SIERRA LEONE RAPID DAMAGE AND LOSS ASSESSMENT OF AUGUST 14TH, 2017 LANDSLIDES AND FLOODS IN THE WESTERN AREA © 2017 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/International Development Association The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: ww.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA ; fax: 202-522-2422; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. Photo Credits Photos have been sourced from the following locations with full rights: World Bank Arup INTEGEMS Edward Davies Associates LTD Experience the 14th August 2017 landslide and flood affected area in virtual reality. The image on the cover page shows the main landslide at Regent; it is a mosaic of aerial photographs captured by a drone survey carried out by the local consultancy Edward Davies Associates LTD. Foreword The landslides and floods of 14th August 2017 The total economic value of the effects of the landslide devastated a large cross-section of Freetown. An and floods is estimated by this report is at about USD estimated 6,000 people were affected, of which 1,141 31.65 million (SLL 237 billion), while the preliminary cost have been declared dead or missing and more than of resilient recovery needs is estimated at about USD 3,000 people have lost their homes. While housing, 82.41 million (SLL 618 billion). health and social protection sector accounted for almost 80% of the total damages and losses, almost every sector We are very grateful for the efforts of all Government of the urban economy was impacted. The livelihood agencies, private sector, civil society organizations, and impacts on affected communities are widespread still development partners who were involved in preparing materializing as the recovery process commences. this report. Both the World Bank and United Nations system are mobilizing to support the government to The Government of Sierra Leone requested the effectively plan, coordinate and finance the recovery World Bank and United Nations support to conduct a efforts, building on the strengths of key stakeholders. comprehensive rapid Damage and Loss Assessment We will continue working together to address the (DaLA). The purpose of DaLA was two-fold, first to needs of those most affected and support the recovery quantify damages and losses and second to make process to ensure sustainable and resilient recovery preliminary estimations for mobilizing funds and outcomes are achieved. launching immediate recovery. The report intends to help the government formulate a strategic recovery plan, mobilize and prioritize resources. Mr. Parminder Brar Mr. Sunil Saigal Country Manager Resident Coordinator The World Bank United Nations Foreword  |  iii Acknowledgments The Post-Landslides and Floods Rapid Needs The team would like to thank the numerous Assessment would not have been possible without government representatives from: Center of the dedication and support of different partners Disease Control (CDC); Electricity Distribution and and stakeholders at national and local levels, who Supply Authority (EDSA), Electricity Generation contributed both time and expertise. The assessment and Transmission Company (EGTC); Environmental was prepared by a World Bank team in partnership Protection Agency (EPA); (Freetown City Council with the Government of Sierra Leone, UN agencies and (FCC); Freetown Wash Consortium (FWC); Guma other development partners. The financial support for Valley Water Company (GVWC); GOAL; Ministry of this assessment was provided by the Global Facility Agriculture, Forestry and Food Security (MAFFS); for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) and Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology (MEST); the European Union, in the framework of the Africa Ministry of Energy (MoE); Ministry of Finance and Caribbean Pacific–European Union Natural Disaster Economic Development (MoFED); Ministry of Health Risk Reduction (ACP–EU NDRR) Program, managed by and Sanitation (MoHS); Ministry of Information and GFDRR. Communication (MIC); Ministry of Internal Affairs (MIA); Ministry of Lands Country Planning and Environment The World Bank wishes to extend its appreciation and (MLCPE); Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender and acknowledge the numerous ministries and organizations Children’s Affairs (MSWGCA); Ministry of Transport and for their assistance in granting access to information, Aviation (MTA); National Civil Registration Authority providing support to the report and for their availability (NCRA); National Commission for Social Action for discussions during the assessment. The Office of (NACSA); National Protected Area Authority (NPAA), National Security (ONS) played a critical role in ensuring Lands Protection Agency; National Telecommunication optimal coordination of the disaster assessment, data Commission (NTC); Sierra Leone Road Authority (SLRA); collection and emergency response. The World Bank President’s Delivery Team; Sierra Leone State House; wishes to thank Mr. Ismail Sheriff Tarashid Tarawali, and Statistics Sierra Leone (SSL). The team also wishes National Security Coordinator, and many other senior to thank: The AFCOM Group (Africa Finance Construct officials from all participating ministries for their Operate Manage); Africell; Sierra Leone Institution of immense contribution to the process. Engineers; Sierra Leone Institution of Geo-Scientists (SLIG); representatives of the private sector. Mr. Parminder P. S. Brar, Country Manager, World Bank Group; Mr. Sunil Saigal, the United Nations The team is also grateful for the numerous experts Resident Coordinator; Mr. Samuel Deo, United Nations from UN agencies and development partners who Development Programme (UNDP); Mr. Nicholas worked hand-in-hand in conducting a comprehensive Gardner, Country Manager United Nations Office for data collection and analysis including: UN International Project Services; and, Ms. Housainou Taal, Resident Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF), UN Development Representative of the United Nations World Food Programme (UNDP), UN Disaster Assessment and Programme, who kindly provided overall coordination Coordination (UNDAC), UN Environment Programme support. (UNEP), UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Acknowledgments  |  v UN Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees (EDA). The latter survey covered the full 7 km corridor (UNHCR), UN Office for Project Services (UNOPS), of the main landslide, and can be used to make remote UN Population Fund (UNFPA), UN Women, UNAIDS, quantitative survey measurements. The team is also International Organization of Migration (IOM), U.K. grateful for the support provided by British Geological Department for International Development (DFID), Survey, National Minerals Agency (NMA), and JBA Risk World Food Programme (WFP), and World Health Management Limited during the study. Organization (WHO). The sole responsibility of this publication lies with the Crucial research and mapping support inputs were author(s). The World Bank is not responsible for any use received from Arup and INTEGEMS who led the that may be made of the information contained therein. collection of information about the nature of the hazards and their impacts, field visits and collected To all the contributors, the team expresses its deepest survey data to provide inputs to the Damage and gratitude and appreciation. To all the contributors, Loss Assessment Reporting. Immediate post-disaster the team expresses its gratitude and appreciation, aerial photos of the main Regent landslide area were especially to the local communities and affected collected by a drone survey carried out by Track Your populations. This report would not have been possible Build (TYB). This was followed by a drone survey with without their trust and engagement. ground control provided by Edward Davies Associates vi  |  Sierra Leone: Rapid Damage and Loss Assessment of August 14th, 2017 Landslide and Floods in the Western Area Abbreviations and Acronyms [USD 1 = SLL 7500] MDAs Ministries, Departments, and Agencies ACP–EU NDRR Africa Caribbean Pacific–European Union Natural Disaster Risk Reduction MEST Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology BBB Build Back Better MoWR Ministry of Water Resources BSL Bank of Sierra Leone NGO Nongovernmental organization DaLA Damage and Loss Assessment NMA Nationals Minerals Agency DFID U.K. Department for International Development NPAA National Protected Area Authority EDSA Electricity Distribution and Supply ONS Office of National Security Authority PDNA Post-Disaster Needs Assessment EGTC Electricity Generation and SLL Sierra Leone Leone Transmission Company SSN Social Safety Net EU European Union TNTC Too Numerous to Count EVD Ebola Virus Disease UN United Nations FCC Freetown City Council UNDP United Nations Development FSM Fecal Sludge Management Programme GDP Gross Domestic Product UNICEF United Nations International GFDRR Global Facility for Disaster Reduction Children’s Emergency Fund and Recovery UNOPS United Nations Office for Project GVWC Guma Valley Water Company Services HDW Hand Dug Well USD United States Dollar km Kilometers WASH Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene LC Local Council WFP World Food Programme m Meter WHO World Health Organization mm Millimeter WSP Water and Sanitation Program Abbreviations and Acronyms  |  vii Table of Contents 1 Executive Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.1 Country Profile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.2 Vulnerability to Disasters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.3 Description of Landslides and Floods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.3.1 Regent Landslide and Babadorie River Channel Debris Flow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.3.2 Other Landslides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.3.3 Flooding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.4 Geological and Meteorological Causes of the Disaster. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.5 Overall Impact of the Event. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.5.1 Regent–Lumley Combined Landslide and Flooding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.5.2 Flooding at Other Locations across the City. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.6 Immediate Response and Relief Efforts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3 Scope of the Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3.1 Objectives of the Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3.2 Approach and Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3.2.1 Data Collection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 3.2.2 Quantification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 3.2.3 Validation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 3.2.4 Limitations and Caveats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4 Damages and Losses per Sectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 4.1 Real Estate (Housing) and Urban Development Sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 4.1.1 Sector Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 4.1.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 4.1.3 Effects of the Disaster. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 4.1.4 Resilient Recovery Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 4.2 Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 4.2.1 Sector Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 4.2.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 4.2.3 Effects of the Disaster. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 4.2.4 Resilient Recovery Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Table of Contents  |  ix 4.3 Electricity and Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 4.3.1 Sector Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 4.3.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 4.3.3 Effects of the Disaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 4.3.4 Resilient Recovery Needs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 4.4 Water and Sanitation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 4.4.1 Sector Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 4.4.2 Methodology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 4.4.3 Effects of the Disaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 4.4.4 Resilient Recovery Needs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 4.5 Health. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 4.5.1 Sector Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 4.5.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 4.5.3 Effects of the Disaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 4.5.4 Resilient Recovery Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 4.6 Education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 4.6.1 Sector Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 4.6.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 4.6.3 Effects of the Disaster. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 4.6.4 Resilient Recovery Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4.7 Social Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 4.7.1 Sector Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 4.7.2 Effects of the Disaster. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 4.7.3 Resilient Recovery Needs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 5 Economic Effects and Impact on Livelihoods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 5.1 Macroeconomic Impact. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 5.1.1 Sector Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 5.1.2 Effects of the Disaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 5.1.3 Resilient Recovery Needs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 5.2 Commerce and Productivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 5.2.1 Sector Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 5.2.2 Methodology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 5.2.3 Effects of the Disaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 5.2.4 Resilient Recovery Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 5.3 Poverty and Livelihood Impacts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 5.3.1 Sector Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 5.3.2 Effects of the Disaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 5.3.3 Resilient Recovery Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 6 Cross-Cutting Issues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 6.1 Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 6.1.1 Sector Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 6.1.2 Effects of the Disaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 6.1.3 Resilient Recovery Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 x  |  Sierra Leone: Rapid Damage and Loss Assessment of August 14th, 2017 Landslide and Floods in the Western Area 6.2 Solid Waste Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 6.2.1 Sector Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 6.2.2 Effects of the Disaster. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 6.2.3 Resilient Recovery Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 6.3 Gender Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 6.3.1 Disaster Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 6.3.2 Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 6.4 Disaster Risk Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 6.4.1 Sector Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 6.4.2 Resilient Recovery Needs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 7 Looking Forward: Disaster Recovery and Resilience Framework and Strategy. . . . . . . . . 87 8 Annexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 8.1 Methodology for Damage Assessment of Real Estate Sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 8.1.1 Data Interpretation and Analysis Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 8.1.2 Limitations of the Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 8.2 List of People Met During DaLA Mission. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 9 List of References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 List of Figures Figure 1: Topographic Elevation of Western Area and Location of the Regent Landslide (shown in red) and the Flooded Areas in Dwazark and Culvert (circled in red) 2 Figure 2: Pre- and Post-Disaster Aerial Imagery of Regent Landslide Area 2 Figure 3: Distribution of Damages and Losses by Sector 3 Figure 4: Building Damage Regent to Lumley Based on Field Survey Data 4 Figure 5: Affected Roads, Bridges, and Pathways by Regent-Lumley Landslide 5 Figure 6: Historical Landslides in Western Area 13 Figure 7: Landslide Area Mapped Over a Qualitative Hazard Map 15 Figure 8: Number of People Dead or Missing 17 Figure 9: Building Damage Regent to Lumley per Field Survey Data 17 Figure 10: Construction Typology by Wards in Landslide Affected Region 19 Photo 1: Photographs of Regent Landslide Area and Immediately Downstream along River Course 20 Figure 11: Pre- and Post-Disaster Satellite Imagery Showing the Affected Area from Regent to Lumley 21 Figure 12: Pre- and Post-Disaster Satellite Imagery Showing the Widening of River Channel Downstream 21 Figure 13: Flood Hazard in Western Area Urban, Northern Freetown—Examples of Recent Widespread Flooding from Culvert and Congo Town Regions 22 Figure 14: Flood Damage in Culvert 22 Figure 15: Affected Buildings and Households in Kamayama/Malama Juba/Kaningo and Lumley Neighborhoods 30 Figure 16: Level of Damages and Cost of Damages by Ward from Regent to Lumley 32 Figure 17: Affected Roads, Bridges and Pathways by the Regent-Lumley Landslide 35 Figure 18: 33KV and 11KV Power Lines in Western Area 37 Figure 19: Fallen High Tension Pole Back of Lumley and Juba Bridge 38 Figure 20: Reduction in Power Evacuation/Supply to Communities 38 Table of Contents  |  xi Figure 21: Toliet Types in Affected Areas 41 Figure 22: Legal and Illegal Connections in Western Urban Area 43 Figure 23: Main Sources of Household Drinking Water 43 Figure 24: Quality Tests in Water Sources across the Affected Areas 44 Figure 25: Water-Quality Tests Revealed High Levels of Fecal Contamination across Affected Areas, Particularly Hand-Dug Wells 44 Figure 26: Schools with Asset Damage by Ownership and by Damage Area 52 Figure 27: Loss Analysis in the Education Sector 53 Figure 28: Estimated Losses in the Education Sector by Type of Effects (USD thousands) 53 Figure 29: Composition of Economic Activities in Western Urban and Rural Area 63 Figure 30: Type of Affectation According to Household Poll 68 Figure 31: Main Concern of Affected Households 69 Figure 32: Main Household Coping Strategies 69 Figure 33: Forest Cover Loss in the Northern Section of WAPNP 73 Figure 34: Outlined Areas of Landslide Indicating Areas of Primary Forest Destroyed 74 Figure 35: Takugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary: Area of Primary Forest Lost Because of Landslide 74 Figure 36: Example of High Density Area Near Estuary at Granville Brook/Bomeh Dump Site Prior to Flooding 76 Figure 37: Location of Main Disposal Sites in Relation to Landslide Area 77 Figure 38: Debris at Lumley Creek Resulting from Flooding and Debris Flow Related to Regent Landslide Disaster 78 Photo 2: Estuary of Granville Brook 78 Photo 3: Granville Brook Running through Dump Site and Culvert Immediately Downstream of Dump Site 79 Photo 4: Adama Yankubah Explaining How She Escaped on a Branch with Her Son (Pentagon) 81 Photo 5: Drone Mapping of Affected Area Conducted by EDA 93 Photo 6: Household Surveys Conducted by INTEGEMS in Affected Areas 94 List of Tables Table 1: Estimated Damages and Losses per Sector 3 Table 2: Short-, Medium-, and Long-Term Needs Cost per Sector 8 Table 3: Estimated Damages and Losses in Real Estate (Housing) Sector 31 Table 4: Estimated Needs for the Real Estate Sector (USD million) 32 Table 5: Estimated Damages and Losses in the Transport Sector 34 Table 6: Short-, Medium-, and Long-Term Resilient Recovery Needs in the Transport Sector 36 Table 7: Extent of Damage to EDSA’s Infrastructure 38 Table 8: Damages of EDSA’s Infrastructure Based on Geographical Spread 39 Table 9: Damages and Losses by Type of Impact 39 Table 10: Communications and Telecommunication Needs 40 Table 11: Summary of WASH Damages and Losses (USD millions) 45 Table 12: Summary of WASH Short-, Medium-, and Long-Term Needs 46 Table 13: Estimated Damages in the Heath Sector 48 Table 14: Estimated Losses in the Health Sector 49 Table 15: Estimated Needs in the Health Sector 50 Table 16: Estimate of Asset Damage to Education Facilities in Affected Area 52 Table 17: Estimated Losses in the Education Sector by Affected Areas 53 Table 18: Short, Medium, and Long Term Needs in the Education Sector 54 Table 19: Poverty Overview in Western Urban and Affected Areas 55 Table 20: Estimate Losses for Social Protection Sector 56 xii  |  Sierra Leone: Rapid Damage and Loss Assessment of August 14th, 2017 Landslide and Floods in the Western Area Table 21: Recovery Needs in the Social Protection 58 Table 22: Value of Damage to Commercial Buildings 64 Table 23: Estimated Losses by Industry 65 Table 24: Estimated Livelihood Losses for Dead or Missing Workers 65 Table 25: Estimated Livelihood Losses from Affected Persons Survey 66 Table 26: Estimated Productivity Losses Due to Death and Displacement 66 Table 27: Selected Welfare Proxies 67 Table 28: Flooding and Household Welfare, Western Area 67 Table 29: Industry of Employment by Ward (percentage of working adults by industry) 70 Table 30: Occupation by Ward (percentage of adult household members) 71 Table 31: Types of Damages for Environment Sector 75 Table 32: Cost Estimates and Gaps—Recovery and Resilience Needs for Environmental Sector 75 Table 33: Cost Estimates and Gaps—Resilient Recovery Needs for Solid Waste Management Sector 79 Table 34: Summary of Key Recovery (short term) and Reconstruction Needs (medium to long term) through Strengthened DRM Framework and Tools 85 Table of Contents  |  xiii 1 Executive Summary A massive landslide in the Western Area Rural of damages and losses was higher than that of the other Sierra Leone on August 14, 2017, slipped into the infrastructure sectors, which is typical of a disaster Babadorie River Valley and exacerbated existing caused by a natural hazard event in an urban area flooding in the Western Area Rural and Urban (Figure 1). (Freetown), affecting about 6,000 people of which 1,141 have been declared dead or missing. Damage impact also varied by geography, with lower income settlements being at the recipient end Following three days of intense rainfall, a mountain of the floods. Based on the satellite imagery and ward- valley side slope in the Regent area below Sugar level census data, differences in the quality of housing Loaf, the highest peak in the north of the Western can be clearly distinguished along the water course and Area Peninsula, collapsed and caused a major area of impact. The more upstream housing close to landslide. According to eye witness accounts, the the landslide in Regent were better built and larger in landslide took place in two stages—with the lower part size, whereas closer to the ocean, informal settlements of the slope slipping into the valley, and 10 minutes dominated the urban landscape (Figure 2). later, the upper part of the slope. The two-stage slip, and particularly the second, comprising a mix of The Government of Sierra Leone requested the clayey soil and boulders of all sizes (up to 40 cubic World Bank’s support to conduct a comprehensive meters) traveling from high up the slope, would have rapid Damage and Loss Assessment (DaLA), in had tremendous energy and momentum. Residents partnership with the United Nations (UN). The reported a large ‘tidal wave’ of material advancing DaLA was carried out from August 24 to September 8, down the river channel immediately after the landslide 2017, with the objective of estimating damages and as the debris pushed the flood water in front of it. losses and of making preliminary estimations for mobilizing funds and launching immediate recovery. The damage and loss caused by the landslide The assessment covers ten sectors, four cross-cutting and subsequent debris flow along the Babadorie areas, and preliminary recommendations for immediate, River Valley differed significantly from that caused medium-, and long-term needs. UN agencies and other by the flooding in other valleys across Freetown development partners will support the formulation of City. The main landslide caused major destruction in a programmatic plan covering key institutional, policy, infrastructure, including buildings, bridges, schools, financing, and implementation actions. and health facilities in the Regent, Malama/Kamayama, Juba/Kaningo, and Lumley areas. Flooding in areas This DaLA is a living document and, as such, is outside the landslide zone affected 55 percent of the subject to revisions as additional data become households in the Culvert and Dwazark neighborhoods available. The report has sought to outline what is of Freetown on the same day.1 The value of real estate desirable and what is possible. The next step is to commence upon a recovery framework, which the UN will lead with the government, to guide and coordinate 1 According to the Office of National Security registration recovery and reconstruction efforts. report of August 31, 2017. 1 Figure 1: Topographic Elevation of Western Area and Location of the Regent Landslide (shown in red) and the Flooded Areas in Dwazark and Culvert (circled in red). Source: World Bank, Arup (2017). Figure 2: Pre- and Post-Disaster Aerial Imagery of Regent Landslide Area Pre-disaster Post-disaster    Source: Digital Globe (2017); EDA (2017). 2  |  Sierra Leone: Rapid Damage and Loss Assessment of August 14th, 2017 Landslide and Floods in the Western Area Table 1: Estimated Damages and Losses per Sector Damages Loss Total USD USD Sector SLL Billion Million SLL Billion USD Million SLL Billion Million Housing (real estate) 106.08 14.14 9.38 1.25 115.46 15.39 Transport and drainage 7.35 0.98 — — 7.35 0.98 Electricity and 1.30 0.17 0.75 0.10 2.05 0.27 telecommunications Water and sanitation 5.67 0.76 6.63 0.88 12.30 1.64 Health 0.18 0.02 35.01 4.67 35.19 4.69 Education 3.92 0.52 5.25 0.70 9.17 1.22 Social protection — — 35.96 4.85 35.96 4.85 Industry and commerce 1.25 0.17 4.88 0.65 6.13 0.82 Solid waste management — — — — — — Environmental impacts 0.05 0.01 — — 0.05 0.01 Disaster risk management — — 13.35 1.78 13.35 1.78 Total 125.8 16.77 111.6 14.88 237.37 31.65 Source: Assessment Team (2017). Figure 3: Distribution of Damages and Losses by Sector Contribution to Total Damages and Losses by Sector Environmental Impacts Disaster Risk 0% Solid Waste Mang, Management, 0% 6% Transport & Electricity & Drainage, Telecommunications, 1% Industry and 3% Commerce, 3% Water and Sanitation, 5% Social Protection, 15% Education, Housing 4% Health, 15% (Real Estate), 49% Source: World Bank Assessment Team (2017). by social protection amounting to SLL 35.96 billion Summary of Damages and Losses (USD 4.85 million) and health SLL 35.19 billion (USD 4.69 million), and of the total damage and loss, The total economic value of the effects of the respectively. These three sectors represent almost 80% landslide and floods is estimated at about SLL of the total damages and losses as shown in Figure 3. 237.37 billion (USD 31.65 million). Table 1 and The landslide and floods had a major impact on road Figure 3 summarizes the disaster effects within the and pedestrian connectivity. The productive sectors different sectors: housing (real estate), amounting have sustained lower amounts in damages and losses, to SLL 115.46 billion (USD 15.39 million), followed Executive Summary  |  3 Figure 4: Building Damage Regent to Lumley Based on Field Survey Data Lumley (West) Regent (East) Source: World Bank, Arup, INTEGEMS (2017). but the harm to these sectors significantly affects the Freetown mainly affected household assets, damaging population’s quality of life and living conditions. buildings minimally. Together, the damages and losses from the landslide and flooding are estimated at Based on the sector reports, below is a summary USD 15.4 million. of quantitative effects by sector on infrastructure systems, assets, the economy, and livelihoods. Transport Real Estate (Housing) and Urban Connectivity among and accessibility between Development communities (Regent, Motormeh, Pentagon, Kamayama, and Kaningo) were lost because of Regent experienced the most devastating impact collapsed bridges and damaged access roads. Eight of the landslide, with 349 buildings destroyed, but road and pedestrian bridges connecting Kamayama and debris also exacted harsh downstream damage and Kaningo were moderately damaged or destroyed; two destruction. The landslide and floods affected a total road bridges along the river channel between Regent of 901 buildings (residential/commercial, mixed-use, and Charlotte were impacted; and about 5.5 kilometers and public) covering 116,766 square meters, from of feeder roads were damaged. In sum, this amounts to Sugar Loaf Mountain (Western Area Rural) to Lumley a total cost of almost USD 1 million in damaged bridges Creek (Western Area Urban) (Figure 4). Of these, and roads (Figure 5). Although the economic losses 769 buildings were residential and 27 commercial, associated with lack of connectivity could far exceed the while the remaining were mixed-use, apart from a cost of the physical damage, these losses have not been church and an orphanage. Of the 901 total buildings assessed for lack of suitable data. Reconstruction efforts affected, 349 buildings of about 34,178 square meters should firstly focus on a functional review of the transport were destroyed; 263 buildings of about 38,384 infrastructure system prior to any repair, replacement or square meters were moderately damaged; and the reinforcement of damaged or destroyed assets (such as remaining 289 buildings suffered minor damages. roads and bridges). Moreover, the effective integration Families who lost their homes are either staying with of relief culverts at locations within the transport host families or living in temporary shelters. Same-day infrastructure system should be considered to improve flooding in the Culvert and Dwarzak neighborhoods of drainage and reduce future impact from floods. 4  |  Sierra Leone: Rapid Damage and Loss Assessment of August 14th, 2017 Landslide and Floods in the Western Area Figure 5: Affected Roads, Bridges, and Pathways by Regent-Lumley Landslide Source: World Bank, Arup, UNOPS, SLRA (2017). water-borne diseases. This necessitates the immediate Electricity and Telecommunications provision of alternative drinking water supplies and testing of wells located in the flood zone. The event The effect on the energy sector was more damaged parts of the piped water network and cracked pronounced in the low-lying areas, where the the reservoir of the Babadorie water treatment system, Electricity Distribution and Supply Authority (EDSA) which caused service interruption to 737 households. had transformers, poles, and cables. Outages Floods also entered the Charlotte water system, requiring occurred in Regent, Kamayamaa/Malama, Juba/ the clearing of boulders and desilting of the weir. Without Kaningo, and Lumley, partly due to EDSA responsibly considering the potential health cost, about USD 1.64 taking certain areas temporarily off the grid to avoid million of damages and losses to the water and sanitation electrical accidents; most of these have been reinstated infrastructure has been estimated during this assessment. to date. As of September 8, 2017, 372 households A functional review of the water and sanitation system in were still without electricity. In the same substation, this area should be first conducted that can then enable 25 transformers, numerous conductors, low voltage the real resilient recovery and longer term needs to be poles, switchgear (Ring Main Unit), and low voltage defined. When considering the resilient recovery needs, panel transformers and accessories were affected by the bill is likely to amount to over USD 11 million. the floods. The total costs associated with damage to EDSA’s infrastructure amounts to about USD 174,000. An additional USD 99,000 is required to extend electricity coverage to shelters and to replace household electricity Health meters. The telecom network has not been damaged, neither by the landslide and debris flow nor by the The landslide and flood had a moderate impact on widespread flooding, as most towers and masts are built the health system and constrained the health system’s at height and there were no towers in the affected areas. capacity to deliver essential services. In the disaster- struck areas identified by the government, six health facilities were affected and need to be reviewed for relocation. While the estimated direct damage is only Water and Sanitation approximately USD 25 thousand, the larger cost of losses at almost USD 4.7 million is associated with emergency Nearly 40 percent of households within the affected response to control the spreading of diseases and to area rely on drinking water from dug wells, and provide temporary health care in affected areas. The more although 34 percent were protected, the severity of comprehensive needs of the health sector in the Western the flooding leads to concern over water quality. Lack Area are significantly larger and bilateral, multilateral, and of appropriate disposal of human waste from pit latrines philanthropic donors have to date committed in-cash and and toilets that flush to open drains combined with the in-kind resources to the emergency response. flood waters, heightened the risk of cholera and other Executive Summary  |  5 Education Economic Effects and Impact on Livelihoods The disaster affected 59 schools in 41 buildings mainly due to floods in the Regent, Kamayamaa/ The disaster impacted economic activities and Malama, Juba/Kaningo, Lumley, Dwarzak, and generated losses to the livelihoods of affected Culvert communities. Based on the initial rapid households, especially those displaced. In affected assessment by the Ministry of Education, Science, areas, wholesale and retail/petty trade, followed by and Technology, one school was destroyed and services (including finance, transport, and hospitality), numerous schools experienced minor damage to and agriculture in the rural part of the Western Area the buildings (34 schools), their water and sanitation are the predominant economic activities. A total infrastructure (38), their furniture (35), and their teaching of 27 commercial buildings were destroyed with a (36) and learning materials (42). The assessed cost total value of commercial asset loss estimated at of this damage amounts to almost USD 0.52 million. USD 167 thousand. The total number of dead or An additional USD 0.7 million is being spent to missing workers is estimated at 365, comprising compensate for losses by establishing alternative 262 workers in Regent and 103 workers in other schools, to refurbish schools serving as temporary affected areas; for the 2,057 displaced workers, shelters, and to ensure schools are ready to support pursuing income-earning activities is difficult. The timely placement and re-integration of displaced estimated total value of livelihood loss for dead or students and teachers. In the longer term, capacities missing workers is about USD 225 thousand, with to respond to and prepare for emergencies need to be the Martomeh community in Regent sustaining the built in the education sector. The estimated education largest economic losses (USD 161 thousand). The needs are valued at just over USD 2 million. net livelihood loss to displaced workers is estimated at USD 680 thousand, though this depends on how quickly displaced workers return to work. Social Protection Households have different vulnerabilities and the impact of livelihood loss is more pronounced for The government designated social protection as those who were vulnerable before the landslide (i.e., one of its disaster response strategies to mitigate agriculture-dependent population and retailers/ the landslide and flooding effects on Western petty traders). Most of the affected households had low Area residents. The government, with support incomes and profit margins, working largely in wholesale from the donor partners, is providing, among other and retail/petty trade, farming, and fishing. In this context, measures, temporary housing and relief to the affected support can prevent the near-poor from falling into households and individuals. The U.K. Department poverty and help the poor better navigate the shock. A for International Development and the World Food comprehensive livelihood assessment is recommended to Programme also plan to provide cash and in-kind define the needs and to identify the priorities for guiding transfers in the short term to help affected individuals the recovery efforts, accompanied by the immediate and households stabilize and regain livelihood provision of food and temporary shelter. A small livelihood activities. In the medium to long term, measures support grant can help people and business re-start, should be explored for the affected households especially where they have lost everything. to be mainstreamed in the national social safety nets program, subject to availability of funding and alignment with the safety net’s target population. Estimated needs are valued at 6.57 million USD. 6  |  Sierra Leone: Rapid Damage and Loss Assessment of August 14th, 2017 Landslide and Floods in the Western Area environmental sector resulting from the landslide is Macroeconomic Impact estimated at USD 7 thousand and overall recovery needs of the sector are estimated at more than The effect of the landslide and floods on economic USD 1.85 million. growth is likely to be negligible, as the incident was localized in a few communities. The government had limited fiscal space to respond to the landslide and flooding incident as the domestic borrowing requirement Solid Waste Management had almost reached its limit (2 percent of GDP) while payment arrears to suppliers and contractors continued Tons of waste discharged into the river ending in the to accrue. Although the fiscal authorities had allocated sea, after the Granville Brook dumpsite deposited SLL 48 billion (USD 6.4 million) as a contingency fund to waste materials. Immediate recovery efforts should respond to such events, hardly any funding was available focus on cleaning both the river and drainage channels when the disaster struck on August 14, 2017. The Office and restore the beaches from debris and waste. There of National Security, including the military and the is a need for a longer term waste management strategy, police, and the Ministries of Health, Energy, Education, which must include the closure of the two existing and Water Resources have been implementing extra- dumpsites in the city, and the development of one budgetary spending to respond to the disaster. The or more appropriately sited landfill sites that can be full effect of the fiscal impact is expected be felt by developed into engineered landfills. Otherwise, the the end of the third quarter of 2017 when Ministries, impact of the disaster on overall waste management Departments, and Agencies are expected to request is mostly noticed in the disruption of ongoing waste additional funding to implement earmarked programs. collection by a private sector company contracted by the central government. Combined short-, medium-, The August 14 disaster events significantly impacted and long-term recovery and resilience needs in this budget implementation, with adverse impacts on sector are estimated at 1.99 million USD. revenue mobilization expected to exacerbate the problems. The inflow of relief items into the country is expected to lead to a sharp increase in duty waivers and exemptions since a majority of the relief items will Summary of Recovery be treated as aid or donated items. Further, revenue and Reconstruction Needs mobilization in 2017 is likely to be minimally lower as a result of the deaths. Overall, the fiscal deficit is Instruments such as DaLA provide a basis for expected to widen by the end of 2017, largely because the preliminary identification of recovery needs. of expenditure overruns in response to the disaster. However, more detailed sectoral assessments are required for a comprehensive disaster recovery framework. Environmental Impact For recovery efforts, USD 82.41 million is needed: USD 16.72 million for urgent short-term The disaster events led to the loss of both tangible relief (0–3 months), USD 23.82 million for early and intangible environmental assets in the Western recovery over the medium term (3–12 months), Area Peninsula National Park. The Park covers about and USD 41.86 million for long-term resilient 17,000 hectares of closed forest and is one of the eight recovery (1–3 years). Based on international good biodiversity hot spots of the country, hosting about practice for recovery and reconstruction, it is critical 80–90 percent of Sierra Leone’s terrestrial biodiversity. to prevent actions that end up creating disaster risks About 9 hectares of the national park were affected, by conducting hazard assessments, increasing public with a loss of 4.38 hectares of primary Upper Guinean awareness, and investing in the principle of Build Back Forest cover. The total damages and losses to the Better (BBB). Such issues as institutional capacity, Executive Summary  |  7 Table 2: Short-, Medium-, and Long-Term Needs Cost per Sector Needs Short-Term Medium-Term Long-Term Total SLL USD SLL USD SLL USD SLL USD Sector Billion Million Billion Million Billion Million Billion Million Housing (real estate) 14.97 2.00 17.25 2.30 67.50* 9.00* 99.72 13.30 Transport 6.26 0.84 29.32 3.90 4.88 0.65 40.46 5.39 Social protection 21.50 2.87 27.74 3.70 — — 49.24 6.57 Health 43.82 5.84 18.74 2.50 20.83 2.78 83.39 11.12 Education 7.18 0.96 5.80 0.77 2.18 0.29 15.16 2.02 Water & sanitation 9.98 1.33 28.50 3.80 45.61 6.08 84.08 11.21 Electricity & telecom 1.46 0.19 0.31 0.04 4.95 0.66 6.72 0.90 Environment — — 2.63 0.35 11.25 1.50 13.88 1.85 Solid waste management 0.75 0.10 6.68 0.89 7.50 1.00 14.93 1.99 Disaster risk 19.50 2.60 41.69 5.56 149.25 19.90 210.40 28.06 management Total 125.42 16.72 178.67 23.82 313.97 41.86 618.06 82.41 *9 million USD/67.50 billion SLL is calculated based on an assumption that the Government of Sierra Leone would focus on the poor households in the affected area for providing safer housing solutions. Note: Sanitation needs require a more detailed analysis and long term solutions therefore they have not been included in these calculations. Source: Assessment Team (2017). planning, financing, and harmonization of national accelerate the preparation and implementation of and local government priorities have been identified recovery activities. as being key to Sierra Leone’s recovery. The recurrent issues of technical and institutional capacity gaps in Short-term priorities to be implemented within the first all sectors can be addressed through the formation three months include response, relief, and logistics of a centralized technical capacity within the current systems, and measures to enhance multi-hazard risk government structure. A strong, centralized capacity information. Medium- (4–12 months) to long-term would underpin many of these institutional gaps, due priorities (1–3 years) include sectoral master planning, to the multitude of actors in the ten sectors, and would territorial planning, improvements in legal and anchor the resilient recovery planning and prioritization institutional arrangements, measures to mainstream with more consistent technical designs. The next steps disaster risk reduction in the development sectors will be to finalize the recovery strategy, mobilize internal (particularly housing and public infrastructure), social and external resources to finance reconstruction, and sectors (health and education), and livelihoods. 8  |  Sierra Leone: Rapid Damage and Loss Assessment of August 14th, 2017 Landslide and Floods in the Western Area 2 Introduction 2 million people7 and deeply impacted Sierra Leone’s 2.1  Country Profile economic and social development. Decentralization was supposed to deliver social, political and economic Sierra Leone is situated on the West Coast of Africa inclusion and to reduce ethnic divide. Local Councils and is one of the poorest countries in Sub-Saharan (LCs) abolished in 1972 were re-established by the Africa and globally, with a per capita gross domestic Local Government Act of 2004.8 But their ability to product of USD 684 in 2015.2 It is ranked 179 out deliver decentralized services is compromised by of 188 countries on the United Nations 2016 Human incomplete and politicized reform efforts and by the Development Index,3 and chronic malnutrition is still continued power of chiefs and other local elites. on the rise with 44 percent of children below 5 being stunted in 2010, up from 40 percent in 2005.4 Per Agriculture is the main source of livelihood in Sierra capita gross domestic product (GDP) stagnated after Leone, particularly for the poor, contributing almost independence in 1961, contracted by 3.4 percent on 50 percent of increases in GDP between 2001 average during the civil war (1991–2001) and increased to 2014. Agriculture employs more than half of the by an average of 5.9 percent from 2002 to 2014. country’s formal and informal workforce. Much of the The country was severely affected by twin shocks in decline in rural poverty has been driven by agriculture, 2014, the Ebola Virus Outbreak and the downturn of although the small percentage of rural households international prices of iron ore, the combination of working in nonagricultural activities experienced which caused the economy to contract by more than an even greater poverty reduction. Further gains in 20 percent,5 plunging the country into economic and enhancing agricultural productivity and therefore social turmoil. It has yet to recover. poverty reduction could be made if input markets for seeds, fertilizers and pesticides were improved along Despite a topography that facilitates easy access with better storage and processing capacities, and to, and export of, natural resources, Sierra feeder roads linking rural producers and urban markets, Leone remains a very fragile country6 with weak particularly around the capital, Freetown. institutions. The decade-long civil war was rooted in regional inequality that grew out of a highly-centralized Although the incidence of poverty decreased system of government. It displaced more than between 2003 and 2011 by almost 13 percentage points, the number of poor remained nearly constant at around 3.3 million because of population 7 City governments have been unable to deliver adequate 2 World Bank (2017). infrastructure and services commensurate with the pace of 3 UNDP (2016). urbanization (World Bank 2010). 4 UNICEF (2012). 8 This Act provides the main legal framework for Local 5 World Bank (2017). Councils. There are 19 Local Councils, made up of five City 6 Transparency International Corrupt Perceptions Index Councils and one municipal council in urban areas and (2016) places Sierra Leone 123 out of 176 countries. 13 district councils in the predominantly rural areas. 11 growth. In 2011, the estimated incidence of poverty legal entities that are governed by Elected Councils was 53.8 percent,9 with three quarters of the poor and that have their own expenditure budgets and residing in rural areas, despite the gains made in revenue resources, they have limited resources to poverty reduction attributed to agriculture. Urban areas advance densification. This inhibits more cost-effective outside the capital, Freetown, experienced the most service delivery, development of new revenue streams significant decline in poverty from 79.9 percent in 2003 and prolongs reliance on central transfers. Within that to 39.9 percent in 2011. Freetown was the only area limited fiscal envelop and with no incentives, local to experience an increase in poverty between 2003 governments are struggling to deliver services to and 2011, from 14 to 21 percent, but poverty rates standards and levels commensurate with their budgets. remain well below the rest of the country. The increase in poverty in Freetown is believed to have been mainly driven by three factors: in-migration, the slow creation of well-paid jobs, and inflation. 2.2 Vulnerability to Disasters The country’s young, urbanizing, and growing Sierra Leone is prone to natural disasters, mainly population needs employment opportunities. recurrent floods, drought, and landslides, which are According to the 2015 census, 45.8 percent of the likely to be exacerbated by climate change. The population is under the age of 15 and 74.8 percent Notre Dame Global Adaption Index ranks Sierra Leone is under the age of 35. The share of the population 158 out of 182 countries and territories in terms of living in urban areas almost doubled from 21 percent vulnerability to climate change.11 With 13 percent of in 1967 to almost 40 percent in 2015, with a high its area and more than 35 percent of the population at concentration in the capital, Freetown, which has grown risk, the mortality risk from multiple hazards is high. In to a population of about 1 million. Although jobs the last 15 years, four major floods have affected over in manufacturing are concentrated in Freetown, the 220,000 people and caused severe economic damage. majority are informal (72 percent) or unpaid (8 percent). Exposure to natural disasters is likely to worsen in the The service sector accounted for about 33 percent of coming years, given the low level of Sierra Leone’s the labor force in 2014 (mostly in Freetown), but its development and capacity to cope with extreme contribution to GDP declined from 30 percent in 2001 events. to 20 percent in 2015. More than half the individuals aged 15–35 participate in the labor force, and 91 Freetown is a coastal city located on the percent of these are self-employed. mountainous Sierra Leone peninsula, in the west of the country. The peninsula is around 38 km (24 miles) The combination of population growth, fiscal space, long and 16 km (10 miles) wide with the city mainly governance, and institutional capacity has posed occupying the northern and eastern areas, but with challenges in allocating land and providing services accelerating ribbon development and expansion in urban areas. Each year, more than a 100,000 people into the more elevated, steeper and forested central migrate to urban areas in search of employment. Yet, mountain belt. The highest peak near the city is Sugar there are large deficits in municipal infrastructure10 and Loaf, at 795 m above sea level, with the highest services and unclear accountability for the provision of mountain on the peninsula, in the south, reaching services (in theory, Local Councils provide services but 912 m above sea level. Around the mountains, the in practice, central government ministries continue to coastal plains form a gentler topography which is cut deliver services). While City Councils are autonomous by several watercourses draining the hilly areas behind. Mangrove swamps are found in a number of lagoons around the coast. 9 Statistics Sierra Leone (2012). 10 Sierra Leone’s infrastructure compares poorly to the rest of Sub-Saharan Africa, ranked 46 out of 54 countries on the African Development Bank’s Infrastructure Development Index 11 Notre Dame Global Adaptation Index (http://index.gain in 2016 (African Development Bank 2016). .org/ranking/vulnerability). 12  |  Sierra Leone: Rapid Damage and Loss Assessment of August 14th, 2017 Landslide and Floods in the Western Area Dense forest covers the highest areas while many The climatic conditions (temperature and rainfall) are of the lower slopes have been deforested leaving conducive for extensive tropical weathering of the a cover of sparse forest, grasslands and built-up bedrock, decomposing competent rock into a mix urbanization. Sierra Leone has a tropical monsoon of soil and relic corestones (the ‘saprolite’ horizon) climate—wetter than the more typical West African over many 1000s of years. The combination of the tropical wet and dry climate—and has an extended high relief, with steep slopes formed in weathered rainy season from May to November, which brings rock, and a wet tropical climate means that some torrential downpours with over 4,000 mm annual areas of Freetown are highly susceptible to landslides. precipitation. The climate is tropical and humid all year These areas have been identified on recent Qualitative but hotter and dryer between December and March. Landslide Hazard maps generated for ONS in the study Freetown is generally cooler than the hinterland due to supported by the World Bank. its coastal position. The flooding hazard in and around Freetown is found The central highlands, in particular, and other slopes along and adjacent to the many watercourses that around the city are steep and subject to ongoing run through the city, draining the hilly areas. These slope instability. This is a natural process and part of watercourses change as they run downslope. Nearer evolving valley formation but made worse by man- the top, narrower valleys tend, after rain, to produce made interventions. Both published and unpublished very turbulent fast-flowing water flows. As the rivers sources as well as aerial photographic and field studies descend to the lower elevations of the coastal plain, the indicate many old, degraded landslide complexes river channels widen and flows slow. At the mouths of mantling the slopes of the central highlands, and the rivers, the channels open out into a low-lying, delta- relating to both historic and ancient landslides shaped alluvial floodplain and mudflats. (Figure 6). Figure 6: Historical Landslides in Western Area Source: British Geological Survey, Natural Environment Research Council (2017). Introduction  |  13 After heavy rains, the runoff very quickly enters The two-stage slip, and particularly the second, the river systems and levels can rise rapidly. comprising a mix of clayey soil and boulders of all Flooding is common among all reaches of the rivers, sizes (up to 40 cubic meters) traveling from high up but particularly so at the river mouths where many the slope, would have had tremendous energy and temporary constructions have been built. Obstruction in momentum. The lower Regent area at the base of the the drainage channels can very quickly cause waters to hill slope has been completely destroyed and there back up and cause further localized flooding. are few buildings remaining in this area. The debris travelled up the opposite side of the valley and then down toward the main river channel which runs to Lumley Beach. 2.3  Description of Landslides and Floods Prior to the landslide on August 14, several hours of intense rainfall predisposed the lower Regent area to 2.3.1  Regent Landslide and Babadorie flooding. Runoff from the surrounding slopes formed River Channel Debris Flow very fast-flowing and deep water along the usually small stream courses which cut through the area. These Following three days of intense rainfall, a mountain floodwaters were draining down the main river channel valley side slope in the Regent area below toward Kamayama/Malama, Juba/Kaningo and Lumley Sugar Loaf, the highest peak in the north of the and were joined by water from other river courses that peninsula, collapsed and caused a major landslide join the Babadorie Valley downstream from Regent. on August 14, 2017. Although visibility was reduced Buildings along the river channel were inundated by an enveloping mist, several eyewitnesses report and people were in the process of evacuating, some that the landslide took place in two stages. The first unsuccessfully, before the landslide. Water was around at 6:50 a.m., to a low rumbling noise like a passing 5–6 m deeper than usual in the Kamayama/Malama airplane, is thought to have been the lower part of the area. Because the first bodies were found at Lumley slope slipping into the valley. How far this extended around 7 a.m., about the same time as the second and the included materials’ volume is difficult to stage of the landslide, flooding (not the landslide) is the discern in the aftermath. The adjacent slopes have a attribution. change in gradient and a more convex lower terrace or bulge, with evidence to suggest this could be the The landslide(s) thus slipped and dropped with great residual debris of earlier, now degraded land-slipped kinetic energy into a deep, fast-flowing and fully material. It may have been this lower terrace which flooded area. It is thought that this, together with the slipped first in the recent event. The second more weight and momentum of the material falling, helped destructive stage took place around 10 minutes later to saturate and liquefy the clayey soil component of the and was accompanied by a large explosive noise and slip material and to facilitate its travel across the valley ground trembling followed by boulders of all sizes and to the north side and down the Babadorie River valley a uprooted trees flying and falling to the ground. Sparks considerable distance; large boulders are now littering were seen as the boulders crashed against each. This the river channel as far as Kamayama/Malama and second slip is thought to have been from the upper toward Juba/Kaningo. Some likely were ripped from the part of the slope, released by loss of support from the ground surface and river banks along the channel, but buttressing effect of the lower slope and releasing huge many are likely to have come all the way from Regent volumes of soil and rock, which slipped along large (Figure 7). planar joints in the fresh and weathered bedrock. These joint planes are natural features and present in most Kamayama/Malama residents report a large ‘tidal rock masses; in the now exposed rock within the hill wave’ of material advancing down the river channel scar, very prominent continuous steeply dipping joint immediately after the landslide as the debris pushed sets can be seen trending very approximately along the the flood water in front of it. This saturated and highly valley alignment. mobile debris flow carrying soft clay (mud), boulders, 14  |  Sierra Leone: Rapid Damage and Loss Assessment of August 14th, 2017 Landslide and Floods in the Western Area Figure 7: Landslide Area Mapped Over a Qualitative Hazard Map Source: ONS—World Bank Ongoing Multi-City Hazard and Risk Study for three cities in Sierra Leone conducted by Arup (March–November 2017). tree trunks and building debris, together with the wall Kongo Reservoir. These were inspected by Arup of water in front of it, caused the complete destruction together with the British Geological Survey and local or considerable damage to buildings downstream from geologists from the National Mineral Agency and the the main landslide area. The river channel has been Sierra Leone Institution of Geoscientists. This area is very changed and is now much wider than before. Previously densely forested with no development apart from the there was only one watercourse but this now divides sanctuary, access road and the reservoir. These landslides in several locations. There are a number of new nick were first noticed by a ranger patrol on August 17, 2017, points (steps) in the river bed and some of the riverside on or within a few days of the Regent slip. slopes are in very unstable conditions. One of the slips is of moderate size, with a back scar around 8 to 10 m high, forming an arcuate 2.3.2  Other Landslides depression approximately 30 m across but running out down a narrower channel approximately 10 m Four other known landslides took place in the wide and around 100 m long to a river course at Regent, Goderich and Tacugama areas on the same the bottom of the valley. The top of the back scar is day as the main Regent landslide. One is a long linear around 130 m downslope from the chimp sanctuary feature on the other side of the hill from the Regent offices and eco-lodges. slip, possibly down a shallow stream course. Another is further to the southwest and is a wider feature (which The second slip is much smaller, more of a slump, appears relatively shallow, involving surface soils that with minimal run-out and only around 10 m wide have slipped downslope into a watercourse running with a back scar of approximately 2 to 3 m height. at right angles to the slip direction), with the slipped Both slips in this area appear to be through the material then running down the watercourse. Being weathered soil/rock horizon (saprolite) above bedrock an undeveloped area, neither event caused loss of and are not controlled by major discontinuities in the life or damage to buildings or infrastructure. There rock mass. is some loss of forest but these areas do not appear from satellite imagery to be densely forested. Neither slip was visited by the World Bank team due to time 2.3.3 Flooding and access constraints. Satellite images showing their location and extent are below/in section 6.1.1. Following the heavy rains of August 14, 2017, Freetown experienced flooding in several locations. The two other known landslides were in the Tacugama These included the Culvert area at the mouth of the area and are located near the chimp sanctuary and Glanville Brook Watercourse, where one of the city Introduction  |  15 rubbish dumps is sited, and parts of Mountain Cut Weather Service’s Climate Prediction Center and Dwarzak. During site visits, it was possible to states that 1,040 mm of rain fell in Sierra Leone determine some of the effects of the flooding and from July 1 to August 14, 2017. This represents possible height and lateral extent of the floodwaters. three times the amount expected for this period. However, there were difficulties in attributing these ■■ Monsoon rains in 2017 clearly have been more observations directly to the events of August 14. During frequent and intense than usual. Very high rainfall the mission, flooding was experienced again at Culvert levels have also been seen in other countries on August 26 and along the Congo River Channel on around the world this year. September 3. Other locations may have flooded on ■■ The link between rainfall and landslides, unlike these subsequent dates. the direct link between rainfall and flooding, is not so direct. Water is certainly a trigger in many Flooding is a much more common hazard than landslides as saturated soils have lower effective large-scale landslides and regularly affects parts strength than dry soils and are less able to stand of Freetown during the rainy season. The loss of at steeper angles. However, there are other life and damages resulting from the flooding is a very factors involved in landslides including the nature small percentage of the overall losses. The latter are of the bedrock, the structural discontinuities dominated by the combined landslide and flooding within the bedrock and their orientation, the event at Regent–Lumley. thickness of soil cover, the depth and nature of the weathered bedrock zone and the topography of the slope. Deforestation cannot be attributed directly as the landslide trigger 2.4  Geological and Meteorological in this case, particularly as the main part of the Causes of the Disaster slide is observed to be within the rock mass, but deforestation does not help the local environment Rainfall patterns and intensity vary across the and changes the way in which rainfall infiltrates peninsula because of atmospheric conditions and or runs-out down slopes, as well as removing the localized topography. However, accurate rainfall near surface binding effects of the root systems. data is not widely available for different locations ■■ The exact mechanism of the Regent landslide is across Freetown due to a limited number of weather not known but reports suggest a two-stage event. stations. There is one at Lungi airport and another in The toe of the slope is believed to have slipped Wilberforce. Thus, rainfall in certain catchments cannot first, potentially due to oversaturation following be determined. the rains. If the lower slope was comprised of relic slip debris from previous sliding, this would Data from the available weather stations has not have had a higher soil component than the upper been reviewed and would require some specialist slope, and been more susceptible to the effects meteorological interpretation. However, JBA of wetting. Observations of the large back scar Consulting, Arup’s flood modelling partners, have left after the slip indicate the presence of parallel provided information on the weather conditions leading sheet joint sets striking approximately parallel up the August 14th, as summarized below. with the slope face. Water seepages were noted along these sheet joints and it is possible that ■■ National Oceanic and Atmospheric the heavy rains allowed water to enter this joint Administration’s satellites captured the rainfall system, weakening or softening any clay infilling intensity, recording 7-day total rainfall anomalies material along the joints and leading to an overall of up to 100 mm more than usual for the week of loss of rock mass strength. When the lower slope August 10–16. This represents nearly 200 percent slipped away, there would have been less support of the typical rainfall for that period. In addition, to the upper slope, which also subsequently over a longer preceding period, the U.S. National slipped, much more catastrophically. 16  |  Sierra Leone: Rapid Damage and Loss Assessment of August 14th, 2017 Landslide and Floods in the Western Area ■■ The three August 14 landslides in the Regent area Building damage is classified as: destroyed occurred in locations designated by Qualitative (50–100 percent damage); moderate damage Landslide Hazard maps for Freetown as ‘High (20–50 percent damage); and minor damage (less Hazard’. than 20 percent damage). Damage was assessed ■■ As above, the exact mechanism of the landslide through a number of means, including: pre- and has not been conclusively determined although post-event satellite or drone imagery in tandem with eye witness accounts and post-event observations the Open Street Map building dataset with available indicate a two-stage event. The causes are Office of National Security—ONS data and from likely to be a combination of the slope height field surveys by INTEGEMS with a GPS-linked, GIS- and geometry, the nature of the bedrock based smartphone survey application. Information and weathered rock profile and the structural from different sources has been cross-checked where discontinuities, together with high levels of water possible, and is still subject to revision, up or down both at the toe of the slope and infiltrating along (Figure 9). sheet joints in the rock mass. Figure 8: Number of People Dead or Missing 21 Juba 10 Dwazark 2.5  Overall Impact of the Event 5 Culvert 264 Kamayam/Malama 2.5.1  Regent–Lumley Combined Landslide and Flooding Along the Babadorie River Channel from the landslide zone at Regent to the river mouth, the area 808 Regent 33 Juba/Kaningo is divided into wards, and their respective damage is here detailed. The northern side contains the Regent, Kamayama/Malama and Lumley Wards and represents Source: ONS—Registration pillar (August 2017). the upper, middle and lower reaches of the river channel. On the southern side, the Juba/Kaningo Ward covers a greater extent along the channel, with varying Figure 9: Building Damage Regent to Lumley impacts within the ward. per Field Survey Data 188 According to Government figures, the total number of confirmed dead or missing people was 1,141. Substantiated numbers remain scarce since households’ 139 numbers per destroyed building is uncertain. About 6,000 individuals are reported affected (~1,616 households). The Government estimated that 93 87 85 80 80 percent of that amount is related to flood victims 69 62 with more than 3,000 people having lost their homes. 51 The 1,141 dead or missing people are distributed in six communities as follows: Regent suffered the greater 19 21 impact with 808; Kamayama/Malama had the second 7 largest affectation with 264; in the sections where the Regent Malama/ Juba/Kaningo Lumley Kamayama valley becomes wider and gentler the human losses Minor damage Moderate damage Destroyed were lower, Kaningo—33; Juba—21 (Figure 8). Source: World Bank; Arup and INTEGEMS (August 2017). Introduction  |  17 Although there were a few of the larger concrete larger, more expensive reinforced concrete frame type reinforced buildings in Kamayama/Malama and Juba/ properties in the Regent area, than in the other wards. Kaningo, most were either of informal or of masonry There was also many other masonry and informal construction. Residential buildings in the Western properties within the landslide run-out area. In addition, Area Rural are made of more durable construction an unmade road traversing the base of the slope and materials, and are predominantly not shared units— connecting properties on the south side of the valley most of these have been built in the last 15 years. The with Regent was destroyed and possibly a culvert/ legal status by way of land or construction permits (split bridge crossing for this road over the stream course. between two ministries) remains unclear. Detached single family homes in this area make up 37 percent The Regent area is at a much higher elevation than of the residential building stock, of which almost half further downstream toward Kamayama/Malama. are owner-occupied homes inside private compounds. After sliding to the toe of the hillside, the landslide Building walls are predominantly constructed with debris met the floodwaters in the valley and continued cement blocks or mud bricks, while the roofing is made a short distance up the other side before being turned of zinc sheets. By contrast, in the Western Area Urban to the west and flowing downhill. The debris flow (where Freetown is located), buildings are made of less scoured the river valley floor and sides, eroding further durable construction materials and are predominantly material, including boulders. The river banks along shared. Severe overcrowding is the norm, with an this section, before the gradient levels out toward average of more than 10 people living in a single Kamayama/Malama, were significantly impacted, with dwelling. Almost 60 percent of the households are residual unstable side slopes, some with damaged renters. About 40 percent of the housing stock is made properties above. Buildings located along the river with cement block walls and zinc sheet roofs, and channel have been mostly destroyed and partial or 35 percent have walls made from mud bricks. minor damage was suffered by others further up the side slope. The debris flow pushed the floodwater and Nearly all the poor in the Western Area live residents reported a ‘tidal wave’ or ‘wall’ of material in informal housing, with almost 60 percent in including mud, boulders and tree trunks impossible to neighborhoods with extremely deficient municipal escape. infrastructure and services. Informal housing is a manifestation of the tradeoffs made by residents The boundary between Regent and Kamayama/ between available shelter options that can be afforded: Malama/Juba/Kaningo Wards marks the transition both in terms of locations that allow them to earn from the steeper, narrower section of the valley to a their livelihoods, as well as with respect to the low wider and gentler one. Before the landslide, the valley consumption of less durable residential floor space per was already inundated with fast flowing water around household in neighborhoods where living conditions 4–6 m above the usual level. Other watercourses join are squalid (Figure 10). the Babadorie River downstream from Regent and contributed to the volume of water. Regent Ward suffered the greatest impact. It is thought that most of the impact in this ward was due Currently, 264 persons are reported dead or directly to the landslide event and the effect of the missing in Kamayama/Malama, though attributions subsequent debris run-out into an already flooded river to prior flooding or to the landslide is not known. course. However, it is also likely that some lives were A total of 69 buildings were destroyed completely, lost due to the flooding before the landslide initiated. 87 moderate damaged and 80 suffered minor damage. The currently reported number of dead and missing In addition, six footbridges across the river between from Regent Ward is 808 persons (from a total of 1,141 the Kamayama/Malama and Juba/Kaningo Wards on August 14). Of the buildings, 188 were destroyed were destroyed completely, together with local access completely, 62 were moderate damaged and 51 had tracks across the valley bottom, agricultural plots and a minor damage. There was a higher proportion of the football pitch. 18  |  Sierra Leone: Rapid Damage and Loss Assessment of August 14th, 2017 Landslide and Floods in the Western Area Figure 10: Construction Typology by Wards in Landslide Affected Region Source: World Bank, Arup and INTEGEMS (2017). Satellite imagery pre- and post-event very clearly the debris being carried down the channel. Several shows the damage caused by the debris flow to properties can still be seen in and adjacent to the river the valley floor as it advanced downstream from channel, but are mostly completely destroyed (i.e., Regent.The river channel has changed considerably >50 percent damage). The riverbed is now littered with and is now much wider (100 m as shown in Figure 12) boulders of all sizes up to around 8 or 10 cubic meters with the river course dividing in a number of locations, (but more typically 1 to 5 cubic meters), and the debris from its previous single course. Although Kamayama/ flow was able to carry these a considerable distance. Malama is at least 3 km from the landslide zone, it was Toward Juba/Kaningo (Sheriff Drive) the boulder sizes still severely affected by the run-out and the force of and frequency decrease with the flooding and mud Introduction  |  19 Photo 1: Photographs of Regent Landslide Area and Immediately Downstream along River Course Source: Arup (2017). deposition becomes more significant. It is likely though and 19 suffered minor damage. At the mouth of the that tree trunks and lighter objects, including building river, debris from the flooded houses has collected and materials, were carried further than the boulders needs to be removed. Contamination from this material (Figure 11). and other sources upstream is likely. The water level was very high at Lumley, and a satellite image taken In Juba/Kaningo Ward, 33 persons were reported post-event shows a footbridge near the river mouth dead or missing, 85 buildings were completely completely submerged. destroyed, 93 moderate damaged and 139 suffered minor damage. These building numbers are higher 2.5.2  Flooding at Other Locations than reported for Kamayama/Malama (while the across the City dead/missing total is lower). This likely is due to the population density downstream and the longer extent Severe flooding was experienced at Culvert, of Juba/Kaningo Ward along the Babadorie River Valley. Mountain Cut and Dwarzak from the prior three It is not known how far downstream the effects of the days of intense rainfall. At the river mouths, the flows debris flow reached and where the flooding became spread out across the level floodplain and mudflats, more significant. The statistics suggest somewhere inundating most of the low-lying community buildings. along the Lumley/Juba/Kaningo stretch of the river. There were a total of 15 recorded deaths or still missing people from Culvert and Dwarzak. While this is typical At Lumley, both the human cost and building or even reasonably high for significant flooding events, damage was lower: 21 dead or missing persons were it is considerably less than those suffered between reported for Juba. In the Lumley Ward, 7 buildings Regent and Lumley (Figure 13 and Figure 14). were destroyed completely, 21 moderately damaged 20  |  Sierra Leone: Rapid Damage and Loss Assessment of August 14th, 2017 Landslide and Floods in the Western Area Figure 11: Pre- and Post-Disaster Satellite Imagery Showing the Affected Area from Regent to Lumley Source: Adapted from Digital Globe satellite imagery by World Bank, Arup (2017). Figure 12: Pre- and Post-Disaster Satellite Imagery Showing the Widening of River Channel Downstream Source: Adapted from Digital Globe satellite imagery by World Bank, Arup (2017). Introduction  |  21 Figure 13: Flood Hazard in Western Area Urban, Northern Freetown—Examples of Recent Widespread Flooding from Culvert and Congo Town Regions Note: The flood hazard changes as you move from the high mountains in the south to the lower lying flat land in the north (as indicated by the arrow). Source: World Bank, Arup (2017). Figure 14: Flood Damage in Culvert Source: Arup (2017). 22  |  Sierra Leone: Rapid Damage and Loss Assessment of August 14th, 2017 Landslide and Floods in the Western Area twice a day and the UN Country Team also met daily to 2.6  Immediate Response ensure coordination at the level of the United Nations. and Relief Efforts Humanitarian agencies have been actively engaged Immediately following the disaster, a national in several critical areas. These include identifying emergency was declared and the government and recording casualties to developing emergency of Sierra Leone initiated its emergency response response plans; physical rehabilitation for those injured; mechanism, under the leadership of the Office of providing emergency WASH, health, shelter and National Security (ONS). A command center was protection assistance; assessing damages and needs; established around Regent district, the epicenter of the the distributions of food and nonfood items; support to landslide, to ensure optimal coordination of efforts. affected communities; and supporting affected children, including provision of psychosocial support. ONS organized the response into 10 pillars headed by the sector-specific ministry to ensure better In response to the emergency, a UN assessment coordination for the disaster assessment and identified 16 locations where food, shelter, and emergency response: Coordination (headed by Sierra water and sanitation have been identified as main Leone Office of National Security), Logistics Pillar priorities. WFP’s main logistics base at Port Loko (headed by the Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces), has been instrumental in mobilizing equipment and Food and Nutrition Pillar (headed by the Sierra Leone supplies for the response. Ministry of Health and Sanitation), Security and Safety Pillar (headed by Sierra Leone Police), Registering pillar Following the immediate rescue operations, the (headed by Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare humanitarian response was implemented at three Gender and Children’s Affairs), Shelter pillar (headed levels: (i) support affected communities and mitigation by Sierra Leone Ministry of Lands, Country Planning of resurgence and potential risks; (ii) support victims and Environment), Health and Burial (headed by Sierra in temporary displacement centers; and (iii) mitigate Leone Ministry of Health), Social Mobilization and potential risks, such as cholera or other outbreaks. Communication (headed by Sierra Leone Ministry Displaced victims have been given the option to be of Information and Communication), Protection and housed in communities or be voluntarily relocated to Psychosocial (headed by Sierra Leone Ministry of Social a more permanent shelter solution. Two sites have Welfare, Gender and Children’s Affairs), WASH pillar been selected for voluntary relocation: The Old Skool (headed by Sierra Leone Ministry of Water Resources). compound in Hill Station and Juba Barracks in Lumley.12 The United Nations Resident Coordinator designated Almost USD 13 million has been mobilized so far. the Country Director and Representative of the In addition, the World Bank has committed USD World Food Programme (WFP) as Incident Manager. 10 million in budget support to the government and To support the UN response, a UNDisaster Assessment USD 3 million is being re-directed as part of ongoing and Coordination Team was deployed to Sierra Leone. projects. The team helped with coordination, information management, and needs assessment activities. In terms of field coordination, meetings were held at the ONS 12 UNOCHA (2017). Introduction  |  23 3 Scope of the Assessment 3.1  Objectives of the Assessment 3.2  Approach and Scope The assessment’s principal goal is to help the The assessment applied the United Nations government of Sierra Leone estimate the effects and Economic Commission for Latin America and impact of the August 14 landslide and floods in the the Caribbean DaLA and Post-Disaster Needs Western Area. Its intention is to help the government Assessment (PDNA) methodologies to suit the formulate a strategic recovery plan, mobilize resources, specific context and scale of the disaster. The impact and prioritize and sequence direct resources to meet of the landslide and floods on each sector is costed the needs of the most affected. in three main categories: (i) damages, (ii) losses, and (iii) preliminary needs to inform recovery and The Ministry of Finance requested World Bank reconstruction. support to conduct a rapid needs assessment. The World Bank and the Global Facility for Disaster Damage to infrastructure and physical assets Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) mobilized a multi- quantifies public- and private-sector infrastructure sectoral team of experts to work with the government, and assets destroyed in the disaster. Damage the United Nations (UN), other development partners, includes either total or partial destruction of the assets. and civil society organizations. The assessment assumes certain damage will occur to flooded buildings, given that exposure to floodwaters This report quantifies damages and losses in will require repairs or replacement. The DaLA estimates infrastructure and social sectors (real estate include damages to building content. Losses due to and urban development, transport, electricity, disruption of access to goods and services are defined telecommunications, water and sanitation, health, as changes in economic flows and higher production education, social protection) and in cross-sectoral arising from the disaster. They occur until full economic areas (environment, waste management, disaster recovery and reconstruction are achieved, in some risk management and gender). It also analyzes cases lasting for several years; typical losses include the macroeconomic, poverty, and welfare impacts. a decline in output in productive sectors. Losses also The assessment identifies preliminary needs and include additional costs incurred by the government for recommendations for a recovery and reconstruction emergency response and relief efforts. Disaster effects strategy. 25 include a qualitative assessment of the increased risks 3.2.2 Quantification and vulnerabilities resulting from the event. Most sectors have valued the damages to The assessment encompasses economic and social infrastructure and assets, and the losses due to impacts. Economic impact at the macro level includes changes in financial flows (in U.S. dollars). Cross- an estimation of the disaster’s likely effects on economic sectoral linkages helped preempt double or multiple performance and potential temporary macroeconomic counting in estimating the value of the event’s effects. imbalances. Social impacts include estimations of the disaster’s likely effect on households, community The assessment addressed cross-cutting issues, livelihoods, employment, and vulnerability. such as disaster risk reduction, environment, waste management, and gender. Further, for each sector, the The preliminary recovery needs comprise the short- disaster was examined in qualitative terms and outlined term government interventions designed to kick- for potential and emerging issues. start all affected functions, and those required in the medium and long term to ensure an approach Each sector has specified recovery needs and to enable greater resilience and preparedness in the posited implementation arrangements. This includes future. costs for reconstructing destroyed assets, providing services, improving specifications and risk reduction Assessments of the disaster’s effects and impacts measures. The cost of recovery needs has not been also assist in determining recovery needs, estimated at the replacement value; rather, a cost considering “build back better” (BBB) principles. estimate has been provided based on fiscal prudence BBB seeks to reduce vulnerability and improve living and acceptable levels of recovery. The total cost of conditions, while promoting more effective and recovery, which includes the cost of reconstructing sustainable reconstruction. It examines the suitability destroyed assets, has been determined by aggregating and sustainability of reconstruction activities. These the cost of recovery needs of all sectors. An overarching identified recovery needs inform short-, medium-, and strategy for the recovery program covers all the sectors. long-term recovery and reconstruction interventions through a recovery strategy. 3.2.3 Validation 3.2.1  Data Collection A robust damage validation was carried out on the data provided by the government. It included: The Assessment Team developed a multi-pronged (i) desk review and detailed analysis of pre-disaster approach for damage determination, classification, asset and infrastructure baseline data by the sector collation, quantification, and validation to capture teams; (ii) determination of percentage-based damage the data of different sectors. Each Sector Team in sectors, such as housing and the private sector collected the respective pre-disaster baseline data to for certain communities, based on household survey compare with post-disaster conditions and evaluated and census data; (iii) analytical validation of damage the disaster effects and impacts. Satellite imagery, data by sector teams, employing techniques and drone surveys, and field visits were conducted to assess plausibility checks such as relative-to-baseline analyses, the destruction of housing, infrastructure, and social disaggregated analysis, and comparisons across vertical amenities and to estimate the impact on the production and horizontal streams of communities; and (iv) limited, of goods and the delivery of services. sample-based physical validation by the sector teams. 26  |  Sierra Leone: Rapid Damage and Loss Assessment of August 14th, 2017 Landslide and Floods in the Western Area 3.2.4  Limitations and Caveats translated and shared with the sectoral teams. Specific constraints are described in the sectoral chapters. The Assessment Team, to support the government in responding rapidly to the disaster, accelerated The rapid assessment lays out an overarching processes and used available data. The assessment assessment and orientation toward initiating the was carried out in two weeks (from August 24 to recovery planning process. It is neither intended September 8, 2017). Sector assessment teams faced to replace the sector assessments nor purport to be challenges in the quality and accessibility of data. comprehensive or prescriptive. This rapid assessment The ONS Registration and Verification Pillar also also recognizes further assessment and planning may had challenges in consolidating and validating the be required for agencies, donors, and international information. In response, surveys, interviews, drone finance institutions to develop their recovery flights, and other complementary methods assisted strategies and programs, particularly for sector-specific sectoral teams with the interpretation and analysis of interventions. the available data. Data provided by the ministries were Scope of the Assessment  |  27 4 Damages and Losses per Sectors flood plains; and use of unsafe construction techniques 4.1  Real Estate (Housing) and Urban most often in high-risk areas, etc. Development Sector Highly fragmented governance in the urban area 4.1.1  Sector Context makes not only urban planning challenging but also effective response to shocks and recovery Freetown dominates Sierra Leone’s urban landscape difficult. Many municipal functions are managed by with 14 percent of the country’s population and multiple central agencies. This impedes both effective generates 18.7 percent of the national economy. management of the interdependent, capital-intensive, It is in one of the country’s four divisions, known as infrastructure systems (e.g., fecal sludge management, the Western Area, which is divided into Western drainage, sewage, and solid waste management) and Area Urban and Western Area Rural. Home to about the coordination of multifaceted urban development 1 million people, Freetown’s population has been operations (e.g., land development, residential/ growing at 3.01 percent since 1985, and is expected to commercial/industrial real estate development, local be 2 million people in less than a decade. Not only is economic development, local urban public space Freetown Sierra Leone’s largest city, it is also the central revitalization, and social service provision). hub of economic activity in the country that has grown steadily in and around Freetown. It is important to understand the large difference in quality of construction and amount of consumption Freetown’s infrastructure systems and service of built-up areas per households between the rural delivery have been unable to keep up with a and urban areas. Residential buildings in the Western growth in population and poverty which increased Area Rural are made of more durable construction by 7 percent over the last decade. The physical materials, and are predominantly not shared units— environment is deteriorating rapidly, and the footprint most of these have been built in the last 15 years. The of the built-up area is expanding into Western Area legal status by way of land or construction permits (split Rural due to low density unplanned sprawl. It is in this between two ministries) remains unclear. Detached Western Rural area where lies the Sugar Loaf Mountain. single family homes in this area make up 37 percent of the residential building stock, of which almost half Urban development challenges of Freetown are are owner-occupied homes inside private compounds. compounded by its location and geography. Building walls are predominantly constructed with Freetown is situated in a relatively small space between cement blocks or mud bricks, while the roofing is made steep mountains and the sea, in a country with the of zinc sheets. By contract, in the Western Area Urban highest annual rainfall in Africa. Factors that raise the (where Freetown is located), buildings are made of less city’s exposure and vulnerability to natural hazards, durable construction materials and are predominantly in addition to climate change, include: topography; shared. Severe overcrowding is the norm, with an proximity to waterways; rapid increase in built-up areas average of more than 10 people living in a single on deforested hillsides upstream of natural drainage dwelling. Almost 60 percent of the households are channels; downstream construction on vacant land in renters. About 40 percent of the housing stock is made 29 with cement block walls and zinc sheet roofs, and tax data base from Freetown City Council, and the 35 percent have walls made from mud bricks. 2011 Sierra Leone Integrated Household Survey. Refer to Annex 8.1 for more details on damage assessment Nearly all the poor in the Western Area live in informal methodology. housing, with almost 60 percent in neighborhoods with extremely deficient municipal infrastructure systems 4.1.3  Effects of the Disaster and service outputs. Informal housing is a manifestation of the tradeoffs made by residents between available The most devastating impact of the landslide was shelter options that can be afforded: both in terms of experienced in Regent (Western Area Rural), but the locations that allow them to earn their livelihoods, as well impacts of the flooding due to the landslide were harsh as with respect to the low consumption of less durable downstream in Western Area Urban. The landslide that residential floor space per household in neighborhoods began from Sugar Loaf Mountain in Regent became a where living conditions are squalid. debris flow along a flooded valley, which caused massive flooding along the river channel from the mountain 4.1.2 Methodology traversing through Western Area Urban. The floods with accompanying debris affected buildings and households Immediately following the landslide and flooding of in the Kamayama/Malama Juba/Kaningo and Lumley August 14, 2017, numerous international agencies neighborhoods along the river channel (Figure 15). produced and shared pre- and post-disaster maps and satellite imagery. The location of pre-event Another flood occurred the same day in Western Area buildings around the Regent Landslide was identified Urban in the neighborhoods of Dwarzak and Culvert. and digitized using pre-event satellite imagery of No buildings were damaged by this flood. However, March 3, 2017. Aerial photographs were captured from given the typology of construction in this area, coupled two separate drone surveys of the landslide area, the with their location on low-lying land at the mouth of the first immediately after the event, and a second about river, multiple families shared these modest “shacks.” a week later to collect high-resolution aerial imagery of the entire affected region. A high-resolution digital A total of 901 buildings (residential, mixed-use, terrain model was generated within a 50 meters (m) public, and commercial) covering 116,766 square buffer either side of the landslide. This provided meters were affected by the landslide and floods, the spatial baseline for assessing damages, losses, from Sugar Loaf Mountain to Lumley Creek. Of these, and needs. Field surveys were conducted by trained 769 buildings were residential, 27 were commercial local volunteers to assess the impacts of the disaster, buildings, while the remaining were mixed use, apart including building attributes and household assets. from a church and an orphanage. 349 buildings of about Survey findings were supplemented by the 2015 Sierra 34,178 square meters were destroyed; 263 buildings Leone Housing and Population Census, the property of about 38,384 square meters were moderately Figure 15: Affected Buildings and Households in Kamayama/Malama Juba/Kaningo and Lumley Neighborhoods Source: World Bank, Arup, INTEGEMS (2017). 30  |  Sierra Leone: Rapid Damage and Loss Assessment of August 14th, 2017 Landslide and Floods in the Western Area Table 3: Estimated Damages and Losses in Real Estate (Housing) Sector Other Household Internal Building Asset Asset-Cash Total Total Damage Damage Savings Damage Damage Wards USD Million SSL Billion Regent 4.19 1.23 0.06 5.48 41.10 Malama/Kamayama 2.76 1.32 0.08 4.16 31.20 Juba, Kaningo 2.14 1.12 0.25 3.51 26.33 Lumley 0.56 0.12 0.004 0.68 5.13 Dwazark and Culvert — 0.31 — 0.31 2.33 Total 9.65 4.10 0.39 14.14 106.08 Estimated Losses Estimated Losses Type of Loss USD Million SSL Billion Temporary Shelter 1.95 0.26 Rental Income Losses 4.135 0.55 Demolition and Construction Debris 3.3 0.44 Removal Total Estimated Losses 9.38 1.25 Note: For the losses estimation, rental income losses were calculated using a proxy from 2015 Sierra Leone Housing and Population Census and field survey findings, which provided an average annual rent for a property in Western Area Rural and Western Urban and an approximate number of rental properties in the affected area. Other losses included the cost of temporary shelter (excluding basic services) and the cost of demolishing moderate damaged buildings in the river channel, demolishing remaining structural elements of destroyed buildings, and removal of construction debris. International Organization for Migration (IOM) estimates to set up a temporary shelter (without services) per household for three months (USD 2,600), based on their similar experience in Democratic Republic of Congo experience, was used as a baseline to estimate losses for around 100 households currently living in camps (based on 30 August 201—ONS update). The average cost of demolishing a single and multi-story building as well as the cost of removing the construction debris was acquired through discussions with a few local contractors and real estate experts. Source: World Bank Assessment Team (2017). damaged; and the remaining 289 buildings suffered This latter figure includes estimated loss from rents for minor damages. Table 3 enumerates these damages owners, rent to be borne by displaced families, costs and losses, and estimates them by taking into account of provision of temporary shelter for three months, the replacement costs of similar construction. From the costs of demolition of damaged buildings, and the cost floods in Dwarzak and Culvert the same day, no of removal of construction debris. (Table 3). buildings were damaged. However, household assets and savings were lost in 669 buildings (Figure 16). 4.1.4  Resilient Recovery Needs The cumulative estimate of both damages and losses The overall recovery needs in the short, medium, in Western Area Rural and Urban due to the two and longer term are estimated to be USD 13.29 events is USD 15.43 million. Damage alone from million. Of this, the short-term recovery over the next both events is USD 14.18 million. Losses incurred from three months that is targeted to provide urgent relief both events is estimated to be USD 1.25 million.13 is estimated to be USD 2.00 million. Given that the 13 There may be additional losses due to the loss of purchases, and leases. However, these could not be estimated documents that would support land tenure, sales or and have been excluded. Damages and Losses per Sectors  |  31 Figure 16: Level of Damages and Cost of Damages by Ward from Regent to Lumley 188 139 93 87 85 80 69 62 51 19 21 7 Regent Malama/ Juba/Kaningo Lumley Kamayama Minor damage Moderate damage buildings Destroyed buildings Lumley Juba/Kaningo Malama/Kamayama Regent $0 $1,000,000 $2,000,000 $3,000,000 $4,000,000 $5,000,000 $6,000,000 Building damage Internal assets loss Other assets loss (cash, savings) Source: World Bank, Arup, INTEGEMS (2017). Table 4: Estimated Needs for the Real Estate Sector (USD million) Short-Term/Immediate Recovery (0–3 months)—2 Million USD/15 Billion SLL Provision of temporary shelter; transitional assistance to permanent housing solutions such as Mile6; demolition •   of moderately damaged unsafe buildings; and destroyed buildings; and removal of debris. Medium-Term/Full Recovery Phase (4–12 months)—2.3 Million USD/17.25 Billion SLL Planning and execution for retrofitting moderately damaged buildings that are structurally sound and situated •   in what are deemed habitable areas (i.e., non-high risk zones); explore options to include relocation and/ or additional rental housing in the existing structurally sound building stock in safe locations—for example, a subsidy from government to add more floors, retrofitting the owner-occupied moderately damaged buildings provided on a condition that owner will rent a floor (or rooms) to affected households for a year or so; demarcate high and medium hazard zones on the ground to raise awareness; preserve flood plains created by floods and encourage their use for urban agriculture; develop resilient recovery framework for housing and urba planning based on final multi-disaster risk assessment; and develop site-specific local mitigation measures including importantly, soft measures. Long-Term/Resilient Reconstruction (1–3 years)—9 Million USD/67.50 Billion SLL* Resettle unsafe areas according with comprehensive spatial strategy that would be developed based on •   multi-risk assessment and risk maps (this strategy has been considered for financing purposes under the DRM chapter along with zoning codes); develop resilient building codes with an enforcement mechanism, capacity building in both private and public sectors to enforce and implement stringent process to acquire land and construction permits; devolve responsibility to spearhead the development of a strategy for integrated real estate development that includes affordable housing completely to local city council; enhance land tenure through functioning land cadaster and registry; establish a functioning public land inventory; review and validate property tax database and land value maps for the Western Area Urban and Western Area Rural; leverage private financing to innovate and increase the affordable and safe rental housing market. *9 million USD/67.50 billion SLL is calculated based on an assumption that the Government of Sierra Leone would focus on the poor households in the affected area for providing safer housing solutions. The cost of construction for a low-cost house was considered to be approximately USD 6,250 as provided by local contractors, real estate agents, and field interviews. monsoons are expected to continue till mid- to end- The road system in Freetown suffers from three October 2017, this figure could change should there major deficiencies: inefficient and inadequate be additional natural hazard events. Medium-term network, poor design and construction, and no early recovery over the next 3–12 months for the poor effective maintenance. First, the network itself is households from the affected population is estimated inefficient, with no proper planning in the hierarchy to be USD 2.3 million. Longer-term estimates for of roads and poor connectivity; relatively few roads resilient recovery over one to three years, for the poor provide cross-town connectivity, and capacity on some households from the affected population, is estimated roads is inadequate for existing traffic volumes, while to be USD 9 million (Table 4). other roads have excess capacity. Second, most roads are poorly engineered or poorly constructed by the Housing represents a major share of real estate, communities. Thirdly, there is no effective road and household wealth, and building reconstruction needs. drainage maintenance; except for recently constructed However, any housing strategy in Freetown must be part and rehabilitated roads, most roads and drainage in of a larger city-wide spatial development strategy so that the city are in very poor condition, resulting in reduced multiple urban development challenges are addressed traffic speeds, damage to vehicles and in some cases in a comprehensive manner. Without such an approach, danger to road users, and urban flooding due to Freetown’s development will remain institutionally blocked drains. fragmented, adversely impacting the ability of the city to both grow in a sustainable manner as well as respond The institutional arrangements for the delivery effectively to shocks such as the recent disaster. of infrastructure and services are complex and inadequate, with several agencies having responsibility Any city-wide spatial strategy must consider for various aspects of urban transport, inconsistent densification of existing pockets of land that is objectives, and priorities, overlapping mandates while safe to develop for multiuse purposes. The tools for some functions are not specifically allocated to any one land redevelopment will require innovation to adapt agency. international knowledge to the local context; this could be different in different locations of the city. Such The provision and maintenance of road infrastructure tools could include innovative voluntary and market is in the domain of Central and Local Government driven mechanisms for addressing land swaps from and is therefore a public asset. The Ministry of Works, risk areas to safe areas, targeted rental support for Housing, and Infrastructure is responsible for policy affected households, possible integration of rent-to- formulation, coordination, and monitoring with Sierra own options for housing in mixed use developments, Leone Roads Authority and local authorities as road and developing financing models for interventions that asset managers. could attract private finance. Some of the challenges before the disaster were as follows: 4.2 Transport ■■ The transport system’s institutions, assets, and knowledge are not effective and have no central 4.2.1  Sector Context or local plan; ■■ No inventory of road and bridge features available, About 90 percent of all goods and passengers and therefore no classification of affected roads are transported via Sierra Leone’s road network. and structure in the National Road System; The classified network size is more than 11 thousand ■■ Structures and roads have not been properly kilometers (km), comprising 2,237 km of primary designed and engineered and were poorly roads, 1,764 km of secondary roads, and 4,152 km of constructed by the communities; tertiary roads; the length of the urban road network is ■■ No effective road drainage system; and estimated at 3,093 km. ■■ No effective routine maintenance before the disaster. Damages and Losses per Sectors  |  33 4.2.2 Methodology The affected roads were mainly feeder roads that were not within the classified national road Inspection of the affected transport system was system; therefore no data was available with conducted, which involved the institutions, physical the road agency. The assessment of the impact of assets, and knowledge of the people managing the the disaster on the road infrastructure within the system. The primary impact was upon the bridge asset affected communities was carried out through visual connectivity. The affected bridges were located along inspection and assessment of the damage to the road the main flood corridor and other areas affected by infrastructure. During the assessment, the location the storm. The physical inspection identified defects of proposed new road structures, including culverts on existing bridges that may have occurred because of and bridges, was also identified and mapped out to the flooding/storm and proposed recovery measures improve on the overall performance of the network. The for a functional review of this section of the transport quantities of the proposed intervention were computed network that could enable planning of more functional and unit rates applied to produce estimates of the cost solutions and (re-)design with more resilient options for of recovery and restoration works. recovery. The visual inspection mainly focused on the following: 4.2.3  Effects of the Disaster ■■ Identification of damaged road infrastructures Connectivity and accessibility to various communities which require emergency works for temporary (Regent, Motormeh, Pentagon, Kamayama, and repairs with available funding; Kaningo) were lost because of collapsed bridges ■■ Data collection including span and width and damaged access roads. Eight bridges connecting of structures for the development of repair Kamayama community and Kalingo were identified, mechanisms with cost estimation to reinstate including two road bridges and six pedestrian bridges. the structural integrity of all defective/collapsed Two road bridges along the Regent–Charlotte water bridges on build back better principles (BBB); course affected by the storm were also identified. The ■■ Visual assessment of condition where the damage on road infrastructure was quite extensive. Of structures exist. the 10.5 km inspected, about 6 km were identified as damaged and will require full restoration (Table 5). Damage Estimates Table 5: Estimated Damages and Losses in the Transport Sector Roads Bridges Total Community SLL Billion USD Million SLL Billion USD Million SLL Billion USD Million Kaningo 0.33 0.04 0.74 0.10 1.08 0.14 Kamayama 0.60 0.08 0.49 0.06 1.08 0.14 Regent 0.30 0.04 2.84 0.38 3.14 0.42 Culvert/Kroo Bay — — 2.05 0.27 2.05 0.27 Grand Total 1.23 0.16 6.12 0.81 7.35 0.98 Source: Assessment Team (2017). 34  |  Sierra Leone: Rapid Damage and Loss Assessment of August 14th, 2017 Landslide and Floods in the Western Area Figure 17: Affected Roads, Bridges and Pathways by the Regent-Lumley Landslide Collapsed bridge at Kaningo (Sheriff Drive) Bridges Roads Community pathways Source: World Bank, UNOPS, Arup and SLRA (2017). Loss Analysis appropriate bridge designs that are raised and allow for high flood waters to pass underneath. The bailey In addition to the damages caused by the event, bridge option also allows for easy maintenance and economic losses were caused by connectivity repair that would enhance build back better principles. losses, especially related to the bridges that were destroyed. This will result in higher transport costs Roads need to be reviewed, repaired, and for people to move around the city and may in some reconstructed to better withstand future flooding. cases mean people not being able to afford to access In addition, drainage infrastructure needs to be employment or markets. However, due to a lack of integrated into the road network system. The information, in terms of traffic count on the roads, even drainage infrastructure within the landfill sites also before the disaster, calculating increased transport costs requires rehabilitation and upgrading to reduce and associated impacts on productivity could not be flood risks in the future. Associated maintenance of done in the limited time and resources available. the transport and drainage infrastructure will help to reduce flood risk and enhance the resilience of the road network (Table 6). 4.2.4  Resilient Recovery Needs In the long term, institutional strengthening is The short-term recovery objective will be to restore needed to enhance the transport asset management connectivity and accessibility within and between system and to have an effective approach the affected communities. Modular bailey bridges are to managing and maintaining the transport being discussed by the government as a quick recovery infrastructure network. In addition, clearer roles option that can be deployed fast. United Nations Office and responsibilities need to be assigned, alongside for Operations Services (UNOPS) is supporting the appropriate budgets to manage this. government to assess the recovery needs and integrate Damages and Losses per Sectors  |  35 Table 6: Short-, Medium-, and Long-Term Resilient Recovery Needs in the Transport Sector Cost Intervention Area SLL Billion USD Million Short-Term (0–3 months) Response and Relief Efforts 6.26 0.84 Replacement of previous crossings as listed in the damage assessment table 1.79 0.24 Construction of relief culverts on embankment at Charlotte Bridge approach 0.99 0.13 Remedial maintenance of Regent Village Bridge 0.71 0.10 General maintenance including: drainage clearing, construction of metal grill/wooden 1.42 0.19 crossings along feeder roads of Regent, Charlotte, Kaningo, Kamayama, Juba area Desilting of landfill site culvert 1.35 0.18 Medium-Term (4–12 months) Early Recovery 29.32 3.90 Provision of Bailey Bridges linking the Kamayama-Kaningo-Juba communities 24.40 3.25 Construction/installation of culverts within Regent, Charlotte, Kaningo, Kamayama, 2.79 0.37 Juba flooded areas Rehabilitation of 0.5 km of urban arterial road destroyed by landslide and new bridge 0.90 0.12 Reconstruction of 5.5 km of feeder roads within Regent, Charlotte, Kaningo, 1.23 0.16 Kamayama, Juba flooded area Long-Term (1–3 years) Resilient Recovery and Reconstruction 4.88 0.65 Strengthened Road and Bridge Asset Management System 4.88 0.65 Total Needs 40.46 5.39 Source: Assessment Team (2017). and rural areas have only 5 percent coverage. The 4.3  Electricity and Telecommunications lack of investment has led to high technical losses in transmission and distribution, high commercial losses 4.3.1  Sector Context caused by inefficacies in revenue collection, poor energy efficiency, and the inability to generate enough power The electricity sector suffers from significant to cover the demand. The sector reported an estimated underinvestment, technical inefficiency, and lack 38 percent technical loss in 2016 and has one of the of coverage. Average electrification is low at about highest electricity tariffs in West Africa (Figure 18). 30 percent, and even if higher in Freetown (80 percent), installed capacity is low such that only about half of the Sector reforms have led to the vertical unbundling of demand in Freetown can be met by the Bumbuna power production and retail, and the creation of a regulator. plant, even if it functions at maximum capacity. Although In a bid to improve sector efficiency, the National solar energy is on the rise, it plays only a negligible Electricity Act was approved in 2011, starting the process role.14 And while hydropower produces 62 percent for the unbundling of the previous power authority and of electricity, its potential remains underutilized. The creating the Electricity Distribution and Supply Authority electricity network is over 50 years old and many of its (EDSA), the Electricity Generation and Transmission distribution lines were destroyed during the war and Company (EGTC) and the regulator, the Electricity and have been poorly maintained since. The sector has Water Regulatory Commission (EWRC). Policy formulation suffered from low levels of financing and investments and sector oversight remains with the Ministry of Energy. EDSA commenced statutory operations as the sole off- 14 Sierra Leone decided to invest in renewable energy. In taker of generated power on January 1, 2015, purchasing its recent energy policy, the Government of Sierra Leone is power from EGTC and independent power producers. actively considering renewable energy sources, especially EGTC owns and operates the Bumbuna hydropower solar and hydro-electric to cover the energy deficit and protect the environment, National Energy Policy, 2009. plant and the transmission line to Freetown. 36  |  Sierra Leone: Rapid Damage and Loss Assessment of August 14th, 2017 Landslide and Floods in the Western Area Figure 18: 33KV and 11KV Power Lines in Western Area    Source: Provided by EGTC, 2016. Although the telecommunication sector (comprising 4.3.2 Methodology radio, television, fixed and mobile telephony, and internet) is playing an important part in the lives of In the absence of geographic maps of EDSA’s Sierra Leoneans, network interruptions associated customers, EDSA was unable to provide detailed with the recent disaster has been limited. About information on the number of customers affected or 72 percent of people in the country are reportedly their location. Subsequently, information on affected listening to the radio daily, and mobile telephones areas was obtained by EDSA via on-site inspections. have become important platforms for the transfer of Primary data were collected through structured funds to areas where the financial sector is not present, interviews with all key stakeholders in the sector. This messaging to the hard-to reach areas, and general provided real time information on the effect of the use in business and education. Yet, physical network landslide/flooding on the electricity sector and on dependent on services like landline phone and internet EDSA’s activities. Supporting information has been play only a marginal role, with the penetration of the provided directly by ESDA, including estimated costs. latter being only 4 percent, explaining the limited disruption.15 Therefore, the remaining discussion in this section will focus on the damage and impact in the 4.3.3  Effects of the Disaster power sector. During the landslide and flooding disaster, there were power outages across the city, including the 15 A number of telecom operators were interviewed and main hospitals at Hill Station, Wilberforce, and all stated that the effect of the landslide on their operational Connaught. These have backup generators and the infrastructure was minimal and repairs had been undertaken. Their overwhelming view was that as service providers, there effect of the power outage on their patients was was little or no business interruption. minimal. Schools were on holiday and did not need Damages and Losses per Sectors  |  37 power. Sierra Leone has no trains or trams so the power Figure 19: Fallen High Tension Pole Back of Lumley outages did not affect the transportation network. and Juba Bridge The power stations owned by EGTC and the 33 kV transmission power line owned by ESDA were not affected, but there was damage to transformers, low voltage poles, switchgear, and conductors—all of which are required to supply electricity to their customers in the area. Moreover, the 11 kV line linking Lumley and Juba was damaged, as was the PWD substation. EDSA reported 372 households affected from Mountain Cut, PWD, Malamah, Kaningo, and Regent. The distribution lines have not yet been restored; therefore, these Source: Picture provided by EDSA staff member, August 2017. properties are still without power. These households had meters that were irrecoverably damaged and would need to be replaced prior to power being restored Figure 20: Reduction in Power Evacuation/Supply to Communities (Figure 19 and Figure 20). Since electricity power networks require a constant balance between the supply and varying demand of electricity, EGTC was quick in evacuating its maximum allowable power output from the Bumbuna power Submerged part station. During the incident, EDSA received several of the PWD distressed calls from people in affected communities transformer worried about the power supply and the potential risk Source: EDSA staff, August 2017. of electrical incidents. EDSA responded by reducing the evacuation and power supply to 21 MW at that point to safeguard people and their equipment. material or equipment that has been purchased and replaced by EDSA is listed in Table 7. Damage Assessment. EDSA undertook an assessment of the damage after the event to restore temporary Loss Assessment. Temporary shelter is being provided power supply as quickly as possible. Lost and damaged to victims who have been rendered homeless by the Table 7: Extent of Damage to EDSA’s Infrastructure Area Physical Infrastructure Overall Effect/Power Quality Regent 1 transformer at the Guma Pumping Station Customers without power for 48 hours Low voltage poles, conductors, damaged accessories in the immediate area of the landslide Kaningo 1 transformer at Momoh Drive Customers without power for 24 hours Low voltage poles, conductors, damaged accessories in the area of flooding Kamayama 1 transformer at the Malama Extension Customers without power for 24 hours Low voltage poles, conductors, damaged accessories in the area of flooding Lumley—Juba All 21 transformers in Goderich Customers without power for 12 to 24 Low voltage poles, conductors, damaged accessories hours in the area of flooding PWD Pademba Switchgear (RMU), low voltage panel, transformer The areas of Pademba Road, Sumaila Road Substation Town, George Brook, Dundas Street, Campbell Street all without power for 48 hours Source: Assessment Team (2017). 38  |  Sierra Leone: Rapid Damage and Loss Assessment of August 14th, 2017 Landslide and Floods in the Western Area landslide and floods, and in that context EDSA has Table 8: Damages1 of EDSA’s Infrastructure Based started providing electrification to one of the temporary on Geographical Spread camps. Electrification work has been completed at the Old Skool compound in Hill Station. Solar lighting is Area of Distribution Damage being provided at the other temporary shelters. The Lines Affected SLL Million USD government is looking to provide permanent housing Regent 39 5,263 for displaced households at a previously identified Kamayama 131 17,430 site at Mile 6. This development is being led by the Kaningo 291 38,893 Ministry of Works Housing and Infrastructure and entails Juba/Lumley 13 1,780 the construction of 52 one- and two-bedroom self- PWD Substation 827 110,250 contained units. EDSA is waiting for the detailed design of the area but has provided estimated costs based on Total 1,030 173,616 the electrification of a typical 2-bedroom self-contained 1/excluding meter replacement Note:  house. 2/assuming a combination of 1- and 2-bedroom units with provision for a perimeter fence. Source: Assessment Team (2017). Other losses include the replacement cost of the electricity meters, which is not a direct cost to EDSA, as customers need to pay for the meters. Table 9: Damages and Losses by Type of Impact A single-phase meter costs SLL 705,500 and a three- phase meter costs SLL 1,350,000. It is assumed that of Loss the 372 households affected and reported by EDSA, Type of Impact SLL Billion USD 10 percent were on 3-phase and 90 percent on single- Provision of electricity 0.15 20,416 phase meters. to temporary shelter Permanent shelter 0.31 41,009 The tables below show preliminary damages and Meter replacement 0.29 38,172 losses to EDSA in the different affected communities Total 0.75 99,597 and by type of damage/loss. Kaningo was worst Source: Assessment Team (2017). affected as most of the poles, aerial bundled cables, and overhead power lines were swept away by the provision. The Old Skool compound at Hill Station has flooding. EDSA has provided an estimated cost of the been inspected and all the necessary undertaken to electrification of a self-contained two-bedroom house ensure power could be provided while in operation. at SLL 256,308,000 plus an additional 20 percent Solar lighting has been provided in the short term to for cabling and other accessories. The final cost will the temporary sites at Juba Barracks or the Kamayama depend on the final design of the community (Table 8 School. To support those who have lost homes, and Table 9). 52 houses are being constructed at Mile 6, 300 m from the 2015 relocated flood victims. This additional 4.3.4  Resilient Recovery Needs community at Mile 6 will require electricity from the grid power (there is no connectivity at this stage) and will Recovery Needs: The importance of energy and include solar street lighting to provide safe communities electricity cannot be underestimated in the recovery for those who have already suffered horrific trauma efforts following the disaster. EDSA and the Ministry and are trying to rebuild their lives. An estimate for the of Energy are working with the ONS Shelter Pillar to electrification of 52 standard two-bedroom houses has provide electricity to the temporary camps and the been produced but will require further review when permanent locations where houses are being built the final site layout and building design has been for the affected families and individuals. The three completed. EDSA is in the process of undertaking a temporary camps and premises are all short-term survey to confirm the costs of installing electrification solutions and have varying degrees of electricity and solar lighting facilities in these areas. Damages and Losses per Sectors  |  39 Building Resilience—Future Flood Risk Mitigation aggregated human mobility, by estimating Measures: With the expansion of Freetown and dynamic trajectories and spatial-temporal population growth, EDSA is considering the following distribution of people. This information can to provide a lasting solution to its perennial flooding give the authorities a better and quantitative problems, especially in its bid to provide services to understanding of population flow patterns over customers in disaster/flood prone areas: time and at specific events. In Sweden, Call Detail Record was used to direct emergency aid by 1. Rehabilitate/replace affected equipment/material. analyzing mobile phone records covering the time 2. Diversify or relocate power lines in built-up areas. when people are fleeing natural disasters. 3. Ensure that all MV/LV network poles are erected with concrete basements for firm support. 4. Construct elevated plinths for transformers, switchgears, and distribution panels in areas 4.4 Water and Sanitation susceptible to flooding. 5. Convert overhead lines to underground cables. 4.4.1 Sector Context 6. Convert bare conductors to insulated conductors. Improved water coverage in Freetown. According In the Telecoms sector, capacity needs to be built to the WHO Joint Monitoring Program of urban for disaster management communications and areas of Sierra Leone had up to 85 percent coverage telecommunication equipment (Table 10). in improved water sources, with 11 percent having piped water on premises and 74 percent having public 1. Satellite phones will enable ongoing standpipes or protected wells. Only 9 percent are communication in areas where the local 3- and listed as unimproved, while 6 percent are listed to be 4-G networks are unable to reach. using surface water as their source of drinking water.16 2. Call Detail Record provides information about This estimates that 74 percent of the population relies activities on mobile communication networks on point sources, such as protected hand-dug wells and can be used to provide information on which are considered unsuitable for dense urban environments, where water points are very close to on-site sanitation facilities. Further, there has been very Table 10: Communications and Telecommunication little investment in Freetown’s utility (Guma Valley Water Needs Company) since the war, despite the drastic population Needs Description SLL Billion USD Million increases putting stress on the city’s services in this post-war period. Short Term (0–3 months) 1.46 0.19 Replacement of 1.305 0.17 Improved sanitation coverage in Freetown. Sierra damaged equipment Leone has seen limited to no progress on their Provision of electricity to 0.15 0.02 temporary shelter MDG targets for sanitation and open defecation has increased in urban areas to 8% since 1990.17 Medium Term (4–12 .31 0.04 months) WHO’s Joint Monitoring Program estimates improved Electrification of houses 0.31 0.04 at the new community at Mile 6 Long Term (1–3 years) 4.95 0.66 Construct elevated 0.15 0.02 plinths Convert base conductors 4.80 0.64 Total 18.46 0.90 16 WHO (2015). Source: Assessment Team (2017). 17 WHO (2015). 40  |  Sierra Leone: Rapid Damage and Loss Assessment of August 14th, 2017 Landslide and Floods in the Western Area Figure 21: Toliet Types in Affected Areas Toilet Types in Affected Areas (INTEGEMS, September 1, 2017) 50% 46.2% 42.9% 40% 30% 20% 10% 3.8% 2.8% 0.3% 0.3% 1.0% 1.3% 1.5% 0% Bucket Composting Flush Hanging No facilities Other Pitlatrine Pitlatrine VIP toilet toilet flush with slab without slab Source: Assessment Team (2017). sanitation18 coverage at 23% in urban areas in Sierra into open drains and directly into water ways. This Leone. poor management of fecal sludge directly impacts on human health, due to the possibility of contaminating On the other hand, per data collection during the DaLA groundwater supplies and the risk generated by unsafe in the affected areas, 46.2% have access to flush toilets disposal. This risk to human health was evidenced and 42.9% to pit latrines, while 3.1% don’t have access during the 2012 cholera outbreak which resulted in to any facilities reporting they use the bushes, a bucket 20,000 deaths across 12 districts nationwide.20 or other options (Figure 21). 4.4.2 Methodology Safe disposal and treatment of fecal sludge and waste water is another challenge for sanitation Primary and secondary data collection method. The in Freetown. The sewer system is limited to assessment team consulted a variety of agencies on approximately sixty properties in the Central Business the ground to gain a qualitative overview of damages, District (CBD). Approximate 1 million people in the city losses and needs. These agencies included Guma produce 1,650 cubic meters of fecal sludge per day, Valley Water Company, Freetown City Council, UNICEF, and only approximately 38 cubic meters is collected by the WASH Consortium, and the NGO GOAL. trucks and brought to the designated disposal site, King Tom.19 A large quantity of waste does not even reach For the quantitative analysis, data sources for the the dumpsite, in part due to the difficulty of collection baseline prior to the disaster include the WHO Joint from some of Freetown’s steeper slopes, discharging Monitoring Program in 2015, Statistics Sierra Leone, IFC International 2013 survey, Water Point Mapping 18 “Improved sanitation” as classified by the Joint data from the Freetown City Council and the Water Monitoring Program of the World Health Organization and Sanitation Program, Fixing Freetown Report, includes composting toilets, flush toilets to a piped sewer 2015. For post-disaster damage assessment, the system, septic tanks, pit latrines with slabs and Ventilated assessment uses immediate post-disaster mobile phone Improved Pit latrines. The facilities must not be shared to survey data from the United Nations Children’s Fund, be classified as improved. For more information see WASH Post 2015 Proposed Indicators for drinking water, sanitation primary data collected by INTEGEMS Survey team and and hygiene http://www.susana.org/_resources/documents/ default/3-2331-7-1444132829.pdf 19 FCC Fecal Sludge Management Unit, Interview, September 1, 2017. 20 WSP, 2015. Damages and Losses per Sectors  |  41 mapping work by the firm ARUP on behalf of the World connections in the affected area23 and thus we can Bank. deduct from this and qualitative information available that a large portion of those reporting piped coverage Data interpretation and analysis. Calculations of were likely to have been illegal or “unofficial” costings are based on figures sent by the ONS on connections (Figure 22 and Figure 23). The presence of number of people and households affected, tabulations these illegal connections tapping the mains increases of survey data from INTEGEMS to get coverage rates, the risk of contamination of even the piped water and GVWC data on the number of connections in the system. affected area. The levels of contamination of the water in several Limitations of the methodology. The assessment dug wells, both protected and unprotected was carried out in the immediate weeks following the has been measured by UNICEF and the WASH disaster. It is therefore restricted by some non-finalized consortium. UNICEF samples revealed levels of fecal figures in the assessment as some aspects of the coliforms, particularly from community wells as “Too situation on the ground continue to be diagnosed at Numerous to Count,”(TNTC) in the majority of cases, the time of writing. Furthermore, some of the financial meaning extremely vulnerable to waterborne diseases estimates are not including longer term development such as cholera and diarrhea. Furthermore, of over needs, such as those for sanitation, though they remain 2,000 people who responded to a recent mobile phone an important issue for consideration. survey in affected areas, 72 percent reported their water source had been damaged by recent landslide and flooding (Figure 24 and Figure 25) 4.4.3  Effects of the Disaster Regarding damages to utility infrastructure, the To date, there are 10 areas identified by the utility has stated that there was a crack in the Ministry of Health as being impacted, not just by reservoir at Babadorie because of the landslides the landslides but by the flooding which continued and flooding of the treatment facility. This flooding over subsequent days and weeks.21 For the water resulted in the need to shut off supplies to some and sanitation sector the flooding continues to pose connected households. Flooding also affected the a heightened risk of waterborne diseases in flood- treatment plant at Charlotte. Many other problems affected areas. pre-date the landslides and flooding of August 14 and thus are covered more in the needs section of this In the water sector, multiple sources reported that document for addressing longer term resilience of a large fraction of the affected population was the network. Total damages in water are estimated at reliant on dug wells, and though 34 percent were USD 0.47 million. protected dug wells, unprotected sources to include surface water, unprotected wells, and springs made Damage assessment in sanitation. As the existing up to 29 percent of the supply for the area for infrastructure in sanitation mainly consisted of a drinking water. Due to the severity of the flooding combination of flush toilets (46 percent) and pit however, even the sealed wells are likely to have latrines (43 percent), the main damage that has come been contaminated.22 Meanwhile, despite 13 percent about is from the houses in the affected area where of those interviewed reporting piped water to their these latrines would overflow or seep into the water premises as a main source of drinking water, the utility supply. A survey conducted in the affected area found GVWC reported that there were only 28 household that 41 percent of flush latrines and 51 percent of pit latrines with slabs (the two main categories) were now 21 Freetown City Council Fecal Sludge Management Unit 23 Though GVWA reported only 28 household connections interview, September 1, 2017. at “ground zero,” 737 connections also were indirectly 22 INTEGEMS (September 1, 2017). affected by the flooding and cut-off of supply. 42  |  Sierra Leone: Rapid Damage and Loss Assessment of August 14th, 2017 Landslide and Floods in the Western Area Figure 22: Legal and Illegal Connections in Western Urban Area Source: World Bank, Arup, GVWC 2017. Figure 23: Main Sources of Household Drinking Water What is the main source of drinking water for members of your household? (INTEGEMS, September 1, 2017) Unprotected dug well, 4% Tubewell, 2% Unprotected spring, Tanker truck, 2% 2% Surface water, 1% Bottled water, Rainwater collection, 12% 4% Other, 8% Public tap, 12% Piped into dwelling, 7% Protected spring, 6% Piped to yardplot, 5% Protected dug well, 34% Source: World Bank, Arup, INTEGEMS 2017. Damages and Losses per Sectors  |  43 Figure 24: Quality Tests in Water Sources across the Affected Areas 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Krio Wharf Forray yard 24 Peak st. Dwarzark George Mende well Loko well Chef UD Culvert 1 9 Culvert 2 10 Pick st. Peak St. 2 3 (HDW) first bridge Brook 4e 5, 6 Dwarzark 7 Dwarzark 8 Dwarzark (HDW) (HDW) bridge 1 (HDW) 4 (HDW) Dwarzark (Spring) (Spring) (Spring) (Spring Box) (HDW) Fecal coliform count Non-fecal coliform count WHO standard for fecal contamination WHO standard for non-fecal contamination Source: UNICEF (2017). Figure 25: Water-Quality Tests Revealed High Levels of Fecal Contamination across Affected Areas, Particularly Hand-Dug Wells Source: UNICEF Map Action (2017). not functioning after the disaster. This adds to the risk was little in the way of infrastructural damage to be of cholera outbreaks due to unsanitary material being incurred. Total damages in sanitation are estimated at deposited in flooded households as well as the content USD 0.29 million (Table 11). of latrines seeping into drinking water supplies in these densely populated areas. Beyond the household, due Loss Analysis. In the water sector, losses come from the to the overall lack of a sewerage network in the city and need to provide emergency supplies such as trucked the lack of a fecal sludge management facility, there water, emergency kiosk installation, and bottled water 44  |  Sierra Leone: Rapid Damage and Loss Assessment of August 14th, 2017 Landslide and Floods in the Western Area Table 11: Summary of WASH Damages and Losses (USD millions) Damages Losses Total Damages and Losses SLL Billion USD Million SLL Billion USD Million SLL Billion USD Million Water 3.51 0.47 6.63 0.88 10.14 1.35 Sanitation 2.16 0.29  0     2.16 0.29 Total 5.67 0.76 6.63 0.88 12.30 1.64 Source: Assessment Team (2017). to relief camps, as well as minor immediate repairs Medium-term needs (4–12 months). The response of to piped infrastructure. Losses in the water sector are the WASH sector will have to be coordinated with the estimated at USD 0.88 million. housing pillar regrading decisions to relocate high risk areas or densify low risk areas. Nonetheless, a cost- For sanitation, very little of the pre-existing Fecal effective medium-term solution for water needs is the Sludge Management (FSM) industry is formally installation of 2–3 boreholes with associated storage recognized and thus losses are not quantified tanks and distribution network through standpipes, to here. The FSM team at the Freetown City Council replace hand dug wells and box springs.24 Other critical reports 15 groups who manually empty pits and use activities are water quality monitoring, installation of locally fabricated machines; the machines come from a pondliner in the Babadorie treatment works, and seven small and medium enterprises averaging five rehabilitation of the Charlotte water system which was employees each; but only three of these enterprises affected by flooding. The GVWC should also gradually are registered formally. A regulatory component is cut down on non-revenue water and illegal connections still sorely lacking but the FSM Unit, established in the to enhance financially sustainability and expand their FCC in 2016, has worked to strengthen private sector coverage through a formal household connection entities in the collection, transport, and disposal of program. waste to the King Tom site. Meanwhile for sanitation, different costing options can be developed involving the private sector to 4.4.4. Resilient Recovery Needs ensure that affordable and improved household latrines are built for the affected populations. Short-term needs (0–3 months). In the immediate Household latrine facilities will need replacing, in aftermath of the disaster, relief agencies such as some cases upgrading, while in extremely densely the WASH Consortium and UNICEF are paying populated communities shared facilities will be GVWC to provide safe and clean water via tanker necessary. A combination of private sector approaches truck delivery to the camps. Other temporary water and government subsidies can be employed to address sources include bottled water and the provision of the needs of poorer households unable to afford their water treatment tablets such as Aquatabs or water own facilities. Simultaneously, to address the problem from kiosks and bladders. In the two camps for the of fecal sludge management, more stringent regulation affected populations, temporary latrine installations combined with incentivization arrangements should be have been erected to cater to affected families. Each applied to ensure the trucking of waste to the central latrine block has six toilets and four showers. In terms dumpsite at King Tom. Emergency interventions to of piped service, GVWC needs to replace generators and pumps, clearing the Weir of boulders in Charlotte and repair temporarily existing “spaghetti pipes” 24 Each borehole and network can provide for up to 2,500 people a greatly increased capacity from hand-dug wells connections with the view to building a formal tertiary that can provide for only up to 250 people. Furthermore, distribution network in the medium to long term. boreholes are more likely to be able to provide a reliable Addressing these short-term activities estimated cost is source of safe and clean water as they are protected from around USD 1.3 million. contamination due to their depth and construction. Damages and Losses per Sectors  |  45 Table 12: Summary of WASH Short-, Medium-, and Long-Term Needs Needs Short-Term Medium-Term Long-Term (0–3 months) (4–12 months) (1–3 years) Total SLL USD SLL USD SLL USD SLL USD Sector Billion Million Billion Million Billion Million Billion Million Water 8.80 1.17 23.25 3.10 45.61 6.08 77.65 10.35 Sanitation 1.18 0.15 5.25 0.70 0.00   6.43 0.86 Total 9.98 1.33 28.50 3.80 45.61 6.08 84.08 11.21 Source: Assessment Team (2017). restore functionality of the dumpsite should begin, including erecting a boundary to stop households 4.5 Health encroaching on the dump itself. The estimated cost 4.5.1  Sector Context of these medium-term investments for water and sanitation is approximately USD 3.8 million. Although per capita spending on health is relatively high, the country’s health indicators are still Long-term needs (1–3 years) among the worst in the world. In Sierra Leone, communicable diseases contribute to 65 percent of Freetown’s WASH infrastructure is in serious need the total disease burden, though noncommunicable of investment as has been described in the sector diseases (29 percent) and injuries (6 percent) are on context. As part of a long-term plan a master plan for the rise. The leading causes of death are malaria, lower WASH is needed, since the city has been struggling to respiratory infections, cardiovascular disease, and cope with a population three times what it was built to diarrheal disease.25 The country has one of the highest serve and aging of infrastructure with no replacement Maternal Mortality Ratios (MMR) in the world with since 1960s. More resilient structures should be built 1,360 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births.26 About to ensure that drinking water shortages do not recur 47 percent of maternal mortality was among teenagers in the case of further flooding. Further, on the water and one-fourth of maternal deaths are due to unsafe production sites, additional repairs/improvements on abortions among adolescents. Other health, nutrition, the Babadorie storage tank including on the Charlotte and demographic indicators include: (i) high total system would be supported. Basic long term needs are fertility (4.9) with low contraceptive use (16 percent) estimated to be a minimum of USD 6 million dollars for and high unmet family planning needs for currently water. Sanitation needs require a more detailed analysis married women (25 percent) which is even higher for and long term solutions therefore they have not been the age group 15–19 (30.7 percent);27 (ii) 57 percent assessed (Table 12). of households are food insecure and only 15 percent have access to basic sanitation. Such a situation is in So far, DFID is supporting the GVWC treatment contrast with the relatively high per capita spending on plant, including the rehabilitation of the transmission health and the relatively moderate coverage of some pipe. AfDB, in conjunction with Netherlands Enterprise key health and nutritional interventions. Efficiency Agency, is making significant commitments to the and quality of the services provided are of serious Freetown water supply and sanitation improvements. These efforts should be built on in long term investments. 25 Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Global Burden of Disease (http://healthdata.org/sierra-leone). 26 WHO (2016). 27 SLDHS (2013). 46  |  Sierra Leone: Rapid Damage and Loss Assessment of August 14th, 2017 Landslide and Floods in the Western Area concerns;28 and (iii) lack of crucial supplies including disinfection equipment, and one-fourth of the facilities drugs and safe blood for transfusions and infrastructures have no electricity or water access. that lead to inadequately equipped health facilities and increase probability of transmission of disease including 4.5.2 Methodology HIV and hepatitis. The Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak in 2014 and 2015 further exacerbated health in the The assessment team comprises experts on health country, particularly for the most vulnerable—women financing, service delivery, gender, public health, and children nutrition; and civil engineers from UN Children’s Education Fund, UN Population Fund, and UN The health system lacks critical foundational Operational social protection services, World Health structures for its development, including: (i) over- Organization, UNAIDS and World Bank. reliance on out-of-pocket payments and external sources of funding;29 (ii) severe human resource The assessment covered seven wards in the Western constraints such as very low numbers (less than Area that were identified by the government as 10 percent of the total health care workforce are directly affected.32 Information was obtained from medical doctors and professionals [state-registered Service Availability Readiness Assessment (SARA), nurses and above]), maldistribution (up to 60 percent self-reporting from health facilities, and field visits of healthcare workers are in the bigger cities and to the affected areas. Meetings were held with key providing care to 40 percent of the population), and stakeholders, including government officials, members poor-remuneration (almost 50 percent of health care of technical working groups under the Health and Burial workers are “volunteers”); (iii) lack of crucial supplies Pillar, health workers in the field, representative from including drugs and safe blood for transfusions and development partners, as well as professionals from infrastructures that leads to inadequately equipped technical agencies such as U.S. Centers for Disease health facilities; (iv) poor infrastructure that leads to Control, China Centers for Disease Control, Medicine inadequately equipped health facilities; (v) inadequate San Frontier, and E-Health Africa, among others. Best surveillance and emergency preparedness capacity;30 practices and lessons learnt from the disasters in and (vi) a weak governance and regulatory system Haiti, Bangladesh, Malawi, and Nepal were reviewed that has, among other issues, resulted in a relative to inform the design of the response strategy and large number of health facilities,31 insufficient health activities recommended in this report. Besides, other financing, and finally a weak health management relevant documents, such as the Cholera Emergency information system. Response Plan 2017, the MoHS’s Disease-Surveillance Updates have been reviewed. Although there are many facilities, they lack medical professionals and equipment and infrastructure The Assessment Team faced some challenges for services. There are 122 public and private health a credible damage, loss, and needs assessment: facilities with a total number of 8,966 staff in Western (i) impossible to visit all 122 health facilities to verify Area, both Urban and Rural. The 2017 Service the information received; (ii) difficult to measure the Availability Readiness Assessment showed that a indirect/cumulative effects because the country is still significant number of these health facilities had been in the rainy season, and new damages and losses may facing service availability challenges. For instance, more happen before the rainy season ends; and (iii) health than 60 percent of health facilities had no laboratory sector challenges by chronic issues such as shortage technicians, about half of facilities had no proper 32 To estimate the impact of the disaster on people living with HIV (PLHIV), UNAIDS in collaboration with National 28 Sun, Ahn, Lievens, and Zeng. (2017). AIDS Secretariat, National AIDS Control Programme, UNICEF 29 WHO (2013). and Network of People living with HIV conducted a rapid 30 WHO (2016). assessment using the PLHIV support groups living in all the 31 WHO (2016). affected locations. Damages and Losses per Sectors  |  47 of trained health workers and supplies. The need to committed in-cash and in-kind resources to the Building Back Better health facilities is enormous. The emergency response to date. The total commitment number of health facilities per 10 thousand population from the five largest donors to date (U.K. Department is remarkably higher in the country, particularly in for International Development, US CDC, USAID, China Freetown, in comparison to other countries with similar Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Global income levels. Alliance Vaccination Initiative, and United Nations Population Fund) is USD 5.0 million, with the majority dedicated to short-term support. This leaves a funding 4.5.3  Effects of the Disaster gap of USD 6.1 million (17.3 percent of short-term, 40.3 percent of medium-term, and 42.4 percent of a The flood and landslides had a moderate impact long-term nature). on the health system and constrained the health system’s capacity to deliver essential services. In the Damage Analysis. The total estimated value damaged disaster-struck areas identified by the government, six is USD 24,664. In the identified affected areas, three health facilities were affected and need to be repaired health facilities were flooded, and the remaining or relocated.33 The direct damage to the sector is three health facilities experienced roof leakages that estimated at USD 24,664 (SLL 0.18 million). The total resulted in damages. Roof leakage and associated loss is USD 4.67 million (SLL 35 billion). The total needs damage is widespread in other parts of Western Area. for building the Western Area health sector back better The damage includes: (i) damages to infrastructure is estimated at USD 11.12 million. Thirty percent, or such as flooding of pit latrines and septic tanks, USD 3.4 million, is allocated to the national emergency incinerator, and doors; (ii) damaged furniture such medical services’ operationalization, while short-term as benches, chairs and desks; (iii) damaged medical interventions will receive USD 5.8 million (75 percent). equipment; (iv) tainted medicines; and (v) destroyed Bilateral, multilateral, and philanthropic donors have patients’ records, archives, and documents (Table 13). For infrastructure, a discount rate of 80 percent was 33 In Western Area Urban and Rural, an additional applied to arrive at their current values. For other 16 facilities suffered from roof leakage. Additionally, items, no discount rate was applied. 78 people living with HIV (PLHIV) and their family members perished whilst 110 people living with HIV lost their drug Loss Analysis. The estimated loss for the sector is supplies. The supplies have however been restored by national authorities, UNAIDS and the network of PLHIV. These about USD 4,667,466 which takes two major forms. damages and losses have, however, not been included in this First, the loss of health workers. Secondly, loss caused rapid assessment estimations. by by-gone expenditures for response to the disaster. Table 13: Estimated Damages in the Heath Sector Health Center: Partial Damage Replacement Cost Partial Damage SLL Million USD Toilet and water supply, leaking roof (concrete, low) 23.2 3,098 Damaged tables and benches (concrete, low) 12.4 1,650 Damaged incinerator (concrete, low) 6.7 890 Flooded delivery room, toilet, leaking roof (concrete, low) 9.2 1,230 Facility flooded, all reporting tools damaged, wall shelves in drug store damaged and washed away with some IV fluids, inside of building needs to 90.9 12,116 be painted (concrete, low) Flooded toilet, incinerator, medical equipment and furniture (concrete, low) 42.6 5,680 Total 185.0 24,664 Source: Assessment Team (2017). 48  |  Sierra Leone: Rapid Damage and Loss Assessment of August 14th, 2017 Landslide and Floods in the Western Area Table 14: Estimated Losses in the Health Sector workers will be trained on early identification of severely malnourished children. Subtotal ■■ Public awareness campaigns: Cost centers include Loss Component SLL Billion USD Million training, air time, allowance, etc. Temporary health 2.77 0.37 ■■ Control of possible outbreaks: Estimated cost facilities includes cholera vaccine purchase and vaccination Temporary health 3.61 0.48 campaign, water quality assessment at affected care provision communities and affected health facilities, Other possible 28.62 3.82 assessment of WASH in six health facilities in the costs (above normal affected areas, training on infection prevention budget allocations) and control, and supervision. Total 35.01 4.67 ■■ Vector control: Estimated costs are based on Source: Assessment Team (2017). costs for equipment such as sprayers, personal protection gear such as gloves, gum boots, transportation, training, and allowance. For instance, opening and running temporary health ■■ Provision of Sexual and Reproductive Health- clinics and monitoring disease outbreaks (Table 14). Family Planning (SRH-FP) services for women and girls: Costs for services include provision of The estimation comprises two components, namely dignity, mama-baby kits; registration, screening, the short-term loss (up to three months) and management, and linkage to referral for pregnant medium- and long-term loss (3–12 months and women as well as follow-up tracking, health 12–36 months, respectively). The short-term loss is promotion, support for the health and psycho- related to incremental spending on top of the ongoing social management of gender based violence investments in the health sector in Freetown for a (GBV), Provision of HIV prevention combination period of three months, including: services and referrals for HIV testing and treatment, and provision of SRH-FP supplies. ■■ Health services for internally displaced persons: ■■ Medium- to long-term medical and psychological Seven health clinics have been or are going to care: Only cost for addressing mental health be set up for these persons for three months; the issues was estimated. cost centers for organizing these services include: (i) 50 health workers with a monthly allowance Costs for lost health workers, the medium- and long- is USD 250 per capita; (ii) the daily running cost term medical cost for the disabled, the initial set-up for a big clinic is USD 1,000 and for a small clinic cost (e.g. tents, floor leveling and preparation, and is USD 500; and (iii) USD 10 per day per health WASH component) have not been included in the loss worker for food. estimation. Should these costs be included, the loss to ■■ Monitoring of morbidity and malnutrition the sector would be much higher. increases: The spending incurred will enable health facilities in Western Area to implement enhanced electronic Integrated Disease 4.5.4  Resilient Recovery Needs Surveillance and Reporting (e-IDSR) and active community-based surveillance for infectious The total estimated needs for recovery and disease outbreak detection. The cost centers used resilience building is USD 11.12 million. Of the total, for estimation include training, transportation, USD 3.4 million or 30 percent will be for introduction allowance for surveillance officers and health of new emergency medical services. The rest of the workers, communication allowance, and needs are USD 7.8 million, of which the short-term laboratory and office supplies, etc. Further, health needs are USD 5.8 million (Table 15). Damages and Losses per Sectors  |  49 Table 15: Estimated Needs in the Health Sector Short-Term Medium-Term Long-Term (0–3 months) (4–12 months) (1–3 years) Total SLL USD SLL USD SLL USD SLL USD Sector Billion Million Billion Million Billion Million Billion Million Health 43.82 5.84 18.75 2.50 20.85 2.78 83.39 11.12 Source: Assessment Team (2017). The components identified are as follows: 4.6 Education In the short term/Immediate recovery (0–3 months) 4.6.1  Sector Context 1. Prevent, detect, and respond to infectious The education system in Sierra Leone is organized disease outbreaks and the potential increase in into the following sub-sectors: Pre-primary, primary, malnutrition rate. secondary, trade and vocational education training 2. Ensure quality essential health (RMNCAH, mental (TVET); tertiary education; and non-formal education. health) and nutrition services are provided to In 2016, the Western Area had 1,849 schools with an the affected populations (both at facilities and enrollment of 431,692 students at the pre-primary communities), in particular to women, girls, (8 percent), primary (55 percent), and secondary level children, and vulnerable groups. (37 percent). Education service delivery in Sierra Leone 3. Ensure safe water and sanitation services to the is by a mix of public and private agents, receiving population and at priority health facilities. varying levels of government assistance. In the Western Area, only 13 percent of schools are government Medium term/Full recovery phase (4–12 months) owned; 27 percent are owned by religious institutions; 20 percent by communities, and 40 percent are owned 1. Renovate and equip affected health facilities. by private proprietors. Public expenditure on education 2. Establish a cost-effective centralized medical is relatively low, at 2.4 percent of GDP and 15.2 percent waste management system through a public- of total government expenditure in 2013. The share of private mechanism in Freetown. current expenditure is very high (> 99 percent), of which 3. Adopt a whole-of-society approach at all levels around 75 percent is spent on salaries. for health hazard assessment, health system preparedness, and response capacity building for Since the war, enrollment expanded rapidly in future disasters. Sierra Leone, especially in primary. In 2015, the primary gross enrollment ratio was 127.6 percent Long term/Resilient reconstruction (1–3 years) and the primary completion rate was 75.3 percent. Sierra Leone outperforms Liberia and Guinea on these 1. Relocate the facility flooded. indicators, though not on pre-primary and senior 2. Ensure right-sitting and right-sizing of health secondary enrollment ratios. Nevertheless, significant facilities by Local Councils and health authorities disparities exist based on location and poverty level. being part of the health sector recovery and Gender disparities in access have been eliminated in restructuring agenda. primary but gradually deepen at the junior and senior 3. Increase domestic resources toward long-term secondary levels. Other significant challenges faced sustainable investments in the health systems to by the sector are high dropout rates (only 48 percent ensure essential services are available, accessible, of students who start class 1 complete the primary affordable, and of good quality. cycle) and poor learning outcomes. These outcomes 50  |  Sierra Leone: Rapid Damage and Loss Assessment of August 14th, 2017 Landslide and Floods in the Western Area are driven by many factors, including, insufficient and the asset damage category: (i) total damage inadequate school infrastructure, limited availability of (destroyed) is 100 percent of pre-disaster value critical quality inputs, low quality of teachers and poor of asset; (ii) high damage is 75 percent of pre- teacher management, inadequate management and disaster value of asset; (iii) moderate damage accountability systems, and low public spending. is 35 percent of pre-disaster value of asset; and (iv) minor damage is 15 percent of pre-disaster value of asset. The overall value of damaged 4.6.2 Methodology assets is obtained by aggregating the value of damaged assets in the four asset damage Assessment of Damages to Assets: The assessment categories. was based on following the steps: Loss Assessment: The assessment of losses is 1. Identification of affected facilities: MEST did an comprised of the following components: (i) cost of initial rapid assessment of 113 schools located in demolition, rubble removal, and/or cleaning in schools Regent, Kamayama, Kaningo, Dwarzark, Culvert, with building damages; (ii) cost of disinfection and and others on the type of damage34 to the replacement of furniture in the schools used as shelters; schools. (iii) set up of makeshift schools in the three campsites; 2. Estimating asset types and quantities: The data (iv) social mobilization to get children back in school; on types of assets and associated quantities in (v) increase in operational cost of schools absorbing affected facilities (e.g., number of furniture items, affected students; (vi) increase in displaced households’ textbooks, latrines, classrooms) was obtained financial burden (beyond what they can afford) to from the 2015 school census. meet education needs of school going children; 3. Estimating unit costs: Unit costs for various items (vii) loss of revenue for schools from student deaths were obtained from review of contracts, market and permanent closures of schools; (viii) loss of teacher scoping, and key informant interviews. In the productivity from teacher deaths; and (ix) loss of income case of assets since not all assets were in good of unapproved teachers from permanently closed condition before the disaster, baseline unit costs schools that cannot be absorbed. were adjusted based on its initial condition: (i) assets in good condition: 100 percent of unit Some weaknesses of the methodology are: (i) noise cost; (ii) assets in need of repair: 75 percent of in the school census data; (ii) the census data is from unit cost. 2015; (iii) data gaps (e.g., number of teacher deaths, 4. Estimating the level of damage to assets: The identification of schools to be closed, yet to be level of damage to assets was classified as: (i) full assessed schools); and (iv) damage valuation based damage (i.e., the building was destroyed—only on multiplying mean asset values per affected school 1 school); (ii) high damage; (iii) moderate damage; (based on the full sample of schools where the given and (iv) minor damage. asset was damaged by the disaster) with number of 5. Valuation of damaged assets: The damage to damaged schools with a given level of damage. assets is valued based on pre-disaster value of assets (as determined by the unit cost associated with the assets and its condition multiplied by 4.6.3  Effects of the Disaster average quantities of such assets per school) multiplied by the number of schools in a given The disaster affected 59 schools, (corresponding asset damage category, and further adjusted to 41 unique facilities), primarily in the Regent, by the “damage coefficient” associated with Kamayama, Kaningo, Dwarzark, Culvert, and Juba communities. Based on the initial rapid assessment 34 The types of damage considered were: (i) damage to by the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology building, (ii) damage to WASH, (iii) damage to furniture, (iv) (MEST), one school (1 facility) was fully destroyed, damage to learning materials, and (v) damage to teaching while 34 schools (23 facilities) incurred damage to the materials. Damages and Losses per Sectors  |  51 Figure 26: Schools with Asset Damage by Ownership and by Damage Area Other 6 9 7 8 10 Dwarzark 7 5 5 6 7 20 16 Culvert 9 9 10 8 8 14 14 12 11 Kaningo 5 5 7 7 9 10 10 10 8 8 8 8 7 7 Kamayama 2 2 4 2 2 5 5 4 4 4 Regent 5 5 5 5 6 Building Furniture WASH Teaching Learning 0 10 20 30 40 50 materials materials Government Private Religious Community Building Furniture WASH Teaching materials Learning materials Source: Assessment Team (2017). buildings, 38 schools (29 facilities) to WASH, 35 schools Table 16: Estimate of Asset Damage to Education (24 facilities) to furniture, 36 schools (26 facilities) to Facilities in Affected Area teaching materials, and 42 schools (30 facilities) to learning materials. MEST is in the process of identifying Damages schools which will be permanently closed. Six schools Disaster Area SSL Billion USD Million are being used as shelters for 172 displaced households Regent (highly affected) 1.17 0.16 further impacting the furniture (Figure 26). Kamayama, Kaningo 0.61 0.08 (moderately affected) Among the displaced, 3,455 students and displaced Culvert, Dwarzark, 2.14 0.29 households face severe financial constraints to meet others (minor affects) the education needs of school-going household Total 3.92 0.52 members. Hundreds died or went missing in the Source: Assessment Team (2017). wake of the disaster, including teachers and students. While the number of students who died is not known, additional services in the immediate direct response 369 casualties and missing persons were reported as to the disaster, were valued at USD 699,896. A key children of school-going age. element of loss is the drastic decrease in ability of displaced households to meet the out-of-pocket Damage Analysis. The value of damaged assets is expenditures in education (USD 242,689).35 Other key estimated to be USD 522,219. In terms of value of losses relate to readying schools used as IDP shelters damages per school, Regent was hit the hardest. In for school reopening (e.g., evacuation, disinfection, terms of asset categories, the highest damage was replacement of furniture) and loss of revenue to schools incurred to buildings (USD 291,110), followed by from student casualties and permanent school closures furniture [inclusive of the six schools used as shelters] (USD 148,529). (USD 126,001), WASH (USD 83,595), teaching and learning materials as well as equipment (USD 21,512). 35 At the time of the verification, only 31 percent of displaced Loss Analysis. Losses, the decrease of revenues due persons had returned to work. For the remaining, the biggest to lower/no production and increased costs to provide constraints to resume work were lost assets (54 percent), lost working tools (22 percent), and lost money (57 percent). 52  |  Sierra Leone: Rapid Damage and Loss Assessment of August 14th, 2017 Landslide and Floods in the Western Area Figure 27: Loss Analysis in the Education Sector 4.6.4  Resilient Recovery Needs 8 Short Term (0–3 months): The short-term needs are TLM/Equipment 5 USD 956,691 and comprises of two key areas: (i) get 9 affected schools ready for school reopening (including 31 the six schools used as shelters); this entails immediate WASH 20 repair and rehabilitation of damaged buildings, WASH 32 facilities, and replacement of teaching and learning 35 materials; and (ii) support timely return and absorption Furniture 13 of displaced students and students whose schools 77 were permanently closed; this includes identification of good quality schools to absorb affected students, social 103 Buildings 69 mobilization, school supplies for displaced students, 119 psychosocial training of teachers, bursary and tuition support for displaced students, makeshift school at Minor Moderate Full/High camps, and school feeding for affected students and/or Source: Assessment Team (2017). schools. Medium Term (4–12 months): The medium-term Table 17: Estimated Losses in the Education Sector needs are USD 773,828. The interventions in this phase by Affected Areas will deepen the support initiated in the short term to build resilience and sustain school participation Value by Disaster Loss of affected children, including: (i) relocation/ Areas SSL Billion USD Million reconstruction of schools (in lieu of closed schools); Regent (highly 0.65 0.09 (ii) upgrade of physical and learning environment in affected) selected affected schools, including upgrade of critical Kamayama, Kaningo 0.78 0.10 school infrastructure where these were nonresilient, (moderately affected) substandard or lacking, and supply of teaching and Culvert, Dwarzark, 1.91 0.25 learning materials in line with minimum standards; and others (minor affects) (iii) continue support for retention, attendance, and Unclassified, 1.92 0.26 completion of the school year by displaced students, unaffected through continued teacher training, school feeding, and Total 5.25 0.52 tuition support to displaced students for the remaining Source: Assessment Team (2017). academic year. Long Term (1–3 years): The long-term needs are Figure 28: Estimated Losses in the Education Sector estimated in USD 291,000. In the long run, efforts to by Type of Effects (USD thousands) upgrade physical and learning environments in schools Demolition/rubble removal, to make them more resilient and meet minimum school cleaning 42.0 21.4 standards should be expanded to other affected 77.1 Re-opening of schools used 103.2 as shelters schools. Capacities for emergency preparedness Make-shift schools and response in the education sector need to be Additional costs to schools 105.3 strengthened, in accordance with 2019–20 Education absorbing affected students OOP in education Sector Plan.36 (financing gap) 57.7 Loss of revenue for schools Other 242.7 50.4 36 MEST is putting together an emergency response plan. Teacher losses Interventions and costs here are tentative and will be finalized Source: Assessment Team (2017). later. Damages and Losses per Sectors  |  53 Table 18: Short, Medium, and Long Term Needs in the Education Sector Needs Description SLL Billion USD Million Short Term (0–3 months) Ensure readiness of affected schools to reopen on time 3.21 0.43 Support timely return and absorption of affected students in good quality 3.96 0.53 schools Medium Term (4–12 months) Upgrade physical and learning environment in affected schools to be safe, 1.96 0.26 resilient and meet minimum standards/reconstruct schools Incentivize attendance, retention and completion of displaced students 3.85 0.51 Long Term (1–3 years) Upgrade physical and learning environment in affected schools to be safe, 1.28 0.17 resilient and meet minimum standards/reconstruct schools Strengthen capacities in emergency preparedness and response 0.90 0.12 Total 15.16 2.02 Source: Assessment Team (2017). Commission, Statistics Sierra Leone, and the National 4.7  Social Protection Registration Secretariat. 4.7.1  Sector Context During the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) Outbreak in 2015, the sector received funding and support The Government of Sierra Leone is implementing from partners including the U.K. Department for several social protection programs across various International Development, the World Bank, Irish ministries, departments, and agencies, and many Aid, and U.S. Agency for International Development, NGOs and the private sector are also active in the among others. Nearly 60,000 households across the country. In Sierra Leone, social protection interventions country were provided income support during the include unconditional cash transfers for specific emergency and the recovery phases of the EVD. As part vulnerable groups such as extremely poor households of the EVD response, systems, tools, and standardized and the aged, conditional cash transfers such as cash- implementation protocols were developed and used to for-works, cash-for-food, farm inputs subsidies, and respond effectively to the crisis. Although still nascent, psychosocial support for specific groups, among others. to a certain extent, these systems and tools are also The government, with support from development capable of responding to other emergencies, such as partners, has established a basic safety net system the recent flooding and landslides. that includes the building blocks for an efficient, coherent, and well-coordinated social protection Poverty Overview of Affected Areas system, as well as a national cash transfer for extremely poor households, the Sierra Leone Social Safety The flagship SSN program relies on geospatial poverty Nets Program (SSN). The systems developed include maps to select the poorest communities to benefit from management information system, payments, targeting, the program.37 Based on these maps, Western Area grievance redress mechanism, targeting as well as Urban has the lowest extreme poverty incidence in the coordination structures. The SSN is implemented by the country. More specifically, absolute poverty incidence in National Commission for Social Action in collaboration Western Area Urban is 13 percent and extreme poverty with key partners including the National Social Protection Secretariat, the Ministry of Social Welfare 37 These estimates are pre-Ebola, given there has been no and Gender Affairs (MSWGA), the Anti-Corruption household budget survey since the crisis. 54  |  Sierra Leone: Rapid Damage and Loss Assessment of August 14th, 2017 Landslide and Floods in the Western Area Table 19: Poverty Overview in Western Urban and Affected Areas Absolute Poverty Extreme Poverty Ranking Ranking within within Western Western Area % Urban Area % Urban Affected Western Urban 13% Western Urban 4.2% No Tasso Island 49%  1 Allen Town II 18.2%  1 No Allen Town II 41%  2 Allen Town I  7.8%  2 No Kissy Brook 30%  3 Kissy Brook  7.5%  3 No Allen Town I 25%  4 Mount Aureol  6.6%  4 No Thunderhill 22%  5 Tengbeh Town  6.4%  5 Yes George Brook (Dwarzak) 21%  6 George Brook (Dwarzak)  5.9%  8 Yes Malama/Kamayama 21%  7 Mountain Regent  5.3% 16 Yes Juba/Kaningo 13% 23 Cline Town  3.8% 31 Yes Mountain Regent 11% 35 Malama/Kamayama  3.0% 43 Yes Cline Town  8% 59 Juba/Kaningo  2.1% 60 Source: Geospatial Poverty Maps for SSN (2014). incidence is 4.2 percent. In addition, compared to 4.7.2  Effects of the Disaster other areas (sections) in Western Area Urban, most of the affected areas, except for Dwarzak and Kamayama, Estimated number affected. The Ministry of Social are not among the 10 poorest areas in the Western Welfare and Gender Affairs in collaboration with the Area Urban. The following table shows the poverty NaCSA, World Food Programme, UNFPA and other figures for the affected areas prior to the flooding and development partners conducted a registration and landslides (Table 19). verification exercise of affected households, resulting in a total of 1,908 households (as of September 5). These The main SSN program is not currently operating data indicate that some families lost breadwinners in the Western Urban, although the National Social to the disaster, including 162 households (about Protection Secretariat is assessing the possibility 10 percent) who reported having lost the head of the of including vulnerable areas in Freetown as part household. The disaster also had an important impact of the current SSN program expansion using IMF on children, as 16 percent of affected people were funding. However, the Rapid Ebola SSN Program, 5 years old or younger, and 26 percent were between which provided cash transfers to poor, Ebola-affected 6 and 14 years old. These impacts could have medium- households in the Ebola recovery period, did cover to long-term effects on social protection if the country’s several localities in Western Urban. However, none vulnerable population increases because of this of these overlap with the landslide and flood areas, disaster; these figures are small relative to the overall indicating that most of these areas were better off prior poverty headcount rates, which cover over half of the to the occurrence of this natural disaster. population. Damages and Losses per Sectors  |  55 Social protection structures and housing damages the loss of housing, breadwinners, assets, and liquid and losses. Based on consultations and mapping cash. According to the registration/verification exercise, analysis conducted as part of the DaLA, there is no more than half of adults in affected households indication of damage to structures specifically used reported to be petty traders or street vendors; for social protection (e.g., development centers, 13 percent masons; 7 percent salaried employees; community centers, social protection desks). The and 6 percent taxi or bike drivers. One of the main disaster has left thousands of people homeless as consequences of the disaster for affected households houses were torn down and covered in the debris was the loss of livelihoods. More than two weeks after or completely washed away. A recent U-report poll the event, only one out of three adult members in (for further discussion of this poll, see section 5.3.2.) affected households had reported returning to their conducted as a collaboration between UNICEF and economic activity. The remainder had not returned the World Bank indicates that, as expected, the because they lost assets, working tool, or money, while most commonly reported impact was housing loss others reported they were hospitalized, traumatized, or or damage. Survivors are being housed temporarily were waiting for assistance. in public structures including school buildings, with many not able to return to their original Psychosocial and other impacts: Some of the dead homes. If not properly managed, there are risks are still unaccounted for while some corpses recovered including overcrowding and people living in squalid, were in terribly lamentable condition. The disaster inappropriate conditions, which could ultimately result has therefore left people, especially survivors, deeply in undesirable social and health outcomes. Women shocked and traumatized. In terms of damages directly and girls face heightened vulnerabilities in temporary affecting the social protection sector. On the other shelters, which can expose displaced persons to the hand, based on consultations and mapping analysis risk of gender-based violence due to various factors, conducted as part of the DaLA, there is no indication including close living quarters, the breakdown of family of damage to structures specifically used for social structures, and other protective mechanisms. protection (e.g., development centers, community centers, social protection desks). Loss of livelihoods: Some survivors lost access to income-generating opportunities, particularly through Table 20: Estimate Losses for Social Protection Sector Loss Type of Impacts SLL Billion USD Million Food and nonfood aid 13.82 1.92 Identification, registration, and validation of effected households 0.46 0.06 Emergency cash transfer for households out of camp. Based on verification 10.08 1.26 exercise, this estimation assumes 72 percent of affected households take “out of camp” package, and it includes administrative costs (15 percent). Emergency cash transfer + shelter for households inside camp. Assuming 11.59 1.61 28 percent of affected household take “in camp” package. Camp operation costs are based on estimates provided by International Organization for Migration (USD 2,600 per household). Total 35.96 4.85 Source: Assessment Team (2017). 56  |  Sierra Leone: Rapid Damage and Loss Assessment of August 14th, 2017 Landslide and Floods in the Western Area 4.7.3  Resilient Recovery Needs crisis, but further efforts are needed, including to adapt tools and systems to different vulnerabilities Short term (0–3 months): The government and (e.g., urban areas, disaster risk management). partners are prioritizing two forms of support for This could include conducting a needs affected households: (i) emergency cash transfers to assessment, development or adaptation of the help the affected households meet their immediate different systems (e.g., management information needs such as food, non-items, and shelter; and system, payments, targeting, grievance redress (ii) psychosocial support, both to support affected mechanism), as well as strengthening the capacity households in coping with the shock and to make of implementing agencies on the use of these the best immediate decisions related to the use of protocols, tools, and related technologies. cash transfers. The cash transfer structure, with an 2. Explore ways to mainstream the affected initially higher amount tapering off, would also aim at households into the national social safety net incentivizing affected households to opt out of staying program. This was successfully carried out for the at camps and seek their own accommodation.38 Raped Ebola-Social Safety Net (SSN) beneficiaries following the Ebola crisis. In doing so, to maintain Medium (4–12 months) to Long Term (1–3 years): the program’s credibility and transparency, there The government, with support from partners, should is a need to ensure the profiles of landslide- and take active steps to ensure the sustainability of the flood-affected households are aligned with the immediate response efforts as well as continue to build SSN program, the program’s targeting procedures adaptable systems that increase the country’s ability to are closely adhered to, and adequate, sustainable rapidly and effectively respond to crises of this nature. funding is secured. Specific areas identified include: 3. Continue to strengthen the capacity to address protection and psychosocial needs for vulnerable 1. Further improve the ability of the national populations. safety nets system to quickly scale up as part of an emergency response. The country made A fourth possible area considered is the setup of a substantial progress on this during the Ebola social protection disaster preparedness fund meant to cover relief, registration/verification, emergency cash transfers, and psychosocial support in case of future 38 Under the leadership of the Psychosocial and Protection disasters such as this one. However, at this stage such Pillar, Protection Desks have been established in affected a fund may not be the appropriate measure given: (i) the communities and temporary camps to strengthen the existing funding channeled toward the sector from both referral pathway for cases of abuse. The Protection Desks are staffed with Family Support Unit Officers of the Sierra external and internal sources is insufficient to provide Leone Police and MSWGCA social workers. Efforts are under full coverage of the most vulnerable groups such as way to prevent and sensitize on issues of child protection the extreme poor; (ii) institutional capacity in the social and gender-based violence. Efforts are also under way to protection sector is still nascent; and (iii) leakage risks strengthen the documentation and reporting GBV cases for related to such funds are likely to be high. current and future programming. Damages and Losses per Sectors  |  57 Table 21: Recovery Needs in the Social Protection Task SLL SLL Billion USD Million Short Term (0–3 months) 21.50 2.87 Emergency cash transfer for households out of camp. Based on verification exercise this estimation assumes 72 percent of affected households take “out 9.42 1.26 of camp” package. Includes administrative costs. Emergency cash transfer plus shelter for households inside camp. Assuming 28 percent of affected housheold take “in camp” package. Camp operation 12.07 1.61 costs are based on estimates provided by International Organization for Migration (USD 2,600 per household). Includes administrative costs. Medium and long term (4–36 months) 27.74 3.70 SSN systems and needs assessment to improve scalability of SSN 0.38 0.05 Adapt targeting tools to different vulnerabilities 0.83 0.11 Provision of psychosocial support to affected households [1] 0.29 0.04 Short-term cash transfers to affected households 3.75 0.50 Mainstreaming affected households into SSN (for 3 years) 8.25 1.10 Adapting systems and development of operations manuals for 9.00 1.20 implementation of cash transfers as emergency response Capacity building 5.25 0.70 Total estimated cost 49.24 6.57 Note Estimate is based on psychosocial support provided to Ebola affected families as part of the Rapid Ebola Response- {1} SSN program, where the community mobilization and sessions were implemented by MSWGA. The estimated average cost per household is USD 19. Source: Assessment Team (2017). 58  |  Sierra Leone: Rapid Damage and Loss Assessment of August 14th, 2017 Landslide and Floods in the Western Area 5 Economic Effects and Impact on Livelihoods has been negligible. The incident was localized in few 5.1  Macroeconomic Impact communities and did not result in significant disruption in economic activities. 5.1.1  Sector Context Inflationary pressure has persisted since the Sierra Leone’s economy grew at an average annual beginning of 2017. The year-on-year inflation (all rate of 7.8 percent over the period 2003–2014 but items) increased monthly from 17.4 percent in contracted by 21.0 percent in 2015 due to the Ebola December 2016 to 20.2 percent in March before outbreak and the downturn in international iron declining for months in a row to 19.8 percent in April ore prices. In 2016, the economy grew 6.1 percent, and later to 18.9 percent in May. It later increased driven mainly by agriculture and services, but the to 19.1 percent in June. High food prices and the exchange rate depreciated by 21 percent as the depreciation of the exchange rate have been the major current account deficit increased to 16.6 percent from a driving force of inflation. The Bank of Sierra Leone (BSL) decline in current transfers and lower than anticipated reacted to the increased inflation by adopting a tight export receipts. Further, the fiscal deficit widened monetary policy stance by raising the monetary policy to 6.3 percent of GDP, up from 4.4 percent in 2015, rate by 100 basis points in June 2017, the second time because of lower revenue mobilization and expenditure it did so in six months. overruns in capital expenditure and transfers of goods and services. Inflation increased to 17.4 percent as the monetary authority initially sought to support economic 5.1.2  Effects of the Disaster recovery in addition to the upward adjustment in fuel and utility prices by the government. With the increase supply of food relief items by donors in the aftermath of the August 14 landslide The economy’s recovery from the twin shocks of and flooding, food inflation is expected to subside Ebola and iron ore export collapse is expected and dampen overall inflation. This, coupled with to remain on track in 2017 with real GDP growth the continuous tightening of monetary policy and projected at 6 percent. During the first half of 2017, commencement of the agricultural harvest season in real economic activities were driven largely by the September, are expected to drive inflation downward rebound in mining and continued recovery in agriculture by the end of the year. Food distribution is a temporary and services. Total mineral production reached USD solution; interventions should be tailored to the 310.3 million in the first half of 2017 compared to USD livelihood of the affected population to ensure their 304.5 million in the first half of 2016. Iron ore and rutile food security. continue to account for the largest shares of mineral production. Activities in the agriculture and services are Fiscal policy remained constrained by lower revenue expected to remain strong in 2017, driven mainly by the mobilization and the need to clear the large inflows of foreign direct investments. payment arrears accumulated in 2016 and new 2017 arrears. Domestic revenue mobilization amounted Despite many dead or missing workers, the impact to SLL 1.6 trillion in the first half of 2017 compared of the landslide and flooding on economic growth to SLL 1.3 trillion in the first half of 2016. Income 61 and goods and services taxes account for the largest the fiscal impact is likely to be felt by the end of the share of revenue collected in the first half of 2017 third quarter of 2017 when MDAs are expected to (SLL 941.0 billion), followed by customs and excise request additional funding to implement earmarked duties (SLL 495.3 billion) and nontax revenue (SLL programs. 173.1 billion). Although domestic revenue grew by 23.1 percent in the first half of 2017, it only amounts to 44.8 Budget implementation, hampered by the disaster, percent of annual target. could be exacerbated by the anticipated adverse impacts on revenue mobilization. The inflow of Total expenditure stood at SLL 2.6 trillion relief items into the country on the backdrop of the (48.4 percent of annual budget) in the first half of August 14 events is expected to lead to a sharp 2017 compared to SLL 2.5 trillion in the first half of increase in duty waivers and exemptions (since most of 2016. The overall expenditure comprises of recurrent the relief items will be treated as aid or donated items). expenditure (SLL 2.0 trillion) and capital expenditure Further, the high death count will impact revenue (SLL 660.9 billion). The increase in total expenditure mobilization minimally. Overall, the fiscal deficit is was mainly because of increased domestically financed expected to widen by end of 2017 largely because capital expenditure as well as transfers of goods and of expenditure overruns in response to the disaster. services. Preliminary estimates indicate that the overall fiscal deficit (including grants) stood at 3.6 percent of The increase in donor-related imports for relief GDP (SLL 1.0 trillion). The deficit was financed mainly by would worsen the trade balance. However, donor accumulation of arrears and increased borrowing from funding inflow in support of the government’s recovery the domestic banking system. Total unpaid checks at efforts would offset the adverse effect of the trade the BSL as at end-June amounted to SLL 517.4 billion. deficit on the current account. In addition, increased donor funding inflow would help the BSL to accumulate The government had limited fiscal space to respond reserves and stabilize the exchange rate. to the August 14 landslide and flooding event as the domestic borrowing requirement had almost 5.1.3  Resilient Recovery Needs reached its limit (2.0 percent of GDP) while payment arrears to suppliers and contractors continued Medium term (4–12 months): It is important to to accrue. Given the dire situation, the authorities earmark additional budgetary resources in the have approached the IMF to request an Extended 2018 budget for MDAs, for the Ministries of Health, Credit Facility (ECF) Program. The government Water Resources, Energy, and of Works, Housing has also requested additional budget support of and Infrastructure and Education that were the USD 20 million from the World Bank Group. Although most affected. The government should assess the the fiscal authorities had budgeted SLL 48 billion fiscal implications of the disaster and the associated (USD 6.4 million) as a contingency fund to respond to budgetary requirements. The adequacy of the disaster- unanticipated events, little of the fund was available related contingent liabilities should be assessed when the disaster struck. In addition, the allocated and disaster risk financing diagnostic conducted to contingency fund appears grossly insignificant to explore potential financial protection instruments cope with a disaster of this magnitude. Government available. A disaster risk financing strategy should be Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) have developed, considering the use of risk retention and been diverting allocated funds for 2017 to respond to risk transfer instruments for disaster response. Finally, a the August 14 disaster. The Office of National Security comprehensive livelihood assessment is recommended (ONS) including the military and the police as well as to define the needs and identify the priorities to guide Ministries of Health, Energy, Education, and Water the recovery efforts. Resources have all been implementing extra-budgetary spending to respond to the disaster. The full effect of 62  |  Sierra Leone: Rapid Damage and Loss Assessment of August 14th, 2017 Landslide and Floods in the Western Area The Matormeh community in Regent where the 5.2  Commerce and Productivity landslide occurred could have slightly different characteristic than the rest of Western Rural. It was 5.2.1  Sector Context a new residential settlement (about ten years old) with mostly urban workers as residents. However, According the 2015 Population and Housing this difference is unlikely to be significant as Census (PHC), the predominant economic activity Figure 29 shows similar occupation trends apart from in the Western Area Rural is wholesale and retail agriculture. In the Western Urban Area, other services trade, with 38.0 percent of the working population (finance, transport, and hospitality) and wholesale engaged in the activity. Other services including and retail trade are the dominant occupations, with finance, transport, and hospitality were second with 39.4 percent and 37.7 percent, respectively. This is 26.0 percent. Industry (mainly construction and followed by industry, mainly including construction manufacturing) and agriculture (mainly fishing and and manufacturing. However, the share of livelihood in crop farming) employs 19.7 percent and 15.7 percent, agriculture is much lower in the Western Urban Area. It respectively. Only 6.9 percent of the working population is likely that affected persons in the Western Urban Area are engaged in crop farming while 6.4 percent are districts were mostly engaged in wholesale and retail/ engaged in fishing, much lower compared to other petty trade as most of the communities had low income rural areas in Sierra Leone where farming is the main earners as residents (Figure 29). occupation. The Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis39 puts the share of households in farming at 5.6 percent and the most common income- 5.2.2 Methodology generating activities in Western Area Rural as petty trading, providing a livelihood for 42.3 percent of The value of loss to economic activities in the households with more women (43.4 percent) engaged affected areas in the Western Area districts was in this activity than men (14.3 percent). Petty trading assessed using the actual frequency of persons is constrained by very low profit margins and high reported to be engaged in those activities during competition, because of the homogeneity of the the 2015 census and adjusting it by the number of products that are sold (generally the incomes of petty dead or missing workers. The total number of dead traders are not subject to tax).40 or missing workers was obtained by multiplying the Figure 29: Composition of Economic Activities in Western Urban and Rural Area Economic Activities in WU Economic Activities in WR 6% 16% 26% 16% Agriculture (fishing Agriculture (fishing and cropping) and cropping) 40% Industry (construction and Industry (construction and manufacturing manufacturing 20% Wholesale and Wholesale and Retail Trade Retail Trade Other Services Other Services (finance, transport (finance, transport 38% and hospitality) and hospitality) 38% Source: PHC (2015). 39 CFSVA( 2015). 40 CFSVA (2015). Economic Effects and Impact on Livelihoods  |  63 total number of dead or missing persons reported by Urban Area. The services sector (mainly wholesale and ONS by the occupation rates in Western Area during retail/petty trade), recorded the largest number of dead 2015 census. The livelihood loss is then obtained by or missing workers (277), comprising 186 workers in the multiplying the number of dead or missing workers by Western Rural Area and 91 in the Western Urban Area. the value added per worker in the various livelihood This is not surprising since wholesale and retail/petty categories. In addition, the livelihood loss of affected trade was the largest occupation in the Western Rural persons alive was obtained by multiplying the number Area. Industry (mainly construction and manufacturing) reported in a survey of affected persons by the value recorded 76 deaths, 56 in and 20 in the Western Rural added by worker in each livelihood category. Livelihood and Urban Areas, respectively. Agriculture recorded loss is assessed here for a one-year period and should 52 deaths, 45 in and 7 in the Western Rural and Urban be interpreted as an economic shock. It does not Areas, respectively (Table 23). pertain to a lifelong loss of earnings, which is being covered under the poverty section. The estimated total value of livelihood loss for dead or missing workers was USD 224,705. A survey was conducted to estimate the damage to Western Rural Area (Martomeh Community in Regent) commercial buildings. A proxy to calculate the value with the largest number of dead workers, recorded of assets inside a retail outlet or shop or pharmacy has 71.4 percent of the total livelihood loss (USD 160,640) been used, since no detailed data could be obtained. while Western Urban Area recorded 28.6 percent of Therefore, commercial assets were computed as a losses (USD 63,602). In terms of the type of livelihood, multiple of the average value of residential assets. services, mainly wholesale and retail/petty trade, bore The average household asset value is USD 1,500. This the brunt of the total losses, USD 151,927 comprising means that the asset value per commercial building was USD 102,067 in Western Rural Area and USD 49,860 in assumed at USD 3,000. for Western Urban Area. Agriculture, mainly crop farming and fishing, recorded a total livelihood loss of USD 41,927, comprising USD 36,153 for Western Rural 5.2.3  Effects of the Disaster Area and USD 5,774 in Western Urban Area. Industry (construction and manufacturing) was least affected, Damage Assessment. A total of 27 commercial recording a total loss of USD 30,851, comprising buildings were destroyed on August 14, comprising USD 22,883 in Western Rural Area and USD 7,968 in mostly retail outlets and shops. Their estimated value Western Urban Area (Table 24). is reported in the Housing Section. Given an assumed asset value of USD 3,000 per building, the total value A total of 2,310 displaced workers from the affected of commercial assets destroyed is put at USD 167,000 communities were surveyed to assess the livelihood (Table 22). loss because of not being able to go to work. The livelihood loss for displaced workers was estimated Loss Analysis. Of the total number of dead or missing at USD 1.17 million. The biggest losses occurred in (1,141 as of September 5), it was estimated that this retail or petty trade (USD 454,814) and skilled labor included 405 workers, comprising 288 workers in the (USD 128,285) (Table 25). Western Rural Area and 118 workers in the Western However, since the disaster event, 32 percent of the affected workers have returned to work, resulting Table 22: Value of Damage to Commercial Buildings in a net gain of USD 492,598. This puts the net Damage livelihood loss of displaced workers at USD 680,000. The net livelihood loss could further decline to Type of Building SLL Billion USD Million USD 358,000 if another 30 percent of the total of Commercial building 1.25 0.17 displaced workers are assumed to return to work in the assets damaged or destroyed next three months (Table 26). Source: Assessment Team (2017). 64  |  Sierra Leone: Rapid Damage and Loss Assessment of August 14th, 2017 Landslide and Floods in the Western Area Table 23: Estimated Losses by Industry Table 24: Estimated Livelihood Losses for Dead or Missing Workers Western Western Area Area Western Western Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Number of Workers Sector USD Dead or Missing Crop farming 1,943 15,845 17,788 Crop farming   2  20  22 Animal production 1,141 2,628 3,769 Animal production   1   3   5 Forestry and 1,051 2,893 3,944 Forestry and hunting   1   4   5 hunting Fishing and 1,639 14,787 16,426 Fishing and   2  19  21 aquaculture aquaculture Agriculture Total 5,774 36,153 41,927 Agriculture Total   7  45  52 Mining and 927 4,458 5,385 Mining and quarrying   2  11  13 quarrying Manufacturing   7  17  24 Manufacturing 2,971 6,772 9,742 Electricity gas stream   3   5   7 Electricity gas 1,075 1,843 2,918 Water supply and   1   2   3 stream SWM Water supply and 591 758 1,349 Construction   6  22  28 SWM Industry Total  20  56  76 Construction 2,404 9,053 11,457 Wholesale & retail  44 109 154 Industry Total 7,968 22,883 30,851 trade Wholesale & retail 24,394 60,008 84,402 trade Transport and storage   7  17  24 Transport and 3,991 9,352 13,343 Accommodation and   4   5  10 storage restaurant Accommodation 2,421 3,009 5,430 ICT   1   1   3 and restaurant Finance and insurance   2   1   3 ICT 783 716 1,499 Real estate   1   2   2 Finance and 892 768 1,660 Professional scientific   7  10  17 insurance and technical activities Real estate 444 825 1,269 Administration &   3   4   7 Professional 3,675 5,701 9,376 support service scientific and activities technical activities Public administration   5  10  15 Administration & 1,664 2,210 3,875 Education   3   6  10 support service activities Health   3   5   7 Public 2,792 5,318 8,111 Art and recreation   1   2   4 administration Other services   5   6  12 Education 1,732 3,525 5,257 Household activities   3   6  8 Health 1,502 2,495 3,997 Extraterritorial   1   1  1 Art and recreation 802 1,168 1,970 Services Total  91 186 277 Other services 3,012 3,425 6,436 Total 118 288 405 Household activities 1,396 3,083 4,479 Source: Assessment Team (2017). Extraterritorial 359 463 822 Services Total 49,860 102,067 151,927 Total 63,602 160,640 224,705 Source: Assessment Team (2017). Economic Effects and Impact on Livelihoods  |  65 Table 25: Estimated Livelihood Losses from Affected be carried out to identify priority areas for support Persons Survey and building resilience. These needs have not been costed in this sector, to avoid double counting with Total Loss social protection needs. However, there will likely be Sector USD specific livelihood support needs that may not be fully Street vendor, petty trader, credit seller 454,814 captured under ongoing and planned social protection Skilled labor (carpenter, mason, plumber, 128,285 programs, as outlined below. painter, tailor, mechanic) Other, not specified 124,958 Immediate recovery (0–3 months): To define the Formal sector wage earners (teacher, 90,456 needs and identify the priorities to guide the recovery nurse, policeman) efforts, a comprehensive livelihood assessment is House wife 88,976 recommended. Food distribution and temporary shelter should be immediate priorities. Okada, taxi, keke driver 60,304 Unemployed, not able to work, retired - Medium term/full recovery phase (4–12 months): Security guard/maid 36,921 The government should put in place a small livelihoods Hairdresser, beautician, caterer, 38,152 support grant to help people and business re-start, waiter, DJ especially where they have lost everything. Stone breaker 9,496 Volunteer 8,595 Long term (1–3 years): Interventions should be tailored Pastor, religious leader, traditional healer 7,384 to the livelihoods of the affected population to ensure Total (rounded to nearest 1,000) 1,173,000 not only food security but their active participation in Source: Assessment Team (2017). the labor force. Table 26: Estimated Productivity Losses Due to Death and Displacement 5.3  Poverty and Livelihood Impacts Losses SLL Billion USD Million 5.3.1  Sector Context Productivity loss due 2.20 0.29 to dead and missing Sierra Leone has seen substantial reductions in people poverty since the end of the 10-year long civil war Productivity loss due 2.68 0.36 but remains a very poor country. The Western Area, to displacement particularly Freetown, is significantly less poor than the Total 4.88 0.65 rest of the country. The incidence of poverty in 2015 Source: Assessment Team (2017). stood at 45 percent for the country, but only between 15 (urban) and 18 (rural) percent in the Western Area. 5.2.4  Resilient Recovery Needs The communities affected by the landslide and It is important to note that households have different associated flooding are typical of the Western Urban vulnerabilities and the impact of livelihood loss Area overall. Despite its geographical location in the is more pronounced for those households that Western Rural Area district, Regent—the most affected were already vulnerable before the landslide (i.e., area—has statistics more like Western Urban Area, to agriculture-dependent population and retailers/ which it is adjacent (Table 27).41 petty traders). A small livelihoods support grant to help businesses re-start, especially if they have lost everything, could be a way forward. However, it is crucial that a comprehensive livelihood assessment 41 World Bank (2017). 66  |  Sierra Leone: Rapid Damage and Loss Assessment of August 14th, 2017 Landslide and Floods in the Western Area Table 27: Selected Welfare Proxies Table 28: Flooding and Household Welfare, Western Area Western Western Area Area 2015 Floods Rural Regent Urban Not % Indicator Affected Affected Persons aged 10+ 66 77 78 Index of housing quality 6.2 5.5 Literate Index of asset ownership 7.1 3.8 % Estimated value of durable 1,299 757 Use grid as main 13 35 67 goods (SLL)a light source Food insecurity experience 3.3 6.3 With zinc/concrete 93 90 96 scaleb roof Food consumption scorec 47.8 35.6 With piped water in  9 11 18 a/Using current values of items given in 2011 SLIHS; Note:  house/compound values expressed in thousands of Leones in 2011 prices. Using public tap 34 20 40 b/Higher values imply worse food insecurity. Owning house 51 42 34 c/Higher values imply a more consistent, varied diet. Source: Calculations from 2015 Comprehensive Food Security With cement block 41 52 62 and Vulnerability Analysis (World Food Program). walls Note: Figures for Western Area Urban and Rural from “2015: Population and Housing Census: Summary of Final Results” (Statistics Sierra Leone); and for Regent from “Disaster Prone Interpretation of this cross-sectional analysis Areas Statistics” (Statistics Sierra Leone). using the 2015 Comprehensive Food Security and Source: Statistics Sierra Leone (2015). Vulnerability Analysis requires several caveats. First, the areas affected by flooding may have been poorer to 5.3.2  Effects of the Disaster begin with. Within Freetown, however, the areas most affected by the 2015 floods were low-lying informal Past floods have had a more significant impact on housing areas that were likely significantly poorer than poor households in the Western Area. During the other parts of Freetown before the floods. Although the 2015 rainy season, there was intensive flooding in dataset is quite large (over 30,000 households), the low specific areas in Freetown and the Western Rural Area, incidence of these events leads to a fairly small sample and more widespread flooding in Pujehun and Bonthe size. Districts. In the 2015 Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability survey, data was collected on whether Poor households in Western Area are often more households had experienced various shocks over the exposed to floods and likely more susceptible to past 12 months. In addition, data was collected on the suffer losses from such events. This stems from ownership of various household durable goods and on location factors as poor households are typically being food insecurity using a number of means. A comparison pushed due to land ownership and market factors was made between the population in Western Area to marginal hazard-prone areas (i.e., steep land), but affected by floods in 2015 and those not affected. also housing materials and infrastructure are of poorer Overall, those affected had lower quality housing, fewer quality, and the production activities conducted by the durable goods, and more food insecurity. The value majority are typically unsafe or less resilient to floods. In of durable goods owned decreased by 23 percent fact, while poverty rates remain well below the rest of and food insecurity increased 0.65 points (in a scale the country, Freetown was the only area to experience from 0 to 8) in those households that had experienced a significant increase in poverty between 2003 and flooding. No significant differences were found in food 2011, from 14 to 21 percent. The increase in poverty in consumption or nonfood expenditure (Table 28). Freetown was driven by in-migration, the slow creation Economic Effects and Impact on Livelihoods  |  67 of well-paid jobs, and inflation. So, the correlations welfare. The loss of housing itself and the productive reported likely derive from both the fact that the poor assets and small business stocks in them will impact the live in areas that are less desirable due to the risk of ability of the household to earn a living going forward. flooding, and that flooding makes the households Analysis of both the census data of the affected areas poorer than they would be otherwise. and the registration of affected persons shows that two of the most common livelihoods are small-scale traders Floods can bring death, injury, disruption of socio- and those working as carpenters/masons. economic activities, and damage or destruction to public infrastructure, private physical, and Small-scale traders often stock their goods at productive capital. In urban areas, livelihood damages home. The classification employed by the DaLA are mainly reflected in housing. A recent U-report poll report of destroyed, damaged buildings by residential, (Figure 30) conducted two weeks after the landslides commercial, or mixed use may not fully account for in the Freetown area as a collaboration between those selling items out of their homes or those keeping UNICEF and the World Bank indicates that indeed the stocks at home and selling from a market stall or on most commonly reported impact was housing loss or foot.42 Those working as carpenters and masons may be damage. Survivors are being housed temporarily in either self-employed (producing furniture or building public structures, including school buildings, with many components in their own workshop) or they may work not able to return to their original homes. as casual laborers on construction sites. Casual laborers may own their own tools. In both cases, the loss of Figure 30: Type of Affectation According productive assets/stocks will affect the ability to earn a to Household Poll living in the longer term. How were you affected by the diaster? (affected households) According to data from the registration of affected 5% 3% households, more than two weeks after the event, % 8% only one out of three adult members in affected households had reported returning to their economic 37% 9% activity. Over half of the respondents gave an economic House lost or damaged Death of breadwinner reason for not returning to work; the most common Water source damaged Other death reasons given were loss of money (most likely working 15% Injured capital for small-scale traders) and loss of assets. About a Unable to work third of respondents had not returned due to being too Other 23% traumatized or hospitalized. The U-report data (Figure 31) in fact indicates that returning to work is currently the Source: U-Report Poll (2017). highest priority for affected families after obtaining shelter. The U-report poll respondents also indicate According to the 2015 Population and Housing help restarting businesses as the most helpful form of Census, only about a third of the households in the post-emergency support (31 percent) after support for affected areas owned their own dwellings (the rest relocation and rebuilding of homes (63 percent). mostly rented from private individuals). Much of the loss of housing stock will therefore accrue to the The disaster will have an ongoing impact on the households that owned these buildings, which may welfare of households in other dimensions. Households or may not reside in the affected areas, and are likely that experienced extensive flooding will have lost wealthier. Renting households may still be out of pocket if rent money was paid in advance. (It is not uncommon for rent to be paid annually in advance.) 42 The 2011 Sierra Leone Integrated Household Survey found a median value of USD 74 of unsold goods and Nonetheless, for many survivors, both rich and poor, products in small household enterprises involved in retail housing constitutes a source of livelihood and not just trade, although there was nothing to indicate where these stocks were kept. 68  |  Sierra Leone: Rapid Damage and Loss Assessment of August 14th, 2017 Landslide and Floods in the Western Area Figure 31: Main Concern of Affected Households At the same time, the level of protection available against disasters will determine whether risk leads What is your main concern for your family now? (affected households) to short-term drops in income and consumption. People often ask for loans or receive cash and food 6% 1% from relatives and friends to limit the consequences of 5% disasters. Empirical studies have documented these 10% 35% and many other mechanisms and their effectiveness; however, this protection is never more than partial. So, Shelter the residual risk can lead to increased poverty. If many 11% Restart work/business Food other households within a community suffer the shock at Finding missing relatives the same time (as in the case of landslides and flooding), Water this is likely to magnify the impact of a particular shock Medicine/illness Other on a household as informal community-based insurance 34% and coping mechanisms are overwhelmed. Also to Source: U-Report Poll (2017). smooth consumption, households often cut back food consumption below adequate levels. paperwork such as voter ID cards, birth certificates, driver’s Large-scale government or donor-implemented licenses, and educational qualifications. Replacing these support interventions can reduce the impact of floods may be expensive/time consuming/impossible, resulting by decreasing the need for ex-post, adverse coping in difficulties enrolling in school or finding employment. mechanisms. Shocks that affect entire communities simultaneously are more difficult for households to cope The beginning of the school year is often a time with, as they overwhelm the informal networks on which of substantial cash outlay for poor households households usually rely. Unfortunately, neither the 2015 with children in school. The most common reason Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis for school-age children not to be enrolled in school nor the 2011 Sierra Leone Integrated Household Survey is financial constraints.43 If affected households are captures information on household coping mechanisms particularly hard up in the weeks after the disaster, in the face of floods or other shocks. Data captured via before schools open on September 11, children may a phone poll of mobile phone subscribers in Freetown not be able to start school on time, increasing the captured information on coping strategies in response probability that they are never re-enrolled. to the floods. Figure 32 suggests that the most common coping strategy mentioned by affected households is That the welfare of victims declines in the aftermath of a disaster is indisputable. However, the effect of disasters on household’s poverty is not. The floods’ effects on Figure 32: Main Household Coping Strategies poverty will depend on a number of factors. The first is the extent to which key households’ assets were How is your household coping with the disaster? (affected households) lost. If an entire household was killed, their house and all their belongings destroyed, this is a human tragedy 3% 9% and a loss to the economy of Sierra Leone but does not result in a household that is impoverished by the 12% 32% disaster. The poverty impact will depend on the number of individuals surviving but having lost household Help from Gov/NGO Help from relative members (particularly earning ones), housing, savings, Didn’t do anything and household and business assets. Using savings 17% Limit food per day Other 27% 43 Note: See Education Profile for Sierra Leone, calculations from 2011 Sierra Leone Integrated Household Survey. Source: U-Report Poll (2017). Economic Effects and Impact on Livelihoods  |  69 “help from the government/NGOs” (32 percent). This as home relocation or business reinsertion. Developing high number is likely due to the high visibility of the technical and administrative capacities around a disaster and the high-profile disaster response efforts. safety net to accomplish a faster and more organized It is followed closely behind by “help from relatives” response will be needed. The social protection section (27 percent) and then “didn’t do anything.” of the DaLA report discuss some ways forward. Important challenges remain for government and 5.3.3  Resilient Recovery Needs donor assistance in the aftermath of the floods to become effective. Some studies have found that This analysis suggests considerations for recovery support is often too small and infrequent to play a and resilience. First, many affected households need major role;44 may be ineffectively allocated due to errors small grants to help them restart their businesses in targeting;45 and is unclear whether delivery should be and to return to economic self-sufficiency as soon as in-kind, cash, or a mix of both. possible. Rebuilding activities (or building activities) at relocation sites should prioritize hiring workers from Disasters often require a quick response; otherwise affected households. The development of banking and disaster impacts can become permanent. insurance products suitable for poor households who Notwithstanding, the bias in self-reporting, the same are self-employed in commerce or other trades would U-report shows that close to a third of those affected greatly reduce the risk these households face from have not received any support two weeks after the poll. natural disasters as well as other shocks like theft. Any Clear and transparent rules for funding disaster relief relocation efforts must take into consider the livelihood are equally important to reach those in the most need; needs of the relocated people. It will be very difficult so when shelter provision, food aid, or cash transfers for them to resume the types of economic activities stop nobody is caught by surprise. Finally, once the which they are used to in a remote location, far from most pressing needs have been addressed, support will the large economy of Freetown (Table 29 and Table 30). probably need to shift toward longer term needs, such Table 29: Industry of Employment by Ward (percentage of working adults by industry) Juba/ Malama/ Clinetown George Brook/ Regent Kaningo Kamayama (Culvert) Dwazark Agriculture, Fishing  6  6 10 11  9 Mining and Quarrying  9  3  5  3  2 Manufacturing, Utilities 12 12 11 12 10 Construction 17 10  7  6  7 Trade 18 24 31 37 27 Transport, Storage  6  8  6 10  6 Hospitality  3  4  3  5  6 Finance, Real Estate, Professional, Admin.  9 10 10  3  8 Public Admin., Defense  3  3  3  2  2 Education, Health, Other Services 14 14 10  7 15 Source: Disaster Prone Areas Statistics (Statistics Sierra Leone). Calculations from 2015 Population and Housing Census. 44 Gilligan, Hoddinott, and Taffesse (2008); Quisumbing (2005). 45 Jayne, T. S., Strauss, J., Yamano, T., Molla, D. (2002). Targeting of food aid in rural Ethiopia: Chronic need or inertia? Journal of Development Economics, 68(2), 247–288. 70  |  Sierra Leone: Rapid Damage and Loss Assessment of August 14th, 2017 Landslide and Floods in the Western Area Table 30: Occupation by Ward (percentage of adult household members) Regent Juba Kaningo Kamayama Culvert Dwazark Street Vendor/Petty Trader 43 48 42 45 72 49 Carpenter/Mason 19 11 16 23  4 18 Bike/Taxi Driver  5  6  4  4  8  8 Salaried  8  9 16  5  2  1 Note: Only selected occupations, columns do not sum to 100. Source: Beneficiary list from verification exercise (September 5, 2017). Economic Effects and Impact on Livelihoods  |  71 6 Cross-Cutting Issues and it houses the Guma Valley and Congo Dams, which 6.1 Environment together provide water for the entire Freetown area. 6.1.1  Sector Context Despite having a comparatively high carbon stock, the WAPNP has lost approx. 420 hectares46 The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Food (0.08 percent of total cover) a year for the last Security manages all forest reserves, agriculture, and decade. Urban sprawl and informal settlements settled food security issues. Within this ministry, the National in the forest until the government took action in 2011 Protected Area Authority (NPAA) is responsible for and 2012 to protect its boundaries and status. The protected areas. NPAA oversees the reforestation in the landslide event was concentrated in the northern Western Area Peninsula National Park and enforces its end of the park. It destroyed, based on comparative boundaries and conservation. The Ministry of Lands, satellite imagery over a 40-year period47 (1974–2017), Country Planning, and Environment allocates, surveys, approximately 60 percent of the forest cover (Figure 33). and maps land; issues deeds and title registration; and confers ownership; land acquisition for all activities, including commercial purposes and residential housing, is obtained through this ministry. The Ministry of Works Figure 33: Forest Cover Loss in the Northern Section and Housing issues and enforces building permits. of WAPNP Under the Office of the President, the Environmental Protection Agency oversees all environmental matters, including environmental impact assessments. The agency is financially autonomous. Its raises revenue through permits and implementation of environmental projects, and all internally generated funds are retained for its operations. Regent site The Western Area Peninsula National Park (WAPNP) was created in 1911 to protect 20,000 hectares (as a legally gazette non-hunting) forest reserve. Today, the park covers about 18,300 hectares and most of its natural habitat remains intact. Almost 60 percent Source: Arup (2017). of the forest vegetation is estimated to be pristine. It is home to 80 percent of the country’s terrestrial biodiversity, including migratory bird species, and hosts 46 Osterreichische Bundesforste AG (2017). rare fauna (e.g., the Jenkin Duikers and chimpanzees). 47 ARUP modeling using satellite imagery post landslide The park’s highest peak is 971 meters above sea level, in 2017. 73 The mean average aboveground biomass density is images). In terms of land use, housing stock suffered estimated to provide a carbon sink of about 166 tons the worst. Based on the damaged but still-standing per hectare or 83 tons of carbon per hectare. homes, the structures are a mixture of high-end and Based on this, about 160,000 tons of carbon dioxide poorly constructed houses. (CO2) emissions are attributable to anthropogenic deforestation. 6.1.2  Effects of the Disaster Figures 34 and 35 provide satellite imagery of the Deforestation of the WAPNP and rapid land Regent area captured before (March 2017) and after conversion for residential purposes dominate (August 2017) the landslide event. The imagery shows discussions. The settlements within the surrounding four areas where landslides occurred: three are close catchment area can be clearly identified from the spatial to Sugarloaf settlements while the fourth location is maps; however, there are also areas of degraded shrub in the Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary (also in the land which surround the closed and moderately dense WAPNP). In terms of ecology, the mapped areas were high forest area. This assessment acknowledges the largely primary forests before the landslide and the possibility of multiple causal factors for these degraded surrounding areas in all four areas were experiencing areas. deforestation (various stages shown in the pre-disaster Figure 34: Outlined Areas of Landslide Indicating Areas of Primary Forest Destroyed Source: Arup (2017). Figure 35: Takugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary: Area of Primary Forest Lost Because of Landslide Source: Arup (2017). 74  |  Sierra Leone: Rapid Damage and Loss Assessment of August 14th, 2017 Landslide and Floods in the Western Area The assessed financial damages are largely widespread human development and deforestation. associated with the landslide event, which resulted in To protect the watershed below, quickly carrying out the loss of forest cover. The damage assessment was reforestation is recommended. based on the area of primary forest destroyed and not the entire WAPNP, because certain areas were already Protect fragile ecosystems from further degradation: degraded. Protect and stabilize the environment against hazards. For example, by adopting preventative measures to Damage to the environment is estimated at SLL further reduce the potential loss of topsoil from the 55.8 million (USD 7,440), based on the potential affected areas. carbon sink loss. The affected area is 4.38 hectares of upper Guinean Forest, with an estimated annual Promote community participation in and co-benefits CO2 sequestration potential of 333.09 mg of CO2 per arising from WAPNP: Promote management practices hectare. Estimating the economic value of the lost that provide co-benefits to the communities settled on forest in terms of local or export timber markets was the fringes of the Western Peninsula National Park. This not possible because this depends on knowing the would provide a win–win for the forest reserve and for species type and size (age). The disaster precludes such the poor: protecting the forest while avoiding forests- knowledge (Table 31). use confrontations. Fostering institutional collaboration in Natural 6.1.3  Resilient Recovery Needs Resource Management: Strengthen institutions to map the city of Freetown and to enforce land conveyance Reforestation: Deforestation of the Western and building permitting regulations—thus arrest Peninsula forest reserve contributed to the landslide. continued deforestation. Clear lines of responsibility Observations around the landslide area indicate need to be established among the Ministry of Table 31: Types of Damages for Environment Sector Damage Loss Impact SLL Million USD 1,000 SLL Million USD 1,000 Primary Forests — — Carbon Capture 55.8 7.44 — — Total 55.8 7.44 — — Source: Assessment Team (2017). Table 32: Cost Estimates and Gaps—Recovery and Resilience Needs for Environmental Sector SLL Billion USD Million Medium Term (4–12 months) Budget support to facilitate the functioning of the NPAA  2.63 0.35 Long Term (1–3 years) Redefinition of roles and responsibilities of all actors within the sector  3.75 0.50 Organize regular steering committee meetings to discuss challenges from each of  3.75 0.50 the actors Engagement frequently with other development partners working in natural resource  3.75 0.50 management and environment Total 13.88 1.85 Source: Assessment Team (2017). Cross-Cutting Issues  |  75 Agriculture, Forestry, and Food Security; Ministry of recovery, efficiency, public accountability, management, Water, Housing, and Infrastructure; Ministry of Land, finance, economies of scale, legislation, institutions, Country Planning, Environment; and Environmental and cost. The quality of solid waste services provided Protection Agency. Governance is key to better in a city is usually a good indicator of how the city is managing the natural resources management and the governed and managed. As stated elsewhere in this fast urbanization of Freetown. report, urban management is a significant challenge in Sierra Leone because of a fragmented jurisdictional Medium Term (4–12 months): Implement the National and functional governance system. For example, the Protected Area Authority Act 2016. The Act includes Ministry of Health and Sanitation is responsible for protective measures for the Western Area Peninsula policy making in the solid waste sector. The control of National Park. waste management facilities, international agreements, and policy making for e-waste and hazardous waste lies Long Term (1–3 years): Foster institutional with the Environmental Protection Agency. The actual collaboration in natural resource management. contract to provide municipal solid waste services was awarded to a private company, signed by the Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development; and the Freetown City Council is responsible for the delivery of 6.2  Solid Waste Management solid waste management services. 6.2.1  Sector Context There are two dump sites, both posing very high risks to the dense residential communities where Municipal solid waste management is not a private they are located—The partially fenced Granville good and has high negative externalities when Brook or “Bomeh” where the garbage piles are 10– not well managed. In a resource constrained, rapidly 15 meters high, and the King Tom site. Less than half urbanizing, and partially decentralized context like of the 500–600 tons of solid waste (household, medical, Sierra Leone, developing a technically, financially, and hazardous, and toxic waste) generated in Freetown managerially sustainable system for collection, transfer, reaches these sites (Figure 36 and Figure 37). and safe disposal needs to address the following: cost Figure 36: Example of High Density Area Near Estuary at Granville Brook/Bomeh Dump Site Prior to Flooding Source: Digital Globe (2017). 76  |  Sierra Leone: Rapid Damage and Loss Assessment of August 14th, 2017 Landslide and Floods in the Western Area Figure 37: Location of Main Disposal Sites in Relation to Landslide Area Source: World Bank (2017). 6.2.2  Effects of the Disaster Hydraulic stability, health and safety, and environmental risks were confirmed during the field visits. There are no transfer stations or engineering landfills in Freetown and therefore no damages ■■ Hydraulic risk: Two culverts of corrugated metal to solid waste infrastructure. The Granville Brook/ piles 2.5 meters in diameter originally installed Bomeh dump site in Culvert and the beach at Juba to enable the flow of water have, over time, Barracks (the mouth of the Badadori River) experienced collapsed with the weight of accumulated solid unusually high incidences of debris deposits. The waste. They are destroyed. flooding carried waste materials and items from homes ■■ Stability risk: The waste slopes present a high risk along the Badadori River, into Lumley Creek, and onto and potential collapse. This would cause severe the beach. ponding upstream from the site and exacerbate the risk of continued flooding. A collapse would Pre- and post-disaster satellite imagery at Lumley be dangerous for workers at the site and for Creek shows the flood-water submerged the Lumley residents in the dumpsite’s vicinity. foot bridge (white arrow in Figure 38 ). The redness ■■ Health and safety risk: The leachate from the of the creek’s water also indicates large amounts of dumpsite gets released directly into the stream, sediment. The panorama below, shows a view from which is widely used by residents for washing East to West across the beach. Debris covers at least and crop watering, among others, posing an 1,260 cubic meters (shown by the red area in the immediate health and safety hazard. satellite images). ■■ Environmental risk: Waste is being dumped in the river bed, carried downstream, and washed out to sea, contaminating the coastal area. Cross-Cutting Issues  |  77 Figure 38: Debris at Lumley Creek Resulting from Flooding and Debris Flow Related to Regent Landslide Disaster Note: The yellow circle indicates the location of the panorama above, which shows a view from east to west across the beach. The white arrows indicate the Lumley footbridge, which is submerged in the post-disaster imagery. The aerial extent of the debris was mapped in GIS based on field observations in the Lumley Creek area. Source: World Bank, Arup, Digital Globe (2017). Photo 2: Estuary of Granville Brook gutters accessible and as functional as before the disaster. Debris removal and beach restoration: Remove the approximately 1,260 square meters of debris on the beach at Juba Barracks. A Cash-for-Work program would provide a win–win solution, employing affected community members who are living at the Juba Camp temporary shelter and restore the area. Medium Term (4–12 months): Source: EuropeAid, Urban Planning Project 2014. Closure and reclamation of Granville Brook dump: Undertake a study to inform on how to: (i) reduce 6.2.3  Resilient Recovery Needs stability risk; (ii) reclaim land for redevelopment; (iii) control odors and gas migration; (iv) reduce waste The needs focus on: (i) eliminating the immediate risks exposure to humans, wind, and vectors; and (v) control to health and safety; (ii) recovering value from the waste infiltration of rainwater/surface water to reduce leachate and debris; and (iii) eliminating the waste (Table 33). generation. Short term (0–3 months): Communications, awareness raising, and community engagements: Prepare a communications strategy and Drainage cleaning and corrective measures: Collect promote good hygiene and waste disposal practices and properly dispose the garbage currently blocking through communications outreach. the gutters and access roads, making the roads and 78  |  Sierra Leone: Rapid Damage and Loss Assessment of August 14th, 2017 Landslide and Floods in the Western Area Photo 3: Granville Brook Running through Dump Site and Culvert Immediately Downstream of Dump Site   Source: Assessment Team (2017). Table 33: Cost Estimates and Gaps—Resilient Recovery Needs for Solid Waste Management Sector Resilient Recovery Needs SLL Billion USD Million Short Term (0–3 months) Clear drainage and remove blockages from gutters  0.45 0.06 Clean up debris from the beach at Juba Barracks  0.30 0.04 Medium Term (4–12 months) Conduct a feasibility study on the closure and reclamation of Granville Brook dump  5.63 0.75 Engage in a communications, awareness, and community outreach campaign  1.06 0.14 Long Term (1–3 years) Develop sector development studies, legal instruments, contracts, and environmental  7.50 1.00 and social safeguards Total 14.93 1.99 Source: Assessment Team (2017). Landfill: Carry out a study to identify potential sites for treatment technologies to recycle commodity materials landfills. and to recover resources in the waste needs to be studied. This is both in relation to the potential market Long Term (1–3 years): of demand for the treatment by-products, and after a thorough sector analysis with the following deliverables: Sector development plan: There is a need to address (i) solid waste sector expertise for immediate and the institutional issues, which will be critical to addressing long-term sector planning and phased development, the more long-term development objectives. These including a financing plan and fiscal impact minimization include the roles of communities, and more broadly strategy; (ii) specialized solid waste sector legal technical enhancing stakeholder engagement. The viability of assistance for outsourcing contracts and licensing, the inclusion of thermal, biological, and mechanical developing public–private partnerships, as well as Cross-Cutting Issues  |  79 developing regulations; (iii) support for the negotiation members during the Ebola outbreak. These women of inclusive and binding agreements that address the would appear to be at risk of depression and anxiety needs of all parties in win–win arrangements; and disorders as well as posttraumatic severe disorder. Early (iv) addressing social and environmental safeguards. intervention and appropriate psychosocial support could help to mitigate some of these risks. 6.3  Gender Considerations Beyond food and shelter, women with surviving children of school age will require financial support Disasters affect women, men, girls, and boys to keep their children in school. Without the support differently. Identifying the different needs, capacities, of their husbands and extended family, women’s access and contributions of different groups is necessary to could be compromised. consider gender issues. The availability of Sex and Age- Disaggregated Data (SADD) is imperative to ensure Many women witnessed the mutilated bodies of vulnerable populations (including women, children, their neighbors washed by their homes, and/or bore pregnant women, the elderly, and people with disabilities) witness to their neighbors trapped and dying inside and their specific needs and capacity can be identified. their homes. They spoke of the screaming, and being The Registration Pillar has ensured the availability of powerless to help. These women will need psycho- SADD since the acute phase of emergency and data have social support, despite not having lost property or been validated through a verification process. loved ones themselves. UNFPA reached 1,113 women and girls with dignity Furthermore, the psychological impact of not having kits. UNAIDS and NGO partners also distributed been able to offer their loved ones a proper burial and dignity kits and psychosocial support in all affected funeral must be considered. This violation of deeply areas since the onset of the emergency response. held religious and cultural norms is likely to be a further These interactions and analyses have informed the source of profound pain. Many women have reported findings below. that the bodies of their loved ones have not been recovered. This could create a reluctance to move away from unsafe areas going forward; unless some means of 6.3.1  Disaster Effects recovering and identifying the bodies of lost loved ones can be found, or another way to bring about a sense of Women staying in the camps have lost homes and closure that satisfies religious or cultural practices. family members, including husbands, parents, siblings, and their own children. Many women were Much work will be required to understand the not at home at the time of the landslide, because they damages inflicted on individuals and communities. had gotten up at around 4 a.m. or 5 a.m. to go to the This may require creating support mechanisms and market. When they returned home, they found that resource availability for many years. their loved ones and everything they owned was gone. The shock of this, and the enormity of the loss they The development of a gender policy would greatly experienced was evident. Their coping mechanisms, as enhance the effective implementation of the Sierra a result, have been severely impacted. Leone Social Protection Policy of 2011. Similar to the 2015–16 Social Safety Net Program, a gender policy In the immediate aftermath of the disaster, women should prioritize women and other vulnerable populations who have surviving children have had to prioritize in receiving basic social protection packages. securing food and shelter. They have not had the safe space or time to process their own grief. Some women have reported that the sound of rain at night made them 6.3.2 Recommendations anxious and that they live in fear of a similar incident reoccurring. Others have been impacted by multiple Equally weight the qualitative assessments and traumas in the past, having previously lost other family quantitative reporting and analysis. The psycho- 80  |  Sierra Leone: Rapid Damage and Loss Assessment of August 14th, 2017 Landslide and Floods in the Western Area social impact of this disaster will require planning and effective response that considers multifaceted layers of 6.4  Disaster Risk Management trauma and gender dimensions. 6.4.1  Sector Context Consider sanitation, cooking, and hygiene facilities Strengthening disaster risk management (DRM) will in the positioning and strategic planning of shelter play a critical role in enabling an effective resilient areas, particularly regarding gender-specific needs. recovery; Building Back Better reconstruction in turn will better resist and reduce the impacts Communicate in signs and text to reach the widest of future shocks and stresses in Sierra Leone. A audience. Label facilities using symbols and text, recurrent observation within this report, throughout especially for shower facilities segregated by gender. all sectors, has been the complexities of institutional systems management that cause weaknesses in the Link humanitarian efforts and recovery throughout overall resilience of these systems to shocks. To the response, recovery, and sustainable better manage risks in this multi-hazard environment, development. Mainstreamed gender at all stages, the government needs to simplify and strengthen ensuring women take part in the decision-making institutional arrangements, in turn to improve the process and their perspectives inform ongoing and disaster risk knowledge, better implement risk future assessments.48 reduction and preparedness, and improve the overall emergency response mechanisms. One of the primary recommendations of this report is to use and enhance Photo 4: Adama Yankubah Explaining How She the current DRM platform centrally to address this root Escaped on a Branch with Her Son (Pentagon) problem. If core issues remain encapsulated within silo’s, or a purely sectoral approach, any potential solutions or improvements will be so diluted by the institutional complexities to the point where they are not effective. In all sectors, it has been evident that there is a key gap in technical capacities. Individually each sector has been lacking the ability to define, design and deliver, and maintain basic needs and services to the population. This is also reflected and amplified in the case of shocks and events such as occurred on August 14, 2017. In discussion with the government and partners this fact has been recognized and the government has been developing the concept of creating a central ‘technical pillar’ or Project Source: Photo-UN Women-Mary Hassan. Management Office (PMO) to assist with recovery. This report recommends that this concept is supported and developed as a crosscutting solution that could be housed, initially, within the DRM crosscutting sector. A strongly focused and central technical capacity within the government will not provide all the 48 For sector-specific recommendation and additional solutions that will be required; however, such a information, please refer to the UN Women Gender Alert: capacity could effectively underpin and anchor http://www.unwomen.org/en much of the physical recovery planning, design, and Cross-Cutting Issues  |  81 implementation of projects that will be required— Plan. However, these instruments are not without diluting and dividing the resources that will be fully operational and DRM has not been fully needed between all 10 sectors. This concept would also integrated in the development plans and strategic enable a more cost-effective and consistent mechanism ministries, department, and agencies. One of the for central design, planning, and execution of a resilient main reasons is that there is no legal framework recovery action plan. to enable government agencies to mainstream disaster risk reduction into their development These preliminary recommendations are provided strategies, plans, and programs. In addition, as part of the recovery and reconstruction needs local government councils do not have legal and the respective cost of the required activities responsibility and budget allocation for Disaster to be considered as a basis for a more detailed Risk Reduction. recovery and reconstruction plan. Short-term needs ■■ Disaster risk reduction is yet to be effectively are focused in the stabilization and reprofiling of the institutionalized in Sierra Leone. The ONS budget landslide-impacted areas. The estimated cost of the for disaster risk management is not adequately required activities has been estimated at approximately. funded. Partners, donors, international financial USD 2.6 million. For the medium term, prioritizing institutions, and nongovernmental institutions indexing, design and planning to undertake priority fund most national activities. In general, works has been estimated at around USD 5.56 million, development partners support preparedness and and for the long-term implementation of institutional response, not disaster risk reduction. and community capacity strengthening activities and ■■ The absorption capacity of the DRM structures mitigation works in USD 19.9 million (Table 34, page 85). should be considered. Initially external support may be required to enable DRM structure to Disaster Risk Management Institutional arrangement: adapt and absorb to some potentially significant changes and a reinforced scope of activities/ ■■ As part of its post-war recovery effort, the responsibilities as is recommended in this report. Government of Sierra Leone reviewed its National The new capacities generated within the recovery Security Structure, and enacted the National phases will need to be carefully managed and Security and Central Intelligence Act in 2002. Two reviewed institutionally in regards to how they can years later, the Disaster Management Department be best captured for the long term. was created within the Office of National Security. The DRM Department has currently 10 dedicated 6.4.2  Resilient Recovery Needs staff among the 185 ONS total staff. At the district level, a security representative is appointed in Short Term Recovery (0–3 months): The government each of the 13 districts to cover both security and is transitioning from relief to the early recovery phase. DRM. These district representatives directly report In order to effectively manage the recovery planning to the chairman council and ONS Director. and implementation process, the government should ■■ A National DRR Platform has been established establish a central technical mechanism that includes to facilitate the coordination between the DRM a design cell for all sectors affected by the disaster. stakeholders and to promote the integration In this time frame, priority should also be given to of DRM into national development policies, the consolidation of all existing assessment data and plans, and strategies. However, the DRR national information into a central repository to enable informed platform lacks strong stakeholder commitment planning and prioritization of tasking. and ONS capacity to make it fully functional. At the district level, coordination is devolved to Establishment of a central technical capacity: The District Disaster Management Committees. immediate role will be to create a robust technical ■■ At the strategic level, the country has drafted platform that will combine and consolidate all existing a National Disaster Management Policy and technical capacities within Sierra Leone into a functional National Disaster Preparedness and Response and cohesive structure for the design, planning, 82  |  Sierra Leone: Rapid Damage and Loss Assessment of August 14th, 2017 Landslide and Floods in the Western Area prioritisation and execution of a Resilient Infrastructure Drainage Master Plan. In the coming months, the Recovery Plan. government is planning to prepare a Storm Water Drainage Master Plan for Freetown and detailed ■■ Consolidation of assessments and data: Create technical studies for priority drainage works. a central repository for all existing and future Works in the main affected slip area need to be assessments and data for all sectors. prioritized, but also carefully informed by detailed ■■ Create a central infrastructure index: A central risk analysis to ensure that new infrastructure indexing system for all physical infrastructure (including housing, roads, bridges, health centers, assets and systems covering all sectors. and schools) are not rebuilt in high risk areas. ■■ Establish a central technical design and review Mapping and delineation of these high-risk process: In preparation for the next phase areas need to be prioritized, along with proper to establish a design and review process that enforcement of no-build zones. will govern the planning and prioritization of ■■ Slope Stabilization: The area immediately below investments and application of build back better the hill slope from which the landslide initiated principles across all sectors for the reconstruction has suffered total destruction and the topography phase. has been altered. There is still potential for further volumes of marginally stable material to Medium Term/Full recovery phase (4–12 months): detach from the slope and slide down toward The World Bank and Global Facility for Disaster the totally damaged area, so the area is still Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) are supporting the considered unsafe. Stage plan development for development of flooding, landslide, coastal erosion, slope trimming design, blasting, and re-profiling and sea-level rise hazard and risk information for the has been prepared by UNOPS/ARUP, to be cities of Freetown, Makeni, and Bo. The work is being completed and executed as priority works. financed under the Africa Caribbean Pacific–European Union (ACP–EU) National Disaster Risk Reduction Long term (1–3 years): The August 14 landslide and Program. The outputs from this study are expected flooding presents many lessons for future disasters, to be finalized by this calendar year 2017. This will and has created government awareness of the need for form the baseline for risk and mitigation measures prevention, preparedness, and community awareness. to inform urban policy and planning as well as urban The following priority work streams are proposed, each development projects and investments. of which is associated with a specific gap or need: ■■ Mapping and Delineation of High Risk and No ■■ Define and strengthen a DRM legal, Build Zones: Using the GFDRR risk mapping institutional, and operational framework outputs to start the demarcation of highest risk and tools, combined with the promotion of and no build zones to be integrated into the stronger stakeholder information, awareness, recovery planning for all sectors. and involvement. Overall, the DRM Agency at ■■ Development of a Master Transport Plan ONS should develop a coherent, implementable, for Freetown: To review and revise the and costed National Action Plan for DRM aligned transport functionality and connectivity needs to the Sendai Framework for DRR 2015–30. that will enable informed decision making for This can include all institutional/governance reconstruction and reinforcement needs within capacity issues and DRM programs which must the transport system. Bridging design and be accompanied with a strong coordination functionality reviews to prepare project options mechanism given the multi-sectoral nature of that ensure build back better principles are DRM. Also, Freetown City Council capacities in applied in reconstruction. terms of risk knowledge, disaster prevention, and ■■ Development of a Master Drainage Plan for preparedness need to be built to strength urban Freetown: The Sierra Leone Road Authority has communities’ resilience against disasters. just completed a feasibility study for the Freetown Cross-Cutting Issues  |  83 ■■ Better-management of flood- and landslide- those at risk, which take into account the hazards prone risk areas for zones already urbanized and risks, demographic, gender, cultural, and and protection/prevention measures in the livelihood characteristics of the target audiences, forest zones. A comprehensive plan to manage including guidance on how to act upon warnings, the risk prone areas including detailed zoning and that support effective operations by disaster (high, medium, and low risk) with the respective managers and other decision makers who should risk reduction measures is needed. The relocation be part of the medium- and long-term measures of populations living in the highest risk zones under the recovery plan. should be a priority as well as controlling ■■ Strengthen disaster preparedness and urbanization in those areas while prioritizing contingency planning. A Multi-Hazard environmental protection to avoid urbanization National Emergency Plan for Disaster Response in those areas. Appropriate mitigation and was prepared in 2006 and a specific Flood densification measures for the other zones where Preparedness Response Plan developed in 2016 risk reduction strategies can be applied through for coordination and management of flood infrastructural and non-infrastructural measures. response through the country. That flood plan ■■ Establish a clear institutional arrangement includes both a national- and a district-level and viable funding for the operation and Standard Operating and Procedure, which lists implementation of the recovery process. Using the key activities to be undertaken in a flood and building from the capacities established event. However, the government response to the within the central technical capacity, a central Monday, August 14, 2017, flood and landslide project management office (PMO) can be event demonstrated the need for further capacity established for the design, implementation, and strengthening in this area. An assessment of monitoring/quality assurance of recovery projects the government’s response mechanisms should across all sectors. For the longer term the specific be conducted to inform better coordination of technical capacities that have been created and future emergency situations. This should include developed in the short and medium terms will the DRM agency, and all agencies related with need to be captured and harnessed institutionally emergency management. They should be trained, so that they are integrated effectively into a equipped, and fully operational to coordinate, national resilient infrastructure plan. monitor, and provide relevant guidance in case ■■ Enhance hydrological, meteorological, and of emergency. Conducting regular simulation climate monitoring systems at the national exercises of the Multi-Hazard Contingency Plans level when developing more detailed hazard (MHCPs) should be also considered. and risk maps. The ongoing multi-city hazard ■■ Implement a community risk awareness and risk assessment study will help identify and strategy to help improve community resilience map the landslide and flood risk areas according to future disasters. Sierra Leone has established to the level of risks at the city level. However, disaster management committees in all 13 of its detailed studies to link risk zoning with the local districts, as noted in the Disaster Management urban configuration and possible mitigation Department “Sierra Leone National Progress measures will be needed as part of the risk Report on the Implementation of the Hyogo prone areas management plan. The country Framework for Action (2009–11).”49 In Freetown, should also consider strengthening the capacity 300 community-based volunteers have been in generating accurate climate, meteorological, trained, with the aim of helping to increase the and hydrological information to meet the needs local capacity to address emergencies. The in term of an Early Warning System and climate reactivation of these Disaster Management impacts prospective for future investments. Committees should be part of the government ■■ Develop multi-risk early warning systems that disaster reduction program to build the are people centered. In particular, systems whose warnings are timely and understandable to 49 Mye Kamara (2012). 84  |  Sierra Leone: Rapid Damage and Loss Assessment of August 14th, 2017 Landslide and Floods in the Western Area Table 34: Summary of Key Recovery (short term) and Reconstruction Needs (medium to long term) through Strengthened DRM Framework and Tools Short-Term Costs Short Term (0–3 months) SLL Billion USD Million Consolidation of assessments and data into a central repository 1.50 0.20 Create a central infrastructure Index System 1.50 0.20 Establish a central technical capacity and office 15.00 2.00 Establish a central technical design and review process 1.50 0.20 Sub-Total 19.50 2.60 Medium-Term Costs Medium Term (4–12 months) SLL Billion USD Million Mapping and delineation of High Risk and No Build Zones 3.82 0.51 Development of a Master Transport Plan for Freetown 10.50 1.40 Development of a Master Drainage Plan for Freetown 10.50 1.40 Slope Stabilization 15.00 2.00 Project management, Insurance and Unallocated Costs 1.87 0.25 Sub-Total 41.69 5.56 Long-Term Costs Long Term (1–3 years) SLL Billion USD Million Recovery management and institutional capacity strengthening 15.00 2.00 Enhance the legal and policy framework for DRM mainstreaming through other 1.88 0.25 development sectors Support the functioning of the National Disaster Risk Reduction platform 1.50 0.20 Design of mitigation works and resilient infrastructure systems 22.50 3.00 Developing urban infrastructure and mitigation measures in affected area 75.00 10.00 Implement a community risk awareness strategy to improve community resilience to 1.13 0.15 future disasters Design and make operational Early Warning Systems including the strengthening of 24.75 3.30 the hydromet services (meteorological and hydrological departments) Strengthen the capacity of national and local institutions in disaster preparedness 7.50 1.00 and emergency management Sub-Total 149.25 19.90 Grand Total 210.4 28.06 community proactivity in addressing risk reduction partners. A regular emergency fund would need and mitigation. The implementation of the to be created as part of the government’s annual recovery strategy will need affected community’s budget to provide full autonomy and flexibility engagement and ownership. to the DRM agency to lead the rescue in a timely ■■ Strengthen financial preparedness in manner. Other contingent financing options anticipation of future disasters. A disaster can also be considered as part of a broader risk management fund was created in 2011 but is still layering approach. only provisioned by donations from citizens and Cross-Cutting Issues  |  85 86  |  Sierra Leone: Rapid Damage and Loss Assessment of August 14th, 2017 Landslide and Floods in the Western Area 7 Looking Forward: Disaster Recovery and Resilience Framework and Strategy The August 14, 2017 landslide and floods, will The recent event underscores the critical need be remembered as one of the most tragic natural for a paradigm shift needed to enhance resilience disasters in recent times in Sierra Leone, due to to climate change and disasters, from a reactive a very high death toll, and a severe impact on development approach to one which prioritizes livelihoods and vulnerable communities jeopardizing the prevention of risk. A preventive approach would sustainable development. The rapid needs assessment require the development of policies and an enabling provides specific recommendations for the short, legislative framework and procedures for action by medium and long term including the stabilization and different institutions endorsed by representative reprofiling of the landslide-impacted areas, design stakeholders: central government, local government, and implementation of mitigation measures in risk private sector and civil society organizations that prone areas, emergency preparedness and response interface with the communities. The National Disaster as well as early warning systems for natural disasters, Management Policy and National Disaster Preparedness preparation of a drainage and other master plans and and Response Plan are to be strengthened and studies for improving infrastructure and services in operationalized into the development plans and Freetown, strengthening the institutional capacity and operations of government entities, both central coordination mechanisms. and local. USD 82 million is needed for recovery efforts: Ongoing risk multi-hazard assessments supported USD 16.72 million for urgent short-term relief by the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction (0–3 months), USD 23.82 million for early recovery and Recovery at the World Bank will provide over the medium term (3–12 months), and USD the necessary technical underpinnings to inform 41.86 million for long term resilient recovery improvements in current practices to mitigate, (1–3 years). Due to the networked nature of reduce or avoid high risks. Risk maps will provide infrastructure, interdependencies between different a basis for territorial dimensions of resilience, as the sectors and the multiple institutions in the urban new decision-making structures that will be needed system, isolating impacts of discrete single sector for the implementation of territorial development at investments is not feasible. Given the limited fiscal the local level. These local structures will need the capacity to respond as domestic borrowing has peaked capacity to develop and apply risk management tools with 2.0 percent of GDP, financial and technical support that integrate risk reduction for land management and of development partners to Freetown will be essential real estate development, to reduce unacceptably high for recovery. levels of vulnerability generated from inadequate land use, water management, fecal sludge management, The opportunity for increasing resilience and solid waste management, as well as inappropriate embracing an urban renovation process in the building practices. Western Area. 87 Planning and urban design tools that should is inclusive. Inclusiveness is essential to keep such a inform the recovery process and will need to be body insulated from political cycles and changes in differentiated by location of hazards and site specific government. It would include representation from characteristics of neighborhoods including physical, national government and local government, private social and economic attributes of places and people sector, professionals and their organizations, media, which defines vulnerability. Such territorial planning academia, and non-government organizations that tools would be needed to achieve the policy goals interface with the communities. The future of Freetown of reducing the constant generation of unacceptably will depend on collaborative and transparent problem high levels of vulnerability due to multiple factors: land solving to achieve the most optimal outcomes for use, infrastructure design and inappropriate building its citizens which can only be achieved through practices to name a few. Significant consultations with transparent negotiation and tradeoffs between different state and non-state actors would be needed to develop interventions for recovery, including their prioritization strategies for achieving those goals for both recovery and financing. The attributes of a recovery strategy and for building long term resilience. Strategies would would include a combination of measures to address need to be politically and economically feasible to be risk reduction/ prevention and control, including implementable. importantly, for strengthening livelihoods; it would be developed in a bottom-up participatory manner with The starting point would be classification and informed contributions by affected communities within demarcation of locations with levels of high, medium the broader territorial development constraints that and low hazard risks, followed by feasibility studies exist in Freetown and appropriate, regulations, and procedures that mandate management of risks a priority especially For the consultative process to be “informed” in critical locations. Technical and socio-economic and meaningful, there would be the need for studies will define the levels of risk, people’s needs establishing a data bank that builds from the ward and examine the different recovery and renovation level up to the city or district, and a system that options, followed by feasibility studies and technical distills this through appropriate communication specifications and associated costs for each of the tools. Socio-economic mapping by wards should interventions. For instance, to address high hazard be conducted aiming of inclusive participation that areas: there may be a need to establish no-build acknowledges the diversity of actors and does not zones prioritizing environmental protection to avoid view the communities as comprised of homogenous future urbanization; there may be a need to establish interests. The aim of participation is empowerment, locations from which public and private assets require capacity building to unable communities to be equal relocation within a defined time; there may be a need partners in the identification, analysis, treatment, for mitigation and densification measures for zones monitoring, and evaluation of their problems and risks, where risk reduction strategies can be applied. It is very but importantly so they can contribute as partners important to plan the necessary actions to ensure that with a stake in reduce their vulnerability. Enhanced the investments will be well-maintained. Ultimately, disaster preparedness can save lives and livelihoods. decisions on optimum land-use practice, including Preparedness projects, contingency planning and early the provision of norms and required building and warning systems, should complement risk mitigation operational standards at neighborhood levels may need and community approaches. Other potential activities to be promulgated. would likely include: multi-level communication campaigns to raise awareness; catalyzing coalitions and Toward developing a people-centered and inclusive networks for consensus building and decision making recovery strategy for the Western Area through ongoing facilitation, etc. Provided with risk information, such coalitions would be able to prioritize A recovery strategy needs to emerge through a and contribute to the implementation and maintenance credible multi-level consultative process that is led of basic projects, for example, drainage in a ward prone by an advocacy council or deliberative body that to flooding. 88  |  Sierra Leone: Rapid Damage and Loss Assessment of August 14th, 2017 Landslide and Floods in the Western Area The Recovery Implementation faces multiple unemployed women.52 Activities normally involve challenges: financial and technical support of cash-for-work schemes centred on debris clearance and development partners to Freetown will be essential. recycling, drain clearance, social awareness activities, small stability works, installation of logistical facilities Implementing comprehensive urban recovery and operation of temporary shelters. Other activities and regeneration interventions in Freetown will could be also implemented like urban agriculture, be intricate. Such interventions require the design support to small scale businesses, improved storage and development of financial models, participation facilities, new commercial arrangements for sales, micro processes, legislative frameworks for mixed use credit and micro insurance schemes, water and food development particularly for rental housing models security projects, and natural resource management as the majority in Freetown are renters: For example, schemes. housing cooperatives may need to be developed to ensure social inclusion and collective action; rent to The institutional arrangements for the delivery of own options may need to be developed; negotiations infrastructure and services in Freetown are intricate. between potential investors may need to be facilitated Several agencies have the responsibility for various to arrive at quantities of built-up areas that make aspects of the same sector, inconsistent objectives and locations financially viable, including for the integration priorities, overlapping mandates while some functions and delivery of public goods and services to meet the are not specifically allocated to any one agency. There basic needs and preferences of the population; social are consequently, no effective infrastructure asset protection and cash transfers mechanisms may need management inventories and therefore no systems to be adapted by location to reach poor people facing to monitor and prioritize, re-construction, repair increasing disaster risk. The scope will be to better and maintenance of infrastructure works. Any asset manage the shock and help to solve housing/shelter, registry needs to have a detailed inventory of critical improve livelihood and avoid long-term implications in infrastructure assets, including location, typology, the form of negative human development impacts and status, and maintenance needs to inform annual lower future income streams, and thus poverty traps. budgetary needs for operations and maintenance, an important and cost-effective approach to disaster risk The overarching message from international management. A geospatially enabled system would experience is “governments should permit land allow the overlap of multiple information layers, such and housing markets to work, supplementing them as hazard maps to demonstrate which infrastructure is with targeted interventions when necessary.”50 most at risk, to develop risk management strategies. The Dikmen Valley Housing and Environmental Development Project, the first example of regeneration International experience highlights that well- in Turkey to respond to risks and the largest in scale performing institutions with strong support from involved about 10,000 households to bring about urban city residents are better able to respond to disaster transformation. It provides a good example that can risk reduction and recovery. Institutions transcend be adapted to the needs of Freetown. An example specific entities, and fostering good institutions means of employment-generating risk reduction schemes to letting evolve a messy array of overlapping entities mitigate flood damage have been promoted in Liberia (the media, neighborhood associations, engineering by Mercy Corps, with 26 percent of newly created groups) that may not all have lofty motives but employment specifically for women.51 The Guardians of nevertheless allow divergent views to percolate into the Slopes project in Manizales, Colombia, promoted the public consciousness. Encouraging a diverse set by the local government, created employment or organizations that facilitate collective action by and income opportunities for numerous formerly large groups of citizens will allow them to press more effectively for the spread of information, the availability 50 World Bank and United Nations (2010). 52 Alcaldía de Manizales y de la Corporación Autónoma 51 Andrews et al. (2011). Regional-CORPOCALDAS (2003). Looking Forward: Disaster Recovery and Resilience Framework and Strategy  |  89 of prevention measures and alternatives, and their cost City Council is able to partner with them to improve effectiveness.53 and develop the occupied area so that it is better utilized and which will bring about both an economic Financing options could include public resources, and social benefits—the advantage is that the cost of development partners support, community and relocation does not arise. The institution for promoting household savings, and investment by financiers hazard risk management through urban regeneration (for real estate or infrastructure development) that in Freetown will need powers to make, change and may become available to Freetown. Financing will enforce plans and regulations including regulations likely be a direct consequence of the institutional regarding the use of local physical space and local frameworks developed for Recovery. As highlighted in economic development; authority to administer and the background paper on the land tenure system54 an manage local government finances and manage local option for accessing lands already occupied is to not to procurement; engage in their own local human resource ask occupiers to divest themselves of the asset, but to management and make local employment decisions; reach an agreement through negotiation with all parties and to flexibly administer and deliver local government having an interest in the land, whereby the Freetown services. The relative strength or weakness of these institutional attributes will determine Freetown’s future—its ability to be able to deliver public goods 53 World Bank and United Nations (2010). and services that meet the basic needs and preferences 54 The European Union supported Urban Planning Project, of the broad spectrum of its population’s affordability, in 2014. safe locations. 90  |  Sierra Leone: Rapid Damage and Loss Assessment of August 14th, 2017 Landslide and Floods in the Western Area 8 Annexes Primary and secondary data collection methods 8.1  Methodology for Damage included: Assessment of Real Estate Sector ■■ Immediately following the flooding and landslides This assessment covers affected areas in Freetown, of 14/08/2017, numerous international agencies Western Area Urban (Malama/Kamayama, Juba/ produced post-disaster maps and released both Kaningo, Lumley, Dwarzak and Culvert) and Western pre- and post-event satellite imagery to allow Area Rural (Regent). Malama/Kamayama, Juba/ a coordinated and informed response to the Kaningo, Lumley and Regent were affected by the disaster. These sources of information and data landslide and associated flooding on 14/08/2017 have been reviewed and compiled as part of this (referred to as the Regent Landslide). Dwarzak and DaLA and are specifically cited where used. Culvert were affected by separate flooding events on ■■ The location of pre-event buildings in the area 14/08/2017, unassociated with the Regent Landslide. of the Regent Landslide was identified and The assessment of the buildings uses different methods digitized using pre-event satellite imagery to estimate the damages due to the nature of the provided by DigitalGlobe (DigitalGlobe © 2017), two events as describe in the Chapter 2—where the dated 03/03/2017. In total 2,116 buildings were landslide was a major high-intensity event but urban identified within a 50m buffer either side of the flooding is a recurring annual event in the city. Regent Landslide. DigitalGlobe (DigitalGlobe © 2017) also released post-event satellite imagery dated 15/08/2017. ■■ Aerial photographs were captured from a Photo 5: Drone Mapping of Affected Area drone survey carried out by the local company Conducted by EDA TrackYourBuild Ltd. (TYB) in the area of the Regent Landslide, immediately following the event. This effort was coordinated by UNOPS. ■■ A drone survey of the Regent Landslide area was commissioned by the World Bank on 28th August to collect high-resolution aerial imagery over the full extent of the affected region. This survey was conducted by Edward Davies & Associates, Ltd. (EDA) a local engineering consultancy. EDA also carried out post-processing of the aerial drone images to generate a high-resolution digital terrain model (DTM) of the Regent Landslide and channel through to Lumley. ■■ Field surveys were conducted by the DaLA team to establish the impacts of the Regent Landslide and the flooding in Dwarzak and Culvert. Source: EDA, 2017. 93 Photo 6: Household Surveys Conducted by INTEGEMS in Affected Areas Source: INTEGEMS, Arup (2017). ■■ Three days of systematic house-to-house surveys 8.1.1  Data Interpretation were undertaken by teams of up to 12 local and Analysis Method volunteers in the region of the Regent Landslide. The volunteers were trained and coordinated The assessment methodology for the buildings by INTEGEMS (Integrated Geo-information and sector uses two different methods of damage Environmental Management Services). A total of assessment to reflect the differing nature of the 514 responses were received from affected the Regent Landslide and the flooding in Dwazark affected population and used to inform the DaLA. and Culvert. ■■ The 2015 Sierra Leone Census Population and Housing census results, FCC property tax Building identification database by wards acquired from their valuation department, Sierra Leone Integrated Household ■■ Where available, building usage (residential, survey 2011 were also used to inform the mixed-use or commercial) was identified for understanding of characteristic housing attributes specific buildings within the GIS format buildings e.g. structural typology, internal assets etc. to dataset using the house-to-house surveys. supplement the house-to-house surveys. 94  |  Sierra Leone: Rapid Damage and Loss Assessment of August 14th, 2017 Landslide and Floods in the Western Area ■■ Generally, the location of critical facilities estimated as 50 percent of the rebuild value. The (healthcare, educational, public and religious damage associated with destroyed buildings was buildings) could not be specifically identified estimated to be 100 percent of the rebuild value. within the GIS format buildings dataset (beyond the ward level). Losses associated with healthcare Asset damages assessment and educational facilities were assessed by alternative methodologies and are not accounted ■■ The value and level of damage to household for in this section of the report assets was determined from house-to-house ■■ The estimated proportion of commercial facilities surveys if available (i.e. if a specific survey could in each ward was identified but were removed be attributed to a specific building from the GIS from the hosing real estate section and included format buildings dataset). in industry and commerce section. ■■ If unavailable building specific house-to-house ■■ Two public buildings and one religious building survey information was not available, the value were identified by the house-to-house surveys. of household assets was estimated based on consultations with local suppliers. The frequency Building damage assessment of assets per household was estimated from the 2015 Census. ■■ Initial estimates of building-specific damage level ■■ If building specific information was unavailable (minor damage 0–20 percent; moderate damage about the level of damage to household assets, 20–50 percent; destroyed 50–100 percent) were it was assumed that the damage to household made using the GIS format buildings digitized in assets was the same as the level of damage to the the area surrounding the Regent Landslide, post- building. event DigitalGlobe (DigitalGlobe © 2017) satellite ■■ If the value of household assets was estimated imagery and initial drone imagery captured by to be less than 10 percent of the value of the TYB. Additional information on building typology building, the value of the household assets was (informal, masonry, reinforced masonry, other) and raised to 10 percent of the value of the building size was also estimated from the remotely sensed (to account for additional possessions which data. would not be accounted for in either the census ■■ These interpreted levels of damage and building or house-to-house surveys). characteristics were then verified or corrected ■■ The damage associated with assets subject to using information collected by the house-to- minor damage was estimated as 20 percent house surveys. Not all buildings within the GIS of the assets value. The damage associated format buildings dataset were inspected by the with moderate damage assets was estimated house-to-house surveys, and in the absence of as 50 percent of the assets value. The damage building-specific damage assessment from the associated with destroyed assets was estimated house-to-house surveys, the interpreted level of to be 100 percent of the assets value. damage and building typology was taken from ■■ During the house-to-house surveys it was the initial estimates from remotely sensed data. identified that some households stored savings in ■■ Building replacement value was determined the form of cash in their homes. If available, these using USD per square meter values estimated other assets were recorded on a building specific from: [1] existing estimates of replacement value basis and assigned 100 percent damage if the compiled as part of the ongoing Sierra Leone assets were moderately damaged or destroyed. Multi-City Hazard and Risk Assessment; and ■■ Where building-specific information was [2] interviews with local contractors. unavailable about the value of other assets, ■■ The damage associated with buildings subject to the average for the ward was assigned to minor damage was estimated as 20 percent of the each building within each ward and subject building rebuild value. The damage associated to 100 percent damage if the assets were with moderately damaged buildings was moderately damaged or destroyed. Annexes  |  95 ■■ Building and associated asset damages were 8.1.2  Limitations of the Methodology aggregated to the ward level for presentation of results. The following assumptions apply to the methodologies used to estimate building damage following the Regent Flooding in Culvert and Dwazark Landslide and flooding in Dwazark and Culvert: ■■ Because of the extent of devastation caused by ■■ Simplified building typologies were used to the Regent Landslide disaster, the limited number allow rapid identification and classification of of trained field survey volunteers available in the building stock by the field teams and using the short time frame, and because of reports of satellite imagery. social unrest in the areas of Culvert and Dwazark, ■■ Rebuilding costs are approximate only based on site-specific surveys were not conducted in the simplified building typologies used for the these regions. Observations of the structural satellite imagery interpretation and door-do-door damages at Culvert and Dwazark were made surveys. from comparisons of the high-resolution pre- and ■■ For the Regent Landslide assessment, the post-flooding satellite imagery, and from the total number of affected buildings was directly high-resolution aerial photos captured by the TYB identified using satellite imagery. The use (i.e. drone surveys. residential, mixed-use or commercial) of over 350 ■■ These remote observations were complemented buildings (of 900 affected) was directly identified with field site visits and photographs captured by the house-to-house surveys. The usage of the by the DaLA team to inform the range of typical remaining affected buildings was estimated based building typologies affected by the flooding, as on the distribution of buildings of different usage described above. per ward, as determined from the house-to-house ■■ The Household asset costs were estimated based surveys. The distribution of the total damages on consultations with local suppliers. (USD 14 million) and number of affected buildings ■■ The frequency of assets owned by each (900) among the sub-sectors of residential, household in each region was informed using commercial, mixed-use buildings is therefore a the ward-specific Sierra Leone Population and statistically representative approximation only. Housing Census, 2015 ■■ The damages estimates for Culvert and Dwazark ■■ The asset damages for Culvert and Dwazark have includes only the assumed total damage of been calculated assuming that the total number assets to the affected Households, since it was of households affected by flooding in these areas, not possible to obtain reliable field-survey data as reported by the ONS, lost 50 percent of their regarding the extent of structural damage to assets. buildings in these regions. 96  |  Sierra Leone: Rapid Damage and Loss Assessment of August 14th, 2017 Landslide and Floods in the Western Area Name Organization 8.2  List of People Met During Simone Kemi Anderson Edward Davies Associates DaLA Mission Ltd Evelyn Castle E-Health Africa Name Organization Beran Foster EPA-SL Ning Xiao China CDC Abdul Salim EPA-SL Klaere Heyden GIZ Office Freetown Haddijatou Jalloh EPA-SL Loti Chingoma GOAL Michael C. Jusu EPA-SL Daniel Kamara Kroo Bay CHC Momodu Bah EPA-SL Aminata Dumbaya MASADA Syl Brians Kamara EPA-SL Abu Fofanah MoHS Thierry Cozier EU Brima Kargbo MoHS David Monticilli EU SAS Sheku Kargbo MoHS Joseph Brima FAO Wogba Kamara MoHS Abeshaw Gebru FAO Santigie Sesay MoHS Gbessay Momoh FAO Foday Dafae MoHS Prince Kamara  FAO Alie Wurie MoHS Gbessay Momoh  FAO Kwame Oneil MoHS Nyabenyi Tipo  FAO Sarah Tawali MoHS Prince Kamara FAO Ansumana Sillah MoHS Gbessay Momoh FAO Doris Bah MoHS Nyabenyi Tipo FAO Jatu Abdulai MoHS Nyamsi Ulrich E. FAO Saidu Conton Sesay OCOS Mohamed A.S. Koroma Freetown City Council Sarah Hersey US CDC Abdul Karim Marrah Freetown City Council Regan Hartman US CDC Sulaiman Kaikai Freetown City Council Fillippo Pongelli WFP Sulaiman Zainu Parker Freetown City Council Gbemi Brainerd AfDB Naveed Muhammad Freetown WASH Grace Campbell Arup consortium (Oxfam) Peter Redshaw Arup Nyan Zikeh Freetown WASH Matt Willis  Arup consortium (Oxfam) Gbassay E. Swaray BB/MOFED Peter Lahai GOAL/Freetown City Lawratu Johnson BB/MOFED Council Kathryn Goodenough British Geological Survey Pierre Vivienne Palmer GUMA Valley Water (BGS) company Dr. Abdulai Sillah BSL Bankie Mansaray GUMA water utility Mohamed Jabbie BSL Maada S. Kpenge GUMA water utility Brigette Gleason CDC Julius Mattai INTEGEMS Sara Hersey CDC Samuella Faulkner INTEGEMS Leila Arnold Clinton Health Access Nasser Yakubu IsDB Amy Li Clinton Health Access Patrick Beckley Joule Africa Thynn Thynn Hlaing Country Director Joanna Robbins MapAction Simon Kenny DFID Infrastructure Advisor Aminata Dumbuya  Masada Thomas Samba DHMT Sahr M. Kamara MLCPE Aminata Nunie DHMT Abriham Cooper MLCPE James Squire DHMT Ansumana Sesay MLCPE Annexes  |  97 Name Organization Name Organization Finda Diana Konomanyi MLCPE David McWhirter UNOPS Edward Bendu MLCPE Ian Gough UNOPS Dr. Mohamed Kargbo MOFED David Mc Whirter UNOPS Sheka Bangura MOFED Ioannis Papageorgiou UNOPS Ismael Kamara MOWI David McWhirter UNOPS Cathy Janssens MSF Ian Gough UNOPS Francis Kabia MSGWCA Marybeth Mckeever USAID Abu Bakarr Jalloh MWHI Maria Busquets USAID Idris Turay NACSA Swati Sachdeva WB Joseph Jackson National Minerals Agency Sophie Charlotte Emi WB Mohamed J. Foday NRA Ayling Ismail S. Tarawali ONS Samantha Zaldivar WB Abdul Karim Koroma ONS Trudy Morgan WB Abdulai Caulker ONS Robert Reid WB Nabie A. Kamara ONS Tania Abraham WB P. J. Cole PDT Anita Takura WB Nurses Regent, Malama, Kroo bay Abu Kargbo WB and Paycys CHC Parminder Brar WB Bunting Kayode Williams SLIG Ana Campos G. WB Mrs Memumat Jalloh SLRA Isabelle Celine Kane WB Mr Bembu SLRA Shiyong Wang WB John B. Kamara SLRA Andaleeb Jahan Alam WB Akindele Beckley SLRA Mariama Kai Fornah WB James Faya SLRA Sheik A. Y. Sesay WB Edmond Norrie Track Your Build Ivo Imparato WB Marbey Sartie UN Women Mamadou Ndione WB Leif Jonsson UNDAC Elad Shenteld WB Steven Goddfinch UNDP Kemoh Mansaray WB Tanzila Sankoh UNDP Mohamed Rashid Bah WB Steven Goldfinch UNDP Mariama Khai Fornah WB Sam Doe UNDP Elizabeth Foster WBG Betty Alpha UNFPA Ballah Musa Kandeh WFP Donald Elhassein UNFPA Will Hopkins WFP Doudou Sulayman Mbye UNHABITAT Doninique Ferrtti WFP Rogier van den berg UNHABITAT Filippo Pongelli WFP Mariyam Abdu UNICEF Brian Christopher ROSS WFP Dr. Robert Moikowa UNICEF Samba Kinday WFP Patrick Aokoth UNICEF Sowmya Kapandale WHO Pablo de Pascual UNICEF Juliana WSUP, Freetown City Sylvia Lee UNICEF Council Nick Gardner UNOPS 98  |  Sierra Leone: Rapid Damage and Loss Assessment of August 14th, 2017 Landslide and Floods in the Western Area Name Organization Name Organization Ibironke Oyatoye Consultant World Bank Tom Taylor-Morgan UNOPS Janet Kayita BPEHS Cluster Lead WHO Susumu Takahashi UNOPS Florence Baingana MHPSS Team Lead WHO Ing Alhaji Timbo EDSA Anderson Latt Epidemiologist WHO Mr Unisa Samura EDSA Alison Jenkins  Chief, Child Survival and Mr Milton Gegbai EDSA Development-UNICEF Mr Alex Nikolic EDSA Amy Clancy HIV Manager UNICEF Mr Charles Ibrahim EDSA Kajali Paintal Nutrition Manager UNICEF Mr James Rogers EDSA Victor Sule  Immunization Specialist Ing Dennis Garvie EGTC UNICEF Ing Sinneh Kamara EGTC Riad Mahmud  SRH Technical Specialist Mr Victor Findlay NATCOM UNFPA Ms Gaelle Kerlan Orange/Airtel Kim Dickson Representative UNFPA Mr Shadi Al Gerjawi Africell Chris Oyeyipo  FP-SRH, Technical Specialist, Ing Michael Kargbo EWRC UNFPA Ing Kelcise Sesay EWRC Annexes  |  99 9 List of References African Development Bank. 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