Optional Sectoral Module PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION In a resilient city, the passenger transport system offers multiple modes of transport to its users to ensure the continuity of mobility in the event of disruptions, and to ensure access to transportation for all population groups (robust and inclusive). It takes a flexible approach and proactive coordination with other agencies to be able to divert user traffic to different modes of transport based on changing conditions (redundant and coordinated). In a resilient city, the planning for and investments in the transport sector are based on an assessment of past and shocks and stresses and are closely aligned with other departmental plans and overall key priorities of the city (reflective). APPLICABLE RELATIONSHIP TO RESILIENCE TOPIC GUIDING QUESTION RESILIENCE QUALITY QUALITY Institutional Who manages the transport Coordinated Close coordination among Capacity infrastructure and services in the transportation providers facilitates city, including roads, highways, planning for future demand, buses, taxis, rail, metro, ports, and accelerates re-routing and and airports? What is managed evacuation during emergencies. by public institutions and what is managed by the private sector? Kindly describe the arrangements and provisions in place for integration of climate resilience considerations in private sector operations. Are the relevant agencies well-coordinated in terms of management, development planning, and emergency response? 1 Revised 2018 Finance What are the funding sources Robust Cost recovery in the transportation for transport infrastructure and sector implies sustainable to what extent does each mode management, where revenues achieve cost recovery? ]What is from tickets sale for each mode the law or regulation defining recover operational expenses, at this? the very minimum. Finance Is contingency financing available Redundant A contingency fund covers for transportation infrastructure unexpected disruptions in the and services? transportation system, and accommodates sudden demand increases and changes in regular financing flow. Planning Is transportation planning Coordinated Integrated transportation and integrated with other urban urban planning facilitates development plans, economic consistent land use development development plans, environment and efficiency, promotes access management plans and/or and better coordination of housing climate change strategies and and jobs. plans? Planning Do transport development plans Robust Risk assessment and land and regulations include risk suitability analysis should provide analysis? Kindly describe how the basis for transport planning natural hazards and climate to avoid development in high- change risk considerations are risk areas, including induced integrated in the development of development. transport plans and regulations? Planning Does the city monitor and Reflective Performance monitoring allows gather data on transport system the city to keep a track of system performance? Does the city have vulnerabilities and make strategic adequate data/tools/methods for maintenance investments to monitoring performance? improve the overall robustness of the city’s transportation system. Availability of adequate monitoring tools/methods is a prerequisite to regular performance assessments. 2 Planning How are the anticipated effects Reflective Incorporation of climate change of climate change likely to impact projections in transportation the city’s transport system planning helps the city make smart and have these changes been investments in climate-proofed incorporated in planning efforts? infrastructure and maintenance, Are disaster risks and climate thereby helping to prevent major change impacts integrated in losses due to climate change. the prioritization of investments Availability of adequate climate in the transportation network? projection tools and modelling How? Please describe budgeting equipment is needed to evaluate and decision-making process potential impact of climate change and timeframes and involved on transportation infrastructure institutions. What data/tools/ and services. methods are used to make evaluations regarding climate change impacts on the city’s transport system? Planning How prepared is the transport Robust Availability of equipment and system for emergency situations verified emergency response (e.g., warehousing do airports procedures and routes helps have capacity to receive planes increases transportation safety for disaster response purposes? and effectiveness of emergency Are ports and positioning of/ response. or anchoring systems prepared to receive vessels for response purposes? are sufficient fuel filling stations available in road evacuation routes to address demand during emergency situations? Is relief material; warehousing available and well positioned to support emergency response? Do emergency drills take place for transport related staff, etc.)? 3 Modality & Does the current capacity of the Robust; In cities where transportation Capacity transport system meet existing Redundant demand exceeds infrastructure and projected demand? What is capacity, there are limits to the modal split? residents’ mobility. This can be exacerbated in a disaster event. Excess capacity can prove useful when sudden increases in demand or shifts in transportation modes occur, but can also represent inefficiencies in the transportation system. Modality & If a mode has been impaired, does Redundant The ability to shift demand to Capacity the system have the flexibility for alternative modes is one way the demand to be absorbed by to ensure functionality of the other modes? transport system during shock. Modality & Have mobility patterns shifted Reflective Monitoring mobility patterns helps Capacity recently? Is there a trend in modal transportation agencies respond splits that might stress the system to changing demand in each (such as increasing demand of modality, and make necessary vehicles on road networks)? adjustments to prepare for rapid mass evacuation. Modality & Within the regional context, what Redundant Access points and flow links to the Capacity: are the main access points and city’s transportation systems are flow links to the city’s transport important for maintaining city’s system (including passengers, civil and economic functioning. For freight, etc)? Do they have excess the purpose of avoiding blockages capacity or alternative routes? in the system, excess capacity and alternative routes should be provided in the event of failure or surges in demand. Modality & Are all areas of the city and Inclusive An inclusive transportation system Capacity socio-economic segments of is characterized by a wide coverage the population covered by the of the city, as well as good service system in an equitable manner? quality and affordability. Is it financially accessible for all groups? 4 Modality & What alternative commuting Redundant Flexibility in the commuting Capacity strategies (e.g., delay of non- system allows for continuation essential work tasks, use of of economic activities during an alternative work locations, emergency event. telecommuting, etc.) are in place in response to an emergency event? System How has the transport system Robust Destruction of transportation Continuity (infrastructure and services) been infrastructure and disruption of impacted by chronic stresses services during previous disasters and/or disaster in the past? Are helps identify vulnerable locations the impacts of chronic stresses and operational weaknesses within concentrated in specific areas the transportation system. of the city? Are some transport modes more fragile to disruptions than others? Is the transport sector already experiencing the impacts of climate change? what are the perceived risks related to climate change impacts? Can you identify the transport critical infrastructure that if disrupted would impact the whole transport network and incur large social and/or economic impacts? How vulnerable is critical infrastructure to natural disasters and climate change impacts? Is there any study of economic and/ or impacts from natural disasters or climate change impacts? System Please describe the level of Robust The economic competitiveness of a Continuity disruption during peak hours or city depends on its ability to ensure events/periods in the year when continuous transportation of goods disruptions occur? (e.g.: reliability and people. of transport system, duration of trips) Does it impact passenger transport and/or freight transport? What is impacting optimal level of operation and when? 5 Interdepen- What are the interdependencies Robust Interdependencies between dencies: between transportation and other the transportation and other city infrastructure and services urban systems can cause such as energy, drainage, ICT, cascading failures unless such etc? How could disruptions in the interdependencies are secured transportation network impact through back-up or re-routing. the continuity of other services and vice versa? Communica- How are transportation system Reflective Same-time monitoring of mobility tion: users informed of changing allows re-routing of excess conditions? and how to operate demand to parts of the system under changing conditions? which have capacity, and a timely communication of these changes to users. Documents and Tools Informing the Guiding Questions: • Freckleton, Derek, et al. Evaluation of Transportation Network Resiliency with Consideration for Disaster Magnitude. Presented at Transportation Research Board Meeting (2012) • Kopp, Andreas, et al. Climate-Resilient Investment in Transport (2013) • Nagurney, Anna. Building Resilience into Fragile Transportation Networks in an Era of Increasing Disasters. Presented at Transportation Research Board Meeting (2011) • Rodrigue, Jean-Paul. The Geography of Transport Systems (2013) • UN-Habitat, City Resilience Profiling Tool • William Lyons Principal Technical Advisor in Transportation Planning U.S. Department of Transportation, Volpe. Presentation at the Volpe Transportation System Resilience, Extreme Weather, and Climate Change • World Bank, Government of Pakistan and ADB’s Post-Disaster Needs Assessment for flooding in Pakistan (2011) • World Bank, Making Transport Climate Resilient (2010) 6