Outcomes of the 47660 Who Cares Wins Initiative 2004–2008 FUTURE PROOF? Embedding environmental, social and governance issues in investment markets FUTURE PROOF? Embedding environmental, social and governance issues in investment markets Outcomes of the Who Cares Wins Initiative 2004–2008 Foreword by the sponsoring institutions Who Cares Wins was launched in early 2004 as a joint initiative of the financial industry and the UN Global Compact, International Finance Corporation (IFC) and the Swiss Government. The aim was to support the financial industry’s efforts to integrate environmental, social and governance (ESG) issues into mainstream investment decision-making and ownership practices through a series of high-level meetings with investment professionals. At the heart of the Initiative lay the conviction that increased consideration of environmental, social and governance issues will ultimately lead to better investment decisions, create stronger and more resilient financial markets, and contribute to the sustainable development of societies. The recent economic downturn has revealed the devastating effects of miscalculations. It has reinforced the necessity for the financial industry to more diligently manage their risks, including those related to environmental, social and governance issues. Among those is climate change, considered one of the most serious threats the global economy will have to face in the next century. A financial system that is too short-sighted and unaware of the dynamics of climate im- pacts will fail to avoid or reduce the risks posed by a climate-induced economic crisis that could easily be far greater than the credit-related crash of 2007–2008. The positive message from the final report of this Initiative is that the industry has come a long way since 2004 in understanding the issues and developing the methodologies and tools for ESG integration. However it is clear that widespread implementation of these methodologies and tools has yet to occur throughout the financial industry, and will only be possible with the col- laboration of all financial market actors. Going forward, the engagement of asset owners and regulators is particularly sought to help create much-needed enabling frameworks and market demand for ESG-inclusive investments. Intelligent regulation is a necessary component of the growth of sustainable capital flows, which implies regulation that requires greater transparency on ESG integration from companies and investors and relies on markets to apply the most appropriate ESG integration strategies. Implementation should also be driven by strong public-private partnerships, voluntary initiatives and principles-based approaches. Principles can offer both investors and companies guidance where legislation is lacking, and the chance to benefit from ‘virtuous circles’ of ESG leadership. The Who Cares Wins Initiative is drawing to a close, but our dialogue and engagement with the financial industry continues unabated through other forums. We believe that this continued engagement will be particularly important for investments in emerging markets, where ESG integration is still an exception. We strongly believe that better integration of ESG issues into investment markets is within reach, leading to more resilient and efficient markets and contributing to a more sustainable de- velopment of societies. IFC, the Swiss Government and the UN Global Compact urge all actors 3 involved in investment markets to consider and implement the recommendations set out at the end of the report. Though the current turbulence in financial markets may tempt investors and companies to think of ESG issues as ‘tomorrow’s problem’, we believe that urgent and wholehearted action is warranted not in spite of, but precisely because of the market dynamics observed in the past months. ESG integration is about investors and companies taking a longer-term view, acknowledging the full spectrum of future risks and opportunities, and allocating capital as if they themselves were the beneficial owner. There can be no better way to restore public confidence in the mar- kets and build a prosperous economic future. Rachel Kyte Ambassador Thomas Greminger Georg Kell Vice President, Head of Political Affairs Division IV, Executive Director Business Advisory Services Human Security United Nations International Finance Federal Department of Foreign Affairs Global Compact Corporation (Switzerland) 4 Contents Executive summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 2. Progress in ESG integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Observations relating to the investment system as a whole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Asset owners and investment consultants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Asset managers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Investment researchers, data providers and rating agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Regulators, exchanges, professional bodies, etc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3. A focus on emerging markets investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4. Ten recommendations to accelerate ESG integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Enabling change in a complex system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Background, expert consultation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Goals and chronology of the WCW Initiative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Selected organisations and initiatives addressing ESG integration for investors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Assessment of progress by investment actors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Institutions that participated in Who Cares Wins 2004—2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Report authors: Ivo Knoepfel, Gordon Hagart onValues Ltd. Zurich, January 2009 Commonly-used terms EM Emerging market(s) ESG Environmental, social and governance (issues) WCW Who Cares Wins Initiative 5 Executive summary This report summarises the strategic outcomes of the Who Cares Wins Initiative — a series of working con- ferences and financial industry consultations that took place between 2004 and 2008. The Initiative aimed to increase the industry’s understanding of the risks and opportunities presented by environmental, social and governance (ESG) issues, and to improve their consider- ation in investment decision-making. In concluding four years of discussion with the Who Cares Wins was initi- industry, the report proposes a number of actions to further ESG integration and, ated by the UN Secretary- ultimately, to set the investment system on a more sustainable, long-term footing. General’s Global Com- pact Office in 2004 and The past years can be described as a period of intense experimentation and learn- endorsed by an alliance ing regarding the relevance of ESG issues for investments and their integration into of financial institutions investment decisions. The industry has considerably progressed since 2004: it is that collectively represent today a commonly-accepted fact that ESG issues can have a financial impact on more than USD 6 tril- single companies or entire sectors. The industry has also become more sophisticated lion in assets. Who Cares in understanding when and where this impact is relevant. Leading analysts have Wins provided a platform developed the necessary techniques to integrate ESG issues into financial analysis — for asset managers and proving that ESG integration is absolutely within the reach of the analyst profession. investment researchers to engage with institutional However, this know-how is not yet widely applied in the industry. Given the role of asset owners, companies investors in assessing future economic developments, and the potential for many and other private and ESG issues to change significantly the course of our economies1 , this lack of uptake is public actors on ESG is- surprising. sues. The principal setting for this engagement was To understand better the impediments to a wider uptake of ESG information by the fi- a series of annual closed- nancial industry a systemic view is needed. The Who Cares Wins consultations looked door, invitation-only events in-depth at the relationships of key actors, including asset owners (pension funds and for investment profession- other institutional investors), asset managers, investment researchers and regula- als. In-depth consultations tors. This report offers a set of key recommendations for each of the actors in order to with a number of leading improve and scale up ESG integration considerably. industry practitioners pre- ceded the drafting of this, The dynamic nature of the financial industry means that each actor is highly depen- the Initiative’s final report. dent on other actors. It also means that changes in the behaviour of key actors, such as the asset owners at the top of the chain, can rapidly unblock stalled situations and move the system to a new equilibrium. In the coming years the financial industry has the opportunity to reap the gains of the good work done so far by applying it more widely to mainstream investment processes. If the industry does not seize this opportu- nity, it risks failing to account for important developments that are shaping the future of our economies. This in turn could create systemic risks for the financial industry and the economy at large. The positive message is that ESG integration currently represents an important source of competitive differentiation and value creation for financial institutions that make it part of their strategy. However, the next phase of ESG integration will require the leadership of the CEOs and CIOs of financial in- stitutions and implementation at all levels of their organisations, or it will not happen. Employees working on 1  Climate change and its policy response being but one example 7 ESG integration must be given appropriate incentives, different actors must agree on ways to share the costs and benefits of developing new ESG-inclusive services, and institutions’ strategies need to be communicated better to the market at large. Progress in ESG integration As mentioned, the level of awareness of ESG issues among mainstream professionals has greatly improved since the launch of Who Cares Wins, with new collaborative initiatives such as the Principles for Responsible Investment (PRI) facilitating the adoption of best practice. The development phase, characterised by experi- mentation and innovation in many areas, is now drawing to a close, leaving those institutions that have made a firm institutional commitment to the space with a springboard for scaling up ESG integration. However, progress has not been uniform — environmental, social and governance issues have not been taken up by investors to equal extents. Nor have the various actors in the investment system moved forward in unison. Asset owners (e.g. pension funds, insurance companies), at the head of the chain, have certainly improved their awareness of ESG issues, but their implementation efforts — investing in an ESG-inclusive manner — have been disappointing. In contrast, active ownership activities, including the “Having been involved exercise of voting rights and engagement with companies, have made good progress in the investment indus- since 2004. try for over 35 years, it is clear to me that ESG Likewise the leading consultants have invested in researching what ESG issues mean analysis is set to play an for their clients, and have begun to show how ESG issues are built in to standard services ever more important role such as investment strategy, asset allocation and manager selection. But the majority of in stock selection because the consultancy world is well behind the pace set by the few leaders. it addresses key strategic issues for companies and The clearest progress made by asset managers has been in terms of sourcing ESG- economies. It is simply inclusive investment research from service providers. On the other hand, it is much not possible to make good less clear how the research is actually being used by asset managers. Indeed, asset investment decisions in managers are candid about the challenge of integrating ESG information into their a world where corporate traditional frameworks. profitability increasingly depends on thriving in a In future, asset managers must provide a greater degree of transparency towards world of growing scar- research providers and company management on the use of ESG data, and towards city of energy, water and asset owners and consultants in terms of the objectives of their ESG-inclusive invest- skilled labour and effective ment products and services. Further progress in asset management will also require and efficient corporate clearer incentives for employees involved in ESG integration. governance systems. ESG analysis can only become A big step forward has been made in the past years by academics and investment re- more important.” searchers in developing the analytical frameworks and demonstrating the rationale for ESG integration in investment research. Although the actual coverage of ESG by Jean-Pierre Hellebuyck mainstream investment research has improved (from a low base), coverage remains Director and Vice patchy and is generally driven by specialist teams rather than by mainstream ana- Chairman, AXA Investment Managers lysts. The key challenges ahead for researchers are insufficient incentive systems, the high cost of building up teams and tools, and the lack of comparable company data on ESG issues. 8 The emergence of new specialist ESG data providers is also a positive trend, but “The CalPERS Board and the leading credit rating agencies — a crucial actor in investment markets — are Investment Office are conspicuous by their absence from the debate on the materiality of ESG issues. The committed to integrating positive role played by a number of stock exchanges in improving the ESG disclosure ESG issues into our asset of listed companies is a notable development. management, consistent with our fiduciary duty to Leading companies have advanced greatly in making ESG issues part of their strat- maximise risk-adjusted egy (arguably more rapidly than investors), and have shown that they are willing to returns for our members. engage in a sophisticated dialogue with investors on financially-material ESG issues. We have been a long-time Nonetheless, the production of ESG data that are robust and comparable, and the corporate governance ad- integration of the most material issues into investor relations communications, vocate for transparency in remain areas of concern2 . reporting, including report- ing on environmental issues. Who Cares Wins also looked at the role of regulators and governments. The Further, CalPERS is consid- message from WCW participants is that, given the complex and technical nature of ering new opportunities to ESG integration, governments should not play an active role at the micro level but invest with managers who should focus on defining the right boundary conditions for the system as a whole. are targeting investments This includes requiring greater transparency on ESG integration from companies in publicly-held companies and investors, supporting efforts to give a price to public environmental and social that have an advantage in goods, and relying on markets to apply the most appropriate ESG integration strate- adapting to, or mitigating, gies. Regulators can also support ESG integration by stating explicitly that they see climate change and other no contradiction between a thoughtful consideration of material ESG issues and environmental issues, in fiduciary responsibilities. addition to managers whose processes involve screening The role of professional bodies and qualifications in increasing the industry’s aware- out companies.” ness and knowledge and in better training young professionals in the field of ESG was repeatedly stressed throughout the WCW consultations. The more active role Anne Stausboll undertaken by the CFA Institute in this area provides an encouraging signal for the Chief Executive Officer, whole investment industry. CalPERS Enabling change in a complex system: 10 recommendations to kick-start the next phase in ESG integration in financial markets To frame the recommendations that complete this report, a model for the interactions between different actors on ESG integration was developed. The concept of a simple, one-way chain, with requests issued by upstream clients to downstream providers, was considered an unsatisfactory description of the investment system. The framework shown in the chart below takes a more dynamic, systems-orientated view of the interactions. When upstream participants request disruptive changes to the way the system works, they must accompa- ny their requests with assurance (counter-requests) that their own actions will be transparent, and that risks taken will be reciprocated. This system of ‘requests’ and ‘counter-requests’ is set out below, and explained in more detail in the recommendations section that begins on page 30. 2 These subjects were the focus of the 2006 Who Cares Wins event, ‘Communicating ESG Value Drivers at the Company-Investor Interface’ 9 Enabling change in a complex system Regulators and governments, exchanges Requirements for greater transparency Internalisation of ESG costs Assurance on compatibility with fiduciary responsibilities REQUEST Beneficiaries Innovative investment strategies Asset owners Investment consultants Research Mandates; appropriate Asset managers performance measurement Reliable data; Investment managment researchers engagement Transparent use; willingness to pay for research Data Rating providers agencies COUNTER-REQUEST Companies Evidence that ESG drives investment decisions 10 Academia, think tanks, supporting initiatives (e.g. PRI, ICGN) Thought leadership Groundwork research Lower costs to entry through collaboration, dissemination of best practice For example, when asset managers request improved ESG-inclusive research from service providers, they must show that the research will influence the way they spend their brokerage or research budgets, and that investment decision-making is influenced by the research The strength of the discussions and consultations with industry professionals that took place during the WCW Initiative has been this focus on the dynamics of the investment system and on what is needed to unblock stalled situations. Who Cares Wins aimed to support the financial industry’s efforts to integrate ESG issues into mainstream investment decision-making and ownership practices. In the light of the 2007–2008 financial crisis the need to refocus the investment system on the long term and on a more holistic assessment of risk is more important than ever. The conclusions of the Who Cares Wins initiative — a roadmap to markets that are more ‘future proof’ — are captured by the following set of ten recommendations for different investment market actors: 1. All investment actors: mobilise top management. CEO / CIO leadership is needed to unblock stalled situations between different actors and agree on how to share the costs of further market-building efforts 2. Regulators and governments: require greater transparency on ESG performance / integration from companies and investors. Engage in an open dialogue with the financial industry on this issue, and support neutral platforms aimed at fostering that dialogue. ‘Walk the talk’ in terms of the way you invest your own capital. Help the industry’s integration efforts by giving a price to public goods, thereby internalising external environmental and social costs 3. Asset owners: make ESG inclusion a specific criterion in new asset management man- dates. Commit to evaluating ESG capabilities systematically when formulating mandates and selecting managers. Professional staff: increase the awareness and knowledge of trustees in this area 4. Investment consultants: develop and communicate a house view on the integration of ESG issues. Be explicit about how that position is reflected in your services (e.g. investment strategy, asset-liability management / asset allocation and manager selection) 5. Asset managers (senior management): lead ESG integration by communicating clear goals and providing appropriate incentives for employees and service providers (e.g. sell-side re- search). Involve human resources / compensation managers in your planning 6. Asset managers: pro-actively develop and distribute investment strategies and services that focus on ESG as a tool for improving risk-adjusted return. Design integrated method- ologies3 for ESG that go beyond simple screening approaches 7. Asset owners, asset managers and research providers: enter a dialogue with compa- nies to explain how ESG issues drive investment decision-making and to request improved reporting on ESG performance 8. Asset owners, asset managers and research providers: improve the quality and cover- age of country-specific ESG research in emerging markets. Include ESG issues in regular company meetings and engagement activities. Consider collaborating with other investors in requiring minimum ESG disclosure standards from emerging markets legislators and exchanges 9. Research providers: leverage the knowledge of analysts covering industries with a high degree of ESG integration, and expand the quality and scope of ESG inclusive research to include other sectors, regions (including emerging and frontier markets) and asset classes 10. Rating agencies: improve and communicate your efforts to integrate ESG issues into rat- ing methodologies 3  Methodologies that integrate ESG into the traditional fundamental analysis (profit and loss / cash flow modelling, cost of capital, multiples-based valuations, etc.) and into established investment processes 11 In order to plot a course that could be followed by institutions looking to scale up their ESG integra- tion efforts, we present composites of the characteristics of asset owners and asset managers at early and advanced phases of integration. These composites can be found on pages 33 to 34. To improve ESG integation in emerging markets investment (a special focus area of the WCW Initia- tive), the following key recommendations were formulated: • Include ESG issues in regular company meetings and engagement activities • Perform a systematic review of the ESG exposure of investments in emerging markets • Consider collaborating with other investors in requiring minimum ESG disclosure standards from local legislators and exchanges • Consider the potential for small allocations to frontier markets not only to deliver attractive returns but also to establish basic investability conditions (such as custody, efficient settlement services, etc.) and management awareness of material ESG issues Acknowledgements The Who Cares Wins sponsors are indebted to the following individuals, who gave invaluable input to this report, and to the large number of institutions and individuals who supported the Initiative between 2004 and 2008 (see the appendices on pages 43 and 44 for a list of the institutions that endorsed and participated in the Initiative). David Blood Malcolm Gray Bill Page Generation Investment Investec Asset Management State Street Global Advisors Management (SSgA) Gordon Hagart Melissa Brown onValues Gavin Power ASrIA UN Global Compact Klaus Kämpf George Dallas Bank Sarasin Nils Rosemann F&C Asset Management Federal Department of Foreign Matthew Kiernan Sarah Forrest Innovest Strategic Value Advisors Affairs (Switzerland) Goldman Sachs David Russell Ivo Knoepfel David Gait onValues Universities Superannuation First State Investments Scheme (USS) Rob Lake James Gifford APG Investments Dan Siddy UN Secretariat for the Principles DELSUS Berit Lindholdt Lauridsen for Responsible Investment International Finance Corporation Raj Thamotheram Subir Gokarn (IFC) AXA Investment Managers CRISIL Amanda McCluskey Roger Urwin Jane Goodland Colonial First State Global Watson Wyatt Watson Wyatt Asset Management Publications of the Who Cares Wins Initiative • Who Cares Wins: Connecting Financial Markets to a Changing World (2004) • Investing for Long-Term Value (2005) • Communicating ESG Value Drivers at the Company-Investor Interface (2006) • New Frontiers in Emerging Markets Investment (2007) • Future proof? Embedding environmental, social and governance issues in investment markets (2009) 12 1. Introduction The goal of the Who Cares Wins Initiative was to catalyse the integration of environmental, social and governance (ESG) issues into mainstream investment decision-making. At the time of the Initiative’s launch in 2004, 20 financial institutions with combined assets of over USD 6 trillion4 published a report entitled ‘Who Cares Wins: Connecting Financial Markets to a Changing World’. The report contained a series of general recommendations, targeting different financial industry actors, that aimed to facilitate ESG uptake throughout the investment system. Environmental, social and governance (ESG) issues ESG issues relevant to investment decisions differ across companies, sectors and re- gions. The following are examples of issues with a broad range of impacts on companies and other issuers of securities: Environmental issues: • Climate change, water scarcity — related risks and opportunities • Local environmental pollution and waste management • New regulation expanding the boundaries of environmental product liability • New markets for environmental services and environmentally-friendly products Social issues: • Workplace health and safety • Knowledge and human capital management • Labour and human rights issues within companies and their supply chains • Government and community relations (notably where there are operations in devel- oping countries) Governance issues: • Board structure and accountability • Accounting and disclosure practices, transparency • Executive compensation • Management of corruption and bribery issues 4  Who Cares Wins endorsing institutions: ABN AMRO, Aviva, AXA Group, Banco do Brasil, Bank Sarasin, BNP Paribas, Calvert Group, China Minsheng Bank, CNP Assurances, Credit Suisse, Deutsche Bank, F&C Asset Management, Goldman Sachs, Henderson Global Investors, HSBC, Innovest, IFC, KLP, Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance, Morgan Stanley, RCM, UBS and Westpac 13 The ESG landscape has evolved greatly since that time. Substantial progress has been made through initiatives such as the Principles for Responsible Investment (PRI) and UNEP Finance Initiative, industry collaborations such as the Carbon Disclosure Project, the Enhanced Ana- lytics Initiative (EAI) and the Marathon Club, and the innumerable efforts of institutions and individuals at all stages in the investment chain. For their part, the sponsors of Who Cares Wins — the International Fi- “ESG integration is chal- nance Corporation, the Federal Department of Foreign Affairs lenging and not many asset (Switzerland) and the UN Global Compact — hosted four closed-door owners have the resources events for investment professionals5. Each event considered a particular to deal with it. However, I element of ESG mainstreaming, from the interface between investors am impressed by a grow- and companies to the particular role of ESG issues in emerging markets ing group who understand investment. The events brought together asset owners, investment con- how delicately balanced sultants, asset managers, service providers and policy makers, and were and connected our financial characterised by the frank, challenging dialogue between participants. system is, and how ESG will critically influence future In concluding the Initiative in 2008 the sponsors aim to provide a platform outcomes. I think consul- for the next phase of ESG integration — scaling up current know-how in order tant research on ESG issues to attain widespread integration of ESG issues into financial markets. As such, is a key enabler for more this report attempts to answer two questions: funds to see the tangible benefits of ESG integration.” 1. What progress has there been on mainstreaming ESG issues since the launch of Who Cares Wins in 2004? Roger Urwin 2. Which actions will enable the next phase of ESG mainstreaming? Global Head of Investment Consulting, Watson Wyatt Progress since 2004 was assessed against the framework set out at the launch of Who Cares Wins. In doing so we have not only summarised the outcomes of the four years of Who Cares Wins discussions, but also built on the excellent work already done in this space by various industry, academic, public sector and civil society initiatives6 . An instrumental component of the concluding phase was the consultation held with senior industry professionals in the summer of 2008. The experts consulted, who are listed on page 36, gave strategic insight into both the assessment of progress and future priorities for the industry. However, the conclusions and recommendations presented in this report are those of the authors alone. 5  The four events were: Who Cares Wins: Connecting Financial Markets to a Changing World (Zurich, 2004), Investing for Long-Term Value (Zurich, 2005), Communicating ESG Value Drivers at the Company-Investor Interface (Zurich, 2006) and New Frontiers in Emerging Markets Investment (Geneva, 2007) 6  Additional research sources included, inter alia, work by Ceres, the CFA Institute, The Conference Board, the European Centre for Corporate Engagement (ECCE), IFC, the International Corporate Governance Network (ICGN), the PRI, UNEP FI, and the World Economic Forum / AccountAbility 14 2. Progress in ESG integration The first Who Cares Wins report, published in 2004, recommended action areas for each of the major actors in the investment chain. These recommendations were examined in depth in the course of the four Who Cares Wins events between 2004 and 2007. In 2008 we revisited these recommendations (in consultation with a number of industry experts) to test their valid- ity and to measure the industry’s progress against them. In the expert consultation and this report we use a five-point scale to assess progress. The lowest grade used — ‘weak’ — indicates the existence of some knowledge sharing and commitments in principle, but that no practical implementation steps have been taken since the baseline was set in 2004. The upper limit of the scale — ‘strong’ — means that there has been widespread implemen- tation by a majority of institutions, including clearly defined strategies, targets and implementation programmes. We also take strong to mean that no further focus on ESG integration is required from industry initiatives or other investment industry actors — ESG has become generally accepted as part of investment best practice in the area concerned. Weak Weak / moderate Moderate Moderate / strong Strong Some knowledge sharing and Widespread implementation by a commitments in principle but no majority of institutions, includ- practical implementation steps ing clearly defined strategies, targets and implementation programmes By assessing the progress made by each actor relative to the original recommendations, we hope to plot the position of ESG integration on along the course shown below. 15 The phases of ESG integration towards mainstream acceptance are characterised by differ- ent activities and actors Strong Degree of progress Moderate Weak Phase 1. Experimentation 2. Industry-wide 3. Institutional com- 4. Full innovation and mitment     Integration learning and scaling up Key actors Pioneers, ‘lone rangers’ Experts and leaders CEOs, CIOs All levels with varying degrees of institutional backing Activities Ad hoc initiatives by Specialist teams, focus ESG integration ESG focus is integral and individuals on high ESG-exposure becomes part of the part of core invest- business and on core strategy, scope of ment strategy and ‘symptoms’ certain product and ESG integration rapidly processes — gener- client segments, learn- expands to all types ally accepted as best ing through in-house of relevant business practice and industry-wide activities, regions, asset platforms classes and client types Observations relating to the investment system as a whole ESG integration has come a long way in the last four years. The level of consciousness of ESG issues among mainstream professionals has greatly improved — the majority of industry professionals that participated in Who Cares Wins consultations believe that the investment system is well on track for ESG issues becoming mainstream. In terms of the phases of evolution mapped in the chart above, the investment system seems to be in the early stages of phase 3 — ‘institutional commitment and scaling up’. That is to say in developed markets that the learning phase is drawing to a close, leaving those institutions that have made a firm institutional commitment to the space with a springboard for scaling up ESG integration. However, progress has not been uniform — environmental, social and governance issues have not been taken up by investors to equal extents. In general, corporate governance is the concept that most easily captures mainstream minds. The understanding and integration of financially-material environmental issues has also advanced greatly in recent years, with a particular emphasis on the opportunities presented by responses to environmental challenges. 16 However, the response of investors to social issues, such as workplace health and safety, hu- man rights and companies’ stewardship of intellectual capital, has lagged. As described in the following sections of this progress report, the actors have also progressed at different rates. In fact, there has been something of a transformation: • In 2004 a number of asset owners expressed a strong belief in ESG as a value add, and challenged asset managers and research providers to take up these issues. Investment research was often seen as a blockage between increasingly enlightened ESG practices at the corporate level and uptake by investors • By 2008 researchers and other service providers had made some of the biggest strides forward, begging difficult questions in terms of how asset managers are integrating ESG issues and whether asset owners were really writing ESG-inclusive mandates As the innovation and learning phase comes to a close we stand at the brink of more system- atic and profound changes to the role of ESG issues in investment. We cannot, however, expect this to happen without the sincere commitment of the industry’s senior executives. Indeed, industry professionals repeatedly stressed the importance of the human resources aspects of mainstreaming, including: • Leadership at the top (CEO support) • Institutional commitment throughout a full market cycle — a five-year plan, not just a ‘fair weather’ approach • The need for education and incentive systems at all levels • A supportive corporate culture, coupled with self-confidence and the conviction that ‘the ESG bet’ will pay out over the long term ESG mainstreaming requires both substance and intelligent communications. The pioneers of phases 1 and 2 should be conscious of the perceptions that they create in the investment com- munity. For example, experts should check whether by constantly emphasising ESG as some- thing special they have contributed to ‘pigeonholing’ the issues. Likewise, gaining traction with ESG sceptics will also involve being honest about situations when ESG issues are not material relative to other considerations. The industry and its stakeholders should also be realistic in their time expectations, and acknowl- edge that large organisations have different speeds of change. ESG is, after all, unlikely to have a near-term, disruptive effect on the financial industry’s business model in the way that, for example, hedge funds have. Rather it is about doing traditional investments better. ESG integration is there- fore necessarily long term and adds value at the margin, making it understandable that change has sometimes been slow. 17 Asset owners and investment consultants Asset owners Action areas* Assessment of progress 2004–2008** 1. Consider ESG issues in formulation of mandates / selec- Weak tion of managers / in-house management 2. Implement active ownership strategies inclusive of ESG Moderate issues * As defined by the original Who Cares Wins report in 2004 ** For an explanation of the scale please see the beginning of the section on progress on ESG integration Industry professionals that participated in the Who Cares Wins consultations commented that the awareness of asset owners of ESG issues has improved more than expected7 , but that the level of implementation — investing in an ESG-inclusive manner — was underwhelming. Given asset owners’ position at the top of the investment chain, a move to a higher level of implementation of ESG commitments will be a major boost to ESG integration throughout the system. In contrast, individual and collaborative active ownership activities (engagement with com- panies, other issuers and regulators on ESG issues, exercise of voting rights, etc.) have made good progress since 2004. Although a number of large asset owners, such as the Environment Agency (England and Wales) Pension Fund and the Fonds de réserve pour les retraites (FRR) in France, have issued asset management mandates that explicitly require ESG integration, these have been the exception, rather than the rule. Moreover, action in this area has been dominated by institu- tional asset owners whose beneficiaries are either public sector employees or broad groups of citizens / tax payers (e.g. pension reserve funds). Despite theoretical work on long-term, ESG- inclusive mandates carried out by Hewitt / the Universities Superannuation Scheme (USS), the Marathon Club, and others, most of the signals sent out by owners are not ‘asset backed’. Asset managers that participated in WCW consultations noted that they: • Do not see the ESG-inclusive mandates • Doubt whether ESG capabilities genuinely have an influence in the selection of external managers • Find it hard to get constructive feedback from asset owners on what managers are doing on integration, reporting, etc. The lack of concrete action does not necessarily indicate a lack of sincerity on the part of as- set owners. It may rather be that many simply lack the governance and human resources to implement their commitments to ESG. It is perhaps no coincidence that many of the most 7 It less clear what is happening outside the group of PRI signatories. In addition, corporate pension funds are con- spicuously absent from the debate, with the exception of a few large company defined-benefit schemes (which have been active in the PRI) 18 robust ESG actions have come from large asset owners such as ABP (and their manager APG Investments), the BT Pension Scheme and FRR, where strong governance systems and experi- enced teams are present. Asset managers urged owners to ‘make real’ their commitments to ESG by explicitly mandating managers to integrate the issues, and by formalising the role of ESG capabilities in the manager selection process. More positively, the use of active ownership approaches to ESG has increased notably among asset owners. Initiatives such as the PRI Clearinghouse8 and specialist engagement service providers have allowed asset owners (and asset managers) to pool resources, amplify their voice and reduce costs9. ESG-specific engagements through the PRI, the CDP, etc., are just a component of a larger trend of asset owners making greater use of their formal and informal ownership rights. According to industry professionals the obstacles that asset owners most frequently encounter are entrenched beliefs and misconceptions about ESG, and limited empirical evidence around ESG as a value-adding strategy. However, the number of asset owners that believe there is a conflict be- tween ESG integration and fiduciary (or equivalent) duties has reduced considerably in number. Another obstacle to more decisive action by asset owners is the ability of their own resources and governance structures to support ESG integration. Any discussion of an asset owner ‘taking on’ ESG needs to be accompanied by an evaluation of the governance and time budgets avail- able in-house. i.e. is the owner apt to manage ESG issues himself, or should it be outsourced to service providers? Smaller asset owners often have inadequate governance to deal with the complexity of ESG. More- over, the incentives for the fiduciaries of asset owners of all sizes to adopt apparently risky, new approaches are low. Industry professionals pointed to the importance of investment consultants guiding their clients through ESG integration (a role that is rarely actively played). However, an ‘enabling environment’ will not be created solely by improved owner governance and leadership from consultants. In some cases asset owners require stronger statements by beneficia- ries and regulators confirming that ESG integration is entirely consistent with their responsibilities. The Who Cares Wins consultations also reminded us of the need to consider the role of asset owners other than pension funds. Pension funds are often seen as the panacea for all market ills, whereas in reality other large asset owners such as insurance companies, sovereign funds and private wealth must also be part of the discussion. These other owners may have at least as great an interest in long-term, ESG-inclusive strategies as pension funds. 8  Other important collaborative initiatives in this space include the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP), the International Corporate Governance Network (ICGN) and the Institutional Investors Group on Climate Change (IIGCC). Please also refer to page 38 of the appendices for a more complete list of initiatives 9  It should, however, be noted that the advantages of outsourced engagement services can sometimes be accom- panied by the disadvantage that the signal sent to companies may be weaker than if the asset owner or manager was dealing with the company directly 19 The clear message left by the Who Cares Wins Initiative is that without the sincere engage- ment of asset owners of all descriptions the ‘scaling up’ phase of ESG integration will not happen. The time has come for asset owners to turn their stated commitments to ESG into concrete interactions with their service providers. This report proposes such a step in the rec- ommendations on page 32. Investment consultants Action areas Assessment of progress 2004–2008 1. Consider ESG issues in formulation of mandates / Weak selection of managers / in-house management A discussion of the importance of asset owners to ESG integration should clearly also acknowledge the gate-keeping role of consultants. However, many investment consultants have made little ef- fort to understand how ESG issues can enhance the services they offer asset owners10. There are, however, exceptions — investment consultants such as Mercer and Watson Wyatt have allocated significant resources to ESG issues. The journey for consultants begins by developing and communicating a house view on the inte- gration of ESG issues. Once the policy has been established, the challenge is to how systema- tise the inclusion of ESG in standard services such as formulating investment strategies and selecting managers to implement those strategies. As part of the latter, industry professionals invited consultants to put lower weights on manag- ers’ recent track records, and greater weights on the ability of managers to deal with emerging issues, including ESG. The leading consultants have begun to rate managers in their databases in terms of ESG ca- pabilities (not only for the benefit of clients with an expressed interest in ESG). However, much like investment research, until such time as ESG becomes a fixed component of the standard manager evaluation model, claims that ESG issues can be material to all investors will appear incongruous. Consultants should also lead smaller asset owners through these difficult issues, proactively pro- posing solutions that are appropriate for the owner’s governance budget and in-house capacity. 10  Standard investment consultancy tasks include investment strategy, asset allocation / asset-liability modelling and manager selection / monitoring 20 Asset managers Action areas Assessment of progress 2004–2008 1. Request and reward ESG research from sell-side / Weak / moderate independent research 2. Integrate material ESG issues into investment Weak / moderate processes 3. Incentivise employees in charge of ESG integration Weak 4. Proactively offer ESG inclusive investment products and Weak / moderate services Some of the strongest progress in the asset management community has been in terms of sourcing ESG-inclusive investment research from service providers. On the other hand, other actors in the investment system have doubts about how that research is used within asset managers, and about the robustness some of the current range of ESG-inclusive asset management strategies. Asset managers themselves also cautioned that incentive systems within their organisations were often not aligned with the long-term goals of ESG integration. The Enhanced Analytics Initiative (EAI) has been an important force in signalling the desire of asset managers to see investment research on the full range of risks and opportunities to which they are exposed. The call from the asset manager members of the EAI has been unam- biguous, and backed by commercial incentives for their service providers. The response to this call by research providers is discussed on page 23. However, the absolute levels of progress in the broader asset manage- ment community are still low. Few asset managers are requesting and “Taking into account rewarding ESG research (even among PRI signatories), and sometimes financially-material ESG even those who are making requests send contradictory signals to issues improves the quality research providers. The market for ESG-inclusive research requires both of investment decisions. It broader international reach and greater ‘liquidity’. The responsibility is also makes the investment with the buyers to send appropriate signals. system as a whole more ‘future proof’ and ultimately A common complaint from the sell side of this market is that it is unclear may help to avoid heavy- how the research is actually being used by asset managers. Managers handed regulatory interven- ask for integrated research, but is there evidence for reciprocal integra- tions.” tion efforts on the buy side, beyond high-level commitments and self- assessment of progress? Market participants suspect that there is a large Burkhard Varnholt Chief Investment Officer, gap between policy and implementation at asset managers. It may be that Bank Sarasin asset management CEOs make public commitments (such as signing the PRI) without consulting the CIO and other key personnel on the structures that need to be put in place to implement the commitment. The message sent by research providers is that requests for enhanced research must be ac- companied not only by commercial incentives, but also by clarity on how managers use the research, and more broadly how ESG policies translate into integration into asset management products and services (in all asset classes). Once again we see that the concept of a simple, one-way chain, with requests issued by up- 21 stream clients to downstream providers, provides an unsatisfactory description of the invest- ment system. When upstream participants request disruptive changes to the way the system works, they must accompany their requests with assurance that their own actions will be transparent, and that risks taken will be reciprocated. This requirement for an ‘enabling environment’ applies equally to the direct interaction be- tween asset managers and company management. In order to enable the disclosure by companies on key ESG issues, and management engagement at the highest levels of investee companies, asset managers must be clear about the influence that ESG information has on their investment decision-making. However, integration of ESG into orthodox investment frameworks is a real challenge for many asset managers, as is shown in the chart below. PRI signatories find integration of ESG into investment decision-making the hardest part of their commitment Ranking of principles from most diificult to implement to least difficult to implement (Q117) Source: Principles for Responsible Investment, PRI Report on Progress 2008 160 Hardest 2nd hardest 3rd hardest 140 3rd easiest 2nd easiest Easiest 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Principle 1: Principle 2: Principle 3: Principle 4: Principle 5: Principle 6: integration active ownership seek disclosure PRI promotion collaboration reporting The lack of consistency in ESG data and research may explain some of these difficulties. However, asset managers in countries such as Australia have advanced their ESG integration efforts, despite the paucity of research on that market. 22 In contrast to integration, engagement with companies, other issuers and regulators on behalf of asset owners can be a powerful way for managers to embrace ESG, and is often the least threatening change for mainstream professionals to make. However, in the long term this could be counterproductive, if engagement creates a smokescreen that obscures less impressive ef- forts on the integration front. From the point of view of asset owners and their consultants, the transparency of asset management products is currently a problem. There is often a gap between how a product is marketed and what it actually does. Many asset managers also try to serve traditional SRI in- vestors and financially-driven investors with the same strategy. Owners feel that this bundling of clients is unlikely to deliver satisfactory outcomes over the long term. Finally, the gap between policy and implementation also manifests itself in terms of the incentives for rank and file buy-side researchers and portfolio managers to embrace ESG. The onus is clearly on senior management to communicate clear goals and provide strong incentives for employees. For asset managers that give clear guidance to companies and research providers on how ESG information is used, that develop ESG-inclusive strategies that are transparent about their objectives, and that align the incentives for employees and service providers with their policies, ESG provides a great business opportunity. Indeed, industry professionals were surprised that few large asset management houses were using ESG as a differentiator. So far this role has been left to niche asset managers. Investment researchers, data providers and rating agencies Action areas Assessment of progress 2004–2008 1. Develop the investment framework and rationale for Moderate / strong ESG integration 2. Integrate ESG issues into mainstream research, widen Weak / moderate sector coverage 3. Widen coverage of emerging markets Weak / moderate A big step forward has been made in the past years by academics and investment researchers in developing the analytical frameworks and “There is an increasing demonstrating the rationale for ESG integration in investment research. recognition of the need to Leading sell-side research institutions have published comprehensive include the analysis of ESG methodologies for ESG integration and have demonstrated that quantify- factors in order to more ing financial impacts of ESG issues, in spite of their often uncertain and completely fulfil this duty long-term character, is absolutely within the reach of the analysts’ pro- [to act in the best interests fession. This is one of the most important legacies of the ‘innovation and of clients and ultimate learning’ phase and an important basis on which the next phase (‘institu- beneficiaries].” tional commitment and scaling up’) can build. CFA Institute Likewise, in terms of the actual coverage of ESG issues in mainstream investment research, the industry has made important strides from a low 23 base. Initiatives such as the Enhanced Analytics Initiative have observed strong growth in the number of ESG inclusive reports and in the coverage of relevant sectors and regions by sell-side and independent research institutions. However, coverage remains patchy and at times oppor- tunistic, and is generally driven by specialist teams rather than by mainstream analysts. The emergence of new ESG data providers is also notable, and signals a positive trend toward a greater specialisation and efficiency in this still young market. On the other hand, it is disap- pointing to note that the leading credit rating agencies — a crucial actor in investment markets — have not progressed in terms of providing more transparency in relation to the integration of ESG issues into their methodologies. The industry professionals that participated in WCW consultations stressed the need to differ- entiate between E, S and G in assessing progress in investment research, and between Europe and other regions. Coverage of environmental issues is often strong, with many of the large research providers having tackled a wide range of environmental themes. However, research into social value drivers is distinctly lagging, and research on corporate governance is patchy relative to its perceived importance (see chart below). Likewise, coverage of certain markets (notably the US, but also Japan, the emerging markets and Australia11) has been poor. Coverage of different ESG issues has advanced at different paces Source: Enhanced Analytics Initiative, December 2008 High ing rad st Legend ion m iss Ge GH Jun 08 Dec 04 rces sou al re atur risks ernan ce nities of n viro. te gov Quality ion r en p o ra o . o pportu De plet Othe Co r Env ir l ita c ap an ks um is el ., h sues er er takeholder is at oye S ocial/s m pl r cli Em he Ot Low Business ethics Low High Number of reports Participants in WCW consultations noted that none of the leading global research institutions has committed to making ESG an integral component of all their house models. Such a com- mitment would be a breakthrough moment, with many of the other large institutions following 11  Interest in ESG has been high among asset owners in Australia 24 the leader in quick succession. Participants also suggested that gaps in the research agenda present ideal opportunities for academics and investment researchers to collaborate12. For example: • More work needs to be done not just on micro issues for companies but also on the impact of ESG issues on long-term macro drivers and asset allocation • Fixed income / credit research was also seen as a crucial gap. There is a lot of focus on sell- side equity research, but it has been very hard to engage sell-side fixed income researchers and the big three rating agencies, even on the most widely-accepted corporate governance issues The main obstacles for better ESG integration mentioned during WCW consultations were insufficient incentive systems for analysts13, the high cost of building up the new research offer (versus relatively low demand from clients), and the lack of comparable company data on ESG issues. The first point calls for more leadership by senior management, the second for a fair split of costs and benefits between users and producers of the research. In terms of better data availability, voluntary standards such as the Global Reporting Initiative and the services of specialist data providers have led to certain improvements. However, sev- eral participants in WCW consultations were convinced that this is not enough and that govern- ments should mandate minimum ESG disclosure standards for companies in order to improve data availability. Regulators, exchanges, professional bodies, etc. Action areas Assessment of progress 2004–2008 1. Require minimum degree of disclosure / accountability Moderate from companies 2. Establish that ESG integration and fiduciary obligations Moderate are compatible 3. Incorporate ESG issues in professional curricula and Weak / moderate support knowledge and awareness building in the industry The 2004 Who Cares Wins report mentions that “regulatory frameworks should require a minimum degree of disclosure and accountability on ESG issues from companies, as this will support [ESG integration into] financial analysis. The formulation of specific standards should, on the other hand, rely on market-driven voluntary initiatives.”. Since then, through the efforts undertaken by several exchanges14 and voluntary initiatives (such as the Global Reporting Ini- tiative and the Carbon Disclosure Project), disclosure levels and the comparability of ESG data have improved. But the battle on ESG performance disclosure is not yet won, and some invest- 12  Platforms for collaborations between academics and industry practitioners already exist, such as the Mistra Sustainable Investment Research Platform and the new PRI / ECCE Academic Network 13  The ‘bundled’ commissions model by which most research is remunerated is an important component of this obstacle 14  A number of exchanges have introduced minimal ESG disclosure standards as part of their listing particulars. The World Federation of Exchanges has been active in this space 25 ment professionals called for regulators to maintain the pressure on companies and consider mandating minimum disclosure standards. In the coming years, not only companies but also financial institutions, especially pivotal players such as the large credit rating agencies, should improve disclosure of their ESG integration efforts15. Regulators can play an important role here by supporting voluntary initiatives and neutral platforms through which the financial sector can report on ESG integration efforts. Overall, the message from the WCW consultations is that, given the complex and technical nature of ESG integration, governments should not play an active role at the micro level but should focus more on defining the right ‘boundary conditions’ for the system as a whole. E.g. sending price signals to companies and the financial sector by putting a price on public goods such as clean air and water. When Who Cares Wins started, many investors were uncertain as to whether ESG integration was compatible with their fiduciary responsibilities. The publication of a Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer / UNEP FI study on this issue16, and the debate that has taken place within the indus- try since then, have made it clear that integration of material ESG issues is not only compatible with but may be a requirement of fiduciary responsibility. In practice, however, many fiduciaries are still confused on this point. Regulators could sup- port ESG integration by communicating explicitly to the industry that they see no contradiction between a thoughtful consideration of material ESG issues and fiduciary responsibilities. It should also be remembered that governments also own large pools of financial and other assets. Participants at WCW consultations stressed that government investors and multi- lateral agencies should ‘walk the talk’ when it comes to investing their own capital in a more ESG-inclusive way. This would not only add to the pool of ESG-inclusive assets, but also send important signals in terms of governments’ long-term support of the industry’s ESG integration efforts. The role of professional bodies and curricula in increasing the industry’s awareness and knowl- edge and in better training young professionals in the field of ESG was repeatedly stressed throughout the WCW Initiative. Several initiatives by professional bodies have been undertaken in the course of the past years but a lot still remains to be done to counter the prevailing scepti- cism. The recent more active role undertaken by the CFA Institute in this area is very encourag- ing in this respect. 15  While respecting the proprietary nature of the rating agencies’ methodologies 16  Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer / UNEP Finance Initiative: A legal framework for the integration of environmental, social and governance issues into institutional investment, October 2005 26 3. A focus on emerging markets investment The role of ESG issues in emerging markets investment was a particular area of focus for Who Cares Wins17. This section summarises key findings and specific recommendations in this area. Industry professionals that participated in WCW consultations noted that the investment case for considering ESG issues in EM investments is on “Nowhere are issues such average stronger than in the case of developed market investments. as air pollution, water scar- city and social exclusion Departures from ESG best-practice tend to be larger in the worst-case as tangible as in emerg- EM companies (compared with worst-case developed market companies) ing markets. Enlightened and a relative lack of oversight by regulators and gatekeepers such as investors will not only see analysts and institutional investors results in weaker investor protection the risks but also the huge and ultimately higher agency costs. opportunities presented by responsibly engaging in Participants also remarked that ESG issues in EM can have a profound these frontier market op- impact not only at the micro but also at the macro level (including the portunities.” impact on long-term growth rates of issues such as political stability, governance, corruption, education levels and public health). Hendrik du Toit Chief Executive Officer, Investec Asset Management An important insight is that emerging markets should not be viewed monolithically by investors — country specificity and contextualisation are crucial. In addition, international investors have a tendency of focussing on downside mitigation when considering ESG issues, without spending time on the upside potential of ESG integration. Interestingly, perceptions about which ESG issues are most financially material often differ be- tween international and local emerging markets investors. Local investors often point to social and governance issues as being most relevant, at least in the short term, whereas the focus of interna- tional investors tends to be on environmental issues18. Governance issues are generally of high rel- evance in the EM context. This is particularly true in the case of the many EM companies controlled by governments and families. WCW participants highlighted the fact that there has not been much progress in the past years in terms of asset owners19 allocating more capital to ESG-inclusive EM investment strate- gies. This was seen as a major impediment for better ESG integration throughout the industry. Participants also stressed the fact that international investors should be more aware of their central role in establishing high standards of disclosure and ESG practice and should consider investing capital not only to established EM but also to frontier markets20. 17  The Who Cares Wins event in Geneva in July 2007 was dedicated to this subject 18  The chart on page 29 illustrates that the ESG questions that investors most frequently pose to EM companies are on environmental performance and governance 19  Including multilateral financing institutions 20  Countries whose markets are in the tier below emerging markets in terms of investability are generally classified as ‘frontier markets’ 27 The lack of ESG research on EM companies was seen as one of the reasons for asset owners’ caution in this area. This creates an impasse where research providers are not willing to bear the cost of developing an expensive ESG research service without a stronger commitment by asset owners. To unblock this impasse, further support from public institutions acknowledging the ‘public good’ character of this research may be needed21. Participants also signalled the paradox of developed markets asset managers that have a strong ESG pedigree in their home markets do not apply ESG strategies to their EM investments. Direct engagement with companies and with regulators and exchanges is a key enabler of fur- ther mainstreaming of ESG in EM. Leading companies and exchanges22 in EM have often been very responsive to international investors’ interest in ESG issues, as was noted during WCW consultations. In terms of engaging with regulators in EMs, concert party rules can sometimes inhibit collabora- tion between investors. Using investors with appropriate local knowledge as a coordinator and third-party engagement services are both viable alternative mechanisms in emerging markets. It was also noted that ESG-inclusive indices for EM can be a valuable awareness-raising tool for both companies and investors. They also serve as a basis for developing investment prod- ucts, both active and passive. 21  An example is IFC’s grant competition for better ESG investment research in emerging markets. IFC has also commissioned a survey of EM asset managers’ ESG capabilities and worked with industry partners on ESG-inclusive strategies for EM 22  The World Federation of Exchanges and single stock exchanges such as the JSE Securities Exchange (South Africa) and the São Paulo Stock Exchange (BOVESPA) have been active in this regard 28 Perceptions of the importance of different ESG issues vary — in the chart below EM companies described the issues that investors raised most frequently Source: IFC / Economist Intelligence Unit survey, 2007 Environmental: Environmental performance Governance: Disclosure/transparency Social: Labour standards Social: Safety and health benefits of products Governance: Independence among directors Social: Lack of corruption Governance: Minority shareholder rights Environmental: Climate change Social: Workplace standards Social: Commitment to human rights Governance: Other Environmental: Other Social: Other 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% The inputs received during WCW consultations lead to the following key recommendations for investors seeking to improve the integration of ESG issues in their EM investments: • Include ESG issues in regular company meetings and engagement activities • Perform a systematic review of the ESG exposure of investments in emerging markets. Take into account the fact that ESG issues in EM can also affect global investment portfo- lios through macroeconomic effects and the increasing operational exposure of non-EM-do- miciled companies to EM. Not only equity investments, but also other asset classes (fixed income, infrastructure, project finance, real estate, etc.) are potentially exposed • Consider collaborating with other investors in requiring minimum ESG disclosure standards from EM regulators and exchanges23 • Consider the potential for small allocations to frontier markets not only to deliver attrac- tive returns but also to establish basic investability conditions (such as custody, efficient settlement services, etc.) and management awareness of material ESG issues 23  Examples include ASrIA’s engagement with the Hong Kong Stock Exchange on IPO listing particulars, the efforts of the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) to improve carbon disclosure in India and Brazil, and Calvert’s initiative to improve ESG disclosure in EM 29 4. Ten recommendations to accelerate ESG integration The experts we consulted were asked to help to formulate a limited set of strategic recom- mendations for key actors (mainly asset owners, asset managers and investment researchers). We attempted to answer the question, “What needs to happen for ESG integration to become widespread in the course of a 3-4 yr time horizon?” We targeted recommendations for the industry and related actors that are actionable (not purely aspirational) and economically rational. In formulating these recommendations we have also tried to stress the ‘systems’ nature of the challenges that ESG mainstreaming will face, which we set out on the following page. We emphasise the systems view because we believe that the concept of a simple, one-way flow of demands from asset owners at the head of the investment chain down through their agents does not reflect the complexities of the interactions in the investment system. The model shown in the following chart takes a more dynamic, systems-orientated view of the interactions. When upstream participants request disruptive changes to the way the system works (BLUE arrows in the chart), they must accompany their requests with assurance (coun- ter-requests) that the changes they make themselves will be transparent, and that risks taken will be reciprocated (GOLD arrows in the chart). For example, requests from asset owners for ESG-inclusive investment strategies must be accompanied by awards of mandates that make the asset manager’s ESG capabilities a formal component of the manager selection process. The mandate must also give the manager com- fort that the performance criteria are suitable for the type of strategy being requested (e.g. by using longer-term, rolling performance measures). Likewise, when asset managers request improved ESG-inclusive research from service provid- ers, they must show that the research will influence the way they spend their brokerage or research budgets, and that investment decision-making is influenced by the research. 30 Enabling change in a complex system Regulators and governments, exchanges Requirements for greater transparency Internalisation of ESG costs 31 Assurance on compatibility with fiduciary responsibilities REQUEST Beneficiaries Innovative investment strategies Asset owners Investment consultants Research Mandates; appropriate Asset managers performance measurement Reliable data; Investment managment researchers engagement Transparent use; willingness to pay for research Data Rating providers agencies COUNTER-REQUEST Companies Evidence that ESG drives investment decisions Academia, think tanks, supporting initiatives (e.g. PRI, ICGN) Thought leadership Groundwork research Lower costs to entry through collaboration, dissemination of best practice For example, when asset managers request improved ESG-inclusive research from service providers, they must show that the research will influence the way they spend their brokerage or research budgets, and that investment decision-making is influenced by the research Recommendations The strength of the discussions with industry professionals that took place during the WCW Initiative has been the systems view and the focus on what is needed to unblock stalled situations and kick-start wide- spread integration of ESG issues into investment markets. The conclusions of this process are described in the following set of ten recommendations for different investment market actors: 1. All investment actors: mobilise top management. CEO / CIO leadership is needed to unblock stalled situations between different actors and agree on how to share the costs of further market-building efforts 2. Regulators and governments: require greater transparency on ESG performance / integration from companies and investors. Engage in an open dialogue with the financial industry on this issue, and support neutral platforms aimed at fostering that dialogue. ‘Walk the talk’ in terms of the way you invest your own capital. Help the industry’s integration efforts by giving a price to public goods, thereby internalising external environmental and social costs 3. Asset owners: make ESG inclusion a specific criterion in new asset management mandates. Com- mit to evaluating ESG capabilities systematically when formulating mandates and selecting manag- ers. Professional staff: increase the awareness and knowledge of trustees in this area 4. Investment consultants: develop and communicate a house view on the integration of ESG issues. Be explicit about how that position is reflected in your services (e.g. investment strategy, asset-liability management / asset allocation and manager selection) 5. Asset managers (senior management): lead ESG integration by communicating clear goals and providing appropriate incentives for employees and service providers (e.g. sell-side re- search). Involve human resources / compensation managers in your planning 6. Asset managers: pro-actively develop and distribute investment strategies and services that focus on ESG as a tool for improving risk-adjusted return. Design integrated methodologies24 for ESG that go beyond simple screening approaches 7. Asset owners, asset managers and research providers: enter a dialogue with companies to explain how ESG issues drive investment decision-making and to request improved reporting on ESG performance 8. Asset owners, asset managers and research providers: improve the quality and coverage of country-specific ESG research in emerging markets. Include ESG issues in regular company meet- ings and engagement activities. Consider collaborating with other investors in requiring minimum ESG disclosure standards from emerging markets legislators and exchanges 9. Research providers: leverage the knowledge of analysts covering industries with a high degree of ESG integration, and expand the quality and scope of ESG inclusive research to include other sectors, regions (including emerging and frontier markets) and asset classes 10. Rating agencies: improve and communicate your efforts to integrate ESG issues into rating methodologies In order to plot a course that could be followed by institutions looking to scale up their ESG inte- gration efforts, we present composites of the characteristics of asset owners and asset managers at early and advanced phases of integration. These composites are based on observations of the practices at leading institutions around the world25. 24  Methodologies that integrate ESG into the traditional fundamental analysis (profit and loss / cash flow modelling, cost of capital, multiples-based valuations, etc.) and into established investment processes 25  The asset owners and managers on which the composites are based include ABP / APG Investments, AXA, Bank Sarasin, BNP Paribas, Colonial First State, Dexia, the Environment Agency (England and Wales) Pension Fund, F&C, FRR, Generation, Hermes, HESTA, I.DE.A.M, Insight Investment, PGGM, PREVI, Robeco, SAM, USS and VicSuper 32 Asset owner institution (external asset management) — initial phase • A coordinator is in charge of monitoring and coordinating overall ESG integration efforts • The initial focus is on listed equities • Trustees and senior management have participated in a half-day strategy work- shop on ESG issues and their importance for the fund’s investments (e.g. with input from a guest speaker) and have clarified the institution’s position in the field • Investment consultants are asked to provide guidance in the area (e.g. to advise on how ESG issues are best included in asset allocation, manager selection, etc.) • Managers’ capability to integrate material ESG issues is taken into account in man- ager selection processes • In interviews or annual reviews, managers are challenged to express their views on the materiality of emerging ESG issues (e.g. climate change) and how they are taken into account • An external source of ESG research is used to monitor the ‘ESG quality’ of the portfolio and challenge external managers to provide additional information, e.g. in the case of low or rapidly decreasing ESG quality of certain portfolio positions • Collaboration with other investors and participation in relevant forums is used to improve knowledge in the area Asset owner institution (external asset management) — advanced • In an extensive consultation with its beneficiaries, the fund has assessed their preferences with regard to ESG integration (beside integration, this can also lead to certain issues being excluded from the portfolio, e.g. on the basis of normative ethical concerns) • The fund has issued a policy stating that its goal is to integrate systematically all financially material ESG issues. Objectives, targets and progress on targets are communicated publicly • The focus of integration includes all relevant asset classes, e.g. public and private equity, fixed income, commodities, real estate, etc. • Managers’ capability to integrate material ESG issues receives a high weighting in manager selection processes • Managers’ efforts to integrate ESG issues are reviewed annually • Mandates are specified in a way that is compatible with ESG integration, e.g. performance measures take into account the more long-term nature of some ESG value drivers • Clear incentives for key personnel in charge of ESG integration are in place • Investment / risk committees or other functions in charge of strategic investment decisions are required to review asset classes, industries, securities, etc., that have been flagged as being ‘high risk’ from an ESG point of view • The fund’s skills in providing superior returns based on ESG integration are actively marketed to beneficiaries; they become part of the institution’s value proposition to its clients • Knowledge about material ESG issues is used in a coordinated way across several functions, e.g. in voting, engaging with companies and investment decision-making Source: onValues 33 Asset management institution — initial phase • A coordinator is in charge of monitoring and coordinating overall ESG integration efforts • The initial focus is on listed equities • A member of senior management is responsible for these efforts • The coordinator has assessed and selected external sources of ESG research; these are made available to portfolio managers and analysts throughout the company • Senior management has participated in a half-day strategy workshop on ESG issues and their importance for asset management (e.g. with input from a guest speaker) • An internal working group, including portfolio managers and analysts from sector teams with a high exposure to ESG and some prior experience in integration (e.g. utilities, autos, energy), meets regularly to support the coordinator in developing simple tools and knowledge that can be shared throughout the organisation • All portfolio managers and analysts have participated in an initial workshop on ESG integration. Thereafter, ESG integration is an agenda item at team meetings (e.g. sector teams, product teams, specialist research teams) at least twice a year • External (and internal) research is used to flag issues, industries, companies that might be particularly exposed to emerging ESG issues. These issues and their expected financial impact are discussed on a regular basis in team meetings and committees responsible for overseeing investment decisions Asset management institution — advanced • The manager has issued a public policy stating that its goal is to systematically integrate all financially material ESG issues; objectives, targets and progress on targets are communicated publicly • Integration applies to all relevant asset classes, e.g. public and private equity, fixed income, commodities, real estate, etc. • For each asset class, a methodology to systematically and quantitatively consider material ESG information in asset allocation, risk management and security selec- tion is defined and used by all investment managers and analysts. The policy bal- ances institution-wide consistency and managers’ and analysts’ freedom to adapt to specific situations • Clear incentives for key personnel in charge of ESG integration are in place. This implies regularly assessing the performance of portfolio managers and key analysts in terms of their successful identification and consideration of material ESG issues • Internal sources of ESG research increasingly replace external sources • Investment / risk committees or other functions in charge of strategic investment decisions are required to review asset classes, industries, securities, etc., that have been flagged as being ‘high risk’ from an ESG point of view • The institution’s skills in providing superior returns based on ESG integration are actively marketed to clients; they become part of the institution’s value proposition to clients Source: onValues 34 Appendices Background, expert consultation The expert consultations that took place in the mid-2008 had two specific goals: 1. Assess the state of play • Experts were asked for their views on the progress made so far in terms of ESG inte- gration in the industry (focussing on the period 2004–2008). This included reviewing and prioritising obstacles to integration 2. Make reommendations aimed at furthering the integration of ESG (3-4 year horizon) • Experts were asked to help to formulate a limited set of strategic recommendations for key actors (mainly asset managers, investment researchers and asset owners). We targeted recommendations that are be actionable (not purely aspirational) and economically rational Furthermore, the second expert consultation, which took place in August 2008, brought to- gether professionals with particular know-how in emerging markets investment. In addition to the goals above, we asked these experts to check that the conclusions reached by the 2007 WCW event in Geneva26 were still valid. Experts were supplied with a ‘straw man’ document in advance of the call. The document included onValues’ tentative assessments of the progress made by the industry (relative to the action areas set out by the Who Cares Wins baseline assessment in 2004) and recommenda- tions for further action. The sponsors are indebted to the following individuals and institutions, who participated in the expert consultations and reviewed the final report. Participants were selected on the basis of their individual expertise, and spoke in a personal capacity (comments were made under the Chatham House Rule). However, the conclusions and recommendations presented in this report are those of the authors alone. 26  New Frontiers in Emerging Markets Investment, Geneva, July 2007 35 Experts consulted David Blood Ivo Knoepfel Managing Partner Managing Director Generation Investment Management onValues UK Switzerland Melissa Brown Rob Lake Executive Director Head of Sustainability ASrIA APG Investments Hong Kong Netherlands George Dallas Berit Lindholdt Lauridsen Director, Corporate Governance Program Officer F&C Asset Management International Finance Corporation (IFC) UK USA Sarah Forrest Amanda McCluskey Executive Director, GS SUSTAIN Head of Sustainability & Responsible Investment Goldman Sachs Colonial First State Global Asset Management UK Australia David Gait Bill Page Global Emerging Markets/Asia Portfolio Manager, Head of ESG Investments First State Investments State Street Global Advisors (SSgA) UK USA James Gifford Gavin Power Executive Director Deputy Director UN Secretariat for the Principles for UN Global Compact Responsible Investment USA USA Nils Rosemann Subir Gokarn Human Security and Business Executive Director & Chief Economist Federal Department of Foreign Affairs CRISIL (Switzerland) India Switzerland Jane Goodland David Russell Global Manager Research Co-head of Responsible Investment Watson Wyatt Universities Superannuation Scheme (USS) UK UK Malcolm Gray Dan Siddy Head of Client Service, Fund Manager Director Investec Asset Management DELSUS South Africa UK Gordon Hagart Raj Thamotheram Senior Consultant Director, Responsible Investment onValues AXA Investment Managers Switzerland France Klaus Kämpf Roger Urwin Vice President, Sustainable Investment Global Head of Investment Consulting Bank Sarasin Watson Wyatt Switzerland UK Matthew Kiernan Chief Executive Innovest Strategic Value Advisors USA 36 Goals and chronology of the WCW Initiative In June 2004 a group of 20 financial institutions with combined assets of over USD 6 trillion published and publicly endorsed a report entitled ‘Who Cares Wins: Connecting Financial Mar- kets to a Changing World’27. Facilitated by the UN Global Compact, the focus of the report was a series of recommendations, targeting different financial sector actors, which taken together seek to address the central issue of integrating environmental, social and governance (ESG) issues into mainstream investment decision-making and ownership practices. Although the focus was on integration of ESG into asset management and investment re- search, the role of asset owners and other actors in promoting that integration was explicitly treated by the events. The key characteristics of Who Cares Wins are as follows: • The core constituency is the middle of the investment chain: asset managers and the investment research community • However, Who Cares Wins also provides a platform for asset managers and investment re- searchers to engage not only with their peers, but also with companies, institutional asset owners and other private and public actors in the investment system • The principal setting for this engagement is an annual closed-door, invitation-only event for investment professionals (four events took place in Switzerland in 2004–2007) • The public bodies that host Who Cares Wins aim to create a neutral and protected space for frank dialogue between financial professionals on the challenges of integrating ESG issues into investment processes Who Cares Wins chronology • January 2004: UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan writes to the CEOs of the world’s leading financial institutions to invite them to participate in the Initiative • June 2004: initial Who Cares Wins event and report — Who Cares Wins: Connecting Finan- cial Markets to a Changing World (Zurich) • 2005: event and report — Investing for Long-Term Value (Zurich) • May 2006: a delegation from Who Cares Wins endorsing institutions meets the directors of the CFA Institute to discuss ESG integration • 2006: event and report — Communicating ESG Value Drivers at the Company-Investor Interface (Zurich) • 2007: event and report — New Frontiers in Emerging Markets Investment (Geneva) • January 2009: release of Who Cares Wins’ concluding recommendations 27  Who Cares Wins endorsing institutions: ABN AMRO, Aviva, AXA Group, Banco do Brasil, Bank Sarasin, BNP Paribas, Calvert Group, China Minsheng Bank, CNP Assurances, Credit Suisse, Deutsche Bank, F&C, Goldman Sachs, Henderson, HSBC, Innovest, IFC, KLP, Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance, Morgan Stanley, RCM, UBS and Westpac 37 Selected organisations and initiatives addressing ESG integration for investors • AccountAbility • Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) • Ceres • CFA Institute • European Centre for Corporate Engagement (ECCE) • Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) • Institutional Investors Group on Climate Change (IIGCC) • International Corporate Governance Network (ICGN) • International Finance Corporation (IFC) • Principles for Responsible Investment (UNEP Finance Initiative / UN Global Compact) • The Conference Board • UNEP Finance Initiative • UN Global Compact • Who Cares Wins (International Finance Corporation (IFC) / Federal Department of Foreign Affairs (Switzerland) / UN Global Compact) • World Economic Forum 38 Assessment of progress by investment actors Asset Owners Action areas * Notable Developments 2004–2008 Key obstacles / chal- Assessment initiatives lenges (in decreasing of progress order of importance) 2004–2008** 1. Consider PRI, PRI announces that its • ESG integration requires Weak ESG is- Marathon signatories now own / manage sophisticated governance / sues in Club, USS / assets in excess of USD 14 tril- strong beliefs (limited trust- formula- Hewitt col- lion; several US and European ee know-how is a problem) tion of laboration, PFs (but mostly of a public • Need for demonstrable mandates etc. nature) launch ESG mandates compliance leads to trustees / selec- preferring prevailing ap- tion of proaches managers • Doubts about the invest- / in-house ment case, scepticism from manage- consultants ment • Questions around compat- ibility with fiduciary obliga- tions 2. Imple- PRI, ICGN, PRI Engagement Clearing- [Not explicitly discussed at Moderate ment IIGCC / house launched supporting WCW events] active INCR, CDP, knowledge sharing and col- owner- Marathon laboration on active ownership ship Club, etc strategies strategies inclusive of ESG issues * As defined by the original Who Cares Wins report in 2004 ** For an explanation of the scale please see the beginning of the section on progress on ESG integration Investment consultants Action areas Notable Developments Key obstacles / challenges (in Assessment initiatives 2004–2008 decreasing order of importance) of progress 2004–2008 1. Consider PRI, May 2008: Mercer • Consultants’ belief that this could di- Weak ESG issues Marathon announces that it vert asset owners’ attention away from in formu- Club, USS / will include a set other issues seen as more important lation of Hewitt col- of ESG questions mandates / laboration, in its assessment selection of etc. of all managers managers / in-house manage- ment 39 39 Asset managers Action areas Notable Developments Key obstacles / challeng- Assessment initiatives 2004–2008 es (in decreasing order of of progress importance) 2004–2008 1. Request and EAI, UNEP EAI founded — cur- • Lack of specific incentive Weak / reward ESG FI, etc. rently 30 members systems (e.g. due to bundled moderate research from representing EUR 2 tril- commissions) sell-side / inde- lion in assets; UNEP FI pendent research ‘Materiality’ reports 2. Implement active UNEP FI, PRI Clearinghouse • Leadership by senior man- Weak / ownership strate- PRI, etc. launched supporting agement moderate gies inclusive of knowledge sharing and ESG issues collaboration on ESG integration 3. Incentivise • Leadership by senior man- Weak employees in agement charge of ESG integration 4. Proactively offer Surge in the offer of • Limited client demand (in Weak / ESG inclusive ESG themed funds, part due to lack of attractive moderate investment prod- indices and structured products for institutional ucts and services products (in terms of investors covering all asset financially-focussed classes) products, the base was • Multitude of concepts low) leading to confusion ((S)RI, ethical investments, ESG themes, etc.) • ESG not yet seen as a big opportunity, managers opt for opportunistic approach which in turn weakens client demand 40 40 Investment researchers, data providers and rating agencies Action areas Notable Developments Key obstacles / challenges Assessment initiatives 2004–2008 (in decreasing order of im- of progress portance) 2004–2008 1. Develop the EFFAS, Several sell-side • ESG has not been a major focus Moderate / investment New York research organisations of leading thinkers / researchers strong framework and Society of publish investment so far rationale for ESG Security frameworks for ESG • Few young professionals have integration Analysts integration (e.g. Citi- learned the basics of ESG inte- (NYSSA), group, Goldman Sachs, gration during their professional etc., and ac- Société Générale); education ademic pro- industry surveys (e.g. grammes from Mercer) and supported academic programmes by Mistra, underpin the invest- PRI / ECCE ment case 2. Integrate ESG EAI. The Enhanced Analyt- • Lack of awareness and skills in Weak / issues into main- ics Initiative reports a the industry moderate stream research, substantial increase in • Limited client demand widen sector the quality and quan- • Missing incentives for analysts coverage tity of ESG-inclusive • Lack of comparable company research data 3. Widen cover- ASrIA, IFC WCW07 focuses on • High cost vs. low demand from Weak / age of emerging ESG integration into clients moderate markets emerging markets • Need to contextualise / estab- investments; ASrIA lish local research teams (costly) publishes several sec- • Missing incentives for analysts tor and theme reports; • Lack of comparable company IFC launches a grant data program to enhance ESG research in EM, S&P ESG India Index launched. Similar indi- ces developed in Brazil (BOVESPA) and South Africa (JSE) 41 41 Regulators, exchanges, professional bodies, etc. Action areas Notable Developments 2004– Key obstacles / challeng- Assessment initiatives 2008 es (in decreasing order of of progress importance) 2004–2008 1. Require mini- GRI, Several countries introduce • Diverging opinions among Moderate mum degree UNCTAD, frameworks that encourage investors, lack of a clear of disclosure UN Global ESG disclosure (without position / demand vis-à-vis / account- Compact mandating it); data providers regulators ability from and companies are mod- • Compared to other financial companies erately active in improving crisis zones, not a very high quality of ESG data priority for regulators • Strong differences in terms of ESG disclosure needs between regions and jurisdic- tions 2. Establish EAI. UNEP FI / Freshfields • Cannot happen overnight Moderate that ESG Bruckhaus Deringer study because prevailing beliefs integration published end of 2005 as- need to be changed and fiduciary serts that ESG inclusion is • Strong differences between obligations compatible with and may be regions and jurisdictions are compat- required by fiduciary duty ible 3. Incorporate EFFAS, Be- A WCW delegation meets • Lack of leadership from flag- Weak / ESG issues in yond Grey the CFA Institute in 2006; ship curricula moderate professional Pinstripes partial integration of ESG • Prevailing beliefs in the curricula (Aspen issues in CFA professional industry and support Institute courses; several EFFAS knowledge / World publications related to ESG and aware- Resources issues; July 2008: NYSSA ness building Institute), to host the global launch in the Principles of ‘ESG Factors at Listed industry for Respon- Companies: A Manual for sible Man- Investors’, published by the agement CFA Institute Centre for Education Financial Market Integrity (PRME), etc 42 42 Institutions that participated in Who Cares Wins 2004—2008 The sponsors are indebted to the following institutions, which participated in the Initiative between 2004 and 2008. ABB Credit Suisse ABN AMRO Daimler AccountAbility DELSUS AHV Ausgleichsfonds / Fonds de Compen- Det Norske Veritas (DNV) sation AVS Deutsche Bank APG Investments Dexia ASrIA DnB NOR ASSET4 Dresdner Kleinwort Atlantic Trust ECOFACT Aviva Investors Eco-Frontier AXA Economist Intelligence Unit Banco do Brasil EIRIS Bank Sarasin & Co. Environmental Finance Bank Vontobel equinet Institutional Services BankInvest Gruppen Erste Bank Group BASF Ethos BHP Brugger und Partner Eurizon Capital BNP Paribas F&C Asset Management BOVESPA (São Paulo Stock Exchange) F. Hoffmann-La Roche BT Group Federal Department of Foreign Affairs CA Cheuvreux (Switzerland) Caisse des Dépôts et Consignations (CDC) Fonds de réserve pour les retraites (FRR) California Public Employees’ Retirement Forma Futura Invest System (CalPERS) Forum For The Future Calvert Group Generation Investment Management Center for Corporate Responsibility and GES Investment Services Sustainability (CCRS) Global Reporting Initiative Centre Info Goldman Sachs China Minsheng Bank GovernanceMetrics International Citigroup Groupama ClearBridge Advisors Grupo BBVA CLSA Henderson Global Investors CNP Assurances Hermes Pensions Management Colonial First State Group Holcim Columbia University, Graduate School of HSBC Business ING Comité syndical national de retraite Bâtir- Innovest Strategic Value Advisors ente Inspire AS ConSer Invest International Finance Corporation (IFC) CPP Investment Board Investec Crédit Agricole KLD Research & Analytics 43 Kommunal Landspensjonskasse (KLP) UN Global Compact Lehman Brothers UN Secretariat for the Principles for Re- Lombard Odier Darier Hentsch sponsible Investment London Bridge Capital UNEP Finance Initiative London Stock Exchange United Nations Office at Geneva (UNOG) Mercer Universities Superannuation Scheme (USS) Mistra University of California Berkeley, Haas Mitsubishi UFJ Trust and Banking Corpora- School of Business tion Watson Wyatt Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance WestLB Morgan Stanley Westpac Nestlé World Federation of Exchanges New York City Employees’ Retirement World Resources Institute System (NYCERS) Zürcher Kantonalbank New Zealand Superannuation Fund Norges Bank Investment Management (NBIM) Oddo Securities oekom research onValues OTP Fund Management PGGM Pictet & Cie PREVI RCM responsAbility Rio Tinto RiskMetrics Group Rothschild Royal Dutch Shell SAM Sustainable Asset Management SIX Group SNS REAAL Société Générale SRI World Group Standard & Poor’s State Street Global Advisors (SSgA) SustainAbility Swedbank Robur Swiss Re Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Af- fairs (SECO) The Conference Board The Nathan Cummings Foundation Trucost UBS 44 January 2009 – 2,000