73693 Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Communities A Documentation of Project Experience Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Communities © 2012 A Documentation of Project Experience The World Bank in the Philippines Ortigas Center, Pasig City Telephone: +63-2-6375855 Internet: www.worldbank.org/ph This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributors. Note that The World Bank does not necessarily own each component of the content included in the work. The World Bank therefore does not warrant that the use of the content contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of third parties. The risk of claims resulting from such infringement rests solely with you. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in the work. 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License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 Translations—If you create a translation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This translation was not created by The World Bank and should not be considered an official World Bank translation. The World Bank shall not be liable for any content or error in this translation. All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; email: pubrights@worldbank.org. Table of Contents Chapter 1: The Country Context 1 1.1. Climate and Disaster Risks 1 1.2. Government Responses 2 Chapter 2: The Project 7 2.1. Background 7 2.2. Project Objectives 8 2.3. The Adaptation Approach Framework 8 2.4. Selection of Project Sites 12 2.5. The Project Stakeholders 13 2.6. Implementation Mechanism 16 Chapter 3: Mobilizing Stakeholders for CC Adaptation 17 3.1 Generating science-based information for adaptation planning and decision-making 17 3.2 Social Engagement 19 3.3 Toward an ecosystem-based approach to adaptation 22 3.4 Toward building climate-resilient livelihoods 23 Chapter 4: The Local Adaptation Initiatives and Experience 25 4.1. Gubat, Sorsogon 25 4.2. Batuan, Masbate 39 4.3. Caramoan, Camarines Sur 50 Chapter 5: Initial Impacts of Adaptation Actions 61 5.1. Bio-physical Measures 61 5.2. Early Warning and Community Preparedness 63 5.3. Towards Building Climate-Resilient Livelihoods 64 5.4. Science-based Information for Decision-Making 64 5.5. Local Policy-Setting, Institutionalization 65 5.6. Partnership Building 67 5.7. A Cadre of CCA Champions 67 5.8. Knowledge Sharing 68 Chapter 6: Lessons Learned and Challenges 69 6.1. Lessons Learned 69 6.2. Challenges 73 Chapter 7: Conclusions and Recommendations 75 7.1. Conclusions 75 7.2. Recommendations 76 Tables Acronyms 1 Key Enabling Policies for Climate Change Adaptation (as of October 2011) 2.1 Profile of Project Sites CBMS community-based monitoring system 2.2. Community-Based Climate Change Adaptation Project Activities 3.1 Climate Change Communication Tools Produced and Rolled-Out in Project Sites CC climate change 4.1a Key Findings from the Scientific Studies on Gubat, Sorsogon, 2008 CCA climate change adaptation 4.1b MERF/UP-MSI In-Situ Vulnerability Assessment Findings and Recommendations for CCC Climate Change Commission Bagacay and Rizal Villages in Gubat, Sorsogon, 2008 CDP comprehensive development plan 4.1c Physical Assessment of Potential Hazards in the Villages of Bagacay and Rizal in Gubat CLUP comprehensive land use plan 4.1d Impacts of Climate Change on Most Vulnerable Sectors of Bagacay & Rizal 4.1e. Workshop Output: Projected CC Impacts and Adaptation Options for Bagacay Village DA Department of Agriculture 4.2a Workshop Output: Projected Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Options – DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources Gibraltar DILG Department of Interior and Local Government 5.1. Profile of MPAs Established Under the CCA Project DRRM disaster risk reduction and management 5.2 Summary of Biophysical Measures Implemented (as of Project End, Sept. 30, 2011) DRRMC Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council 5.3 Livelihood Enterprises Initiated in Project Sites 5.4 Uses of Assessment and Survey Outputs DOLE Department of Labor and Employment 5.5 Summary of Gains Achieved in Legislation and Policy-Setting at the Local Level FARMC Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Council HLURB Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board Diagrams LCCAP local climate change adaptation plan 2.1 Climate Change Adaptation Framework LGU Local Government Unit 2.2 Pilot Site Selection Process and Project Activities at Different LGU Levels MERFI Marine Environment and Resources Foundation, Inc 3.1 Weather Data Management and Communications Protocol MGB Mines and Geo-Sciences Bureau 3.2 The Community Organizing Experience MPDO Municipal Planning and Development Office Boxes NAMRIA National Mapping and Resource Information Authority 2.1 Brief Profile of the Philippines’ Coasts NBFTC National Brackishwater Fishery Technology Center 2.2 Criteria for project site selection NCI National Convergence Initiative 4.1a Local CCA Champion: Overcoming Apathy and Opposition in Rizal Village NIPAS National Integrated Protected Areas System 4.1b Rizal Village’s sea cucumber ranchers learn to adapt to extreme weather NTF Norwegian Trust Fund 4.2 Local CCA Champion: The Local “Weatherman� 4.2b Local CCA Champion: Calming Royroy Village and Seeking Opportunities for Climate- NCCAP National Climate Change Adaptation Plan Resilient Livelihoods NGO non-government organization 4.2c Snapshots of Batuan’s Strategic Planning for Climate-Resilient Livelihoods, October P3DM participatory 3-dimensional modeling 2011 PFEC Philippine Federation for Environmental Concerns 4.3a CCA Local Champion: Political will at work in Gata PPDO Provincial Planning and Development Office 6a Local CCA Champions: A Tale of Two Mayors UNDP United Nations Development Program Maps UP-MSI University of the Philippines Marine Science Institute 2.1 Location of Project Sites UP-NIGS University of the Philippines National Institute of Geological Science 4.1 Coastal elevation of Gubat and other municipalities of Sorsogon WBOM World Bank Office Manila 4.2a Comprehensive mangrove map of Batuan 4.2b The map shows the coastline and the marine protected areas in Batuan 4.3a Map of the province of Camarines Sur, with Caramoan marked in red 4.3b Map of Caramoan showing mangroves and flood-prone areas Chapter 1 The Country Context Chapter 1 provides a macro view of how climate change is impacting the Philippines. It highlights the enabling policy and institutional environment for climate change adaptation. It also describes current adaptation initiatives of the national and local governments. 1.1 Climate and Disaster Risks A country of over 7,100 islands in the Pacific Ring of Fire and perennially in typhoons’ path, the Philippines is a hot spot for natural disasters and for the expected adverse impacts of climate change. It ranks 6th among 16 “extreme risk� countries in the 2011 Climate Change Vulnerability Index (CCVI) 1 and is the third most vulnerable to disaster risks and natural hazards in the 2011 World Risk Index2. Flash floods that occurred in the first half of 2011 in large areas of Mindanao, in the Bicol Region, in Metro Manila, in Pampanga, in Eastern Samar—and landslides caused by continuous heavy rains in Leyte, in Bukidnon, and in other areas when dry weather was expected—are clear indications of the country experiencing abnormal weather patterns and extreme weather events. The flash floods and landslides were not caused by typhoons but by low pressure areas (LPAs); loss to life, livelihood, and property were enormous. After exacting a heavy toll on life and property, typhoons Pedring (Nesat) and Quiel (Nalgae) in October 2011 left large portions of the major rice- producing provinces of Bulacan, Tarlac, and Pampanga in Central Luzon still inundated weeks after the typhoons had left. Human activities—the conversion of large areas of mangroves into aquaculture ponds and heavy siltation of rivers—aggravated the flooding. Local scientists project that: (i) the rise in annual mean temperature in all areas in the country by 0.9°C to 1.1°C in 2020, and by 1.8°C to 2.2°C in 2050; (ii) the increasing warming of all parts of the country, more so in the summer months: and (iii) the increase in the number of tropical cyclones forming or passing through the Philippine Area of Responsibility are likely to cause more extreme 1 Developed by the global risk advisory firm Maplecroft, the Climate Change Vulnerability Index is a global ranking instrument calculating the vulnerability of 170 countries to the impacts of climate change over the next 30 years. The index evaluated 42 social, economic, and environmental factors to assess national vulnerabilities (http://www. maplecroft.com). 2 The World Risk Index developed by the United Nations University-Institute for Environment and Human Security calculates the risk values for 173 countries worldwide. The index consists of indicators in four components: exposure to natural hazards; susceptibility as a function of public infrastructure, housing conditions, nutrition, and the general economic framework; coping capacities as a function of governance, disaster preparedness, and early warning, medical services, social and economic security; and adaptive capacities to future natural events and climate change (http://www.ehs.unu.edu). A Documentation of Project Experience 1 weather events. 3 The devastation wrought by typhoons Ondoy (Ketsana) and Pepeng (Parma) in worst impacts of climate change. As one of the key result areas of the President’s Social Contract6, 2009 is the worst the country has ever experienced so far; the possibility of stronger and more climate change mitigation and adaptation received greater funding focus in the 2012 National frequent extreme weather events occurring in the future with more devastating impact cannot Budget. A Cabinet Cluster7 on Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation chaired by the be made light of, as the country’s food security and attainment of other Millennium Development Secretary of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), has been organized Goals (MDG) could be imperiled. to “lead the pursuit of measures to adapt to and mitigate the effects of climate change in the country� (EO 43, Sec 10). 1.2 Government responses On August 16, 20128, President Benigno S. Aquino III signed Republic Act 10174, otherwise known as the People’s Survival Fund (PSF) Act for local governments and communities. The Policy and institutional initiatives PSF aims to provide incentives for early climate action from localities, which can tap the fund to support local climate adaptation plans, vulnerability assessment, and similar incentives. Funding The Philippine Government has been cognizant of the urgency to address climate change. It will be provided to localities threatened by persistent flooding, to coastal communities facing is party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Clean rising sea levels, or to local government units (LGUs) seeking to promote agricultural programs Development Mechanism (CDM), and other international covenants. In 2009 the Climate resilient to extreme temperatures and changing rainfall. Change Act (Republic Act 9729) took effect, creating the Climate Change Commission4, an oversight agency under the Office of the President, with the President as Chair (Table 1). The Convergence in national programs National Framework Strategy on Climate Change and the National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) for 2011-2028, both crafted through broad national stakeholder consultations, are In December 2010, the main agencies of the national government involved in rural development— in place. The NCCAP is a comprehensive roadmap that will help determine national expenditure the Department of Agriculture (DA), the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR), and the DENR— direction and public investment. With the approval of the NCCAP, drafting of Local Climate Action launched an enhanced National Convergence Initiative (NCI) for “more focused and unified Plans (LCAPs) by all Local Government Units (LGUs) will follow as prescribed by the Climate interventions for sustainable development.� Under the NCI, clear mechanisms for harmonization Change Act. and complementation among the three agencies are being put in place to avoid conflicts and overlapping policies that have slowed implementation of national programs on the ground Also in place is the Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010 (RA 10121), which, in the past. The NCI also prescribes the “ridge to reef� or watershed ecosystems management together with the Climate Change Act, provides the legal framework for a stronger and more approach to improve the lives of marginal groups in the uplands, lowlands, and coastal areas. pro-active disaster risk management. RA 10121 provides that disaster risk reduction shall be integrated into climate change programs and initiatives. Recognizing that climate change and The Climate Change Commission, with its oversight function, also seeks to ensure that disaster risk reduction are interconnected, the Climate Change Commission and the National convergence is achieved in all programs and projects of the national government. Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) forged a memorandum of agreement in February 2011, signifying their intention to work together and to combine their Enabling of Local Government Units (LGUs) resources and expertise to ensure that communities are made more resilient to climate disasters in the future.5 The Climate Change Act mandates the LGUs to be the “frontline agencies in the formulation, planning and implementation of climate change action plans in their respective areas.� It On May 13, 2011, President Benigno Simeon Aquino III signed Executive Order (EO) No. 43, prescribes the role of LGUs as follows: elevating Climate Change as a priority issue—one of five requiring coordinated action and budgetary action. EO 43 recognizes that the climate crisis requires decisive action from the “Barangays shall be directly involved with the Municipal and City Governments in prioritizing President and requires him to utilize public finance to protect vulnerable communities from the climate change issues and in identifying best practices and other solutions; Municipal and City Governments shall consider climate change adaptation as one of their regular functions; and Provincial Governments shall provide technical assistance, enforcement and information management in support of municipal and city action plans� (sec 13). 6 The five key result areas under the Aquino Government’s Social Contract are: (i) anticorruption and transparent, accountable, and participatory governance, (ii) poverty 3 Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA), Manila Observatory reduction and empowerment of the poor, (iii) rapid, equitable and sustainable economic growth, (iv) just, inclusive and lasting peace and the rule of law, and (v) integrity 4 The Climate Change Commission replaced the Climate Change Office created through Department Administrative Order in 2009 under the Office of the Secretary of the of the environment, climate change mitigation and adaptation (EO 43, Sec 2). Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). 7 The Secretaries of the Departments of Science and Technology (DOST), Agriculture (DA), Interior and Local Government (DILG), Public Works and Highways (DPWH), Social 5 “CCC and NDRMC join forces to make communities climate resilient,� http://www.climate.gov.ph. Works and Development (DSWD), Agrarian Reform (DAR), Energy (DOE), and the Chairs of the Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council (HUDCC) and Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA) are members. The Climate Change Commission serves as the Secretariat. 8 Source: Senate of the Philippines official website, http://www.senate.gov.ph 2 Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Communities A Documentation of Project Experience 3 In 2010 and 2011, local government officials, members of the scientific community, and other local Table 1. Key Enabling Policies for Climate Change Adaptation (as of October 2011) development partners came together in a series of national summits dubbed, “Mainstreaming Year in Climate Change in the Philippines,� to increase their awareness of and commitment to climate Policy Key Provisions effect change.9 The local chief executives pledged before the President their commitment to mainstream climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction and management in their 2009 Climate Change Act  Mainstreamed climate change adaptation in government development planning and governance. (RA 9729) policy formulation; established the framework strategy and programs on climate change In mid-2011 the “Strengthening the Philippines Institutional Capacity to Adapt to Climate  Created the Climate Change Commission under the Office of Change� Project under the Millennium Development Goals Fund (MDGF) 165 Joint Program the President, with the President as Chair on Climate Change, through the leadership of the National Economic Development Authority  Mandated the crafting of: (1) a National Framework (NEDA), started providing training sessions to key staff of the Provincial Planning and Strategy for Climate Change; (2) a National Climate Change Development Office (PPDO) of over 43 provinces on the eastern seaboard, to build their capacity Adaptation Plan (NCCAP); and (3) Local Climate Change to mainstream climate change in local development planning. The PPDOs are expected to re- Adaptation Plans (LCCAP) echo the training to the Municipal Planning and Development Offices (MPDO), the unit tasked to coordinate planning at the municipal level. 2010 Disaster Risk  Mainstreamed disaster risk reduction and climate change (Feb) Reduction and adaptation in policy formulation, socio-economic Management (DRRM) development planning, budgeting, and governance. A few local governments with pro-active chief executives are making headway in making DRR and Act CCA an integral part of their governance. The provincial government of Albay declared climate  Allocated 5% of regular funds (Local DRRM Fund) not only (RA 10121) for post- but also pre-disaster preparedness programs. change adaptation and DRRM as critical strategies in its pursuit of inclusive growth long before the enactment of the Climate Change and DRRM Acts. The Albay LGU in August 2011 established  Decentralized power, responsibilities, and resources for the Climate Change Academy, housed in Bicol University, that is envisaged to be a “repository DRRM and for strengthening LGU capacity at regional and local levels of knowledge and expertise on local adaptation practices and a venue for dissemination of best practices in the country.� Also in 2011, the LGU of Surigao del Norte forged a memorandum  Allocated initial fund of Php1 billion of agreement with the Climate Change Commission and the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) to demonstrate the “eco-town�10 framework in Siargao Island. Other LGUs have 2010 National Framework  Emphasized adaptation as the anchor strategy; mitigation partnered with various donor organizations to take action to address climate change. (Apr) Strategy for Climate will be pursued as a function of adaptation Change (2010-2022) 2011 Pursuing our  Declared Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation a key Contract with result area of the President’s Social Contract11 the Filipino  Created the Cabinet Cluster on Climate Change Adaptation People Through and Mitigation (and Food Security) chaired by the DENR Reorganization of Secretary, to oversee the achievement of this key result area the Cabinet Clusters with the Climate Change Commission as Secretariat (EO 43) National Climate  Defined seven strategic priorities to be pursued for 2011- Action Plan (2011- 2028, as follows: (i) food security; (ii) water sufficiency; (iii) 2028) environmental and ecological stability; (iv) human security; (v) sustainable energy; (vi) climate-smart industries and services; and (vii) knowledge and capacity development.  Recommended for priority action for 2011-2016 were the following: (i) vulnerability assessment; (ii) demonstration 9 The summits were initiated by the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) in partnership with the Climate Change Commission, the DENR, and the League of Municipalities of the Philippines (LMP) as part of the MDG-Fund 165 Joint Program on Climate Change. sites for eco-towns and (iii) research and development in components to support renewable energy and sustainable 10 The Climate Change Commission conceived the “eco-town� as an “ecosystem-based management and pro-poor, climate-resilient� local economic development where transport system12 national and local government support converges to promote “green growth.� The eco-town is composed of municipalities near areas known for biodiversity but are deemed to be highly vulnerable to climate risks because of their respective locations and poverty situation (http://www.climate.gov.ph). Continued on next page 4 Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Communities A Documentation of Project Experience 5 Continued from page 5 Table 1. Key Enabling Policies for Climate Change Adaptation (as of October 2011) Year in Policy Key Provisions Chapter 2 The Project effect 2012 People’s Survival  Provides incentives for early climate action from localities, Fund (PSF) which can tap the fund to support local climate adaptation plans, vulnerability assessment, and similar incentives  Funding will be provided to localities threatened by persistent flooding, to coastal communities facing rising sea levels, or to local government units (LGUs) seeking Chapter 2 provides the background and description of the World Bank-Norwegian Trust Fund (WB-NTF)’s to promote agricultural programs resilient to extreme “Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Communities: A Community-based Approach� Project. It presents temperatures and changing rainfall. the framework of the adaption approach, as initially conceived by the Project planners, and shows how this has evolved to respond to situations on the ground as implementation progressed. It describes the multi-stage process of selecting the project sites and the strategies adopted in achieving the project objectives. Public-private partnerships A growing number of national and multi-national private business corporations and groups are 2.1 Background and project rationale partnering with national government agencies (NGAs) and LGUs to discover and support the government’s thrust to raise public awareness on climate change. In support of the strategic directions of the Government of the Philippines (GOP) on climate change and consistent with the thrusts of the Bank in the country, the World Bank Office in On top of this, Philippine media organizations have helped build awareness for climate change Manila (WBOM), with funding support from the Norwegian Trust Fund (NTF), initiated the adaptation. In November 26, 2011, various national media organizations—the National Press implementation of the “Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Communities� Project in the last Club (NPC), the Kapisanan ng mga Broadkasters ng Pilipinas (KBP), the Publishers’ Association of quarter of 2008 until September 2011. the Philippines, the Foreign Correspondents Association of the Philippines (FOCAP), and the Philippine Network of Environmental Journalists—signed the “Philippine Media Declaration Because of the Philippines’ geographic location and archipelagic nature, its coasts are most on Climate Change�, pledging their concerted effort to “catalyze public awareness and pursue vulnerable to climate and disaster risks. Over 60 million of the country’s population is estimated a nationwide advocacy for climate change adaptation and mitigation� at the end of the “First to live in coastal areas (Box 2.1). As population and economic centers are situated near shorelines National Media Conference on Climate Change Adaptation.� They vowed to promote regional and riverbanks, the impacts of strong winds and waves and sea level rise can be costly. This is and international collaboration for the enrichment of climate change reporting and skills especially true for many of the country’s poor who, bereft of land and productive assets, have enhancement of media practitioners, through training and exchange of knowledge and best made their homes near the shorelines. Those practices. The conference was initiated by the Albay LGU and by several agencies of the national killed in the June 2011 flash floods in Davao City, in southern Mindanao, and whose homes Box 2.1 government. and livelihoods were washed away, were the Brief Profile of the city’s poor living near riverbanks. So were many of the over 1,000 deaths in the southern cities of Philippines’ Coasts Cagayan de Oro and Iligan in December 2011, • 7,107 islands in the aftermath of typhoon Sendong (Washi). • 226,000 km² coastal waters Many of those living near the coasts are • 1.93 million km² oceanic waters artisanal fishing families dependent on the sea • 64 (out of 79) coastal provinces for their sustenance and livelihood. They have • 832 (out of 1,541) coastal been mired in poverty because of declining municipalities fish catch due to overfishing, the destruction • 64.7 M coastal population (2000) 11 The “Social Contract� is President Benigno Simeon C. Aquino III’s Platform of Government, an election promise he had made and had declared to fulfill during his incumbency. of fishery and marine habitats due to cyanide • 289 km discontinuous coastline 12 Climate Change Commission, National Climate Change Adaptation Plan, http://www.climate.gov.ph and dynamite use, and the intrusion of large Source:http://www.census.gov.ph fishing vessels. The expected adverse impacts 6 Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Communities A Documentation of Project Experience 7 of climate change increase their vulnerability, and these have compromised GOP’s efforts of Map 2.1: Location of Project Sites achieving its Millennium Development Goals. Thus, the Project was conceived to help these most vulnerable communities and their local government to better adapt to climate change. 2.2 Project objectives Box 2.2 The Project sought to: Criteria for project site selection 1) Establish a community-based adaptation • Large areas and populations strategy in the pilot sites by: vulnerable to climate change risks a) Setting appropriate policies; and natural disasters b) Climate-proofing livelihoods; • Presence of significant areas of sea grass, mangroves, and coral reefs c) Institutionalizing science-based- • Demonstrated willingness of decision support systems; and municipal/barangay LGUs to 2) Develop a replicable template that can be participate in project activities and used by and adapted to all other similar to sustain initial gains sites in the Philippines 2.3 The Adaptation Approach Framework13 BICOL REGION The Project had four major components: (i) Policy and legislation; (ii) Vulnerability assessment; (iii) Bio-physical adaptation measures; and (iv) Capacity-building and partnership. Two sets of processes were initiated (Diagram 2.1). The initial activities—vulnerability assessment, policy study, and establishment of local weather station—were carried out to establish sufficient information that were then needed to craft effective and targeted solutions for on-the-ground implementation. From the assessment and studies, adaptation options were identified and implemented in partnership with the LGUs and the communities. Follow-through activities included: workshops with local legislators, planners, mayors, and barangay captains; the enactment of local legislation to fill policy gaps; bio-physical measures such as the establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs) and the rehabilitation of mangrove areas; enabling an efficient weather data management and communications protocol; starting up of climate-resilient livelihoods; and building linkages and partnerships with national and local government agencies, private, and civil society sector groups. The project activities aimed to yield, in the medium- and long-term, concrete impacts on the ground. These include the protection of sandy beaches from coastal erosion, the stabilization of the shorelines, the enhancement of the reef areas and an increase in fishery productivity, and Image taken from the Department of Agriculture website (http://www.da.gov.ph). disaster preparedness. Inset: Bicol’s location in the Philippine map. Map taken from http://islands.philippinemaps.ph 13 Maya Villaluz, “Climate Change Adaptation: Community-based Approach Project,� 2008, internal document. 8 Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Communities A Documentation of Project Experience 9 Diagram 2.1: Climate Change Adaptation Framework • Community workshops • Multi-channel communication • IEC planning & implementation Communications • Socio-economic assessment Marine Protected • Identification of high-risk areas Areas (MPAs) • Reef health assessment • Hazard indexing Eco-tourism • Beach stability assessment • Real-time weather Vulnerability • Disaster preparedness Assessment Climate-resilient • Real-time weather data livelihood collection • Mangrove & bird species inventory Aquasilviculture Community-Based Policy Climate Change Climate Change Dialogue • Increased interface between Adaptation (CCA) CCA in local national and local legislation Adaptation governments Strategies • Governance review Integrated value • Gaps & policy needs chain for marine • LGU capacity-building products Community Early warning Engagement systems • Community acceptance and mobilization • Livelihood assessment Financial • Recognition of local resources champions • CCA-DRRM preparedness Partnerships & Strengthened capacity building national and local local focal government persons linkages • Intra-community partnerships • Knowledge sharing among pilot sites & other areas • Public-private partnerships • Media engagement 10 Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Communities A Documentation of Project Experience 11 2.4 Selection of project sites Table 2.1 Profile of Project Sites The Project adopted a multi-layered process in selecting the pilot sites. Masbate and Sorsogon Land Barangays Population* Project Sites Category provinces in the Bicol Region were pre-selected from a list of 10 provinces in the country Area (ha) Total Coastal % of Total considered most vulnerable to climate change (Diagram 2.2) The two provinces are the entry Gubat, Sorsogon 2nd class14 13,451 42 12 29% 55,501 point of 30 percent of the typhoons that enter the country’s area of responsibility each year. Batuan, Masbate 5 class th 5,341 14 9 64% 12,585 National poverty indices ranked the two consistently among the country’s poorest (Table 2.1). Caramoan, 2nd class 27,741 49 19 39% 40,810 The most vulnerable municipalities from the two provinces, Gubat, Matnog, and Prieto Diaz Camarines Sur in Sorsogon; and Monreal and Batuan in Masbate were subsequently selected through a *2007 NSO Census of Population comparative review of their geo-physical characteristics and socio-economic data. Matnog, Prieto Diaz, and Gubat are low-lying coastal towns and the latter two are situated on the eastern seaboard. Hence, they directly bear the brunt of strong winds and waves. Although not directly 2.5 The project stakeholders in typhoons’ path, Monreal and Batuan are part of the small low-lying island of Ticao, which is at a high risk of inundation from potential sea-level rise. National Government Agencies (NGAs). The Project sought to engage agencies of the national government whose mandate and programming directly impact the country’s coastal zones and In addition to the sites’ physical vulnerability, the Project planners added a second criterion to communities, by supporting measures to enhance their institutional capacity and programming. their final choice of pilot municipalities: the presence of significant areas of sea grass, mangroves, The Project financed national seminars on climate change adaptation initiated by the DENR, the and coral reefs (Box 2.2, page 8). Analysis of the cost-and-benefit of hard engineering structures agency tasked to protect and manage the country’s mangrove forests. Educational videos on and of healthy coastal ecosystems (coral reefs, sea grass, mangroves) undertaken by the climate change produced by the Project were shared with the agency. The Project also supported University of the Philippines-Marine Environment and Resources Foundation, Inc. (UP-MERF), a national consultation of the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR), the agency the agency engaged by the Project to undertake the scientific studies, indicated that the soft tasked to manage and develop the country’s fishery and aquatic resources. It was the first time in engineering response to the risks of sea-level rise, storm surge and flooding is generally more 10 years that the BFAR had conducted such an activity. The Project linked up the agency with the cost-effective and sustainable than sea walls or hard engineering. Other than providing a natural LGUs in the project site to address the latter’s need for climate resilient livelihood technologies. barrier to the potential adverse impacts of climate change by dissipating wave energy reaching the coast, the protection of coral reefs, sea grass beds, mangrove and beach forests contribute The Project also mobilized expert services to support the newly set-up office of the Climate to biodiversity conservation and poverty reduction in coastal communities. Change Commission. Working closely with the Commission, the Project’s Climate Change Adaptation consultant formulated a “Guide to Local Adaptation Planning�, which seeks to The assessments showed that though Prieto Diaz is more vulnerable to typhoon hazards due to inform LGUs of their options to mainstream climate change adaptation in their development its location and geography, Gubat had more areas and populations exposed to potential sea- planning.15 A communication and knowledge management specialist was brought in to assist level rise, flooding, and storm surge; based on consultation with provincial leaders, the latter was the Commission in crafting an integrated communication strategy to promote appropriate prioritized. of LGU executives to participate proved to be a critical factor in the implementation adaptation practices and to effect behavioral change at national and local levels. of adaptation measures (Chapter 4). The assistance of the military was sought for patrolling the sanctuaries, especially when the LGU Caramoan in Camarines Sur, joined the project as a replication site after a year when the framework did not have enough resources to carry these out. Toward the end of the Project, partnerships developed in Sorsogon and Masbate proved to be trailblazer in their local development planning with other organizations were established. process. One of the recipients of a World Bank-assisted riverbank protection project, Caramoan’s mayor and local government officials signified their willingness to participate in the project in the Local Government Units (LGUs). The Project recognized the key role of LGUs—local governments hope of finding a solution to the devastating floods that repeatedly submerge the town center at the provincial, municipal and barangay levels—in initiating adaptation measures on the for several days at a time. Biodiversity-rich Caramoan is at risk of human-induced hazards from Municipalities are classified according to average annual income. According to the National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB): first-class municipalities have an annual 14 unplanned development; it is fast developing as a popular tourism destination but its tourism income of at least Php55 million (USD1.32 million); second-class municipalities have an annual income of at least Php45 million (USD1.08 million) but less than Php55 mil- infrastructure has yet to be put in place. Moreover, the Caramoan LGU has yet to formulate its lion; third-class municipalities have an annual income of at least Php35 million (USD800,00) but less than Php45 million; fourth-class municipalities have an annual income of at least Php25 million (USD600,000) but less than Php35 million; fifth-class municipalities have an annual income of at least Php15 million (USD350,000) but less than comprehensive land use plan. Php25 million; sixth-class municipalities have an annual income of less than Php15 million. 15 Noela Lasmarias, “Enabling Local Actions on Climate Change: A Guide to Local Adaptation Planning.� The full report is available at WBOM. 12 Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Communities A Documentation of Project Experience 13 ground, in the communities where the adverse impacts of climate change and natural disasters are likely to be most felt. The LGUs have to be equipped with the knowledge, the skills, and the Diagram 2.2 Pilot Site Selection Process and Project Activities at Different LGU Levels resources to enable them to prevent climate risks from becoming disasters. The Climate Change Act mandates provincial LGUs to “provide technical assistance, enforcement and information management in support of municipal and city action plans� (Sec 13). The Project Activities / Inputs Project Site Selection Process governors’ endorsement of the Project was sought to ensure cooperation and participation of the mayors; selection of project sites was done in consultation with each site’s respective governor. The Project also sought to review the development policies and programs of the Provincial Government, as these affect the development plans and programs of the municipal LGUs. • Partnership-building (Governors, LGAs, RP’s 10 most vulnerable provinces to Academe, other Civil Society Climate Change Risks: (Albay, Pampanga, The mayor, as the local chief executive, together with the Sangguniang Bayan or the Municipal Organizations) Ifugao, Sorsogon, Biliran, Rizal, N. Samar, • IEC Cavite, Masbate, Laguna) Council, has the power to allocate and direct the use the resources and machinery of the LGU • Policy dialogue for adaptation measures. Similarly, the barangay captain, with his or her Barangay Council, has the power to initiate and implement actions at the community level. Their leadership is a key variable in the successful implementation of adaptation measures. • Partnership-building Sorsogon, Masbate Pilot communities. Those communities assessed by the Project to be most vulnerable to climate • IEC and capacity-building and disaster risks were engaged and became partners in project implementation. In communities • Vulnerability assessment (mangrove, where functioning peoples’ organizations (POs) such as Fisheries and Aquatic Resources coral reef, sea grass, fishery, physical Management Councils (FARMCs)16 or multi-purpose cooperatives existed, partnerships were infrastructure, geology, socio-economic) • Policy review and setting strengthened through the capacity building initiatives and awareness raising efforts on climate • CC communication (educational videos change adaptation. Where POs are non-existent, communities were organized to implement and Gubat, and community theater) production Monreal, manage the chosen adaptation measures. Prieto Diaz, and roll-on Batuan • 3-D mapping and CCA action planning Matnog Private sector. National and local media networks and individuals were key partners in • Advocacy for budgetary actions communicating and “popularizing� climate change. In Chapter 4, media’s role, particularly that Municipalities of television, in initiating adaptation measures is described. Local educational institutions, individual academics, and researchers were also engaged to provide expertise and support Gubat Batuan in implementing project activities. Partner communities were also linked with these resource • Roll-out of CC communication videos, Caramoan institutions. community theater • Vulnerability assessment The support and participation of civil society leaders, such as local church groups and private • 3-D mapping • Capacity building individuals held in esteem in the community, were also sought especially in information Barangays • Action planning and implementation dissemination. of adaptation measures o MPA establishment o Mangrove protection and rehabilitation Canvañez Rizal Gata Panisihan o Alternative livelihood o Local weather monitoring/early warning Bagacay Royroy Tabgos Lahuy Gibraltar 16 Executive Order 240, s. 1995 mandated the organization of FARMCs in barangays, municipalities and cities abutting municipal waters to institutionalize the role of local o Ordinance enactment fisherfolk and other resources users in the community-based planning and implementation of policies and programs for the management, conservation, development, and Island protection of aquatic and fishery resources. They recommend the aquatic and fishery resource management policies and plans for integration into the local development plans and they can be deputized as fish wardens, among others. Burgos 14 Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Communities A Documentation of Project Experience 15 2.6 Project implementation mechanism Internationally renowned experts such as the Marine Environment and Resources Foundation, Chapter 3 Inc.,(MERF), attached to the University of the Philippines Marine Science Institute (UP-MSI), and individual Filipino specialists rendered their knowledge in carrying out the policy review, vulnerability assessment, other scientific studies, social engagement and mobilization of the Mobilizing Stakeholders for Adaptation pilot LGUs and communities, value chain modeling and capacity building (Table 2.2). Also engaged were advocacy and media groups such as the media network Net 25, to feature the project sites and activities in the network’s news and travel shows; and the environmental advocacy group Wild Bird Club, to undertake rapid inventory and photo documentation of birds in mangroves in the project sites. Chapter 3 provides an overview of the in-situ scientific studies and assessments that were carried out to The Project was implemented over a period of three years, beginning the last quarter of 2008 generate information that guided the identification of biophysical adaptation measures. It also describes and ending in September 2011. To date, the policy dialogue in these areas continue. the strategies and processes employed by the facilitating agencies in preparing and mobilizing the communities to adopt the measures. Table 2.2. Community-Based Climate Change Adaptation Project Activities Project Sites 3.1 Generating science-based information for adaptation planning Project Activities and decision-making Gubat Batuan Caramoan 1. Vulnerability assessment X X X The Project, which generated science-based information to guide the LGUs and pilot communities of Gubat, Batuan, and Caramoan in identifying and deciding on their adaptation options, was 2. Installation of local weather monitoring X X X considered groundbreaking. Various scientific studies were carried out in the project sites and system and training of operators are discussed briefly in this chapter and in detail in Chapter 4. In Gubat, a review of relevant local 3. Policy review X X X policies on land use, physical framework plans, among others, was also undertaken. 4. Communicating CC impacts and risks X X X Vulnerability Assessment and other studies. In-situ vulnerability assessment was carried out 5. Capacity building of project stakeholders in the different sites; the process and results are discussed in Chapter 4. The assessment results informed the choice of communities where pilot adaptation measures were undertaken; policy 3-D Mapping X X X advice to the municipal LGU on climate proofing of physical infrastructure; and options for Marine Protected Area X X X coastal protection. Mangrove Protection and Rehabilitation X X X (Real-time) Local Weather Monitoring. To assist the pilot LGUs in preparing their communities Climate-resilient community enterprise X X X for typhoon and other extreme weather events, a stand-alone weather monitoring system, developed by Professor C.P. David of the UP National Institute for Geological Science (UP-NIGS), 6. Implementation of adaptation measures X X X was installed in each of the project sites17. The system tracked wind direction and velocity, and measured amount of rainfall, in real time. A communication protocol illustrated in Diagram 3.1 7. Partnership building and networking X X X was designed but variations in implementation and outcome were made on site, as described in Chapter 4. 17 This system was also installed in the coastal municipalities of Bantayan and Sta. Fe in Cebu province. Due to logistical constraints, Project activities in these two sites were suspended in the 1st half of 2011. 16 Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Communities A Documentation of Project Experience 17 Diagram 3.1 3.2 Social Engagement Communicating climate risks The challenge. Results of the vulnerability assessments were communicated to the project stakeholders to increase their awareness of climate change and its impacts; and facilitate the adoption of recommended adaptation measures. A four-day P3DM-cum-adaptation planning workshop (Appendix 3.1) was held, participated in by LGU and LGA municipal officials, barangay captains, and community representatives. During the adaptation planning session, the facilitator found that the participants’ levels of awareness and understanding of climate change ranged from zero to minimal, making their identification of appropriate adaptation strategies difficult.18 It was decided that the knowledge gap had to be addressed before proceeding with planned follow-through activities. A complementary Climate Change Communication Project was created focused on the implementation of Communications Strategy for the Project. The communication project approved had three components: (i) a survey of the target audience to determine their profile, level of awareness of CC, medium of communication frequently used, and issues they were most concerned with; (ii) development and production of communication tools based on the survey results; and (iii) roll-out of the tools in the project sites. A communication consultant helped design and implement the survey and develop the communication package. The communication survey was carried out in Gubat and Batuan in the first half of 2009. Grounding the strategies and tools. The communication survey found that radio and television were the main sources of information in these barangays; hence, the communication strategy involved the development of visual and audio presentations. The survey results also revealed that economic concerns were prioritized over environmental issues. Therefore, the messages Participatory 3-Dimensional Modeling (P3DM). P3DM is a tool used to help stakeholders better had to be linked to the people’s economic activities, i.e., the impact of climate change and how understand the physical and biological characteristics of their communities, and how climate it will affect their livelihood and related activities. change impacts their livelihood and living conditions. It involves consultations with stakeholders, which feed into a 3D map that can be used in planning and monitoring DRR, and CCA strategies. Various communication materials (Table 3.1) and tools were produced and rolled out in the These stand-alone scaled relief maps are overlapped on geographical information obtained from project sites and subsequently produced for mass distribution at relevant national forums. the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA), and the Mines and Geo- sciences Bureau (MGB). The 3D maps include information on barangay location and boundaries, To introduce basic climate change concepts, the video documentary, Panahon Na (It’s Time)! was resource use, location and extent of flood-prone and landslide areas. It is made accessible to produced. Panahon Na, with narrations in English and Filipino by known and respected national the public, allowing them to better appreciate and interpret geo-referenced information. LGU actors, tackled the causes and impacts of changing climate and the important role of each leaders and community representatives from the 42 barangays of Gubat and 14 barangays of person to address it now. The video was done in the local dialects, Bikolano and its variants, e.g., Batuan went through the P3DM and an action planning workshop. Each barangay presented a Gubatnon. The local version featured respected informal leaders such as a parish priest, pastor, draft climate adaptation plan. Of these, two barangays in Gubat and five in Batuan proceeded and school principal talking about their observations of changes in the local climate over time to implement some of their plans with LGU and Project support (see Chapter 4). and evidence of local impacts. The videos were shown in schools and barangay assemblies. To enhance recall of key concepts and messages, a quiz show on the video followed each showing. Some staff members of the Offices of the Municipal Engineer and Planning and Development Prizes were awarded to those who gave correct answers. Coordination of the LGUs were trained on the use of the Geographic Information System, providing them with the skills to locate the geographic positions of important landmarks that were used as geo-referencing positions for the 3D model. 18 PFEC, “Reflections on the Implementation of the World Bank Climate Change Communication Project,� 2010, internal project document. 18 Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Communities A Documentation of Project Experience 19 Community theaters are popular avenues to convey messages on social issues in the Philippines. Capacity-building approach Teatro Gubat was organized as a medium to raise stakeholders’ awareness of climate change. Children of fishing families, including some parents, auditioned to be included in the community Capacity-building (Cap B) was integrated into all Project activities. This approach is captured theater. A local director was engaged to train and direct the actors. The group performed in big by the upward arrow on the box. The target stakeholder groups were first given orientations public gatherings in Gubat, Sorsogon City, Legaspi City and Caramoan. The actors dramatized and lectures on the ecosystem. These were followed by field trips to different ecosystems where how the destruction of coral reefs and mangroves had affected their families and how their they learned practical skills such as identifying mangrove species and their habitat, and how to situation could worsen unless everyone did his or her share to protect the coral reefs and fish bag propagules. Videos of coral reefs in their community were shown alongside healthier reefs sanctuaries. elsewhere to help them visualize the effects of climate change on marine life. Table 3.1 Climate Change Communication Tools Produced and Rolled-Out in Project Sites* The LGU engaged the services of local scientists, technical experts, and practitioners from various disciplines and from different parts of the country to provide the necessary inputs for Communication tools Content/Messages Audience this undertaking. Educational videos Panahon Na! Ang  Present the signs of climate change globally Immersion of community organizers (COs) Pinoy at ang Hamon ng and nationally, its causes, and effects. The  Uploaded in YouTube Climate Change Philippines is now feeling the adverse Because of the key stakeholders’ general lack of awareness and very limited knowledge of impacts of climate change—extreme weather  At least 40 movie climate change issues, two community organizers (CO) were tapped, one each for Gubat and [It’s Time! The Filipino conditions, warmer temperatures. The impacts theaters nationwide can worsen but we must prepare and do Batuan, at the start of the Project. The COs were simultaneously deployed in the pilot sites for and the Challenge of Climate Change] something to reduce these.  Barangay LGU leaders three months starting February 2010. They were tasked to get acquainted with the communities; and community know the formal and informal leaders; and introduce the Project. The CO was the face of the  A short film in Filipino dramatizing the effects Project in the area. This immersion enabled Sangtwaryo members of dynamite or blast fishing on marine life and [Sanctuary] the lives of fisherfolk practicing it. him/her to identify key personalities who  Shown in barangay can be engaged and mobilized to help in Sa Pagbag’o San  Community members, including authority assemblies and the implementation of Project activities. Panahon figures and highly regarded individuals, schools The CO prepared the groundwork for the present evidence of climate change and (Localized version of impacts in their communities, e.g. receding  National conferences, implementation of project activities. The Panahon Na! done for shoreline, changing weather patterns, houses exhibits frequent interaction with community Gubat and Batuan) washed out by strong winds and waves, etc. leaders and members and the municipal LGU focal person enabled early identification of  A play depicting local climate change impacts.  Shown regularly on a Pag mangno It features children of fisherfolk in pilot project local cable network in operational issues. Diagram 3.2 The Community Organizing Experience sites in Gubat. Delivered in the local dialect. Gubat and Legaspi After the immersion period, the CO made intermittent visits to the site usually once or twice a  The state of the coral reefs in the project sites Videos of coral reefs in  Shown during MPA month, or as required. were captured on video and shown alongside Gubat and Batuan orientation workshops the protected reefs of Anilao, Batangas. Engaging focal persons and potential champions  Features interviews of CCA project Footprints (featuring  Shown on national stakeholders on possible climate change television program, Mayors should champion climate change adaptation for it to be institutionalized, given that they Gubat, Caramoan, scenarios; the impacts on the pilot Footprints, Net 25 play an important role in policy formulation, institutional reform, and LGU resource mobilization Bantayan and Santa communities; and potential (and actual) bio- Channel, continuous Fe) physical adaptation measures planned and (Chapter 6, Box 6a: A Tale of Two Mayors). It is practical and necessary to identify and engage a reruns being implemented. focal point in the LGU who has the mayor’s ears, and can make himself or herself accessible to  Features trained local artists and children of the Project. For the three project sites, the mayor designated focal persons to coordinate with Community theater local fisherfolk, acting out the adverse effects  Staged in Gubat, the Project—the municipal engineers in Gubat and Batuan; and the coordinator of the Coastal of climate change on the coastal environment, Batuan and Caramoan Resource Management Office (CRMO) in Caramoan. Barangay captains play an equally critical Ang Sugo their parents’ livelihood, and on their future. role in ensuring the success of adaptation measures in the communities (Box 4.3: La Kapitana). *Panahon Na! was produced by the Presidential Task Force on Climate Change; Sangtwaryo by the Law of Nature Community leaders can also assume this role. For instance, in the pilot barangay of Rizal in Foundation, et. al., Footprints by Net 25 and the rest by the CCA Project. 20 Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Communities A Documentation of Project Experience 21 Gubat, an informal leader assumed this role in the face of a non-cooperating Barangay LGU (Box IEC materials and would give project stakeholders and local community members a better 4.1: Overcoming Apathy and Opposition in Bgy Rizal). These champions contributed to the overall appreciation of what they are protecting. In Caramoan, where illegal cutting is a concern for success of the Project. law enforcers, species identification and photo documentation would help enforcers counter violators’ common alibi that the wood they cut are not from mangroves. 3.3 Toward an ecosystem-based approach to adaptation Birds in mangrove areas inventory in support of habitat protection MPA establishment An inventory of birds in mangroves, the first to be done in the project sites, was done by the Wild Scientific studies done by the academe on Gubat, discussed in detail in Chapter 4, established Bird Club of the Philippines. The Wild Bird Club is an environmental advocacy group promoting that coastal erosion occurred in channels or in gaps between reefs. The in-situ assessment protection of bird habitats. The Club did an inventory and photo documentation of various finding was affirmed by the results of the wave modeling that was carried out, showing that wave species of resident birds in the sites. They also taught community leaders how to identify birds energy reached the coast in areas where there were no reefs blocking incoming waves. Based on through bird sounds. The inventory and photo documentation will be an added input for IEC these findings, the Project promoted protection of coral reefs and sea grass beds through the initiatives of the LGUs and the Protected Area Management Board (PAMB) of the Bongsanglay establishment of marine protected areas (MPA); enhancement of protection efforts where these Nature Reserve in Batuan, and a possible baseline indicator for assessing the health of the already existed; and stricter enforcement of the provisions of the Fishery Act banning destructive mangroves over the long term. Since the organization promotes bird watching, it could enhance fishing practices. the site’s tourism potential and generate employment opportunities. This could be encouraged by posting photos of these birds online. Prior to the establishment of an MPA, key stakeholders attended an orientation session from the provincial office of the Department of Agriculture and founders of successful MPAs in other 3.4 Toward building climate-resilient livelihoods areas. Rapid underwater assessment of existing (to verify their viability) and potential new sites for MPAs was carried out by a team of divers comprising local fisherfolk guides, LGU leaders, key Poor fishing families living within 500 meters from the shoreline are most vulnerable to the staff of the Offices of the Municipal Agriculturist and the Provincial Agriculturist. Key community adverse effects of climate change, according to social assessments carried out by the Project stakeholders decided on the location and size of the MPA/s to be declared protected. in pilot sites. This group lacks or has very limited access to productive assets such as motorized fishing boats and other livelihood sources. In the event of natural disasters, which are expected Mangrove rehabilitation and protection to intensify due to climate change, their ability to cope will be further tested. Among the major marine ecosystems in the Philippines, including coral reefs and sea grass Through the Project, people received product and market information on how to diversify their beds, mangroves have suffered the earliest and greatest degradation because of their relative livelihood. The Project equipped them with new skills, and provided start-up funds that were accessibility and a long history of conversion into aquaculture ponds.19 Despite the mangrove leveraged to secure counterpart funding from the municipal LGUs and other sources. cutting ban, people continue with the practice, using this as fuel wood since the cost of liquefied petroleum gas is beyond reach and traditional fuel wood sources such as coconut husks are Management teams organized to oversee the MPAs, comprising mainly artisanal fishers, were being depleted by competing commercial users. Apparently, people would rather satisfy their initially targeted to take part in the livelihood projects. Because protection activities take away immediate economic needs over the benefits of preserving mangroves, which serve as a habitat time from fishing and other productive endeavors, a livelihood support component was added for fish and other marine life and acts as a buffer against storm surges and strong winds. To to enhance and sustain protection efforts. As the management teams gain legal standing protect remaining mangroves and rehabilitate abandoned (aquaculture ponds) or degraded (becoming associations and cooperatives) and the enterprise starts to take off, more community ones, mangrove areas were mapped in the three sites to establish the actual cover and ascertain members are expected to join the PO. the ecosystem’s health, so that appropriate measures can be planned and implemented. Comprehensive maps of mangroves areas overlaid with hazard maps should inform decisions Sea cucumber ranching was introduced in Gubat and group marketing of seaweed started in on prioritization of areas for rehabilitation, or to strengthen protection efforts. Gubat and Caramaon toward the end of the Project. In the future, the LGU expects to find ways to address climate-related variables affecting aqua- and marine-based livelihoods, including To establish biodiversity in the area, an inventory and documentation of mangrove species seaweed growing. in each project site was carried out. The inventory results could be used in the production of BFAR Engaging LGUs. Discussions initiated by the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR), the government agency mandated to develop, improve, manage, and conserve the 19 J Primavera, “Development and Conservation of Philippine Mangroves: Institutional Issues,� Ecological Economics 35 (2000) 91-106 22 Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Communities A Documentation of Project Experience 23 country’s fishery and aquatic resources with the LGUs further enhanced the interests of the villagers to engage in climate resilient livelihoods. BFAR has been developing aquasilviculture, an environment friendly mangrove aquaculture system promoting the harmonious co-existence Chapter 4 Climate Change between fishery species and mangrove trees in a semi-enclosed system20. Thus far, municipal LGUs brought 12-15 each of their barangay LGUs and PO leaders to BFAR’s National Brackishwater Fisheries Technology Center in Pagbilao Island to train on aquasilviculture technology. Pilot LGUs Adaptation Initiatives hope to adopt the technology learned from this session. Value chain study for seaweed. Fishing families in Gubat and Caramoan farm seaweed to augment their income. However, seaweed production has been affected by a disease caused by toxic substances from fishponds (in Gubat) and by the warming of the waters. This has depressed farm gate prices and has prevented growers from optimizing their returns. In response, the Project initiated a value chain study to provide the LGUs and the communities with options to Chapter 4 describes the Project inputs and the adaptation measures initiated at each site. It describes optimize the value of seaweed. To ensure the sustainability of seaweed growing as an enterprise, the strategies and processes adopted by the facilitating agencies, given each site’s socio-economic and however, the LGU recognizes it has to provide greater support to the farmers in the form of political context, and the disaster and climate risks faced. It highlights the catalyzing role of different technical training, marketing support, and possibly, financial assistance. Partnerships with the project stakeholders in achieving early gains. private sector and trade groups will be needed to build the market for seaweed, as well as establish the supply chain. The national government will also have to play its part in developing the market for seaweed and in providing the infrastructure for the development of the industry. 4.1 Gubat, Sorsogon The Local Context Socio-economic Gubat is a second-class municipality with a population of 55,501 as of 2007. Rice farming, copra production, and fishing are the primary livelihoods of most of its population and the biggest contributors to its economy. The town has a nascent tourism industry, with a long stretch of its coastline dotted with resorts and the white sandy beaches. The village of Rizal is a popular local destination. In 2006, an expedition of international astronomers observed the transit of Mercury at the beach. Gubat is linked to regional market centers— the cities of Sorsogon, Legaspi, and Naga—by Artisanal fishers in Bagacay Village preparing to go fishing; behind them is a damaged part of the seawall / Photo by concrete road networks. From Manila, it is a 12- MERF-UP-MSI hour bus ride away and less than an hour by plane to the nearest airport in the town of Pili. Gubat is comprised of 42 villages, 12 of them along the coasts. At the time of the Project, 243 20 http://www.da.bfar.gov.ph artisanal fishers lived in the coastal villages. About 32 percent of them were fulltime fisherfolk; the others had second livelihood sources (farming in the uplands, occasional odd jobs as carpenters, 24 Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Communities A Documentation of Project Experience 25 mechanics, etc.) Second income sources have increasingly been necessary because of declining Continued from page 26 fish catch and the rising cost of fishing, as fishers need to go farther offshore to find fish. Most of them have no access to motorized boats. Some families have turned to seaweed farming to Table 4.1a Key Findings from the Scientific Studies on Gubat, Sorsogon, 2008. augment their incomes. Studies Done Parameters Findings  Wave energy propagation reaches the coast in areas where The fishing grounds include sea grass and coral reefs as well as the open sea. there are no reefs to block incoming waves. Wave energy Wave modeling Climate and Disaster Risks Wave height  Wave modeling results are corroborated by in-situ assessment in Rizal and Bagacay, where eroded coasts are located in areas without reefs or in gaps between reefs. Located on the eastern side of Sorsogon 123°24' E 123°36' E 123°48' E 124°00' E 124°12' E N Geological province facing the Pacific Ocean, Gubat  The design of an existing seawall in Bagacay cannot withstand and hydro- is directly in the path of typhoons. It W E Engineering abrasive action of waves. Both ends of the seawall are meteorological 13°06' N 13°06' N collapsing. has an average coastal elevation of no S data Location higher than 10 meters above sea level 0 10 km Bacon Prieto Diaz Source: Marine Environment and Resources Foundation, Inc., UP-MSI, “WB-NTF’s Climate Change in Coastal Areas: A (Map 2), which makes it susceptible to Donsol Pilar Sorsogon Community-based Adaptation Approach,� Draft Final Report, December 31, 2008. Castilla storm surges. Gubat 12°54' N 12°54' N According to a marine geological study, elevation in meters Casiguran Generating Science-Based Information for Adaptation Planning and Barcelona Decision-Making 2000 Magallanes Juban Gubat has lost about 70 meters of its 1500 1000 Bulusan shore land to erosion over the past 50 500 12°42' N 12°42' N 300 Irosin years (Table 4.1a). Local leaders have 100 50 Bulan Vulnerability Assessment and Other Studies Santa Magdalena noted the gradual disappearance of 10 7 a resort built a decade ago by the 5 3 Matnog Most vulnerable communities. In-situ vulnerability assessment was carried out in 2008 to establish Philippine Tourism Authority on the 2 which of Gubat’s 12 coastal villages were at highest risk and to establish areas of engagement. 12°30' N 12°30' N 1 coast of one of the villages, which 123°24' E 123°36' E 123°48' E 124°00' E 124°12' E Adopting the UNDP formula for risk, i.e., Risk = Hazard x Exposure x Vulnerability21, the villages provides concrete evidence that the Map 4.1 Coastal elevation of Gubat and other municipalities of Sorsogon of Bagacay and Rizal were found to rank highest in the risk index (Table 4.1b). /Map by MERF/UPMSI coastline is receding. Bagacay, with a population of 3,181 in 2007, has a third of its population living within 500 meters of the shoreline. In Rizal, one-fifth of the population is similarly situated. Villagers living directly Table 4.1a Key Findings from the Scientific Studies on Gubat, Sorsogon, 2008. behind the seawall were found to be at highest risk. Most of them were fisherfolk whose houses Studies Done Parameters Findings would not withstand strong typhoons (see photos on next page), with or without climate change. Found to be at high risk of flooding, in addition to the fishing village, were the elementary school, Coastal topology the village hall, and the health center in Bagacay, which were situated a few meters from the (SRTM-based  Low-lying Gubat is one of two coastal municipalities in digital elevation Sorsogon facing the Pacific Ocean. seawall. model)  In the past 50 years, 70 meters of its shore land was lost to The state of physical infrastructure in Bacagay and Rizal also posed potential hazards (Table 4.1c). erosion that could be attributed to shifts in position of the river The main roads and public buildings lacked drainage that worsened the extent and magnitude Marine Geology mouth and resulting reduction in supply of sediments. of rain-induced flooding. The studies concluded that, given the projected increase in frequency Shoreline change and intensity of typhoons, inaction would exacerbate flooding in these communities. (beach erosion,  Between 1999 and 2004, erosion pushed the shoreline etc.) landward from its position in the 1950s.  Erosion is slower where there are wide reefs, which is consistent with results of wave modeling. Continued on next page 21 “Hazards� (H) are either the effects of climate change (e.g., flooding or landslides) or the loss of nature’s protective ways because of how the community has al- tered its environment (e.g.,erosion,the destruction of mangroves and coral reefs).“Exposure�(E) means the extent to which a community is exposed to hazards. Meanwhile,“Vulnerability�(V)is determined by a community’s ecosystem, physical features,and population. 26 Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Communities A Documentation of Project Experience 27 Table 4.1b MERF/UP-MSI In-Situ Vulnerability Assessment Findings and Recommendations for Bagacay and Rizal Villages in Gubat, Sorsogon, 2008 Parameters Findings Key Bagacay Village Rizal Village Recommendations [H] Hazard/s (a)Typhoon  30% pass in the vicinity of Sorsogon (b) Low-lying  Flooding by sea level rise  Top two coastal villages with the highest percentages of [E] Exposure population exposed to hazards  1,060 residents, or  520 residents, or 1/5 of its 1/3 of population, live total population, mostly  In a scenario of Fisherfolk’s houses situated behind the seawall in Bagacay (left). Typhoon-damaged houses (right). The municipal government of a 1-meter rise in Gubat has established an evacuation center on higher ground to shelter affected families. / Photos by UP-MSI. [V] Vulnerability within 500 meters of fisherfolk, live within 500 the shoreline, many meters of the shoreline and sea level, hard behind the seawall, are are at risk of flooding and engineering will at risk from flooding and destruction of dwellings cease to be a destruction of dwellings viable option if Risk Index =  Highest among the coastal villages done in isolation [H]x[E]x[V] * with other  Increasing wave height by 1-2 meters would have measures. enormous consequences on wave energy reaching the coastline of Bagacay and Rizal. Areas that would be hit  Relocation is by stronger and more abrasive waves would be more perhaps the extensive. In Bagacay, the length of coastline that would best strategy, in be battered by strong waves would exceed the length of which people will the existing seawall. build or establish settlements on  The present height of the seawall would not suffice to higher ground. prevent water from reaching the fishing community behind it. The reefs would continue to give protection to Bagacay in this scenario, and strong waves would reach the coast only through the channels. In Rizal, high wave exposure was found near Gubat Village and significantly lower exposure was found near Rizal Beach. Density and distribution of the population of the villages of Bagacay (left) and Rizal (right), respectively. Source: WB-NTF CCA Project/UP-MSI Source: Culled from “Climate Change in Coastal Areas: A Community-Based Adaptation Approach,� Draft Final Report, Marine Environment and Resources Foundation, Inc., UP-MSI, December 31, 2008. Table 4.1c Physical Assessment of Potential Hazards in the Villages of Bagacay and Rizal in Gubat Village Population Findings  Most roads have no drainage.  Some pathways have no viable access.  Buildings have no drainage and insufficient support. Bagacay 3,181  Flooding was observed in certain areas.  Erosion, collapse, and corrosion of parts of the seawall noted.  Evidence of strong wave action observed in the southern end.  Liquefaction is likely, prone to ground settlement Continued on next page 28 Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Communities A Documentation of Project Experience 29 Continued from page 29 Table 4.1c Physical Assessment of Potential Hazards in the Villages of Bagacay and Rizal in Gubat Participatory 3-Dimensional Modeling (P3DM): Village Population Findings Merging Science and Indigenous Knowledge  Because of its orientation, the village is exposed to storm surges.  Major and minor roads and pathways are without drainage. The first major project stakeholder mobilization in Gubat was a four-day P3DM-cum-action  Building structures such as the elementary school have insufficient roof planning workshop in early 2010. An NGO, Green Forum-Western Visayas, was tasked to run the anchorage. workshop. Rizal 2,610  Seawall was observed to be eroding at the base.  Liquefaction is likely.  Part of upland areas are at risk of landslides (between Rizal and The P3DM involved two main activities: setting up or modeling of the shape map that workshop Nazareno villages). participants would work on; and production of the 3D map by the participants. At least three  Coastal erosion is evident in the northern area. representatives of each of Gubat’s 42 villages, representatives of the offices of the Municipal Source: Culled from various project documents. Engineer, Municipal Planning and Development Coordination, Municipal Agriculturist, the Municipal Council participated. Table 4.1d Impacts of Climate Change on Most Vulnerable Sectors of Bagacay & Rizal The shape map that was used by workshop Most vulnerable sectors Bagacay Rizal Impact of climate change participants to identify resources, Box 4.2b: Gubat P3DM in Snapshots  People living within 500 1,060 522  Destruction of private properties and uses, and hazards in their respective meters of the shoreline (mostly other private assets by tidTal surges fisherfolk and dependents) communities was based on maps and strong typhoons obtained from the National Mapping and  Destruction of public facilities Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA),  Threat to lives the Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB)  People who derive their 250 250  Disruption of normal/traditional and the municipal government. During livelihood from coastal fishing practices by weather the community mapping process, the resources (these include some disturbances, i.e., stronger typhoons who live inland and some who community representatives—the formal Resource persons helping are not residents of Bagacay)  Decrease in catch of some species and non-formal local leaders—checked Gubat LGU/LGA staff model  Destruction of habitats like coral reefs, the maps and pointed out rivers and the shape map for Gubat. sea grass, and mangroves due to creeks that have disappeared or have The mayor at the time, now Congressman Deogracia stronger wave action changed paths. Corrections were made Ramos (in white shirt),  Lower productivity and incomes accordingly in the map produced. During points to hazard areas.  People who depend on those 2,000 2,000  Less food and consumption of other the identification of hazards, the mayor who earn their livelihood from basic social services, such as health came to know that a fishpond had been coastal resources and education built at the river mouth and was blocking Source: Culled from UP-MSI draft report the flow of water during heavy rains or typhoons, causing flooding in nearby (Real-Time) Local Weather Monitoring communities. The mayor subsequently ordered the dismantling of the structure. In the early phase of the Project, a stand-alone local weather monitoring system capable of tracking wind direction, wind velocity, and rainfall was installed in the Bagacay village hall, a few The P3DM generated for the LGU/LGA Community representatives and communities a common information putting landmarks, meters away from the seawall. A trained staffer of the village council monitored the system. Thus identifying resource and far, tracking of wind direction and velocity has been found to be most useful in providing early base on hazards in specific areas in the uses and locating hazards in warning and preparing flood-prone segments of the communities. municipality and established their causes. their respective barangays / Photos by PFEC It also provided a forum to discuss ways Gubat is a recipient of other donor-assisted projects (FAO, USAID). One project (FAO) installed to prevent disasters. rainfall gauges as part of the donor’s initiatives to address climate change impact on agriculture; this rendered the rain gauge installed by the Project redundant. 30 Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Communities A Documentation of Project Experience 31 CC Adaptation Planning Social Engagement for Adaptation At the end of the four-day P3DM workshop, Bagacay and the 41 other villages came up with Immersion of Community Organizer (CO) their respective adaptation plans, identifying their options in addressing the impacts of climate change in specific areas in their communities (Table 4.1e). In December 2009, a team of community organizers came to Gubat to get acquainted with the area. Key informant interviews revealed that the level of awareness and understanding of climate Table 4.1e. Workshop Output: Projected CC Impacts and Adaptation Options for Bagacay Village change was very low, so it was decided to deploy young community organizers to the area full EXPERIENCED IMPACTS, CAUSES AND PROJECTED CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ADAPTATION time for three months. CONTRIBUTING FACTORS OPTIONS SPECIFIC AREA The level of interest of different village officials varied. Bagacay’s village chairperson, a former IMPACTS CAUSES CONTRIBUTING SEA LEVEL TYPHOON WETTER DRIER DRY IN VILLAGE FACTORS RISE (3M) & STORM WET MONTHS school principal, mobilized officials, community members, and resources. An educator, the SURGES MONTHS chairperson shared information using project IEC materials on climate change during village PUROK MORE THAN DISTRICT IS A DEFORESTATION       SHORTAGE RAISING assemblies. In Rizal, there was less interest. In others, non-formal leaders played a larger role. (DISRICT) KNEE-DEEP LOW-LYING OF WATER COMMUNITY 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 - FLOODING AREA SUPPLY AWARENESS ELEMENTARY ON DISASTER Box 4.1a: Local CCA Champion SCHOOL MANAGEMENT MORE THAN EROSION MORE CONSTRUCTION Overcoming Apathy and Opposition in Rizal Village KNEE-DEEP OF VILLAGE FLOODING OF SEAWALL / FLOODING ROAD IN MONTHS DRAINAGE Jun Caligajan, who became the first president of the Marine Protected Area-Rizal Fisherfolk Association, was not a fisherman, but he proved to be the fishing sector’s most able and vocal advocate. A natural leader with ALL RIVERS POOR IN PUROK PUROK FROM ADOPTION OF project management skills, Jun was elected president of every community organization set up by various FUNNEL INTO DRAINAGE [ZONES]2 [ZONES] 1, 2, SEPTEMBER NEW PLANTING national government programs and projects in the village (e.g., microfinance, coastal resource management, THE SEA AND 3 3, AND 4 TO CALENDAR etc.). DECEMBER NO DRAINAGE       NEW SEED Jun met the community organizer by chance. A three-day Climate Change orientation workshop was scheduled for IN ELEM VARIETIES the next day and was to be attended by representatives of all 42 villages of Gubat and by municipal LGU and LGA SCHOOL officials,yet the CO had yet to meet a fisher or the village chairperson.After learning about the CCA Project,Jun agreed PUROK 4, 5, 6   PROLONGED IMPROPER       DROUGHT CROP INSURANCE to be Rizal’s representative in the orientation workshop. DRY SEASON WASTE DISPOSAL Shortly after hearing the different speakers talk about climate change and its impacts on coastal communities, SHORTAGE OF POOR KNEE-DEEP EROSION OF SEA PROHIBITION OF Jun recruited fisherfolk he knew. In the afternoon there were two of them; the next day, they were five, and on COMMON IRRIGATION FLOODING FOUNDATION FLOODING ILLEGALLY BUILT FISHPONDS the third day, 11. At the end of the workshop, they formed what eventually became the core group that would oversee the establishment of Rizal’s marine protected area (MPA). The group elected Jun as its president. AGRICULTURAL CLIMATE IN PUROK OF ALL AUGUST RESTORATION COMMODITIES CHANGE [ZONES] 1 HOUSES IN AND OF MANGROVE/ AND 5 ALL SEPTEMBER CORAL REEF Neutralizing opposition. Recruiting members to the Marine Protected Area-Rizal Fisherfolk Association (MPA- THROUGH RFA) was difficult. Some were unsure about participating. There were also some who stood to be deprived of REPLANTING their fishing grounds by the implementation of a “no-take,� or sanctuary, policy in the core zone of the MPA.     ZONES OF DURING SUITABLE AND THE VILLAGE HIGH TIDE SAFE RELOCATION Jun helped organize a series of purok (village zone) meetings,. To drum up interest, he and his group of AREA volunteers went around every purok with a megaphone, announcing a film showing. The documentary video,         ORDINANCE Panahon Na! (“The Time to Act is Now!�)—part of the strategy to introduce CC concepts—attracted a sizeable REGARDING audience in every purok. A quiz show followed the film showing, in which questions about the film were asked ADAPTATION and prizes were given to those who gave correct answers. OPTIONS Source: PFEC-WBOM, “Local Climate Science to Adaptation Planning Workshop: Documentation Report,� unpublished project document. 32 Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Communities A Documentation of Project Experience 33 With the CO, Jun embarked on one-on-one dialogues with members of the core group and, much later, with individuals he knew to be opposed to the “no-take� policy. He reached out to individuals believed to be involved in cyanide fishing. In turn, they listened to Jun and the CO’s explanations that their inconvenience would not last ong and that they stood to benefit in the long term. Six months later, as anecdotal reports of increased fish population were heard in the community, they sent feelers to Jun to signify their interest in joining the MPA-RFA. Overcoming roadblocks. In early 2011, the MPA-RFA had to deal with the challenges of establishing itself as a juridical entity registered with government agencies to maintain assets essential to its operations. Jun worked to get the registration, with help from the mayor and other local government agencies. With the MPA-RFA Film showing in a village assembly in Gubat (left) and Teatro Gubat‘s public performance /Photo by PFEC. properly registered, the assets were now under its control. As MPA-RFA membership grew, Jun could rely on the core group and on the younger members for operational Biophysical Measures needs, such as to repair the enclosure of the sea cucumber ranch in the MPA. As the floating guardhouse was highly visible from the shoreline where some members have their houses, daytime patrols were not necessary. Jun took note of the owners of boats fishing outside the buffer zone and could detect if intrusions had been Establishing Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) made. It was during the night that vigilance was required. Jun took turns with the other leaders in sleeping over at the guardhouse. Reef assessment. Scientific studies established that the wide expanse of reef systems in Bagacay and Rizal was responsible for dissipating significant amounts of wave energy before the waves Jun wanted to show his fellow residents, especially those dependent on the sea, that the MPA would reverse reached the coasts. Numerical modeling revealed that under normal conditions, without climate the decline in fish catch. He said that after six months of the MPA’s establishment, an increase in number of change, strong waves rarely reached the coastline except at the channels where there were no boats outside the buffer zone and accounts by hook-and-line fishers in the buffer zone gave early indications reefs. The studies concluded that, in general, reef systems reduced wave energy significantly of growth in fish population. in both strong wind and sea level rise scenarios, protecting the coasts from the erosive action of high-energy waves. As a result of these findings, the Project initiated an assessment and Jun also said he was confident that the flooding in the nearby coastal village of Panganiban was unlikely to identification of existing and potential reef sites to declare protected. A team of divers, experts, happen in Rizal because the coral reef was protecting Rizal’s coast. and local guides, accompanied by representatives of the offices of the provincial and municipal agriculturists and the local Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Council and village officials, undertook the underwater assessments. The assessment was captured on video and Saturating Communities with IEC Materials and Tools used to produce IEC materials that were disseminated locally and at national forums on climate change. Village and district assemblies. In Bagacay and Rizal, the various educational videos produced by the Project (Table 3.1) were shown at regular assemblies of the different villages and village The assessment found that the corals in the pre-existing site in Bagacay, known locally as zones (purok) to raise awareness on climate change, introduce the Project activities, and elicit Butog-butog, was covered with algae and silt, while the site recommended by the community community members’ participation. stakeholders was in healthier condition. The underwater assessment reinforced the preference of Bagacay stakeholders for the new site. They noted that Butog-butog site was far from the Teatro Gubat. Children of fishing families and some parents in Bagacay and Rizal were recruited, shoreline and was blocked by mangroves from the view of local residents. The new site was trained, and organized to be part of Teatro Gubat, a community theater group depicting how within their sight and hence, easier to monitor for possible illegal activities. destruction of coral reefs and other coastal ecosystems would worsen the impact of climate change on coastal communities and their livelihoods unless the community acted now. Trained Orientation seminars. Complementing the reef assessment was a social investigation to by a local director and with its script written in the local dialect, Teatro Gubat staged a number determine the perceptions, level of awareness, and knowledge of the stakeholders in Bagacay of public performances in Gubat and in Caramoan, Camarines Sur, the Project’s replication site. and Rizal on MPAs. In particular, this included the acceptability of declaring parts of their fishing grounds as “no-take� zones, and local leaders’ commitment to establishing an MPA. An orientation Mobilizing local media. The Gubat LGU signed a memorandum of agreement with a local cable seminar on MPAs was subsequently carried out. The founder of the Gilutongan Marine Sanctuary network for the latter to air a video of the play staged by Teatro Gubat and the video Pag mangno on Olango Island in Cebu province, one of the oldest and more successful community-managed produced by the Project to illustrate local climate change impacts, for a year, and every day marine sanctuaries in the Philippines, shared his experiences in setting up and maintaining the during the Holy Week. 34 Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Communities A Documentation of Project Experience 35 sanctuary, and how this benefitted Gilutongan in the form of increased fish catch and tourism. Climate-Resilient Livelihoods An orientation session on sea cucumber ranching was included in the MPA seminar to give the communities options for diversifying their livelihood sources. The deputy director of the School To develop economic resilience among members of the more vulnerable households in the of the SEAS, an organization which has successfully integrated sea cucumber ranching with an pilot sites, particularly those directly involved in patrols and monitoring of the MPAs, the Project MPA in Bantayan Island, Cebu province, shared his experience with the participants. started enterprises that could be pursued as livelihood alternatives. Diversification of livelihood sources enhances economic resiliency. The Project envisaged that by providing product and MPAs established. After four months of community organizing and capacity building in 2010, market information, climate-resilient technologies, and links to resource centers, the pilot LGUs Bagacay and Rizal established their respective MPAs (fishery reserve, refuge, and sanctuary). They and their communities would be better able to adapt to climate change. each declared 15 hectares as “no-take� zones and 50 hectares as a buffer zone. The boundaries of the “no-take� zone were delineated and physically demarcated by the village council leaders, Sea cucumber ranching fisherfolk representatives, and other project stakeholders. A village council resolution was passed to declare establishment of the MPA and organization of an MPA management team. A In Rizal, where 10 sea cucumber species naturally grow, the Project supported the integration of municipal ordinance was passed supporting the declaration of the MPAs and empowering the a ¼-hectare sea cucumber ranch into the MPA. The integration facilitates management of both management teams to mete sanctions and penalties on violators. activities. Sea cucumber gathering, which is done at low tide and at dusk, is combined with fishing and other livelihood activities. MPA Management Teams organized. The management teams in Bagacay and Rizal, comprising initially 12-15 members, represent the local Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management An orientation seminar was held for the members of the MPA-RFA. An NGO based in Cebu, which Council, the village council, and the community at large. Working groups or teams were also had successfully integrated sea ranching to a community-managed MPA on Bantayan Island, constituted for patrol and enforcement, fund sourcing, and solid waste management. shared its experience, and gave technical inputs. The management team in Rizal has been registered with the Department of Labor and Employment and is now called the MPA-Rizal Fisherfolk Association. (Top from left): Sea cucumber ranch in a bamboo pen; the Rizal MPA Management Team discusses their plan to expand the ranch; nursery pen being towed to the ranch site. At left: different species of juvenile sea cucumber in Rizal. /Photos by PFEC. Top (from left): A parish priest blesses the buoys about to be laid in the MPA site to mark the boundaries of the “no-take� zone; members of the MPA management team preparing the sinkers; and dive teams dropping the sinkers and buoys. Bottom (from left): The floating guardhouse installed in the buffer zone of the MPA in Bagacay and Rizal. In Rizal,the floating guardhouse also doubles as tourist attraction. The patrol boat used by the MPA team was procured by the Gubat LGU./Photos by PFEC 36 Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Communities A Documentation of Project Experience 37 Seaweed farming CCA and DRR Information Gathering for CDP/CLUP Integration Sea cucumber is also harvested in Bagacay but the volume has long been declining because of In 2011, the Gubat government initiated a project overharvesting. Residents related that where one could gather two kilograms of sea cucumber in called “Community-based Monitoring System,� a the past, the harvest was now barely a kilo. The MPA management team and the village council baseline household survey that would inform the Box 4.1b leaders decided to pursue seaweed production instead. updating of the municipality’s Comprehensive Development Plan and Comprehensive Land Use Rizal Village’s sea cucumber ranchers learn Seaweeds are grown by a number of families in the community. Access to seedlings, technology, Plan, which all local government units are required to adapt to extreme weather and microfinance is available in Gubat. A local cooperative bank and the national government’s by law to prepare. Its survey questionnaire Soon after the MPA management team Regional Training Center for Seaweeds in nearby Sorsogon City both provide micro-lending and included rider questions on climate change and put up the pens of the ¼-hectare sea marketing support. The NTSC also provides technical and extension services. However, the local DRR, in order to generate data that would enable cucumber ranch in May 2011, a typhoon growers have to find a solution to the problem of whitening of the seaweeds. They also need the integration of these concerns into the two washed away half of the pens. technologies that would add value to the raw product they sell. plans. Transferring the ranch was out of the Toward the end of the Project, a seed fund of PhP50,000 (USD1,200.0022) was extended to the question because of internal dynamics. MPA management team to start the seaweed enterprise. 4.2 Batuan, Masbate Despite the setback, the fisherfolk insisted on rebuilding the pens but with Mainstreaming CCA-DRR in Local Development Planning Local Context a difference: and Decision-Making Socio-political and economic The MPA management team decided to float Budgetary support the sinkers that kept the nets down, and Batuan is a fifth-class municipality, one of the tow them to the nearby mangroves and cove Early in the Project, the Gubat municipal government procured two motorized patrol boats, one poorest in the Philippines. In 2011, its IRA was as soon as the first warning of inclement each for Bagacay and Rizal, to support enforcement of the rules and regulations of the MPAs. The weather was issued. These would be towed PhP45 million (USD 1.1 million); income generated respective MPA management teams are responsible for the maintenance and operating costs back when the weather cleared. locally was a mere PhP700,000 (USD17,000.00). of the boats. The Gubat government also shared in the cost of putting up floating guardhouses Nearly half of its local income came from the Toward Project end, the MPA that the MPA management teams use in their night patrols. In Rizal, the boat and the floating taxes and fees paid by Hacienda Batuan, a private management team, now with a legal guardhouse are used also for guided and limited tourism, thereby generating income. company engaged in cattle ranching and copra personality, and with fund support from production. the Project, rebuilt the fish pens. In one A local legislator has likewise allocated PhP1.5 million (USD36,000.00) from his Countryside pen is a nursery; in several others are Development Fund for Gubat’s training purposes, including preparations for a Technical Working At the time of the Project, Hacienda Batuan owned 10 species of sea cucumber juveniles Group for CCA/DRR. half of Batuan’s total land area of 5,341 hectares. It naturally occurring in the village, to was the biggest employer in the municipality. The be harvested in six months and which CCA-DRR Action Team four villages encompassed by the hacienda were could yield a gross income of about also the site of agrarian unrest and armed conflict. PhP126,000 (USD3,000.00) and a net The Gubat municipal government has created a CCA-DRR action team consisting of officers of The conflict had de-escalated at the time of the income of PhP15,000-20,000 (approx. various municipal units (Planning and Development Coordination, Municipal Engineer’s office, Project but the presence of armed groups was still USD360-480). Municipal Agriculturist’s office, Social Work and Development, the Municipal Council, and noticeable. The security issue was a contributing leaders of the association of village council chairpersons, among others) to plan and oversee the factor to the lack of investments and tourism in municipality’s preparedness and response capability. Batuan despite its numerous attractions. A multi-hazard map for each village has been developed and produced, and will be distributed Many in Batuan’s population of 12,585 (2007) national census trace are related by blood or in the villages. Information generated in the various studies and assessments done under the marriage. For the Project, one advantage of such close familial relationship in the governance Project have been inputted into the maps. structure was the speed in communication and coordination of activities, since people knew 22 Rounded-off figures from average exchange rates in September 2012. 38 Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Communities A Documentation of Project Experience 39 each other. A challenge was that the system did not encourage the employment of needed The assessment looked into the coastal geology of the former port of Batuan, in Burgos Village.23 expertise from outside the family circle. Selection of Pilot Communities Climate and disaster risks Two factors guided the selection of pilot communities in Batuan: the presence of significant Batuan is one of four municipalities on the small island of Ticao in Masbate province. It is on the areas of mangroves, coral reefs, and sea grass beds; and the willingness of the village chairperson southern end of the island, which lies directly northeast of San Bernardino Strait, one of two to participate. straits connecting the internal seas of the Philippines to the Pacific. Changes in conditions in the Pacific during El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) or Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) shifts are Social Engagement likely felt in Ticao before they are felt in the internal seas. CO immersion. A full-time community organizer was deployed to Batuan for three months Ticao may also be liable to flooding in the event of a sea level rise. With the typical spring tidal from January 2009. The CO’s tasks in Batuan were to establish rapport with key stakeholders, range at 1.8-2.2 meters, a 4-cm projected increase in average sea level may translate to more profile the different coastal communities, and lay the groundwork for implementation of Project extensive flooding of low-lying, low-slope areas on the island’s eastern side, according to 2009 activities. However, moving around and reaching the farthest islet villages proved to be costly, findings of Marine Environment and Resources Foundation, Inc. (MERF), the attached foundation as the presence of armed groups limited the mobility of the CO, who had to be accompanied of the UP-MSI. Three low-lying communities along Batuan’s coasts—Cañares, Gibraltar, and by a local guide doubling as security detail. After the three-month immersion, the CO kept in Panisihan—were found to be at risk of coastal flooding. In Panisihan, seawater has already constant touch with key local leaders mostly by mobile phone. intruded into rice fields. In Gibraltar, the lone freshwater source is 300 meters from the shoreline and at risk of salt water intrusion. The islet village of Matabao on the southern tip becomes P3DM. A municipal-wide P3DM workshop was the first major stakeholder activity carried out. isolated during typhoons and during two to three days of heavy rains. Potential rise in sea level Representatives of the municipal government and its various units, village council heads, and puts at risk the potable water source, the livelihood of farmers, and Batuan’s food security. other local leaders participated. An orientation on climate change was given and outputs of the scientific studies were shared. Each village identified resource uses and hazards in its area. Based on the information generated, each village came up with a draft adaptation plan (Table 4.2a). Dwellings of light materials built within 50 meters of the shoreline in Panisihan Village /Photos by PFEC. The CCA Project From left: Batuan LGU/LGA representatives and resource persons preparing the shape model; a village council leader identifying landmarks and hazards in his community; and participants to the P3DM / Photos by PFEC The original choice for piloting the CCA Project in Masbate was not Batuan, but Famosa on the northern tip of Ticao Island. A vulnerability assessment of Famosa had already been conducted when the municipal leadership decided to withdraw its participation. In contrast, the mayor of Batuan early on showed his interest in participating in the Project, providing counterpart funds and resources for every activity. 23 MERF’s terms of reference, which covered the period from Nov. 3, 2008 to Jan. 31, 2009, focused on Sorsogon. The lukewarm acceptance of the provincial government of Masbate limited the scope of work carried out in the province. 40 Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Communities A Documentation of Project Experience 41 Table 4.2a Workshop Output: Projected Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Options – Gibraltar PARAMETERS CC IMPACTS CAUSES / PROJECTED CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ADAPTATION Box 4.2a: Local CCA Champion EXPERIENCED CONTRIBUTING OPTIONS SEA LEVEL EXTREMELY WET EXTREMELY FACTORS RISE MONTHS DRY MONTHS The Local “Weatherman� HUMAN COASTAL TYPHOON 60% OF INCREASE NO APPARENT REHABILITATION OF HABITATS EROSION HOUSEHOLDS IN COASTAL EFFECT CORAL REEF Travelers from Ticao Island and a neighboring typhoon hotspot, Burias Island, send text messages to HOUSEHOLDS HEAVY WAVES SUBMERGED EROSION RELOCATION AND Jeffrey Sese for weather updates especially during inclement weather. Some frequent texters, aware SUBMERGED HOUSE ELEVATIONS that Jeffrey Sese pays for his text warnings, send him prepaid phone credits to make sure he can text FRESH WATER DEEP WELL SEAWATER SALINATION OF WATER SHORTAGE OF CONSTRUCTION them back. He has been a reliable source of early warnings of inclement weather for LGU officials, SOURCE DRYING UP INTRUSION FRESHWATER CONTAMINATION WATER SUPPLY OF RAIN WATER village chairpersons of flood-prone areas and island villages that are isolated after two to three days COLLECTOR of heavy rains, and boat operators. WATER CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE LOW CROP LA NIÑA OR SUBMERGED CROP LOSS LOWER CROP CROP ROTATION Jeffrey was a political science graduate and was jobless in early 2010 before he volunteered to be YIELD EL NIÑO RICE FIELDS YIELD trained by WB-NTF CCA Project consultants to become the local weather monitor. He has since been USE OF CLIMATE- RESISTANT CROPS very dedicated to his job. The local weather monitoring system is atop his parents’ house and beside FISHERIES/ LOW FISH YIELD ILLEGAL LOSS OF FISH SILTATION RECEDING CONSTRUCTION a room for his young family. Consisting of a wind vane, a rain gauge, and a battery-operated Wizard 3, COASTAL FISHING BREEDING COASTLINES OF DRAINAGE OR the unit has never malfunctioned. If it does, Jeffrey knows how to fix it. RESOURCES CORAL GROUNDS CANAL BLEACHING LIVELIHOOD DESTRUCTION TYPHOON CROP LOSS / SILTATION LOWER CROP COCONUT AND OTHER OF FISHING/ DAMAGE YIELD PLANTING ECONOMIC PLANTING VEGETABLE ACTIVITIES GROUNDS FARMING HEALTH AND DIARRHEA HEAVY RAINS VECTOR-BORNE CONTAMINATION WATER FIND OR CREATE DISEASES DISEASES SHORTAGE NEW SOLUTIONS RAIN COLLECTION From left: The local weather instruments (wind vane, rain gauge, and Wizard 3) installed atop the residence CHLORINATION of the weather monitor, J Sese in Burgos /Photos by PFEC Adaptation Initiatives Biophysical Measures Local Weather Monitoring and Early Warning  Mangrove Forest Protection Batuan and the rest of Ticao Island are accessible only by sea. As such, accurate and timely warnings are needed to ensure the safety of travelers and fishers out at sea. In 2008, a local Batuan’s mangrove forests. Batuan has 267.53 hectares of mangrove forests, 69 percent of which weather monitoring system was installed in Burgos, where the Batuan wharf is located, through is a pristine, closed primary forest. It is located in the wide tidal flats of Bitoon Bay, a protected the Project. The early warnings disseminated by the system’s operator via text messaging were area known as Bongsanglay Nature Forest Reserve (Map 4.2a). As a closed forest, it regenerates found most useful by travelers, boat operators, and local leaders of flood-prone areas (Box on its own; the only human intervention necessary is to continue the protection efforts. The 4.2a). mangrove reserve includes areas under the political jurisdiction of the villages of Royroy and Gibraltar in the south. Bongsanglay’s declaration as reserve and its relative inaccessibility have kept the forest intact. The village councils of Royroy and Gibraltar deploy five to seven fish wardens to patrol the reserve. The wardens are paid from the IRA of the village. In the more populous part of Batuan in the north, the mangrove forest has been under threat of exploitation for fuel wood. About 80 hectares of secondary forests are in that area, in the villages of Panisihan, Canvañez and Poblacion (Map 4.2a). Dwellings are interspersed with mangroves, and the mangrove areas are used as toilets. All three villages experience coastal flooding. 42 Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Communities A Documentation of Project Experience 43 Biodiversity. There are 23 species of mangroves from 10 families in Bongsanglay, including died. In subsequent replanting, many died and those which survived barely reached three feet century-old Rhizophora apiculata trees with prop roots more than four meters high and Avicenia several years later. A post-project evaluation team gave the same assessment: that planting marina trees with circumferences of 388 centimeters. Plant density at Bongsanglay was calculated should not have been done in the seaweed beds, which were an important habitat for marine life at 5,625 per hectare. In Panisihan, the mangrove survey recorded 24 species. The Wild Bird Club and a bio-shield against storm surges. However, the information was given late and the damage inventoried and documented various resident birds. had been done. It was a case of having the wrong technical input and the right assessment given at the wrong time. Resource uses. In the mangroves of Bongsanglay are found Batuan’s prized delicacies—locally know as takla—giant crabs and lobsters and a multitude of fish species and crustaceans. The orientation seminar initiated by the Project also gave emphasis to ecosystem benefits from beach forests, sea grass beds, and coral reefs—all present in Batuan. The municipal-wide seminar was participated in by LGU leaders, staff of LGAs, and representatives of various civil society groups. Community nurseries were subsequently established in Poblacion, Panisihan, and Canvañez through the joint efforts of the municipal government, the three villages’ LGUs, and the Project. Community members were mobilized to plant in denuded areas. Memoranda of agreement were signed whereby the village LGUs committed to maintain the nurseries and continue planting. From left: Century-old Avicenia marina in Bongsanglay Nature Reserve in Royroy; mangrove specialists conducting a species inventory in the reserve and showing local leaders photos of species found in their area / Photos by PFEC Top, from left: Dr. Jurgenne Primavera, a noted mangrove specialist, providing inputs Map 4.2a Comprehensive to LGU, sector and community leaders on the mangrove map of Batuan importance of mangroves as bio-shield against (mangrove areas in green) storm surges, tsunamis; workshop participants overlaid with flood map in the field, being shown different mangrove (areas in yellow are flood- species. Bottom, from left: Participants being prone areas) /Map produced by taught how to bag seedlings; a community PFEC and consultants. nursery; local residents reforesting denuded areas in their community / Photos by PFEC. Bakhawan (Mangrove) Festival. Beginning 2010, for three days in May, Batuan made bakhawan, or mangroves, the theme of its town fiesta. The mayor’s and the LGU’s initiative aimed to raise the Mangrove orientation, community nursery establishment, and mangrove rehabilitation. A residents’ awareness of the importance of mangroves. mangrove reforestation project, funded by a national government loan, was implemented earlier in Batuan. However, few of the mangroves survived. Upon investigation, the mangrove survey found that in Royroy, the mangroves were planted in seaweed beds while in Canvañez, the species planted was not appropriate for the environment. In both situations, the first seedlings 44 Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Communities A Documentation of Project Experience 45 From left: Local officials of the Department of Agriculture share information on fish sanctuaries with Royroy residents; a composite team from Gubat and Royroy LGUs; leaders of the local cooperative, the WB Task Manager and underwater documenters validating conditions in the designated new MPA site / Photos by PFEC From left: Community leaders preparing and laying sinkers to mark the boundaries of the core zone of the MPA / Photos by PFEC Box 4.2b: Local CCA Champion Left: Youth take part in the parade with costumes depicting products from mangrove forests; shirts and floats announcing the festival theme; Mayor Charlie Yuson leading Calming Royroy Village and Seeking Opportunities for Climate-Resilient Livelihoods the festivities. Top: MAP 4.2b. The map shows the coastline and the marine protected areas in Batuan. /Photos by PFEC. Royroy used to be one of Batuan’s law and order “hot spots.� Predominantly hacienda property, Royroy was the setting of intense conflict between different factions in the community. MPA Establishment In elections held in May 2010, Bonifacio Calinawan, Jr. won as village council chairperson. He worked to bring different community factions together, and also engaged the local management of the hacienda Like Gubat, Batuan had pre-existing MPAs that had been declared through a local ordinance. to seek its cooperation. Because of this, entry to the hacienda by the community organizers became One of these was in Canvañez and the other was in Royroy (Map 4.2b). Both were initiated under possible. community-based coastal resource management programs of national government agencies. The MPA in Canvañez, established by the mayor when he was the village’s council chairperson, A non-native resident of Royroy, Calinawan knew he had to show results to win the villagers’ trust. One remained intact after a decade. However, this was not the case in Royroy, where the buoys of his first acts was to erect a walkway for the use and safety of schoolchildren living in a sitio in the demarcating the MPA boundaries were dismantled during the local election campaign of 2010. vicinity of the Bongsanglay Mangrove Reserve. In the past, the children had to wade through the water and mud to reach their school on the main island. He built about one-fourth of the walkway using his In June 2011, after a series of community orientation sessions on fish sanctuaries, and with village’s Internal Revenue Allocation (IRA) from the national government budget, and committed to inputs from stakeholders, a new MPA site was chosen by the new set of village LGU leaders in complete it it. Using village IRA funds, he also beefed up patrol of the mangrove forest. The wardens, on Royroy and a pre-existing people’s organization, the RUFIA Fisherfolk Association. Following paddle boats, are on continuous patrol. this, a 28-hectare fish sanctuary was established, supported by a village council resolution. A municipal ordinance declaring the MPA was to follow suit. 46 Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Communities A Documentation of Project Experience 47 In 2011, after a series of focus group discussions with resource persons, he heard ideas on making the Box 4.2c community’s livelihood more resilient to climate change. Among these was the suggestion to earn income from the walkway to benefit Royroy’s predominantly fishing and tenant community of 1,130 Snapshots of Batuan’s Strategic Planning for Climate-Resilient Livelihoods, October 2011 people. The walkway could bring in tourists to see the centuries-old Avicenia marina, witness the gathering of takla (a shrimp variant), ride on horseback in the rolling hills of the hacienda, and take a paddle-boat ride through the mangrove forests and through the MPA where beautiful corals and jumping fishes are visible even without a glass-bottom boat. Making these ideas a reality is now the biggest challenge for Calinawan. From top, from left to right: Participants’ outputs— what they wish to achieve as a result of the workshop; a village cluster’s vision of their climate-resilient villages; listing of concepts learned; LGU leaders and LGA staff visioning and From left: The walkway through the mangrove forest in Royroy; map of livelihood possibilities drawn by workshop participants planning together / Photos from Royroy / Photos by Joel & JC Ganibe. by JC Ganibe. Mainstreaming CCA/DRRM in Local Development Planning Capacity building for climate-resilient livelihoods and Decision-Making Toward the Project’s end, the village chairpersons, representatives of Batuan’s 14 villages, and key officers of the municipal government organized a one-day strategic planning workshop. At Budgetary support. Although a municipality with very low income, Batuan provided counterpart the workshop, new ideas on possible enterprises emerged (Box 4.2C). To build on the knowledge funds for all the activities initiated by the Project. It allocated 20 percent of its development and enthusiasm gained from the planning funds for the adaptation measures taken; absorbed the cost of the professional fees of the local workshop, the Project brought together weather monitor; subsidized the operating requirements of the station; and shared the cost of 15 village LGU leaders and key municipal training and IEC activities, among others. LGU staff in October 2011 for training in aquasilviculture at the National Brackishwater The Batuan LGU also allotted funds to purchase a relocation site for families in high-risk, low- Fisheries Technology Center on Pagbilao Island lying areas. in Quezon province. A similar delegation Policy-Setting. At the end of the Project, the Royroy village council passed a resolution from Gubat and Caramoan also attended the establishing the new MPA. The Municipal Council gave its assurance that an ordinance declaring training. A customized three-day training the MPA would be passed. program was developed for the participants. Stricter enforcement of fishery laws. Municipal officials say that blast and cyanide fishing Linkages established stopped when the new administration took office. People say that violators are deterred by the night patrol wardens and the mayor’s commitment to law enforcement. The Project linked up with private and public organizations to generate support for the Wild Bird Club founder Ivan Sarenas showing Royroy residents the birds his team documented in the mangrove forest in Avoidance. The Batuan LGU has stopped the building of new structures within 500 meters of the Project objectives. The private broadcast media Bongsanglay / Photo by PFEC shoreline, and the expansion of existing ones. 48 Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Communities A Documentation of Project Experience 49 group Net 25 produced video documentation of Batuan (and likewise Gubat and Caramoan) listed on Important Bird Areas of BirdLife International, a global partnership of conservation which was shown in its public news program. A senior newscaster visited Batuan and signified organizations promoting protection of birds and their habitats. Fifty-eight species of birds from her personal commitment to link up Batuan with government agencies (e.g., National Historical 51 genera and 29 families have been recorded, including the Green Racquet-tail Prioniturus Commission for the preservation of the lighthouse) that could provide the needed support. She luconensis, considered vulnerable under the International Union for Conservation Nature (IUCN) also linked up the mayor of Batuan (and the mayors of the three other municipalities on Ticao category. The park also hosts 45 plant species from 20 families. Island) with the newly installed Philippine Navy officer responsible for the area. Ticao Island has been under threat from intrusion by large vessels fishing for sardines. Caramoan’s coastal areas are rich in biodiversity, with about 46 species of reef fish from 18 families recorded. The Project also elicited the involvement of the Wild Bird Club of the Philippines, a volunteer, not-for-profit environmental advocacy group. Wild Bird Club deployed a team to Batuan (and There are towering limestone cliffs, deep gorges, unique rock formations, caves, open and wide likewise to Gubat and Caramoan) to do an inventory of birds in the mangrove areas. white sandy beaches, about 20 islands and islets of varying shapes and sizes. Local economy. Caramoan consists of 49 villages. 4.3 The Replication Experience of Caramoan Four are urban and are where commercial and educational establishments are concentrated: Caramoan, Camarines Sur small dry goods stores, a few restaurants, inns and hotels, schools, and a college; new and Local context bigger resorts have recently been established in response to increasing tourist arrivals. Of the Location. Caramoan is in the northeast of Camarines Sur province. It is bounded on the north by other rural villages, 26 are in uplands and plains the municipality of Garchitorena and the Pacific Ocean; on the northeast by the island province and 19 are along the coasts. The dominant of Catanduanes; on the south by Lagonoy Gulf; income sources are cultivation of agro-forest on the east by Maqueda channel; and on the products in the uplands and fishing and west by the municipality of Presentacion. It has seaweed farming in the coastal areas. In some a land area of 277.41 square kilometers and an areas that have nipa palms (Distichlis palmeri) in irregular coastline of 71 kilometers along the abundance, some families engage in small-scale ocean, bay, seas, and swamps. distillation of nipa sap to produce vinegar and liquor. A few families have turned their homes Caramoan can be accessed by land and by sea. into home-stays for budget travelers and to The more common means is a two-hour shuttle accommodate the overflow from hotels during bus ride from the airport in the provincial peak tourism months. Fishing boats double as capital Pili to the port of Sabang, followed by passenger boats to ferry tourists and to take a two-hour scenic boat ride to Guijalo port in them island hopping. Caramoan. The Guijalo port can also be reached from other ports in Camarines Sur. Development opportunities and threats. Little was known of Caramoan beyond Camarines Biodiversity and natural resources. Proclaimed Sur until 2008, when it was made the setting of in 1938, the Caramoan National Park comprising an edition of Survivor France, a franchise of the 34724 hectares of forestland (and mangroves) is popular reality TV show based in the United home to 13 species of mammals, mostly fruit States. Other franchisees of the TV show followed bats endemic to the Greater Luzon Faunal suit: Israel, Turkey, Bulgaria, Serbia, and India. Some of the islands that draw tourists to Region, and 11 species of reptiles, three of MAP 4.3a Map of the province of Camarines Sur, with Media attention and aggressive marketing by the Caramoan (from top, from left to right): which are endemic to the Philippines. It is Caramoan marked in red provincial government turned the once remote Matukad, Tinago, Hunongan, Gota. and sleepy town into one of the Philippines’ top Source: www.caramoanislands.com 24 An expanded area is being proposed for inclusion in the National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS). tourist destinations. 50 Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Communities A Documentation of Project Experience 51 But Caramoan is ill-prepared for the influx of tourists and business locators. A number of issues Building on LGU Initiatives are cropping up. Potential conflicts in resource use have arisen. The provincial government plans to build an airstrip on a rice field where the municipal government has built an irrigation dam. A focal LGU unit for climate change. In 2009, the Coastal Resource Management Office (CRMO) Resorts and other infrastructure are being built without the necessary environmental impact was created through a municipal ordinance. Its primary tasks were to enforce fishery rules and assessment. There is no Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) and no zoning ordinance, leading regulations in the municipal waters and to serve as the focal unit for climate change. The unit to the unregulated construction of varying structures across Caramoan. The physical carrying was headed by a coordinator with a staff of two. It had a budget allocation of Php0.7 million capacity of areas opened to tourism has yet to be determined and necessary safeguards have (USD17,000.00) for the first year. Given the magnitude of the task, the military was called yet to be set in place, especially in fragile areas. Potential problem areas are starting to emerge. upon to help in patrolling its 71-kilometer of irregular coastline. About seven members of a In the summer of 2011, one island (about seven of 14 islands and islets have been as designated paramilitary group were on call to beef up enforcement. Despite this, illegal practices—blast tourism areas) had a water shortage when a horde of local tourists descended at the same time; fishing, use of cyanide, mangrove cutting—remained prevalent, with violators coming from water had to collected from a nearby island. The municipal government started to organize Caramoan and neighboring towns. To address this, the CRMO initiated Information, Education boat operators to collect their passengers’ solid wastes and bring these to disposal sites in the and Communication (IEC) activities to curb illegal fishing in the 19 coastal villages. However, the mainland. However, this is not enough to cope with the growing waste volume, especially in the IEC was silent on the impact of climate change. It was thereafter decided that the integration of peak months. Plastic and other solid waste are still visible on beaches and in coves. CCA into the IEC would be pursued. Climate and disaster risks. Some coastal communities experience tidal flooding. In the event of Rice for mangrove reforestation program. Eleven of Caramoan’s coastal villages have extensive a rise in sea level, more coastal communities will be at risk. The CLUP and the zoning ordinance mangrove areas. In five of them, residents were mobilized to plant mangroves in denuded that the LGU has yet to pass should disallow human settlements and infrastructure from being patches; in exchange, they received rice supplies. built in areas at risk from tidal flooding. Social Engagement Soil erosion in the uplands is another hazard, especially in the timberland areas. Logging and conversion of forestland for cultivation through the years have contributed to soil erosion. The Unlike Gubat and Batuan, no community organizer was deployed in Caramoan. The technical municipal government estimates the severely eroded area at nearly 19 percent of the land. specialists made occasional and intermittent visits to lay the groundwork for the mangrove mapping and survey and for livelihood seminars. Caramoan has so far been spared from direct hits of deadly typhoons that have caused massive destruction in other parts of the province. The strongest typhoon (at 276 km per hour) that hit Teatro Gubat in Caramoan. To increase public awareness of climate change, the Teatro Caramoan occurred in 1998.25 Gubat, composed of children from fisher families, depicted how climate change affects coastal communities and the urgent need to address it. A huge crowd watched the play at the town center. The Project Climate change orientation for LGU leaders and staff. The village heads of Lahuy Island and Background staff of the LGU (CRMO, Municipal Planning and Development Coordination) attended an orientation seminar on climate change to better understand its impacts. Lahuy Island, to the Caramoan was a recipient of the WB-funded Local Government and Finance Development northeast of mainland Caramoan, has long been under threat from blast fishing, cyanide fishing, (LOGOFIND) Project of the national government. The loan financed the riverbank protection and siltation caused by small-scale open-pit mines. Its four villages are totally dependent on project at Guijalo port in 2005. Caramoan, in Camarines Sur joined the project as a replication site fishing and small-scale gold mining. after a year when the framework developed in Sorsogon and Masbate proved to be trailblazer in their local development planning process. One of the recipients of a World Bank-assisted To deliver a more powerful message, successful groups were invited to share their experience riverbank protection project, Caramoan’s mayor and local government officials signified their with the MPA. The founder of the Gilutongan Marine Sanctuary on Olango Island in Cebu willingness to participate in the project in the hope of finding a solution to the devastating floods province, one of the oldest and most successful community-managed marine sanctuaries in that repeatedly submerge the town center for several days at a time. The chances for successful the Philippines, shared his group’s experience with the residents. He gave a detailed account adaptation activities were enhanced by promising LGU initiatives—including the creation of a of how their fishing community increased their fish catch and earned more tourism revenues Coastal Resource Management Office as focal unit for climate change—and by a village council as a result of the MPA. His account was so convincing that nonbelievers among the community head who was very receptive to establishing a “no-take� zone in the coastal waters. leaders softened their opposition to a no-take zone in their fishing grounds. Educational videos on climate change were also shown at the orientation seminar, where the WB Task Manager provided inputs on the urgency of adaptation to climate change. 25 Draft undated Profile of Caramoan 52 Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Communities A Documentation of Project Experience 53 Adaptation Actions  Biophysical Measures MPA established in Gata. Following the orientation seminar, the village council chairperson of Gata worked to create a marine protected area in her village (Box 4.3a). In October 2010, an MPA with a 27-hectare “no-take� zone and an 11-hectare buffer was established. The MPA is supported by a village council resolution. The village chairperson recruited three residents who were known blast fishers and cyanide users to serve as wardens who would protect the MPA from intrusion. The village council also took steps to stop illegal fishing, confiscating the fishing gear of those caught, and threatening to bring them to court (an ordinance empowering the village chairperson to mete sanctions has yet to be approved by the municipal government). LGU declares seven more MPAs. After the MPA in Gata was established and word of its reported success spread, other village chairpersons (Oring, Daraga) from Lahuy Island, who had also participated in the orientation seminar, established one in their respective communities. The CRMO’s organizing efforts resulted in five more MPAs. The boundaries of the seven MPAs are being delineated. All the MPAs are to be managed by the village LGUs. MAP 4.3b. Map of Caramoan showing mangroves and flood-prone areas Mangrove mapping and species inventory to support management and protection. The Project included a mapping of Caramoan’s mangrove areas and an inventory of existing species Birds in mangroves inventory. The Project partnered with the local environmental advocacy to provide concrete information that would support ongoing municipal LGU efforts toward group Wild Bird Club. A team of birders from the club did an inventory of mangrove areas in systematic management and protection of the ecosystem. The data would be useful for planning Caramoan. The team observed and photographed different types of resident birds. This and decision-making purposes, including in the development of a Comprehensive Land Use information will prove useful as a benchmark of the health condition of the town’s mangrove Plan (CLUP). One eye opener, for instance, was that mangrove areas have been converted to forests and can serve as an input for IEC and tourism promotion. fishponds. Of 592.81 hectares, 76.6 hectares, or 11 percent, had been converted. Yet only two of the 13 fishponds were productive. The abandoned or unproductive areas, therefore, should be  Local Weather Monitoring and Early Warning targeted for rehabilitation. Another output was a comprehensive mangrove map with a flood map overlay (a detailed map is available for each of the 11 communities mapped), which should A weather monitoring system similar to those Gubat and Batuan was also installed in Caramoan, be useful in crafting appropriate responses to flooding. The mangrove species inventory and at the Office of the Municipal Agiculturist. However, it was not put to good use since the CRMO survey (a consultant’s report is available) showed the general health condition of the mangroves, Coordinator, who was trained and tasked to monitor and maintain the system, did not have time their capacity for natural regeneration, and the corresponding management response needed. for it in view of his heavy workload. The species inventory and photo documentation would also guide the CRMO when it apprehends  Capacity building for: violators caught with wood, obviously cut from mangrove trees, especially when they reason that the wood is of another species. Climate-resilient livelihoods. The village of Gata recognizes the urgent need to find alternative livelihood opportunities for its residents since the sustainability of its two major income sources has come under question. Fishing has been steadily declining, while small-scale mining has grown increasingly dangerous. To address this, community members attended a livelihood workshop where they identified livelihood diversification options. The consensus was to focus on seaweed farming, since seawood was common in Caramoan. The provided inputs on the technology and economics of seaweed farming. This workshop was also conducted in the village of Tabgos, where the community was taking mangrove protection actions. 54 Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Communities A Documentation of Project Experience 55 In October 2011, 15 Caramoan municipal and village leaders, together with leaders from Gubat and Batuan, attended the National Brackishwater Fisheries Technology Center on Pagbilao Island in Quezon province to learn aquasilviculture, an environment-friendly mangrove aquaculture system that promotes the harmonious coexistence between fishery species and mangrove trees in a semi-enclosed system. The participating municipal LGUs and village leaders hope to build on their learning from the three-day field training. Local Climate Change Adaptation Planning (LCCAP). In August 2011, toward the tail-end of the Project, the Caramoan municipal government organized a three-day strategic planning workshop to equip the LGU leaders with the tools and knowledge for integrating climate change From left: A Municipal Councilor participating actively; participants in warm-up exercise between sessions; women community leaders adaptation and disaster risk reduction and management into local development planning. The making sure their concerns are heard /Photos by JC Ganibe workshop was timely, because the mayor had recently created a team from the various LGU units to oversee the formulation of Caramoan’s first CLUP. The planning workshop brought together  Local Legislation the mayor, some members of the Municipal Council, chairpersons of all 49 villages, and key staff of the municipal LGU. Project consultants facilitated the workshop and provided inputs. At the The Caramoan municipal government has passed a resolution establishing eight MPAs. However, end of the workshop, participants shared their vision for Caramoan and ideas on how to make budgetary support for maintaining the MPAs had yet to be drawn as of project closing. their respective communities climate-resilient. The ideas included zoning of coastal and marine areas and passage of the necessary ordinance to support this action; creation and activation of Box 4.3a CCA Local Champion village DRRM teams; and municipality-wide IEC on climate change. LGU planners and decision makers hope to build on these to craft a CLUP and a Comprehensive Development Plan. Political will at work in Gata A feisty woman in her mid-50s, Mercy Sueno made known to all on Lahuy Island that she was scared of no one. Upon her election in 2010 as chairperson of the Gata village council, Mercy pledged to solve a problem she had failed to solve in her nine years in that capacity in the late 1980s: blast fishing and cyanide fishing.26 Opportunity knocked In October 2010, Gata hosted a one-day orientation workshop on Climate Change, her first encounter with the term. Village officials, and leaders and officials of three neighboring villages on Lahuy Island, the staff of the Coastal Resource Management Office of Caramoan, and municipal fish wardens were shown educational videos, Panahon Na! and Sangtwaryo.27 Maya Villaluz, the WB Task Manager for the Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) Project explained the impacts of climate change and the need to act with urgency. Timoteo Menguito shared his experiences in establishing and guarding the Gilutongan Marine sanctuary, a diver’s paradise and one of the more successful Philippine urban marine protected areas, off the coast of mainland Cebu. What Mercy heard and saw in the workshop left a deep impression and reinforced her resolve to end illegal fishing and the destruction of coral reefs in her community’s coastal waters. Despite opposition Top, from left: The CLUP Team’s vision of Caramoan; its leaders’ vision of Mampirao Village and action plan for achieving it. Bottom, from some of her officials and constituents, on November 20, 2010, she led the installation of concrete from left: The CLUP Team identifying hazards in specific sites and appropriate physical and infrastructure development envisaged; buoys to mark the site of the marine sanctuary. After much cajoling and arguing, she convinced the Gata the CRMO Coordinator with the proposed zoning of the municipal waters for a fishery reserve, seaweed production, navigational lanes, and tourism; Mayor Constantino Cordial, Jr. suggesting a review of the Building Code and ways to make it responsive to climate change /Photos by JC Ganibe 26 Use of air compressor, a device used for underwater breathing, is considered harmful and therefore banned. But because use of the gear is prevalent, the passage of an ordinance banning it has proven to be difficult. 27 Panahon Na! (“The Time to Act Is Now!�) is a documentary on the global signs of climate change and the evidence of it now in the Philippines, as presented by local scientists and observed by ordinary people. Sangtwaryo (“Sanctuary�) is a short film depicting a family in a coastal community torn between succumbing to the lure of short-term gains from dynamite fishing, and the long-term gain from stopping its use and establishing a marine sanctuary instead. 56 Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Communities A Documentation of Project Experience 57 village council to pass an ordinance designating a 27-hectare core or “no-take� zone and an 11-hectare Mercy took a seat on the Gata committee monitoring the 4Ps. Seeing an opportunity to educate the buffer zone where hook-and-line fishing is allowed and boats can pass. beneficiaries on climate change, she used the 4Ps program’s mandatory two-hour family development session for beneficiaries to share what she learned about its impacts, and the need for everyone to get Gata Village involved. One of four villages on Lahuy Island to the northeast of mainland Caramoan, Gata was home to 400 The cash from 4Ps made a significant difference in the beneficiaries’ lives, and a threat of forfeiture of the families dependent mainly on fishing. Its fishery grounds had been degraded by many years of dynamite benefit would be an effective deterrent to noncompliance with its conditions. With that in mind, Mercy and cyanide use, which resulted in dwindling fish catch. Gold panning along its coasts contributed to the warned the 4Ps beneficiaries in Gata that she would report not only those misusing the cash benefits to degradation. Siltation from soil erosion in its uplands also affected marine life. gamble or drink, but also those using cyanide to fish. Transforming cyanide fishers into sanctuary protectors Convincing others Despite an ordinance banning it, fishing with cyanide persisted. Mercy monitored 10 of her constituents Encouraged by her community’s experience, Mercy has taken it upon herself to get leaders of other villages who were still involved in cyanide fishing. She thought of using another method to stop them. She to establish their own marine sanctuaries. She is vice-president of the Caramoan village chairpersons’ recruited the 10 as MPA wardens, giving them PhP500 (USD12) each as monthly allowance and charging association. She tirelessly shares Gata’s positive MPA experience with the association’s 48 members. She the amount to Gata’s Internal Revenue Allocation funds from the national budget. The wardens’ main task invites them to Gata to see the benefits for themselves. She also offers to share the educational videos she was to ensure that no one entered the core zone and that only hook-and-line was used in the buffer zone. obtained from the CCA Project so that the association members can view these with their constituents. To see whether the wardens were doing their task, Mercy had someone monitor the wardens’ activities However, the response has been lukewarm. Mercy believes this is because most of her colleagues have secretly. She was not disappointed. very limited education, thereby limiting their knowledge of and appreciation of CCA. Most had attended elementary school only and just a few went on to high school. Mercy praised the wardens’ work at every village assembly. She called them to the front of the assembly and rewarded them with kilos of rice that she solicited from local politicians. The 10 have since stopped Mercy lobbied for passage of a municipal ordinance to empower the Gata village council to set rules and fishing with cyanide. Mercy realized that all it took to change their behavior was to give them a sense of regulations on Gata’s marine sanctuary and impose sanctions for violations. She submitted the required self-worth. documentation to the Municipal Council in November 2010. Benefits, six months after In May 2011, six months after the demarcation of the boundaries of the sanctuary, the residents were happy. One fisher’s gill net caught about 200 kilos of fish near the buffer zone. Mercy’s critics in the village council and some of her constituents who had been opposed to the sanctuary now wanted her to declare all of Gata’s coastal waters as a sanctuary. Mercy was also happy about her decision to have the village children watch the educational videos shared by the CCA Project, which she showed at every assembly she called. The children now run to her to report boat incursions into the sanctuary. Linking CCA with 4Ps28 Gata was the first village in Caramoan to receive the conditional cash from the 4Ps. A total of 175 families, or nearly half of the village population, were beneficiaries of the program. Beneficiaries received PhP300 (USD7) for every three- to five-year-old child in daycare or preschool, or six- to 14-year-old in elementary and secondary school, for a maximum of three children. Families with three children in these categories received an additional PhP1,000 (USD24) per family. 28 Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program, or 4Ps, is a poverty reduction and social development strategy of the national government that provides conditional cash grants to extremely poor households to improve their health, nutrition, and education, particularly of children aged 0-14 years. (www.dswd.gov.ph) 58 Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Communities A Documentation of Project Experience 59 Chapter 5 Summary of Adaptation Actions and Initial Impacts Chapter 5 summarizes the adaptation actions in the three sites and the initial impacts of the actions taken as perceived by different project stakeholders. 5.1. Biophysical Measures The Project generated scientific information affirming the protective shield that coral reefs and mangroves provide against strong winds, storms, and tidal surges in Gubat, Batuan, and Caramoan. This prompted their respective LGUs and coastal communities to establish MPAs and strengthen management of mangrove areas.  Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) established Table 5.1 lists the four MPAs that were initially established: two in Gubat and one each in Batuan and Caramoan. Seven villages in Caramoan subsequently established their own MPAs following the perceived success of the village of Gata, which drew strength from the persistence of the village chairperson (Box 4.3a: CCA Champions), and the organizing work of the municipal Coastal Resource Management Office. Table 5.1. Profile of MPAs Established Under the CCA Project Area in hectares Mgt Team and Key MPA Rules and MPA Sites Core Buffer Total Composition Regulations Bagacay, 15 10 25 VILLAGE COUNCIL, • “No-take,� “No access� in Gubat BFARMC core zone Rizal, 15 50 65 Fishers’ association • Only hook and line and Gubat passage of boats allowed in buffer zone Gata, 27 11 38 VILLAGE COUNCIL, • PhP1,000 (USD24) penalty Caramoan* BFARMC for violation (Rizal); PhP5,000 (USD120) for second violation and imprisonment for succeeding violations (Caramoan) Royroy, 28 10 38 ROFIA (cooperative) Batuan *Seven more MPAs were established in seven other coastal villages by October 2011 in Caramoan. A Documentation of Project Experience 61 Anecdotal accounts of increase in marine species and fish catch. Six months after the MPAs oldest and biggest (nearly 400 cm in diameter) in Southeast Asia, is found in the Bongsanglay were established, there were anecdotal accounts of increased fish species and fish catch near Nature Reserve in Batuan. The inventory also established that the mangrove forest had “climaxed,� the buffer zones of the three29 sites. In Bagacay in Gubat, a seaweed grower farming outside the was capable of regenerating on its own, and human intervention (i.e., planting) was unnecessary MPA noticed a small shark among the seaweeds, an occurrence never observed before. In Rizal, for as long as protection activities were maintained. also in Gubat, the fisherfolk association managing the MPA caught fish with a market value of Php5,000 (USD120.00) in one harvest, which had never happened in the past. It used the money Community nurseries, mangrove rehabilitation, and protection. Aside from mapping and to purchase fuel for its patrol boat. As a result, the number of hook-and-line fishers near the inventory, the Project facilitated establishment of community nurseries in three villages in buffer zone are said to have increased. In Gata in Caramoan, a local fisher made a onetime catch Batuan. A counterpart-contribution scheme was mobilized, wherein the community supplied of 200 kilos of a local species outside the buffer zone. labor and land for the nursery; the community organizers provided facilitation and technical inputs and plastic bags; and the municipal LGU/LGA provided oversight and post-project The LGUs plan to conduct a more scientific assessment and monitoring of impacts of the MPA support. A memorandum of agreement spelled out the roles of the different stakeholder groups. on fish habitat and fish yield. Toward this end, the LGU of Caramoan is tapping the expertise and The nurseries support the continuing mangrove reforestation program of the Batuan LGU. The resources of the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources for benchmarking, monitoring, and town’s abandoned fishpond areas have been programmed for rehabilitation. evaluation. In Caramoan, the LGU supports the “food for mangrove rehabilitation� program. The municipal Changed behaviors. People’s attitudes toward blast and cyanide fishing changed as a result of CRMO plans to strengthen its IEC activities using the outputs of the mangrove survey and the Project. In Gata and Royroy, blast fishers and cyanide users became dedicated MPA protectors inventory, in order to end or reduce mangrove cutting. after the village chairpersons enlisted them as wardens and enjoined them to participate in Project IEC activities. Initially motivated by recognition from the village leaders and by a cash Table 5.2 Summary of Biophysical Measures Implemented (as of Project End, Sept. 30, 2011) allowance, the former illegal fishers have since acknowledged the impact of their destructive Sites Biophysical Measures Realized methods and have become ardent protectors of the MPAs. Gubat • MPA with sea cucumber ranch in Rizal Village • MPA with seaweed farm in Bagacay Village In addition, schoolchildren who have seen the educational videos at local community assemblies Batuan • Mangrove nurseries established in three communities, with continuing reforestation are participating in protection efforts. In Gata, schoolchildren come running to the council head activities in the villages of Canvanez and Panisihan to report the passage of boats near sanctuaries. Strengthening the protection of Bongsanglay Nature Park Caramoan • MPA with seaweed farming in Gata Village • LGU initiated “rice for mangrove reforestation program,� a variant of food-for-work,  Mangrove Protection and Rehabilitation to rehabilitate denuded mangrove areas. Families are given rice in exchange for planting and maintenance of protected areas. Information generation and sharing. The mangrove mapping and inventory carried out by the Project generated information on the extent of mangrove area cover, the species present, and the general 5.2 Early Warning and Community Preparedness health condition of the ecosystem in Batuan and Caramoan. Comprehensive mangrove maps overlaid with flooding maps were produced and disseminated to the municipality and the mapped sites. The local weather monitoring systems installed in the villages have varying degrees of usefulness. They have been most useful in Batuan, which is relatively more remote compared to other towns The digitized maps of Batuan were shared with the Provincial Agriculture Office of Masbate and lacks access to timely and accurate weather information. The early warnings from the system and the Protected Area Management Board (PAMB) of the Bongsanglay Nature Park in Batuan. have proven to be most useful in preparing communities, travelers, fisherfolk, and the LGU for A donor-funded Integrated Coastal Resource Management Program will be implemented by heavy rains and typhoons. The dedication of the local weather monitor in disseminating weather the Provincial Agriculture Office, with Batuan as one of the pilot sites. The digitized maps and bulletins even beyond Ticao Island and the support given by the Batuan LGU for the system’s the inventory output will provide the PAMB of Bongsanglay critical inputs for updating the maintenance have had concrete benefits on the ground. management plan of the reserve. The maps will also guide the Municipal Agriculture Office and village councils in prioritizing rehabilitation efforts. In contrast, Gubat’s accessibility to varied information sources and the presence of PAGASA and FAO (rainfall) monitoring devices in the area have limited the usefulness of the local weather monitoring The mangrove inventory established the richness of the biodiversity of the project sites. About system. In Caramoan, the system’s usefulness was limited by the town’s access to communications 20 to 22 species of mangroves were found in Batuan and 24 to 27 in Caramoan. These represent centers, the Philippine Coast Guard’s warnings, and lack of staff time to maintain it. about 2/3 of mangroves found in the Philippines. The century-old Rafiana, reputed to be the 29 The fourth MPAwas established in June 2011 in Royroy. As of the writing of this report, it was too early to detect perceptible changes. 62 Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Communities A Documentation of Project Experience 63 5.3 Toward Building Climate-Resilient Livelihoods Table 5.4 Uses of Assessment and Survey Outputs Project Outputs Uses of Outputs Pledged Uses During the capacity-building activities, it was emphasized that vulnerable coastal community activities residents needed to diversify their livelihood options to make them more resilient to the expected Vulnerability  Site-specific Identification  Input to DRRM/CCA, municipal  assessment identification of of vulnerable development and annual impacts of climate change. However, since community livelihood initiatives were undertaken P3DM multiple hazards areas and investment plans only at the tail end of the Project, the impact of these have not yet been cascaded beyond those  Multi-hazard maps high-risk zones To be incorporated in updating  who were directly involved in the programs. of Gubat villages Updating of  the CLUP of Gubat, and inputs municipal in the development of CLUP and In Batuan, the poorest of the three pilot sites, the municipal and village LGU leaders went through maps and geo- CDPs of Batuan and Caramoan a strategic visioning and business planning workshop, their first ever, and came up with possible hazard maps economic enterprises that their respective communities could pursue in the future. Mangrove  Actual forest cover, Input to protected area  mapping health condition, management plan for Community leaders and LGU officials of all three municipalities attended a training session on and species and list of species Development  Bongsanglay Nature Reserve in aquasilviculture technology at the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources training center in a inventory in mangrove areas of IEC Batuan and LGU/MAO mangrove 100-hectare aquaculture farm in Pagbilao Island, Quezon province. All participants, particularly in Batuan and materials, rehabilitation program the village chairpersons, were enthusiastic to adopt the technology in their mangrove areas. Caramoan aid to  Comprehensive enforcement In Caramoan, photo  mangrove maps documentation of species will In addition, the Project initiated a value chain study of seaweeds, as seaweed farming has become overlaid with counter illegal cutters’ alibi an increasingly important alternative to fishing in a number of communities in the projects sites. flooding maps that the trees they cut are not The study aims to promote value addition in the community’s livelihood programs, which is mangrove trees. necessary for greater economic resilience. 5.5 Local Policy-Setting, Institutionalization Table 5.3 Livelihood Enterprises Initiated in Project Sites Project Site Livelihood Enterprise Established Status Legislation. At Project end, several legislations were passed supporting adaptation measures, Gubat  ¼ hectare sea cucumber ranch in Rizal First harvest expected in Dec 2011 namely: the Provincial Council resolution recognizing the project and supporting the Started Aug 2011; harvest expected development of a Climate Change Action Plan for the province of Sorsogon, municipal and  Seaweed farming in Bagacay in two months village council resolutions supporting the development of a Climate Change Action plan and Batuan  All villages together with the municipal LGU, came up with their respective establishing the MPAs. In Caramoan, the Municipal Council passed a resolution in September business plans. This led to the establishment of mariculture enterprises. 2011 declaring establishment of eight MPAs. In Gubat, the Municipal Council subsequently  Climate-proofed walkway was constructed through the mangrove forest as passed an ordinance supporting the establishment of two MPAs and expanding it to more MPAs. part of tourism promotion efforts (initially conceived to provide access to In Batuan, an additional MPA was established in Royroy, with a pending passage of an ordinance. schoolchildren during high tide). Caramoan  The communities of Gata and Tabgos underwent enterprise planning sessions. Focal LGU unit for CCA-DRR. Before the Project, the municipal government passed an ordinance Existing seaweed farming enterprises were expanded because of advise from the creating a Coastal Resource Management Office in Caramoan. The CRMO has funds and is at the Project. Crab fattening enterprises were also established. forefront of implementing the Fisheries Law and ensuring that CCA-DRR is integrated into the management of the town’s marine and coastal areas. It has drafted a zoning scheme of these 5.4 Science-Based Information for Decision-Making areas. Gubat plans to reactivate a CCA-DRR technical working group consisting of the senior staff of key units of the LGU and the leaders of the village chairpersons’ association. Table 5.4 lists the outputs of the various studies and assessments undertaken by the Project. In general, the LGUs and the various project stakeholders have yet to use the outputs systematically Integration of CCA in local development planning, In Gubat, which was the focus of the scientific but have pledged to integrate the information into their development and sector plans. studies and assessment, efforts have been taken to mainstream CCA in local development planning. It produced digitized hazard maps which the municipal LGU plans to make available to the villages to aid in their development planning. In 2011, the LGU embarked on a Community- Based Monitoring System survey project in which rider questions on climate change impacts and hazards were included in the questionnaire. The information generated from the survey was 64 Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Communities A Documentation of Project Experience 65 Continued from page 66 used as an input in updating Gubat’s Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP). Various thematic Table 5.5 Summary of Gains Achieved in Legislation and Policy-Setting at the Local Level maps and other information from the survey also aided the LGU in updating its Comprehensive Project Sites Policy and Budget-Related Actions Land Use Plan (CLUP). Realized LGU Pledges Batuan Budget-related actions Batuan and Caramoan had no CLUP and CDP into which CCA could be integrated (see discussion  20% of development funds allotted for  Mayor’s pledge to maintain the same in Challenges). However, toward the end of the Project, the Caramoan LGU created a team to CCA activities (allowance of fish wardens, budgetary support throughout his develop a CLUP. The LGU made use of inputs on how to integrate DRMM and CCA into the maintenance of weather station, etc.) incumbency CLUP and CDA from a Project-initiated planning workshop in August 2011. A zoning plan for  Salary of weather monitoring station operator paid by LGU  LGU leaders’ guarantee to fund Caramoan’s coastal and marine area was also drafted at the workshop. relocation of flood-prone homes; Stricter enforcement of existing laws implementation pending agreement Budgetary support. Budgetary support and action by local chief executives is crucial in successful  Ban on sand and gravel quarrying and of families to be relocated and sale adaptation and in sustaining gains. The Batuan LGU allocated 20 percent of its development coral rock gathering of site budget (equivalent to PHP100,000—USD2,400.00—in 2011) for CCA activities. The operation  Ban on construction of new structures and expansion of existing ones along  Location and design of proposed and maintenance of the local weather monitoring system come from this budget. The LGU paid shorelines mini-wharf to be climate-proofed the salary of staff operating the system. In addition, the LGU deployed 12 wardens to patrol the Caramoan Legislation municipal waters and enforce the Fisheries Law; as a result, cyanide use and blast fishing are  Village council resolution establishing  CLUP and CDP in process of said to have been eliminated. Moreover, the village councils of Royroy and Gibraltar, hosts to the MPA in Gata Village development; LGU will ensure CCA Bongsanglay Nature Reserve, have deployed their own wardens to patrol the reserve, using their  Municipal ordinance creating CRMO as and DRRM will be integrated into respective Internal Revenue Allocations from the national budget to pay the wardens’ allowances. focal unit for Climate Change* these  Deployment of fish wardens and stronger The mayor pledged to provide the same level of budgetary support to CCA throughout his enforcement of Fisheries Law incumbency. *Action taken by Municipal LGU prior to CCA project In Gubat, the mayor at the time allotted a budget to acquire two patrol boats to help the MPA management teams in the villages of Rizal and Bagacay enforce their rules and regulations. 5.6 Partnership Building The Gubat and Caramoan municipal governments also provided counterpart funds to support The Project brought together private organizations, such as media networks and environmental Project mobilization. advocacy groups, with the LGUs and the communities in the pilot sites. Net 25, a nationwide cable network, filmed documentaries on the Project activities in the three sites and aired them Table 5.5 Summary of Gains Achieved in Legislation and Policy-Setting at the Local Level on its news and travel shows. The news anchor pledged to link up the Batuan municipal and Project Sites Policy and Budget-Related Actions village governments with resource institutions. The mayors of the four municipalities on Ticao Realized LGU Pledges Island were linked up with the Philippine Navy officer in charge of the Bicol Region to address Gubat Legislation the problem of poaching by large vessels in municipal waters.  Village council resolutions establishing  Multi-hazard maps to be made MPAs in Rizal and Bagacay available to all villages to aid  Municipal ordinance declaring planning A partnership was built with the Wild Bird Club of the Philippines, an NGO conservation group. establishment of the MPAs  CCA technical working group to be A team from the club completed an inventory and documentation of birds in the mangrove reactivated with funding support areas in the three Project sites. Should the three LGUs pursue their nature-tourism plans, the Budget-related actions from ex-Mayor, now Congressman documentation could provide information for the tourism marketing campaigns.  Two patrol boats procured by LGU to beef  Will mobilize LGU calamity fund for up enforcement of MPA rules disaster preparedness  LGU counterpart funds for all adaptation 5.7 A Cadre of Local Champions measures initiated by the Project Continued on next page The Project engendered the formation of a cadre of formal and informal local leaders who could sustain the gains achieved, scale up, or replicate the adaptation initiatives. The weather monitor in Batuan, whose term was co-terminus with that of the incumbent Mayor, declared, “Even when I am no longer paid by the LGU, I am prepared to continue volunteering my services. All I need is [prepaid credit] load for my cell phone to text the warnings.�30 Similarly, the Gata village council 30 Personal communication with Jeffrey Sese, Batuan, July 19, 2011 and Mercy Sueno, Caramoan, May 17, 2011. 66 Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Communities A Documentation of Project Experience 67 head pledged: “I will put an end to all illegal fishing activities in Gata while I am still alive.� Such statements from local residents offer hope that CCA will be similarly accepted and have a positive impact on other vulnerable coastal communities. Chapter 6 5.8 Knowledge Sharing The Lessons Learned and Challenges Several educational videos have been produced by the Project. These have been shared with other municipalities, educational institutions, and government agencies. The mayors of Gubat and Batuan have shared their CCA experience with mayors and the general public in various gatherings, such as the National Summit for Mainstreaming Climate Change for Mayors, among others. The Project experience was also shared in various fora, such as a national workshop of KALAHI-CIDDS, which aims to integrate CCA into community-driven development programs. It was also discussed during the national consultations of BFAR regional and provincial officers Chapter 6 attempts to distill lessons from the Project experience and highlights the facilitating factors drafting the BFAR National Investment Plan. that made possible the adaptation actions described in the preceding chapters. Although the Project experience is short and the work is still in progress, there are valuable lessons to be learned to shape future work in climate change adaptation in Philippine coastal communities. The chapter also takes note of the myriad ochallenges that LGUs and coastal communities faced in their efforts to adapt to the impacts of climate change. 6.1 The Lessons Learned  The Leadership Role of Mayors and Village Heads The Mayors. Mayors play a crucial role in climate change adaptation because they can mobilize the municipal government’s resources for adaptation actions and influence policy reforms. In all three pilot sites, having the mayor on board facilitated the Project’s activities and increased the chances of institutionalizing adaptation actions (Box 6a). Recognition given to these local leaders in national forums (e.g., the mayor of Batuan at the National LGU Summit on Mainstreaming Climate Change in 2010 and the mayor of Gubat at the League of Municipalities of the Philippines’ internal seminars) engenders knowledge-sharing and boosts the mayors’ personal resolve to initiate more actions. LGU leaders can play a proactive role in pushing climate change adaptation. This was demonstrated by the mayor of Gubat who moved to include information relating to climate and disaster risks to the municipality’s Comprehensive Land Use Plan and Comprehensive Development Plan. Similarly, the mayors of Caramoan and Batuan have taken initial steps toward coastal and marine zoning to prevent the detrimental effects of unplanned development. The Caramoan LGU, on the other hand, created a focal unit in the LGU for climate change despite resource constraints. Village Chairpersons. The village council chairperson’s leadership is as important as the mayor’s. As village chief executive, the chairperson ensures that adaptation actions are supported by the constituents. This was demonstrated by the chairpersons of Bagacay in Gubat, Gata in Caramoan, and Royroy in Batuan. Under their leadership and with the support of their constitutents, MPAs were successfully established and other adaptation actions were adopted in the coastal communities. 68 Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Communities A Documentation of Project Experience 69 These local leaders have been instrumental in influencing chairpersons in other villages to take similar action. For instance, Gata’s successful MPA initiative drew the attention and interest of brought home shells from the sanctuary, the mayor other village heads. Gata’s MPA proved that fish sanctuaries are beneficial to the community admonished him and told him to return them. No one and changed the attitude of community leaders and members. Through the community leaders’ ventures near the sanctuary although it has no physical leadership and advocacy, seven other villages have since established their own MPAs. The demarcation. No inventory of the reef condition has Caramoan municipal government has also passed a resolution in support of this. been made so far, but there are anecdotal reports of the presence of small sharks and other species. A fishery staff of the LGU said a harvest of a boatload of fish Box 6a: Local CCA Champions would be easy—if the mayor allowed it. A Tale of Two Mayors Before becoming mayor, he planted mahogany trees in the uplands, planning to grow them for logs, but as he The Former Mayor of Gubat became more aware of the importance of trees to the town’s watershed, he abandoned that plan. In his first Deogracias Ramos was in the last year of his last term as mayor when the Project first came to Gubat term as mayor, he made tree planting in the watershed Mayor Yuson enjoining his constituents to be prepared in 2009. When shown that a privately owned an annual municipal activity. In 2010, he began what he for the impacts of climate change /Photo by PFEC fishpond had been built at the mouth of a envisaged to be a tradition of turning Batuan’s annual river, blocking the water flow during heavy three-day fiesta into a celebration of mangroves. rains, which resulted in flooding of nearby communities, he had the structure dismantled The community organizers’ entry into Batuan was easy, as was mobilizing LGU support and resources in and gave orders for the fishpond permit never implementing CCA measures. Mayor Yuson is, by nature, shy and a man of few words, but when he gives to be re-issued. the go-ahead, everything moves swiftly and smoothly. Mayor Ramos funded the purchase of The Mayor has allotted 20 percent of the Batuan municipal development budget (equivalent to two patrol boats to help strengthen the PHP100,000 (USD2,400.00) in 2011) for climate change adaptation. He intends to do the same every year enforcement of rules and regulations of throughout his incumbency. Maintenance and operating cost of the local weather monitoring station and two newly established MPAs initiated by the salary of the weather monitor are charged to this budget item. To limit exposure of lives and property the CCA Project. He gave instructions to the Former Mayor Ramos (in yellow) convening LGU leaders for update to storm surges, Mayor Yuson has also disallowed the building of new structures and the expansion of community organizers to approach him if on progress of CCA measures started during his term/Photo by PFEC existing ones along the coastlines. He has deployed more than 10 municipal wardens to enforce the they needed anything. He enjoined a local cable network to broadcast the climate change educational Fisheries Law. Disregarding the ire of political allies and relatives, he has banned quarrying of sand and videos produced by the Project. The local network did so for a whole year, and every hour during the Holy gathering of coral rocks. Week. The mayor repeatedly stressed that “climate change is in Gubat�, citing a beach resort that was being gradually devoured by wave action in the village of Panganiban. Now a congressman, Ramos remains a concerned Gubat stakeholder. Informed of the stalled passage of  The catalyzing role of informal leaders a municipal ordinance declaring the establishment of the town’s MPAs, he used his influence to convene the Municipal Council to thresh out the problem. He also made available PHP1.5 million (USD36,000.00) In the three project sites, there emerged individuals, informal leaders, who made a difference in from his congressional Priority Development Assistance Fund (PDAF) for training. He has guaranteed that the success of the adaptation measures. Their personal leadership, especially in situations where the funding for the activities of a revitalized Technical Working Group for CCA for Gubat can be sourced formal leaders could not be relied on, was critical to Project success, as was demonstrated in the from the training fund. village of Rizal in Gubat (Box 4.1a). The Mayor of Batuan There were several informal leaders who contributed to the Project’s success. One of them was the local weather station monitor in Batuan whose dedication in monitoring and disseminating Three-term Mayor Charlie Yuson had demonstrated his concern for the environment long before the Project came to Batuan. Having come from a family of farmers, he had the uplands and the seas of Batuan weather bulletins kept sea travelers safe and helped communities prepare for extreme weather as his comfort zones. When he was a village chairperson in the 1990s, he had a fish sanctuary established events. A private lawyer in Rizal gave free legal advice to a people’s organization (PO) which across the family residence.This marine area remains protected. His wife recalled that when their only child had difficulties with village councils. There were priests, a pastor, and other private individuals 70 Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Communities A Documentation of Project Experience 71 who lent their voices and authority to help raise awareness and enjoin their followers to help having the municipal government recognize their new MPA site. To the community stakeholders, protect their coastal ecosystems. Other civil society actors in and beyond the project sites also their old MPA site that was supported by a Municipal Ordinance had ceased to be viable because contributed to making possible the early gains of the Project. they could not protect it. The old site was far and not visible from the shoreline, whereas the new one was easy to monitor and patrol. The Project carried out underwater assessment of the  Project implementers’ responsiveness to stakeholders’ needs two sites and found that the old site was covered with silt and plastic objects. The new site was a healthier and more viable option. The Project supported the community’s decision. At the beginning of the Project, the technical specialists encountered challenges resulting from stakeholders’ very limited awareness and understanding of basic climate change concepts. A In a past mangrove reforestation project in Batuan that was funded with a national government revision of strategy and activities became necessary; a separate CC Communication Project loan, mangroves were planted in seagrass beds or were of the wrong species. The result was a evolved and was pursued alongside the CC Adaptation Project. very low survival rate. These mistakes were repeated during replanting and were pointed out to the mayor and the village leaders; a repeat is unlikely to be made in the future. The mapping The project team’s ability to detect gaps and to come up with the appropriate responses, and species inventory by the Project should provide additional information to the LGU and the alongside the local governments’ flexibility in adjusting planned activities, show responsiveness Municipal Agricultural Office to help them in programming and decision-making. to needs on the ground, resulting in increased stakeholders’ acceptance of project inputs. 6.2 Challenges in:  Benefits from mobilizing multi-disciplinary and multi-sector expertise  Communicating Climate Risks Understanding the impacts of climate change and crafting the appropriate adaptation response requires expertise in various disciplines—biophysical, social, cultural, and economic, among For most community stakeholders, natural disasters are easy enough to understand, having others—and support from technical experts and practitioners. The Project mobilized expertise experienced them in the past. However, climate change was not easy to comprehend, as it in these disciplines and sectors, from government, academe, and civil society from various parts was a concept that could happen in the distant future. To connect the two—climate change of the Philippines. The exchange of experiences was enriching not only for the LGUs and the and disaster—and make these understandable, the Project had to undertake an unplanned communities, but also for the input providers. The biologists and mangrove specialists who communication program. carried out the mapping and inventory said that teaching and professional work was enhanced by their interactions with the different stakeholders and by the technical findings. LGU and The message, the language, and the medium had to be well crafted to suit the target audience. community leaders were enthusiastic about the new skills and ideas they gained, including A survey determined the medium of communication the communities commonly used and new words such as “mind mapping,� “climate-resilient livelihoods,� and practical skills like how to identified issues of utmost importance to them. The survey found preference for visual and audio identify birds through bird calls. communications, and established that the residents’ primary concern was their economic well- being.  Sharing experiences of successful adaptors facilitates action The Project produced videos illustrating climate change and its impacts, especially on the The Project’s strategy to draw attention to successful MPAs proved very effective. Residents were livelihood of coastal communities. These videos were done in the local languages and used easily mobilized after the fisherfolk leader and founder of the Gilutongan Marine Sanctuary on local persons who were held in authority or were regarded in high esteem. Various means were Olango Island, one of the oldest and most successful community-managed MPAs in the country, devised to enliven the audience and get the messages across. shared his experience. His experience convinced project site residents who had taken a “wait- and-see� stance to pursue the establishment of an MPA. In Caramoan, the village leaders of  Sustaining the Biophysical Measures Gata who listened to the Gilutongan Marine Sanctuary founder decided in less than a week to establish their sanctuary.31 To ensure the sustainability of biophysical measures, social and economic issues need to be addressed. These include the lack of livelihood opportunities, dwindling fish catch, need for fuel  Using lessons of past development projects to inform project activities wood, and the lack of solid waste disposal facilities. At present, there remain occasional intrusions into the “no-take� zone of the MPA in Gubat; cutting of mangroves in Gubat and Caramoan; and Costly mistakes of past projects in the sites were avoided in the Project’s implementation. In use of cyanide and other destructive fishing methods despite the protection measures that have Bagacay in Gubat, the MPA management team and the village council were adamant about been established. In poor island-communities where the cost of cooking gas is beyond the reach of ordinary families and where there is no land to grow alternative fuel sources, the mangroves 31 Key informant interviews, Caramoan, June 2011. and beach forests remain under threat. 72 Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Communities A Documentation of Project Experience 73  Disseminating Climate-Resilient Low-cost Technologies to the Communities Chapter 7 Information dissemination could have prevented the whitening of seaweed, which forced growers in the Project sites to harvest these ahead of schedule, therefore cutting their yields. Residents were not aware that unsuitable water quality and wrong temperatures cause seaweed Conclusions and Recommendations to whiten. Although the BFAR has developed and field-tested environment-friendly aqua and mariculture technologies, these have not reached the rural communities, as well as local government agencies.  Mainstreaming CCA-DRR in Local Development Planning The Climate Change Act mandates that local government units should be at the forefront of CCA Chapter 7 provides conclusions distilled from the Project experience and suggestions to build from efforts and should craft their respective local CCA plans. The Project experience indicates that lessons learned and gains achieved in climate change adaptation. Some of the suggestions are being the LGUs will face numerous challenges in meeting their mandate for the following reasons: contemplated as downstream projects for which the WBOM has taken some initial steps since October 2011.  Limited LGU capacity for development planning. 7.1 Conclusions Batuan and Caramoan are only starting to develop their CLUP and CDP. They have no experience in developing similar plans and are having difficulty in crafting them. Gubat has these plans but Building coastal communities’ adaptive capacity requires strategies these need to be updated. Only Gubat has the internal capacity to integrate CCA and DRRM into addressing poverty its CLUP and CDP. The need to satisfy basic needs will take precedence over efforts to preserve the environment. The Project initiated the process of local CCA planning in Caramoan and Batuan. It is unrealistic Unless these are met, the sustainability of biophysical measures will be threatened. Occasional to expect, however, that the three-day orientation workshop adequately equipped them with intrusions into the “no-take� zone of the MPA in Bagacay Village in Gubat, and the persistence the necessary skills to formulate their CLUP and CDP and make them responsive to climate and of destructive fishing and mangrove cutting in Gubat and Caramoan despite the protection disaster risks. measures put in place, will continue unless hunger, need for fuel wood, and lack of income opportunities are addressed. On top of the biophysical measures it helped to initiate, the Project gave livelihood support to strengthen the MPA management teams, provided training in aquasilviculture technology to representatives of key stakeholder groups, and generated market information on climate-resilient livelihoods as an attempt at building resilient communities. Multi-stakeholder involvement is essential for successful local adaptation actions The Project demonstrated that successful adaptation action can be made possible with the support of different stakeholder groups. The local chief executives—provincial governors, town mayors, village chairpersons—with their legislative bodies, can formulate the needed policy actions and supporting budgetary measures. The local-level offices of the national government agencies can implement national programs. Therefore, they need to have the capacity and motivation to delivery technical and logistical support as needed. In addition, the Philippine Navy and the Philippine Coast Guard have had to be engaged more to assist LGUs in monitoring their municipal waters to prevent destructive fishing. The role of the media and the private sector in increasing public awareness and calling for action is likewise critical. Engagement and continued active support of community leaders, formal and informal, will continue to be crucial 74 Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Communities A Documentation of Project Experience 75 in mobilizing communities into action, in making claims on government resources in support of Adopt an ecosystem-based local development. the actions, and in sustaining initiatives. The ecosystem should be of foremost consideration in development planning. In view of this, Continuous capacity building for DRRM and CCA for all stakeholder groups the massive reclamation and conversion of coastal areas into fully developed, concrete zones is necessary to sustain Project gains should be prohibited. Keep natural zones such as tidal flats, flood plains, and river easements The Project experience showed that the different stakeholder groups need information, skills, naturally flowing and free from any obstructions, including human settlements and business and continuous engagement in order for them to actively participate in planning for and establishments. implementing adaptation plans. Aside from training in strategic visioning and adaptation planning, continuous capacity-building is necessary especially in the planning and sector service Build climate-smart infrastructure in buffer zones and restrict resource units of the LGUs and local legislative bodies. The national government agencies (NEDA, DILG, extraction and development in conservation areas. DENR, DA, Climate Change Commission, and (Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board ) HLURB and independent experts should be ready to provide the needed capacity-building support in Require cumulative environmental impact assessments of infrastructure to avoid adverse effects the future. on the integrity of coasts that lead to shore erosion and the destruction of natural habitats. 7.2 Recommendations Increase adaptation competence of provincial, municipal, and village-level legislators and planners to enable them to craft legislation and development Use traditional local knowledge to address climate risks and disasters, plans that are cognizant of climate change and disaster management. resource management, and other adaptation efforts. This can be achieved by making disaster preparedness training an integral component of To ensure the success and sustainability of conservation efforts, it is helpful to use indigenous adaptation programs, with significant emphasis on prevention prior to rescue and rehabilitation; knowledge, local practices, and institutions. This local knowledge will be most helpful in and by making disaster preparedness training an integral component in the formulation of community-based efforts involving climate forecasting that combines scientific prediction with adaptation policies. traditional information, promoting the propagation of coral reefs, seagrass, and mangroves; in setting the boundaries of marine protected areas; and in finding engaging ways of effectively Adopt a science-based, adaptation-centered, participatory approach to enforcing local laws. decision-making at the provincial, municipal, and village government levels. Use the local Climate Change Adaptation Framework to guide the preparation of Cultivate climate-smart agriculture and a livelihood-diversified economy. Municipal Comprehensive Land Use Plans, Comprehensive Development Plans, and short- term to long-term Investment Plans. Involve the national government agencies, such as the Develop climate-smart agriculture for food security. Diversifying sources of livelihood that are Department of Interior and Local Government and the Housing and the Land Use Regulatory not entirely resource-dependent is critical in building a community and local economy that is Board, in overseeing the preparation of these plans, on which the municipal governments will not vulnerable to climate change. base their budgets and investments. Increase climate governance, knowledge sharing and community engagement. Forge alliances to manage risks and limited resources. Partnerships and alliances can strengthen community efforts. For example, a partnership with the Coast Guard and the Navy, particularly in conducting night patrols, allowed local governments to better enforce local laws. 76 Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Communities A Documentation of Project Experience 77 REVIEW OF PROJECT LITERATURE Climate Change Commission, Office of the President of the Philippines. 2011. “CCC and NDRMC join forces to make communities climate resilient.� Press Release available at http:// climate.gov.ph/index.php/news/press-releases/106-ccc-and-ndrrmc-join-forces-to-make- communities-climate-resilient Climate Change Commission, Office of the President of the Philippines. “National Climate Change Adaptation Plan�, Climate Change Commission, http://www.climate.gov.ph Ganibe, Joel Wayne. 2011. “Climate change Communications Strategy and Knowledge Management Package and Implementation Plan.� Project Document, World Bank, Manila, Philippines. Ganibe, Joel Wayne. 2011. “Final Report on Replicable Features, Lessons Learned and Recommendations.� Project Document, World Bank, Manila, Philippines. Hortillosa, Edgar. 2011. “Mangrove Community Structure - Batuan, Masbate.� Project document, World Bank, Manila, Philippines. Lasmarias, Noela. 2011. “Enabling Local Actions on Climate Change: A Guide to Local Adaptation Planning.� Project Document, World Bank, Manila, Philippines. Lasmarias, Noela. 2011. “Guide Book for Implementing a Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management Strategy in Coastal Areas.� Project Document, World Bank, Manila, Philippines. David, Carlos Primo., Lecciones, Amy. 2011. “Final Report on Recommended Strategies and Actions to Address Gaps in Institutions, Knowledge and Capacities, Systems and Tools.� Project Document, World Bank, Manila, Philippines. Madlangbayan, Victor. 2011. “ Environmental analysis of the project areas.� Project Document, World Bank, Manila, Philippines. MERF. 2011. “Report on Desk Review, Assessment and Diagnostics� and various documents. Project Documents, World Bank, Manila, Philippines Philippine Federation for Environmental Concern. 2010. “Reflections on the Implementation of the World Bank Climate Change Communication Project.� Project Document, World Bank, Manila, Philippines. Philippines, Climate Change Commission. 2011. National Climate Change Action Plan 2011- 2028, by various authors. Manila. Primavera, Jurgenne. 2000. “Development and Conservation of Philippine Mangroves: Institutional Issues,� Ecological Economics 35 (2000) 91-106 Santos, Rodolfo Jr. 2011. “Reports on Program Design and Interventions.� Project Document, World Bank, Manila, Philippines Santos, Rodolfo Jr. 2011. “Report on Possible World Bank Intervention in Addressing Poverty in the Fisheries Sector.� Project Document, World Bank, Manila, Philippines Villaluz, Maya Q. 2008. “Climate Change Adaptation: Community-based Approach Project.� Project Document, World Bank, Manila, Philippines. United Nations University-Institute for Environment and Human Security, “The World Risk Index�, United Nations, http://www.ehs.unu.edu. Yap, Januar. 2011. “Policy study on CCA for coastal communities.� Project Document, World Bank, Manila, Philippines For more information, contact: Maya Villaluz, Task Team Leader, at mvillaluz@worldbank.org The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20043 USA Internet: www.worldbank.org The World Bank Office Manila 23rd Floor, The Taipan Place F. Ortigas Jr. Road, Ortigas Center Pasig City, Philippines Telephone: (63-2) 637-5855 Internet: www.worldbank.org/ph/cas