52940 EAP DRM KnowledgeNotes Working Paper Series No. 4 disaster risk management in east asia and the Pacific Planning for urban and townshiP settlements after the earthquake By Edward Leman introduction This note builds on the proactive measures taken by the Government of China as announced in: (i) the Decree of © The World Bank the State Council of the People's Republic of China, No. 526 (Decree) issued on 9 June 2008, providing regulations on post-Wenchuan Earthquake reconstruction; (ii) the Direc- tive on Counterpart Assistance (Directive) of 11 June 2008; and, (iii) the Land Policies to Support the Reconstruction of Wench- uan (Land Policies) of 11 June 2008 by the Ministry of Land and Natural Resources. This note cites selected international experience in reconstruction from recent earthquakes in Kobe, Japan; Gujarat, India; Bam, Iran; and Marmara, Turkey. The Wenchuan Earthquake affected a wide spectrum of rural and urban settlements in varying geographic contexts across a large area. The government quickly devised four categories of damage for the provinces of Gansu, Shaanxi, and Sichuan: (i) extremely affected, (ii) heavily affected, (iii) moderately affected, and (iv) affected areas. Analysis of the then-interim information on affected towns, townships, counties, and cities suggested that settlement planning efforts would need to respond to very different contexts. In extremely affected areas (EAAs), reconstruction should address: n Small towns and villages in isolated mountainous valleys (e.g., counties of Wenchuan and Beichuan): These would require village-based planning approaches, including consolidation and construction of new villages in a few areas. n Medium-sized towns in isolated mountainous valleys (e.g., towns of Nanba in Pingwu County, Qiaozhuang in Qingchuan County, Qushan in Beichuan County): These would require structured planning. n Suburban villages and small towns near small- and medium-sized cities (e.g., the cluster of extremely affected This working paper series is produced by the East Asia and Pacific Disaster Risk Management Team of the World Bank, with support from the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR). This note was prepared for the Government of China as part of a series of good practice notes on post-disaster recovery following the Wenchuan Earthquake that struck on May 12, 2008. Content was coordinated by the China and Mongolia Sustainable Development and Country Management Units of the World Bank. The focus is on sector-specific lessons from past post- earthquake recovery programs in different countries around the world. 2 disaster risk management in east asia and the Pacific towns and townships around Dujiangyan): Planning how urban develoPment Planning could improve integration of these villages and towns can suPPort reconstruction with the cities, and some infrastructure services could Although approaches may differ, they all should ad- be extended. dress the basic objectives of effective urban planning: (i) n Large- and medium-sized towns adjacent to county- defining the types, locations, quantities, and intensities level cities at the edge of the Sichuan Plain (e.g., the of land uses; (ii) ensuring the availability of land (land towns of Hangwang and Zundao near Mianzhu in supply); (iii) ensuring the serviceability of land for al- Deyang). located uses (i.e., provision of infrastructure services); n Suburban and urban areas of these county-level cities and, (iv) facilitating the connectivity between land uses may require major adjustments or expansion of city (i.e., transport networks and services). master plans: The scale and scope of reconstruction Urban planning is critical in effective reconstruction efforts are likely to be very broad. planning. It sets the framework within which affected In heavily affected areas (HAAs), although the severity populations can permanently reestablish their liveli- of damage was more limited, the number of settlements hoods. It also allows enterprises to securely resume or is greater and includes: start new operations. n Suburban villages and small towns (e.g., around Successful international experience shows that effective Chongzhou and Deyang). post-disaster urban planning can: n Villages and towns adjacent to medium- and large- n Provide a powerful instrument for incorporating di- sized cities (e.g., Mianyang and the northern districts saster risk management into redevelopment efforts. of Chengdu): These cities may require adjustments n Provide a framework for coordinated, integrative ef- to city and district master plans to better integrate forts toward sustainable reconstruction by defining the these areas into urban regions. framework within which infrastructure, transport, en- n Outer areas and pockets of inner-urban areas of these vironmental management, and development occur. cities, possibly requiring the planning of large-scale n Provide a framework for setting and adhering to re- redevelopment of more formalized precincts and construction priorities. communities. n Facilitate monitoring of performance and progress. The type of development planning needed in isolated n Provide a disciplined framework for reconstruction areas would be quite different from those required in financing (capital investment budgeting, changes to suburban or inner urban areas of large cities. There fiscal revenue assignments, and fiscal transfers). would not be a "one size fits all" approach to the process n Provide stakeholders with a common basis for respond- and content of urban planning for reconstruction. It is ing to unforeseen needs and new constraints as the city, recommended that the government accelerate the dam- town, or village evolves through reconstruction. age and loss assessment to help determine the scale and extent of planning required. It would also guide the dif- urbanization and reconstruction ferentiation of approaches to post-disaster urban plan- Policy: reducing reconstruction ning efforts. Pressures A prerequisite to post-disaster urban planning is ensur- ing that planning is directed to areas that need it the Planning for urban and township settlements after the earthquake 3 most. The government could consider several policy op- and cities: Some of the affected villages and towns were tions to better-focus planning efforts. in regions that have been lagging economically for de- cades. The rationalization and consolidation of strategic Facilitate voluntary resettlement to unaffected areas: towns would need to be coordinated with the resettlement Reconstruction pressures could be reduced by giving resi- of inhabitants from dangerous areas, and could focus on dents of affected areas the choice of moving permanently towns and cities that clearly have: (i) the capacity to gen- to unaffected towns and cities, especially if a sponsoring erate additional employment and nonwage economic op- family member had already migrated and become suc- portunities for resettled households; and (ii) the fiscal and cessfully established prior to the earthquake. Compen- institutional capacities to expand current levels of health, sation to affected family members could take the form education, and social services. Selecting these towns and of resettlement assistance instead of the housing grants cities presents challenges and requires accurate and current offered by the government for the rebuilding of homes. information to assess their absorption capacities within the Some national government assistance to local govern- context of regional economic development. ments in receiving areas could be given to offset the costs of additional education and social service obligations. Process guidelines for urban This policy could be structured to continue the intent of Planning and imPlementation the Directive on Counterpart Assistance. For households Given the urgency of reconstruction, there is not enough who do not have migrant members in unaffected areas, time or resources to follow the current hierarchy of stat- the government could consider a similar model but limit- utory urban plans in China. The major exceptions to ed to resettlement in towns and cities within the original current policy on land management, announced by the or adjacent prefecture-level city. This approach is consis- Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources (MLNR) on tent with the long-standing government policy promot- 11 June 2008, are a precedent for the kinds of excep- ing rural­urban migration to towns and small cities.1 tions to statutory urban planning practice that the Min- Abandonment of unsustainable settlements at high istry of Housing and Urban and Rural Development risk: The Decree clearly recognizes that the Wenchuan (MHURD) should formulate. Earthquake caused almost total devastation in some International experience indicates that what is needed in villages and towns. Unsustainable settlements at high earthquake-affected areas is not new master plans and risk may need to be abandoned. This is a very difficult urban designs but rather iterative urban development policy decision, and one that should be considered with strategies. These should be supported by economic and care. Experience shows that new settlements can lead to social development policies and priority action pro- social problems and lack of accessibility to employment grams in key sectors. The government should consider and means of livelihood. However, in some cases relo- a more adaptable approach to urban planning during cation may need to be considered to ensure the safety reconstruction comprised of: of remaining residents in dangerous zones. While the Decree states that these settlements will need to be re- n Rapid declaration of a strategic vision for affected constructed in other locations, the government could settlements. consider a strategy of consolidating villages and towns. n Preparation of structure plans that establish planning intentions, but without the degree of detail inherent Rationalization and consolidation of strategic towns in current master plans. 4 disaster risk management in east asia and the Pacific n Preparation of concept plans for affected precincts concept Plan and communities. A concept plan applies the principles and policies of the structure plan to define the specific planning require- strategic vision ments to the detailed planning and development of pri- In Kobe, the government announced its strategic vision ority areas.3 For Wenchuan Earthquake reconstruction, for the city three months after the earthquake, provid- the concept plan would become a broader, more strategic ing residents with a focus on the future and demon- (but still statutory) replacement of the current detailed strating its readiness and resolve to rebuild a better city. plan for a control mechanism. The concept plan needs This strategic vision guided all subsequent planning to incorporate the geological risk assessment required and reconstruction efforts over a ten-year period. Given by MLNR in its land policies of 11 June 2008. that the State Council has articulated its overall vision Of critical importance in the preparation of both struc- for Wenchuan Earthquake reconstruction, local gov- ture and concept plans is the definition of measurable ernments in affected areas should articulate visions for indicators and benchmarks. The indicators should be their communities at the earliest possible time. developed in close consultation with affected communi- ties. The purpose is to allow monitoring and evaluation structure Plan to be carried out, help residents understand the progress A structure plan sets out broad principles and policies achieved, and elucidate the paths to success for the gov- for the development of a town or city.2 It is typically at ernment. Indicators should be as specific as possible: for the city or district level and is a flexible outline of the instance, the extent of new residential areas developed planning intent for the area. The plan should include with sufficient municipal infrastructure, and accessibil- information on: (i) hazard areas and mitigation policies; ity improvements from road construction measured in (ii) environmental and heritage attributes; (iii) roads travel times to city or town centers. and public transport; and, (iv) broad land-use zoning and maximum densities. The planning process should also allow for: A structure plan needs to be flexible. As reconstruction Relaxing of planning standards based on local con- progresses, it needs to be regularly updated to reflect ditions: As with land policies of the MLNR, the gov- unforeseen outcomes of migration and economic trends, ernment could consider suspending some or all of the and changing fiscal capacities of local governments. The national planning standards for Wenchuan Earthquake structure plan should form the basis for all infrastruc- reconstruction, as long as all safety and security perfor- ture and transport planning and investment. The plan mance standards are met and certified by a competent should designate the priority areas for redevelopment. provincial or national authority. An important first step in planning for Wenchuan Ensuring land supply: The post-Wenchuan Earthquake Earthquake reconstruction is to define the scope of de- land policies set out by the MLNR proactively address a tail appropriate to structure plans for the different types critical requirement for reconstruction planning that is, of affected cities and towns. Structure plans need to be ensuring that sufficient land is made available in loca- given the same statutory effect as current master plans. tions where and when it is most needed. International Structure plans should be prepared and adopted within experience underscores the importance of having up- a maximum period of three to six months. to-date information on all types of affected properties. Planning for urban and township settlements after the earthquake 5 Current, accurate, and codified cadastral information is Planning guidelines required for land parcels to quickly and securely enter the This section outlines planning guidelines that could be reconstruction land market and be redeveloped. It is rec- 4 considered in Wenchuan Earthquake reconstruction, ommended that the government quickly assess the status based on the World Bank's experience in reconstruction of available land and as part of part of reconstruction, ini- and urban/regional development. tiate a program to update, regularize, store, and distribute Maximize connectivity at the regional scale: The resto- cadastral information in a secure digital format. ration of social and market supply linkages between af- Explicitly incorporating disaster risk management into fected settlements is key to the reestablishment of liveli- urban and rural planning: The Decree effectively out- hoods and enterprises. In the case of areas affected by lines requirements for incorporating hazard assessments the Wenchuan Earthquake, experience suggests that a into reconstruction planning. Structured technical as- strategy of connecting towns and villages to nearby cit- sistance and rapid training may be needed, including by ies, and villages to nearby towns should guide priorities professionals from other countries who have incorpo- in the reconstruction and expansion of road networks. rated risk management into reconstruction planning of However, roads alone are not enough: attention also their earthquake-stricken towns and cities.5 needs to be given to facilitating the reestablishment of Active community engagement: International experi- public bus and truck transport services as soon as pos- ence shows that effective outcomes of post-disaster urban sible. These linkages will also serve to support more planning depend almost as much on the planning process efficient logistics required to move materials and labor as on the content of the final plan. Its realization depends needed in reconstruction. on the participation and commitment of all key stake- Site selection for new settlements: The generally rec- holders.6 The participatory preparation of a post-disaster ommended practice for the siting of new settlements is urban development plan can act as a very strong unifying that they be located as close as possible to the original force in affected communities. Consistent with the Decree, (now devastated) village, town, or city. This facilitates local governments will need to carefully balance the need access to rural landholdings, maintains market supply for speed and completeness with the very real and signifi- linkages, and retains cultural ties to the original locale. cant social benefits of active community engagement. However, in the case of the Wenchuan Earthquake, Ensuring adequate implementation capacities: Urban many of the settlements that will need to be replaced plans will not be implemented without sufficient in- are likely in isolated mountainous areas, or along nar- stitutional and fiscal capacities at the local government row river valleys that are subject to continuing risk from and community levels. While the State Council's coun- landslides, mudflows, and floods. Agricultural landhold- terpart assistance program is a very significant effort, ings may have been destroyed or severely damaged. In its time frame is currently three years. As part of recon- these cases, moving to another valley or mountain could struction, the government could consider structuring a be as socially and economically disruptive to households comprehensive, long-term program to strengthen local as moving to an entirely different but safer area, includ- planning, monitoring and evaluation, and reconstruc- ing to larger towns and cities. Given that virtually all tion management capacities at the district, town, and collectively owned land is already contracted out, resi- village levels in affected areas. dents of communities where agricultural land has been destroyed are likely to have little choice but to move to 6 disaster risk management in east asia and the Pacific towns and cities. Aside from the geotechnical and en- tute policies that provide for the rapid demolition and gineering issues raised in the Decree, the reconstruction remediation of affected industrial sites to integrate these of devastated settlements without a viable agricultural strategic land parcels into reconstruction planning. land base needs to be considered in light of the pros- Resist enclave development: The preceding guideline pects for sustaining livelihoods. While a new village or does not necessarily mean that communities should be town site might meet engineering criteria, if livelihoods completely relocated without consideration of the wider cannot be reestablished and sustained, the viability of social networks in receiving locations. Experience shows new settlements is difficult to achieve. that building enclaves for newcomers usually leads to Maximize accessibility: The structure of labor and sup- social exclusion, weak integration of migrants into town ply markets in affected areas will likely change as a result and city life, and a wide range of social problems. Plan- of the earthquake, in some cases quite considerably. In ners need to carefully locate and integrate relocation ar- suburban villages and towns, nonfarm workers will need eas into the existing fabric of receiving towns and cities, to quickly reestablish employment or nonwage activities and ensure their accessibility to places of employment (perhaps with different enterprises). Supply chains are and settlement wide social and cultural facilities. also likely to change. A critical role of urban/town plan- ning is to maximize physical accessibility of workers to recommendations and between enterprises. Prepare and announce an urbanization (or rural­urban migration) policy for Wenchuan Earthquake recon- Emergency preparedness: An additional important struction. The policy should at least define: consideration is planning for the mitigation of future disasters by ensuring emergency accessibility for rescue n Circumstances under which permanent urban hukou, personnel and for rapid evacuation of affected areas, as or the transfer of urban hukou to other municipalities, in Kobe7 and Gujarat. will need to be considered for affected households (e.g., dispersed households prior to the earthquake in Consolidate unused land: Considerable tracts of land, which one or two main income earners were migrant especially in the suburban areas of towns and cities, are workers outside of the affected areas, and rural house- largely unused. Some of that land is likely to be applied to holds in which landholdings were either destroyed or temporary shelters. For reconstruction planning, unused at an unacceptable level of continued risk). and temporarily used sites need to be quickly identified n Receiving locations for which urban hukou will be and property rights consolidated to facilitate their entry granted (e.g., coastal cities where migrants were into the stock of land available for new development. working; counterpart assistance jurisdictions; and New uses for lagging industrial precincts and obsolete towns/county-level cities or urban area of prefecture- infrastructure: The earthquake has reportedly damaged level cities where the household originated). some areas in which old industrial and infrastructure fa- n Rights associated with the new urban hukou and cilities had persisted, despite restructuring efforts by the rights to collectively owned land that residents would government. With proper site remediation, the redevel- permanently exchange. opment of what are likely comparatively large tracts of n Compensation to households who choose to migrate. land could have significant impact on the urban struc- n Compensation (if any) to receiving municipalities to ture of towns and cities. The government should insti- partially offset increased social, education, and health Planning for urban and township settlements after the earthquake 7 care service costs. The government could consider disaster risk management into development plans. Ongo- making this policy time-bound. ing training to build local capacities in this field should continue. The most effective instructors or mentors in Prepare and announce a Wenchuan Earthquake urban these measures are likely to be planners who have already and rural planning policy. Similar to the intent of ML- gone through similar reconstruction planning processes in NR's Wenchuan land policies, the policy should define: response to earthquakes and similar disasters in their own n Exceptions to the statutory master, secondary, and cities, including from outside of China. n detailed plans for control mechanisms for Wenchuan reconstruction. end notes n Key parameters, information, and level of detail that 1 Experience in other countries indicates that, if given the option, many households will want to migrate out of af- the structure and concept plans (or similar) will be fected areas. For example, in Marmara (Turkey), 18 percent required to contain. of households in affected areas declared their intention to n Minimum levels of community participation and move to other towns and cities. 2 Structure plans were prepared and adopted within four consultation in plan preparation. months in Bam (Iran) and seven months in Kobe ( Japan) n Streamlined approvals process for structure and con- after their respective earthquakes. cept plans (or similar), including retroactive approvals. 3 Concept plans also have become effective instruments for n Maximum time period allowed for the preparation of explicitly addressing the protection and restoration of cul- tural heritage sites. In Bam, at the request of the Govern- these plans. ment of Iran, UNESCO quickly and simultaneously in- n Statutory status of these plans. cluded the "city of Bam and its cultural landscape" on its n Statutory relationship of these plans to sectoral infra- World Heritage List and on the World Heritage in Danger structure and transport plans and public investment List; this provided impetus to a comprehensive reconstruc- tion project, supported by UNESCO, for the 2,500 year old programs. Citadel and numerous other damaged heritage sites. n Processes through which structure plans are to be 4 In Marmara (Turkey) a major program to update and up- prepared that cross municipal jurisdictions (e.g., dis- grade cadastral information in affected areas was conducted with World Bank assistance. trict and adjoining county-level city, and town and 5 Also in Marmara, a targeted national training program was de- adjoining county-level city). livered to local decision makers on the urban development pro- n Clearly stipulate which national planning standards cess and risk management through urban planning and building are suspended or relaxed for Wenchuan Earthquake regulation; training addressed the needs of practicing land use and integrating urban development planners, with special em- reconstruction and for what period of time. phasis on the creation of hazard maps and their incorporation into special project zone plan documents. Design and implement a local capacity-building pro- 6 In Kobe ( Japan), the government actively engaged affected gram on disaster-related urban and rural planning: communities and stakeholders by forming community develop- Incorporating disaster risk avoidance, mitigation, and re- ment councils (Machizukuri) that had significant influence on sponse measures into reconstruction planning is critical. outputs and outcomes of the urban and community planning process throughout the 10 years of reconstruction. Similarly These measures are not generally well known to profes- high levels of community engagement were also successfully sional planners in areas that have not experienced disas- structured in the affected towns and cities of Gujarat (India). ters similar to the Wenchuan Earthquake. Professional 7 Kobe incorporated into its urban structure plan an emer- gency transportation network providing access and egress planners, engineers, transport planners, and local authori- for rescue vehicles and evacuation of affected residents. It ties working on urban and rural planning in affected areas also incorporated an open space network and green buffers could benefit from rapid training on how to incorporate as mitigation measures in the new urban structure plan. 8 disaster risk management in east asia and the Pacific annex 1: summary descriptions of international major earthquake disasters great hanshin-awaJi earthquake, kobe, JaPan characteristics date: 1995 (17 Jan.) country: Japan location: Hyogo magnitude: 7.3 Prefecture context geographic: Coastal, along northwest and north settlement: Predominantly metropolitan region shores of Osaka Bay; urban area surrounded by low (3.8 million residents in 1995). coastal mountains to west, north, and east. effects deaths: 6,433 missing: 3 homeless: 316,678 (at peak) buildings destroyed: buildings seriously transportation: Collapse infrastructure: Electricity 249,180 homes totally or damaged: Earthquake and major damage to cut to 2.6 million homes; partially destroyed. was followed by extensive elevated expressways gas service lost to fires. and bridges; extensive 845,000 homes; water damage to port facilities, supply cut to 1.27 million railways, subways, and homes. Shinkanshen (bullet train) line. key lessons for wenchuan (urban Planning) 1. Rapid and coordinated sequencing of principles, vision, and plans: Governor of Hyogo Prefecture publicly announced the basic principles for the reconstruction three days after earthquake; public articulation of strategic vision three months after; issue of the city reconstruction plan for priority emergency areas three months after; issue of the reconstruction master plan seven months after; issue of the city reconstruction master plan eight months after; issue of Hyogo Prefecture Housing Reconstruction Plan (three year plan period) eight months after; and Hyogo Prefecture Infrastructure Reconstruction Plan (three year plan period) 11 months after the earthquake. 2. Establishment of a coordination committee among affected cities and towns (five months after the earthquake). 3. Extensive public consultation and participation in redevelopment planning (Machizukuri, or community development councils). 4. Extensive replanning of affected areas: Development projects decided after two months, during which reconstruction was frozen by government; 124.6 hectares in land readjustment projects; 25.9 hectares in urban development projects (most of which had already been proposed before the earthquake); and new district plans (five sites) covering 70.6 hectares. 5. Incorporation into urban structure plan of emergency transportation network providing access and egress for rescue vehicles and evacuation. 6. Incorporation of open space network and green buffers as mitigation measures in new urban plan. world bank support: Project name: n/a loan/credit no.: n/a ida/ibrd: n/a Planning for urban and township settlements after the earthquake 9 bam earthquake, iran characteristics date: 2003 (26 Dec.) country: Iran location: Bam District magnitude: 6.5 context geographic: Generally flat highland in the Jaz-Murian settlement: Mixed urban/rural, with comparatively Basin between Zagros and East Iran Mountains Ranges; large anchor city: Bam District comprises Bam City highly active seismic area. (92,000 residents in 2003), two nearby towns, and 900 surrounding villages; total population of 200,000; numerous and widespread date orchards scattered within the city of Bam itself providing key local livelihoods. effects deaths: 26,000 injured: 30,000 homeless: 75,600 buildings destroyed: buildings seriously transportation: Major infrastructure: More than 85 percent damaged: 24,598 urban damage to local airport, Extensive damage to of city (largely mud and housing units severely 190 km of highways, water supply and drainage dried-brick construction) damaged; 24,715 rural 20 km of city, town, and systems; severe damage destroyed, including much housing units severely village roads. to telecommunications of Bam's 2,500 year damaged within 16 km lines (> 380 km), old fortress (Arg-e Bam radius of Bam; 3,346 switching centers, and Citadel), a major religious commercial units in the city microwave station; and national heritage site, (shops and workshops) Qanats, the traditional and among the largest severely damaged; in underground irrigation earthen structures in the addition to Arg-e Bam systems, sustained severe world. Citadel, 26 other cultural damage, threatening heritage sites experienced sustainability of the date significant damage. industry. key lessons for wenchuan (urban Planning) 1. Explicit strategy for community consultation articulated very soon after the earthquake; design to explicitly include implementation agencies, community leaders, NGOs, women, youth and children; very high level of community participation in rebuilding of housing and local infrastructure. 2. Structure Plan (2015) for the city of Bam approved by High Council of Urban Planning and Architecture at Central Ministry of Housing and Urban Development (MHUD) four months after the earthquake. 3. Structure Plan specifically addressed need to respect the traditional architecture and urban design of the city and villages, to protect buffer zones, minimize resettlement, and minimize expropriation through reuse of land; structure plan formed basis for subsequent more detailed planning of priority reconstruction areas. 4. Housing reconstruction predominantly on existing sites (80 percent of urban housing was privately owned) to higher seismic standards using nontraditional technology. 5. Pursuant to the structure plan, reconstruction plans were prepared for 11 areas in the city of Bam: Each area had a different planner (reducing chances of scaleless uniformity); similarly, two commercial areas had different planning teams; all plans were reviewed by National Engineering Association of Iran and a newly established Architectural Committee at the national level reporting to MHUD. 6. In 2004 at the request of Government of Iran, Bam and its cultural landscape were included by UNESCO on its World Heritage List and on the World Heritage in Danger List; this provided impetus for a comprehensive reconstruction project, supported by UNESCO, for the Citadel and numerous other damaged heritage sites. world bank support: Project name: Bam Project id: P088060 ibrd: USD 220 m Earthquake Emergency Reconstruction Project (2004) 10 disaster risk management in east asia and the Pacific marmara earthquake, turkey characteristics date: 1999 (17 Aug.) country: Turkey location: 7 provinces in magnitude: 7.4 region context geographic: Coastal, valley, and highland areas over a settlement: Mix of urban and rural settlements with wide area between Istanbul and Ankara east of the Sea concentration in medium-sized cities; areas of peak of Marmara. damage included cities (provinces): Izmit, Iznik (Nicea), Gebze, Sakarya (Adapazari), Duzce. effects deaths: 17,000 homeless: Between 400,000-600,000 buildings destroyed: buildings seriously transportation: infrastructure: 113,000, many built damaged: 213,843. Overpass on the motorway Extensive damage to illegally in areas not between Izmit and Ankara municipal water supply, zoned for residential collapsed; extensive drainage, sewers, local development. damage to city and village electric networks; main roads, and to connecting fiber optic cable was roads. cut (backbone of the telephone into the region); national electric power grid damaged causing a widespread power blackout. key lessons for wenchuan (urban Planning) 1. Pilot projects implemented in six selected municipalities to assist local building and planning departments in preparing and implementing risk-based municipal urban development plans, incorporating approaches to disaster prevention, minimization, mitigation, and recovery. 2. Standardization of detailed municipal hazard and vulnerability assessments. 3. Targeted, national training program for local decision makers on the urban development process and risk management through urban planning and building regulation; training addressed the needs of practicing land-use and urban develop- ment planners with special emphasis on the creation of hazard maps and their incorporation into master plan special project zone plan documents; training also addressed methods of public information and public participation in planning as means to support public safety interest in limiting illegal land use. 4. Comprehensive cadastral renovation and land management program designed and implemented to: (i) supply current and reliable land information to cope with the post-earthquake situation, and update and improve obsolete registers and maps; and, (ii) facilitate land supply operations, with emphasis on housing schemes and the overall improvement of the land market. 5. Establishment and codification in laws and regulations of a hierarchy and standardization of national, regional, and municipal plan documents. 6. Establishment of clear criteria for site selection for new development areas: (i) proximity to existing infrastructure, social facilities, transportation, and employment opportunities; (ii) appropriateness of proposed housing standard: type of housing to be built is appropriate for lower middle-class families; future value limited by typology and, therefore, located where potential urbanized land values match economic potential in order to avoid future real estate market distortions; (iii) consideration of existing nearby housing capacity, existing and planned increases in the housing supply such as cooperatives that are planned or under construction; and, (iv) consideration of existing structural and land-use plans: Selection will address the context of preexisting land use and environmental planning. world bank support: Project name: Marmara Project id: P068368 ibrd: USD 505 m Earthquake Emergency Reconstruction Project (approved 1999; closed 2006) Planning for urban and township settlements after the earthquake 11 guJarat earthquake, india characteristics date: 2001 (26 Jan.) country: India location: Gujarat State magnitude: 6.9; hundreds of (12 of 22 districts); aftershocks of 3.0 and above. Kutch district particularly hard hit (70 percent of buildings destroyed) context geographic: Coastal (including salt flats, estuaries, settlement: Urban/rural mix; 7,633 villages and towns; intertidal zones, and alluvial deposits ­ all subject to small cities; Ahmedabad also affected. intense liquefaction during earthquakes) and inland area; generally rolling topography (no mountains); 250 km from Ahmedabad. effects deaths: 13,805 injured: 167,000 homeless: buildings destroyed: buildings seriously transportation: infrastructure: 234,000 homes damaged: 970,000 Extensive damage to Extensive damage to destroyed; thousands of homes seriously urban and village roads, municipal infrastructure: shops and workshops damaged; 2,000 health and connecting roads; water and drainage, power, destroyed or severely care facilities; 12,000 damage to ports facilities telecommunications, earthen damaged. schools; numerous civil and railroads. dams providing drinking water administration buildings; and irrigation. extensive damage to cultural heritage (especially in Kachchh and Rajkot Districts). key lessons for wenchuan (urban Planning) 1. Very large program designed and implemented on disaster management with focus on hazard mitigation and risk transfer, especially: (i) digital hazard maps for earthquake, flood, drought, and cyclone; (ii) inventories of hazardous buildings in major urban areas and strategies for retrofitting privately owned buildings (with special emphasis on multistory apartment blocks, business establishments, and industrial plants) and publicly owned lifelines (e.g., power stations and water reservoirs); (iii) regulatory studies on strengthening building codes and institutionalizing their improved enforcement; and (iv) procedures for community-based disaster management planning (i.e., process and plans) for the taluka (subdistrict), district, and state government levels; and, (v) risk transfer and insurance. 2. Immediate formation of Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority to implement reconstruction and rehabilitation program. 3. Regulatory reforms to building codes and land-use planning and development control laws and regulations, formulation of a statewide Disaster Management Act. 4. Relocation of entire villages that sustained more than 70 percent building damage to new locations. 5. Major, structured program of community engagement in both cities and towns, throughout the reconstruction program (Communication and Transparency Strategy). world bank support: Project name: Gujarat Project id: INPE74018 ida: USD 442.8 m Emergency Earthquake Reconstruction Project east asia and the Pacific region The World Bank 1818 H St. NW, Washington, D.C. 20433 http://www.worldbank.org/eap Special thanks to the partners who support GFDRR's work to protect livelihoods and improve lives: Australia, Canada, Denmark, European Commission, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, USAID Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance, and the World Bank.