41017 China Urban Development Issue 3 3~ 6.2007 Quarterly Shanghai Urban Environment The World Bank has had a long and productive partnership Program with Shanghai (to a great extent in infrastructure), a relationship focused on sector strategies and related policy issues and investments Since the 1980s, the Bank has An Innovative Partnership with the World Bank supported more than 30 investment projects and contributed through an Adaptable Program Loan (APL) more than $2 billion in finance. Infrastructure projects Background on Shanghai and its Partnership with the World Bank for Infrastructure Development With a population of more than 18 million, Shanghai is the third largest city in Asia, and the largest in developing East Asia. The area within a 250 km radius of Shanghai is home to more than 100 million people. Shanghai is a key metropolitan area in the rapidly urbanizing and industrializing economic corridor, stretching from Ningbo through Hangzhou in Zhejiang Province to Shanghai, and then northwest through Suzhou to Nanjing in Jiangsu Province. This corridor ­ which is 250 km long but less than 50 km wide ­ APL Wastewater Investment Project constitutes China's largest megalopolis. With 1.4% of (Photo: Geoffrey Read, World Bank) China's population, Shanghai municipality generates more than 5% of the country's GDP and is the gateway since then have included: port projects, two urban transport for 25% of China's exports. This `gateway' function is projects, a highway project, three large water, sewage, and increasingly defining Shanghai's role in the region. urban environment projects, and financing for a major power plant. This partnership has been very successful, with the Shanghai's economy has gone through many changes city, in some cases, becoming a trendsetter in China, e.g., for over the past 10-15 years. The most significant shift wastewater tariffs, establishing an integrated Water Authority, in Shanghai's economy has been from traditional Shanghai Program continued on page 2 manufacturing, which accounted for 64% of GDP in 1990, to a more services-based economy (50% of GDP is now from the tertiary sector). There has also been Contents: a dramatic shift to higher value-added manufacturing, partly triggered through foreign direct investment Shanghai Urban Environment Program........................................................................1 (FDI); output values and employment shares in lower Urban Planning News in China.................................................................4 and medium value-added manufacturing have declined Urban Events................................................................................................................6 during the last decade. The third major change has Preservation and Development of the Old Ceramics Town of Chenlu..........................8 been the ballooning of international trade: imports Striving to Construct a Safe and Reliable Urban Water Supply System: Tianjin's Practice......................................................................................................................10 have more than tripled during the period, and exports Overview of the E-Governance Development in the Beijing Municipality....................11 have grown by more than fifteen times. Diversification World Exposition Shanghai 2010 Calling for Proposals of Urban Best Practices.......13 in export markets helped Shanghai weather the Approaches to Urban Slums: A Multimedia Sourcebook on Adaptive and Proactive downturn in intra-Asian trade during the financial crisis Strategies...................................................................................................................14 in the late 1990s. 2007 State of the World: Our Urban Future.................................................................15 THE WORLD BANK China Urban Development Quarterly Issue 3 3~6 . 2007 traffic management, generating clean and efficient power, and separating government policy and planning functions from investment management and operational functions, which for the urban environment sector are carried out through a strong Urban Development Investment Corporation, Shanghai Chengtou. In the energy sector, the Bank is currently engaged with developing wind power in Shanghai as part of a China Renewable Energy Development Project, and with various technical assistance activities for renewable energy development and energy efficiency improvements. Following earlier investment projects in the transport sector, the Bank has continued offering assistance to improve air quality and transport indicators. Of the Bank's lending to Shanghai to date, almost 50% (about $1 billion) has been for urban environmental programs. The Shanghai Urban Environment Program, supported by an Adaptable Program Loan (APL) Shanghai faces continued challenges of coping with rapid Total Project World Project Cost (in Bank Loan millions) (in Comment Tunneling in dense urban areas (estimated) millions) (Photo: Geoffrey Read, World Bank) Loan approved infrastructure finance. APL1 $500 $200 mid-2003. Under implementation The Government of China's vision highlights the impor- Loan approved tance of further metropolitan and regional development and multi-source development financing. Supporting APL2 $450 $180 mid-2005. Under this vision, the APL includes various innovative infra- implementation structure management and finance initiatives, such as: (a) a municipal enterprise bond issue in 2006 by the water/ APL3 TBD $200 Project is under preparation wastewater utility arm of Chengtou1; (b) an established innovative District Financing Vehicle (DFV), a subsid- urbanization, preventing environmental degradation, iary of Chengtou, to facilitate effective environmental and above all sustaining economic growth. Through infrastructure development, financing, and public-private an ongoing programmatic Urban Environment APL, partnerships for suburban districts and county govern- the Shanghai Municipal Government is pursuing more ments (an approach to enhance metropolitan-wide man- innovative ways of financing sector projects and providing agement and support2); and (c) domestic and foreign pri- urban services, including extending services to the less vate sector participation through Build-Operate-Transfer affluent, rapidly growing areas outside the core city. The (BOT) contracts and Operations and Maintenance (O&M) APL is based on Shanghai's long-term environmental concessions for wastewater plants and a landfill, financed improvement strategy and is supported by a sequence partly by the Bank and partly by the private sector. of three loans from the World Bank, to date focused These financial architecture approaches are providing on wastewater management, solid waste management, significant examples for China, supporting the evolution water supply, integrated urban upgrading, and related of development finance for greater metropolitan authori- ties. Given the rapid economic development in China's 2 China Urban Development Quarterly Issue 3 3~6 . 2007 cities, with related internal migration and spatial expan- sion, the city-regional management approaches applied Shanghai is now expanding its partnership with the in the program are also of broad national significance. Bank through Phase III of the APL project (APL3) with Through this first programmaticAPL in China (with phases implemented partly in parallel), Shanghai and the World Bank are pursuing more innovative ways of providing public services to Shanghai's residents, and of extending such services to less affluent areas outside the city core (home to about 50% of Shanghai's population), in particular for water supply, sewerage, and solid waste management. The objective of the ongoing Phase I of the APL project (APL1) is to put in place underpinnings and enabling conditions for Shanghai Municipal Government to pursue an integrated, metropolitan-wide approach. The project has financed sewerage networks, wastewater treatment plants, a landfill, and upgrading of services in underserved historic areas in the city. Progress has been Task team leader Mats Andersson (left) and Geoffrey made on various innovative financial architecture initia- Read, consulting engineer visiting the construction tives mentioned above and on private-public partnerships site of Fenjing Water Purification Plant for environmental facility management. During recent (Photo: Ji You, World Bank Beijing Office) years, for example, Shanghai has established a joint venture with a foreign firm with a concession to manage a large landfill for twenty years and built a wastewater strategic water investments to support the city's initiative treatment plant under a BOT arrangement with a Chinese to use the Yangtze River as an additional water source by firm. the time it hosts the World Expo 2010, and to improve the quality of the city's drinking water. In addition, the The ongoing Phase II of the APL project (APL2) deepens metropolitan-wide DFV initiative will be expanded, and the urban environmental agenda through further invest- the wastewater management facilities further enhanced. ments and policy/ institutional reform initiatives, having the surrounding districts participate increasingly in mea- Given Shanghai's rapid economic development and high sures to improve water quality and solid waste manage- institutional capacity, this APL program has the poten- ment. These investments are positioned in Shanghai's tial to serve as a model for urban management policies strategic plans for short-term benefits as well as longer- for large municipalities across China and the East Asia term investment effectiveness. APL2 aims to enhance Region. Shanghai's institutional and policy agenda to: (a) opti- mize water/ wastewater and solid waste sector strategies; (b) extend the agenda to the greater metropolitan area, (By Mats Andersson, Task Team Leader of the Shanghai where economic and urban population growth are most APL projects, Senior Municipal Management Specialist, rapid, and the environmental service levels are lagging; the Urban Development Unit of World Ban's East Asia and (c) deepen reform initiatives supported by the APL1, and Pacific Region. For more information of the proj- including heritage protection. The Bank's support to ect, please visit http://www.worldbank.org.cn/Chinese/ Shanghai is a collaborative effort across the World Bank content/691x1248272.shtml) Group, with the World Bank Institute (WBI) supporting training, liaison being maintained between this project and the Bank's support of capital market developments in China, and the International Finance Corporation (IFC) assisting in exploring future collaboration opportunities for sub-national lending without sovereign guarantees. 3 THE WORLD BANK China Urban Development Quarterly Issue 3 3~6 . 2007 Urban Planning News In China Editor's Note: This new regular feature is in collaboration with the Urban Planning Society of China. The editing team thanks the Society for its contribution. The Standing Committee of China's National People's Congress (NPC) Deliberating the Law on Urban and Rural Planning (Draft) In its 27th session, the Standing Committee of the 10th National People's Congress deliberated the Law of the People's Republic of China on Urban and Rural Planning (Draft) for the first time. The Draft Law consists of 73 articles in 7 chapters, covering multiple aspects such as formulating, implementing, and modifying urban and rural planning, as well as supervision, inspection and legal obligations. The Draft Law has impressively broken the urban and rural duality by integrating consideration (Photo: Curt Carnemark, World Bank) of urban and rural spatial patterns. of-the-Nets Garden (Wangshiyuan), Mountain Villa With Low-rent Housing Construction in China in 2006 Embracing Beauty (Huanxiushanzhuang), Lion Grove (Shizilin), Garden of Cultivation (Yipu), Couple Garden Of 657 Chinese cities, 512 (77.9%) had established a (Ouyuan), Retreat Reflection Garden (Tuisiyuan), and low-rent housing system by the end of 2006, according Surging Waves Pavilion (Canglangting); to China's Ministry of Construction. In Zhejiang, Shenyang: East Tomb Park and North Tomb Park Guangdong, Hebei, Jiangxi, Gansu, Shaanxi, Jiangsu and Jinan: Baotu Spring Park Hubei provinces, over 90% of all cities have established Yangzhou: Ge Garden and He Garden; and a low-rent housing system. A system has not yet been set Changchun: World Sculpture Park. up in 4 prefecture-level cities (Xinyang, Zunyi, Baoshan and Guyuan) or in 141 county-level cities, mainly in Number of National Famous Cities of the provinces of Liaoning, Fujian, Heilongjiang, Inner History and Culture Reaches 107 Mongolia, He'nan and Xinjiang. In March 2007, the State Council formally approved Tai'an City (Shandong Province), Haikou City (Hainan First Batch of Priority National Parks of China Announced Province), Jinhua City (Zhejiang Province) and Jixi County (Anhui Province) as national famous cities of Recently, China's Ministry of Construction announced history and culture, pushing the total number of such the first 30 priority national parks, including: cities up to 107. Beijing: Summer Palace, Temple of Heaven, Beihai Park, the Zoo, and the Botanical Garden; Per Capita Urban Green Space in China Suzhou: Humble Administrator's Garden Registering 7.89 m2 (Zhuozhengyuan), Lingering Garden (Liuyuan), Master- Established urban areas have greenery coverage of 4 China Urban Development Quarterly Issue 3 3~6 . 2007 32.54%, a public green area ratio of 28.51% and per 2nd Group of Planners Mutually Recognized capita public green space of 7.89 m2, according to the by Mainland China and Hong Kong Receive 2006 Report on China's National Forestation released Certificates in Hong Kong by the Office of National Forestation Commission on March 11th. China will vigorously promote coordinated The 2nd CertificateAwarding Ceremony for Hong greening development between cities and rural areas Kong and Mainland China Planners under the Mutual during the eleventh five-year period, aiming to achieve Recognition Agreement was held in Hong Kong on April forestry coverage of 20% nationally, build 2,800 forest 2, 2007, at the international conference "When Creative parks, and reach forestry coverage of 30% in 70% of Industries Crossover with Cities". Fourteen Mainland cities. planners and 10 Hong Kong planners obtained mutually recognized certificates. To date, 24 Hong Kong planners Per Capita Water Resources down by over have been registered as mainland urban planners, and 27 400 m3 by 2030 mainland urban planners are now members of the Hong Kong Institute of Planners. This mutual recognition On March 22, the 15th World Water Day, an official from is in accordance with the agreement between the two China's Ministry of Water Resources said that per capita sides. Planners have to pass a written examination and a water resources in China will drop from 2,200 m3 at technical interview to get the certificate from the other present to less than 1,800 m3 by 2030 due to population side. Hong Kong's written examination includes planning growth. The official said that China is still facing many affairs and the administration of Hong Kong, as well as challenges, such as expanding population, limited water resources, and polluted or unclean water, despite considerable achievements made in the water resources field. Acomprehensive system on flood control and disaster prevention has not yet been established. Middle and small-sized rivers and reservoirs are particularly endangered by flooding, with annual flood-induced losses in such rivers contributing from 60% to 80% of the national total in recent years. Drought-related water scarcity, heavy water pollution, and a deteriorating water environment are all threatening people's lives and production. Many people in the cities and countryside do not have access to safe drinking water, which threatens their health, and underdeveloped water resources infrastructure in rural China presents a bottleneck to improving comprehensive agricultural productivity. Rapid Transportation between Beijing and Tianjin to be Available by 2020 China's State Development and Reform Committee revealed in the Direction of Transport Infrastructure Development in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Metropolitan Area that, by 2020 Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei will complete a sound transport infrastructure network. 80% of cities and towns, 80% people and 95% industries will benefit from the expressway, which will reduce (Photo: Curt Carnemark, World Bank) commuting time between the cities to one hour. In terms of railway, an intercity express train between Beijing and Hong Kong's planning laws, practices and professional Tianjin will be built and promoted to ensure high use by codes. Mainland China's written examination covers travelers between the cities. urban planning legislation and practices. 5 THE WORLD BANK China Urban Development Quarterly Issue 3 3~6 . 2007 Urban Events International Conference on Urban Culture The International Conference on Urban Culture and by the World Bank in conjunction with Swedish the 2nd International Forum on City Planning co- International Development Authority, Lincoln Institute sponsored by the Ministry of Construction, Ministry of of Land Policy, and GTZ, focused on "Urban Land Culture, and State Administration of Culture Heritage, Use and Land Markets", including implications for city were held in Beijing from June 9-11, 2007. The theme spatial growth, efficiency and equity. This symposium of this conference was "Transition of Urban Culture, featured presentations on topics relevant to World Bank Preservation of Historic and Cultural Cities, and urban development operations. The ongoing debates on Cultivation of Innovative Culture in a Globalizing the links between urban land management and its impact World". More than 1,000 mayors, planners, architects on welfare, the implications of commonly used urban and other professionals concerned about urban culture land policies, and priority policy and program design/ from more than 23 countries gathered in Beijing. implementation questions were all discussed. Discussion topics for the 12 special sessions included: "New Concepts and Strategies for Preservation of More than 200 representatives of governments, NGOs, Historic and Cultural Cities, Townships and Villages", research institutes and the private sector from 20 "New Globalization Trends and Their Impact on Urban countries participated in the Symposium. Urbanization Development and Culture", "Opportunities, Challenges challenges in China received much attention at this and Innovations for Urban Cultural Development in Symposium. Researchers from the U.S., U.K., and the New Era", "Urban Culture During the Process of Singapore shared their findings on issues related to land Cultural Heritage Preservation and Transition", and markets, property-led growth, rural migration to cities, "Non-Physical Cultural Heritage Preservation During and social welfare in China. Urban Development". The Beijing Declaration on Urban Culture was issued at the conclusion of the conference, summarizing the consensus reached at the conference: ·Urban culture in the new century should reflect the characteristics of an eco-civilization; ·Urban culture should reflect the interests and pursuits of average citizens; ·Cultural development is a key element in urban development; ·Urban planning and construction should strengthen the characteristics of a city; and ·Urban cultural development is charged with the important mission of both inheriting traditions and Panel Discussion at the Symposium pioneering innovations. (Photo: Laura Brular, World Bank) (For more information on the conference, please visit the (All papers and presentations of the research symposium web site of China's Ministry of Construction, http://www. can be found at http://www.worldbank.org/urban/ cin.gov.cn/hybd/07hybd/cswhgjythjlt/) symposium2007/. We also welcome your participation in the debate of related topics at the Urban Research Fourth Urban Research Symposium on Network web site, www.urbanres.net.) "Urban Land Use and Land Markets" The Fourth Urban Research Symposium, organized 6 China Urban Development Quarterly Issue 3 3~6 . 2007 Xi'an to Construct the historical conservation concepts as well as protection experiences of Xi'an into international protection Heritage Park of Daming rules. In 2007, Tang-Dynasty Daming Palace Heritage Park (Daming Park) was included in the priority list Palace of the Tang Dynasty of the eleventh national five-year program on cultural development. In the same year, the Xi'an Municipal Cultural Relic Bureau, Architecture School of Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, the Xi'an Editor's Note: The text below is based on the Concept Center for Urban Heritage Protection and Research and Design of Tang-Dynasty Daming Palace Heritage Park, the Shaanxi Provincial Technical Research Center for coauthored by Liu Kecheng and Chang Haiqing of Xi'an Historical Sites Protection were contracted to undertake a University of Architecture and Technology. Please visit feasibility study and concept design of the Daming Park. www.ChinaUrbanQuarterly.org for the full text of the original article Value Assessment and the Current Status Xi'an, one of the 4 ancient capitals in the world with With enormous scale and mighty grandeur, Daming fame equivalent to Cairo, Athens, and Rome, was the Palace is highly valued in its general setting, architecture, eastern origin of the Silk Road and ancient capital of 13 and construction techniques. The palace architecture Chinese dynasties. It is known worldwide for its splendid setting model initiated by Daming Palace laid the history and diverse cultural heritage. One such treasure, foundation for later palaces in China and in East Asia, Daming Palace, reached its pinnacle during the Tang and had significant impact on China's Forbidden City, Dynasty, the most prosperous and open time in feudalist built in Ming and Qing Dynasty, and East Asia palaces, China. Presently the Daming Palace site covers 3.5 such as those in Japan and Korea. Sound conservation of km2, around 5 times that of Beijing's Forbidden City the site with its intact general setting and key foundations in Beijing, 20 times that of Athens'Acropolis, 4 times makes Daming Palace the best preserved medieval palace that of the Rome's Historic Center, and 2 times of the site in China. Extensive research was carried out on Pompeii's Archeological Areas. It is one of the largest Daming Palace in all dynasties after Tang, and modern scale and most intact palace sites in the world. archeological excavation was kicked off in the 1950s. In all its urban master plans and cultural relic preservation In 2005, International Council on Monuments and Sites plans, Xi'an paid particular attention to the Daming (ICOMOS) held its 15th General Assembly in Xi'an, Palace and adopted relevant protection measures. and adopted the Xi'an Declaration on the Conservation Protective land acquisition for the historical site had reached only 33 ha by August 2005, and the protection zone covers a land area of more than 3,900 mu of rural collective ownership. The historical site's southern part was occupied by one-, or multi-story residential buildings, mostly of poor quality. The transport network through the site was composed of urban branch roads and dirt roads, mostly appearing naturally with low range. In such a context, development of the surrounding land would not incur much damage on the historical site, thus enabling an ideal conservation status; however, land acquisition and resettlement remain challenging tasks. Construction Goals of Daming Heritage Imaginary Picture of Restoration of the Daming Palace Park by Fu Xinian In view of the immeasurable value and sound conservation of the site, building a heritage park for of the Setting of Heritage Structures, Sites and Areas, comprehensive protection and display complies with integrating the Chinese philosophical thinking and international best practices. Daming Park will become a 7 THE WORLD BANK China Urban Development Quarterly Issue 3 3~6 . 2007 facilitating the Silk Road (Daming Palace Heritage) to apply for designation as a world cultural heritage site, promoting cultural spirit in the city, releasing modern dynamism in Xi'an and fostering a harmonious society. Preservation and Development of the Old Ceramics Town of Chenlu Restoration of the Hayuan Hall Editor's Note: This article has been abridged by the (Photo: Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology) Quarterly's editors from "Introduction of Chenlu Town" by Xiao Li from School of Architecture, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology. For the original text, protection zone and a demonstration base for historical please visit www.ChinaUrbanQuarterly.org sites. Furthermore, it will serve as an international example platform on historical site protection. It will The town of Chenlu is located on Mount Lushan, 20 not only host relevant research, protection experiments kilometers away in the southeast of Tongchuan City and demonstration activities, but also set an example of in Shaanxi Province. Chenlu is an important ceramics integrating itself into modern urban life. production town known throughout Chinese history, Upon completion, Daming Park will consist of: 1) a and is extolled as "old ceramics town in the orient". It Daming Palace Museum, an international platform for is also regarded as living fossil and specimen of ancient the protection and management of historical sites; 2) ceramics production, because of its most original and Institute of Daming Palace Heritage Protection, a leading traditional handicraft techniques in the world. However, international technical platform for the protection of as years passed by, and with many social, economic, and historical sites; and 3) International Forum on Cultural cultural changes, traditional family workshops in Chenlu and Tourism Development of Daming Palace, a platform Town have been gradually shut down, talented artisans for international cultural exchange to explore news ways have shifted to other industries, and traditional techniques of utilization and tourism. of family workshops are facing great challenges. In order Daming Park will not only serve as research base for to better protect and store excavations and specimen archeology and site protection, but also provide a from Chenlu ceramics production site, to provide wonderful space for local people. It is expected to take rehabilitation, research, and experiment facilities, Xi' shape within 3 years and open to the general public. an University of Architecture and Technology will assist According to the estimate, the project will cost RMB Yaozhou Ceramics Kiln Museum in establishing special 13.5 billion for land acquisition and resettlement, and projects with State Administration of Cultural Heritage RMB 4 billion on Phase I construction of Daming Park. and Ministry of Finance, and plan and design Chenlu Site specimen exhibition hall and Chenlu site preservation Summary and display hall within Yaozhou Ceramics Kiln Museum. The innovative and revolutionary preservation efforts for Daming Park set an example of cultural heritage Historic and Cultural Heritage Resources of Chenlu Town conservation and utilization in China in the 21st century. With a concept of global vision, openness, top-class Chenlu Kiln is an important part of Yaozhou Kiln and startup and high-caliber practices, such efforts will became its central kiln factory in the late stage. Yaozhou make important contributions to transforming the Xi' kiln site is currently the best-preserved ceramics making an Declaration from words to deeds, and therefore site in China, which has the richest content, and the 8 China Urban Development Quarterly Issue 3 3~6 . 2007 largest number of excavation in good sequences, and Chenlu had established 7 cooperatives of ceramics has great development value. Yaozhou Ceramics Kiln production and 2 worker-farmer cooperatives. In 1958, has been recognized as one of the "top one hundred the 7 ceramics production cooperatives merged as a big discoveries in the 20th century archeology in China" and collective enterprise. In the past 20 years of opening "top ten discoveries in the 20th century archeology in up and reform, China has enjoyed rapid economic Shaanxi Province". Yaozhou Kiln has a prominent place development. However, the ceramics making techniques in the history of Chinese ceramics, and is listed as one of of Chenlu have not developed, the sales of the products the eight famous kilns in Ceramics History of China. have been going down quickly, and the factories have partially closed. In order to keep the historical memory of the ceramics industry of Chenlu Town, it is necessary to preserve, renovate and reuse its deserted 8-sides kilns, workshops, factories, and use them as a display of the ceramics industry in Chenlu's history. Natural and human environmental resources of Chenlu Town Chenlu has a naturally rugged topography. Terrace fields close to the town are just like a drawing from the heaven, which carves the land with many beautiful waves. Traditional houses are mostly caves built along the slopes of mountains with ceramic breaks, or they are built on top of slopes, with a yard surrounded by of a fence made of ceramic pots. Following the traditional A sons takes over his father's job in a family workshop (Photo: Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology) Handicraft Heritage of Chenlu Town According to 1941 statistics, there were over 40 ceramic kilns, and 121 workshops in Chenlu. Over 3,000 residents of the town worked primarily on ceramics production, and diversified in agriculture, which generates a special agricultural-industrial mode of operation, as well as self- employment business model. There were four types of business actors, "ceramics families" "baking families" "trading families" and "sales families", and four types of kilns: "black kilns", "jar kilns", "bowl kilns" and "small kilns". There was a clear division of work, ensuring all could coordinate and cooperate. Sons took over fathers' Traditional houses in Chenlu Town work, and the production traditions had been passed (Photo: Xi'an University of Architecture and down from generation to generation. However, traditional Technology) containers, once necessities in life, such as jars, vats, carboys, pots, and coarse porcelain bowls are no longer in demand in modern life. "Black kilns", "jar kilns", and life style of over one hundred years' history, people have "bowl kilns" have all been shut down in Chenlu Town, been utilizing land, energy, water and other resources in and only a limited number of families are still working the most efficient way, and it is reflected in every aspect with "small kilns". of the local life. In the past several hundred years, the scraps and wastes of ceramics production have become Heritage of the ceramics industry of Chenlu the most accessible construction materials. With their rich experiences and creativity, Chenlu residents incorporate In the 1950s, in responding to the government's call, those scraps and waste into building a special, rich, 9 THE WORLD BANK China Urban Development Quarterly Issue 3 3~6 . 2007 coordinated, and simple living environment. With the a multi-disciplinary approach of cultural heritage test of fire, time, and atheistic, Chenlu people have protection, architecture, sociology, anthropology, demonstrated their ability of creating a unique and environmental science and archeology to examine picturesque scene of the village and town. many topics such as preservation of Chenlu historic and cultural heritage; kilns, workshops, houses and living Challenges Facing the Preservation and style; special resources for environment preservation; Development of Chenlu and reuse of ceramics waste. Other planned or ongoing preservation and development projects of Chenlu Currently Chenlu are facing many urgent challenges include the preservation project submitted to State including the following: Administration of Cultural Heritage by Yaozhou Kiln · Many old kilnshavecollapsedorareveryvulnerable. Museum, cultural heritage preservation planning by The protection, strengthening, and rehabilitation needs district Cultural Heritage and Tourism Administration, to be done as soon as possible. and Chenlu Township Government's construction plan of ·New construction has very negative impact the Chenlu scenic area. and is damaging the environment. There is a lack of understanding of preservation the traditional environment of the old town, and protection measures need to be taken immediately. It is very necessary to conduct preservation planning and design, manage and control new construction in Chenlu, raise awareness of the public on the beauty and value of traditional Chenlu environment, in order to guide the new construction of Chenlu to continue the historic tradition, and rebuild Striving to Construct a Safe and existing buildings that do not coordinate with the environment. Reliable Urban Water Supply ·Many of the cave houses need to be rehabilitated. Currently 1/4 of the houses are left empty. It is necessary System: Tianjin's Practice to improve the living conditions of local residents, and through policy guidance and other available measures to protect the residential caves, and revive the communities. · Chenlu is in great shortage of water. Residents have little access to water for daily life, and there is so far Editor's Note: This article is abridged by the Quarterly' no running water in the town. Local residents rely on s editors from the speech by Chen Yuheng, Deputy three wells in a low-lying area for drinking water. Those Chief Engineer, Tianjin Construction Administration families which have labors shoulder water bottles or Commission (TCAC), at the Fifth International Water use cart to fetch water, while those with no labors have Congress on September 13, 2006. For the full speech, to buy water, and the living conditions are extremely please visit www.ChinaUrbanQuarterly.org poor. In 2007, the government plans to extend the water pipes from Tongchuan City to Chenlu Town, in order to Tianjin is one of four municipalities directly administered solve the problem of water use for life. It also plans to by China's central government. It is in the northeast establish international cooperation in water efficiency of Huabei Plain, and downstream on the Haihe River. system. Historically, Tianjin was a port city in northern China, with abundant water resources. However, the water Preservation and research projects resources have been decreasing because of water conservation projects upstream on the Haihe River and In 2007, Xi'an University of Architecture and the long drought. Currently local water resources per Technology, Shaanxi Provincial Research Center capita are only 160 m3, 1/15th of the national average. of Historic Heritage Preservation, and Norwegian Combined with water transferred from outside Tianjin, University of Science and Technology have jointly water resources per capita are just 370 m3, still lower established an international research project on than the international water shortage alarm line. In 1982, preservation of Chenlu Town. The project will use to relieve the water shortage, Tianjin built a project 10 China Urban Development Quarterly Issue 3 3~6 . 2007 that transferred water from the Luanhe River to the stations publish user complaints on water supply municipality, with a capacity of one billion m3/year. service. Administration authorities have strengthened At the end of 2005, Tianjin had 38 water treatment and their supervision on enterprise reform to facilitate distribution plants, with a total capacity of 3.049 million improvement of service method and attitude. Public m3/d. participation and monitoring are other keys in the reform. There are user monitors with identity cards at In October 2003, the Central Government explicitly various levels both in enterprises and administrations. required localities to open the market and introduce They have regular meetings to reflect on complaints and competition in monopolized sectors, promote multi- improvements. source investment, quicken municipal public utility reforms, separate the functions of government from those Water supply sector marketization reform has promoted of enterprises, state assets management authorities and the healthy development of the urban water supply institutions, and impose effective supervision on natural industry. In recent years, with government concern and monopoly business. To follow the trend of opening support, coordinated with municipal facility and housing markets and to strengthen government supervision, construction and upgrading, comprehensive urban water Tianjin Municipality prepared and issued Tianjin supply facility planning has been strengthened and Urban Water Supply Services Management Regulation investment has increased. The water treatment process, as the local standards to assess whether water supply distribution pipelines and operation service facilities have enterprises have protected public interests and fulfilled been constructed or upgraded, which has improved water safety obligations. supply environment and conditions, raised water supply In the planned economy, all investment in Tianjin water service quality, and made an important contribution to supply facilities was from the municipal government social and economical development and the quality of budget. In the early 1990s, the investment mechanism life for Tianjin citizens. Tianjin has further increased was reformed, and funds were raised by enterprises investment, completed large scale rehabilitation of old themselves, supported by government's input. In the late networks with government funding and counterpart 1990s, investment was generally from non-governmental funding from enterprises, reformed the city-wide meter resources, and state-owned enterprises were guided to reading and payment mechanism in households over 3 attract domestic and international investment and to years and has been working on refitting for secondary finance in the form of cooperation, joint venture or stock water supply facilities. sharing. Tianjin has long, cooperative history with the World Before the reform, from 1949 to 1985, Tianjin's tap Bank through two World Bank lending projects. Under water price had consistently been CNY 0.08/m3. Such a the project currently under implementation, a loan of low price "tariff" of a subsidy nature can neither enable about US$100 million has invested in urban drainage enterprises to expand production nor encourage water facility construction. The World Bank has also helped conservation. Since 1985, therefore, Tianjin has been Tianjin obtain a Global Environment Facility (GEF) grant practicing the method of "fast running in small paces" to complement the lending project. It is the strongest to raise the price gradually. Since 1985 the price has support from the World Bank to Tianjin. Through been raised 8 times, gradually creating conditions for the World Bank lending projects, advanced international establishment of the sound pricing mechanism of "cost + concepts, technologies and management experiences are profit + tax". introduced, providing excellent assistance to the reform, construction and management of the Tianjin water sector. Tianjin has strengthened market supervision in the reform. In 2001, in accordance with government reform, the Water Supply Administration Division of the government became independent from the Water Conservation Office. The Water SupplyAssociation was also separated from government agencies. The Association has expanded its membership and is represented extensively throughout the sector. Major Tianjin newspapers, radio stations and TV 11 THE WORLD BANK China Urban Development Quarterly Issue 3 3~6 . 2007 Overview of the E-Governance As of June 2008, 50% of all government operations have been supported by information technology. About 1,060 Development in the Beijing Municipality Editor's Note: Mr. Zhu Yan, Director General of the Beijing Municipal Office of Informatization, gave a presentation on Beijing's E-Governance development at the World Bank in Washington, DC, on October 17, 2006. The following summary is based on Mr. Zhu's presentation with updated information. E-Governance Development was one of the key projects targeted in the 10th Five-Year Plan (2001-2005) for Informatization of the Beijing Municipality. The Beijing Informatization Office is the municipal government agency responsible for promoting development of e-governance in Beijing. With the development during the last five years, the level of Beijing's e-governance development ranks very high nationally. Front page of Web Portal of Beijing Municipal In terms of internet infrastructure, Beijing has reached Government, Window of the Capital a high level. Currently Beijing has nearly five million (Photo:Beijing Informatization Office) internet users, about one-third of all its residents, which is the highest ratio in China's cities. More than 200,000 "CN" domain names have been created in Beijing, almost one-fifth of the country's total.About 130,000 operational databases with real-time updates and 301 core web sites are published, which is also almost one-fifth operational systems have been established for municipal of the national total. Over 25 million users have access government agencies. Fifty percent of all districts and to broadband internet. Internet coverage includes all counties have established a uniform e-governance administrative villages and most primary and middle application platform, and initial sharing of information schools. Digital life is becoming a key element in resources has been realized within the boundary of promoting citizens' quality of life. a county or a district. Data from communities and villages is being collected. A data exchange platform for The network infrastructure for e-governance has also information resources on municipal services has been been expanding. The e-government intranet consists of 5 created. E-governance training for public servants has core nodes and 31 sink nodes. The connection between been completed, with a total of 93,000 trainees. the municipal government and districts, counties, towns, sub-districts, villages, and residential communities is The municipal government's web portal, Window of the basically established. The first batch of 130 base stations Capital (http://www.beijing.gov.cn/), consists of a cluster has been built for the wireless e-government intranet, with a main site and 164 sub-sites, a total of 129 online with a capacity of 50,000 users. It is expected that its services, 921 form downloads, and 1,520 document capacity will be upgraded to between 150,000 to 200,000 downloads. The main web site receives an average of users before 2008, to serve the needs of the Olympics. over 60 million hits every month and 120 to 200 emails every day. By publishing information on municipal 12 China Urban Development Quarterly Issue 3 3~6 . 2007 policies and regulations, government announcements, construction of an information society, Beijing will have government service guides and instructions, approval information technology support in 100% of government procedures, and government bids, the portal provides a operations, and 80% of government services will be put new communication channel between the government, online. enterprises and the public. The e-governance system has been playing an important (Please visit www.Beijing.gov.cn for more information.) role in running the city, especially on operations related to health care and insurance, taxation, transport, underground pipe networks, and crisis management. World Exposition Shanghai More than 600 Digital Beijing information kiosks have been set up in public areas, providing citizens with 2010 Calling for Proposals of information on all aspects of life. The information kiosks receive over 14 million hits every month. Beijing Public Urban Best Practices Service Radio programs invite government officials to live shows, which is warmly welcomed by the citizens. Over 8,000 mobile televisions are installed in more than 4,000 buses. E-Beijing, the official Beijing web site (http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/) for international visitors was also launched. More than 2.5 million online transactions are processed through the local taxation information management system. "A Million Families Go Online" project has trained more than 100,000 people on internet skills. Public information service centers "IT home" have been set up in 130 residential communities and 58 villages, with more than 30,000 people trained at those centers. A new model of Urban Grid Management, based on geographic information system (GIS) technology, and an urban crisis The World Exposition Shanghai China 2010 (the Expo) management information system are in operation, which will be held in Shanghai from May 1st to October 31st, effectively promote the people-oriented and detail- 2010, with the theme of "Better City, Better Life". The oriented management of the city. Expo Committee has decided to set up an Urban Best Practices Area (UBPA), which will be an extraordinary The main tasks for e-governance development in Beijing innovation in the history of world expositions, thus before the Olympic Games include: (1) sharing of creating one of the most striking features of the Shanghai information resources on population, enterprises, space, World Expo. Located at Zone E with the area of 15 ha., basic macroscopic information, city management UBPA will offer a great stage for cities to propose their and public services; 2) speeding up the completion of solutions to urban issues from different perspectives and key e-governance projects, including projects on city through their best practices in different thematic fields. management, decision making, crisis management, UBPA will be both an exhibition area and an exhibit migrant population management, public health, public itself, and it will constitute the largest Thematic Pavilion safety, transport, food safety, environment protection, in the Shanghai Expo 2010. It will be a fascinating zone information platform of municipal services, and for a period of 6 months. With the approval of UBPA' Olympics calling centers; and (3) promoting the balanced s International Selection Committee (ISC), the Bureau development of all sectors, districts and counties. of the Shanghai World Expo Coordination invites cities from all over the world to submit their proposals for As a matter of fact, e-governance is assigned the dual UBPA. These proposals made by the cities will fall under missions of building "online government" and at the the category of "Self-Recommended Exhibition Cases". same time leading the reform of the administrative system, and promoting the development of a law-based UBPA is designed as one of the most important pillars government. In the next five-year plan (2006-2010), for the development of the theme of "Better City, Better in accordance with the principle of speeding up the Life". Four exhibition fields have been designed as 13 THE WORLD BANK China Urban Development Quarterly Issue 3 3~6 . 2007 follows: Livable Cities, Sustainable Urbanization, expansion. Within just 30 years, cities in developing Protection and Utilization of Historical Heritages and countries will triple their entire built-up urban area ­ Technological Innovation in Built Environment. Cases generating the same amount of urban area as the entire should be of International Recognition, Innovation, world had cumulatively generated by the year 2000. of great replication value. They shall be significantly innovative, reflecting in the dimensions will be . considered. The selection also gives balance to different Projections show that if local and national policies do regions, races, cultures, developed and developing not change, much of the new imminent urbanization will countries will be taken into consideration. Around 30 be characterized by more slums. Hundreds of millions cases will be finally chosen. of new slum dwellers will suffer from the relentless inhuman conditions that affect the already very large The International Selection Committee was established population living in slums. in Shanghai from April 25 to 26, 2007. The members' main responsibilities of the members are to define the But this need not be the case. Adaptive and proactive selection criteria and specifications, assist the Expo strategies for slums have, and can, increase the wellbeing organizer in incorporating the selected cases / projects into the UBPA Master Plan and select the Best Exhibit(s) in the UBPA during the whole duration of the Expo. ISC members are Representatives from UN Habitat, BIE, UNDP, UNEP, UNESCO, the World Bank, OECD, the Asian Development Bank, UCLG and the mayors of Paris, Geneva and Zaragoza. Chinese relevant ministries, urban administrators and urban researchers are also members of this committee. (Expressions of interest started on May 1, 2007, and will end on August 31, 2007. For more detailed instructions and to download the application form, please visit the Expo 2010 official website at: http://www.expo2010china. com.) Urban Slums in Mauritania (Photo: Task team of the Mauritania Slum Upgrading Project, World Bank) Approaches to Urban Slums: of millions of existing and potential slum dwellers, A Multimedia Sourcebook while further unlocking the ability of these citizens to strengthen both urban and national economies ­ thereby on Adaptive and Proactive creating a powerful upward spiral. "Approaches to Urban Slums" is a multimedia Strategies sourcebook with a total viewing time of over 9 hours. The sourcebook's content builds on an extensive body of knowledge that has been accumulated over the last 35 years, and is drawn from a diverse range of sources. The lives of hundreds of millions of slum dwellers are It is organized into the 4 broad sections of: Adaptive threatened by the lack of access to the most basic human Approaches, ProactiveApproaches, Case Profiles and requirements: water, sanitation, shelter, health and Thematic Interviews. The modular structure makes it education. The nature and extent of the daily challenges easy for users to access the content based on their own posed by existing slums are not just daunting, they are convenience, interest and requirements. It is also an open life threatening sourcebook and more cases and modules can be added. The sourcebook has two versions in English and Spanish, But consider the future challenges posed by urban and will be translated into Chinese, which could assist China's extensive cooperation with other development 14 China Urban Development Quarterly Issue 3 3~6 . 2007 countries throughout the world, making sure that the with the Institute of Global Environmental Studies, experience from the World Bank is internalized in China. describes how community groups and local governments have emerged as pioneers of groundbreaking policies The sourcebook's objective is to ensure that sharing to address both poverty and environmental concerns, knowledge and building capacity eventual for crucial in some cases surpassing the efforts of their national real-world actions: be they policy changes, operational governments. "The task of saving the world's modern cities might seem hopeless--except that it is already happening," said Christopher Flavin, president of the Worldwatch Institute. "Necessities from food to energy are increasingly being produced by urban pioneers inside city limits." projects, or national investment programs. It is explores the many dimensions of what is arguably one of the most critical global challenges of this millennium. (Barjor Mehta and Arish Dastur of the World Bank Institute's Urban and Local Government Program are the editors of the Sourcebook. For more information, please contact Barjor Mehta at bmehta@worldbank.org, or Arish Dastur at adastur@worldbank.org) 2007 State of the World: Cover of State of the World Our Urban Future (Picture: Worldwatch Institute) Among the many examples of cities taking the lead in shaping a sustainable future cited in the report: As recently as a century ago, the vast majority of the world's people lived in rural areas, but by 2008 more ·In Karachi, Pakistan, the Orangi Pilot Project has than half of all people will live in urban areas. Over 60 linked hundreds of thousands of low-income households million people are now added to the planet's burgeoning in informal settlements with good-quality sewers. By cities and suburbs each year, mostly in low-income urban taking charge of the pipes connecting their houses to settlements in developing countries. lane sewers, local residents cut costs to a fifth of what they would have been charged by the official water and State of the World 2007: Our Urban Future, released sanitation agency. on April 22 by the Worldwatch Institute in partnership ·In Freetown, Sierra Leone, after the cessation 15 THE WORLD BANK China Urban Development Quarterly Issue 3 3~6 . 2007 of a multi-year civil war, a swelling population has to the urban poor, bolstering urban farming, and successfully turned to urban farming to meet much of its improving public transportation. Additionally, the report food demand. recommends devoting more resources to information gathering on urban issues so that city, national, and ·In Rizhao, China, a government program enabled 99 international entities can better assess development percent of households in the central districts to obtain priorities. solar water heaters, while most traffic signals and street and park lights are powered by solar cells, limiting the "A city is a collective dream. To build this dream is city's carbon emissions and urban pollution. vital," observes Jaime Lerner, the former governor of Paranį, Brazil, and the former mayor of Curitiba, in his ·In Bogotį, Colombia, engineers improved upon the foreword to the report. "It is in our cities that we can iconic bus rapid transit system of Curitiba, Brazil, to make the most progress toward a more peaceful and create the TransMilenio, which has helped decrease air balanced planet, so we can look at an urban world with pollution, increase quality of life, and inspire similar optimism instead of fear." projects in Europe, North America, and Asia. (Editors of the Quarterly based the texts on the While no single set of "best practices" would enable all Press Release of the Publication by the Worldwatch cities to successfully address the challenges of poverty Institute. The Chinese version of this publication has and environmental degradation, State of the World been published in China by the China Environmental 2007 focuses on areas where urban leadership can have Science Press. For more information on this publication huge benefits for the planet and human development. and about Worldwatch Institute, please visit www. These include providing water and sanitation services worldwatch.org ) Disclaimer The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author(s), and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. China Urban Development Quarterly is a joint production of World Bank EastAsia and Pacific Region Urban Development Unit and Urban and Local Government Program of World Bank Institute. The Quarterly is an environment-friendly publication, printed in soy ink and on recycled paper. Please visit the Quarterly's website www. ChinaUrbanQuarterly.org, and send your feedback to UrbanQuarterly@worldbank.org 16