level the public peace provided by the Romanian Police Art. 3,4,6,8,9,10 of the Government Emergency Ordinance no. 194/2002, republished, with further Public service for managing migration, asylum and the integration of foreigners completions; Art.12,16,17,18,19,22,23,24,25,34,87 of Law no. 122/2006, as subsequently amended and Central level supplemented, Government Emergency Ordinance no.102/2005 PUBLIC ORDER 2 The State border surveillance and control service for preventing and combating illegal SERVICES migration and cross-border crime and ensuring public order in the area of competence G.E.O. no. 104/2001 Central level of the Romanian Border Police The public service for the defense of order and public peace, citizens' fundamental rights and freedoms, public and private property, prevention and detection of crimes, Law no. 550/2004 Central level protection of the fundamental institutions of the state and the fight against acts of terrorism provided by the Romanian Gendarmerie Public service for preventing and combating trafficking and illicit drug use and integrated Central and G.D. no. 461/2011, G.D. no. 784/2013, Law no. 143/2000 consumers’ assistance local level Public service control on the possession, port and use of weapons, parts and ammunition Central and Law 295/2004 on the weapon and ammunition regime - REPUBLISHING as well as on weapons and ammunition operations local level Public service to ensure the smooth and safe running of public roads, as well as the Central and protection of life, bodily integrity and health of people involved in traffic or in the public Emergency Ordinance 195/2002 on the movement on public roads - REPUBLISHING local level road area Central and Public service for issuing criminal records Law 290/2004 on the criminal record - REPUBLISHING local level 174 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 4. PUBLIC SERVICES COVERED BY SUB-NATIONAL AUTHORITIES IN ROMANIA, AND NORMATIVE ACTS MANDATING SERVICE PROVISION 175 Numeric Performance code AREA Name of public service Normative acts level The public health management service in some of the sanitary units beds Law no. 95/2006, G.E.O. no. 162/2003, G.D. no. 56/2009, G.D. no. 529/2010, G.D. no. 1028/2014 Local level The public service of medical care and dental medicine held in the educational Law no. 95/2006, G.E.O. no. 162/2003, G.D. no. 56/2009, G.D. no. 529/2010, G.D. no. 1028/2014 Local level establishments Public service of state sanitary inspection Law 95/2006 Central level Public primary care service Law 95/2006 Local level Law 95/2006, GD no. 884 of June 3rd, 2004 on the concession of medical office spaces, GEO no. 68/2008 on the sale of the private property spaces of the state or of the administrative-territorial units for medical offices, as well as of the spaces where the activities related to the medical act are carried out, ORDER No. 44/53 of January 20,2010 regarding the approval of measures to increase the efficiency of the medical ambulatory activity in order to increase the quality of medical act in the social health insurance system; GD no. 562 of May 10,2009 for the approval of the Decentralization Strategy in the Central and Public health service in specialized ambulatories Health System, Law 215/2001 of the Local Public Administration, Law no. 46/2003 of the patient's local level rights, Law no. 118 of May 2nd, 2007 on the organization and operation of complementary/ alternative medicine activities and practices, ORDER no. 1030/2009 regarding the approval of sanitary regulation procedures for the projects of location, arrangement, construction and operation of the objectives performing activities at risk for the population's health condition, GD no. 303 of March 23rd, 2011 for the approval of National Strategy for the rationalization of hospitals The public health service in the sanitary units with beds, other than the emergency hospitals, the medical-social care units and the sanitary units with beds in the network Law 95/2006 Central level of local public administration authorities The public health service in the sanitary units with beds in the network of local public Law no. 95/2006, G.E.O. no. 162/2003, G.D. no. 56/2009, G.D. no. 529/2010, G.D. no. 1028/2014 Local level administration authorities Law 95/2006, Law no. 263/2004, ORDER no. 2021/691 of December 12,2008 for the approval of the Methodological Rules for the implementation of Title IV "National emergency medical assistance system Central and Public Emergency Medical Service and Qualified First Aid and qualified first aid" of Law no. 95/2006 on health reform, Law no. 263/2004 on ensuring continuity local level of primary health care through permanent centers Law 95/2006, Law no. 266/2008 of Pharmacy, Order no. 962/2009 for the approval of Rules regarding Central and Public service for pharmaceutical assistance the setting up, organization and operation of pharmacies and drugstores, ORDER No. 75/2010 for the local level PUBLIC HEALTH approval of Rules of Good Pharmaceutical Practice 3 SERVICES Law 95/2006; EMERGENCY ORDINANCE no. 2 of January 29,2014 for amending and completing Public service control for medical devices the Law no. 95/2006 on the health reform, as well as for the amendments and completion of some Central level normative deeds Law 95/2006, ORDER no. 1290/2006 for the approval of Methodological rules for the implementation of Title VI "Carrying out of organs, tissues and cells of human origin for the therapeutic purposes" of Law no. 95/2006 on health reform, GD no. 760/2009 on the establishment of the National Register of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Volunteers Donors and for the approval of the establishment of an activity Central and Public service in the field of organ, tissue and cell transplantation financed entirely from own revenues ORDER no. 951/2015 approving the Expenditure Monitoring local level Fiche of the National organ transplant program, tissues and cells of human origin; Law 104/2003 on manipulation of human bodies and removal of organs and tissues from corpses for transplantation - republished; Law 588/2004 approving the Government Ordinance no. 79/2004 on the establishment of the National Transplant Agency Law 95/2006, Law no. 282/2005 on the organization of blood transfusion activity, donation of blood Central and Public service for transfuziology medical care and blood components of human origin, as well as the assurance of sanitary quality and safety, for their local level therapeutic use; Law 95/2006; Emergency Ordinance 150/2002 on the organization and operation of the social health Central and Public service for social health insurance insurance system local level Central and Public Service Management of National Health Programs Law 95/2006 local level Law 95/2006; GD 629/2015 regarding the composition, attributions, manner of organization and Public service for accreditation of public and private hospitals Central level operation of the National Authority for Quality Management in Health Law 95/2006; Ordinance 109/2000 on spas, climatic and balneo-climatic resorts and spa and recovery Central and Recovery public service medical care local level Law 95/2006; Law 360/2003 on the regime of dangerous chemical substances and preparations - Public authorization service for the marketing of medicines Republished; Emergency Ordinance 91/2012 for the amendment and completion of some normative Central level deeds in the field of health; Law 95/2006, Law no. 487/2002 Law of mental health and the protection of persons with psychiatric Central and Public Service for the protection of the mental health of population disorders local level 176 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 4. PUBLIC SERVICES COVERED BY SUB-NATIONAL AUTHORITIES IN ROMANIA, AND NORMATIVE ACTS MANDATING SERVICE PROVISION 177 Numeric Performance code AREA Name of public service Normative acts level Law no. 95/2006, G.E.O. no. 162/2008, G.D. no. 56/2009, G.D no. 1028/2014, Law no. 292/2011, G.O. no. Public service for community health care Local level 68/2003, Law no. 197/2012, G.D. no. 118/2014, G.D. no. 867/2015, G.D. no. 978/2015 Law no. 292/2011, G.D. no. 68/2003, Law no. 217/2003, Law no. 197/2012, G.D. no. 118/2014, G.D. no. Local and Public service to prevent and combat domestic violence 867/2015, G.D. no. 978/2015 central level Law no. 292/2011, G.O. no. 68/2003, Law no. 272/2004, Law no. 197/2012, G.D. no. 118/2014, G.D. no. Local and Public service for the protection and promotion of the child’s rights 867/2015, G.D. no. 978/2015, G.D. no. 423/2016 central level Law no. 292/2011, G.D. no. 68/2003, Law no. 448/2006, G.D. no. 50/2015, G.D. no. 268/2007, G.D. no. Local and Public service for the protection and promotion of the rights of persons with disabilities 430/2008, MMFPSPV Order no. 67/2015, Law no. 221/2010, Law no. 197/2012, G.D no. 118/2014, G.D. central level no. 867/2015, G.D. no. 978/2015 Law no. 292/2011, G.D. no. 68/2003, Law no. 678/2001, Law no. 197/2012, G.D. no. 118/2014, G.D. no. Central and Public service for preventing and combating trafficking in human beings 867/2015, G.D. no. 978/2015 local level Social Assistance Law no. 292/2011, as amended and supplemented; S.G.G. Order no. 400/2015 for the approval of the Internal/Managerial Control Code of entities; Law no. 416/2001 on the minimum guaranteed income, as subsequently amended and supplemented; G.D. no. 50/2011 approving the Methodological rules for the implementation of provisions of Law no. 416/2001 on the minimum guaranteed income; G.D. no. 778/2013 for amending and completing the Methodological rules for the implementation of the provisions of Law no. 416/2001 on minimum guaranteed income, approved by the Government Decision no. 50/2011, of the Methodological rules for the implementation of provisions Central and Public service for the administration of social care benefits of Law no. 277/2010 regarding the family support allowance, approved by the Government Decision local level no. 38/2011, and the Methodological rules for the implementation of the provisions of Government Emergency Ordinance no. 70/2011 on social protection measures during the cold season, approved by the Government Decision no. 920/2011; Law no. 260/2008 on compulsory insurance of housing against earthquakes, landslides and floods, republished; EMERGENCY ORDINANCE no. 111 of December 8,2010 (*updated*) on parental leave and indemnity. (updated until July 1, 2016*) Order no. 1313/2011 on the SOCIAL approval of the Action Plan for the implementation of the Social assistance reform strategy; 4 ASSISTANCE Law no. 292/2011, G.O. no. 68/2003, Law no. 17/2000, Law no. 197/2012, G.D. no. 118/2014, G.D. no. Local and Public service for the protection of elderly 867/2015, G.D. no. 978/2015, G.D. no. 566/2015, G.D. no. 479/2016 central level Law no. 292/2011, G.O. no. 68/2003, Law no. 197/2012, G.D. no. 118/2014, G.D. no. 867/2015, G.D. no. Public service for the protection of homeless people Local level 978/2015 Social assistance Law no. 292/2011, as amended and supplemented; Decision no. 867/2015 for the Central and Public service for the protection of people with different addictions approval of the Social services nomenclature and of the framework regulations for the organization and local level operation of social services Social services for persons deprived of their liberty, persons punished by educational Law no. 292/2011   measures or punishments non-depriving the liberty. Law 292/2011 Law on social assistance; Order 424/2014 approving the specific criteria underlying the accreditation of social service providers; Law 197/2012 on quality assurance in the field of social Public accreditation service of social service providers Central level services; G.D. 867/2015 for the approval of the Social service nomenclature, as well as the framework regulations for the organization and operation of social services Emergency Ordinance no. 113 of December 21, 2011 on the organization and operation of the National Agency for Payments and Social Inspection; Government Decision no. 151 of March 13,2012 regarding Local and Public Service of Social Inspection the approval of its own organization and operation Statute of the National Agency for Payments and central level Social Inspection LAW No. 229/2015 of October 6,2015 for amending and completing the Law no. 202/2002 on Public service for the promotion of equal opportunities and treatment for women and men equal opportunities and treatment of women and men; DECISION No. 177 of March 23rd, 2016 on the Central level organization and operation of the National Agency for Equality Chances between Women and Men Ordinance no. 137/2000 on the prevention and sanctioning of all forms of discrimination; Government Public service to prevent and punish all forms of discrimination Decision no. 1194/2001 on the organization and operation of the National Council for Combating Central level Discrimination, with subsequent amendments and completions Local public mountain rescue service G.O. 58/1998, G.D. 77/2003 Local level PUBLIC Local public rescue service of water rescue and first aid G.O. 58/1998, G.D. 1136/2007 Local level SERVICES IN Authority and control service of tourism reception structures Art. 2, par. (1), letters a, b, c of the Decision no. 9 of January 9 2013, Government Decision 20/2012 , Central level 5 THE FIELD OF Public service to promote tourism and to develop destinations, forms and tourism Art. 2, par. (1), letter e) of the Decision no. 9 of 9 January 2013 Central level TOURISM products Classification of tourist accommodation facilities Decision no. 1267/2010 on the issue of classification certificates, licenses and tourism certificates Central level PUBLIC Local and 6 HOUSING Public service for social housing management Law no. 114/1996 central level SERVICES 178 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 4. PUBLIC SERVICES COVERED BY SUB-NATIONAL AUTHORITIES IN ROMANIA, AND NORMATIVE ACTS MANDATING SERVICE PROVISION 179 Numeric Performance code AREA Name of public service Normative acts level Public emergency voluntary service Law no. 481/2004, G.O. no. 88/2001, G.E.O. no. 21/2004, MAI Order no. 96/2016 Local G.O. no. 88/2001 on the establishment, organization and operation of community public services for emergency situations; Law no. 481/2004 on Civil Protection - Republished, GEO no. 179/2000 on the passage of military units of civil protection from the Ministry of National Defense to the Ministry COMMUNITY Professional public emergency service of Interior, as well as the amendment and completion of the Civil Protection Law no. 106/1996, of Central and PUBLIC the Government Ordinance no. 47/1994 on the defense against disasters and Government Emergency local level 7 Ordinance no. 14/2000 on the establishment of civil protection formations for disaster emergency SERVICES FOR intervention; Law no. 307/2006 on fire protection; GEO no. 14/2000 on the establishment of civil EMERGENCIES protection formations for disaster emergency response GEO 34/2008 on the organization and operation of the Single national system for emergency calls, Government Decision no. 682/2009 on the approval of the Regulation on the organization and operation Central and Public support 112 of the National Committee for Coordinating the Activities of the Single national emergency call system local level and of the permanent technical Secretariat Local and The public service for the registration of persons G.O. no. 84/2001, G.E.O. no. 97/2005, G.D. no. 1375/2006 central level Art. 1 of the Ordinance no. 83/30.08.2001, on the establishment, organization and operation of the community public services for the issuance and keeping the record of simple passports and the public communitarian services of driving licenses and registration of vehicles; Law no. 248 of July 20,2005, Public Passport Issuing Service as subsequently amended and supplemented; Decision no. 556 of April 26,2006 regarding the date of Local level issuance of temporary simple passports and their form and content; Government Decision no. 94/2006 for approving the Methodological Rules for the implementation of Law no. 248/2005 regarding the regime of free movement of Romanian citizens abroad, with subsequent amendments and completions; Art. 2 of the Decision no. 1767 of October 21, 2004 on the organization and operation of the community public services, the driving license and vehicle registration regime; Order of MAI no. 268 of December RECORDS OF 8,2010 on the examination procedure for obtaining the driving license; Order no. 1.501 of November 8 The Public service for the record and issuance of driving licenses, registration certificates PERSONS and license plates 13,2006 on the procedure for the matriculation, registration, erasure and issuance of provisional Local level driving license or vehicle samples; Art. 1,11 of the Ordinance no. 83/30.08.2001, on the establishment, organization and operation of the community public services for the issuance and keeping the records of passports and the communitarian public services of the driving and registration of vehicles; Art. 2, paragraph (1) of the Order no. 745/C of February 27,2014 on the approval of Regulation on the organization and operation of the National Authority for Citizenship; Emergency Ordinance no. 194 of December 12,2002, regarding the regime of foreigners in Romania, amended and updated, Law no. 122 of May 4,2006, regarding the asylum in Romania, amended and updated, Ordinance no. 44 of January Public Service for granting, regaining, renouncing and withdrawing Romanian citizenship Central level 29,2004 on the social integration of foreigners who have acquired a form of protection or a right of residence in Romania, as well as of the citizens of the European Union Member States and the European Economic Area, amended and updated; Law no. 21 of March 1, 1991, regarding the Romanian citizenship, amended and updated; Law 50/1991 regarding the authorization of construction works, as republished, with the subsequent completions and amendments; Law 401/2003 amending and supplementing Law 50/1991 on the authorization of the execution of construction works; Law 199/2004 amending and supplementing Law Public service for the release of urban planning certificate Local level 50/1991; Law 350/2001 on Territorial Planning and Urbanism; Order no. 839 of 2009 for the approval of Methodological Rules for the implementation of Law no. 50/1991 regarding the authorization of execution of the construction works, as subsequently amended and supplemented Law 350/2001 on Territorial Settlement and Urban Planning including the interventions made by: G.O. 69/2004; Law 289/2006; G.O. 18/2007; G.O. 27/2008; Law 242/2009; Law 345/2009; GEO Central and Urbanism service 7/2011; Law 162/2011; GEO 81/2011; Law 221/2011; GEO 85/2012; Law 190/2013; Law 229/2013; Law local level 302/2015; Law 303/2015; Law 324/2015; GEO 7/2016 Law 350/2001 on Territorial Settlement and Urban Planning including the interventions made by: Central and Territory planning service G.O. 69/2004; Law 289/2006; G.O. 18/2007; G.O. 27/2008; Law 242/2009; Law 345/2009; GEO local level 7/2011; Law 162/2011; GEO 81/2011; Law 221/2011; GEO 85/20 SPATIAL Law 177/2015 amending and completing Law 10/1995 on quality in construction; G.O. 63/2001 on the 9 TERRITORY establishment of the State Inspectorate of Construction, approved with amendments by Law 707/2001, as subsequently amended and supplemented; GD 525/2013 for the approval of general and specific MANAGEMENT tasks, the organizational structure and the maximum number of stations, as well as the regulation of car park and fuel consumption of the I.S.C.; Order no. 1500 of 20.08.2014 amending and supplementing the Order of Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Regional Development and Public Administration no. Central and Public service for quality assurance in construction 3362/2013 for the approval of detailed organizational structure at the level of departments, services, local level offices and compartments, the I.S.C. position state - the central institution and regional inspectorates and registered offices, the area of competence, as well as the assignment of county inspectorates in constructions, subordinated to them; Order of the Minister of Regional Development and Public Administration no. 322 of 2015 on the approval of the organization and operation Regulation of the ISC; Order of Inspector General no. 130 of 12.03.2014 for the approval of the Internal Regulations of the I.S.C.; Order no. 261/2016 of April 27,2016 on access to public information at the I.S.C. level Central and Public cadastral service Law no. 7/1996, as republished in 2013, cadaster law and real estate advertising local level Central and Public service of technical, economic and legal evidence of buildings Law no. 7/1996, as republished in 2013, cadaster law and real estate advertising local level 180 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 4. PUBLIC SERVICES COVERED BY SUB-NATIONAL AUTHORITIES IN ROMANIA, AND NORMATIVE ACTS MANDATING SERVICE PROVISION 181 Numeric Performance code AREA Name of public service Normative acts level central - Public pre-school service Law no. 1/2011- the law of national education, as subsequently amended and completed; deconcentrated central - Public service for primary education Law no. 1/2011- the law of national education, as subsequently amended and completed; deconcentrated central - Public service for secondary education Law no. 1/2011- the law of national education, as subsequently amended and completed; deconcentrated central - Public secondary education service Law no. 1/2011- the law of national education, as subsequently amended and completed; deconcentrated central - Public service vocational education Law no. 1/2011- the law of national education, as subsequently amended and completed; deconcentrated Law no. 1/2011- the law of national education, as subsequently amended and completed; Law 288/2004 on the organization of the university studies, with subsequent amendments and completions; Government Public service for higher education Central level Emergency Ordinance 133/2000 on university and postgraduate education with fees, over the places financed from the state budget. central - Special and specially integrated public educational service Law no. 1/2011- the law of national education, as subsequently amended and completed; deconcentrated central - Public service for pre-university military education Law no. 1/2011- the law of national education, as subsequently amended and completed; deconcentrated Public service of military higher education and education of information, public order Law no. 1/2011- the law of national education, as subsequently amended and completed; Central level and national security central and Public service evaluation and school and professional orientation Law no. 1/2011- the law of national education, as subsequently amended and completed; central- deconcentrated Public service for recognition and equivalence of diplomas and professional qualifications Law no. 1/2011- the law of national education, as subsequently amended and completed; Central level central - Public education service for children and young people capable of high performance Law no. 1/2011- the law of national education, as subsequently amended and completed; deconcentrated 10 EDUCATION Central The Public education service within the "School After School" program Law no. 1/2011- the law of national education, as subsequently amended and completed; deconcentrated; central and local central - The public pre-university alternative education service Law no. 1/2011- the law of national education, as subsequently amended and completed; deconcentrated Public school library management service, documentation and information centers and Law no. 1/2011- the law of national education, as subsequently amended and completed; Law no. 8/1996 central - digital school resources on copyright and related rights deconcentrated central - Public Service of school inspectorate Law no. 1/2011- the law of national education, as subsequently amended and completed; deconcentrated central - Public education service in children's palaces and clubs; Law no. 1/2011- the law of national education, as subsequently amended and completed; deconcentrated Law no. 1/2011- National education Law, as amended and supplemented, G.O. 57/2002 on scientific Public management service for research activities and research & development projects Central level research and technological development Public service of management system for benchmark statistics for higher education Law no. 1/2011- the law of national education, as subsequently amended and completed; Central level Public education service within permanent education programs Law no. 1/2011- the law of national education, as subsequently amended and completed; Central level Law no. 1/2011 - the law of national education, with subsequent amendments and completions; GEO Public management service of the national qualification framework Central level 75/2005 on quality in education Government Ordinance no. 129/2000 on the vocational training of adults with subsequent amendments Public management service for adult vocational training Central level and completions; Law 53/2003-Labor Code Law no. 1/2011- National education Law, as amended and supplemented, G.O. 57/2002 on scientific Research and development public service Central level research and technological development Law no. 1/2011 - the law of national education, with subsequent amendments and completions; Public service for assessment and examination in pre-university education Central level Government Emergency Ordinance no. 75/2005 on the quality assurance of education Law no. 40 of June 28,1993 for the ratification of the Agreement between the Government of Romania Public management service of space activities Central level and the European Space Agency (ESA) on peaceful spatial cooperation Public service for diploma equivalence Law no. 1/2011- the law of national education, as subsequently amended and completed; Central level 182 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 4. PUBLIC SERVICES COVERED BY SUB-NATIONAL AUTHORITIES IN ROMANIA, AND NORMATIVE ACTS MANDATING SERVICE PROVISION 183 Numeric Performance code AREA Name of public service Normative acts level Law no. 76/2002, G.D. no. 174/2002, Law no. 219/2015, G.D. no. 377/2002, Law no. 72/2007, Law no. Public service to empower employment Central level 202/2006 Central and Occupational safety and health services Law no. 319/ 2006 of occupational health and safety. local level Central and Labor inspectorate service Law 108/1999 on the establishment and organization of Labor Inspection as amended by Law 51/2012 local level Law 90/2008 approving GEO 116/2007 on the organization and operation of the National Agency for Social Benefits; Order 123/2008 of the minister of labor, family and equal opportunities and Order 281/2008 of the Minister of public health on the establishment and functioning of the commission EMPLOYMENT for Social Security for Migrant Workers; Decision 1577/2009 on the determination of the number of 11 AND LABOR labor permits that may be issued to foreigners; Order no. 1430/2009 of the minister of labor, family and equal opportunities and Order no. 184/2009 of the minister of administration and interior and Central and RELATIONS Social security services for migrant workers order 5392/2009 of the minister of education, research and innovation on the amendment and local level completion of the order of the minister of labor, family and equal opportunities, the minister of interior and administrative reform and the minister of education, research and youth no. 742/303/2720/2007 approving the guidelines for the implementation of the provisions of council regulation (EEC) 1408/1971 on the application of social security schemes to employed workers, to self-employed workers and to family members traveling within the Community and of Regulation no. 574 of 1972 Law no. 263/2010 on the unitary pension system; Law no. 142/2016 for the amendment of Law no. Central and Public pension service 263/2010 on the unitary pension system local level Public service for the protection of individuals under the unemployment insurance Central and Law no. 76/2002 on the unemployment insurance system and the stimulation of employment scheme local level Probation public service Law no. 252/2013, Law no. 254/2013 Central level Public service of the judicial police Law no. 218/2002 Central level PERFORMING Public service for the execution of punishments Law no. 254/2013 Central level 12 THE ACT OF Public service for the protection of witnesses Law 682/2002 on the protection of witnesses - REPUBLISHING*) Central level JUSTICE G.O. 14/2007 for the regulation of the manner and conditions for capitalization of the goods entered, according to law, in the private property of state, republished; Law 318/2015 on the establishment, Central and Public service for the management of disposed goods organization and operation of the National Agency for disposed Goods and for the amendment and local level completion of some normative deeds Chapter 2 of the Emergency Ordinance no. 57/2007, Law no. 82/1993; Law no. 5/2000, Law no. Central and Protected area management service 167/2010; G.E.O. no. 195/2005; G.D. no. 1284/2007 local level Emergency Ordinance no. 244/2000; Law No.107 of September 25,1996, with subsequent amendments Hydrographic basin management service Central level and completions Law no. 46/2008; Government Decision no. 996/27.08.2008, Chapter 3 of Ordinance no. 96 of August Central and Public service for the administration of the national forestry fund/public service 27,1998 local level Central and Public service for sustainable forest management G.D. no. 1.476 of December 12,2002; Art. 5, letter a, Art. 19-25, Art. 97-101 of Law no. 46/2008 local level Public service for sustainable development of the national forest fund Law no. 46/2008; G.D. no. 996/27.08.2008 Central level Public service to control forestry compliance Chapter 4 of Government Ordinance No. 96 of August 27 1998 , Central level ENVIRONMENT Central and 13 Public service for the management and administration of the hunting habitat of Romania Law no. 407 of November 9,2006 PROTECTION local level Central and Public service for the management of protected natural areas GEO 57/2007; Order 1533/2008 local level Chapter 3 of Law no. 73/2015 regarding the approval of G.O. no. 20/2014 for the amendment of G.E.O. Public service for the conservation of natural habitats, wild flora and fauna Central level no. 57/2007; Regulation (EC) no. 338/97 of Council on December 9,1996 Public service for classification and management of radioactive waste GEO no. 195/2005, Law no. 211/2011, G.D. no. 856/2002 Central level Public service for the control of waste management GEO no. 195/2005, Law no. 211/2011, G.D. no. 856/2002 Central level Public service to conduct regulatory procedures for projects or activities that may have Art. 63, par. 1, letter a, j, k, l of the Annex to the Order no. 3/04.01.2016 Central level significant environmental effects Art. 13, letter v of the Decision no. 564 of July 30,2013 amending the Government Decision no. Public service to control compliance with environmental protection measures Central level 1.005/2012, chapters 13, 14 of the Emergency Ordinance no. 195 of 22/12/2005 184 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 4. PUBLIC SERVICES COVERED BY SUB-NATIONAL AUTHORITIES IN ROMANIA, AND NORMATIVE ACTS MANDATING SERVICE PROVISION 185 Numeric Performance code AREA Name of public service Normative acts level Public service for the management of dangerous substances and preparations Chapters 3 and 4 of the Emergency Ordinance no. 195/2005 of 22/12/2005, Law 360/2003; Central level Chapter 5 of Emergency Ordinance no. 195/2005 of 22/12/2005, art.27.2.1 of the Decision Public service for the management of fertilizers and plant protection products Central level no.713/13.09.2013 Public Service for the authorization and management of activities involving genetically Art. 35-44 of GEO 195/2005; Central level modified organisms obtained by modern biotechnology techniques Law no. 111/1996 of 10/10/1996, with subsequent amendments and completions, Law no. 703/2001• Public Service for the Management of Nuclear Activities Decision no. 623/2009 of 20/05/2009, Government Decision no. 1627/2003; Chapter 7 of GEO Central level 195/2005; ENVIRONMENT 13 PROTECTION Public service for the protection of waters and aquatic ecosystems art.55,56,57,58 of GEO 195 2005; Decision no. 53 of 29/01/2009, art.2, letter d of Law 107/1996, Central level updated Public service for atmospheric protection, climate change, environmental noise cap.10 of GEO 195/2005 Central level management Public service for soil, subsoil and terrestrial ecosystems protection CHAP.11 of Government Emergency Ordinance 195/2005; Government Decision no. 1403/26.11.2007 Central level Art. 61,62,63,64 of Law 137/1995, with subsequent amendments and completions; CHAP.12 of GEO Public service for the protection of human settlements Central level 195/2005 Public service of meteorology Law no. 139 of 24.07.2000; G.D. No. 1405/02.09.2004 Central level YOUTH Public service of management of camps/leisure centers of county/local level and Law 350/2006, G.D. 886/2010 Local level PROTECTION interest 14 AND Central and Public Service to support young people in housing Law no. 350/2006, Law no. 114/1996 Law no. 152/1998, G.D. no. 962/2001 ASSISTANCE local level Central and Public service for the protection of historical monuments Law no. 422/2001, G.O. no. 493/2004, Order no. 2828/2015 local level Central and Public service for the protection of technical and industrial heritage Law 6/2008 on the legal regime of technical and industrial heritage local level Central and Public service for the protection of museums and public collections Law 311/2003 on museums and public collections - Republished local level Public service for the protection of intangible cultural heritage Law 26/2008 on the protection of intangible cultural heritage Central level The service of representation, promotion and protection of culture and national Law 356/2003 on the establishment, organization and operation of the Romanian - Cultural Institute Central level civilization in the country and abroad - Republished 15 CULTURE GEO no. 118/2006 on the establishment, organization and carrying out of the activities of cultural establishments, ORDINANCE no. 21 of January 31, 2007 on performances and concerts and performances, as well as the performance of artistic activity, EMERGENCY ORDINANCE no. 189 of November 25,2008 on the management of public cultural institutions; ORDER no. 2799 of 10 December 2015 for the Central and Public service management of cultural establishments and performances or concerts approval of the Framework Regulation for the organization and conduct of the management project local level competition, the Framework Regulation for the organization and conduct of the management evaluation, the framework model of the objective booklet, the framework model of the activity report, as well as the framework model of the management agreement; LAW no. 350 of December 2nd, 2005 on the regime of non-reimbursable grants from public funds allocated to non-profit activities of general interest Public service for protecting the national cultural movable heritage Law 182/2000 on the protection of national movable cultural heritage - Republished Central level Public service for religious recognition Law 489/2006 on religious freedom and the general regime of denominations - REPUBLISHED Central level Public service for the management of graves and war memorial works Law 379/2003 on the regime of graves and war memorial works Central level General interest service for access to the public electricity networks Law no. 123/2012 Central level Service of general interest transport of electric power Law no. 123/2012 Central level 16 ENERGY Service of general interest in the distribution of electricity Law no. 123/2012 Central level Service of general interest for the transport of natural gas Law no. 123/2012 Central level Service of general interest in the distribution of natural gas Law no. 123/2012 Central level 186 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 4. PUBLIC SERVICES COVERED BY SUB-NATIONAL AUTHORITIES IN ROMANIA, AND NORMATIVE ACTS MANDATING SERVICE PROVISION 187 Numeric Performance code AREA Name of public service Normative acts level ELECTRONIC 17 Universal service for electronic communications G.E.O. no. 111/2011 Central level Communications Central and Sports base management service Law no. 69/2000 of physical education and sport local level Central and Public service for the organization and development of physical education and sport Law no. 69/2000 of physical education and sport local level The public service of representing the country at the Olympic Games Law no. 69/2000 of physical education and sport Central level Public service to organize physical education activity and practice sport in pre-university Central and Law no. 69/2000 of physical education and sport and higher education local level Central and The public service for recording and control of sports structures Law no. 69/2000 of physical education and sport 18 SPORT local level Public service disciplinary authority in sports, surveillance and control Law no. 69/2000 of physical education and sport Central level Public service research and scientific support for physical education and sports Law no. 69/2000 of physical education and sport Central level Public service for organizing and deploying doping control Law no. 69/2000 of physical education and sport Central level Law no. 69/2000 of physical education and sport; Youth Law no. 350/2006; Law 333/2006 on setting Central and Public service for promotion and support of youth activities up information and counseling centers for young people local level Law no. 69/2000 on Physical Education and Sport, Law 4/2008 on preventing and combating violence Central and Public service to prevent violence in sport in competitions and sports games local level PROTECTION AND 19 EXPLOITATION Licensing, agreements and permits service for the exploitation of mineral resources Law 85/2003 - Mining Law; L.238/2004 - Petrol Law Central level OF MINERAL RESOURCES ELECTRONIC Public service implementation and operation of information systems providing 20 GEO 96/2012 Central level GOVERNANCE eGovernment services 21 STATISTICS Service to achieve national annual statistical program Law 226/2009 on the organization and operation of official statistics in Romania Central level Conducting studies, research for deepening the knowledge of the communist regime and Law no. 329/2009, on the reorganization of some public authorities and institutions Central level the phenomenon of Romanian exile SCIENTIFIC 22 Identify, collect, research papers, and solve scientific issues about the Holocaust l. 90/2001 Central level RESEARCH Scientific research services carried out by the Romanian Academy and Research Law no. 752/2001, rep. on the organization and operation of the Romanian Academy Central level Institutes Law 41/1994, on the organization and operation of the Romanian Broadcasting Society and of the Broadcasting public service Central level Romanian Television Company, republished, with the subsequent amendments and completions Law 41/1994, on the organization and operation of the Romanian Broadcasting Society and of the Television public service Central level PUBLIC Romanian Television Company, republished, with the subsequent amendments and completions 23 INFORMATION The service for collecting, editing and disseminating information and press releases Law 19/2003 regarding the organization and operation of AGERPRES Central level Central and Service to ensure access to public information Law no. 544/2001 concerns the free access to public information local level RECREATIONAL 24 Public service granting the right to organize and operate gambling in Romania GEO no. 20/2013 Central level ACTIVITIES PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS GEO no. 11/2004 on the establishment of reorganization measures within the central public 25 Public service for promoting the rights of national minorities Central level OF NATIONAL administration, GEO 78/2004 MINORITIES 188 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 4. PUBLIC SERVICES COVERED BY SUB-NATIONAL AUTHORITIES IN ROMANIA, AND NORMATIVE ACTS MANDATING SERVICE PROVISION 189 Numeric Performance code AREA Name of public service Normative acts level 26 POST Postal services in the sphere of universal service G.E.O. no. 13/2013 Central level Public service for the protection, conservation, management and exploitation of living aquatic resources, aquaculture, processing and marketing of products obtained from Emergency Ordinance 23/2008 supplemented and amended by Law 317/2009 Central level fishing and aquaculture Central and local Public land management service Law no. 18 of February 19,1991, amended by Law no. 169/1997 level Central and local Public service for management and exploitation of meadows Law 214/2011; Emergency Ordinance no. 34/2013 level Public service for the classification of farms and agricultural holdings Law 37/2015 Central level RICA service Art. 1.2 of the Ordinance no. 67 of August 13,2004, Art. 70, 71 of MADR Order no. 410 of 01.04.2016 Central level ORDER no. 57 of June 24,2010 for the approval of the Sanitary Veterinary Norm regarding the procedure Central and local Service of promotion and trade with agro-food products of veterinary sanitary authorization of the units that produce, process, store, transport and/or distribute level products of animal origin Central and local Irrigation service Law no. 138/2004 of land improvements, republished level Public health and animal welfare regulation and control (animal health protection, animal protection, prevention of animal disease transmission in humans, food safety of Art.2.3 of GD no. 1415/2009 Central level animal origin intended for human consumption, animal feed sanitation and protection environment, in relation to livestock breeding) Central and local Public service for exploitation, maintenance and repair of declared land use improvements Law no. 138/2004 of land improvements, republished level Public service for the control and certification of the quality of seeds and propagating Law no. 266/2002 on production, processing, control and certification of quality, marketing of seeds and Central level material, testing and registration of plant varieties planting material, as well as testing and registration of plant varieties Central and local Public service for sustainable development of vegetables Law no. 312/2003 on the production and use of vegetables level Law on vineyard and wine in the system of common organization of the wine market no. 164/2015; Central and local Public service of attestation of origin, marketing, and control of wine products DECISION no. 1.408 of November 18, 2009 (updated) level Public service for organization of the market for ornamental plants and floricultural LAW 305/2003 on the organization of the market for ornamental plants and floriculture products on the Central level products basis of Community market principles 27 AGRICULTURE Public Service Control of Agricultural Producers Natural Entities Law 145/2014 on the establishment of measures regulating the market of agricultural products. Local level Law no. 491/2003 on medicinal and aromatic plants, as well as bee products, republished, with subsequent Public service organization of the market of medicinal, aromatic and hive products amendments and completions; Law no. 239/2010 regarding the amendment and completion of the Law Central level on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants no. 491/2003 Public service for the management of plants, substances and preparations of psychotropic Law 339/2005 on the legal regime of narcotic and psychotropic plants, substances and preparations Central level drugs Law no. 150/2004 on the safety of food and feed; Ordinance no. 42/2004 on the organization of Public service to ensure food and feed safety Central level veterinary and food safety activities Ordinance no. 24/2016 regarding the organization and carrying out of the activity of neutralization of the animal waste; Government Ordinance no. 42/2004 on the organization of sanitary-veterinary and food Public service for organizing and carrying out the activity of neutralization of animal waste Local level safety activities, approved with amendments and completions by Law no. 215/2004, with subsequent amendments and completions. Decision no. 1609/2009 on the establishment of county agricultural chambers by reorganizing county Public agricultural consultancy service Local level agricultural advisory offices/centers, subordinated to the National Agency for Agricultural Consultancy Law no. 1/2004 on the establishment, organization and operation of the Payment and Intervention Central and local Public service to manage forms of support to agriculture Agency for Agriculture level Beekeeping Law 383/2013; Law 280/2015 for the amendment of the Law on beekeeping 383/2013; Central and local Public beekeeping management service DECISION 1188 of December 29,2014 on the organization and operation of the National Agency for level Animal Husbandry “Prof. Dr. G. K. Constantinescu" Public service for organizing breeding, nutrition, improving, reproduction and protection Animal Husbandry Law no. 72/2002 Central level of animals Public service for the organization of ecologic agricultural-food production Emergency Ordinance no. 34/2000 on ecologic agricultural-food products Central level Law 145/2014 on the establishment of measures regulating the agricultural products market; Emergency Public service for the organization and operation of the cereal market Ordinance 12/2006 on the establishment of market regulation measures on the cereals and processed Central level cereal products Public Service Protection against the introduction and spreading of quarantine pests Ordinance no. 136/2000 on protective measures against the introduction and spread of quarantine Central level harmful to plants or plant products organisms harmful to the plants or plant products in Romania 190 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 4. PUBLIC SERVICES COVERED BY SUB-NATIONAL AUTHORITIES IN ROMANIA, AND NORMATIVE ACTS MANDATING SERVICE PROVISION 191 Numeric Performance code AREA Name of public service Normative acts level GD no.109/2009 regarding the organization and operation of ANAF - Flowchart; Order no. 2256 of the President of the National Agency for Tax Administration regarding the modification of the Public Service for Tax Administration Central level organizational structure of the General Taxation Directorate General, approved by Order no. 2754/2015 of the President of the National Agency for Tax Administration. - published on 05.08.2016; Order no. 1338/2008 for the approval of the Procedure for guidance and assistance of taxpayers by Public assistance service for taxpayers Central level the tax authorities Order no. 447/2015 regarding the model, content and conditions for approval of the activity programs for the economic-financial inspection institution; Law no. 107/2012 for the approval of Government TAX Public service of economic and financial inspection Central level 28 Emergency Ordinance no. 94/2011 on the organization and operation of the economic and financial Administration inspection at the economic operators Public insolvency service Law no. 85/2014 on insolvency and insolvency prevention procedures Central level Public treasury service Accountancy Law no. 82/1991 Central level Public Service for the Management of State Assets Emergency Ordinance no. 96/22.12.2012 Central level Public service for the management of the exchange of cargo and goods between Law no. 86/2006 on the Customs Code of Romania Central level Romania and other countries Ordinance no. 21/1992; Law no. 363/2007; Law no. 150/2004; Decision no. (EC) No. 723/2011 establishing the legal framework necessary for the implementation of Council Regulation (EC) 1.924/2006 of the Public service for consumer protection Central level European Parliament and of the Council of December 20, 2006; Decision no. 106/2002; Emergency Ordinance no. 34/2014; Law no. 193/2000; Ordinance no. 37/2015 The public service for the analysis and marking of precious metals, their expertise Chapter 3, Art. 7, of the Organic Regulations and the functioning of the central structure and and precious stones and the authorization of natural and legal entities to carry out Central level subordinate structures of ANAP; Emergency Ordinance no. 190/2000 operations with precious metals, their alloys and precious stones Public service of legal metrology Art. 2.3 of the Decision no. 193/2002 Central level 29 TRADE Decision no. 1139/2010, as well as the amendment and completion of the Government Decision no. Boiler control, pressure receptacles and lifting installation service 1.340/2001, Law no. 64 of March 21, 2008, Law no. 80 of 2016 in MOF 348 of May 6, 2016 for the Central level approval of Government Emergency Ordinance no. 64/2015 LAW 64/1991, republished on patents, Law no. 83/2014 on service inventions, LAW no. 84/1998 Inventions and trademarks service on trademarks and geographical indications, Government Ordinance no. 41/1998*) (*republished *), Central level Chapter 6, Art. 3,4,5,6,7 of Order 18/10.02.2015 Public Trade Registry Service ART. 27, of Order no. 1082/C of March 20,2014, Law no. 26/1990 *), republished; Central level Article 4, paragraph 1, lit. 1,8,23,27,32 of the Government Decision no. 21 of January 14,2015; Ordinance Airline Transport Services Central level no. 29 of August 22nd, 1997, republished ORDINANCE no. 42 of August 28,1997 on sea and inland waterway transport; Law no. 191 of May Maritime Transport Services Central level 13,2003 on offenses to the shipping regime Emergency Ordinance 12/1998 on the transport of the Romanian railway and the reorganization of the Romanian Railway Company; Ordinance 58/2004 on the establishment of the National Qualification and Training Center - CENAFER; G.O. no. 95/1998 regarding the establishment of public 30 TRANSPORTS institutions subordinated to the Ministry of Transport; Law no. 55/16.03.2006 on railway safety; Law no. 203/2003 regarding the performance, development and modernization of the transport network of Railway Transport Services Central level national and European interest; G.O. no. 60/2004 regarding the Regulations regarding the construction, maintenance, repair and operation of the railway, other than those managed by the National Railway Company "CFR" SA; G.O. no. 39/2000 for establishing and sanctioning of contravention actions in the railway and subway operations; GEO no. 8/2013 regarding the medical and psychological examination of the personnel responsible for transport safety and amending Law no. 95/2006 on health reform Road Transport Services Art. 4, art .6, paragraph 3, letters e, f, o, Art. 8 of the Ordinance no. 27/2011 Central level 192 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 4. PUBLIC SERVICES COVERED BY SUB-NATIONAL AUTHORITIES IN ROMANIA, AND NORMATIVE ACTS MANDATING SERVICE PROVISION 193 Numeric Performance code AREA Name of public service Normative acts level Law no. 271 of December 22nd, 2010; (EC) Regulation no. 810/2009 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT Consular assistance service for Romanian citizens Central level AND OF THE COUNCIL of July 13,2009; GEO no. 194/2002 FOREIGN 31 AFFAIRS Law no. 271 of December 22nd, 2010; Regulation (EC) 810/2009 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND Visa services Central level OF THE COUNCIL of July 13,2009; Art.17-36, GEO no. 194/2002 Central, cen- Defense training Service Law 446/2006 on the preparation of the population for defense tral-deconcen- trated level Public Service of Army Organization LAW no. 346/2006 on the organization and operation of the Ministry of Defense Central level Public service for the participation of the armed forces in missions and operations Law 121/2011 on the participation of armed forces in missions and operations outside the territory of Central level outside the territory of the Romanian state the Romanian state NATIONAL 32 DEFENSE GEO 158/1999 rep. on the regime for controlling exports, imports and other operations with military Public Service for Control of Exports, Imports and Other Military Goods Operations Central level goods Art. 1 of the Law no. 92 of July 24th 1996 on the organization and operation of the Special Special telecommunication public service Central level Telecommunications Service Public service for the preparation of national economy and the territory for defense Law no. 477/2003 on the preparation of national economy and the territory for defense Central level NATIONAL 33 SAFETY AND Romanian Information Service Law 51/2006, Law 14/1992 Central level SECURITY NATIONAL 34 SAFETY AND External Information Service Law 51/2006, Law 1/1998 Central level SECURITY 194 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 5. FUA INTEGRATED URBAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES IN THE EU (2014-2020 PROGRAMMING PERIOD) 195 ANNEX 5. FUA Integrated Urban Development Strategies in the EU (2014-2020 programming period) Implementation Country Strategy name Administrative Unit(s) OP name(s) mechanism Thematic Objectives Urban regional strategy for the Mattighofen city Mattighofen, Helpfau-Uttendorf, Munderfing, Investments in Growth and 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and Priority Axis region Pfaffstätt, Pischelsdorf am Engelbach, Schalchen Employment - ERDF resource efficiency Braunau am Inn, Burgkirchen, Neukirchen an der Investments in Growth and 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and Urban regional strategy for Braunau city region Priority Axis Enknach, St. Peter am Hart Employment - ERDF resource efficiency Urban regional strategy for Ried im Innkreis city Ried im Innkreis, Aurolzmünster, Hohenzell, Mehrnbach, Investments in Growth and 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and Priority Axis region Neuhofen im Innkreis, Tumeltsham Employment - ERDF resource efficiency Investments in Growth and 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and Urban regional strategy for Schärding city region Schärding, Brunnenthal, St. Florian am Inn, Suben Priority Axis Employment - ERDF resource efficiency Urban regional strategy for Obere Feldaist city Investments in Growth and 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and Freistadt, Rainbach, Grünbach, Lasberg, Waldburg Priority Axis region (Freistadt) Employment - ERDF resource efficiency Urban regional strategy for Untere Feldaist city Pregarten, Hagenberg, Wartberg ob der Ai, Investments in Growth and 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and Priority Axis region (Pregarten) Unterweitersdorf Employment - ERDF resource efficiency Urban regional strategy for Aist-Naarn city Investments in Growth and 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and Perg, Arbing, Naarn, Schwertberg Priority Axis region (Perg) Employment - ERDF resource efficiency Wels, Buchkirchen, Gunskirchen, Holzhausen, Investments in Growth and 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and Austria Urban regional strategy for Wels city region Krenglbach, Schleißheim, Steinhaus, Thalheim bei Wels, Employment - ERDF Priority Axis resource efficiency Weißkirchen Lambach, Edt bei Lambach, Neukirchen bei Lambach, Investments in Growth and 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and Urban regional strategy for Lambach city region Priority Axis Stadl-Paura Employment - ERDF resource efficiency Urban regional strategy for Vöcklabruck city Vöcklabruck, Attnang-Puchheim, Pilsbach, Regau, Investments in Growth and 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and Priority Axis region Timelkam, Ungenach Employment - ERDF resource efficiency Leonding, Pasching, Kirchberg-Thening, Oftering, Investments in Growth and 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and Urban regional strategy Leonding city region Priority Axis Wilhering, Linz Employment - ERDF resource efficiency Steyr, Aschach an der Steyr, Dietach, Garsten, St. Investments in Growth and 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and Urban regional strategy for Steyr city region Priority Axis Ulrich, Sierning, Wolfern Employment - ERDF resource efficiency Urban regional strategy for Kremsmünster city Kremsmünster, Bad Hall, Pfarrkirchen, Rohr im Investments in Growth and 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and Priority Axis region Kremstal Employment - ERDF resource efficiency Gmunden, Altmünster, Pinsdorf, Laakirchen, Investments in Growth and 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and Urban regional strategy for Gmunden city region Priority Axis Gschwandt, Vorchdorf Employment - ERDF resource efficiency Kirchdorf, Micheldorf, Inzersdorf, Schlierbach, Investments in Growth and 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and Urban regional strategy for Kirchdorf city region Priority Axis Oberschlierbach Employment - ERDF resource efficiency Integrated urban strategy - Sub-regional entity: 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and Wallonie Picarde Wallonia - ERDF Priority Axis Picard Wallonia resource efficiency Integrated Urban Strategy: AXUD (Namur; 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and AXUD (Namur, Sambreville) Wallonia - ERDF Priority Axis Sambreville) resource efficiency Integrated territorial strategy for Luxembourg 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and Luxembourg Wallonia - ERDF Priority Axis province resource efficiency Belgium Integrated territorial strategy for Charleroi 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and CDS de Charleroi Sud-Hainaut Wallonia - ERDF Priority Axis province resource efficiency 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and Integrated urban strategy for Hainaut centre Hainaut centre Wallonia - ERDF Priority Axis resource efficiency Integrated urban development strategy for Liege 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and Liege Wallonia - ERDF Priority Axis province resource efficiency 196 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 5. FUA INTEGRATED URBAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES IN THE EU (2014-2020 PROGRAMMING PERIOD) 197 Implementation Country Strategy name Administrative Unit(s) OP name(s) mechanism Thematic Objectives Integrated Regional Programme 1. Research, technological development and innovation, 7. - ERDF, Research Development Sustainable transport and network infrastructures, 9. Social and Education - ESF/ Integrated inclusion, poverty and discrimination, 10. Education, training and Integrated Strategy Ústi-Chomutov Ústí nad Labem ERDF, Transport - ERDF/ Territorial vocational training, 8. Sustainable and quality employment and agglomeration CF, Environment - ERDF/CF, Investment labour mobility, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, 5. Employment, Human Capital Climate change adaptation, risk prevention and management, 7. and Social Cohesion - ESF/YEI Sustainable transport and network infrastructures Transport - ERDF/CF, Integrated Regional Programme 1. Research, technological development and innovation, 3. - ERDF, Environment - ERDF/ Integrated Competitiveness of SMEs, 6. Environment and resource efficiency, Integrated Territorial Investment strategy Hradec Kralove CF, Research Development Territorial 7. Sustainable transport and network infrastructures, 10. Education, Hradec-Pardubice agglomeration and Education - ESF/ERDF, Investment training and vocational training, 7. Sustainable transport and Enterprise and Innovation for network infrastructures Competitiveness - ERDF Integrated Regional Programme - ERDF, Employment, Human 1. Research, technological development and innovation, 3. Capital and Social Cohesion Competitiveness of SMEs, 6. Environment and resource efficiency, - ESF/YEI, Enterprise and Integrated Integrated Territorial Investment strategy 7. Sustainable transport and network infrastructures, 10. Education, Olomouc Innovation for Competitiveness Territorial Olomouc agglomeration training and vocational training, 8. Sustainable and quality - ERDF, Research Development Investment and Education - ESF/ employment and labour mobility, 7. Sustainable transport and ERDF, Transport - ERDF/CF, network infrastructures Environment - ERDF/CF Prague Growth Pole - ERDF/ 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 5. Climate change Integrated Integrated Territorial Investment strategy ESF, Integrated Regional adaptation, risk prevention and management, 7. Sustainable Prague Territorial Czech Prague metropolitan area Programme - ERDF, Investment transport and network infrastructures, 10. Education, training and Environment - ERDF/CF vocational training Republic Integrated Regional Programme - ERDF, Employment, Human 1. Research, technological development and innovation, 3. Capital and Social Cohesion Competitiveness of SMEs, 6. Environment and resource efficiency, - ESF/YEI, Enterprise and Integrated 7. Sustainable transport and network infrastructures, 9. Social Integrated Territorial Investment strategy Ostrava Innovation for Competitiveness Territorial inclusion, poverty and discrimination, 10. Education, training Ostrava agglomeration - ERDF, Research Development Investment and vocational training, 8. Sustainable and quality employment and Education - ESF/ and labour mobility, 6. Environment and resource efficiency, 7. ERDF, Transport - ERDF/CF, Sustainable transport and network infrastructures Transport - ERDF/CF Transport - ERDF/CF, Environment - ERDF/CF, 1. Research, technological development and innovation, 3. Enterprise and Innovation Competitiveness of SMEs, 5. Climate change adaptation, risk for Competitiveness - ERDF, prevention and management, 7. Sustainable transport and network Integrated Integrated Territorial Investment strategy Pilsen Research Development and infrastructures, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, Pilsen Territorial metropolitan area Education - ESF/ERDF, 10. Education, training and vocational training, 8. Sustainable Employment, Human Capital Investment and quality employment and labour mobility, 9. Social inclusion, and Social Cohesion - ESF/YEI, poverty and discrimination, 7. Sustainable transport and network Integrated Regional Programme infrastructures - ERDF Transport - ERDF/CF, 1. Research, technological development and innovation, 3. Employment, Human Capital Competitiveness of SMEs, 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, and Social Cohesion - ESF/ Integrated Integrated Territorial Investment strategy Brno 7. Sustainable transport and network infrastructures, 9. Social Brno YEI, Enterprise and Innovation Territorial metropolitan area inclusion, poverty and discrimination, 10. Education, training and for Competitiveness - ERDF, Investment Integrated Regional Programme vocational training, 8. Sustainable and quality employment and - ERDF labour mobility, 7. Sustainable transport and network infrastructures Potsdam, Dallgow-Döberitz, Michendorf, Nuthetal, Brandenburg - ERDF, 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and Potsdam and partner - naturally linked together Schwielowsee, Stahnsdorf, Wustermark, and Werder No data Brandenburg - ESF resource efficiency town Integrated 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and Germany Innovation region Itzehoe and Brunsbuettel Itzehoe, Brunsbuettel Schleswig-Holstein - ERDF Territorial resource efficiency Investment Integrated Northern energy and sustainability path NES- 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and ND Schleswig-Holstein - ERDF Territorial trail resource efficiency Investment 198 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 5. FUA INTEGRATED URBAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES IN THE EU (2014-2020 PROGRAMMING PERIOD) 199 Implementation Country Strategy name Administrative Unit(s) OP name(s) mechanism Thematic Objectives Integrated Cultural value West Coast - sustainable living 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and ND Schleswig-Holstein - ERDF Territorial and experience of cultural heritage resource efficiency Investment Pearls of the West Coast - Future building blocks Integrated Büsum, Büsumer Deichhausen, Friedrichskoog, Sankt 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and for the realisation of sustainable and resource Schleswig-Holstein - ERDF Territorial Germany Peter-Ording, Westerheven resource efficiency sparing tourism in tourism intensive areas Investment 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and Integrated strategy of Ilm-Kreis District administration Ilmkreis Thüringen - ERDF Priority Axis resource efficiency, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination Integrated district strategy for Schalkau with 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and Schalkau Thüringen - ERDF Priority Axis the community of Bachfeld resource efficiency, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination Sustainable development strategy of Jõhvi and Cohesion Policy Funding - ERDF/ 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 9. Social inclusion, poverty Kohtla-Järve, Jõhvi Parish, Toila Parish Priority Axis Kohtla Järve urban area 2015-2020 ESF/CF and discrimination Sustainable development strategy of Narva Cohesion Policy Funding - ERDF/ 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 9. Social inclusion, poverty Narva, Narva-Jõesuu Priority Axis urban area 2014-2025 ESF/CF and discrimination Sustainable development strategy of Pärnu Cohesion Policy Funding - ERDF/ 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 9. Social inclusion, poverty Pärnu, Tori Parish, Häädemeeste Parish Priority Axis Estonia urban area 2014-2020 ESF/CF and discrimination Tallinn, Harku Parish, Jõelähtme Parish, Kiili Parish, Sustainable development strategy of Tallinn Cohesion Policy Funding - ERDF/ 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 9. Social inclusion, poverty Maardu, Rae Parish, Saku Parish, Saue Parish, Viimsi Priority Axis urban area ESF/CF and discrimination Parish Sustainable develepment strategy of Tartu Cohesion Policy Funding - ERDF/ 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 9. Social inclusion, poverty Tartu, Luunja Parish, Kambja Parish, Tartu Parish Priority Axis urban area 2014 – 2020 ESF/CF and discrimination 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 3. Competitiveness of SMEs, 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, Ampelokipoi-Menemeni, Thessaloniki, Kalamaria, Integrated Strategy of Integrated Sustainable Urban 5. Climate change adaptation, risk prevention and management, 6. Kordelio-Euosmos, Neapoli-Sykees, Pavlos Melas, Pylea- Central Macedonia - ERDF/ESF Territorial Development ITI-SUD of Thessaloniki Environment and resource efficiency, 10. Education, training and Chortiatis, Delta Investment vocational training, 8. Sustainable and quality employment and labour mobility, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination Greece 1. Research, technological development and innovation, 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 3. Competitiveness of SMEs, 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 5. Climate change Integrated Athens 2020: Sustainable Development for adaptation, risk prevention and management, 6. Environment and Athens, Moschato, Nea Smyrni Attica - ERDF/ESF Territorial Tourism, Culture and Innovation resource efficiency, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, Investment 10. Education, training and vocational training, 8. Sustainable and quality employment and labour mobility, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 4. Integrated Sustainable Urban Development San Bartolome, Arrecife, Teguise Sustainable growth - ERDF Priority Axis Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and resource Strategy of Lanzarote efficiency, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 4. Integrated Sustainable Urban Development Ferrol, Narón Sustainable growth - ERDF Priority Axis Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and resource Strategy of Ferrol and Narón efficiency, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination Integrated Sustainable Urban Development 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 4. Strategy of Don Benito and Villanueva de la Don Benito, Villanueva de la Serena Sustainable growth - ERDF Priority Axis Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and resource Serena efficiency, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination Integrated Sustainable Urban Development 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 4. Montijo, Puebla, La Garrovillla, Lobón, Torremayor, Strategy of Montijo - Puebla functional urban Sustainable growth - ERDF Priority Axis Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and resource Spain area Valdelacalzada efficiency, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination Aldehuela de Jerte, Cabezabellosa, Cañaveral, 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 4. Integrated Sustainable Urban Development Carcaboso, Casas del Castañar, Galisteo, Gargüera, Sustainable growth - ERDF Priority Axis Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and resource Strategy of Plasencia and surroundings Holguera, Malpartida de Plasencia, Oliva de Plasencia, efficiency, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination Riolobos, Valdeobispo 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 4. Integrated Sustainable Urban Development Hellín, Albatana, Tobarra, Pozohondo, Liétor, Férez, Sustainable growth - ERDF Priority Axis Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and resource Strategy of Hellín functional area Socovos efficiency, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination Integrated Sustainable Urban Development 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 4. Strategy of the south-eastern metropolitan Santa Cruz de Tenerife, San Cristóbal de La Laguna Sustainable growth - ERDF Priority Axis Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and resource area of Tenerife efficiency, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination 200 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 5. FUA INTEGRATED URBAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES IN THE EU (2014-2020 PROGRAMMING PERIOD) 201 Implementation Country Strategy name Administrative Unit(s) OP name(s) mechanism Thematic Objectives 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 4. Shift Integrated 2014-2020 Integrated Territorial Strategy towards a low-carbon economy, 5. Climate change adaptation, ND Pays de la Loire - ERDF/ESF Territorial (Grand Saumurois) risk prevention and management, 6. Environment and resource Investment efficiency, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination Integrated 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 5. Climate change Global development strategy (Nantes Metropolis) ND Pays de la Loire - ERDF/ESF Territorial adaptation, risk prevention and management, 6. Environment and Investment resource efficiency, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination Integrated 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 4. 2015-2017 Territorial Cohesion Contract for ND Limousin - ERDF/ESF Territorial Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and resource Limoges metropolis Investment efficiency, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and resource efficiency, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, 1. Integrated 2015-2017 Territorial Cohesion Contract for Limousin - ERDF/ESF, Limousin Research, technological development and innovation, 2. Quality of ND Territorial Western Correze - Rural Development information and communication technologies, 3. Competitiveness of Investment SMEs, 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 5. Climate change adaptation, risk prevention and management, 6. Environment and resource efficiency Integrated 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 4. Integrated urban strategy for the Niort Area - ND Poitou-Charentes - ERDF/ESF Territorial Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and resource Innovation for ecology transition Investment efficiency Integrated Integrated urban strategy for Poitiers ND Poitou-Charentes - ERDF/ESF Territorial 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy agglomeration Investment Strategy of sustainable urban development for Haute-Normandie - ERDF/ESF/ ND Priority Axis 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy the Seine Eure Agglomeration YEI France "2015-2025 A Metropolitan decade", Global and integrated strategy of sustainable Haute-Normandie - ERDF/ESF/ ND Priority Axis 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy urban development for the Rouen Normandie YEI metropolis Strategy of sustainable urban development for Haute-Normandie - ERDF/ESF/ ND Priority Axis 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy the Havraise Agglomeration YEI Strategy of sustainable urban development for Haute-Normandie - ERDF/ESF/ ND Priority Axis 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy the Seine Normandie Agglomeration YEI Integrated 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 4. Integrated Territorial Investment for Caen La ND Basse-Normandie - ERDF/ESF Territorial Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and resource Mer urban community Investment efficiency Integrated 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 4. Integrated Territorial Investment for Cotentin ND Basse-Normandie - ERDF/ESF Territorial Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and resource Agglomeration Investment efficiency Integrated 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 3. Integrated Territorial Investment for Alençon ND Basse-Normandie - ERDF/ESF Territorial Competitiveness of SMEs, 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, urban community Investment 6. Environment and resource efficiency Integrated 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 3. Integrated Territorial Investment for Saint-Lô ND Basse-Normandie - ERDF/ESF Territorial Competitiveness of SMEs, 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, Agglomeration Investment 6. Environment and resource efficiency Integrated 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 4. Integrated Territorial Investment for Flers ND Basse-Normandie - ERDF/ESF Territorial Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and resource Agglomeration Investment efficiency Integrated 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 3. Integrated Territorial Investment for Lisieux ND Basse-Normandie - ERDF/ESF Territorial Competitiveness of SMEs, 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, Normandie Agglomeration Investment 6. Environment and resource efficiency 202 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 5. FUA INTEGRATED URBAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES IN THE EU (2014-2020 PROGRAMMING PERIOD) 203 Implementation Country Strategy name Administrative Unit(s) OP name(s) mechanism Thematic Objectives Integrated territorial approach "city policy" - CA Languedoc-Roussillon - ERDF/ ND Priority Axis Ales Agglo ESF/YEI Integrated territorial approach "city policy" - CA Languedoc-Roussillon - ERDF/ ND Priority Axis Béziers ESF/YEI Integrated territorial approach "city policy" - Languedoc-Roussillon - ERDF/ ND Priority Axis Gard Rhodanien ESF/YEI Integrated Territorial Approach - Narbonne Languedoc-Roussillon - ERDF/ 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 9. Social inclusion, poverty Lézignan-Corbières. New circumstances for ND Priority Axis ESF/YEI and discrimination supportive neighbourhoods Integrated territorial approach - Perpignan Languedoc-Roussillon - ERDF/ 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 9. Social inclusion, poverty ND Priority Axis Méditerranée ESF/YEI and discrimination Integrated territorial approach "city policy" - Languedoc-Roussillon - ERDF/ 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 9. Social inclusion, poverty ND Priority Axis Herault Méditerranée ESF/YEI and discrimination Integrated Territorial Approach "city policy" - CC Languedoc-Roussillon - ERDF/ ND Priority Axis Limoux ESF/YEI Integrated Territorial Approach "city policy" - CC Languedoc-Roussillon - ERDF/ ND Priority Axis Lodevois-Coeur d'Hérault ESF/YEI Integrated Territorial Approach "city policy" - Languedoc-Roussillon - ERDF/ ND Priority Axis Pays de Lunel ESF/YEI Integrated territorial approach "city policy" - Languedoc-Roussillon - ERDF/ 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 9. Social inclusion, poverty ND Priority Axis Petite Camargue ESF/YEI and discrimination Integrated Territorial Approach "city policy" - CA Languedoc-Roussillon - ERDF/ ND Priority Axis GIP Piémont Cénevol ESF/YEI Integrated Territorial Approach "city policy" - Languedoc-Roussillon - ERDF/ ND Priority Axis Nîmes Metropolis ESF/YEI France Integrated Territorial Approach "city policy" - Languedoc-Roussillon - ERDF/ ND Priority Axis Thau Agglomeration ESF/YEI 3. Competitiveness of SMEs, 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, Amiens Métropole's ITI: contributing to Integrated 6. Environment and resource efficiency, 9. Social inclusion, poverty development through a sustainable, supportive ND Picardie - ERDF/ESF/YEI Territorial and discrimination, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, and integrated urban approach Investment 10. Education, training and vocational training Beauvais Community's ITI: contributing to Integrated 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 4. development through a sustainable, supportive ND Picardie - ERDF/ESF/YEI Territorial Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and resource and integrated urban approach Investment efficiency, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination 3. Competitiveness of SMEs, 4. Shift towards a low-carbon Compiegne Area's ITI: contributing to Integrated economy, 6. Environment and resource efficiency, 9. Social inclusion, development through a sustainable, supportive ND Picardie - ERDF/ESF/YEI Territorial poverty and discrimination, 8. Sustainable and quality employment and integrated urban approach Investment and labour mobility, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, 10. Education, training and vocational training Integrated Integrated territorial Investment for the 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 3. ND Interregional Alsace - ERDF Territorial Mulhouse Alsace Agglomeration Competitiveness of SMEs, 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy Investment Integrated Integrated territorial Investment for the 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 3. ND Interregional Alsace - ERDF Territorial Eurometropolis of Strasbourg Competitiveness of SMEs Investment 2015-2020 Metropolitan contract for Brest 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 4. Shift ND Bretagne - ERDF/ESF Priority Axis Metropolis towards a low-carbon economy 2015-2020 Metropolitan Contract of Rennes 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 4. Shift ND Bretagne - ERDF/ESF Priority Axis Métropole towards a low-carbon economy Integrated global strategy for the Greater Regional program Bourgogne 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and ND Priority Axis Dijon area 2014-2020 resource efficiency 204 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 5. FUA INTEGRATED URBAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES IN THE EU (2014-2020 PROGRAMMING PERIOD) 205 Implementation Country Strategy name Administrative Unit(s) OP name(s) mechanism Thematic Objectives Regional program Bourgogne 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and Strategy - Creusot-Montceau ND Priority Axis 2014-2020 resource efficiency Between transregional development and internal Franche-Comté et Jura - ERDF/ 6. Environment and resource efficiency, 9. Social inclusion, poverty ND Priority Axis balances ESF and discrimination Integrated Urban Strategy for the Centre Franche-Comté et Jura - ERDF/ 6. Environment and resource efficiency, 9. Social inclusion, poverty ND Priority Axis Franche-Comté Metropolitan Pole ESF and discrimination Sustainable urbanism operations for Métropole ND No OP title Priority Axis 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy du Grand Nancy Sustainable urbanism operations for ND No OP title Priority Axis 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy Communauté d'Agglomération de Longwy Sustainable urbanism operations for Communauté ND No OP title Priority Axis 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy de Communes du Bassin de Pompey Sustainable urbanism operations for ND No OP title Priority Axis 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy Communauté de Communes Moselle et Madon Sustainable urbanism operations for ND No OP title Priority Axis 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy Communauté de Communes Terres Touloises Sustainable urbanism operations for ND No OP title Priority Axis 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy Communauté de Communes du Lunévillois Sustainable urbanism operations for Communauté de Communes du Territoire de ND No OP title Priority Axis 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy Lunéville à Baccarat Sustainable urbanism operations for ND No OP title Priority Axis 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy Communauté de Communes du Pays de l'Orne Sustainable urbanism operations for France Communauté de Communes du Pays de Briey ND No OP title Priority Axis 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy Sustainable urbanism operations for Communauté de Communes Orne Lorraine ND No OP title Priority Axis 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy Confluences Sustainable urbanism operations for Communauté ND No OP title Priority Axis 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy de Communes du Pays de Commercy Sustainable urbanism operations for Metz ND No OP title Priority Axis 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy Métropole Sustainable urbanism operations for ND No OP title Priority Axis 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy Communauté d'Agglomération du Val de Fensch Sustainable urbanism operations for Communauté ND No OP title Priority Axis 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy d'Agglomération Portes de France - Thionville Sustainable urbanism operations for Communauté ND No OP title Priority Axis 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy de Communes du Pays Haut Val d'Alzette Sustainable urbanism operations for ND No OP title Priority Axis 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy Communauté de Communes du Val de Moselle Sustainable urbanism operations for ND No OP title Priority Axis 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy Communauté de Communes de l'Arc Mosellan Sustainable urbanism operations for Communauté ND No OP title Priority Axis 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy de Communes Bouzonvillois Trois Frontières Sustainable urbanism operations for ND No OP title Priority Axis 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy Communauté de Communes du Sud Messin Sustainable urbanism operations for ND No OP title Priority Axis 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy Communauté de Communes du Pays de Bitche 206 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 5. FUA INTEGRATED URBAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES IN THE EU (2014-2020 PROGRAMMING PERIOD) 207 Implementation Country Strategy name Administrative Unit(s) OP name(s) mechanism Thematic Objectives Sustainable urbanism operations for Communauté de Communes Haut Chemin - ND No OP title Priority Axis 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy Pays de Pange Sustainable urbanism operations for ND No OP title Priority Axis 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy Communauté d'Agglomération d'Epinal Sustainable urbanism operations for Communauté de Communes du Pays des ND No OP title Priority Axis 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy Abbayes Sustainable urbanism operations for France Communauté de Communes de la Haute ND No OP title Priority Axis 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy Moselotte Sustainable urbanism operations for Communauté de Communes de la Porte des ND No OP title Priority Axis 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy Hautes Vosges Sustainable urbanism operations for ND No OP title Priority Axis 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy Communauté de Communes des Hautes Vosges Integrated territorial approach "city policy" - Languedoc-Roussillon - ERDF/ ND Priority Axis Montpellier Méditerranée Métropole ESF/YEI Zagreb, Donja Stubica, Dugo Selo, Jastrebarsko, 3. Competitiveness of SMEs, 4. Shift towards a low-carbon Oroslavje, Samobor, Sveta Nedelja, Sveti Ivan Zelina, Competitiveness and Cohesion Integrated economy, 6. Environment and resource efficiency, 8. Sustainable Sustainable urban development strategy of Velika Gorica, Zabok and Zaprešić., Bistra, Brckovljani, - ERDF/CF, Efficient Human Territorial and quality employment and labour mobility, 9. Social inclusion, urban agglomeration Zagreb till 2020 Brdovec, Dubravica, Gornja Stubica, Jakovlje, Klinča Resources - ESF/YEI Investment poverty and discrimination, 10. Education, training and vocational Sela, Kravarsko, Luka, Marija Bistrica, Marija Gorica, training, 7. Sustainable transport and network infrastructures Orle, Pisa 3. Competitiveness of SMEs, 4. Shift towards a low-carbon Osijek, Belišće and Valpovo, Antunovac, Bilje, Bizovac, Competitiveness and Cohesion Integrated economy, 6. Environment and resource efficiency, 8. Sustainable Sustainable urban development strategy of Čeminac, Čepin, Darda, Erdut, Ernestinovo, Kneževi - ERDF/CF, Efficient Human Territorial and quality employment and labour mobility, 9. Social inclusion, urban agglomeration Osijek till 2020 Vinogradi, Koška, Petrijevci, Punitovci, Šodolovci, Resources - ESF/YEI Investment poverty and discrimination, 10. Education, training and vocational Tordinci, Vladislavci, Vuka training, 7. Sustainable transport and network infrastructures 3. Competitiveness of SMEs, 4. Shift towards a low-carbon Slavonski Brod, Bebrina, Brodski Stupnik, Bukovlje, Donji Competitiveness and Cohesion Integrated economy, 6. Environment and resource efficiency, 8. Sustainable Sustainable urban development strategy of Andrijevci, Garcin, Gornja Vrba, Klakar, Podcrkavlje, - ERDF/CF, Efficient Human Territorial and quality employment and labour mobility, 9. Social inclusion, urban area Slavonski Brod till 2020 Sibinj Resources - ESF/YEI Investment poverty and discrimination, 10. Education, training and vocational training, 7. Sustainable transport and network infrastructures 3. Competitiveness of SMEs, 6. Environment and resource efficiency, Zadar, Nin, Preko, Kali, Kukljica, Vrsi, Posedarje, Competitiveness and Cohesion Integrated 8. Sustainable and quality employment and labour mobility, 9. Croatia Sustainable urban development strategy of Ražanac, Novigrad, Sukošan, Zemunik Donji, Poličnik, - ERDF/CF, Efficient Human Territorial Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, 10. Education, training urban area Zadar 2014 - 2020 Bibinje, Galovac and Škabrnja Resources - ESF/YEI Investment and vocational training, 7. Sustainable transport and network infrastructures 3. Competitiveness of SMEs, 6. Environment and resource efficiency, Competitiveness and Cohesion Integrated 8. Sustainable and quality employment and labour mobility, 9. Sustainable urban development strategy of Split, Kaštela, Omiš, Sinj, Solin and Trogir, Dicmo, Dugi - ERDF/CF, Efficient Human Territorial Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, 10. Education, training urban agglomeration Split till 2020 Rat, Dugopolje, Klis, Lećevica, Muć, Podstrana Resources - ESF/YEI Investment and vocational training, 7. Sustainable transport and network infrastructures 3. Competitiveness of SMEs, 4. Shift towards a low-carbon Competitiveness and Cohesion Integrated economy, 6. Environment and resource efficiency, 8. Sustainable Sustainable urban development strategy of Rijeka, Kastav, Kraljevica, Opatija, Cavle, Klana, - ERDF/CF, Efficient Human Territorial and quality employment and labour mobility, 9. Social inclusion, urban agglomeration Rijeka 2016 - 2020 Kostrena, Lovran, Moscenicka Draga, Viskovo Resources - ESF/YEI Investment poverty and discrimination, 10. Education, training and vocational training, 7. Sustainable transport and network infrastructures 3. Competitiveness of SMEs, 6. Environment and resource efficiency, Competitiveness and Cohesion Integrated 8. Sustainable and quality employment and labour mobility, 9. Sustainable urban development strategy of Pula, Vodnjan, Barban, Liznjan, Marcana, Medulin, - ERDF/CF, Efficient Human Territorial Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, 10. Education, training urban area Pula Svetvincenat Resources - ESF/YEI Investment and vocational training, 7. Sustainable transport and network infrastructures 208 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 5. FUA INTEGRATED URBAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES IN THE EU (2014-2020 PROGRAMMING PERIOD) 209 Implementation Country Strategy name Administrative Unit(s) OP name(s) mechanism Thematic Objectives Wexford Town and Environs Development Plan Southern & Eastern Regional Ireland 2009-2015 Wexford Programme - ERDF Priority Axis 6. Environment and resource efficiency 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 4. Shift Sustainable Urban Development Integrated Verona, San Giovanni Lupatoto, Buttapietra Veneto - ERDF Priority Axis towards a low-carbon economy, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and Strategy of the Urban Area of Verona discrimination 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 4. Shift Sustainable Urban Development Integrated Padova, Maserà di Padova, Albignasego Veneto - ERDF Priority Axis towards a low-carbon economy, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and Strategy of the Urban Area of Padova discrimination 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 4. Shift Sustainable Urban Development Integrated Vicenza, Altavilla Vicentina, Caldogno, Creazzo, Sovizzo, Veneto - ERDF Priority Axis towards a low-carbon economy, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and Strategy of the Urban Area of Vicenza Torri di Quartesolo discrimination 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 4. Shift Sustainable Urban Development Integrated Treviso, Silea, Casier, Paese, Villorba, Preganziol Veneto - ERDF Priority Axis towards a low-carbon economy, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and Italy Strategy of the Urban Area of Treviso discrimination Urban Innovative Project for Poggibonsi and 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 9. Social inclusion, poverty Poggibonsi, Colle Val d’Elsa Toscana - ERDF Priority Axis Colle Val d’Elsa - City+City and discrimination Urban Innovative Project for Montemurlo e 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 9. Social inclusion, poverty Montemurlo, Montale Toscana - ERDF Priority Axis Montale - M+M and discrimination Sustainable Urban Development Integrated Venezia, Marcon, Mirano, Quarto d'Altino, Salzano, 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 9. Social inclusion, poverty Veneto - ERDF Priority Axis Strategy of the Urban Area of Venice Spinea and discrimination Sustainable Urban Development Integrated Montebelluna, Castelfranco Veneto, Altivole, Asolo, 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 4. Shift Strategy of the Urban Area Asolano-Castellana- Caerano di San Marco, Istrana, Maser, Riese Pio X, Veneto - ERDF Priority Axis towards a low-carbon economy, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and Montebellunese Trevignano, Vedelago discrimination Integrated Italy/ 6. Environment and resource efficiency, 11. Institutional capacity EGTC GO I.T.I. Programming Document Gorizia, Nova Gorica, Šempeter - Vrtojba Interreg V-A - Italy-Slovenia Territorial Slovenia Investment and efficient public administration Szczecin, Dobra Szczecinska, Goleniow, Gryfino, Integrated 3. Competitiveness of SMEs, 4. Shift towards a low-carbon Integrated territorial investment strategy for Zachodniomorskie Voivodeship - Kobylanka, Kolbaskowo, Nowe Warpno, Stepnica, Police, Territorial economy, 7. Sustainable transport and network infrastructures, 10. Szczecin metropolitan area ERDF/ESF Stare Czarnowo, Stargard, city of Stargard, Swinoujscie Investment Education, training and vocational training Kalisz, Ostrow Wielkopolski, Nowe Skalmierzyce, 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 4. Odolanow, Raszkow, Stawiszyn, Blizanow, Brzeziny, Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and resource Integrated territorial investment strategy Integrated Cekow-Kolonia, Godziesze Wielkie, Gołuchow, Kozminek, Wielkolskie Voivodeship - ERDF/ efficiency, 7. Sustainable transport and network infrastructures, 9. for the development of Kalisko-Ostrowska Territorial Liskow, Mycielin, Opatowek, Przygodzice, Sieroszewice, ESF Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, 10. Education, training agglomeration Investment Sosnie, Szczytniki, Zelazkow, Kaliski, Ostrowski, and vocational training, 8. Sustainable and quality employment and Pleszewski labour mobility, 10. Education, training and vocational training 3. Competitiveness of SMEs, 4. Shift towards a low-carbon Poznan, Buk, Czerwonak, Dopiewo, Kleszczewo, economy, 6. Environment and resource efficiency, 7. Sustainable Komorniki, Kostrzyn, Kornik, Lubon, Mosina, Murowana Integrated transport and network infrastructures, 10. Education, training and Integrated territorial investment strategy for Wielkolskie Voivodeship - ERDF/ Goslina, Oborniki, Pobiedziska, Puszczykowo, Rokietnica, Territorial vocational training, 8. Sustainable and quality employment and Poznan functional urban area ESF Poland Skoki, Steszew, Suchy Las, Swarzedz, Szamotuly, Srem, Investment labour mobility, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, 10. Tarnowo Podgorne Education, training and vocational training, 4. Shift towards a low- carbon economy 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 5. Climate change Integrated Olsztyn, Barczewo, Purda, Stawiguda, Gietrzwald, Warmińsko-Mazurskie adaptation, risk prevention and management, 7. Sustainable Strategy of Olsztyn functional urban area Territorial Jonkowo, Dywity Voivodeship - ERDF/ESF transport and network infrastructures, 9. Social inclusion, poverty Investment and discrimination 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and resource efficiency, 7. Sustainable transport and network Kielce, Checiny, Daleszyce, Górno, Masłów, Miedziana Integrated infrastructures, 10. Education, training and vocational training, 8. Integrated territorial investment strategy for Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship - Góra, Morawica, Piekoszów, Sitkówka-Nowiny, Territorial Sustainable and quality employment and labour mobility, 9. Social Kielce functional urban area 2014-2020 ERDF/ESF Zagnańska, Strawczyn, Chmielnik Investment inclusion, poverty and discrimination, 10. Education, training and vocational training, 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 7. Sustainable transport and network infrastructures 210 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 5. FUA INTEGRATED URBAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES IN THE EU (2014-2020 PROGRAMMING PERIOD) 211 Implementation Country Strategy name Administrative Unit(s) OP name(s) mechanism Thematic Objectives 3. Competitiveness of SMEs, 4. Shift towards a low-carbon Integrated economy, 6. Environment and resource efficiency, 7. Sustainable Regional Territorial Investment Strategy for the transport and network infrastructures, 10. Education, training and Częstochowski Śląskie Voivodeship - ERDF/ESF Territorial Northern Subregion of the Silesian Voivodeship vocational training, 8. Sustainable and quality employment and Investment labour mobility, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, 10. Education, training and vocational training 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and Regional Territorial Investment Strategy for the Integrated resource efficiency, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, Southern Subregion of the Silesian Voivodeship Bielski Śląskie Voivodeship - ERDF/ESF Territorial 10. Education, training and vocational training, 8. Sustainable and 2014-2020 Investment quality employment and labour mobility, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, 10. Education, training and vocational training 3. Competitiveness of SMEs, 4. Shift towards a low-carbon Integrated economy, 6. Environment and resource efficiency, 9. Social inclusion, Regional Territorial Investment Strategy for the poverty and discrimination, 10. Education, training and vocational Rybnicki Śląskie Voivodeship - ERDF/ESF Territorial Western Subregion of the Silesian Voivodeship training, 8. Sustainable and quality employment and labour mobility, Investment 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, 10. Education, training and vocational training 3. Competitiveness of SMEs, 4. Shift towards a low-carbon Integrated Territorial Investment Strategy Integrated economy, 6. Environment and resource efficiency, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, 10. Education, training and vocational for the Central Subregion of the Silesian Bytomski, Gliwicki, Sosnowiecki, Katowicki, Tyski Śląskie Voivodeship - ERDF/ESF Territorial training, 8. Sustainable and quality employment and labour mobility, Voivodeship 2014-2020 Investment 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, 10. Education, training and vocational training Gdansk, Gdynia, Sopot, Hel, Jastarnia, Pruszcz Gdanski, 3. Competitiveness of SMEs, 4. Shift towards a low-carbon Integrated territorial investment strategy for Puck, Reda, Rumia, Tczew, Wejherowo, Wladysławowo, Pomorskie Voivodeship - ERDF/ Integrated economy, 7. Sustainable transport and network infrastructures, 9. the metropolitan area of Gdansk-Gdynia-Sopot Cedry Wielkie, Kartuzy, Kolbudy, Kosakowo, Luzino, ESF, Infrastructure and Territorial Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, 8. Sustainable and until 2020 Przywidz, Pszczołki, Przodkowo, Somonino, Stegna, Environment - ERDF/CF Investment quality employment and labour mobility, 9. Social inclusion, poverty Suchy Dab, Szemud, Trabki Wielkie, Wejherowo, Zukowo and discrimination 3. Competitiveness of SMEs, 4. Shift towards a low-carbon Bialystok, Choroszcz, Czarna Bialostocka, Lapy, Suprasl, Integrated economy, 7. Sustainable transport and network infrastructures, Integrated Territorial Investment Strategy of Podlaskie Voivodeship - ERDF/ Wasilkow, Zabludow, Dobrzyniewo Duze, Juchnowiec Territorial 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, 10. Education, Poland Białystok Functional Area 2014-2020 ESF Koscielny, Turosn Koscielna Investment training and vocational training, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, 10. Education, training and vocational training Integrated 3. Competitiveness of SMEs, 4. Shift towards a low-carbon Integrated territorial investment strategy for Podkarpackie Voivodeship - economy, 6. Environment and resource efficiency, 9. Social inclusion, Rzeszow Territorial Rzeszów functional urban area ERDF/ESF poverty and discrimination, 8. Sustainable and quality employment Investment and labour mobility, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination Opole, Niemodlin, Proszkow, Lewin Brzeski, Ozimek, Gogolin, Krapkowice, Zdzieszowice, Murow, Popielow, Integrated 3. Competitiveness of SMEs, 4. Shift towards a low-carbon Integrated territorial investment strategy for Opolskie Voivodeship - ERDF/ Tulowice, Turawa, Izbicko, Strzeleczki, Dabrowa, Territorial economy, 6. Environment and resource efficiency, 10. Education, Opole Agglomeration ESF Lubniany, Walce, Chrzastowice, Tarnow Opolski, Investment training and vocational training Dobrzen Wielki, Komprachcice Warszawa, Blonie, Brwinow, Czosnow, Gora Kalwaria, Grodzisk Mazowiecki, Halinow, Izabelin, Jablonna, 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 3. Integrated Integrated territorial investment strategy for Jaktorow, Jozefow, Karczew, Kobylka, Konstancin- Mazowieckie Voivodeship - Competitiveness of SMEs, 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, Territorial Warsaw functional urban area 2014-2020+ Jeziorna, Legionowo, Leszno, Lesznowola, Lomianki, ERDF/ESF 8. Sustainable and quality employment and labour mobility, 10. Investment Education, training and vocational training Marki, Michalowice, Milanowek, Nadarzyn, Nieporet, Nowy Dwor Mazowiecki, Otwock 3. Competitiveness of SMEs, 4. Shift towards a low-carbon Krakow, Biskupice, Czernichow, Igołomia-Wawrzenczyce, economy, 6. Environment and resource efficiency, 7. Sustainable Małolskie Voivodeship - ERDF/ Integrated Integrated territorial investment strategy for Kocmyrzow-Luborzyca, Liszki, Michalowice, Mogilany, transport and network infrastructures, 9. Social inclusion, poverty ESF, Infrastructure and Territorial Krakow functional urban area Niepolomice, Skawina, Swiatniki Gorne, Wieliczka, and discrimination, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, Environment - ERDF/CF Investment 10. Education, training and vocational training, 4. Shift towards a Wielka Wies, Zabierzow, Zielonki low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and resource efficiency 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 3. Competitiveness of SMEs, 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, Lublin, Glusk, Jablonna, Jastkow, Konopnica, Lubartow, Integrated 6. Environment and resource efficiency, 7. Sustainable transport Integrated territorial investment strategy for Lubelskie Voivodeship - ERDF/ Melgiew, Niedrzwica Duza, Niemce, Piaski, Spiczyn, Territorial and network infrastructures, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and Lublin functional urban area 2014-2020 ESF Strzyzewice, Swidnik, Wolka, Naleczow Investment discrimination, 8. Sustainable and quality employment and labour mobility, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, 10. Education, training and vocational training 212 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 5. FUA INTEGRATED URBAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES IN THE EU (2014-2020 PROGRAMMING PERIOD) 213 Implementation Country Strategy name Administrative Unit(s) OP name(s) mechanism Thematic Objectives Lodz, Aleksandrow Lodzki, Andrespol, Brojce, Dlutow, 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 4. Dmosin, Dobron, Brzeziny, Glowno, Jezow, Koluszki, Integrated Strategy for the development of Lodz Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and resource Konstantynow Łodzki, Ksawerow, Lutomiersk, Łódzkie Voivodeship - ERDF/ESF Territorial metropolitan area 2020+ efficiency, 8. Sustainable and quality employment and labour Nowosolna, Ozorkow, Pabianice, Parzeczew, Rogow, Investment mobility, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination Rzgow, Strykow, Tuszyn, Zgierz 3. Competitiveness of SMEs, 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and resource efficiency, 7. Sustainable Integrated Integrated territorial investment strategy for Gorzow Wielkopolski, Bogdaniec, Deszczno, Klodawa, Lubuskie Voivodeship - ERDF/ transport and network infrastructures, 9. Social inclusion, poverty Territorial Gorzow Wielkopolski functional urban area Santok ESF and discrimination, 10. Education, training and vocational training, Investment 10. Education, training and vocational training, 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 10. Education, training and vocational training 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 3. Competitiveness of SMEs, 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and resource efficiency, 7. Sustainable transport Integrated and network infrastructures, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and Integrated territorial investment strategy for Lubuskie Voivodeship - ERDF/ Zielona Gora, Czerwiensk, Sulechow, Swidnica, Zabor Territorial discrimination, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, Zielona Gora functional urban area ESF Investment 10. Education, training and vocational training, 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, 10. Education, training and vocational training Bydgoszcz, Torun, Biale Blota, Dabrowa Chelminska, 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 4. Dobrcz, Koronowo, Nowa Wies Wielka, Osielsko, Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and resource Integrated Integrated territorial investment strategy for Sicienko, Solec Kujawski, city of Chelmza, Chelmza, Kujawsko-Pomorskie efficiency, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, 10. Territorial Bydgoszcz-Torun functional urban area Czernikowo, Lubicz, Lubianka, Lysomice, Obrowo, Wielka Voivodeship - ERDF/ESF Education, training and vocational training, 8. Sustainable and quality Investment Nieszawka, Zlawies Wielka, Kowalewo Pomorskie, employment and labour mobility, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and Labiszyn, Naklo nad Notec discrimination, 10. Education, training and vocational training 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 3. Competitiveness of SMEs, 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, Poland Walbrzych, Kamienna Gora, Kamienna Gora, Lubawka, 6. Environment and resource efficiency, 7. Sustainable transport Nowa Ruda, Swiebodzice, Boguszow-Gorce, Szczawno- Integrated Integrated territorial investment strategy for Dolnośląskie Voivodeship - and network infrastructures, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and Zdroj, Czarny Bor, Gluszyca, Mieroszow, Walim, Jedlina- Territorial Walbrzych agglomeration ERDF/ESF discrimination, 10. Education, training and vocational training, 8. Zdroj, Stare Bogaczowice, Swidnica, Jaworzyna Sląska, Investment Sustainable and quality employment and labour mobility, 9. Social Strzegom, Zarow, Dobromierz, Marcinowice inclusion, poverty and discrimination, 10. Education, training and vocational training 1. Research, technological development and innovation, 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 3. Competitiveness of SMEs, 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 5. Climate change Wroclaw, Jelcz-Laskowice, Katy Wroclawskie, Siechnice, Integrated adaptation, risk prevention and management, 6. Environment Integrated territorial investment strategy for Trzebnica, Oborniki Slaskie, Sobotka, Olesnica, Dolnośląskie Voivodeship - Territorial and resource efficiency, 7. Sustainable transport and network Wroclaw functional urban area Dlugoleka, Czernica, Zorawina, Kobierzyce, Miekinia, ERDF/ESF Investment infrastructures, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, 10. Wisznia Mala Education, training and vocational training, 8. Sustainable and quality employment and labour mobility, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, 10. Education, training and vocational training 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 3. Competitiveness of SMEs, 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and resource efficiency, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, 1. Research, technological development and Integrated Integrated strategy for the development of Biala Lubelskie Voivodeship - ERDF/ innovation, 3. Competitiveness of SMEs, 4. Shift towards a low- Biala Podlaska Territorial Podlaska functional urban area 2015-2020 ESF carbon economy, 5. Climate change adaptation, risk prevention Investment and management, 6. Environment and resource efficiency, 10. Education, training and vocational training, 8. Sustainable and quality employment and labour mobility, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination 3. Competitiveness of SMEs, 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, Integrated Strategy for the development of Chelm Lubelskie Voivodeship - ERDF/ 6. Environment and resource efficiency, 10. Education, training and Chelm, Kamien Territorial functional urban area 2015-2020 ESF vocational training, 8. Sustainable and quality employment and Investment labour mobility, 10. Education, training and vocational training 214 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 5. FUA INTEGRATED URBAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES IN THE EU (2014-2020 PROGRAMMING PERIOD) 215 Implementation Country Strategy name Administrative Unit(s) OP name(s) mechanism Thematic Objectives Integrated Strategy for the development of the functional Pulawy, Janowiec, Kazimierz Dolny, Konskowola, Lubelskie Voivodeship - ERDF/ 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and Territorial urban area of Puławy city 2014-2020 Zyrzyn ESF resource efficiency Investment Integrated Strategic territorial plan of Zamosc city and Lubelskie Voivodeship - ERDF/ 3. Competitiveness of SMEs, 4. Shift towards a low-carbon Zamosc Territorial Zamosc Municipality ESF economy, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination Investment Poland Strategy for the development of Elblag Integrated 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 7. Sustainable transport Warmińsko-Mazurskie functional area / Integrated territorial Elblag, Milejewo, Mlynary, Tolkmicko Territorial and network infrastructures, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and Voivodeship - ERDF/ESF investments Investment discrimination, 10. Education, training and vocational training 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and Integrated Strategy for the development of Elk Subregional Warmińsko-Mazurskie resource efficiency, 7. Sustainable transport and network Elk Territorial area until 2025 Voivodeship - ERDF/ESF infrastructures, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, 9. Investment Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 4. Norte - ERDF/ESF, Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 8. Sustainable and quality Sustainability and Resource Pact for Territorial Development and Cohesion Integrated employment and labour mobility, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and Use Efficiency - PT - CF, Social of the Intermunicipal Community of Tamega Tâmega e Sousa Territorial discrimination, 10. Education, training and vocational training, 8. Inclusion and Employment - PT and Sousa Investment Sustainable and quality employment and labour mobility, 9. Social - ESF/YEI, Continental Portugal inclusion, poverty and discrimination, 10. Education, training and - Rural Development vocational training 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 4. Norte - ERDF/ESF, Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 8. Sustainable and quality Sustainability and Resource Pact for Territorial Development and Cohesion Integrated employment and labour mobility, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and Use Efficiency - PT - CF, Social of the Intermunicipal Community of Terras de Terras de Trás-os-Montes Territorial discrimination, 10. Education, training and vocational training, 8. Inclusion and Employment - PT Trás-os-Montes Investment Sustainable and quality employment and labour mobility, 9. Social - ESF/YEI, Continental Portugal inclusion, poverty and discrimination, 10. Education, training and - Rural Development vocational training 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 4. Norte - ERDF/ESF, Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 8. Sustainable and quality Sustainability and Resource Integrated employment and labour mobility, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and Pact for Territorial Development and Cohesion Use Efficiency - PT - CF, Social Área Metropolitana Porto Territorial discrimination, 10. Education, training and vocational training, 8. of the metropolitana area of Porto Inclusion and Employment - PT Investment Sustainable and quality employment and labour mobility, 9. Social - ESF/YEI, Continental Portugal inclusion, poverty and discrimination, 10. Education, training and - Rural Development vocational training Portugal 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 5. Climate change Alentejo - ERDF/ESF, adaptation, risk prevention and management, 6. Environment and Pact for Territorial Development and Cohesion Sustainability and Resource Integrated resource efficiency, 8. Sustainable and quality employment and of the Intermunicipal Community of Alentejo Alentejo Litoral Use Efficiency - PT - CF, Social Territorial labour mobility, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, 10. Litoral Inclusion and Employment - PT Investment Education, training and vocational training, 8. Sustainable and - ESF/YEI quality employment and labour mobility, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, 10. Education, training and vocational training 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 4. Norte - ERDF/ESF, Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 8. Sustainable and quality Sustainability and Resource Integrated employment and labour mobility, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and Pact for Territorial Development and Cohesion of Use Efficiency - PT - CF, Social Alto Tâmega Territorial discrimination, 10. Education, training and vocational training, 8. the Intermunicipal Community of Alto Tamega Inclusion and Employment - PT Investment Sustainable and quality employment and labour mobility, 9. Social - ESF/YEI, Continental Portugal inclusion, poverty and discrimination, 10. Education, training and - Rural Development vocational training 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and resource efficiency, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, Lisboa - ERDF/ESF, Integrated Pact for Territorial Development and Cohesion 10. Education, training and vocational training, 8. Sustainable and Área Metropolitana Lisboa Sustainability and Resource Use Territorial of the Metropolitan Area of Lisbon quality employment and labour mobility, 9. Social inclusion, poverty Efficiency - PT - CF Investment and discrimination, 10. Education, training and vocational training, 5. Climate change adaptation, risk prevention and management 216 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 5. FUA INTEGRATED URBAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES IN THE EU (2014-2020 PROGRAMMING PERIOD) 217 Implementation Country Strategy name Administrative Unit(s) OP name(s) mechanism Thematic Objectives 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 5. Climate change adaptation, Alentejo - ERDF/ESF, risk prevention and management, 6. Environment and resource Pact for Territorial Development and Cohesion Sustainability and Resource Integrated efficiency, 8. Sustainable and quality employment and labour of the Intermunicipal Community of Baixo Baixo Alentejo Use Efficiency - PT - CF, Social Territorial mobility, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, 10. Alentejo Inclusion and Employment - PT Investment Education, training and vocational training, 8. Sustainable and - ESF/YEI quality employment and labour mobility, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, 10. Education, training and vocational training 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 4. Norte - ERDF/ESF, Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 8. Sustainable and quality Sustainability and Resource Integrated employment and labour mobility, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and Pact for Territorial Development and Cohesion Use Efficiency - PT - CF, Social Cávado Territorial discrimination, 10. Education, training and vocational training, 8. of the Intermunicipal Community of Cávado Inclusion and Employment - PT Investment Sustainable and quality employment and labour mobility, 9. Social - ESF/YEI, Continental Portugal inclusion, poverty and discrimination, 10. Education, training and - Rural Development vocational training 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 4. Norte - ERDF/ESF, Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 8. Sustainable and quality Sustainability and Resource Integrated employment and labour mobility, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and Portugal Pact for Territorial Development and Cohesion Ave Use Efficiency - PT - CF, Social Territorial discrimination, 10. Education, training and vocational training, 8. of the Intermunicipal Community of Ave Inclusion and Employment - PT Investment Sustainable and quality employment and labour mobility, 9. Social - ESF/YEI, Continental Portugal inclusion, poverty and discrimination, 10. Education, training and - Rural Development vocational training 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 4. Norte - ERDF/ESF, Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 8. Sustainable and quality Sustainability and Resource Integrated employment and labour mobility, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and Pact for Territorial Development and Cohesion Use Efficiency - PT - CF, Social Douro Territorial discrimination, 10. Education, training and vocational training, 8. of the Intermunicipal Community of Douro Inclusion and Employment - PT Investment Sustainable and quality employment and labour mobility, 9. Social - ESF/YEI, Continental Portugal inclusion, poverty and discrimination, 10. Education, training and - Rural Development vocational training 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 4. Norte - ERDF/ESF, Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 8. Sustainable and quality Sustainability and Resource Integrated employment and labour mobility, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and Pact for Territorial Development and Cohesion Use Efficiency - PT - CF, Social Alto Minho Territorial discrimination, 10. Education, training and vocational training, 8. of the Intermunicipal Community of Alto Minho Inclusion and Employment - PT Investment Sustainable and quality employment and labour mobility, 9. Social - ESF/YEI, Continental Portugal inclusion, poverty and discrimination, 10. Education, training and - Rural Development vocational training Timisoara, Becicherecu Mic, Bucovăţ, Dudeştii Noi, 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and Integrated urban development strategy of Dumbrăviţa, Ghiroda, Giarmata, Giroc, Moşniţa Nouă, Integrated Regional Programme Priority Axis resource efficiency, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, Timișoara growth pole 2015-2020 Orţişoara, Pişchia, Remetea Mare, Săcălaz, Sînmihaiu - ERDF 10. Education, training and vocational training Român, Şag Craiova, Filiași, Segarcea, Almăj, Brădești, Breasta, Bucovăț, Calopăr, Coțofenii din Față, Ghercești, Ișalnița, Integrated urban development strategy of 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and Mischii, Murgași, Pielești, Predești, Șimnicu de Sus, Integrated Regional Programme Intercomunity Development Association Priority Axis resource efficiency, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, Terpezița, Țuglui, Vârvoru de Jos, Cârcea, Coșoveni, - ERDF "Metropolitan area Craiova" 2014-2020 10. Education, training and vocational training Vela, Teasc, Malu Mare, Coțofenii din Dos, Ghindeni, Goiești Ploiesti, Băicoi, Boldeşti-Scăeni, Plopeni, Boldeşti, Brazii 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and Integrated urban development strategy of de Sus, Brazii de Jos, Negoieşti, Brazi, Bucov, Chiţorani, Integrated Regional Programme Romania Priority Axis resource efficiency, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, Ploiești growth pole 2014-2020 Bucov, Ariceştii Rahtivani, Berceni, Blejoi, Dumbrăveşti, - ERDF 10. Education, training and vocational training Valea Călugărească Constanța, Năvodari. Ovidiu, Murfatlar, Techirghiol, Integrated urban development strategy of 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and Eforie, Agigea, Cumpăna, Valu lui Traian, Poarta Albă, Integrated Regional Programme National Growth Pole - Constanta Metropolitan Priority Axis resource efficiency, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, Lumina, Corbu, Mihail Kogălniceanu, Tuzla, 23 August si - ERDF Area 10. Education, training and vocational training Costinesti Cluj-Napoca, Aiton, Apahida, Baciu, Bonțida, Borșa, 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and Integrated urban development strategy of Cluj- Integrated Regional Programme Căianu, Chinteni, Ciurila, Cojocna, Feleacu, Florești, Priority Axis resource efficiency, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, Napoca Metroplitan Area - ERDF Gârbău, Gilău, Jucu, Petreștii de Jos, Tureni și Vultureni 10. Education, training and vocational training Vaslui, Balteni, Delesti, Laza, Lipovat, Muntenii de Jos, 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and Development strategy of Vaslui metropolitan Integrated Regional Programme Muntenii de Sus, Puscasi, Stefan cel Mare, Văleni, Priority Axis resource efficiency, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, pole 2014-2023 - ERDF Zăpodeni 10. Education, training and vocational training 218 OUTPUT 2 / ACTIVITY 1 - AREAS/SECTORS FOR INTERJURISDICTIONAL COOPERATION ANNEX 5. FUA INTEGRATED URBAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES IN THE EU (2014-2020 PROGRAMMING PERIOD) 219 Implementation Country Strategy name Administrative Unit(s) OP name(s) mechanism Thematic Objectives Iasi, Victoria, Popricani, Aroneanu, Rediu, Valea Lupului, 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and Integrated urban development strategy of Iasi Leţcani, Miroslava, Ciurea, Bârnova, Schitu Duca, Integrated Regional Programme Priority Axis resource efficiency, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, metropolitan area 2015-2030 Tomeşti, Holboca şi Ungheni, Movileni, Țuţora, Comarna, - ERDF 10. Education, training and vocational training Prisăcani şi Mogoşeşti Romania Brașov, Săcele, Codlea, Râșnov, Ghimbav, Zărnești, 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 6. Environment and Integrated urban development strategy of Integrated Regional Programme Predeal, Sânpetru, Hărman, Prejmer, Tărlungeni, Bod, Priority Axis resource efficiency, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, Metropolitan Area Brașov - ERDF Hălchiu, Cristian, Crizbav, Feldioara, Vulcan, Budila 10. Education, training and vocational training Operational Program under the objective Operational 1. Research, technological development and innovation, 3. Sweden investment for jobs and growth Stockholm Stockholm - ERDF Programme Competitiveness of SMEs, 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy Integrated Regional Programme 6. Environment and resource efficiency, 7. Sustainable transport and Zilina, Divinka, Horny Hricov, Teplicka nad Vahom, Integrated Sustainable urban development Strategy for - ERDF, Human Resources network infrastructures, 8. Sustainable and quality employment and Ovciarsko, Bitarova, Horky, Mojs, Rosina, Lietavska Territorial Žilina - ESF/ERDF/YEI, Quality of labour mobility, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, 10. Lucka, Visnove Investment Environment - ERDF/CF Education, training and vocational training Trnava, Biely Kostol, Bohdanovce nad Trnavou, Integrated Regional Programme 6. Environment and resource efficiency, 7. Sustainable transport and Integrated territorial strategy of sustainable Brestovany, Bucany, Dolne Lovcice, Hrnciarovce Integrated - ERDF, Human Resources network infrastructures, 8. Sustainable and quality employment and urban development for the functional urban area nad Parnou, Jaslovske Bohunice, Malzenice, Selpice, Territorial - ESF/ERDF/YEI, Quality of labour mobility, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, 10. of the Trnava regional city 2014-2020 Spacince, Zavar, Zelenec, Zvoncin, Ruzindol, Sucha nad Investment Environment - ERDF/CF Education, training and vocational training Parnou Integrated Regional Programme 6. Environment and resource efficiency, 7. Sustainable transport and Integrated territorial strategy of sustainable Trencin, Kostolna-Zariecie, Skalka nad Vahom, Soblahov, Integrated - ERDF, Human Resources network infrastructures, 8. Sustainable and quality employment and urban development for Trenčín city and its Trencianska Tepla, Trencianska Turna, Velke Bierovce, Territorial - ESF/ERDF/YEI, Quality of labour mobility, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, 10. functional urban area Zamarovce Investment Environment - ERDF/CF Education, training and vocational training Presov, Velky Saris, Bzenov, Drienov, Drienovska Nova Ves, Dulova Ves, Fintice, Haniska, Kapusany, Kendice, Integrated Regional Programme Integrated 6. Environment and resource efficiency, 7. Sustainable transport Intergrated territorial strategy for Prešov Kojatice, Kokosovce, Licartovce, Lubotice, Maly Saris, - ERDF, Human Resources Territorial and network infrastructures, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and functional urban area Petrovany, Podhradik, Rokycany, Ruska Nova Ves, - ESF/ERDF/YEI, Quality of Investment discrimination, 10. Education, training and vocational training Svinia, Teriakovce, Vysna Sebastova, Zaborske, Zlata Environment - ERDF/CF Bana, Zupcany Slovakia Integrated Regional Programme 6. Environment and resource efficiency, 7. Sustainable transport and Nitra, Maly Lapas, Velky Lapas, Cechynce, Nitrianske Integrated Sustainable urban development strategy for - ERDF, Human Resources network infrastructures, 8. Sustainable and quality employment and Hrnciarovce, Ivanka pri Nitre, Luzianky, Zbehy, Jelsovce, Territorial Nitra - ESF/ERDF/YEI, Quality of labour mobility, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, 10. Cakajovce Investment Environment - ERDF/CF Education, training and vocational training Kosice, Trebejov, Sokol, Druzstevna pri Hornade, Kostolany nad Hornadom, Budimir, Vajkovce, Integrated Regional Programme 6. Environment and resource efficiency, 7. Sustainable transport and Integrated territorial strategy of sustainable Integrated Rozhanovce, Beniakovce, Nizny Klatov, Hrasovik, - ERDF, Human Resources network infrastructures, 8. Sustainable and quality employment and urban development for the functional urban area Territorial Kosicke Olsany, Bukovec, Baska, Sady nad Torysou, - ESF/ERDF/YEI, Quality of labour mobility, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, 10. of Košice city 2015-2020 (2023) Investment Mala Ida, Kosicka Polianka, Vysna Hutka, Nizna Hutka, Environment - ERDF/CF Education, training and vocational training Velka Ida, Koksov - Baksa, Valal Bratislava, Senec, Malacky, Modra, Pezinok, Stupava, Svaty Jur, Bernolakovo, Borinka, Dunajska Luzna, Integrated Regional Programme 6. Environment and resource efficiency, 7. Sustainable transport and Integrated Integrated territorial strategy for Bratislava city Hamuliakovo, Chorvatsky Grob, Ivanka pri Dunaji, - ERDF, Human Resources network infrastructures, 8. Sustainable and quality employment and Territorial area Jablonove, Kalinkovo, Kostoliste, Lab, Limbach, Lozorno, - ESF/ERDF/YEI, Quality of labour mobility, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, 10. Investment Malinovo, Marianka, Miloslavov, Most pri Bratislave, Environment - ERDF/CF Education, training and vocational training Nova Dedinka, Plav Banska Bystrica, Badin, Dolny Harmanec, Harmanec, Integrated Regional Programme 6. Environment and resource efficiency, 7. Sustainable transport and Integrated territorial strategy of sustainable Integrated Horne Prsany, Hronsek, Kordiky, Kraliky, Kyncelova, - ERDF, Human Resources network infrastructures, 8. Sustainable and quality employment and urban development for Banská Bystrica Territorial Malachov, Nemce, Riecka, Selce, Slovenska Lupca, Tajov, - ESF/ERDF/YEI, Quality of labour mobility, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, 10. functional urban area Investment Spania Dolina, Vlkanova Environment - ERDF/CF Education, training and vocational training Integrated United Leeds City Region; Integrated Actions for 3. Competitiveness of SMEs, 5. Climate change adaptation, risk Bradford, Calderdale, Kirklees, Leeds, Wakefield, York England - ERDF Territorial Kingdom Sustainable Urban Development Investment prevention and management, 6. Environment and resource efficiency 1. Research, technological development and innovation, 2. Quality of information and communication technologies, 3. Competitiveness of Integrated United Tees Valley European Structural and Investment England - ERDF, England - ESF/ SMEs, 4. Shift towards a low-carbon economy, 5. Climate change Tees Valley Territorial Kingdom Funds strategy YEI Investment adaptation, risk prevention and management, 8. Sustainable and quality employment and labour mobility, 9. Social inclusion, poverty and discrimination, 10. Education, training and vocational training BIBLIOGRAPHY 221 BIBLIOGRAPHY Anderson, John E. 1993. “Land Development, Externalities, and Pigouvian Taxes”. Journal of Urban Economics, vol. 33 (1), pp. 1-9. 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