RESTRICTED / ~ m v-I - FILE PI1I,DIT AW |U U 'v o 33 This report was prepared for use within the Bank and its affiliated organizations. They do not accept responsibility for its accuracy or completeness. The report may not be published nor may it be quoted as representing their views. L. INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION T'HE ECC)NOMIG T)EVELT)PME.NT OFX UPPER VOLTA (in four volumes) VOLUMEt III LIVESTOCK November 27, 1970 Western Africa Department CURREWCY EQUIVALTENTS Currency Unit: CFA Franc (CFAF) Before August 11, 1969: US$1.00 -IFA 268 CFAF 1,000 US$ hs..05 After August 11, 1969: UDi':h 1- e W = UXIL 4r[ r. r 1 CFAF 1,000 UTS$ 3.60 WEIGHTS AID IETIASTJRES 1 M.'etric Ton (t) = 2,205 lbs. I KCilogram (kg) = 2.2 lbs. 1 Kilometer (km) = 0.62 nile 1 Meter (m) = 3.28 feet COi;;l'O Lj o n + I-i) F iin ,s3Oi! w}l;ich 1Visit,e:d Uppcr Volta. in iv)cit.)3I--DccembDr i'; and '.ch cons- s Fren' '. G. -inolin Economi.st. ii .l-ani Gonsultent-A,.trnri.c-.r1uvai 2-/onaji]. t st A. Guid vard Caruttm{-Agroiic:i et (FAO) G. lazra-v Consultanit-lural Sociolo< .iFAO) A.}l. RtCu)nt Consultant--i vestctckf E..:ait (FAC) S. Pic2a:' Con sul.taut.- Uuc at,ion dvi s? N. Rtphael i Adviser on FPanni-n;g The report con:,ists of the fo] lov.i.ng volir112S: I Main iReport II Ag rli culture II! Li ves to c;k IV Educ ai t.i o n LABLE OF CONTENTS Page SUMMtARY AND CONCLUSIONS ....................................... i - iv I. LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION AND ITS CONTEXT .............1 A. General Features of Production ........................ 1 Ecology and Constraints ............................... 1 Geographic Uistribution of Livestock .................. 2 Prospects for Livestock Production .................... 5 B. Livestock in Upper Volta -- Basic Data ................ 6 Introduction ........ .................................. 6 Livestock Numbers -- Overall Availabilities .... ....... 7 Cattle ........... ................................... 7 Sheep and Goats ..................................... 8 Other Domestic Animals .............................. 8 Herd Offtake: Exports and Domestic Consumption ....... 8 Exports of Carcass bleat ............................... 11 Exports of Animals on the Hoof ........................ 13 Exports of Poultry .................................... 14 Imports .................. ......................... 15 Live Animals ........................................ 15 Balance of Import-Export .............................. 16 Place of Livestock Exports in Total Exports .... ....... 17 Role of Livestock Production in GDP .... ............... 17 Meat Yield of Voltaic Livestock ....................... 19 Incidence of the Cattle Tax ........................... 19 Conclusions ........................................... 20 L. Production and M1arketing of Hides and Skins .... ....... 20 Present Situation ...................................... 20 Production in 1969 ..................................... 22 Resources ......... .................................. 22 Utilization and End Value of Production .... ......... 24 The Future of SVCP and CTMC ........................... 25 The Prospects for the Sector - Measures to be Taken ... 26 -2- Page D. The Health Situation .................................. 28 Rinderpest ......... ................................... 28 Rnuinp Pp-eurnnneu-monia ...........................,,,. ,, .... 24 Vaccinations carried out ............................ 30 Vaccines usped 'n3 Other Microbial Infections ............................ 32 Trypnsmai . . . . ... =. . . . .=3 Ticks and External Parasites .......................... 33 Internal Parasites. 33 Rearc iestblih metsarch ............. 34 DOA9 1 etl4 chmon$-4 2/. The Oudalan Livestock and Training Center (Markoye) ... 36 "onclusion ......... ..................................... 38 LI The 1Livestock Sen-ce ................................................. 390 AAm4n4s-ative Str,ct re ..............................l Financial Resources ................................... 40 Nztonl udet....................................................... 4 Foreign Aid ...... ............... .................... 43 110cal 'Ruiral' GWove,m.ents .................................................. 4 Personnel Resources ................ .. ................. 44 E.quipmen't ......................................................... 4 Vehicles ...................... ...................... 49 O;h.er Equipment ......... ................................ 49 Dispensary/Vaccines ................................. 49 Conc'lus'iolls ........................................................ 49 iI. THE DEVELOPM4ENT OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION .J. .................. A. The Pianning of Livestock DevelopmetL . . ................ 51 Projects Underway (1970) .............................. 51 Apportionment of External Aid for Livestock Production 54 Long-Term Development .................................. 56 General Objectives (1971-1980) ...................... 56 Projected Operations (1971-1980) .... ................ 58 Conclusions ........ ................................... 63 -3- B. New Organizations for Development ..................... 64 General Conasiderations ................................ 64 Establishment of a Supreme Livestock Council and anl Advisory Committee on Rural Development ... 64 The Livestock and Animal Industries Service ... ........ 64 The Sahel Reegional Development Office (ORD du Sahel) 65 The National Livestock Development Corporation (SONADEL) 66 C. Improvemenit of Animal Health .......................... 67 Introduction .......................................... 67 Economic Impact of Animal Diseases .... ................ 67 Bovine P:Leuropneumonia .............................. 67 Other Diseases . ............. ............ 68 Outline of a Campaign ................................. 69 Estimated (cost of a Camnai n- 70 Methods of Financing .................................. 74 Cnctq and 13kenpfits ................................. 75; Conclusions - Recommendations ......................... 79 I). The Establishment of a Sahelian Pastoral ORD ... ....... 80 Introduction .......................................... 80 Prinrinlpe Ulnderlying the E h,Ibihmonit of a ShlPian ORn 8n .Purpose . ............................................. 80 Geograph:Lc Scope ..................................... 80 Operating Procedures ................................ 81 Sco-ep of Activ i t i e R1 .......... .ollaboration with Other Services and with Stockherders 83 Means of CoMn4..uniation: Evacuation of Cattl 84 Other Centers of Regional Activities .... ............ 84 Relations itther OwR- s . . . . . . . . ........... ...................... . .85 Terms of Reference for Basic Studies .... .............. 85 Economics of the Project. R7 i. elorn Fattening Techniques 89 TŽ,n,.b4 * . . 4,. 1. ..l . ° RanXci ng in the Sahel ~b~LOA .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L Semi-intensive Fattening on Savana Ranches ............ 90 Outline of a- Intensive Fattening (FeeAd1=lo Project * 90 Objective ...................... ..................... 90 .Justif4cation ..................................................... Q91 rechnicaL References to Fattening in Feed-lots ...... 92 s il ng o 1:t- the .P r o-e c t By-products available ................................. 92) Responsible Agency ................. ................. 95 Reco e'_ndinsc4_.v cs ............................. 96 Recommendat:ions .................................................. 96 -4- Page F. Integration of Farming and Livestock Raising ... ....... 97 Introduction . ......................................... 97 The Present Situation ....... .......................... 97 Estimate of the Number of Draft Animals .... ........... 98 Prospects of Mixed Farming . . ........................... 100 Animal Husbandry Activities ..... .................... 100 Improvement of Performance ..... ...................... 104 Extension Activities ....... ........................... 105 A Ten-Year Program ........ ............................ 106 Conclusion . ........................................... 108 G. Means of Evacuating Cattle ...... ...................... 108 General ................................................ 108 - r inr- - nf R - t tp - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ----------------- - Equipment Projects . ................................... 111 Management and Profitability.112 Role of External Assistance . ......................... 112 Problems of Evacuation bu Rail- 113 - ~~ ~~~J ----- Conclusions ........... ....................... 115 H. Livestock and Meat Marketing Companies .... ............ 115 I. Animal Industries . .................................... 117 Cattle feed ........................................... 117 Cold-Storage Al-a-tors ..................Q..... 1 Ouagadougou ......................................... 118 Bobo-Dioulasso ...................................... 110 Other Projects . ...................................... 119 HidUes andu Skirs .r..s......................................... 119 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS i. Li~vestock- i8 of consideralle importance to Upper Vlolta's econo-- contributing between 11 and 12 percent of GDP and over half of total ex- ports. Apart f'rom exporting iLts ow-WI livestock, Upper Vo.Lta provides transit facilities for large numbers of animals moving from Mali and Niger to markets in the ivory Coast anu Ghana. In the four-year period 19U6-1969 cattle in transit accounted for 46 percent of total live cattle exported, while sheep and goats in transit represented 27 percent of total exports of such animals. These figures, however, somewhat underestimate the "foreign" contribution to exports. Thus of the number of Voltaic cattie exported in this period (both live and as meat), 30 percent probably represented imported animals absorbed into Voltaic herds. For sheep and goats the corresponding percentage was 34. ii. The productivity of Upper Volta's livestock industry is generally low. The annual offtake from the country's herd of about 2,500,000 cattle is only about 10 percent and the meat yield (in terms of carcass weight) per animal maintained is only 11.2 kg as compared with an estimate of 14 and 15 kg for Niger and Mali respectively. Inadequate feeding is one of the principal reasons for this low output. Over much of the country there is intensive competition between man and beast for available land. Large parts of the Sahelian North suffer from overgrazing. Under these conditions, periodic drougihts cause severe losses. In addition, livestock diseases take a considerable toll. The Livestock Service, starved of adequate operating funds, has been unable to combat disease effectively. There is danger of a renewed outbreak of rinderpest owing to the sharp re- duction in vaccinations of young animals. The incidence of pleuropneumonia, trvpanosomiasis, andi other diseases has also considerably increased. iii. There is reason to believe that a properly integrated disease control campaign costing perhaps CFAF 1.7 billion over the next ten years would increase the offtake of cattle by 1 or 2 percent and increase the weight of animals marketed, giving rise to total benefits far outstripping the possible cost. It should be a multi-purpose campaign providing immuni- zation against bovine pleuropneumonia and treatment of animals against external and internal parasites, and consolidating and protecting the gains from ithe preceeding campaign against rinderpest. At the same time the opporltunity provided by the presentation of cattle for treatment could be utilized as a means to persuade herders to castrate their animals, to enable them to buy supplementary feed and salt licks and to give them advice on the improvement of animal husbandry. However, the effectiveness of a disease control program in Upper Volta would depend on requisite cooperation from Mali and Niger to ensure in particular that animals entering from these two countries are properly vaccinated against diseases. - ii - iv. In the northern Sahelian region, which accounts for about 15 percent of inper Volta's cattle and 29 percent of the sheep and goats, it is importan: to estaDlisn a separate ORD kRegionai Development uffice) for livestock. A Dre-feasibility study looking toward the establishment of such an ORD was -,tarted early in i970 with financing by FAG. This URD should focus on better i'-sease control with the help of personnel delegated from the national Livestock Service, the development of water suDply and more rational use of available range land through rotational grazing, and thle provision of advice for the improvement of animal husbandry. The necessary agrostological study of this region has already been carried out. v. In the South, where generally more pasture is available, efforts should focus on (1) the development of trypano-resistant breeds, such as the Baoule and Mere, which are potentially more productive than Zebu cattle, with the help of a special livestock research station devoted to such breeds, (2) an agrostological study designed to determine the pastoral vocation and carrying capacity of land south of the 130 parallel, (3) the possibilities of developing a feed-lot operation for the intensive fattening of cattle, and (4) effortv to integrate, slowly but progressively, agriculture and animal husbandry. vi. Conditions in the South, where trypanosomiasis is a serious threat, are generally more favorable for the development of trypano-resistant breeds which account for about 35 percent of Upper Volta's cattle and which, though smaller than the Zebu, are more prolific and likely to yield more meat. A German team has investigated the possibility of establishing a ranch for the fattening of Zebu cattle southwest of Banfora in the souti. It is doubtful, however that the expense of treating Zebus against trv- panosomiasis as well as the danger of bush encroachment in this area, will make such a ranch uneconomic. It may prove more worthwhile to establish a mixed ranch for the breeding and fattening of Baoule and Mere cattle. vii. The possibility of a feed-lot operation is suggested by experiments with the intensive feeding of cattle that have been carried out by IESVT (Institut d'Elevage et de Medicine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux) in Senegal, Ivory Coast and Madagascar. Eventually it might be possible to establish such an operation either near Bobo-Dioulasso or near Banfora in conjunction with a proposed scheme for the irrigated cultivation of cane sugar. However, a number of preliminary studies have to be undertaken. One of these is a study on the availability, potential cost and nutritive value of by-products which are or might be available for animal feeding, includ- ing bran from rice mills and from a flour mill in Drocess of construction at Banfora, oilseeds and oilcake, cane tips and molasses, blood and bonemeal frnm the Roho-Dioulasso abattoir and brewery dregs from the Bobo-Dioulasso brewery. A study of this kind has been undertaken at the request of FAC bv T 7MJT Another renitirement will he tn conduett intensive feeding trials either on the Banankeledaga llivestock research station or IRAT's Farako Ba research station. Finally, it will also be necessary ton enpriment with the -- iii - growing of fodder crops (i.e. the gramninaceous Bracharia raziziensis or the leguminous Stvlosanthes gracilis) which can be used to supplement the feeding with the by-products mentioned previously. If the cane sugar srheme iq aunrchpd; nrovislon might be made for the cultivation of 500 hectares of fodder crops under irrigation. viii. Hitherto the raising of livestock and farming have been completely senarate occupatinnqs Even cattlp hplonning fn farmers have hben Pntruistpd to pastoralists for grazing. Where animals are being used to draw imple- ments or catrts, they are usually left to forage for their own. feed. Supple- mental feeding is rarely practised. The use of draft animals has so far mnd lit--la 4 ~IQ, Qi nnx n,,nt ; sAIC r-..rn my,r R InnA Ar%"1to"Q wo- made ittleprogress: in 1969 only aot560oxen. and 8,100 don-eys wr used as draft animals. Yet in the South it is necessary to move slowly toward a more effective integration of farmng -a anil husbandry. The efforts made in this direction in the Yatenga ORD show the potentialities of such an approach even though its success in this ORD was severely restricted by unfavorable conditions. The objective should be to gradually in-crease th.e num.ber of fa.J..s capable c-f supporting fcthreee oxen, two as work animals for four or five seasons and one for fattening after it has finish- ed4 4its service as a dIraft~ an4m,al. 'Po achieve this- -ob4-ctve 4t wXill be CL _I U-OLħI~C~ a &L aLIIA. L L.lL LIlta WVJU C..L.LV .LL W.LJ. UC necessary to some extent to reorganize land holdings so as to provide separate consolidatedarso areas Lfl cultivation anIU Callow graziLng, to providUe for village herding of cattle, to institute essential animal health care an' to develop ,i-Leans Lfor supple,mental fiy-proucts. Progress will necessarily be very slow and will have to be based on experiLence with various pilot scher,Les that sh'Lou'LUd bue 'Ln'Lt'LatedU on a village basis. ix. To facilitate marketing it is essential to develop and equip livestock markets, to organize and delimit the routes along wnich live- stock moves and to provide proper holding grounds for cattle awaiting siaughter or shipment to foreign markets. FAG has developed plans for, and will finance, two livestock routes in the eastern part of the country, converging on Ouagadougou and Puytenga. These should proviUe the requX51LU experience on which similar livestock routes could be developed for the central and western part of tne country. inese iivestock routes should be delimited so as to avoid cultivated areas and provide in-transit grazing, shouili be equipped with facilities for the watering and sanitary inspection of animals and should have at their terminus appropriate holding grounds. FED is financing the construction of a new and larger abattoir at Ouagadougou, and pLans exist also for the replacement or expansion of the Bobo-Dioulasso abattoir. Upper Voita hopes to expand its exports or meat at the expense of those of livestock, but the realization of this goal will largely depend on the eventual success of the efforts to develop a common market for livestock and meat among the Entente countries, Mali and Ghana. x. If Upper Volta is to make full use of its livestock it will also have to make a serious effort to correct the existing serious deficiencies in the collection and treatment of hides and skins. For this purpose it will be necessary to develop and properly staff a special section in the Livestock Service. - iv - xi. Droper coordination of all the activities in the livestock sector is urgent'-- needed. It might well be desirable to create a Supreme Live- stock Council to coordinate, in particular, the work of the Directorate for Rural Development, the Livestock Service and the Ministry of Planning. One of its functions would be to allocate responsibility for the various aspects of a livestock development program. In this connection it might be anpropriate to confine the Livestock Service to disease control, collection of statistics and improvement in the treatment of hides and skins. While a special ORD for the Sahelian North is envisaged, develop- ment activities elsewhere, including the operation of livestock routes, might be entrusted to a company for the Development and Management of Livestock Resources, the establishment of which is expected to be studied with the help of FAC. xii. Up to the present little foreign aid has been directed to the livestock sector, largely owing to the absence of concrete development plans. Primarily owing to the efforts of FAC, a number of basic studies have now been completed, are under way or are about to be undertaken. These should provide the basis for a much more intensive and comprehensive campaign to develop Upper Volta's livestock resources -- a campaign which the Mission believes may entail outlays of around CFAF 17 billion (about U61 million) in the seventies. Without such a maior effort there is serious danger that Upper Volta, a country with a poor natural endowment, will experience a serious deterioration of its livestock resources. I. LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION AND ITS CONTEXT A. General Features of Production Rcrn1 vv and Gonst?rai.nts 1 Ulnnar UVot-a tihich lipq hbt-wpn 100 and 14°i oJrt-h nnd 5°O ,i 90 West, is a country without direct access to the sea. Most of its territory has n aQr %i-.nn-fn typren of rl mntfo withf beeehon 5;00 a.n"A 1 000 xmm annual rain- fall. In the North, a narrow strip falls in the Soudano-Sahelian transition zone rather than in the Sahelian zone as the Niger. In the South, there is a similar gradual transition to a Soudano-Guinean climate. 2. Soils are generally poor, eroded and severely leached. The dry season is 0 ong anuA totally without pr cipitation. LIe A- -..y season is brief and marked by heavy rainfall. What is more, rainfall averages cover awi 'e rangbe of variation, an' years of drought are i-r,,ari;abl aa"t,s Cl W.Ud A.116d .JL VILLaJ.AI OLU yd A. Lit AL~5I ~Lt LLVU.Ldy %dħd.LCLULL LULL. as their effect is aggravated by the scarcity of good pasture. Although uppe 'V'o'Lta LlouidLat Ue U IyUL dUi noL LU totC sdame exLtenL LtroUUI Lth UdrUoghLs that struck Niger in 1967/68 and 1968/69 and which caused losses estimated at FrtFr 2 .J LJlħħion, overall 'losses to doaesti c annimials are .,or,e-u.e'Less estimated to have been CFAF 500 million. Table 1 shows the estimated losses diue to drought 'in the Sahel (DorJ) in 1968/69. Ta le i: LOSSES DliE TO DROUGHTl (1968/69) "Cercles" Cattle Sheep Goats Horses Donkeys Came'Ls Dori. 24,000 6,000 9,000 200 700 10 Sebba 2,000 3,000 2,000 50 200 - Oudalan 6,500 3,500 8,500 20 350 40 Livestock lost 32,500 12,500 19,500 270 1,250 50 Losses in ' 8Z 3,7% 5.2% 1% 3.6% 1.6% 3. Animal Tnortality is highest when the rains start, as the intes- tinal flora changes abruptly. Young animals and cows that: have recently calved suffer mosit severely. To the immediate numerical losses must be added those due in the longer run to the reduction in breeding and re- placement stock. Finally, there are the particular consequences of drought: compensatory grow-th is upset, the number of unproductive animals increases, and feeding deficiencies spread, leaving a legacy of fractures, abortions and diseases on deteriorated grazing areas. While the qualitative effect of drought on both watering and feeding is fully known, its economic conse- quences have unfortunately never been measured, even approximately. An obvious gap remains to be filled here. - 2 - 4, Th,,-Drought is not the only limiti4ng fn.rlr.tl fator. The short-_ age of drink_ng water, which is drawn mainly from wells and boreholes, everOv-WLCre 4 rom.otes the spread of parasitic and infectious d-seases. Disease-bear'ng vectors close off vast areas to man and livestock. 'The comptiton e cn terefore surmise between the vaz4ious factors- of pro= c m LA.-LULL W_ -CELL L.L*OLCLUL UU.U.LC L -L.W LL ~Lit vat .A.LJ*J 1O...J L p o duction is also 2videnced by an analysis of the geographic distribution o' livestock. Geographic Distribution of Livestock T'ne structure of ivestock reaJ.L In Upper VoJLL cannoIL Ue COm- pared geographically with that in the major Sahelian countries. It is surprising kand disconcerting) to fina J million inhaDitants living wIthin a space of 274,000 km2 and in effect competing with 2,500,000 cattle and 4,000,000 small ruminants, to quote only the probable figures for the most important species. A comparison with 1969 densities in Niger, for example, is extremely instructive in this respect. Country People Cattle Small ruminanLs Upper Volta 18 - 20 9 -10 15 - 16 Niger 3 - 3.5 35-5 4 4 - 5 6. The regional breakdown in Tables 2A and 2B also reveals a number of interesting facts: (i) In the Dori and Diibo sectors the number of cattle including '"foreign's animals (commercial transit and transhumance), exceeds 16 per km2, indicating an availability of 6 hectares per head. Overgrazing thus largely characterizes this pastoral area, on the average not to carry more than one head of cattle for 8-10 hectares. The density of small ruminants (30 per km2) is also abnormally high. For this region, a better ecological balance must be sought before consideration can be given to stepping up livestock production. (ii) On the , and Ya a t overgrazing is severe in view of competition on poor soil. Human population density exceeds 50 inhabitants/km in certain regions and the average population density is 25 inhabitants/km2 (1965). There are about lo IIt1e!m2 There40n is not- sui4table fo-r t-raditionanl ctoc-n-- raising or for intensive fattening operations. Because of the ablsence of suitable pastu-e i4t hs reached the limit of 4t livestock carrying capacity. (iii) In the West and Southwest the problem is less acute. In view of the -ainfall and quality of the soils, it wuld seem that there is room there for a true integration, rather than juxtaposition, of agricu:L -t - and a-n -1.L husb-anry, pat4cular 4-ly in C th1e rc.ion of intensive operations, with ranching and feed-lot operations. LLIC LIUUIUC L UL LXVbLULN bLLUU LIUL iLLLLCres CALep- L i1 LnIC I'Uo rt. (Barani and Tougan). Human population density is between 12 arLd 13 inhabitants/kmu2 (1965). There are 7 cattle/k--2, .e. one head to every 14 ha. Better distribution could increase carrying capacity by one-third. (iv) In the Southeast and East there are larege areas with little or no livestock or people in view of the very unfavorable health conditions (trypanosomiasis, onchocerciasis, filariasis, and a variety of parasitic infections). Average population density is between 8 and 9 inhabitants/km2 (1965); and the number ot cattle per km2 is only 5, or one head of livestock per 20 ha. The present carrying capacity could easilv be doubled. Once the health problem is resolved, this region would be favorable for the development of modern agriculture with the help of appropriate guidance and adequate resources. The two forms of animal husbandry, sedentary and nomadic, can exist here side by side from the start. 7. All the figures for human population should be revised upward by approximately 10X. and those for the cattle population by 5-6% to reflect: the 1970 position. In the case of small ruminants, the figures are in any case estimates of rather doubtful accuracy (Table 2A and 2B). Table 2 Ai: DISTRIBUTION OF LIVESTOCK IN 1966/67 (CATTLE) AND 1969/70 (SHEEP AND GO.ATS) Area in Cattle Small Ruminants / legions District lcm2 Number Density/km2 NuLmber Density/lan2 North Sahel Dori - Ouada'Lan 23,519 357,475 15.2 Djibc) a/ 13,35C 195,960 14.7 36,869 553,435 15.0 1,OC)O,OC)O 29.0 4ossi and Yatenga p3t;eaux C)uagadougou 47,218 334,609 7.1 Kaya 24,109 315,000 13.0 Ouahigouya bjl 19,595 2L42,198 12.4 90,922 891,807 9.7 l,OC)O,OC)O 16. 5 lest and Southwest Bobo--Dioulasso 60,620 360,967 9 D6dougou 33,106 296,882 d.9 93,726 657,549 6'.9 l,O0O,OC)O 11. 0 East and Southeast Fada-N'GGourma 52,483 254,500 bL.8 500,0(0Q 9.6 Total 274,483 2,357,591 6.6 4,0C)O, 00O 14 5 a/ To be set up witlh the Djibo cercle (subdivisions of Arabinda and DJibo)". bJCercles"of COuahigouya, Gourcy, Yako, Kongoussi, Titao, Segu.enegua only. J Generally speaking, the density of sheep and goats is twice that of cattle. These densities, together with the numbers of small ruminants, are approximations. ource: Livestock Service - kArti-rinderpest campaign. - 5 - Table 2B: REGIONAL POPULATION DISTRIBUTION (1965) a/ R.egions Districts Population Area Density North Sahel Dori - Oudalan 143,718 23,519 6.1 Djibo 88,745 13.350 6.6 232,463 36,869 6.3 6ossi and Yatenga Ouagadougou 1,203,080 47,218 25.5 Plateaux Kaya 433,517 24,109 17.9 Ouahigouya 687,221 19,595 35.1 2,323,818 90,922 25.5 West and 'Southwest: Bobo-Dioulasso 705,373 60,620 11.6 Dedougou 445,926 33,106 13.5 1,151,299 93,726 12.3 East and Southeast Fada-N'Gourma 433,592 52,483 8.3 TOTAI. 4,141,172 274,000 15.2 a/ Density : Lnhnabitants per hm Area in km2 Inhabitants absolute numbers Source : Ministry of the Interior Prospects for Livestock Production 8. It is clearly apparent from the above that the physical environ- ment for livestock rearing in Upper Volta is extremely unfavorable. We shall see below that the technical and administrative framework does not in zny way mitigate these ecological limitations. Special efforts, taking account of all these factors, are therefore called for in both planning and implemnentation. 9. As a first step, it will be necessary to eliminate the current confusion between movements of local livestock and animals in transit, in order to :Ldentify more clearly the various flows and attribute to each. of them a fair share of development costs and benefits. Within the Entente group, account musit be taken of the need to harmonize health and customs legiLslation and to establish livestock routes with facilities for sanitary inspection of animnals. -6- 1 A A faa#od f.eat::r of 14iversto prdutionis its 1o nature -- both on the domestic and international plane. Hopes of a balanced e.onovmi.c udevel n deper.d or. anadee,uate- - oA-- of ..* this feature rather then on the profits of random exploitation, the prospects for which are uncertain. ecognition. of LLs oou,ple...er.tarity shouldu encouurge the State to decide on a development policy that will ensure full utilization of its anima'l proteiLn prOduC61.0n, pVLCiL.La.L. 11. On the domestic planLe, for example, the Sahelian belt in the North should be retained, and used more intensively, as a breeding area. It will act as the reservoir of- female animals, whose progeny will be used for various purposes (meat, milk, breeding, traction). This calls for the establishment of a special livestock ORD and the development or a iivestock water supply system utilized in such a way as to preserve a proper balance for the relationship of livestock, soils and grazing. The long-term objective should be to make the Sahelian North the center for breeding cattle and to transfer as many animals as possible over two years oid to the South for fattening. This can be done most economically by taking advantage of the local availability of fodder and industrial by-products for various fatten- ing operations (savannah ranching, farm fattening and industrial fattening in feed lots). Supply and evacuation routes and processing plants with their own holding grounds will need to be developed concurrently with this program. 12. On the international plane, it must be recognized that pro- duction must be developed to meet both domestic consumption and exports, both expanding outlets. In developing this production, means and objectives should be realistically adapted to the existing constraints and the neces- sary modifications made in the use of the resources. However, the appropri- ate policies cannot be properly worked out until 1970/71, when the Govern- ment will have available the results of the general livestock survey being carried out by Messrs. Fredet and Arnaud of SCET/ Cooperation. On the basis of this survey the Government will have to make its decisions. The present report is therefore presented in general terms and anticipates the decisions that may be taken by the Government in the light of the recom- mendations that the World Bank group may submit to it in the near future. B. Livestock in Upper Volts - Basic Data Tntroduction 13R HAvina hben Atrunk since 1966 bv the paucitv of statistical infor- mation on the regional and national level and the lack of recent annual reports anod survtyPy dociuriments; FAC (Fonds d'Aide et de Cooneration) has commissioned a study l/, with the approval of the Government, which should, at the end of 1970, maiee possible the updating ,o h ifiats data rlatir.o tn O~~~~ &&. - - - - - - - - --S…3 -_ animal production for the period 1960-1969. Tlis study will also serve as a basis for a development plan ion 1ine twith t-he real li-4ie of the livestock industry. 1/ Carried out by SCET/Cooperation. 14. It must, however, be stressed that there will continue to be obvious uncertaintiebs regardLng certain parameters, such as the totai number, rate of inc:rease and composition of flocks of small ruminants, pigs and poultry, as well as the number of animals in transit and imported. With respect to animals in transit and imported, it is likely that the conclusions of the survey will not long remain valid, since the movemeni: of anlmals across the frontiers varies widely and the relationship of animals in transit to real imports aiso fluctuates markedly. 15. Ihe updat:ing of essential information must therefore be a parc of a continuing program of development. It is the task of the Livestoclk Service to keep this information permanently up-to-date. If this is not done, the elaboration and evaluation of major projects will always run into difficulties that can be overcome only by lenghty and costly surveys which external aid agencies will be reluctant to undertake in a continuing basis. Livestock Numbers - Overall Availabilities 16. Pending publication (end 1970) of the results of the SCET/Coopera- tion study of the basic features of animal production, the IBRD Mission has prepared a series of tables showing the approximate numbers of domestic, animals and offtake rates. It should be noted that the supply or "avail- ability" of animals includes both the net annual increase and the offtake through slaughtering or export. 17. An estimate of the growth of the cattle population is given below: Year Estimated Numbers Rate of increase (rounded off) (%) 1963 2,000,000 1964 2,080,000 4 1965 2,300,000 11 1966 2,340,000 2.5 1967 2,400,000 2.5 1968 2,425,000 1 1969 2,450,000 1 1970 2,500,000 1 1971 2,550,000 2 1972 2,600,000 2 1973 2,650,000 2 1974 2,700,000 2 1975 2,785,000 3 It should be noted that from 1964 to 1965 the increase of 11 percent was almost entirely due to a revision of previous figures which were considered underestimated and which needed to be corrected before the start of the joint rinderpest eradication campaign financed by the European Development Fund (FED). -8- 10. The highest niuLUUm oL cale i X uniIeU under L Is campaign was 2,340,000 KJulv 1966), but, according to the director of the campaign, this figure probably includeud 00,000 foreign cattle, largely from Mali. Considering the impact of the drought during the past two years, the spread of bovine pleuropneumonia ana a general ceterioratLion on animal nealtn it seems prudent to assume a modest rate of increase of 1 percent up to 1969. Subsequent figures will largely reflect the success of efforts to improve animal health. 19. The total of trypano-resistant breeds and crosses (taurins) in 1970 is estimated at 875,000, or 35 percent of the total; the remainder are Zebu cattle. Sheep and Goats 20. Estimates on the number of sheep and goats in 1966 and the probable rate of increase (in rounded figures) are given below. No tax is levied on small ruminants, nor are they systematically counted in any way. The SCET/Cooneration survey will perhaps provide more intormation. Species and 1966 1970 1975 Annual increase Numbers Sheep 1,400,000 1,500,000 1,650,000 2.0% Goats 2,100,000 2,500,000 3,050,000 4.0% Total 3,500,000 4,000,000 4,700,000 3.5 Other Domestic Animals 21. With an unknown margin of error, the following estimates for 1970 may be cited: I'luml-ers ~~~~A..-.-I... 4- -as Spec~~~~iesNu b e s A.nnual increas Pigs 150,000 10% Donkeys 250,000 ? Horses 100,000 ? Camels 5,000 ? Poultry 10,000,000 100% a/ a/ Equivalent to the offtake rate for poultry. Herd Offtake: Exports and Domestic Consumption 22. Tables 3 and 4 show estimates of the annual offtake from the country's herd and of domestic consumption. The general condition of the population and of its livestock, and above all the low purchasing power of the local inhabitants, make it important not to overestimate animal protein cGnsumption, which seems to be one of the lowest in Black Africa. - 9-- Table 3: OFFTAKE OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS Species Numlbers A Destination Offtake Exported alive slaughtered total (numbers) (numbers) a/ (numbers) Cattle 2,500,000 10 75,000 175,000 250,00CI Sheep 1,500,000 25 125,000 250,000 375,000i Goats 2,500,000 30 150,000 600,000 750,000 Pigs 150,000 50 - 75,000 75,00CI Donkeys 250,000) ? tons tons tons Horses 100,000) ? 500 500 Camels 5,000) ? Poultry 10,000,000 100 2,000 5,000 7,000 b/ a/ Including forei.gn meat and offal exports, viz. 8,000 cattle and 15,000 ruminants. b/ Based on a carcass weight of 700 g per animal slaughtered. Table 4: DOMESTIC MEiAT CONSUMPTION (tons) Cattle (local) 175,000 x 105 a/ 18,400 Sheep 250,000 x 16 4,000 Goats 600,000 x 11 6,600 Pigs 75,000 x 40 3,000 Other 500 Poultry (based on I kg/yr/person) 5,000 TOTAL 37,500 Less: Meat: exports, (average for the three years 1967-69) - 1,500 Plus: Live! imports in carcass eauivalent (average for the three years 1967-1969) + 4,000 Estimated domestic consumption 40,000 nl cf- Annex 1 for dtta nn weicghinos hby crtain nhattoirs hi ]/,,icr D v t_ _ - 10 - 23e. For a population estimated at 5,100,000 pol n/, __ U C CA k t 4; J U ExVVV Upeope 1/ i t'le dVeLdge per capita consumption can thus be taken to be 7.80 kg, 3.6 kg of this (46%) from cattle. To this figure must be added variou other products, whic-h cannot, however, be added mathematically in view of their different protein va'lue as coTm-pared' wi th me at; Offal - 20% oL carcass weight 1.60 kg Game, insects, etc. 1-2.00 kg Dried or smoked fish 2-3.00 kg Per capita consumption in rural areas is lower. The urban population living in towns, communes and centers of more than 5,000 inhabitants can be estimated at 400,000 2/. Assuming urban consumption to be 25 kg per annum per person, or 10,000 tons in all, the amount of meat available to the rural population may be estimated at 30,000 tons or about 6.5 kg person per annum (30,000,000 kg * 4,700,000). 24. These figures certainly mask large internal variations. They are still open to question in viewv of the uncertain or arbitrary nature of certain assumptions particularly regarding average carcass weight, number of consumers, net imports and actual exports, otttake rate, etc. Assuiming a margin of error of + 20%, these figures reflect reasonably well the situation of the rural population as regards animal protein intake. One fact is not disputed: under the influence of several factors (population pressures, urbanization, stationary standard of living), meat consumption generally does not show any tendency to rise. 25. The shortage in the number of animals available is also resulting in the slaughtering of even younger animals, which weigh less and give a lower yield. Older animals are reserved for export, either on the hoof or in the form of meat. 26. Some 40 percent of the cattle and 30 percent of the small ruminants were slaughtered in 1968 in town abattoirs and at markets visited by the Livestock Service officials on their sanitary inspections. Total slaughterings -- controlled and uncontrolled -- are estimated on the basis of the number of animals assumed to be available from national livestock output and imports. They make no distinction between slaughter for domestic consumption and that for exports. 1/ The true figure for the present population should exceed 5 million in 1970, since migration to other countries has slowed down and the pop- ulation has been growing at a rate higher than that indicated in the last population survey (INSEE 1960: 1.9%). 2/ Based on a 7% urbanization rate related to the figure for 1966 (300,000). - 11 - Table 5: T_TAL ES1LMATED ANTi SUPERVISED SLAUGHTERINGS BY SPECISL IN 1968 AND 1969 (Unit: head of livestock) S1inplitprincy Cattl e Shepn natq Pi A,q Hnrcc Donkpvn Campl R Natio!11 ,l,rniCirf-Iin 17 0no0 25,000 600,000 6A0 000 1,SOO 3,000 290 + imports 25,000 50,000 50 - - - Controlled l!aughte1r (1968) 82,895 33,671 124,303 9,868 1,047 1,208 64 Percentage of total 41.5 11.2 19.1 16.4 70 40 26 Controlled slaughter (I94 65' KrI3I 7 22 :21 A75 I . f 44 8 56 628 96 1304 "lercentage of' tota'l C 32. 8.9 11.6 11 .2' 42 325 27. The drop in controlled slaughter in 1969 was in fact compensated by a rise in clandestine and home slaughter. This rise, the result of the un- fortunate introduction of a national levy on controlled slaughter, illus- trates the difficulties of direct official. intervention and the limited power of the state to control traditional methods of processing and trade. Exports of Carcass M4eat 28. Precise figures for these exports should be available. However, even in a field as straightforward as reporting the tonnage of meat exported in refrigerated cars, variations of between 1 and 4% are currently found between the figures provided by the Livestock Service and the Customs (see Table 6). Table 6: EXPORTS OF REFRIGERATED MEAT ( including Offal) (Unit: kiloerams) Country of 1966 Exports 1968 Exports destination Customs Livestock Differ-l Customs Livestock Differ- Service ence Service ence Ivory Coast 1,384.574 1L433-116 -48-542 11 583;883 1-620;624 -36;742 Ghana - - - 94,764 73,999 +20,76.5 Niger 4i290 - . 1 90 1,795 - + 1 79.5 France - - - 15 - + 1.5 TOTAL 1,386,494 1,433,116 -46422 11,680,456 1,694,623 -14,167 - 12 - The Mission has accepted as more trustworthy the figures of the Livestock Servifre bhut even these contain a number of discrepanoies= Tn anuyevent the overall volume of exports appears to be rising and for the past 8 years has hben cnnsistentlv ahove 1,000 tons. T.wno di agrams, together with Tables 7A and 7B below, sum up the situation for the past 5 years by abattoir and by product exported. Additional data are given 4 Annex 9 Table 7A: EXPORTS OF REFRP ITEPATED MEAT - BROKEN DOWh. BY ABATTOIR (tons) Year Ouagadougou Bobo-Dioulasso Total 1965 255 791 1,046 1966 175 828 1,003 1967 670 763 1,433 1968 1,114 580 1,694 1969 1,041 290 1,331 Table 7B: EXPORTS OF REFRIGERATED MEAT - BROKEN DOWN BY PRODUCT (tons) Year Cattle Sheep and Goats Other animals Total and Offal 1965 602 249 195 1,046 1966 257 291 207 1,003 1967 943 270 220 1-433 1968 1,310 220 164 1,694 1969 L,013 121 197 1-'31 Source: Livestock Service 29. Beef exports have, depending on the year, amounted to between 50 and 800 of tot-al shipments. TD,uv(riqn t-he per4iod 19Q7-1Q6Q, expowtts niranr,;-. 1,486 tons, or around 1,500 tons. 30. In 1969 only a single African butcher had meat slaughtered for e-port in tuhi UBoJ=D.L0u1asso abattoir. Ever since an Eur0pea.. buither stopped operating owing to the (temporary) imposition of a national tax on UPPER VOLTA: EXPORT OF MEAT DISTRIBUTION BY ABATTOIR TO NS TOTAL. TONNAGE (T) 1o800 nf,\n \ -i,, i? A CCBO (B) -1 - _ OUACGADOUGOU a ) 26001- t -T 1t F1 1X 1400 1 1 1 I ' I1 1200j- .- t 1 *1 F F X -- 800t - I I I - II 600j~~~F,1 17- 1 V 400f- } I I~Iti-r 2014Ut\ II EARS 55 -57 59 61 63 65 67 69 71 IB.RD - 5162 UPPER VOL TA E X PORT OF MEAT rlAITDlDl ITrlhKl DV rVDC L/li I r[lLJ%j I iivIn I I - L_ 20001l I I I I I TOTAL TONNAGE - - - TONNAGE OF BEEF 1800 -TONNAGE OF SHIP AND GOODS 1801.t OTHERS III A X _:~~~~~~~~~~ 1YEAR 55C - 7 - 61 6 6 -7 69 7 12000.I - I I 00(~~~~~~~I 800 -.-4-1 1 -4 700 --- -11 Iħ-1 - I L~~~L/ 600-f __ I ~ '~LL1 _____ YEARS 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69 71 IBIRD - 5163 - 13 - slaughtering, the Bobo-Dioulasso abattoir has accounted for only 22 percent of total meat export. In 1966, Bobo-Dioulasso was the most important source of such exports, accounting for 828 tons. Bobo-Dioulasso 828 tons 83% Ouagadougou 175 tons 17% Total 1,003 tons 100% 31. These developments show clearly the uncertainties of the market. Not only does the supply of livestock vary considerably in terms of both quanitity and quality, but the proportion slaughtered in Upper Volta can be seriously affected by the imposition of a tax on slaughtering and by difficulties encountered in foreign markets such as the regulation of re- tai:L price of meait as in AbidJan, or restriction on transfer of payments as iLn Ghana. The latter is, however, the best placed traditional client for livestock, and this makes it urgent to negotiate on an intergovern- mental level more realistic trade agreements than those signed privately by certain Voltaic companies. The first meat exports to Chana started in 1968 but ceased in the second half of 1969 because of non-payment in convertibLe exchange. Exnorts of Animals on the Hoof 32. Estimated exnorts of Voltaic livestock nlus animals from MAli and Niger are given in Tables 8 and 9. Table 8: EXPORTS OF VOLTAIC LIVESTOCK (AVERAGE 1966-69) Destination Cattle Sheep and Goats Poultry (ntimhpr) (niimhpr) (trons - carcas:vsnq Ivory Coast 35,000 125,000 2,000 Ghana ~~~30,000 ) 150,000 - Togo & Dahomey 10,000 ) Total 75,000 275,000 2,000 ihe figures shown'are lower than those reported by the official agencies Vlnicn inc.lude bUULI Voltaic livestock- andL animals fr0m. neighbUorin .-g couni:ries treated as local iivestock by the customs authorities. - 14 - Table 9: EXPORTS OF LIVESTOCK ORIGINATING FROM MALI AND NIGER (Average 1966-1969) - Products in actual transit Origin Destination Cattle Sheep and Goats a/ (number) (number) Mali Ivory Coast 60,000 30,000 Ghana 30,000 25.000 Togo & Dahomey 5,000 5,000 Sub-total 95,000 60,000 Niger Ivory Coast - 20,000 Ghana - 15,000 To2o & Dahomev 5.000 5.000 Sub-total 5,000 40,000 TOTAL 100,000 100,000 a/ Mostly sheep. Exports of Poultry 33. Upper Volta exports poultry to Ivory Coast. The quantities ex- ported have risen steaAily frnon 420 tonn in 1960 tn 2.1O rons in 1968 and more than 3,000 tons in 1969 (see Table 10). Table 10: CONTROLLED EXPORTS OF LIVE POULTRY Wtt..it:. -r - weight k--1.t f -.leng YVear t onr (net weight) 1960 421.8 1961 291.3 1962 815.6 1963 963.1 1964 1,307.6 1965 2,235.7 1966 2,473.4 1967 1,895.4 1968 2,610.9 1969 3,100.9 (provi- sional estimate) - 15 - In ]L969, official exports of dressed pouitry amounted to 6 tons. These exports take place mainly for the year-end holiday season. Losses are frequently very high, whatever mode of transport is used and are largely due to the poor condition of the animals. The major points from which poultrv are shipped by rail are Bobo-Dioulasso, Hiangoloko, Ouagadougou and Koudougou. Assuming an average carcass weight of 700 g, exports are equivalent to about 2,000 tons of meat (average 1968/69). Imports Live Animals 34. Importedl animals are intended either for breeding (heifers) or are of little commercial value and destined for slaughter. Since it is impossible to distinguish between these two categories and some breeding stoc:k is in turn exported to Ghana, it will be assumed that all the animals imported are intended for slaughter and are added to national production in the form of meat. Table 11: IMPORTS OF ANIMALS ON THE HOOF (AVERAGE 1966-1969, Origin C a [tt le Sheep and '"oats Mali 20,000 70,000 Niger 5,000 30,000 Total head of livestock 25,000 100,000 Carcass weight in kg 100 15 Equivale!nt in tons of carcass meat 2,500 1,500 35. These figures tally with estimates and breakdowns made by experts in Upper V'olta and! neighboring countries. Experience has, however, revealed malor internal discrepancies in official data which cannot be explained away solely by errors in counting or in attribution. The SCET/Cooperalion study should produce more reliable information on all internal movemenl:s in Upper Volta. The organization of the Common Market for Livestock and Meat, which was initiated in Niamey in March 1970 and which is to have its head- quarters at Ouagadougou, will also help to update and make available scatistical series whose importance, particularly in the field of meditm-term and longer-term planning is evident. - 16 - Balance of Import-Export 36. Comparing the figures for "national" exports resulting directly from lclproduction, and those for i.mported anim-als slaughtereA locall.y, it can be seen that in 1970 Upper Volta is still a net exporter. hlowever, all the experts are in a t-h th 1,4 po4 ti4o is b s eroded. Production is no longer increasing while a combination of factors is bringing about an increase in local demand in te.rm.s of absolute vallue. Th-e ctate can- not, without serious consequences, bring about a reduction in existing meat consumptio. JLL A x v n A u l Ap .ov e Lf_A . . 4neect .ua l__ Ln _ ace _ clandestine professional slaughtering or an increase in home slaughtering. TaxatiLon cou.LU even reduce supplies flor exporL. Recognition of thLis fact made it necessary to lift the national levy on meat less than a year after it IadU beenL 'Intro[uceU. The anr.uaL offLtaLke fLrou tLhle country's hLerd Will inevitably fall if the State fails to take the appropriate financial or liscal measures to support the livestock inuustry or to obtain the external aid essential for its development. Otherwise it is certain that the current surplus will have turned into a deficit before 1985. - 1t. -r,nfflr 'XYfllq "AT AXM -flr i1__. - J 1\S Table 12:. IMPORT-AXPORI BALANCE (live anu ueau) (number of head) Movement Cattle Sheep and Goats txport 83,000 Lt2,000 h' Import 25,000 100,000 Balance + 58,000 + 190,000 a/ Cattle: 75,000 (alive) + 8,000 (dead) b/ Sheep and Goats: 275,000 (alive) + 15,000 (dead) 37. Expressed in terms of carcass weight, the export supplies amount to only 12,500 tons, or 2.5 kg per inhabitant per annum. It is thus evident that, for a population of 5 million inhabitants, the safety margin is very small. 38. Assuming a 2% rate of increase, the population will reach 6.5 million by 1983. The surplus will by then have entirely disappeared, pro- vided all other factors remain unchanged and the level of consumption, in particular, is frozen at 8 kg/annum. Once this period has passed, consump- tion can only decline. - 17 - Place of Livestock Exports in Total Exports 39. The proportion of livestock exports to total exports has declined sharply since 196:1 as is indicated in Table 13. Table 13: LIVESTOCK EXPORTS Products 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 :1968 Percentage of total exports: Live animals 85.8 64.6 61.3 55.5 58.2 55.4 51.3 47.7 Meat ancl skins 0.9 4.9 6.1 9.4 4.7 9.7 7.7 6.8 Total 86.7 71.5 62.4 64.9 62.9 65.1 59.0 54.5 Value f.o.b. (CFAF million): Live animals 2,271 2,525 Me at 259 280 Skins a/ 85 75 Total 2,615 2,882 a/ Including crocodile skins. Source: Comptes Economiques Role nf ives t-oc Pruiict-ioe%n in GDP 40 According to national accounts, the contr4hution mgade by live- stock production to Upper Volta's GDP varies between 11 and 12%. Table 14: NATIONAL ACCOUNTS lladi ng 10964 196 or 966al Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in CFAF billion 50.4 56.4 58.2 Trrading Jin rO 51 .0f - - 1LdUħLQ ħLL nI. Jħ.LJV Non-trading in % 49.0 - GDP per capiLta in CFAF 10,OVU - 1:.L,0vu Livestock Production 6.0 6.3 6.5 Percentage of GDP J.0 il.2 J- - 18 - It must be emphasized that these are only estimates. Volume II (Agriculture) of this report estimates that in 1966 livestock production did not contri- bute more than CFAF 5.7 billion to GDP. This represents an income from all animal products of CFAF 250 per hectare used for extensive grazing. Assum- ing the national average carrying capacity to be 6 hectares/head, this gives an overall gross product of the order of CFAF 1,500 per head. This figure should be related to the 11.3 kg of meat produced per head of cattle main- tained. On the basis of a price to the producer of CFAF 80 per kg, tihis gives a figure close to CFAF 900. The difference, CFAF 600 or 40%, presum- ably represents income from other tyDes of animals. 41. The gross domestic product per herder is nonetheless believed to be greater than that per farmer. There are 600,000 herders as against 4,000,000 farmers, who together have an overall product of CFAF 30 hillinn GDP per capita would thus be close to CFAF 8,000 for the farmers and CFAF 9,500 for the herders. It should, however, be noted that many of the herders do not own the animals which are entrusted to them by the settled farmers. Moreover, no significant conclusion can he drawn from these figures which are subject to considerable error. In fact, the incomes of farmers and livestock herders are unlikely to be very different. 42. For 1969. on the basis of information made available by SGFT/ Cooperation, we estimate that the livestock population contributed not less than CFAF 6 billion to GDP. It was made up as follows (value in hillions of CFA francs). Value Value of Species of product % Capital % Cattle 3.6 60.0 22.5 75.0 Small ruminants 1.A 30.0 6.0 20.0 Poultry 0.5 8.3 0.5 1.6 Others 0.1 1.7 1.0 3.4 Total 6.0 100.0 30.0 100.0 On this basis, the gross rate of return on livestock capital (ratio between capital and product) can be estimated at 20% on average for livestock as a whole. The gross "rates of return" for the various types of animal are given in Table 15. Table 15: GROSS RETURN ON LIVESTOCK CAPITAL Value of Value of Capital Product Rate of Return Cattle 2,500,000 x 9,000 = 22.5 3.6 16% Small ruminants 4,000,000 x 1,500 = 6.0 1.8 30% Poultry 0.5 0.5 100% Other species 1.0 0.1 10% - 19 - Meal: Yield of Voltaic Livestock 43. Per capita livestock productivity can be expressed in terms of the total carcass weight of the take-off divided by the total number of live- stoc:k maintained in the country. Domestic consumption: 167,000 x 95 = 15,875,000 kg (175,000 - 8,000) Exports (live and dead): 83,000 x 150 = 12,450,000 kg (75,000 + 8,COO) Total offtake: 250,000 28,315,000 kg Per capita: 28,315,000 = 11.3 kg 2,500,000 Although one-third of Upper Volta's total cattle population consists of taurins and cross-breeds, which give a higher meat yield than Zebus, animal productivity in Upper Volta is considerably lower than comparable estimates for Mali and Niger. Nliger : 14 kg : Zebus (1965) (Robinet) Mali : 15 kg : Zebus and Taurins (1964) (Lacrouts et al.) Entente : 13 kg : Regional average (1966) (Tyc et al.) Belgium : 93 kg : (1964) (OECD) These figures on meat productivity per animal maintained are useful, not for its absolute value, which is at best approximate, but as an indication of the way Upper Volta compares with neighboring countries. On this basis the figures for Upper Volta is extremely low. Incidence of the Cattle Tax 44. All cattle aged 2 years and above (small ruminants are excluded) are in principle subject to an annual tax of CFAF 200 per head (CFAF 150 in the ]Lobi country). In actual fact, however, the amounts collected are alwavs wqell below the amounts assessed, as the following estimates show: Amounts assessed: CFAF 112 million Amounts collected: CFAF 80 million (400,000 head at CFAF 200) Incid,_nce for 2,500,000 head of cattle: CFAF 32/head Effective rate: CFAF 200/head Except in the Lobi country: CFAF 150/head (Gaoua-Diebougou) - 20 - 45. Less than one animal out of five is actuallv taxed, so that the average tax is only CFAF 32 per head. If meat production is estimated at 12 kg per animal maintained and the producer receives CFAF 80 per kg, gross income per head of cattle amounts to CFAF 960. The incidence of the tax is therefore 3.34 percent on this gross income. Herders would be much less unwilling to nay a considerably higher levy (savy CFAF 70 ner head?) if ir were related to specific services which they felt to be of direct benefit to themselves. 46. National or local taxes should in theorv be lepv4ip nn the value of products marketed not on the animal itself, the means of production. However this idea, although attractive and apparently s4implp has always been difficult to apply in practice. Conclusions 47. The value of Upper Volta's livestock potential in relation to local and foreign Aomnnrd ic hbing gradually eroded. No one need have any illusions on this score. Lack of animal care and the unsuitability of traditional m-thods of livueonrk rparing do not entiroly nacnunt for this situation. The situation will become more serious as the result of the grn- - competition betw-eenn nand beat, in wlich, both, are likely to be the ultimate loser. The longer remedial action is delaved, the greater wil1 be the expense of reh-abilit.;ation, ;-.4- r 1*0t 4-n, r.tmeon eA re- current charges. It is hardly likely that the pastoralists themselves, who a,evear already resigned to losing their place -/ in a soCitety V indiffret to their problems, will be able to conceive of and carry out a dramatic solution to this problem. C. Production and 'larketing of Hides and Skins Present Situation 48. By the end of 1967 the Ouagadougou Tanning Center, opened in April 1964, had accumulated a deficit of over CFAF 40 million. The balance sheet was burdened by a stock of 70,000 virtually unsalable goatskins, unused dyes and vegetable tanning materials (gonakie). In addition, the staff, 50 workmen and supervisors including fifteen regular apprentices (shoemakers, morocco-leather dressers, saddlemakers), had virtually acquired the status of civil servants and presented an obvious social problem. After three expert missions (Robinet, Flavigny, Chambard), a plan designed to nut 1/ B-aral (YU - TLe p.oulat-ins A-- leverst Is problemes pastoraux dans le Nord-Est de la Haute Volta (Cercle de Dori - Subdivision ^J.. * Cb..A.. 1.l\ 1Oarl-1O< - Oa"ers A_Dcr1'A ceaM o AC4..Ac_A UC: S UUa-&aL.,J . L}J. .tj-,v iU_ aJl.lCt C> '.J1 ~lS.Vll Oct .tc ~J;LCfl*U. humaines, volume IV. no. 1/1967, particularly page 28, paragraph L anu conclusion. 41 See Ar,nex 3 and Chapter II = ILem I. - 2.1 - the Center on its feet was adopted by the Government. The craftsmen were organized in an independent cooperative and separated from the tannery n.roper and the personnel was reduced to 25 workmen. The two French technical assistants, the director and the production chief, were replaced. 49. Finally, collection, which (together with preparation) was thle weak point. in the local marketing setup, was confided to a new mixed corpora- tion, the Voltaic Hides and Skins Corporation (Societe Voltaique des Cuirs et Peaux -- SVCP), in which private enterprise took a 51% interest, the State 47%, and the Tanning Center and the Development Bank 1% apiece. The new corporation commenced operation on September 1, 1968. 50. The tasks of SVCP as laid down in Article 3 of its Articles of Association, are: (i) collection from nroducers; nurchasina. distribution- sale and export of hides and skins in all stages of processing, either for its own acrouint or for that of third parties, on a commission basis or otherwise; (ii) establishment and operation of depots and sales outlets and of installationn of all tynac rea1ting tro the traating of hides and skins; (:Lii) operations relating to preparation, transportation and brokerage in .hnatever. f4orm, necessary. for 4its nnnn jr nci acti,v,4 i--; f{iV\ participation*n all~1 pubic 4o r priva~te coarntracts ~,b awanrd or otherwise; (v) participations in corporations or associations formed for one or the o::her of the purpI.oses listed aUove and, in gener.a, ln all commercial, financial and real estate operations directly or ind.ire.t Ily connected therewi th. Ir, L.J69 S1CVIP' s protfit after tax andl depreciation worked out at 1 'f of s,al es volume, or nearly CFAF 80 million. 51. Ihe Tanning Center (CTMC) is still having an uphill struggle but - - -- 1- - j - - - _ZI .t 2c - is no lnger LuLILLr.Ig a deULICL. Its profit for thLe year worked out at l'FAF 1 million at the end of 1969, with a sales volume of CFAF 15 million, exclUUL.M U.epLec.LoLUII. ITIh Stae has taKen oVeL aU 5stLLteU [oreign deDts totaling CFAF 16 million and has waived repayment of a CFAF 14 million 'Loan. Part of the stock of goatskins and all the leather has been disposed or after processing into objets d'art, rugs, coverings, and miscellaneous suede or veivet-type articles aecoratea witn local-style pokerwork. Custom processing of goatskins collected by SVCP has now become its principal activity. Under normal circumstances the latter has to provide the Center with 8,000 skins a month, which are returned to it "wet blue". - 22 - Flan`-s of cattle hides lave also b-een tanned. tkl.e cra.t-proulueL section must be maintained for even the supply of 90,000 skins a year l/ is still insufficient to muakle the Center a going concern. The supply of tnese skins also deprives SVCP of certain markets offering greater returns for raw than ror tanned skins. 52. Increasing- the number of skins collected and better preparation are therefore the two key means in coming years of assuring the viability of the two enternrises. For instance, if CTMC is to meet full depreciation charges and achieve financial equilibrium, it must not treat fewer than 150,300 small skins a year as long as the salaries of the two techinical supervisors are Dai(d in full by th'e French Government. This fi-ure will have to be increased to Z)O,00U when Upper Volta assumes full responsibility for the payment of tnese two staff members. If SVCP is also to export 300,000 of undressed hides by 1975, the total annual collection of ihides and skins would have to be 500,000. Since there are no supervisory stafE under training, Voltaic personnel will not be available to take over tile senior positions at ttie Center before 1973-74 at the very earliest. Production in 1969 Resources 2_/ 53. Tables 16 and 17 provide data on the number of hides and skins available (equal in theory to the estimated nunber of animals slaughtered) and the number collected and processed. Processing refers to the preparation given to the skins immediately upon slaughtering in order to ensure their preservation. Table 16: ESTIMATED AND OFFICIAL FIGURES FOR ANIMALS SLAUGHTEREI) IN 1968 (Number of hides and skins available - figures roundedl off) C:ittle Sheep Goats Esti,mated 200,000 300.0(0 65(,000 of which controlled slaughter; niTnhp r 35j000 35j00( 1 30 ,o() percentage 42.5 11.5 13.0 1/ The actual figures were only 57,791 in 1969 and 4,390 in 1968. 2/ See also Annexes 1 and 3. - 2 3 - Table 17: iiIDES AND SKINS PROCESSED kND COLLECTED BY SVCP AND 'IAUSA MEKCHAlNTS L,N 1968 Cattle hi(les Sheepskins Goatskins Processed: number 75,000 30,000 100,000 perccentaae of total available 35 10 15.5 Collected: number 130,000 100,000 350,000 percentage of total available 65 33 53 of wI-ich SVCP iiumber 69,510 53,636 201,996 percentage 54 53 57 'The collection and processing of skins presents the most serious problela. Tile percent:age collected and processed is only between 10 and 15, depending on the type, while their market value is proportionally higher than thalt of hides leati-hers for which demand is well below supply on the world marke;:. Good preparation or nrocessin2 can increase the selling price by 50 to 1L00,. depending on the intrinsic quality of the skin. 54. A. summary of the volume and va].ue of gross production in 1969 is; given below. The Drices are for goods delivered to denots in Bobo- Dioulasso or Ougadougou. a) Cattle hides Number of hides available .......................... 200,000 Average unit weieIht in kc ..... . . . .... 4.8 Pricc per kg, dry (CFAF).. ( J:oio ht -in me t-ri c tnc,- l46() Total value in miillions of CFAF (rounded off). 77 Usefui r area in square feet .... 25 to 2' (Alassificati,on by grade ............................. 30/30/20/10/10 b) Sheepskins 'NLmber of skins available . ................................ 300,000 'tv ;-,; un t eil.l ir;kb ..................... . ............... . . I ric:e oer 1k,-, (Iry (CFAF) ................................ 170 ',L I ;Lt i.LnI r,&rer:-c Ions . ............................. .... .......... 18 'Total vailue in millions of CFAF (rounded off) ............ 31. I A. e L i --L 0 tI i Ll1-b U - i - f fltfEf. 7.U C:lissiTicaition by grade ........................ 20/30/30/20 - 24 - c) Goatskins Number of skins available ......................... 650,000 Average unit weight in kg ........... .............. 0.430 Prire nper kg; drv (CFAF) ......................... 240/235 Weight in metric tons ................... 280 Tota1 valtip in millions of CFAF (rounded off) ... ........ 66 Useful area in square feet ........ ....................... 4 to 5 C.1nQifirarton by grade . ................................ 20/1 300/)2 d) Summarv Total weight available in metric tong=1,49( Value to producer in millions of CFAF .... ................ 174 Utilization and End Value of Production 1/ 55. The destination of hides and skins falls into three categories: (i) Domestic consumption by local craftsmen, use within the familv and some direct sales to tne Tanning Center. (ii) Exports of undressed ihides and skins - to Europe ror the account of SVCP, and to Niger and Ghana, through border trade (often clandestine) engaged in by some Hausa merchants. (iii) Exports of tanned and worked hides and skins. Such exports are handled by SVCP as far as wet blue skins are concerned (goatskins) and by CTMC as regards African craft work sold to tourists and some tanned leathers exported to Togo for the Bata company. Mention should also be made of the various losses that are caused by predators, deficiencies in processing and simple scrapping; in certain regions skins are even eaten. With the exception of (iii) and a proportion of (ii) it is difficult to assign satisfactory figures to these various end-uses which in any event vary widely depending on the product concerned. Large numbers of sheepskins, particularly those obtained from ritual slaughterings (baptisms, marriages, Tabaski) are used bv the families involved. 56. The normal trade in these articles is distorted by transfers and speculation in various forms, especially by fluctuations in stock due to the world market situation for leather and leather goods. Currently trade is still strongly influenced by the fact that skins are in fashion while hides are suffering from a depression owing to the reduced demand for heavy walking shoes, leather soles and harness, and military equipment made of leather, coupled with a larger supply of hides resulting from beef consumption. 1/ Cf. Annex 3. - 25 - 57. Table 18 provides rough estimates of the supply and utilization of hides and skins in 1969. Table 18: ESTIMATED UTILIZATION OF THE OUTPUT OF HIDES AND SKINS - 1969 1.) In numbers Cattle hides Sheepskins Goatskins a) Domestic consumption 50,000 175,000 250,000 b) Exported raw 125,000 100,000 250,000 c) Exported tanned 5;000 - 100.000 d) Losses or other uses 20,000 25,000 50,000 e) Total 200,000 300,000 650,000 2) AUproximate end value in millions of CFAF Cattle hides Sheepskins Goatskins Value of a) 15 20 30 Value of b) + c) 70I+ 5 15 4 _+2 Total 90 35 90 To t:al a + b + c CFAF 215 illion a/ a/ of which CFAF 80 million represents SVCP's 1969 sales volume. No fiLgures for crocodile skin are available for 1969. The Future of SVCP and CTMC 58. SVCP, which treated 450 tons in 1969, or 32% of the production and 53% of the hides and skins collected, stocks included, considers it will reach the following figures in 1970, representing a 20% increase over the previous year: Number of cattle hides : 85,000 - 405 tons ) Number of sheepskins : 65,000 - 40 tons ) Total : 540 tons Number of goat:skins 225,000 - 95 tons ) The Government must continue its efforts with resDect to collection. which is carried out in broad daylight and without any possibility of fraud. 59. SVCP's Articles of Association also permit it to play a role in the treatment of hides at the timne nf czlniichter. However, this entails a partial ancl temporary delegation of the State's responsibilities, since the !tptP still retains final authority in this field. It ought then to reimburse 'SVCP for the expenses (personnel, transport, materials), which later would contract for this purpose. In any event any such action is likely to be replaced soon by direct State action unaffected by any commercial consider ations. - 26 - 60. As regards the Tanning Center, its limited means prevent it from undertaking any activities other than those at present assigned to it, namely custom-processing of leather and production of craft articles in that material. An annual output of 200,000 tanned skins -- a level that hias not yet been reached -- is not sufficient for the export trade owing to the variety of origins, weights, qualities and sizes involved. It will there- fore be essential for this production to be incorporated into a larger enterprise better able to make up and market batches that are big enoughI for the world market. Care must be taken to avoid a return to the small- scale trading approach, the fatal consequences of which were noted at the beginning of this section. The Prospects for the Sector - Mleasures to be Taken 61. The preceding analysis indicates that the results achieved so far are sufficientlv encouraging to warrant the continuation of efforts to encourage production and enhance its value. Efforts should focus essentially on: (i) The establishment of a hides and skin preparation section. for the proper operation of which the State must assume responsibility. This Dreparation will be done at the time the animals are slaughter- ed in the public abattoirs and in the official markets. (ii) The improvement of the collection arrangements. This has been facilitatpd by thp PetAhlishment of SVCP= On the other hand, the preparation of hides and skins for which the Livestock Service is -reonsible musct hp nmnllptplI reorganized IJ.ile t-hp Direorn of SVCP does his best to encourage butchers to treat skins in the bush, usin- gwhatever is at hand (frames, wtres, straw shelters), he can hardly carry out the tasks for which extension workers (moniteurs) should be responsible, namely those of ensuring that each skin is properly prepared in a well-maintained dryer, and of supervising~ the work of butchers and extension w.orkers. Hlowever well formulated a set of rules for the treatment of hides and sk.ins may be, it rem a4ns ineffective f4. ehe basic organization for implementing them is missing, as in Upper Volta. 62. Before considering an investment program, it is a matter of urgency that a preparation section with a separate andU approprate uuuget be set up; this budget should be financed from a preparation levy charged on products exported. The section should provide for: (i) a score of qualified technicians to carry out the supervision of 35 to 40 markets initially; (ii) the distribution of equipment and supplies required for treatment (knivesn rone; measures. dyes, stamps. arsenate); and - 27 - (iii) rmeans of transport for the personnel (mounts, bicycles, mopeds), and a van for taking Supplies out to the iain c and for 'staff inspections. This section should be placed under the Animal Industries Service. 63. The appointment of the moniteurs must be accompanied by the drawing, up of detailed inventory of the -ou*nt a-n co n 'ditono existing) eqtuinment. There are in fact twenty hush abattoirs-dryers which were set up with F[C 1LIU and CLi tU LLs som,Ue ten or ,more years ago and LhLave now more or less been abandoned (Annex 3). 64. Determination of the new or renovated equipment required in the 1 L o_ _ _ L _ __1 - L _SX_ L - IC - - LlRII, UL Lhe imporLance OL tradltlonal equipmentL w41 provVca LRe UZ5lcS LUL drafting an investment program spread over a two-year period. in the begin- ni1nq, thtE personnel responsible for supervising and teaching proper methods of preparation under the auithority of sector chiefs should work with the siri,plest of equipment (ciryers under straw shelter, arsenic curing in barrels). Tile fitting out of fifteen centers with abattoirs, dryers, wells and stcrage facilities for skins collecte( -is under study. 65. Within the framework of these recommendations, one would stress:li/ til -the importance of providing an economic justification for each location through proper analysis of the turnover and volume of slaughter in the local market; and (ii) tile need for effective and conscientious supervision by qualified personnel with adequate means at their disposal. 1/ See also page 119. - 28 - D. The health Situation 66. Upper Volta's geographical location provides no protection against diseases. The volume of transit trade in livestock, climatolo- gical factors and even the intervention of man have created conditions under which the country's livestock suffers from a varied range of micro- bial; narasitic or other infections which frenuently assume epizootic proportions. It will be noted that the financial resources and equip- ment available to the LIvestock Service are inadennuate to enable it to eradicate these diseases, or even to take preventive measures sufficient to prevent themn frnm preadinga Tables sunmiarizing the health positiou over the past five years are given in Annex 4. In thle following section some of the main diseases which seriously limit the economitc potential of the livestock sector will be considered. Rinderpest 67. OfficiTlly rinderpest has disappeared since 1966, after a joint internationall campi.. gn lasting tree consecutive year b whh n o-o5 per- cent of the livestock was vaccinated. iowever, the threat still persists, andu Jn a llglly serious for...; n the last tLree years 50-60 percent of the young stock has ceased to be immune to the disease hecause the neces- saidrv LUħ .LUW-Up llledSULt. d LUL LLL1 U1~ v 13 TntesLed areas, e196 I v O R Y C OAST A S 50 100 150 ZOO il\lS'TlRYOP O A( I.'IR'ICITRI: L IVESTOCK °~~~~~~~~~= _ - , !Rj.Clfl(RAlT I:*1: 1.11'1STOCK ANF, hIAI. KiLONtETERS 1 ;R i ;., i i I- REPLJBLIC OF UPF'EFR VOLTA \@P < .... _ _.._G *_- C.. |L1\VES;T0)C>K FROUTE:S (AS OF~ 1966'tl .m-P)ARKOYE.O I CA~~~~~~~~~; A LE;;C [D, D -H-E *- . ( J/I_ | ~~ANJD GC°A-TS(S=G) /3, C / :i1 W ~ * X@ 7s ARatOA/ J/ P I G E R (3 Point of cntr; --------F \. ~ / DRI / \,W 15°1 PUYTENGA Princ-ipal livestock marke ts I OUGEx ' 00 Poin ts of exit +,4! \YOUBA - \ |o .> - o\f r o e X 7 s oiS ' \~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~SEBA _) F --R~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~H IG _ 0*JUYA )DAH 1 X R - < / ) %~ W m G A At T C) G O *3 #.#~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~----- 5- 000_)\ . _ \ - . < X * 3 \ \ ESTIMATES~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ( ) &\ \ _| SG 5().00ARANIlic..toilbtllrc 50~~~~~~~A AD r C5 ' ,Z P i1 a Hi, 100.00 DOUGO~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~lEiETR _ : .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ . 1 1 } : X 1 ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ Dn : HB . 0 M , E I4I - 30 - (ii) the growing number of carriers passing through Upper Volta on their way to the coastal countries. Proof of this is provided by the fact that all the major North-South routes used across the country by cattle dealers are badly infected. Animals exported by Mali and Niger to Ivory Coast or Ghana trek through between 500 and 1000 km of Voltaic territory; (iii) ineffertive vaccination of healthy carriers or undetected sick animals and the use of chemotherapy unaccompanied by an effertive nuarantine and systematic slaughtering (stamn- ing out). Vaccinations Carried Out 73. Owing to the external origin of the infection and the particu- larly slow and insidious nature of the rnntaginn- ssQtPmatjir varrination is not done. The Livestock Service does not step in until a center of 4nf-tion h,a or, been l delar to exist VArrinAtinn ic nnly earripd nuit iTi a very limited area. The following table provides an idea of the ratio between the increlase ;n the n"um,ber of cnttle n-nd tho naprrin:atinne affPrt-ot between January 1963 and the end of 1969. On an average only 0.6 percent of lthe- cattle is4 :eefr vacci4ntated ani nhivrAlw lowt. pearcentager w.i th no practical effect since the disease has been becoming increasingly wide- spread for six ye-ars. Year Assumed number of Vaccinations cattle 1963 2,000,000 147,436 0.73 1964 2.080.000 120,896 0.58 196.5 2,300,000 124,092 0.58 19615 2,340,000 75;426 093 1967 2,400,000 156,705 0.65 1968 2,425.000 127,079 0.54 1969 2,450,000 179,840 0.73 Vaccines Used 74. Before February 1969 the Service obtained twqo types of vaccine cultures in liquid form from the Dakar Laboratory. One was from the Did strain (Perized), reserved for Zebu cattle, and the other from the T3 strain, less strong than the former, reserved for taurins (Peritor). These two strains do not keep well, and only for a short time in any case. Wlhile the immunity provided is satisfactory it lasts for only about six months. hence not very long, which is an obstacle to a mass vaccination campaign. From IMarch 1969 onwards these two vaccines have been replaced bv a freefze- dried type prepared from the Tl strain which retains a high immunizing value for one vear provided it is kent under nermanent refrfgeration. The protection afforded definitely exceeds eight months, although it has yet to be orcived that it lasts for as long as avyar. - 31 - 75. Vests whicih reproduce conditionis of inatural transmission through the cohabitation of vaccinated cattle with controls andl infected animnals nave i;made it possible to reach a meaningful judgement regarding the value of this strain. It appears to have no harmful effects, although more virulent than the i.ZL 3J strain which has lirmited immunizing potential. The Australian V5 strain is considered too strong for African cattle and is therefore unsuitable for large-scale utilization. 76. ifuddart (FAO). after noting the effectiveness of ?l vaccine in iast Africa, consid(lrs that if all the cattle in an infected area were to be vaccinated tw:ice in the first year and once yearly in the two subse-- quent years, the disease oucht to be stamiped out. At Dakar, the results of the tests carried out by Doutre and Chambon will soon be known and will make it possible to evaluate the length of the imimunity provided by tlle TI strain in Jest Africa. 77. Finally, at Fort-Lamv- combined rindernopt and nleuropneimonia vaccination appears in principle to be giving good results, although the use no t-he Kit 3J strain makes it crnni(herably less attractive from tHhe- econ-oimiic ang'le owing to tihe low level of im-munity providedl by this strain (dur3rt:ion ald virulence) (Perreau) 73.z TheI coclsions w!hi h may be Arawar from the Inre,,n 4 hr-ef surmmar-y are thc fol'Iowing: (i) In the case of a localized infection center, mass vaccina- tion using, a KUI 3J freeze-dried strain can be applied without worrying about either reaction or hostility on the part of cattle owners. Since the immunity afforded does not last long, vaccination shiould be repeated every six months and accompanied by strict separation of infected animals from healthv ones, together with total commercial and sanitary isolation of the area. These measures very much limit: the preventive value of a mass campaign but are o! a definite indirect economic value in that they protect the healthy animals from infection. (ii) When infection is generaL and widespread, as is the case at: present: in IJest and Central Africa, results will only be obtained by the combination of four series of measures. These are, in order of importance: (a) the s;unervision of commercial or any other move- ments. of cattle on compulsory routes; (b) the detection and isolation of infected animals and of carriers; (c) the slaughtering- of all animals found to be infected under (b); (d.) the vaccination of healthy stock. - 32 - 79. W4hile (ii) (a), (b) and (c) could be put into practice immediate- ly throughout the entire country, as Dreliminary but indispensable measures, (ii) (d) is still subject to certain scientific and financial reservations which have so far postponed its application throughout the African continent. 80. By thne end of 1970 the results of exDeriments with the TI vaccine should ;.e known, including the duration and value of the immunitv conferred and thie extent of nossible harmful effects narticularly in tne case of taurins. The results obtained will then have to be confirmed in the field by a three-year pilot campaign involving animals susceptible co the disease. FAC intends to start such a campaign in 1971 among 160,300 ihead of cattle in the northern savannah reigion of Togo. Upper Volta mi2lht benefit from a similar program, should Togo refuse to meet the scientific reauirements for these experiments. 81. Thus, from the economic and scientific angles no large-scale anti-pleuropneumonia campaign can he advised anywhere before 1974, parti- cularlv if the establishment of obligatorv livestock routes and adequiate supervision and the detection of foci of infection are not permanentlv assured. These measures must therefore be ta,ken evervwhere as soon ns possible. The technical, financial and economic conditions for a campai-n are considered f-i the scopnd nnrt nf this rponrt 8- Thp fnrpeeing in no ijAv I p en then necessltyr of locallzed campaigns wherever the disease has gained a footing. As regards the preparatorv m.eaisurepS 1 i litep under (ii) (a), (h) nId (c), these shouil d become a permanent part of an uo-to-date svstem for the prevention of contagious diseases. Other Mlicrobial Infection- 83l. A li,mited campaign should be carried out in the centers of anthrax infection which periodically reappear around pools and swampy patches, par- ti.ularly ater yvears of pronounced drought (1967/68). .as.eurellos4S also requires constant attention -- 500 deaths were reported in 1968. This i tuatio LUiL _,l %UIIiI I taL LU counL. and L.LL lUstLLock SrLVIce is quite capable of holding these diseases in check if provided with the means to d'o so. Tuberc-ulosis and brucellosis, both hur,uman and' animial, are enad,lmiC but form special cases, the detailed consideration of which would be beyond the scope of thlis reuort. L S* treptothricosis and rickettsioSeS coUime under the program to eradicate their vectors and are included under external parasite elimination campaigns. Trypanosomiasis 84. The number of foci of infection confirmed each year is quite small, just 15 to 20. This figure does not provide a true picture of the spread of the disease, which is found throughout the entire country - 33 - including the Dori region and in all susceptible species. Only the cattle of tli Saheldlian North are unafferte, hPeaiius t-hpv move into Mali for nprt of the year. Elsewhere the disease is brought in by the movement of herds to the North-East along the Sirbato Nigerorsouthzard t t Bbo- Ouagadougou-Fada-N Gourma border route. 85. The trypanosomiasis problem is a socio-economic one. The Livestock Service is to be congratulated on halting the uncontrolled application of trypanocides in order to prevent the development of t V 'an nret C. C,.L s;trains. UHotsowevez,r the stoaraers insist on having the anthrycides, or "powder," which they are now obtaining from Ghana, Togo and Ii.t -. . The:y Uh,en ask for inJections (against paym.ent.) fromU vaccinators formerl.y employed by the antirinderpest campaign who have kept "or, more prec-.1-isey tln hi qir,e hc owpoie U JILAL ~ pi LJ).LCħy, ~ U~ LJ LLC:.Lk =K4UipnmL1CLLL., WLI.L%Ll LLIJW PLUVJ.U=C them with a source of easy money. 86. Although no trypanocides of any type was officially supplied b-etween JurAe 19608 and Mlarcl` 1969, there 'as not been an,y recrudescence L) - LVO diU Lid LAi .LU7V L[i~ II1 IU 1L ii' L L U~ C c of- centers of infection. There can be no doubt that the solution lies n controL L of the vector, rather thanL in large-scale but octerL ineffec- tive campaigns against the agent of infestation. However, the fact that: thLe vector ex'Lsts in bUordUer'iing countriLes would bUe bounud to LeaU d to re- infestation if a campaign against the tsetse fly were not carried out at. thLe same time- 1in th [ose countries. It must be added that, just as ror onchocercosis, the technical difficulties involved in such operations are considerable. it is far from easy to calculate their cost in advance, and tneir economic effects are even more difficult to determine even though it is quite cerLain that they will have a beneficial effect both in princi- ple anad in practice. They would have to be financed by means of foreign subsidies and not by loans, in order to insure that the State would not become involved in an operation which would not show a sufficient return in the medium-term to permit repayment of borrowed funds. Ticks and External Parasites 87. There are no tick-control dips in Upper Volta even though a real need for them appears to exist in the region where rainfall exceeds 1,000 mm. However, ihe' operation of such dips raises operational and maintenance prolblns. The choice of the site is important insofar as it governs the frequency wi:th which the dip will be used and hence the usefulness and value of the equipment. An epidemiological study of the region ought to make it possib)le to determine the areas most affected and those where the livestock density i.s higlhest. Some trial dips should be installed in order to test the herders; reactions and to determine the operating costs before moving on to a more large-scale program. - 34 - Internal Parasites 88. Internal parasites are giving increasing concern to veterinarians and agronomists in the context of collective camnaign at ORD level. The effects of such parasites, particularlv on the mortalitv among young stock:, are well known. Unfortunately, eradication of parasites is costly and can really be effective only if coupled with action to prevent the use of reservoirs for drinking. The most effective and economic means of comnbat- ting parasites is to prevent stock from drinking the polluted water of perennial ponds, reservoirs and any other perennial bodies of water wlhere the parasite and its vectors can live and breed. Wells and boreholes must be provided not simply to provide cattle with drinking water (which is not so acute a problem in Upper Volta as in northern Mali and in Niger) but as an essential part of a campaign against parasitism and the transmission of certain contagious diseases. E. Applied Livestock Research Research Establishments 89. This section is based primarily on the report of J. `Mordant, an IEMST (Institut d'Eleva2e et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pavs Tronicauix) expert assigned to analyze the stockbreeding potential of Upper Volta in 1967. 1/ Before considering the problem of research, the characteristics of the different animal species in Upper Volta will first be considered. Zebu cattle 90. As regards Zebu cattle, it is hard to compete with M,4ali and Niger which are better placed for extensive natural production and ranching. There is, however, scope for fattening or finishing imported Zebus. At present, Tnli Zhus aFrp alwavs in better condition than those of Unner Volta. Trypano-Resistant Cattle (taurins) 91. These belong to the West African short-horn breed and are known as Mere in Upper Vonlta and RAniule in Tvnrv Coast. Little infnrm2tinn is available on this breed; it will have to be studied, since taurins are verv good meat animals 'Tnnr Volta woumld p a vurv good place todo the neces- sarv research, in view of the importance and concentration of this breed in the country. Draft Animals 92. There is much less of a future for these than for animals raised lor meat. It is nLot recoL. -enUeU thLat efforts should be made o Ueve.Lop a draft breed; rather, draft work should simply be a stage in the utilization of the animal, commencing when the animral is four years old and lasting for two to three years, after which the animal would be finished and fattened for slaughter. 1/ Mordant, J.: Le Potentiel Zootechnique de la Haute-Volta -- Cooperation -- 1969. - 35 - _S..all Rumina-ts 93. Th1ese are highly Jim'portant from "he economi.-, food and4 socilal I LI L r.I ~ IC ~ IO L_LL~1 LIA.~ %4LL O L.C standpoints. The raising of these animals should be developed and expanded at the samne time as crop farming. Greater use could be ade of improved breeds such as the ''Iaradi goat wlhiclh has a high productivity and whose skin LetCi1es a goo' pir c on thLe -wUorld mar'-Let. Pigs and_poultry 94. T'hese are typically associated witn smaii ramily-type hoidings. Their large-scale production has to be considered essentially in economic terms.; any expansion depends on the urban market (purchasing power and taste of customers) and the rural marlket (increased money income from expansion of agriculture). 95. The present researcih stations include: (i) 13anankeledag: This is hardly suitable for anything but small-scale stockraising and possibly the study of the fattening of cattle or shieep by smallholders in coopera- tion with producers of market-gardening crops and agricul- tural by-products. (ii) Samandeni: This station was establislhed to study the behavior of cattle in a hostile environment. It was never provided with adequate means to do so and its herd has been dispersed. Taking the present state of the country's finan- ces into aiccount, there is no great point in recommencing research that is of a fundamental nature and not therefore intended to produce concrete projects in the short term. It would be Dreferable to close the station down altogether. (iii) IPAT (Institut de Recherches Agronomiques Tropicales et de Cultures Vivrieres): Saria and Farako Ba are doing very good work on fodder production and animal traction; there is no point in duplicating their efforts. However, the Livestock Service could be associated more closely with their work and the results of the experimental work carried out should be very widely publicized among the agricultural services, the Livestock Service and the ORDs. (iv) Markoye: This station is working in the Sahelian region, i.e. on Zebu cattle. 1/ 96. Like Mordant, we recommend that only one new research station be set up: i.e. for the study of the potential of the trypano-resistant short-horn siere and Baoule cattle, with experimental work on intensive fattening teclniques as a subsidiary activity. However, the latter work, 1/ See also paragraplh 99. - 36 - should not be Just a sideline, but rather one ot the more important re- search subjects in the Soudanian region. It will determine the most econo- mic rations on the basis of the by-products available in the Bobo-Dioulasso- Banfora region and high-yield fodder crops. Experiments with fattening techniques should focus on Zebus because of their superior final wveight, and should be complemented by special research or measures to protect the health of Zebus, particularly those dealing with the control of parasites and trypanosomiasis. 97. Mordant also notes the importance of the environment and the lhealth problem in all attempts to improve stockbreeding. Stockraising of the extensive type cannot be expanded owing to the shortage of available sanitary watering points and grazing areas. Increasing productivity througl the improvement of grass cover on range land is a long-term operation in view of the obvious economic constraints. Thus the improvement of stock, itself also a long-term oDeration, is essentiallv dependent on improvement of the environment. 98. To find a way out of this dilemma, applied rescarch must give priority to determining the most judicious distribution of the country's existing herd. Based on the agrostological and the pasture-use maps of the land on both sides of the 13thi parallel, it slhould determine the most profitable ways of utilizing the animal-breeding and fodder notential. Thlis concept of research, applied to immediate development objectives, has rarelv if ever been suggested to researchers and economists. lWe believe that this approach warrants consideration. It would interest financing agencies in projects with definite objectives and would fit in well with the development of Upper Volta as a meat exporter, a role which is amplv Justified by the country's geographical position. The Oudalan Livestock and Training Center ('larkoye) 99. This Center was set up with assistance from the USAII) program and has entailed exnenditures in excess of 'FAF 200 million, including investments totaling CFAF 180 million, between 1964 and June 1970. Thie smanll amsunt of land nrovided (800 to 825 ha, enclosed; to whichi it is intended to add 1,000 to 1,010 ha of more or less bad land in the course of 1970) hardly warrants terming thep station a "ranch.1 It is PccPntin11u a demonstration (or promotion) and training center, set up to: (i) distribute, against payment, concentrated feeds and sa114-:_Ks whiich it h_S _already st.-are 11- do (ii). 3. receiLve young stoc'Kmen, which. a has yet to IDe d.lone; iiij super-vise tile p'laciLLg ofL breeding stock (buLLs an' goats)j and provide advice to the stockraisers, which it has started to ao; (iv) provide guidance and training in order to raise the level of traditional stockraising, as is also being done for goat and cattle raising. - 37 - 100. Viewed from this angle, the role of the Iarkoye Center is more easy to ilc-- f n and wYarrants t-h 1-sp iinnrort of t-hp aithnritties- and nutside assistance. The real problem is to determine the actual scope of this costly project, nnA the orientation of 4ri work nprticiulrlu in the diffi- cult field of providing extension services to herdsmen. If the Center is 1- a2 _1t-o el 1<_ h v er4 "1out reorce _no - 4 m4 - -t -nX1 1 1 I _ _ _ _ - - _ -_ _ _ _ - _ I - , -_ I . _ - _ -_ _ - - -- _ _ _ years there has actually been a decline in staff at the higher levels. The Government ought to have at least 15 Voltaic veterinary suropnns hy 1980. 1/ i e ornonaa incu4-rrdA by the St-te in providing personnnel andA eu.4pment for operation of the Livestock Service as a department in contradistinc- tion to thae financial charges attribDutuable tLo tfhle implementation ol deveU lopment projects. _ 4R _ A recruitment drive is therefore needed to avoid further calls for foreign assistance. Until 1975 1here will be l4.ttle increase in the numhers of veterinary assistants (infirmiers). Recruitment will merely offset resig- ations,J&t a m orL. d ~etacheed duty, dismissals and reLt--- s 125. T"he vaccinators used in the rinderpest campaign were released in 1968, but will have to be re-engaged by 1972 or 1973, perhaps even earlier, lor new large-scale caipaLgns, if bJoviLne pleuropneumonia gets the upper hand. 126. 'ihe projections of staff required have been made with the three- foL Ud obuJect of settLng up an OuVtL fLor thie Sahel, wiLth a 'lvestock "lstr'ct at Djibo; forming a new district at Koudougou and possibly at Koupela l/; and bringing about a closer and more realistic association between crop and aniimal husbandry in the Black Volta ORD (including Bobo-Dioulasso anu uraduaraj and in the O-RD at Koudougou, Yatenga ana Gaoua. Tnese appear to be the best equipped to undertake integrated rural development operations, extending beyond the scope of experimental demonstration piots or mere examples of the combination of crop farming with stockraising. 127. It is suggested that a special. section charged with livestock production and extension service among livestock producers be established and staffed with livestock assistants who have received specialized train- ing, first at school and then in the field. Instructors in hide and skin preparation (also called market inspectors) are also essential to ensure that full use is made of existing and new processing installations. 1/ Or 'Cenkodogo. Table 23: LIVESTOCK SERVICE -- PERSONNEL IN SERVICE IN 1964 -- Vf A 'fll TVA 'Z AM" ATf xFAT 'T MA Tfr VlIlnVc XrnM1 TbT ft' C n l PA tr T T T r 1 -- xrPrAJL tUNLJ VJJIħt~.1~. vvfszv rc L uN THE VOi.LI1XC 1VIL SERVItE Categories of Staff Number Veterinary inspectors (Technical Assistance) .... ............ 4 Voltaic senior veterinarians (docteurs veterinaires) ... ..... 2 Quota veterinarians ......... ................................ 2 African veterinarians !a . ................................... 9 African veterinarians under contract ....... ................. 2 T.E.I.A. /D0 engineer (Technical Assistance) .... ............. I Hides and Skins expert ......... ............................. 1 Livestock technicians ......... .............................. 1 Livestock assistants /c ........ ............................. 25 Student livestock assistants (three classes) .... ............ 4 Veterinary assistants /d ............................. 137 Student veterinary assistants (two classes) .... ............. 21 Administrative and decision-making officials .... ............ 137 FAC agrostologist . ........................................... 1 Agricultural engineer on detached duty from D.S.A. .... ...... 1 Total ntumber of nersonnel in service ............. ... ... 348 /a One African veterinarian on detached duty .... .......... Deputy /b Travaux d'Elevage et des industries Animales /c One livestock assistant available ..... ................. RHV /d Five veterinary assistants on detached duty .... ........ 4 deputies 1 cantonal chief Source: Extract from 1964 Annual Report of Livestock Service. - 47 - 128. Di.-rect -ec'hn.cal assistance will contiu on_ amoest scale: LLU AJ.LLL.L LC. LL&Lt.,aco.... A ttfL.LUeA 'JUU a muAJCI C there will be one veterinarian specializing in pastoral development attaci,eu to thLeI Livestoc SerAVLce, onLLe eUoLUomJ.os attachled t o thLe PLnLiLLLLg Department, one educationalist/principal at the Livestock Service School and one Lechnica'L adviser to the 'Minister. InLirect assistanLce -will ue mainly provided: (i) by the experts responsible for setting up the Sahel ORD and for its management until its staff can become entire- ly Voltaic which should be the target for 1980; (ii) by the experts responsible for bringing the Ouagadougou abattoir into service; (iii) by the veterinarians who will take part in large-scale campaigns against bovine pleuropneumonia, parasitic in- fections, trypanosomiasis, etc.; (iv) by temporary consultants responsible for special studies, e.g. fattening of livestock. 129. Table 24 related only to Voltaic staff and technical assistance of ficials on. active duty with a Livestock Service. Table 24: LIVESTOCK SERVICE: MANPOWER PROJECTIONS j Personnel on active duty 1966 1968 1970 1975 190E) Vol+taic senir veterin-lrans 7L6 O..L y 15 Expatriate veterinarians h 3 3 j 4 c exhausted) 9 7 5 4 1 Total Group I 20 16 16 17 20 Voltaic engineers and assistant engineers 20 23 25 30 )0 77--- c- -4 -1 -- -4 --- -- -I1 I I Expatriate cl enler _ U n t) U Total Group IL 2 24 2U 3u 4u Lvestock assistantus - ruroup ħII I 15" 165 c ), 0 Vaccinators - Grouu IV $4 0 0 150 150 instructors/inspectors, idem 0 2 2 20 30 Animal husbandry extension workers /': idem Group III 0 0 0 25 50 sotal~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ mapoe 2l5 20 r 2i 17 42) 7 5{8 wr a/ Prepared by the Livestock Service; projections for vaccinators, instructors/ inspectors and animal husbandry instructors were made by the IBRD Mission. i/ This figure is, in our view, too low to cover the wide range of direct responsibilities in livestock production. In addition, there are too few Group II officials in relation to the numbers in Group I. The provision for personnel for the intermediate stages between planning and implementation is also too small. c/ One school principal, one official responsible for pastoral development and one planner (after July 1970 in the latter case). The forecast of four expatriates i.e. the three indicated above plus one technical adviser, is rather optimistic for 1975 and beyond. T/ To 'e trained by officials who have already graduated as livestock assista~nt.s - 49 - Equipen t Vehicles 130. In 1969 the Livestock Ser-vice Vehicle Pool consisted of 60 cars, and 70 motorized cycles in poor condition. To provide the service (includ- ing thie ORDs) with adequate equipment in 1970-7/1, 9y percent or tne present pool would have to be scrapped. Transportation requirements for 1971 are shown in Table 25 below. Table 25: VEHICLE REQUIREMENTS Vehicles Service ORDs Total Liaison 35 10 45 Field 25 15 40 Motorized cycles - 100 100 Other Equipment 131. Six oil-driven freezers, 8 refrigerators and 6 ice-making machines were purchased for the rinderpest campaign. This equipment is still in working order but the ice-making machines have not been used since 1968. The camp equipment, canteens, tents, etc., are almost unserviceable after three years' use. Dispensary/Vaccines 132. Stocks are extremely low, particularly those of vaccines. Conclusions 133. Whereas the responsibilities of the Livestock Service have been increasing, at least in theory, its resources have been steadily declining over tne past 10 years. with the exception of the resources temporarily made available for the rinderpest campaign sponsored by FED. Local governments have contributed little to relieve the pressure on the State budget. Live- stock pcroduction has continued to be regarded by a number of Government services as a permanent source of tax revenues. - 50 - 134. The country's geographical situation has done much to encourage the idea that livestock destined for export, whether or not of Voltaic ori- gin, should be taxed either on entering or on leaving the country, and without reference to any services rendered. Under these conditions, smuggling, favored also by the economic situation of its trading neighbors (Mali and Ghana in Parti- cular), has reached a scale and siRnificance that is difficult to assess. 135. The Livestock Service no longer has either the resources or the capacity to exercise the responsibilities which it has in theory for the promotion of livestock trade and livestock development. Organizational reforms are therefore needed that would leave to the service its technical resnonsibilities in such fields as health education, information and statis- tics, but would entrust to a Voltaic mixed corporation the studies, programs, execution and; if necessary, management of certain oroiects. Develonment will, of course, have to take place within a framework determined by tile Government- 136 The establishment of an ORD for the Sahel that will cover at least 600,000 head of cattle and 1 million small livestock should provide the means for tackling the nroblems of the essentially nastoral region of the Niorth. Elsewhere responsibilities will have to be shared between the agr4cultu,raflPR3c and State agencies. Withonit suceh far-rearhing reforms, weighed and accepted by all, the present service will progressively become more stagnanto ITt till hbe roteir,,d t-n n c:lltnn nf iind r-ottinvnuti :nni "in- productive officials which the State must continue to maintain, paying their sala-rie-s and representational expenses. 1347. Tndef4n-ite continua-tion of the existing state of affairs -,,Id b- disastrous, particularly at a time when attention is increasingly focused on regional aidd and the coordi nal4oti of obJectives an.d resources withf a view to the development of a common market for livestock and meat in West Africa (Niamey Conference - MIarch ħ1 El . NAs the, U b-e A. -t (a and1 -4 t Africa, Upper Volta should provide this key sector of its economy with the organiULzatLo.na'L structure and resources it now lackls. - 51 - II. THE DEVELOPMENT OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION A. The Planning of Livestock Development Projects Underway (1970) 138. Livestock production is still very far behind so far as the provision of an up-to-date technical infrastructure is concerned. FAC has helped to remedy this situation with a series of investments and studies undertaken between 1959 and 1969 at a cost (excluding direct technical assistance and expert missions) of CFAF 478 million. USAID set un the Oudalan Center at a cost nf CFAF 163.5 mi1lion. nlus local counterpart funds of CFAF 41.7 million. FED is financing the erection at Ouagadouonu of a mndern cold-stnrage plant and abattoir with a capacity of 6,000 tons, capable of expansion to 13,000 tons. As the result of nrotrarte6 Aelavy thin nrnipo t which has heen under studlv since 1964 will not be operational until 1974. After a number of vi eRittliti st- t-a e-ne - in rntltulf{n at-tildia -o pt-it-i n nnd technie-I _~~~~ _ _ _ __ - _ _ - ---- -_ - - - - - _ _-- assistance, has risen to CFAF 520 million. Finally, German aid has flnan-redd A elpt-nlipe e-itey fnr a ranch proJert (CFVA 52 Million)_ 139. The total cost of the pro4ects executed or approved over the past decade amounits to CFAF 1,260 million. 1/ Half of these, including the follrzing, have still to be carried out or completed: Livestock Service School -- scheduled opening date April 1970 (FAC); Administrative Headquarters - scheduled opening date Y-;, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~197 0 (FAC);Mt Oaagadou:gou abats t oirs --4 start-u.p. snchnedulte4d f-r&W- 1974 (FED); the two skin-drying plants at Ouaga and Bobo-Dioulasso -- scheduled opei.n.g dates April d e u thb.e Bouwo=Dioullasso by-product recovery station %_9701%71)L (FAC); the Djibo livestock district scheduled to come into operation in 1 9717 (rAC). hLilis total does not include such hydraulic engineering projects ae dams, village wells, deepening of ponds, etc., incorrectly classi- fied as animal husbandry. - 52 - 140. These capital investments are evidence of the authorities' desire to fill obvious gaps. Although for the most part not directly productive, the need for them is inescapable and efforts should not be relaxed until they have been completed. 141. A number of studies have also been undertaken that will make it possible to embark on a second stage more clearly directed towards the growth in output that should become the guiding principle of the next 10 years. 142. The projects that should be undertaken in this decade are described below. Their total cost is of the order of CFAF 10 billion. They are being embodied in successive plans and the contribution of each to production -- the principal element in the justification of each to individual projects - has still to be established by detailed studies. 143. The year 1970 promises to be a fruitful one. The following studies. financed with FAC credits, are either underway or about to be started: (i) a general and regional inventory of livestock production in terms of resources and employment including a series of tables for inclusion in the national accounts; this survey will also review the long-term prospects for animal husbandry; (ii) an0agrostological survey of the region north of latitude 13 N; (iii) numnina tests on an underground ac,uifer found in the Beli valley; (iv) a feasibility study of two cattle routes; (v) a preliminary study for a livestock ORD in the Sahel; (vi) a study of the statutes and operating requirements of a National Livestock Corporation; (-i4 4 a --rket sury of the by-produc1ts available for feeding U hLa a.h. 0A& -.J .J r'…- livestock. The cost of all these preparatory surveys will exceed CFAF 100 million. G..rman aiLd should for iUts part co.mplete by ehe enA of 1970 a te..lca.L and economic survey of the prospects for establishing a combined fatten- Aing&anuL U reedi.ng ranch southeast of ULarALoraL. L.e studies that LhAve bee mentioned will make it possible to face the future with reliable data and a tnorough understanding oL the envLrounrent, iLts potentia andU its limitations. - 53 - 144. It may seem strange that this should not have been done long befnr-e In ponint of fact, none of the Unner Volta's neighbors; immp- diate or distant, with the exception of the Niger, appears to have adopt:ed this avgtpTnntir approarh. After the surveys of the long-term prospects for animal husbandry and of livestock production resources, a further vital and urgent study will atill need to be hrdertakenl. This will be a survey oif the suitability for livestock raising of the areas south, of lat4tude "'A N, suppler.ting the agoso-gcl 6tudy.' ot- f the region north of this latitude. The application made to the planning authorities in 1966 by t T Live-stock Servce does nrot appear to have beer. followed up. On the basis of the report made by the agrostologist Scaillet (FAQ)-, the Cost wou.ld appear to be of the ordA CFrA 50 m4114o brok- down as foLlows: 24 expert:-months .............. ................. CFAF 30 Transport:ation ................................. 5 Cost of preparation of map ..... ................ 5 Publication of map and report ............... ... 5 Contingencies . ...................... ....... 5 CFAF 50 million 145. The agrostological map should show the unfarmed areas, their potential for animal husbandry and serve as a basic reference document for opening up new livestock ranges. This survey should be correlated with the studies on settlement of areas at present abandoned on account of onchocercosis and other forms of parasitism. It should be financed by UN-DP or FAC as al matter of urgency. 146. Finally, a solution to the probiem of the pianned development of livestock production is largely dependent on three factors: (i) completion of the basic studies, which is now less of a problem and which appears assured by the end of 1971; (ii) the preparation of project studies which have been barely started and which have lagged. One ray of hope is the assignment of a veterinarian-economist to the Planning Office in 1970. Until then little progress will be made on the studies despite the ideas put forward and the goodwill shown by all, unless they can be prepared by teams of foreign experts and financed from external contributions to the local budget; (iii) ability to carry out the projects once financing has been secured. - 54 - It is in the two latter cases that the bottlenecks occur, especially in the livestock sector. 147. Progress in carrying out the 1967-70 plan has varied widely both by sector and within the sectors. After three years CFAF 13.5 bil- lion of the CFAF 20.8 billion program has been spent: i.e. 66% of the target level has been achieved. The rate of spending on rural develop- ment has been the least satisfactory; and the fact that, within this sector, expenditures on livestock development have reached only 29 per- cent of the target testifies to the seriousness of this problem. Table 26: EXECUTION OF THE PLAN Forecast Actual expenditure Percentage Sphere of (billions of CFAF) 1967-69 of target development 1967-70 1967-69 (billions of CFAF) 1967-69 (1) (2) (3) (3) i (2) Rural sector 7.8 6.0 3.0 50 Modern sector 5.3 4.5 3.0 67 Economic infrastructure 8.4 5.6 4.2 75 Social sector 5.1 3.6 2.1 58 Applied research 0.9 0.7 1.2 171 Total 27.5 20.4 13.5 66 148. Acting as a channel for funds- rather than as an executing agency, the Livestock Service delegates its responsibility to specialized denartments such as Public Works. Rural Hvdraulic Engineering and Develon- ment, over which it has no influence. Those responsible for livestock prno4m-tornn shnolldi Ac4n-1 ate thpmRel ps mnrp rlonslv than in the. ps-t with the actual execution of work in the field so as to prevent delays when sites are selected, when work is provisionally accepted, etc. Apportio-pat of Exte-ral .Aid for Livestock Producitt4on 1}. ~~T.l 1 97 lsu_-a rl- t h4 A exte T n aaA e , dacr Pe h 14-e-ock **1~ . -Ct,.t -- _ - _-OL*&Oa a, ,, ... -~ -. t. a sector between 1959 and 1969. Prior to 1962 only FAC (previously FIDES) participated iLn the deVe.lJopme&nL oif thec sectLo. r. L^Ler 1L952. otLheL LfoJLelgr aid, both bilateral and multilateral, reinforced the assistance being provided by France. IBOD has so far not financed any livestock pujrects in the Upper Volta. In the table, the US contribution to the Markoye ranch is included, though it Ls assigned entirely to thLe I'Lrst of the two financial years in which it was actually made availabe; the Voltaic contribution is not included. Tne data on aid in 1969 include CFAF 520 -- 55 - m14llion released by FE-D for the Ouagadougou abattoir. For 1970 the only firm commitment is that of FAC to finance development of two livestock routes 4-i t lheE TVh - "h-sti-ated cost ia C(vk 80 41140n for the two routes extending over 700 km. In addition, three markets at Puytenga, YM.'Markoye and Kvaya w4.1.11 be cully equllpped1, ar.-a a livestock sector created in Gorom-Gorom. Table 27: FOREIGN AID TO THE LIVESTOCK SECTOR a/ feum authorized in thousDan-s o£C CFA,r) Investments 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 Total FAC aid 1,010.90 1,157.70 944.30 903.40 907.40 836.90 Lare 'uf animal husbandry 50.50 87.00 8.50 69.00 15.70 0 As a rounded percentage 5.00 7.80 0.90 7.60 1.70 0 Total aid 1,017.00 1,613.40 4,679.10 4,014.10 1,803.80 4,679.10 Share of animal husbandry 50.50 87.00 8.50 69.00 60.60 80.00 As a rounded percentage 4.90 5.50 0.15 1.70 3.40 &.65 Investments 196 1966 1967 1Q6R 196*9 Total FAC aid 1,333.10 781.10 1,474.60 1,315.00 467.90 Share of animal husbandry 8.60 81.10 0 106.10 58.65 As a rounded percentage 0.60 10.50 0 8.10 12.30 Total aid 2,450.00 2,859.80 4,978.90 3,749.10 2,555.30 Share of animal h/ husbandry 19.95 117.20 22.00 147.30 603.65-' As a rounded percentage 0.81 4.50 0.45 3.91 23.63 a/ The total cost of the rinderpest campaign is not included but can be estimated as follows, as at the end of 1969: Upper Volta -- CFAF 100 million; FED - CFAF 160 million. The cost of the temporary missions of experts (FED, FAC, FAO, UNDP) is unknown and has not been included. On the other hand the cost of the German study for the southern ranch has been included, i.e. CFAF 52 million spread over 3 years (1967: CFAF 1 million; 1968: CFAF 30 million; 1969: CFAF 21 million). b/ This includes CFAF 520 million for the Ouagadougou abattoir (FED), which explains the exceptionally high figure for this year. - 56 - long-ter Development Gen.eral O0tJ4e C4.-s ( U71-10Q .15. ThJ- L. u ~JL A. L L Je general objectives of Jong=teUm dIevelopment slouldJ le: a general. iLncrease iLn prouuctiLvityv (i)a more rapid transition from a subsistence to a ,rkir'et 4.L.LJ l LI.L LcpL L L aLLLL LI W c ~ Uu L~ LrI,iu c tlz economy; (iii) an increase in domestic consumption of meat; and (iv) an improvement in the balance of trade. Theoretically speaking, these objectives should not be accompanied by a numerical increase in livestocK fln face of the limited supply of food and land until fresh areas, at present unhealthy, have been opened up for permanent occupation by human beings and animals. Hiowever, these areas are unlikely to be available in the near future, since extensive prior studies and work are still required. Any rise in production must tnere- fore come from increasing the take-off of the older stock and turning over more rapidly the capital in younger animals. 151. Greater mobility in certain age groups especially in the case of cattle should also form part of any long-term policy. For this purpose the long-term objective should be to develop the North as a breeding area, involving a more rapid throughput of adult males and sterile or culled females, and to promote at the same time intensive fattening schemes and farm fattening of cattle in the less overburdened and ecologically more suitable areas of the South. 152. At the various operational levels the following approaches can be considered: (i) Integration of Farming and Animal Husbandry. With the help of extension workers in intimate contact with a limited number of farmers, it should be possible to raise productivity per head of cattle maintained through: (a) the supply of power (i.e., through animal traction) and of manure; and (b) the sale of older animals after fattening on the farm for slaughter for domestic consumption. - 57 - These measures are described in the chapter on the integration of crop and animal husbandry. They are only feasible in the most advanced areas (Black Volta) where there is already a farming elite which has reached the stage of farming with animal traction and possesses enough land and labor for collective herding of cattle and the inclusion of a fodder crop such as Bracharia in the rotation. However, over the next ten years farmers are unlikely to reach the stage of being able to raise young livestock and produce milk for the market, if only because of the specialized skills required. (ii) Inprovement of Animal Health. Large-scale campaigns against parasitism in young livestocAk the trypanoso- mi ases, contagious diseases such as pleuropneumonia and rinderDest, streptothrichosis. tuberculosis, etc. must be undertaken or consolidated. (iii) Intensification of the principal activities in live- stock Droduction. i.e. breeding and fattenin2 to raise meat production and unit weights. The conserva- tion and exnansion of fodder resources would be the principal aim and could be achieved, depending on further studvy for both settled and nomadrc raisers of livestock through (a) the establishment of a livestock ORD in the Sahell (b) the development of ind.tatrial fattening in feed-lots (Bobo-Dioulasso/Banfora), and (c! the reratlon of nixed intensivp breeding nnd fAtten.- ing station in the South. (iv) Marketing. This entails a reorganization of marketing chiannelsa with pronerlv enuinnped livestork routes; designed to "nationalize" (i.e. to make truly Voltaic) the trnade and trnnsartionn in livestork that take nlare on Voltaic territory. This should go hand in hand with the formulationn of an apnrnnvinte flexshle fiscal nnlic' that would not unduly harass cattle owners and traders. Such a nolicy must be brought intn line with the tax policies of the neighboring countries, especially those of the Fntente, within the framtanr-k of a enumnn market for cattle and meat. (v) Increased slaughter of livestock with a view to the Bamfora of a larger volume of meat, including that from cattle .f foreign or-ig.gn (,,4 TkThe, a IsK alishman t o f 14 suhbsi a a ,lha4Ae.i idsat-rie (dani products, canning, manufacture of cattle feed and or- -"4 , fgert-4I lizers). These indusitrvieswudbedsge to provide facilities for all possible forms of process- Ang sni mnalsO an-%d by-p'roducts ont Voltaic Soil, provideAd they offer a good return, in order to maximize the value added by ani.al husbandry& to the gross domesi...c product. There are no real difficult technical problems, although market SXUAieS Wi411 ke essentical 4n eA case. (v.iiJ A IThe resumption of an a^^lied research program. a baseA oa. the short-term projects envisaged should normally accompany a course of action such. as th.e one outlined above. r LuJSlrOru "xXv; s..pLLLLo v~ I- .LħL/ .LJJ. nLL Ltie basis ofL LtIese Longteru objectives, tIh LLLsLso as prepared, as a guide, a list of the projected operations (see Table 28) .d a provisior,al est.m-ate of their cost (see T*ab0le29 - - 59 - Table 28: LIST AND POSSIBLE PHASING OF PROJECTED OPERATIONS No. Name Dates 1. Ouagadougou abattoir (lst plan) . .......................... 1973/1974 2. Ouagadougou cat:tle market ................................. 1971/1972 3. Ouagadougou loading platforms ............................. 1971/1972 4. Westeni trails (cattle movements + markets) .............. . 1971/1972 5. Bobo-Dioulasso cattle market .............................. 1972/1973 6. Bobo-Dioulasso loading platforms ................... ....... 1972/1973 7. South Banfora fattening ranch (following EFA studies) . 1973/1974 8. Holding grounds at Bobo-Dioulasso terminus .... ............ 1974/1975 9. Holding grounds at Ouagadougou terminus (1st plan) ........ 1971/1972 10. FHolding grounds at Koudougou terminus ..... ................ 1972/1973 11. C:entral trails (cattle movements + markets) ............... 1972/1973 12. Koudougou loading platforms .. ............................. 1971/1972 13. Sahel ORD ...................................... 1972/1973 14. Banfora and (or) Bobo-Dioulasso feed-lot (associated with stugarcane prolect for example) . 1974/19.75 15. Bobo-Dioulasso abattoir ..............................,...1975/19,76 16. Easter,n trails (cattle movements + markets) .......... 1970/19:71 17. Establishment of Koudougou district .. . .......... 1971 18., Establishment of livestock sectors (e.g. at Gorom) ........ 1971 19., Establishment of Koupela/Tenkodogo district ............... 1971 20,. Equipment for abattoirs and drving Dlant in the bush ...... 1971/19,75 21. Joint financing of livestock watering facilities ........ 1971/19w0 22. Large-scale animal health campaityns (ioint financine) ..... 1971/198l0 23, Integration of crop and animal husbandry (joint financing). 1971/1980 24.. Study of suitability of soils for animal husbandry (South of 13th parallel) .. .............. 1971/1972 25. Supplementary aarostological studies (North of the 13th parallel) .. .............. 1970/1971 26. Experiments in intensive fattening . .............. 197011972 27. Experimental on-farm fattening i.e. by the farmers themselves ........... .. ..... 1972/1974 28. Cattle-feed factory ... . ..... ... ... 1973/1974 29. Dairv nrodtirtq - 1972 30. Warehouse for hides and skins .. . .... 1971/1975 31. timnroved methodR of noultry keeping for farmers ..- -19711I980 - 6? - Table 29: PROJECTED EXPENDITURE (1971-1980) (In billions of CFAF) 1. Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso 0.30 -- Equipment and loading plat- cattle markets a/ f o rTp 2- Ouagadougou and holding 0.20 - To hold stnck nrinr to grounds a/ slaughter -- 2 holding arominti 0_ niind- 3. Rnhn-D40Tulass s lauiightpr- 0.40 - Tnrluding stabllin and cold- house a/ storage facilities 4. Cattle trails a/ 0.40 - Eastern, Central and North- ern + Koudougou loadin- platform 5. Banfora feed-lot (sugarcane 0.30 - With Bobo-Dioulasso as nrn4p,-t) ni nl tPrnati, i 6. Sahel OPn (Il yr 2. 0 - ap1r,- 2 years preliminar studies 7. Livestock watering facilities 1.50 - 0.5 FED + 0.5 FAC + 0.5 IBRD Q. A-4m...al health camzyaigns 1.70 - At national level (10 years) 9. Technical infrastructure 0.10 - Program of completion of equiLpmnt of (livestock) service 10. Warehouses, wells and abattoirs/ 0.20 - 2 annual instalments ury'Lng p'Lants ll. Integration of crop and animnal 0.50 - (Livestock production -- husbandry (10 years) 10 ORDs) 12. South Banfora mixed ranch a/ 0.50 - (Following German studies - RFA) 13. Studies-experiments-projects-maps 0.90 - Animal genetics -- fodder -- soils -- extension service activities Total for the 10 year period 1971-1980 CFAF 9.00 a/ Excluding the cost of technical, economic and financial studies and n-rea-tion of nro4orta - 61 - Considering the possibility of price changes and the need to provide fo:r contingencies over a period of 10 years; the program is likely to cost CFAF 10 billion. 154. The action required to carry out these projects during the 1971-1980 decade- in&Iudino those not rcnnleted uinder the firsr Plan- mav be grouped under th,e following headings: (i) Studly and Research Studies and experiments at livestock stations on intensive fattening on an industrial scale (priority); Preparantion of a map for tho .-n(. C-..t1k rs 1 10 Nlrth w i eh a view to delimiting areas suitable for integrated crop and ani.mal husbandr,, on ti-h one hand, .d areas of nonr-agricul- tural land that can be reclaimed for more extensive stock- raisirn.g Development ofL on-fA.fa attnin -ehiue n t,he e-xte-4o methods appropriate for their promotion among the farming population. (ii)L tArLI-iħLLLLLdi-ve9 Tch'iucaħ duo w-mmer~cial Organlization to pre- pare for: Estalblishment of the Sahel ORD by 1972/1973; Initiation of large-scale animal health campaign from 197, onwards; r aIN L-LOU of a [LaLlonal corporation to manage investment projects as the executing agent for livestock production Ueve.Lopment programs. (Tnis corporation mignt aiso assume responsibilities for marketing where private entrepreneurs are :Lacking or decline to cooperate); Coordination of existing and new organizations in the iight of the development of the projected Common Market for livestock and meat in West Africa. (iii) Training Development of the new school for Livestock Service person- nel ('former veterinary assistants) was to enable it to train several classes of 10 to 15 students each year, including veterinary assistants, extension workers, supervisors, etc; - 62 - Creation of a corp of market inspectors and livestock super- visors, with a total staff of 20 agents by 1975; The training of "pastoral" extension workers to serve the modern livestock centers extending from the Sahel to the reclaimed areas of the South which may be established following the necessary technical and economic studies. (iv) Legislation Establishment of a "single import-export tax" on meat and cattle consistent with the fiscal policies of bordering States and the needs of producers and consumers; Elimination of the direct cattle tax, now outdated; Establishment of an animal health service tax. (v) Infrastructure The content of this program, which will be defined in detail at a later stage in the light of feasibility studies, can only be outlined at this time but might include: livestock routes, buildings, wells and markets in the Sahel ORD (Djibo, Dori, Markoye, Aribinda); routes for livestock in transit and loading platforms at Koudougou, Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso; a market and holding grounds for these termini; a feed-lot fattening station at Banfora and/or Bobo- Dioulasso, depending on prospective rate of return; an intensive fattening ranch in the Southwest, if ecological factors are not too unfavorable; finally, an intensified program of integration of crop and animal husbandry in areas (Black Volta. Bobo-Dioulasso, Koudougou and Ouahigouya) where a farming elite exists capable of participating in more advanced forms of settled livestock production, based on the cultivation of fodder crons and the use of concentrates for feed. - 63 - (vi) Expert Missions At the request of the Voltaic government, FAC has made provision for special Mi.Sinn… in 1970 to: (a)~ g*,,A, Sd -y the s-- I r. ut 4i tia t ion eof hby-proidut available for cattle feeding, with projections to 175 nd 1980', and the possibily o establishing and animal feed plant. (b) Work out the objectives and statutes of a COr-)L t,Orti f.r the --v . d 0.A.zgemnt of livestock resources which, as previously indicat.ed, wou'ld relieve thie i'vestock, Servi,rce of all non= WI.U.L IC.Lħ VC LLL -LAS LISE. .CLVi . LC Li Lħ. iiL administrative, developmental functions. Under this plan 1 Th Livestock C'__er- ._ce.wou'__ _r_t___n___ XLnsitili_ 1-ħ0.11C LL uV~b LUI.N .JUt V.LLC WIJU X LC LOLIl LC=JI11 .LUħJ.ħ ties for livestock health, general and statistical infor,.ation, research andU -vocatiLonaL tra'Lr-tLrig. (cC) LaLse a preL.LriJ-irLary feasibility stuUdy ori thLe Sael IL Ir, which would specify the supplementary studies needed and provide em indication of the investment needed.. Missions (b) and (c) may usefully be combined. Conclusions 155. In the next decade, emphasis would accordingly be put on: (i) applied research, notably on cattle feed and fodder, on methods of fattening, on the raising ot taurins for slaughter and on the integration of crop farming with animal husbandry; (ii) theb infrastructure for production (Sahel ORD, feed-lots, water supply); (iii) thet infrastructure for marketing and processing (livestock routes, markets, abattoirs, drying plants, etc.); (iv) the control and protection of animal health; and (v) in the longer term, on development of livestock in areas that can be reclaimed for production through disease eradication (e.g. regions infested by onchocerciasis). Some of the more important of these projects, which may well be of interest to the Bank, will be described in the following chapters. - 64 - B= New Organi7.tlinnR fnr flPvPlnnment General Considerations 156. It has already been noted that the competence of the Livestock an.d Animal Industries Service extends at present to the entire field of animal production even though it unfortunately does not command the technical nnid finan.cial resources essential to the effective discharge of their task and its administrative organization is subject to constraints that make 4.. A4ff4.C.1. to tae, 4t4he i at4ve. A _ .nam,n "4e deA4c4-s,o necessary to development. The Mission is therefore impelled to recommend a ealoca"ion of resources and functilons botlh of wh-ich w4ll have lo expand substantially in the course of the forthcoming years if the project programs are to be effectively carried out. Es t.a lsht n Af a Su rm Lies o k COun;cil c- _T4 . . A Fb -..4 - 1 PiA-- 4 _.-{4v L. LdU LLL;ILuLLLX tii a i UyZul h VC. LiL 'A*LL.L aIsZ L LI a,,t £oLLL ici V L.LIWVLU. bL on Rural Development 157. It is suggested that a Supreme Livestock Council be set up to prepare anta.d coordLinate t1he necessa&r --veock polc and p--a---. It would consist of representatives of the Livestock Service and the Depart- m,;t fUor RLural JJ= Dvelopm,ent (IDDR) ,1// oL th .e M411inistry of A1.6riculture and tUlU e Planning Bureau of the Ministry of Planning and Public Works. The Minis- ter of Agriculture, rnial Husbandry and Water and Forests could be the ex-officio chairman of the Council. The Council would probably need to De representeu also on thle Uoaru oL thle N'ational Li5Lvestock Corporation which will be charged with particular development responsibility in line with proposals made below. Tne Council might be complemented by a Rural Development Advisory Committee which could advise the Government on the whole spectrum of rural development problems and wnich might inciude representatives of the private sector. The Livestock and Animal Industries Service 158. In the Mission's opinion this Service should not be deprived of its traditional functions, but should be relieved of certain operational tasks for which it simply does not possess any resources in terms of man- power, appropriations and equipment. Furthermore, tettered as it is by administrative rules and regulations, it lacks the flexibility required to exercise day-to-day supervision over the execution of programs or projects and to take the technical and financial decisions that will insure that these are rapidly and economically carried out. 1/ DDR - Department for Rural Development (Direction du Developpement Rural) responsible for drafting and coordinating at the national level the policies of the Regional Development Offices (ORDs). - 65 - 159. In princ:iple jurisdiction over all the key sectors should be maintainecl, includling: (i) Range development and relations with ORDs and DDR. (ii) Production, research, livestock stations, and cattle feed. (iii) Health, laboratory and animal health inspection. (iv) Livestock industries, processing and livestock routes. (v) Education, training and agricultural extension service. (vi) Statistics, information programs and studies. However, in all of these sectors the actual implementation of proiects should be the responsibility of a parastatal agency operating under the permanent supervision of the Livestock Service as the responsible agency of the Government. Notwithstanding this, the Service should continue to be responsible for campaigns to combat disease on a national scale and for the administration of all controls that contribute to the preservation of animal health. These resnonsibilities should be dele2ated; as far as necessary, to the authorities in the livestock districts, of which there should be the same number as there are ORDs. The Sahel Reoional Develonment Office (ORD du Sahel) 160. This ORD wfll in nrinclnle be the same as other ORDs but will be primarily concerned with livestock and range management. It will possess the snae management and insnprtinn strueturp asz the agril t,irairll ORDs and will have the same general terms of reference. However, for the sakp of tonnnomi7ing resources, partfiularly manpnwer the TvePto-nrk er.-v- ice should delegate to this ORD the discharge of the functions of the future SaheL liventork district, which will have the same hbiondarips as the ORD. Such delegation will also have to apply with respect to animal health meanvire which are an integral part nf n larger project fnr thie development of livestock production. 161. Establishment of the new ORD will no doubt give rise to some prnhombe, not so mi,eh nn the tephnirnl lpepl as nwith respmet to nersonnnel- These should be settled by Ministerial decision after obtaining the views of the advisory rurrl deuveTnpment committee-pp and t-hp qv-p.ema TALivestock- Council, both of which would be concerned. 1/ 1/ On the assumption that these two bodies are in fact established. - 66 - 162. Existing legislation on the ORDs, amended if necessary in the light of the exnpri enre nf the agricultural ORD 9 would be applicable. The problem of proper coordination between the new ORD on the one hand and the DDR and Livestock Sen-ri-ce on the lother hand will have to be broached as soon as a draft project has been prepared. Whether the new ORD will flfl.osff4il,y be responsible to the DDR isa -moot question. P-licies an methods of operation will presumably have to be settled by joint consulta- tion of all agencies conce.r.ed. The s.e problem is posed, but with res= pect to the Livestock Service, for the activities of the essentially agr it.lcull ua1 OulLDs, a.1 . of wb1fh sntll D 1e ct.c .e1ce au,ou.t andt. have s-uA. .A .-LU tial livestock -- cattle, sheep, goats and poultry. The National Livestock Development Corporation (SONADEL) 163. An expert examined, in accordance with instructions received i LUIII LtIe 'oVerLInmen- , LL 1 jUL fration olL a mxeU LUcorpo rLatio *U maage livestock production projects, except for those to be carried out within the SaLel OURD. This corporation is to have no responsibility for marketing unless private enterprise is unwilling or fails to enter this field. In the Mission's opinion, it should ha-ve four prin,cipal departL.1en.ts supported by the necessary technical divisions, i.e.: (i) Management Department. Supported by three divisions (Personnel, Administration, Finance). (ii) Department of Stuaies and Programs. IL wiii identiry and prepare projects in the light of the requirements of external financing agencies and will be responsible for the legal (legislative), fiscal and economic aspects of projects. (iii) Projects Department. It will be responsible for carrying out agreed projects on the basis of funds made available for this purpose. (iv) Department for Operational Management. It will be concerned primarily with: pilot projects and applied research programs; abattoirs, drying plants and abattoir/cold storage plants; livestock routes; transportation problems as a whole. It will have authority to collect service fees which would provide the greater part of the corporation's own budget revenues. - 67 - C. Improvement of Animal Health Introcluction 164. Everywhere in Africa production is closely but not exclusively dependlent on the health environment. For a number of reasons, this elementary axiom is more true of Upper Volta than of any other country. 165. Generally speaking, health may be regarded as a means of produe- tion. An investment is needed to obtain it and thereafter it must be protected. It takes the form not only of supplies and buildings but also and primarily of a recurrent and continuing charges. 166. Owing to the failure to maintain outlays for animal health soum African states may sooner or later be threatened by such a deterioration that foreign aid agencies, and particularly banking agencies, will hesitate to finance projects for the development of modern livestock production. Such projects may not in fact be profitable if at the outset substantial expenditures on animal health have to be included merely to make them feasible. 167. Viewed as part of the production process, the protection of animal health is clearly a national economic necessity. Even the contrac- tion of foreign loans, supplementing domestic resources available, should not a priori be rejected as unjustified. Economic Impact of Animal Diseases Bovine Pleuropneumonia 168. As a rule the number of animals affected by this disease is counted only on the occasion of the first outbreak. Experience indicatea that a realistic appreciation of the impact of this disease can be obtainied in such a case only by multiplying the number of outbreaks roughly by three. the number of dead by five. and the number of sick and infected animals by ten. On this basis, it is estimated that 4,000 animals died of pleuropneumonia in 1965 and that an additional 20,000 were infected. Mosc of the animals are slaughtered in extremis or sold for slaughtering;; they a Lherefore not a complete loss. The loss in income (meat and by- prodtic.s) may be put at CFA3 5,000 per head. This means a total loss for the year of approximately CFAF 100 to 125 million- which is by no means negligible. It is equivalent to about two percent of the portion of the gross domestic product attributed to animal nroduction. By way of com- parison the annual budget for the permanent staff of the Livestock Service fluctuates each year between CFAF 110 and 115 millionn. 169= While the im-portanre of effec-tiup measures againat this di4sease is not contested, this itself is not sufficient to enlist the unanimous SupnnOtr of all thnos inte-rated in Adeve1pment when 4t i8 rea1i4zA that - 68 _ the situation does not require a limited operation but rather a prolonged and massive campaign. 170. The present situation has two main characteristics: (i) The disease has been prevalent throughout the African Continent for about 10 years, and there is nothing to indicate that it is likely to recede spontaneously or that, in the absence of a suitable vaccine, it will be brought under control in the very near future. (ii) The domestic resources available to the countries in which it is prevalent are insufficient to arrest its spread. Moreover, the countries still free of the disease are likely to be infected before long because of the increasing extent of unsupervised movements of live- stocks. Other Diseases 171. While a campaign to combat pleuropneumonia is necessary to safeguard cattle against an eventual catastrophe, it should not be for- gotten that there are many other causes for concern. WHO and the Muraz Center report that tuberculosis, far from disappearing, is still among the major endemic diseases. The distribution of the human infection coincides with that of bovine tuberculosis (Gidel). Trypanosomiasis is also widespread. In view of the cost and difficulties of controlling the vector, efforts are directed at treating the disease, an approach that is not very promising and risks the development of strains resistant to chemo-therapy. 172. Internal parasitic diseases of ruminants cause losses that vary according to the three physiological ages: nursing calves, weaned calves and adults. While infestation by strongylidae (in the broad sense) during the first two stages progressively diminishes, it is only to make room for invasion by coccidiae, which is just as serious, and for liver fluke infection. 173. As in the case of pleuropneumonia, it is important to counter losses due not only to mortality, particularly among young animals, but also to failure to gain weight leading to low output of meat and milk, and probably adversely affecting reproduction also. 174. In the case of parasites, as in the case of pleuropneumonia. it is undoubtedly difficult, both in theory and in practice, to draw up an accurate balance sheet of costs and benefits for a campaign to deal with infection. Proof of net benefits can only be furnished by the dninA10n itselfi ex noot facto. bv determining, if possible, the difference in production before and after treatment. To be effective, treatment must be given A"lully both to the host and tn the repsrvoirs and veetonrR of the parasite. - 69 - uutline of a C -arip - gn 1 -7 e J - J _________ 175. Clearly tne profitability of a mass campagLn wuUlU be iLLnfiLnLt.y more attractive if it could be managed so that: (i) treatment would be annual, taking into account the movements of animals and the problems connected therewith; (ii) measures against pleuropneumonia would be coupled with efforts to preserve and consolidate the results of the rinderpest control campaign which are already being jeopardized; (iii) when the technical and manpower resources are mobilized for vaccination, young animals are treated at the same time against parasitic diseases, in particular gastro-strongylosis and enteritis or coecal and rectal coccidiosis; (iv) when animals are brought together and presented for vaccination, the opportunity be utilized also to carry out a variety of other activities (extension and educational work among stockherders, castrations, distribution of fodder, saltlicks, etc.) in cooperation with the staff of the ORDs and in support of their regular work. 176. With respect to bovine pleuropneumonia, it is useful to quote the observations of the IBRD Livestock Mission to West Africa (April 1969): "The Mission recognizes contagious bovine pleuropneumonia as a major disease problem of cattle in Western Africa and concludes that measures should be taken to brLng it under control.... It is primarily a disease of travelling cattle and major efforts should be concentrated in measures to prevent spread by travelling cattle. The following measures are recommended: a) Increased efforts to identify foci of heavy infection with CBPP and concentrated programs of vaccination in these areas.... b) Closer supervision of travelling cattle for early detection of outbreaks ... Cattle owners will have to be induced to use recognized stock routes ... c) Enforcing vaccination of cattle before they are moved on the hoof over long distances ... d) Branding of cattle from endemic areas ... e) Cattle imported into the Ivory Coast shouldl be moved by rail or motor truck, as is done in Ghana, rather than on the hoof." - 70 - Estimated Cost of a Campaign 177. The joint rinderpest campaign (JC15) provides excellent terms of reference for calculating the different factors involved in the cost of immunization against a single disease. More than 80 million rinderpest immunizations were administered between 1963 and the end of 1969. The campaian coordinator reports 79,767,990 head vaccinated by October 1969. The outlays covered by external assistance, all in the form of a grant, amounted to almost CFAF 2,000 million (1,968,087 excluding activities in progress at the end of October 1969 in Liberia and in Guinea. The cost per immunization financed by external assistance therefore amounted to 25 CFAF (corrected figure). Government counterpart contributions are said to have amounted to CFAF 1,526,600,000 brinzine the anparent total to about CFAF 3,500,000,000 of which around 43 percent was borne by the benpfiniarv countries. 178. Tn this basis the cost ner immunization may he summarized as follows: External assistance CFAF 25 10.5 US C Loral rontribution CFAF 19 7.5 US e Total CFAF 44 18.0 US e There are grounds for believing- however; that actual counternart contri- butions probably did not even reach CFAF 1.2 billion. 179. The Mission was unable to determine accurately the actual cost of the campai-n in Upper Volta. RevisQd nrnoram auit-horizationic on expenditures of CFAF 300 million (185 million by FED and 115 million by t hse V'oltaic Govern.ment).N Sic 6,630,000 vaccinations. -eead-inserd each therefore costs 46 CFAF. However, actual disbursements do not seem to have exeeedCAF 250 million. L. L...J 'AVCl.,14 180. Dy ariu 'large tLhe Miss.Lilo LieVe0 LtIha average, rlC C08t per vaccination under the international rinderpest campaign was probably CFAF 40, and TaDle 30 shows the breakdo-wn of this to Serve as a point of reference for determining the cost of a campaign against pleuropneumonia. - 71 - Table 30: OR:[GIN AND USE OF FUNDS FOR JC15 IN UPPER VOLTA (per head of livestock) Contribution CFAF % CFAF % Use of funds Local a/ 15 37.5 4 10.0 Coordination and miscellaneous External, 25 62.5 6 15.0 Vaccine, delivered cost per of which: dose 72.5% FED 18.5 72.5 4 10.0 Investments 25.0% USAID 6.25 25.0 18 55.0 Operation, wages 2.5% other 0.63 2.5 8 20.0 Operation of equipment, 100.0% 25.00 100.0 including branding, vehicles, refrigerators, etc. Unit Cost 40 100.0 40 100.0 a/ of which part (amount not available) is French in origin (salaries of cooperating French veterinarians in particular). 181. Below a isummary account of the main features of a ten-year health campaign is given. The economic returns on an annual health campaign in- creases in proportLon to the extent that vaccination, deemed indispensable in a particular context, is coupled with other measures which may be de- fined as marginal in the sense that they would have little chance of being undertaken senaratelv. either because of their cost (parasite control) or because of their minor economic impact in the short term (advice to stock breeders. minor operations on animals in specific age groups or on animals other than cattle). Taking this into consideration, such measures can be carr:Led out as a by-product of a maior vaccination campaign with the same personal and the same means, and at the marginal cost of the limited extra manpower and nroducts recuired. Animal species other than cattle may then be covered in the course of the campaign. 182. On this basis, the elements of a more comprehensive, integrated health camnaign c-all be costed as follows: 1/ immunization against bovine pleurp-p4neu.nia 4 ....... GFAF 54 Calculation oni the basis of the figures in Table 30, but u.eSin rVAV in -nw -Q- n , n4 AA7 4 .A n . dougou and adding CFAF 10 for serological diagnosis and periodiical CiSelld cleck-ups of I -4unity jJVL LLJUL L.L _. IZU it.LLrt.4J I.. IAMkILL.A.I.y (40 - 6) + (10 + 10) - 54 1/ Individual trfeatments of draft animals in de ORDs would be carried out under different arrangements and budgets. - 72 - Consolidation of the results of FC15 (I animal ou f 2), CFAF 3 on the basis of one dose, estimated at CFAF 6, delivered at Cu nty ol of othe -- or.tagi-ous 14seases .................................... CFIAF I I.AJI & J. A. _J LLIC L 4.VL'U L. r ~ kAJ.L,. tlr For one--third of the livestock presented at a cost Annual anti-parasitic treatment ..... ................... CFAF 40 The cost of treatment per animal is assumed to be CFAF 160 (40 for treatment against external and 120 for treatment against internal parasites) and, pending determination of incidence, it is assumed that one animal out of four will be treated. Average cost per nead Of stocK and per year .... ........ 10A 0 iOO 183. A campaign would have to last for ten vears, divided into two equal periods. During the first five years, 80 percent of the estimated number of livestock would be treated once a year. The following five years would constitute a consolidation phase during which only 25 percent of the livestock population would be treated. 184. While such a campaign would need foreign financing for the first 10 years, it could thereafter become self-supporting on the basis of the increased income realized. The cost could then be borne by the national budget and considered part of the State's obligation to maintain its important livestock assets. 185. To allow for a possible increase in unit costs in the course of the decade; the fieure of CFAF 100 has been increased by 5 nereent, 10 percent, and 15 percent, beginning in the 4th, 6th and 9th year respectively. On this hbais and assuming that the nu_mber of rcttlP will rise at a uniform annual rate of 2 percent, Table 31 gives an estimate of the total cost and its phasing. Table 31: LIVESTOCK NUMBERS AND COST OF TREATMENTS Estimated Total Cumulative Year Number of Number Unit cost cost Livestock treated cost x 1,000 x 1,000 1 2,500,000 2,000,000 100 200,000 - 2 2,550,000 2,040,000 100 204,000 404,000 3 2,601,000 2,080,000 100 208,080 612,080 4 2,653,000 2,122,400 105 222,850 834,930 5 2,706,000 2,164,800 105 227,300 1,062,230 6 2,760,100 690,000 110 75,900 1,138,130 7 2,815,300 703,000 110 77,330 1,215,460 8 2,871,600 718,000 110 78,980 1,294,440 9 2,929,100 732,000 115 84,180 1,378,620 10 2,987,600 747,000 115 85,905 1,464,525 Number of treatments 14,008,000 104.60 1,464,525 - 186. To this gross cost, three other items should be added: (i) An amount of 10% per year for the renewal of technical equipment and supplies in the course of tne campaign. Tnis will ensure the efficient conduct of the project and will leave the Service, the end of the campaign, with a few still usable items. (ii) A compensation fund, specifically for pleuropneumonia control, estimated at CFAF 20 million per annum, through the third year. This is intended for payment of compensation for sick animals or healthy carriers detected by serological diagnosis and destroyed on the order of the authorities. This figure assumes that 4,000 animals will be destroyed each year and compensation will be paid at the rate of 5,000 CFAF each. After the third year, the net losses would be borne by the owners, who by that time should have been fully informed of the purposes and conditions of the campaigns, and aware of its beneficial effect in practice. (iii) An interest charge, which will be determined at the same time as the conditions for repayment of the loan. Since this is a matter of negotiation between the State and the lender, it will not be dealt with here and the loan charges will be cited pro memoriam. Table 32 summarizes the total cost of the project. Table 32: TOTAL COST OF THE PROJECT (in million CFAF) 1. Project only, including price increases over 10 years ......... ............................... 1,464.5 2. Renewal of equipment and supplies .... ........... 146.5 1,611.0 3. Pleuropneumonia Compensation Fund .... ........... 60.0 4. Possible loan charge ............................ pm 5. Total ........... ................................ 1,671.0 The unit cost of the 14 million treatments involved would average CFAF 120 per head. - 74 - Xletho's of Fiaci. i*i1 LAIU ~ AJ . . ALI&LtI...LLL6, 18 7. Ifa loreign loar. or credit 'fCA ,Ann m,illion can bLe ob-tainedu, ħ0 / * Ai J- ALIJA. U A. 14 JL 4- J L ~rt%r A.L V AU1J L kLLJ Li Ldl U A.L1L1 the national contribution would amount to CFAF 671 million, excluding interest, or 40 percent of the Cst ofL the project. Through such a contri- bution the State would underscore its determination to protect its livestock assets and to develop production. The national contribution could take the following forms: (i) Staff. Half of the staff of the Livestock Service could be regarded as assigned to this operation. The annual personnel outlays of this Service could probablv be kept stable at CFAF 115 million per annum because the average age (and hence seniority) of the personnel is declining and recruitment will be limited to replacing staff members who retire. The personnel contribution for 10 years could therefore be evaluated at CFAF 575 million. (ii) Supplies and equipment, and compensation. Although the CFAF 18 million made available for supplies and ecuipment in the 1969 and 1970 budgets is already insufficient, it is suggested that CFAF 36 million be provided by the budget for the entire 10-year campaign. In addition, a total of CFAF 60 million might be made available over a three-year Deriod for the comnensation of the owners of the cattle that would be destroyed. Assuming that the total amount of CFAF 96 million were defrayed from additionnl budget appropriations, the Livestock Service would then retain the very smnll annual amount of CFAF 18 million (anart from personnel) for other activities (research, training, administration, stat4stics, controls), whirh would e-rtainlyv ea an irreduiib,le minimum. Table 33: FINANCING PLAN Head Expenditure Receipts Head Loan 1,000 1,000 Service tax CFAF 72 per nead of stock per annum Interest pm pm Counterpart: Personnel ) 575 575 To be allocated from ) normal livestock budget ) Counterpart: Supplies & 671) ( To be defrayed by one Equinment ) 36 ( State in the form of ) ( 96 an additional allocation Counterpart: Compensation ) 60 ( to the Livestock Service Budget. Total 1,671 1,671 - 75 - 188. The provisional financing plan presented in Table 33 suggests that CFAF 1 billion onf the rncs nf the hpelth rampaign be financed hv external borrowing. Repayment of such a loan could be assured by levying a service charge of CFAF 72 for each of the 14,008,000 treatments thnt would be given during the whole course of the campaign. Such a charge would be the ec,uivalent of t 9 9 ti4nc t-he t-ax fctualfaIly 11-Aei i-A per head ot-f cattle now (CFAF 32) and 7.5 percent of the annual gross meat yield (CFAF 960) p.- head. I1CIO The loan --A the -ontribution by cattle o-wners a-re the To nr. features of this scheme in comparison with earlier operations. The loan, would cover S60 percent of the expenditure ar.d the State woulA provide tbe remaining 40 percent. Collection of the contribution of livestock owners _tay pose 1 leSms tl . ma] make1 it. neces ea .o L 7 L LA4 f.A X1, S _ A_-1_ FA _ repayment of the loan. A more acceptable alternative might be to levy a t-ax on Adi1stributifon of meal', which would brn n about CFrIV 1,000 m.ill-ion over a period of ten years. Thus a meat tax of 5 CFAF per kilogram on aL total vol.ue of 2L 00 Ann SIWVV LAons per year mmigAnt not bie too burdensome to con.LsJ U.I ers particularly if a supply of meat at fixed prices can be assured under condUiL LUion WAllere umanL)lu is La *U exLtCU sUjpp.Ly. 190. In assessing the benefits of an annual expenditure of CFAF 167 million on the proposed campsipgn, accourit can be taken in the first instance of the annual losses due to pleuropneumonia which may be estimated at CFAF 125 million and may well cont'nue to increase. Losses due to parasitic diseases and the malnutrition of young animals are at least of the same order. On this basis it would seem economically logical to launch a 10-year campaign costing CFAF 1.67 billion with the objective of preventing losses totaling CFAF 2.5 billion. i9i. The actual benefits are, however, likely to be considerably greater than the amount of losses prevented. An attempt will be made be-low to draw up a plausible balarce sheet of costs and benefits. Table 34 gives the projected annual outlays on the campaign. Tables 35 and 36 then present estimates on tne auduLloiLa; income that may be generated by the project. - 76 - LTable J.: lrENLIYL %CnAJMGES Year Project R Pleuro- Year ProjecL a/ Renewal pneumonia Total Fund 1 200.00 14.65 20.00 234.65 2 204.00 14.65 20.00 238.65 3 208.10 14.65 20.00 242.75 4 222.80 14.65 - 237.45 5 227.30 14.65 - 241.95 6 75.90 14.65 - 90.55 7 77.30 14.65 _ 91.95 8 79.00 14.65 - 93.65 9 84.20 14.65 - 98.85 10 85.90 14.65 - 100.55 Total 1,464.50 146.50 60.00 1,671.00 a/ Cf. table 31 - a few figures have been rounded off. 192. While it is really impossible to calculate accurately the losseE due to parasitic diseases and to pleuropneumonia, the estimated annual loss of profit is CFAF 250 million overall. The additional income resulting from the campaign may perhaps be estimated with greater confidence. This additional income is likely to come from: (i) an increase in the total number of cattle available for slaughter; (ii) an increase in weight per animal maintained. 193. A detailed analysis of the extent of the increase in these two accounts requires, of course, an economic study which goes beyond the limits of this report and which could use as a starting point the SCET/Cooperation study of Upper Volta's livestock potential which is now being completed. Meanwhile, it may be estimated that the project would raise the offtake rate from 10 percent to 12 percent in two stages - to 11 percent in the first five years and to 12 percent in the following five years. This offtake additional to that which would take place if the rate were to remain constant at 10 percent 1_/ may be valued at CFAF 10,000 per unit at the level of the producer. 2_/ The year by year and total projected increase in output is given in Table 35. 1/ i. e. if no animal health campaign is undertaken. The entire operation is nointless unless that it is certain not only that 3,000,000 head can be properly maintained around 1985 but also that the production can be disnnnpd nf at a remunerative nrice. 2/ If the value at the frontier is taken, the product would be higher. - 7 7 - Table 35: INCREASE IN LIVESTOCK NUMBERS AND IN OFFTAKE RATE National Herd Year increases 2 % Offtake rate Increase Increase ____ per annum 10 % 11 % 12 % (numbers) x 1,000.CFAF 1 2,500,000 250,000 275,000 - 25,000 250,000 2 2,550,000 255,000 280,500 - 25,500 255,000 3 2,600,000 260,000 286,000 - 26,000 260,000 4 2,653,000 265,300 291,800 - 26,500 265,000 5 2,706,000 270,600 297,700 - 27,100 271,000 6 2,760,000 276,010 - 331,212 55,202 552,020 7 2,815,300 281,530 - 337,836 56,306 563,060 8 2,871,600 287,160 - 344,592 57,432 574,320 9 2,929,100 292,910 - 351,392 58,582 585,820 10 2,987,600 2918,760 - 358,512 59,752 597,520 Total Additional Yields 417,374 4,173,740 Head x 1,000 CFAF 194. All the measures envisaged by the project, which would cover 80 percent of the national herd for a period of five years and 25 percent for the following years, should increase the average weight of cattle by improvr- ing their health and producing more rational livestock management. In the absence of reliable, meaningful data one must be prudent in assessing the magnitude of this increase. However, an increment or 5 kg of meat (carcast; weight) per animal slaughtered after the fifth year would not appear to be a physiological impossibility. It is assumed that the total herd will in- crease as indicated in Table 35. The va:Lue per kilogram (carcass weight), including that of by-products can be put at CFAF 100. The resulting calcu-- lations are shown in T'able 36. Table '36: WEIGHT INCREASE Increments Year In numbers In kg of meat In value (carcass) (CFAF 1,000) 1 275,000 - _ 2 280,500 - 3 286,000 - 4 291,800 - 5 297,700 _ _ 6 331.200 1,656.000 165.600 7 337,836 1,689,180 168,918 8 344'S92 1.722.960 172-296 9 351,392 1,757,460 175,746 in0I %58, A 12 1 I 7Q9 2,A5 17Q 9,5 - - - --0- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --, - 78 - 195. Table 37 recapitulates the total value of the additional pro- duction that might be attributed to a health campaign. Table 37: SUMMARY TABLE OF ESTIMATED TOTAL INCREASE IN PRODUCTION (T- CFAF 1 M00 Increment in Value Total Year Numbers Meat By Year Cumulative 1 25000 -11 250,000 =l 2 255,000 255,000 505,000 3 26,1000 n 260,000 .7L6 5000 4 265,000 265,000 1,030,000 571 000 = 271,000 1 '01 0f0() S L~~~~4/i.jOOUv ' _LL ,OOO -L S.-'.L , UUU 6 552,020 165,600 717,620 2,018,620 '7 CoL On4 1r:Q nioQ '71 n70 ' 7cn cnA I *U) U| vuvl ^J O7J 1J E- I. ,7 1 v L . I -JU ,S)7 0 8 574,320 172,296 746,616 3,497,214 9 cOc'on 175 7I17.67 I rC I 8- 0 7 .JOJ OLO Li-, 1" /04,5"004zi / 10 597,520 179,256 776,776 5,035,556 4,173,740 861,816 5,035,556 It is well to note that the totaLL estbiuatedu' aUditional output would be just sufficient to keep pace with the population growth but not enough to permit any appreciable increase in per capita domestic consumption or in the export of beef. If rising domestic and export demand is to be satisfied other sources of meat (e.g. poultry, goats) would have to be expanded, or other measures would need to be taken in the hope of raising the increase in the offtake rate to 3 percent (e.g. fattening of cattle on farms or in feed-lots). 196. Table 38 shows the phasing of the anticipated benefits in relation to the annuial coRt of the camnaign: while the cnlrulation i6 necessarily summary and somewhat hypothetical in character it does support the presumption that thp henefits would qushtantiallyv eeppd the costs involved. Table 38: ESTIMATED PHASING OF COSTS AND BENEFITS OF A HEALTH CAMPAIGN (In million of CFAF, excluding financing charges) Annual Cost Value of total Year of campaign benefits Net Benefits By year Cumulative 1 234.65 250.00 + 15.35 2 238. 65 255.00 + 16.35 + 31.70 3 242.75 260.00 + 17.25 + 48.95 4 237.45 265.00 + 27.55 + 76.50 5 241.95 271.00 + 29.05 +105.55 6 Ar r9 '717 .6 14)7 *05 .LI26 * U 70 . 00f . W_U' .I~ 4. W'5 5 .54 7 91.95 732.00 +440.05 +972.65 8 ^~ le 746.60 LA52.95) + . 1,2.6) 0 o .) . - 10.OUV TI45L. 7Ja_L ",. v 9 98.85 761.55 +462.70 +1,888.30 iO i00.55 776.80 +476.25 +2,364.55 Total 1,671.00 5,035.55 2,364.55 - 79 - Conclusions - Recommendations 197. Probation of the health of "livestock capital" is a long-term operation, especially when it is a matter of rectifying a situation that has already been impaired. A more detailed study than this simple outline is undoubtedly necessary in order to obtain reliable information about the economic profitability of animal health protection in countries practising extensive stock breeding. An animal health campaign can either be incorporated in a project for developing modern livestock production or carried out in the framework of an improved traditional stockraising system. In any event it is illusory to suppose that any increase in nroduction can be achieved without effective control of major endemic livestock diseases and parasitic infections. 198. The preceeding analysis, which is based on reasoned hypotheses, indicates that a larQe-scale animal health cam-naign could usefully be carried out, provided it comprises an attack phase and a consolidation- cum-extensinn phase, which here have arbitrarily been taken as being of equal duration. It also provides presumptive evidence that the benefits would be such as to jutstify the contraction. of a foreign loan 'for this purpose. HUcever, the State should pay part of the cost, including a contribution to the com- penation f,ind annd hi-hiar allocations for "supplies and equipment" in the budget of the Livestock Service. It should be stressed also that effective collabora1tion both by Mali .dnA hby Niger is -. apquisite to the 1 niching of such a comprehensive animal health project. 199. A pilot campa:Lgn envisaged for Toto in 1971 should produce valuable techn.ical Aata. T*Lfor:Unate*ly dese will. .o,t ue available for three ,ears. 200. ^a-.tt e 'local measures such- as t-he cont-rol of frontirs4 r ..wl 1 e. era~OA~OOL* aLU~L5*L~ J LJtSL on. official stockroutes, quarantining of suspected herds, destruction of if cted.a.e-.irl, ar .d bi=.anual vacc`ir.atins aroun.dn. center ol. irLectiLor represent the only action that can be taken to prevent the spread of pleuropneumonia., Gi' veLn the lim.ied fLinarLc'Laħ L arL . u othLe-r resources availaJble to the Livestock Service and the modest impact of such measures, it is likelUy that thbey car. b Ae undertlKe.n on.ly W1 th t.le h.elp ofJL aru exte..al subventiort. 201. An initial step in the direction of a more,comprehensive program mi Rht lbe u.dertaken. LUi the proposeu Sauel JL su -Lch [LL 0u0u, head of cattle andl through which pleuropneumonia penetrated widely into the country. External assistance Lor a development program in this ORD) might be coupled with diseaLse control. Wfhen the ORD comes into operation - which, bearing in mind th.e time required for the necessary studies, is likely to be before 1972/73 - its economic development is unlikely to be assured without a prior "cħeansing' of the area. According to the experts of SCET/Cooperation, such an operation would cost about CFAF 50 million per annum and would entaiL the vaccination of 80 percent of the animals in the Sahelian ORD, along the Mali frontier, and within 20 km on either side along the principal s tockroutes. - 80 - D. The Establishment of a Sahelian Pastoral ORD introduction 202. As early as 1965, the Government of Upper Volta decided to promote rural development through specialized regional agencies (Offices Regionaux de Developpement - ORD). in 1969 there were 8 ORDs. In theory these were to provide integrated development. In fact, they have almost entirely concentrated on agricuiturai production and in particular on one cash crop (cotton). None are devoted to stock-raising as a major component of farm income. Staff have been assigned to some of them to undertake small isolated health protection programs for draft animals (donkeys and oxen) and for the anti-parasitic treatment of cattle and small stock belong- ing to nearby stockherders. 203. In these ORDs everything still needs to be done to get farmers to feed, replace and fatten this draft oxen in such a way as to ensure them a larger and more secure income than is possible from crops alone. 1/ 204. At present livestock, which in 1968 accounted for 55 percent of exports 2/, does not benefit from any serious health protection program owing to the shortage of funds available to the Livestock Service or from any integrated development activity within the ORDs, which are still predominantly concerned with agriculture. 205. The establishment of a "pastoral" ORD is therefore part of the national rural development program and should make it possible to re- establish some balance in development between the regions by promoting the livestock industry in the north. Principles Underlying the Establishment of a Sahelian ORD Purpose 206. The special promotion of animal production in the orth, fully justified by the livestock density of this region and the socio-economic tradition of its population. In this area there are 15 head of cattle per km as compared with a national average of around 10 (1970). Geographic Scope 207. This ORD, which is bisected by the 14th parallel north, would cover the Dori, Gorom-Gorom and Djibo cercles at present divided between 1/ See Chapter II-F dealing witn tne integration or ilvestock and farming and preceeding Chapter (II-C) on animal health protection. 2/ Eight percent in 1961 before the introduction of cotton into the export trade. - 81 - the Dori and Ouahigouya livestock districts (circonscriptions). It might: be advisable to inrlude in the new ORD also the Titao cercle which- with 40,000 head of catt]e and an area of 6,360 km , is predominantly pastoral. in characrai- and ic now attached to the Yatpnga ORD. In that rase the new ORD wc,uld cover more than 650,000 head of cattle, or approximately one- fourth of the total national livestock population (1970). 208. The area in question meaisureS l00 to 150 km from North to Southl and 150 km from East: to West. Djibo lies 180 km to the west of Dori with which it is connected by a road, frequently tmpassable viaArilbnda. During the rainy season communications between these two towns is possible onlu onvr LO4 k-m of tracks v4a0ua_lg4,,aWon.n,a4.I(aya The distance betweetn these two principal towns might argue in favor of establishing two ORDns: one at Djibo and the other at Dori, thne .ore so since the trade movements are almost: always from North to South and not from East to West. .owever, te-hnical aznl other reasons militate Ln Lavor of a si..gle IJkP.LJ, although in the last: analysis the Government must make the decision after takin 'Lntoc accounLtL 'L&Le adUV ize Of xprt La. U)erating PZrocedUUures 209. LiTn. 1e eXpIeL or eXperLs cnarged WiLh urawing up a plan Lor hLae Vw will from the very beginning have to obtain the agreement of the various authorities regardLrkg the relations which the OFD should have with the traditional Livestock Service on the one hand and with the Rural Develop-- ment Department on the other. This point is of capital importance. There will have to be an appropriate apportionment of tasks and resources. The authorities are inclined to leave to the Livestock Service the responsi- bility for animal health functions. Since the new ORD would have 600 km of frc,ntier-; with Mldii on the West and North and with Niger on the East, and would be the hub of constant livestock movements, the protection of animal health there is really of national importance and therefore should be a responsibility of the central administration. However, methods of delegating to the Otw the carrying out of health measures under a prograrm determtined by the national Livestock Service might be worked out. In any event actual development activities wili have to be urluerLaken by the uOi), in whcse administration livestock herders should be represented so that they can gatin a better understanding of its purposes and value, request its assistance, and participate in it effectively and continuously. Scope of Activities 210. The scope of the ORDs activities should be worked out by an expert before the final project is elaborated. In the OuD, tne Livestoclc Service would presumably continue to be responsible for: (.) statistical information, its collection and dissemination; (ii) animal health and control of contagious diseases; - 82 - (iii) livestock inspection at frontiers; 'iv) sanitary inspection of slaughtering (though this is debatable). Tn this field p-riority should be given t-o vaccination against rinderpest and pleuropneumonia and control of parasitic diseases. Annual vaccina- tiLons andu as.soc4 ated treat.ments will have to cover not less lihan 80 per- cent of the livestock for a period of five years and be followed by a cot_nn cosldto phase. T.ceae le' 1: v' suvt__ e _T_ 21 1@1S ___anc of sto1 _ COfLJ.L IU.2IIg LU .La.LU L Lu * t lo .LLLLlL cO3cu tI0cJ Li 6s UL VU1 J.XdIIt.C 3.2 b LUL ~% routes will be facilitated by equipping the central and eastern routes. This surveillar.ce Ls essential to the success of development. 211. ThLLle functAons of the ORD iLtself should ( (i) The (eve!lpmeULL u paStXral waLer resources in associaLion with HER (Hydraulique et Equipement Rural) and with the general objective of establishing one perenniai drinking water point every 25 km or within a radius of 12 km. In thLis connect[oin LLt 'Ls necessary: (a) to persuade herders to participate actively in tne establishment of water points and to give up the practice of watering their cattle at ponds which, whether perennial or non-perennial, are invariably polluted ana a danger to human ana animal health; (ob to aeiine a program for the management of boreholes including rotation by periodic closure and protection of grazing land; (c) to determine how the cost of supplying water and the maintenance of boreholes and wells might be met (e.g. maintenance through the organization of technical brigades). (ii) Effective range management. Meat and milk production depends on watering and nutrition, hence on the quality and rate of utilization of grazing lands. The ORD should accordingly organize the use of grazing land together with water control (boreholes with branch lines to be closed periodically, wells, ponds, and surface water). With the assistance of an agrostologist (range ecologist) and an expert in range management it should delimit areas reserved for (a) breeding cattle, and (b) animals awaiting fattening or marketing. The best range lands provided with watering points should be singled out so that they can be exploited as rationally as possible. Experience with their exploita- tion could provide valuable reference material for the management of the region's entire pastoral assets. - 83 - (iii) Establishment of emergency fodder reserves. Supplementary feed consisting basitCally of fodder and concentrates made from agro-industrial by-products should be made available au cost in order to protect livestock, particularly young animals, during major droughts. The fact that herders will need money to purchase this feed might weii encourage them to sell their animals more readily for despatch to fatten- ing grounds and thus to some extent relieve the overgrazing of range land. These sales could be organized through auctions and the market rates published. (iv) Improvement of breeds. This would involve the distributior, of breeds and sires (Azawak zebus and Maradi goats) through the existing "ranch" at Markoye, wnich would be integrated into the ORD, and by private and supervised stock farms in other parts of the ORD such as at Djibo, the headquarters of a livestock district. The distributing of improved livestock should be accompanied by appropriate measures to ensure that the health of the animals distributed is pro- perly protected and that their progeny is properly fed and weaned. It should provide an opportunity for initiating extension activities among villagers. (v) Management of abattoirs, driers and centers for the collection and treatment of hides and skins. Arrangements should be made to prevent losses and facilitate evacuation. This activity must be coordinated by the national Livestock Service and the SVCP (Societe Voltaique des Cuirs et Peaux). (vi) Establishment and operation of a pastoral extension service. Various methods of extension will have to be tested before they are generally applied. it will also have to be deter- mined whether such an extensioa service can make effective use of part-time animateurs who might be selected from among livestock herders and be induced to propagat,e by example more modern methods of animal husbandry. Organization of an effective extension service is certainly a matter of high priority. (vii) Organization of livestock herders into cooperative groups. The approach to this must be experimental. In theory such groups could be useful instruments for getting live- stock owners to participate actively in range land manage- ment and in the organization of marketing, particularly in the form of direct sales or auction sales at markets equipped with weighing platforms, as well as the purchase and sale of consumer goods, animal feed, saltlicks, etc. Collaboration with Other Services and with Stockherders 212. The pastoraL ORD will have the same general responsiblities as - .4 - the agricultural ORDs have in the field of rural development. Its staff will need to obtain the collaboration of other services through the assign- ment or secondment of personnel from: (i) The Water Resources and Rural Equipment Service (HER) for research on and execution of pastoral water development. (ii) The Department of Rural Development and Agronomy for the constitution of emergency food and feed resources for human and livestock consumption and such measures as need to be taken with reference to cereal production. Despite an apparently unfavorable ecology, the production of cereals is of considerable interest since it larzelv suffices for the requirements of the local population and benefits from the supplv of manure from the larze number of grazing cattle. It should be noted, however, that some experts (e.g. Barral in ORSTOM, Cahiers IV.I.67) recommend "conservation measuire to limit the extension of crops" which are often "speculative" in character and are of "no benefit to the economy of Upnner Volta." (iii) The Waters and Forestry Service (Eaux et Forets) for soil cnnsprvation; nrevention of desert encroarhment and for reforestation, including the demarcation, by planting of bushes and trees, of stock routes. The collaboration of stockbreeders and of their reoresentatives will have to be enlisted at all times, since any measures to meet their needs which are imnosed from the outside are unlikely to have lasting results Means nf CGnmminication: Evacuation of Gattle 213. The activity nf thic OR,T iunlike rhat nf the agriculture ORDsT will be more important in the dry season, when herds are concentrated on a smaller area and there is an active trade in food products, than in the rainy season, when the condition of roads and tracks makes communication difficult. uowever, cotunic.ation.s will, have to be iLproved 4n order to serve vaccination camps, evacuation points, markets, hide stores, etc. and to enable d'pnare,educational instituti-ons and th-e aAdministrallon LU ~Id.L.L~ ~UU~ L.ULLaL LL~ LA. . U LJI LU LI a L A.LL I- L .LU to operate effectively. Other Centers of Regional Activities 214. With departing from its essential objectives, the ORD, in accord- ance with its statutes, will have to take an interest in all aspects of development and in particular in educational problems and the no less essential problems of human healtn. Its statutes should reflect tnese principles and make provision for the representation on its board of manage- ment of the relevant national administrative and technical services as well as of stockmen. - 85 - Relations wit:h other ORDs 215. Such relations should be basecl on regional complementarity. The production activities of the Sahel should improve the profitability of the livestock industry by raising the birth rate and reducing the mortality rate among young animals (cattle, sheep, goats). The effectiveness of this would be enhanced by appropriate measures in the South designed to promote farm fattening of cattle. to develop fattening operations on ranches and feed-lots and to establish holding and grazing areas at the maior markets and close to meat nacking Dlants. The raDid evacuation of cattle also calls for proper interregional cooperation in the mapping of routes and in the maintenance of lines of communication and cattle routes, whether the animals involved are imported or in transit, or are intended for export before or after fattening. 216. Upper Volta must use to the full its resources in breeding stockc and rarLge land to make the North a breeding ground for cattle and to improve its position among the countries exporting meat and livestock on the hocf. Without such a long-term policy it will lose on both accounts and will remain one of the noorest of the African rural nations. Crop production alone cannot compensate for failure to develop this livestock potential. Nor is the exploitation of mineral resources likely to generare much money income. Terms of Reference for Basic Studies l/ 217. In defining these studies, which should be undertaken by Upper Volta, a d4cir.ct4n must be made between those that have been orar haoti to be completed and those which are still to be initiated, perhaps pursuant to recormrmenda;tions nA- 4in earli4er -tudies. 218. In the field of water resources, it will be necessary, after the current prospecting %Tork financed by FAC is finished, to complete studies on, (i) Hydrogeology and, in the absence of underground water, surface water studies, keeping in mind the need to avoid pond Wnd shallow. -^1 1- -..4,.So,] 4,.x a.t .t 1,jn.. a z a. . - a L a~ v_ WF F s0 J _z z *J ssfi become breeding grounds for parasites. (ii) A program for development of deep boreholes such as the "Christine (Bell)" b h , chmay provide the basis for an integrated range management program includ- ing comn.unil ranching. ii c~~~ ~ - ...~, .. C 4Ar4ent4f.-4caton / See Annex 6 or the 'erius of reference of a project identificalo L/ I ILLJ U jm. LLI L JL UJ mission. - 86 219. In the field of soil and agrostological studies, the agrostological map of the area north of the 13th parallel being prepared by IEMVT with FAC financing will shortlv be comnpleted. Agrostological observations will have to be continued with a view to their practical bearing on the economical use of range land. 220. A general livestock study undertaken by SCET/Cooperation with FAC financing will be available in October 1970. It will emphasize: (i) The importance of small stock (sheep and goats), of which about 25 percent of the total number in the country -- the same percentage as for cattle -- are to be found in ORD. Their economic potential is particularly promising. The Maradi goat is much demanded by stockbreeders, particularly for its superior meat yield. (ii) The importance of proper feeding. For instance, in the last three years the Markoye station has had a fertility rate of 77 percent (77 calves weaned per 100 cows per annum, as compared with 30-40 percent in traditional stockraising). Furthermore, the same station had no deaths during the severe dry season 1968/69, when the mortality rate for calves under one year of age, in the traditional stockraising areas, exceeded 50 percent. 221. Additional sociological studies should be undertaken by ORSTOM covering the territory outside the Oudalan region and the area north of Lake Oursi. While that agency has already made interesting studies of thp nnqtnrnl environment (e.g. studies bv Barral and Riesman). additional information on the regions of the ORD that have not yet been studied will be useful in providing more accurate data on all the ethnic groups of stockraisers. Such studies should focus on: (i) Factors motivating the movements of herds and possibilities omf mnvAifvina them in certain desired directions. (44i Fa-trsvc motivting the sale of animals. which are annarentlv prompted more by immediate monetary needs than by economic considerations, such as the availahi1ity of livestock and grazing. (iii) The receptivity of stockraisers to the various methods of stockbreeding that mi.ght he nronosed, c,rording to their tribal origin. 222. It is through an appropriate synthesis of information on the four factors (water, pasture, -mn and livestock) that the authorities in charge of the ORD will be able to achieve the optimum ecological balance in preparing and carrying out a development program. In the 1960's the livestock population increased by about one-third without any correspond- ing action to improve the environmCent. One authority has warned that "It would be disastrous to allow the situation to deteriorate there (Oudalan) as a result of the progressive destruction of what is the principal grazing potential of Upper Volta." 1/ Studies would be of no use unless they took account of the traditional methods of stockbreeding and the ability of graziers to respond to more modern and progressive methods. Economics of the Project 223. The total cost of the project will have to be broken down in accordance with requirements for (1) new or additional investment, (2) tech- nical equipment, (3) salaries and allowances for expatriate and local personnel, (4) additional funds for the Livestock Service, and loan service charges. A proper phasing of the expenditures will have to be worked out. and an attempt made to determine the break-even point when self-financing; might be achieved. It must be anticipated that a project of this nature, involving a traditional environment, will require subsidies over a ten-year period. 224. A rough indication of the expenditure likely to be entailed over the next decade is given below under major headings (in CFAF billion): Water development ....................... 1.5 Other investments (buildings, housing) .... 0.2 Studies and applied research .0 .1 General equipment . 0.2 OperaLtion-10 years . 1.5 Grand Total . 3.5 It must be considered that, at this stage, these estimates are rather arbitrary. 225. The financing plan will have to take into account the phasing of requirements and the possible sources of financing for: (i) Studies still to be made: complementary or new. (ii) Supplementing the existing infrastructure in terms of: - The Gorom-Gorom sector - The Diibo livestock district - Markets, tracks, boreholes, abattoirs, etc. (FAC proiects) 1/ Elarral, ORSTOM:: Sciences Humaines, IV, 1-1967, "Problemes Pastoraux, ';ubd i viaionn de l'Oudaln." - 88 - (iii) Establishment of new infrastructure: - Headquarters of the ORD at Dori - ORD Office at Djibo - Equipment of markets (Markoye) - New livestock posts or sectors - Access roads and tracks - New and old water points (iv) Equipment, notably: - Means of communication; vehicles and radio - Audio-visual aids (v) Special programs. (vi) Operating costs: personnel and supplies. 226. The financing plan will undoubtedly have to envisage considerable external assistance but should at the same time envisage a gradual tapering off of such assistance, including that in the form of expatriate personnel. Thus a schedule for transferring management responsibilities to Voltaic staff and financing responsibilities to the State should be provided. In this connection it will be necessary to work out the progressive impncr of the project on the expenditures and revenues of the ORD itself, the local rural governments of the area; and the central government. 227. The final nroiect document will have to give informatinn in particular about: (i) the additional output likely to be generated by the nroleect (ii) reriurrent rhAraec ent1nild fnr the nntinnnl nnd n nrnl budgets; (iii) taxes and service fees that will be collected by the opn; (iv) the employment generated in both the private and public sector by occupational groups; (v) the anticipated economic return on the basis of a phasing oL cost a.d bUenefLits and i1n accordance wUd titL meti'lodus specified by potential lenders. - 89 - 228. SEDES and SCET/Cooperation have been entrusted with the preparation of a project identification study. The m.issio- will be carried out in November 1970. It will serve as a basis for a feasibility study scheduled for 1'. Q for which ' A or the LuL.TJD wi orlle provide .financ-ing. Nlegotiatior.s for the implementation of the project may take place in 1972/73. E. Modern Lattenin& Techniques Ranch:Lng in the Sahel 229. The possibilities of using the grazing lands located south of the Beii valley, between the Mali frontier and Lake Oursi, for the estab:Lishment of a ranch for the fattening of cattle has been the subject of a series of studies. 230. The socio-economic study revealed, even before it was completed, that ithe existing herders who were permanently using 30,000 hectares in this area were unwilling to surrender any land tor this ranch. it indicated that at most 25,000 hectares of little-used land could be appropriated by the Sitate. However, it was clear that a Sanelian ranch would not be possible except on the basis of 8,000 to 10,000 head of stock, which, on the basis of a carrying capacity of one head per 8 hectares, would have required an area of 75,000 hectares. 231. The hydro-geological study, although also unpromising initially revealed, on the basis of a second reconnaissance, the existence of an aquifer. Pumping tests to measure the potential rate of discharge were initiated in March/April 1970. 232. The agrostological study, which was begun rather late and when the problems of est-ablishing a ranch were already known, has focused basically on getting a better knowledge of the forage potential of the sub-Sahelian area, which would be helpful in the preparation of a feasibil- ity study of a Sahel ORD serving principally as an area for breeding and communal grazing of stock. 233. As a result of these studies, the commercial ranch project has been abandoned. The studies have shown that there are still 20,000 hec- tares in the area that are unexploited because of lack of water and that an. additional 30,003 hectares is little used because of the long distances between water points. The development of these 50,000 can be undertaken within the framework of the projected pastoral ORD. They represent a welcome additional reserve of range land that can be used during the latter months of the dry season. If the pumping tests already mentioned confirm the possibility of exploiting the borehole in the Beli Valley (diameter 10"), three or four water pipelines radiating 10 km from this water poin.t - 9( - wUil be 'aid. Eac' or these lines sh-ould De closed in turn so as to per- mit the conservation and regeneration of the raige land at the periphery of the distribution point over an area of 10 Im (30,000 hectares). The initial zone of influence of this ranch could thus be doubled by these branch lines and cover i50,000 nectares. 234. Meanwhile, further studies of the yield and carrying capacity of range land will be continued in 1970 with a view to the preparation of an agrostological map. Thus, although the studies (costing CFAF 75 million) have not achieved their original objective or demonstrated the feasibility of commercial ranching, they will result in the opening up of new range lands, help to ensure their rational utilization, and thus reinforce the importance of the Sahel as a pre-eminent area for animal production. Semi-intensive Fattening on Savanna Ranches 235. The Government of the Federal Republic of Germany has sent a team of experts (veterinarians, agronomists and economists) to explore the possibility of establishing a mixed stockbreeding/fattening ranch in the savanna area of the Sideradougou region, southwest of Banfora. Little is known about this project, which has been under preparation for the last two and a half years. The French version of its report will not be avail- able until the end of 1970. The studies, including the salaries of experts, have already cost CFAF 55 million (end of 1969). The studies on agrostology and animal diseases are completed; those on the supply of cattle and the economic aspects of the property were still in progress early in 1970. 236. Protection of the health of zebu cattle imported from the North, in particular from Mali, will probably be a major element in production costs since the ranch is situated in a savanna area where trypanosomiasis is prevalent and rickettsial diseases probably exist (heart-water). Bush encroachment, which is characteristic of this ecological zone, may also be a problem as long as a balance between the livestock carrying capacity and the fodder potential is not achieved. Outline of an Intensive Fattening (Feed-lot) Project Objective 237. On the basis of reliable data obtained over a period of two or three vears on an experimental station bv varving different parameters (ration, animals, age, duration of fattening, etc.), the project proposes: (i) To put into effect, in the Bobo-Dioulasso region, or the Ranfnrn regionj on the hasis of intpnqiup fodder crops supplemented by agricultural and industrial by- products, a system of rapid farttning of cattle, con- sisting of three to four annual rotations of 4,000 head eac,h. - 91 -- (ii) To provide the Rnhn-Diui1n2SSn ahbttoir with a mnre regular supply of good quality beef stock in all seasons. (iii) 'I',To increase the value added by livestock hich at present are slaughtered when their weight, finishing, are mature is abnormally high and the carcass weight variC5 with the seasons to an extent unacceptable for a regular export trade. 239. The SEDES report on meat supply in Central West Africa estimates ne avePrage carcass weight of VolaLc cattle at 100 Kg . we have taken 105/110 kilos in 1969/1970 1/, a figure that is conflrmed by the experience of the Bobo-Dioulasso abattoir wnicn, however, is largely supplied by Zebu cattle from Mali. For that establishment-the only one up to 1969 that has ben able to weign carcasses reguiarly -- the average carcass weights recorded in 1963 are given in Table 39. Table 39: A'ERAGE WEIGHT OF CATTLE SLAUGHTERED IN TIE BOBO-DiouLASSO ABATTOIR Bobo-Dioulasso Carcass Average Unit Abattoir Number Weight Weight (kg) Bulls 3,486 320,135 91.83 Steers 11,980 1,474,097 123.04 Cows 3,797 386,652 101.83 Bull CaLves 19 1,035 54.47 Calves 110 6,008 54.61 Total 19,392 2,187,937 113 Source: Livestock Service, 1968 Underweight carcasses entail a wastage of the animal husbandry potential and a loss of value added, downgrade the quality of the animal, and do not satisfy the normal requirements of importers. 240. The number of young animals slaughtered is appreciable. Out of 735 hea,d of cattle slaughtered at Bobo-Dioulasso between November 14 and November 25, 1969, 105 were 2 to 3 years old and 92 were 4 years old. 1/ This is a national average for both export and domestic consumption. - 92 - Therefore 14% of the slaughterings were of cattle between the ages of 2 and 3 years, anu 26% of cattLe aedU 2, 3 and 4 years. The carcass weights of these young animals range from 60 to 130 kg. They ought therefore all to have undergone intensive fattening 'before slaughter, the more so because such young animals, despite earlier privations, would respond better to intensive feeding than older animals. 241. The carcass weight varies according to the season. For male animals, which accounted for 67.3 percent of the total tonnage slaughtered, carcass weight in 1968 varied from a minimum average or 119 kg in June and July to a maximum of 132 kg in December. If the carcass weight of the 11,980 cattle slaughtered at Bobo-Dioulasso in 1968 had averaged 132 kg, the additional meat produced would have been 106,320 kg (net), which at CFAF 100 per kg would have valued at CFAF 10,632,000. Fattening would make it possible to even out seasonal variations and to present more good quality animals throughout the year (criterion of consistent quality). Technical References to Fattening in Feed-lots 242. Trials with fattening carried out by IEMVT and IRAT _/ have been promising: (i) Fattening experiments conducted by IEMVT in different countries - Senegal, Ivory Coast, Madagascar (two years out of the three for which provision was made) - show that adult Zebu cattle are able to make daily weight gains of 700-800 grams. (ii) Experiments with fodder crops have been conducted in Upper Volta at the Livestock Service (Banankeledaga) and IRAT (Saria-Farako Ba) stations, and in other countries by IEMVT (Cameroon, Madagascar, Senegal). The Upper Volta experiments, in which more than 100 imported fodder plants have been tested, have demonstrated, at least up to 1969, the superiority, in terms of adaptability and yield of two plants for use in farm fattening of cattle, namely: a graminaceous species (Bracharia ruziziensis), and a legume (Stylosanthes gracilis). Different varieties of Pennisetum and of fodder maize should be tested for intensive industrial fattening (feed-lot or zero/grazing). Siting of the Project: By-products available 243. Two sites are to be studied -- one in the Bobo-Dioulasso region and the other in the Banfora region. Both of these regions have consider- able fodder potential and can draw on a supply of agro-industrial by- oroducts such as molasses and sugarcane tips from the sugar cane plantation 1/ IEMVT: Institut d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux IRAT: Institut de Recherche d'Agronomie Tropicale - 93 - and lm11.IL. p r ctjc t e "d Ifor Banf-ora (iff 4t. i9O real- -, Ibran from the M*tourkou and Bainfora rice mills, dregs from the brewery at Bobo-Dioulasso, blood ari'u bIonemea'l from thie Bolboluioulasso ablattoir a.nd cotton seed from the ginnery at Bobo-Dioulasso. The ginnery has a capacity of 15,000 tons which X t be xpaded y 2,00 os The cotton seed is at present reserved is LU 'De expandued by .j ~uU tons. ILL U Ll CCU .1 L~ CLL~LL LC -LV for sowing and for export, primarily to Japan. The grain mills (Grands Moulins Voltaiques) which are being constructed near Danlora wlth the participation of SIASN 1/ should also supply a certain amount of by-products. The facilities will be able to treat about 1,000 quinLals of wheat and millet per day or 750 quintals of flour and 250 of bran. Production is to reach 13,000 tons in 1972. 244. The CITEC 2/ and SHSHV 3/ oil factories (Bobo-Dioulasso) are sources of groundnut: cakes. At the beginning, in 1972, a cottonseed oil factory is to be erected at Bobo-Dioulasso. The present and projected availability of cottonseed and cake under CFDT-CITEC programs is shown in Table 40. Table 40: AVAILABILITY OF COTTON SEED AND COTTONSEED CAKES FORECASTS THIROUGH 1975 (in metric tons) Seed Seed Projected operations Total required available of CITEC mill Supply of for to oil mill Seed Cake _ _ Cottonseed sowing factory processed produced 1966/67 16,272 4,800 5,700 1967/68 23,700 7,000 8,300 1968/69 30,000 9,00( 10,500 1969/70 36,G00 11,000 13,000 1970 40,000 12,000 14,000 1971 46,000 13,800 16,100 Opening in 1972 1972 50,000 15,000 17,500 15,000 5,326 1973 55,000 16,500 19,250 1974 60,000 18,000 22,000 1975 65,000 19,500 22,800 1976 30,000 11,0(0 ? (plan) 1/ SIAN: Societe Industrielle et Agricole du Niari, a subsidiary of Grands Moulins de Paris. 2/ CITEC: Comptoir pour l'Industrie Textile (Bobo-Dioulasso), Boussac Group, Paris. 3/ Societe des Huileries er Savonneries de liaute-Volta (Bobo-Dioulasso). - 94 - 245. Out of the production of 807 tons of groundnut cake in 1968/69, 76 tons were sold in Upper Volta to the Livestock Service, IRAT (Farako Ba), *th, e Matourkou Center and a few Private individualoS, and 731 tons were exported to Ivory Coast (Baoule-Bingerville). Production is likely to remain at a levell of about 750 to-s. 246t. A detailed survey ofP the availability of by-prouducts "as been *~ t% # U L .LL U ~U .2 ~ a. -.~. - -~.y IJ. .y~ L u JUUL L .ia U~I entrusted to IEMVT and has been in progress since March 1970. It seeks to detemLine fLor all.... by=products la" the present supply s4tuationJ (b) thLIe output by factory or source; (c) supply through 1980; (d) type and method of use; (e) thie nutritional va.lue oft eachiL product; andU (f) actual and prospective prices. Laboratory analyses will determine the value of those that appear to be the most proLs,ising, taking into account tonnage and price. Experiments will then have to be undertaken to determine the most economic rations. 24 /7. In thLe light of the results oU thiLs stuuy, tLe feasiboility of establishing a factory to produce cattle feed for animals in feed-lots and research stations and for the whole of the domestic market, can be explored. Surplus by-products could be exported depending on sales pOssiui'LLesA. hLLe IL1V'T survey shouLL ie available [in Mlay or June .1.I\J. It should supply information very important for further consideration of the fattening problem *rrespective Uo LLth LtLLening techniques tiaL might ultimately be chosen. 248. Present (end of 1969) or anticipated prices are as follows: (i) Cotton seed: The CITEC factory will pay 2 CFAF per kg at the cotton ginning ractory. Tne stabilization fund at present collects 3 CFAF per kg on exported cotton seed. (ii) Cottonseed cake: Anticipated price in 1972: 8 CFAF (according to the 1969 base prices). (iii) Cottonseed oil: Semi-refined: 54 francs (Refined: 65 CFAF) (iv) Groundnut cake: For Upper Volta: 12 CFAF per kg in bulk ex-factory. For Ivory Coast: 15 CFAF per kg in bulk ex-factory. (v) Rice bran: 6 CFAF. 249. A feed-lot operation might be located either near Banfora or near Bobo-Dioulasso. In both regions, the human population density, which is less than in the Mossi country, is such that 1,000 hectares can be found for the proposed operation without displacing or expropriating landholders. 250. In the Banfora region, the problem of water could be solved in association with SIAN s projected sugar cane plantation. SIAN would initially have 4,000 hectares, of which 3,500 could be devoted to sugar cane and 500 to irrigated fodder crops. In the case of both Bobo-Dioulasso, which is a large town, and of Banfora, if and when the sugar mill is established, inany of the necessary facilities (repair workshops, water, power) would be avail- able. Bloth centers are also served by the railway. However, from the standpoint of the supply of cattle, Bobo-Dioulasso is better placed because it would be the logical place to purchase a considerable number of animals in transit from MaLi or northern Volta, or underfed animals transported from Yatenga, the Sahelian North or other upcountry origins. Moreover, Bobo-Dioulasso wilL be the terminal point for livestock routes in the West likely to be financed by FED. Bobo-Dioulasso infrastructure is also better, since the town has an abattoir and is the headquarters of a livestock district, and the Banankeledaga station is nearby. As far as the control of livestock disease is concerned, both locations would be almost equally satisfactory. However, it should be noted that the incidence of trypano-* somiasis is low around Bobo-Dioulasso whereas preventive measures would have to be taken at: Banfora, in particular against tick-borne and parasitic diseases. 251. The study of the economic and financial profitability of a fattetning operation will have to determine the choice between the two s:ites. However, they would not necessarily be mutually exclusive if capital avail- ability ancd market conditions permitted both to be used. Responsible Agency 252. In the absence of private enterprise, the proposed National Livestock Development Company could be entrusted with the operation. The necessary personnel might be obtained from the Animal Production Service or recruited on contracted according to need. Execution-Indicative cost 253. On the basis of an earlier study made in Madagascar, it may be assumed that the proiect could be operational in two years and would cost CFAF 300 million. A working capital fund of CFAF 50 million would be needed for each unit producing 15,000-16,000 head annually and marketing another 15,000 in transit through the Center. The Government will immediately have to take decisions with a view to enlisting the necessary financial assistance for carrying out the operation if the results of the experiments and the economic conditions are favorable. The cost of the technical studies and necessary trials should not exceed CFAF 25-30 million distributed over 2 years. - 96 - Recommendations 254. The Mission recommends that the Government take the necessary measures: (i) To carry out at the Banankeledaga station and/or at the i-RAT's Farako Ba station controlled tests of intensive fattening using fodder with the best possible yields and by-products available on the local market. These tests would be entrusted to IEMVT, which is supported by FAC and has the necessary experience. They would utilize the results of the preceding study in the availability of, and market for, the various by-products that can be used to create an animal feed industry. (ii) To make a preliminary feasibility study of the technical, economic, and financial aspects of the project. (iii) To prepare the definitive project, including a decision on the sites to be chosen, when the above-mentioned data become available (two years). (iv) To make an economic analysis, involving a comparative study of the cost of meat produced in accordance with the methods envisaged by Upper Volta (traditional grazing, improved Sahelian grazing, intensive or semi-intensive ranching, feed-lot). The cost would in each case have to be related to the prices at which meat available in the indicated volume and quality can be sold abroad. 255. To justify any type of "industrial" investment in meat production, it would, of course, be necessary to make sure that the purchase price of meat would progressively conform to the actual cost of production. If this were impossible, the only possibility would be to improve traditional production and trade. - 97 - F. Integration of Farming and Livestock Raising Tntrndlivt-inn 256. The distrlb,ibtion of cattle shows th ore are enogh cattle iT! the agricultural areas to provide a basis for the joint development of crop and animal husbandry. The cattle in such areas comprise (a) village herds of milch cows and their progeny plus a few draft animals where animal trae 4 rs m. m1lr rram ha 0,A..,nn A# (b I, n-a- h 1 annA ,- c, non., i1 Ar Tn,; t-1 traction 4vs mkn sme headaw Lay -A l6 *--. pally peuls (Fulani) who make livestock raising their profession. There are onr the one hand, fa.mers who are not engaged 4in 14vestock -Ja-ii. but who do own, :Largely as a form of investment for their savings, livestock wh4ich ::hey enrs-t-- to0 th 1e., of14 stockhe , and, on thne oth:r hand, the professional livestock owvuers who get their income from exploit- ing theIr ow-n livestock and mnag rig Ihe 1.ieocko oth.ers under 4"sha,r." arrangements which are often complex. Conflict between these two groups are in.vit:abL Ce, Ibe.Cau e thLIe CUoL Lpe Liti UoLf ,anL,L Lves k an- food or cas crops for the available land is such that the two cannot coexist without ad'verselly afA fecting ;oSachiU otLLher andU operat'Lng to thle detriment of the econ,.y of the country. 257. A very gradual solution of this problem can be achieved only by integrating crop 'farUjLLLng andU animal hIlusbUanudry, partjicularly through thle development of mixed farming providing for eventual on-farm fattening of severa.L tIlOUusand young ttl-11 aIl The Present Situatio_ 258. At present there is no definite policy for associating crop farm- ing and animal husbandry in Upper Volta. While a single policy of this sort would be difficult to devise in view of the wide difference in conditions and means of production, it is a matter for serious concern that no joint programs, even these limited to animal healtn care, can at present be carried out within the agreed time limits. 259. Funds for individual animal health care and mass prophylaxis have been available since 1968. As a result of considerable delays, these funds are unlikely to be disbursed even by the end of 1970. The worst situation appears to be in the ORDs of Koudougou and Ouagadougou, where drafting of the necessary program was completed only in August 1969. Taking into account further delays in the arrival of equipment and supplies and in the assignment of the necessary personnel, the program will get underway only in 1970/i1 instead ot in 1968/69. 260. Irt the Dedougou (Volta Noire) ORD the situation is better, al- though disputes about the powers and duties of the directors concerned have also delayed the delivery of trypanocide products. Out of CFAF 8 million provided for 2 years, only CFAF 3 rmillion had been used by the end of 1969. A program for using the unexpended balance is under consideration. - 98 - 261. In the Yatenga ORD "livestock" part of the new program is ex- cessively modest and envisages the establishment of control herds witn a view to improving livestock management. This anproach- will onlv confirm the coexistence of two distinct methods of livestock management without really integrating them. Tn the past the activities cf the ORD were better integrated although lim;-ted by a shortage of funds. It is a pitv that these activities were not resumed in 1970. After the cessation of animal health protection measures in this ORD, the only remaining activity will be the distribution of salt, which is insufficient and discouraging, particularly because the milieu seems to be receptive. 262. For the other ORDs no reliable information is available on .lhe types and scope of activities undertaken for the benefit of stockraising and draft animals. However, such activities are likelv to be of little or no improtance. Estimate of the Number of Draft Animals 263. Studies have been undertaken to ascertain the approximate number of animals used for traction. The resulting data for 1968 are given below, subject to reservations. (i) Koudougou ORD. hWhile donkeys have proved adequate to drawing carts, thc.r lm4s-e trrtfip nyower ha,e nr-t- TP ita ni-possible tn make rapid progress in the use of donkey-drawn cultivators. Approximately 2,000 donkeys are used, of which 1,600 for drawing cultivators. The number of other types of draft animals has remained very low (900 oxen, al dozn h The ni.rer of cultivators in the ORD decreased in 1969, when 280 implements, whichf hlad not been used and -aid for, were repossessed. l the other hand, 55 donkey-drawn cultivators (up to the end of November) and 72 donk-ey-dra-w,-. carts weresold for cash between Januars 1 1969 and November 27, 1969. Table 41: KOUDOUGOU ORD - GROWTH OF EQUIPMENT TIT C'TrD T _ T1' r17n Year Carts Cultivators Remarks applying to cultivators 1965 1J 2J. I, 440 1966 173 2,570 1967 278 2,322 After repossession of implements 1968 338 2,379 57 cultivators sold - 1,566 in actual use 1969 410 2,434 55 cultivators sold - 1,611 in actual usc The figures in Table 41 point up the unsuitability of donkeys for the tillling or soil whi.uch alls for tracive power thre4m,es LL ~ L.L .L.JL.i L it _~LJ J. WI I Llt I A 1 £. Z! L _ L L t- ;_ ~LV ~: PU,J i. u6LIL (50 kg) greater than that normally developed by this animal (15 kg). Thie use of uonk'eyess , hi.U n LOwever, I[ 'ue complet'.el Ly ab-Ljandloned, since they are useful. for many jobs and are well suited to pulling cul.LtLvators on lighL and poor so11. 'In addit.ion, thLe'Lr priLce (CFAF 3,000) is often more in keeping with the real income and deDt-carrying capacity of farmers t[ilan thrat o. a -yoKe of oxen (CFAF 30,000). The actual number of plows, as distance from cultivators, that hiave been acquired and are in use is not accurately known. However, there are about 50 ox-drawn plows and perhaps a dozen horse-drawn plows. Tnis numDer nas varied very little since 1967. (ii) Ouagadougou ORD. Information is even less accurate because of the vicissitudes of animal traction in this ORD, where many of the donkeys have finished their career -- in the abattoir. At the end of 1969, the figures were roughly as follows: - donkeys used for cultivators ..... 3,700 to 3,800 - donkeys used for carts .... ....... 200 to 300 (excluding Ouagadougou) - other draft animals ..... ......... a few, primarily horses. In 1970, SATEC expects that 20 pairs of oxen will be put to work. (iii) CIDR Zones (including Volta Noire, Bobo-Dioulasso and Gaoua). Here again, it is to be noted that little progress has been made since 1965, and that in 1968/69 there was no increase in animal- drawn equipment, except for sales of carts. It seems likely that 500 oxen are in service in the. sectors in which CIDR is providing extension services (Bobo-Dioulasso: 340; Hounde: 50; Gaoua: 150). (iv) Yatenga ORD. In 1969, a total. of 1,073 plows together with 300 donkey-drawn carts and 450 cultivators were in service. The number of ox-drawn carts was very small. There are an estimated 2,200 trained oxen and 500 trained donkeys. An inventory was being made in the second half of 1969. (v) Volta Noire (excluding CIDR Zone). At the end of 1969, it appears that not more than 1,800 oxen were being used for plowing or traction and 600 donkeys for pulling carts (cf. Annex 5). (vi) Kongoussi-Kava ORD. As in Volta Noire, our information is in- accurate. There are believed to be 600 trained oxen and 500 donkeys. (vii) Banfora ORD. The number of teams is very small, about 20 oxen. - 100 - 264. For the other regions, no reliable information is available. At Fada-N'Gourma, a private farm school is beginning to send out a few settlers with teams of animals. An estimated 100 yokes of oxen are in service. In the CFDT sector of Bobo-Dioulasso, 20 pairs of oxen are in service. 265. Table 42 shows the total number of draft animals in Upper Volta. Table 42: DRAFT ANIMALS (NUMBER OF HEAD) 1969 ORD or Zone Oxen Donkeys Horses Banfora (SOTESA) 20 - - Koudougou (SATEC) 100 2,000 10 Ouagadougou (SATEC) 100 4,000 10 Yatenga (BDPA) 2,200 500 - Kaya (SATEC) 600 500 Bobo-Dioulasso (CIDR + CFDT) 340 - Gaoua (CIDR) 150 - Volta Noire (CFDT + CIDR) 1,850 600 _ Other a/ 200 500 30 Number 1969 5,560 8,100 50 Number 1965 4,000 8,000 50 Rate of increase per annum 8.6% 0 0 a/ of wrnichn 10 oxen in rada N a Gourma . It will be noted that oxen are used in yokes. Therefore, there would be about 2,280 teams at the end of 1969. It appears that the annual increase since i965 nas not exceeded o.oi., not a very impressive rate of progress. In point of fact the progression is uneven. In certain areas the poor quality of the agricultural impiements produced by the iocai factory has limited the use of equipment and draft animals. Prospects of.Mixed Farming Animal Husbandry Activities 266. Animal husbandry activities, in order of importance, concern: (i) choice of species; (ii) conditions for proper maintenance; (iii) improvement of performance. 267. Experience with donkeys in the Koudougou and Ouagadougou ORDs shows that an error of judgment can set back the extension training plan several. years and seriously prejudice the anticipated results. There is no doubt that where animal traction is deemed Uecessary, the only suitaDle animal is the ox; it is too often forgotten that the ox is basically a dual- purpose animai, a wor-k animai and a meat animai and, in addition, in Africa, a source of organic manure. 268. Proper maintenance of livestock is of capital importance. An animal that is being worked or fattened shouid always be given extra rations in addition to that required purely for maintenance. Animals cannot be left to find their own food, especially after working in the field or pulling carts. The cost of the "work" ration is in the order of CFAF 3,500 per year for an cox and CFAF 1,500 per year for a donkey. The cost of the fattening ration is not known, but it may be between CFAF 3,000 and 3,500 per year per animal, depending on the type of feed available and its price. Continuing health surveillance is also essential in order to detect signs of parasitic infections, contagious diseases, and trypanosomiasis in areas where these diseases are endemic. Health protection involves periodic inspections and appropriate preventive measures, the cost of which must be, added to the operating costs either at the producer level or at that of the ORD, within the framework of a mass campaign. The cost of medical care in areas in which trypanosomiasis is endemic is estimated at CFAF 250 per year per ox, and CFAF 150 in other areas. For a donkey, a minimum of CFAF 100 must be allowed. 269. The Mission has attempted to estimate the various cost components, distinguishing between fattening costs, current maintenance costs and health costs. In its opinion, 2,750 farmers must be gradually induced to under- take farm fattening in the Volta Noire ORD. This would represent only 5% of the approximately 55,000 farmers in the area. Although very modest, this priogram should be carried out with great care owing to its value as a pilot project. 270. An estimate of the cost of health care per ox is given in Table 43. In principle, no allowance is made for deaths of animals between the ages of 3 and 9 years, which is perhaps a little optimistic. - 102 - Table 43: ANNUAL HEALTH COSTS PER OX (in CFAF) (A) Cost of products Nature of activity Cost Frequency PrleuropneumoniHa vacciLne lf,nnual d/ Rinderpest vaccine 4 Over a 3-year period: 2 doses at CFAF 6 a dose b/ Prevention of trypanosomiasis 120 Twice a year: at CFAF 50 a dose External parasite control 40 Four times a year: at CFAF 5 a dose Internal parasite control 75 Annual Minor treatments, mineral supplements 175 Saltlicks, 500 g/year/animal Sub total 210 (B) Cost of Livestock Service Activities Personnel c/ 30 It is assumed that an animal being fattened for 6 to 8 Equipment, (including months does not need any operating cost) c/ 10 health care other than the above. Sub total 40 Thotal 470 For a pair of oxen 940 a/ If a good an4ual vaccine is available in 1971/72. b/ Revaccination at age 3 years and 6 years of an animal introduced onto the farm at age 3 and sold at age 7. 1TM fllW 11-Wing costs have been Ais-rUtribut-ed --e 5, hn iead of c.ztl `e including 5,000 draft animals: 1. Personnel 2 dispensers ........... 2 x 300,000 = 600,000 2 vaccinators .......... 2 x 150,000 = 300,000 1 laborer ............ 1 x 100,000 = 100,000 1 assistant ............ 1 x 500,000 = 500,000 1,500.000 2. Operation and amortization of vehicles and other equipment. 50,000 Total 2,000,000 - 103 - 271. Table 44 gives an indicative estimate of the cost of feeding per animal per annum. For a draft ox, the ration would cover maintenance, work and travel. Grazing can contribute 2.7 FU (fodder units) per day and supplemental stall feeding 0.3 FU. The ration for fattening is intended to provide for a 60/65 kg increase in live weight in 6 months (350 g per day). All the FU costs include allowances for labor and losses. Fattening would be entirely hased on stall feeding. Table 44: THEORETIC FEEDING ALLOWANCES AND COSTS Rations Days FU/D Total Cost FU Total Remarks Drafl: animals (300 kg) a/ Maint:enance ) Collective ) 365 3.0 b/ 1,095 1.0 1,100 grazing for Travel ) 85% of the time Work 60) 4.0 240 6.0 1,440 Supplements in the stall TOTAI, - - 1.335 1.98 2.540 for one ox 5,080 for a -Pair Fn t f- nrk Mfintenance 1R( 2=7 486 4.0 1,945 y.r*h h fodder Fattening 180 1.0 180 8.1 1,440 with concen- trates, vi ta- mins, salt TOTAT. ' A-7 6A6 5.08 3,385 for an ox in setaLl _! Ffive tn csi vpnr nld aniTmnl b/ Collective grazing - 2.7 FU; supplemental stall feeding to cover travel - 0.3 FU. I Tncrea.se 4n live 4eight of 5()/60 kg In 6mr,.onths with 330 g/day, on the basis of 11 FU per kg of weight increase. - 104 - 272. The annual cost of feeding three animals (in CFAF) may be summarized as follows: Two work oxen --- … -----5,080 One ox for fattening --------------3,385 8,465 Cattle tax --------- 200 x 3 600 Healt'n care -------- 470 x 2 940 1,540 Total ---------------------------------- 10,005 In round figures ------------------------ 10,000 It should be recognized that these estimates are rather hvpothetical. particularly with respect to the number of fodder units required, the cost of various tvnes of feed and the net gain in weight likely to he achieved under actual conditions. It is suggested therefore that the Government entrust to TRAT and TFMVT the resnonsihiTity for testinc the rndprlgina assumptions and the economics on the three regions likely to provide the mrnt fAvorable conditions -- Bobo-Dioulasso. Banfora and Gaoun for exnmnl- This would nake it possible to arrive at rations reflecting, an optimum co.mbination of tprhnirnl end economic considerations in thp light of the characteristics of cattle and soils and the cost and availability of by- products. Tmnrorpm.ent of Perfformnnrce 273. It is not advisable to experiment, either on the farm or on applied research stations, with exotic breeds of heavier configuration capable in theor, of maturing earlier and of gaining wei-ht more rapidly. Such breeds would make demands in terms of health care and feeding that would certainly be beyond the capac4y of the people ra4sin l_ vestoclk. To devote funds to long-term breeding operations would be useless if the £i:.proveLuV bU reeds do not find4 a Su itaL-le environment[ tlor thelir development an-, maintenance. Moreover, the improved yield of such breeds will be compensated y tLile Uuch larger demands they -will miakLe on Livest ck- r-aiserIs as wel.l a by the loss of resistance to trynanosomiasis which now characterizes the local taurins. 274. The most urgent problem is therefore to thoroughly expiore and take advantage of the potentialities of the local livestock. We have already indicated the type of practicai research on methods and costs that should be undertaken on the farm in order to reach conclusions valid for particular areas and conditions. The propagation of farm fattening of cattle will demand several years of effort, and during this period some of the cost will have to be borne by the ORD, at least until an appropriate and economic method of fattening has been perfected. It will undoubtedly be difficult not onlv to persuade farmers to look regularlv after the health of their - 10,% - animals, but, above all, to provide the fodder for stall feeding which is essential since the practice of letting animals forage entirely for their feed is imcompatible with efficient livestock management. In Madagascar, where farm fattening of cattle is practised on the plateaux, all the farmers are of the opinion that the system of mixed farming is more lucrative than cropping or livestock raising undertaken separately. Extension activities 275. With respect to extension activities, either a minimum program or a more comprehensive, integrated program can be envisaged. In Yatenga, a minimum program comprising the following has been tried out: (i) Feeding of draft cattle. A number of silos were established: 62 in 1965 and 32 in 1966. Subsequently, this activity was given up because of the limited supplies of fodder available and the reluctance of the farmers to do the considerable work involved in cutting and transporting it. The distribution of a mineral supplement in the form of salt had more success, as the following figures on salt distribution show. Crop year 66/67 67/68 68/69 Tonnage 4.2 41.9 25.1 Value 85,000 849,000 417,000 Cost per kg 20 CFAF 20 CFAF 19 CFAF The selling price of saltlicks (CFAF 400) has been deemed too high. Although their weight is not accurately known, it is probably about 2 kg. It will be recalled that the Markoye CeniLer has succeeded in selling saltlicks to stockbreeders at a price of CFAF 100-110 per kg. (ii) Health Protection. In 1967, 4,375 cattle and 8,225 sheep belonging to stockbreeders were treated for external parasites; in 1968, 5,950 cattle and 8,250 goats were treated for internal parasites. These operations, deemed to be too expensive, were suspended ai'ter May 1968. Their cost is not known but stockbreeders were asked to pay part of it. This work has not been continued owing to a lack of pastoral extension workers to demonstrate its value. (iii) Improvement of marketing. Stockbreeders' associations were established for collective shipment of animals to the market. Although, for various reasons, these operations have not always been Drofitable, the associations have ennoyed a certain success. tin- fortunately, from May 1968 onward, it has no longer been possible to contintiu this activitv because of lack of fuinds- - 106 - 276. The experience of Yatenga is hardlv illustrative. Ecologically the region is certainly the least suited to carry out a complex program. It has an excessive number of livestock, the soil is poor, and population pressure is high. On the other hand, the Volta Noire ORD, where an increas- ing amount of income from the cultivation is available it would have been possible to undertake a more sophisticated program involving, at the outset, the maintenance of three animals, of which two, one younger and one older ox, would be used as draft animals, and one would be in the process of being fattened after having worked as a draft animal for four or five seasons. 277. The association of crop and animal husbandry which is essential to achieve a balanced management of soil/animal resources does not vet exist because the necessary specialized extension workers, funds, programs and policy guidelines are all lacking. Provision for these must be made and integrated into all new programs whatever their sources of financing. This task is the primary responsibility of the Upper Volta Government, but foreign agencies will need to provide financial and technical assistance. 278. Activities to promote animal production call, of course, for a radical change in the outlook both of farmers and of extension workers and in their motivations. However, the farmers appear to be receptive and the leaders well aware of the difficulties and the advantages of the association of crop and stock farming. A Ten-Year Program 279. The slow pace of this evolution must, however, be emphasized to all the partners in development. Formulas must be found to help Upper Volta to transform the best of its farmers, now exclusively preoccupied with food and cash rronnR into nroducers of beef. comnlementarv traditional stnck- raising, or to modern fattening techniques (feed-lot, ranches). 280. A program should be so devised that through successive steps the farm.er can progressively integrate animal husbandry perTmanently with his other farming activities. Through the production of meat the farmer would thus be enable to ma.ke better use of his land. He wo0uld buy animals born in other regions (the Sahel), use them for traction and fatten them with fUeedul produced on 1h0is fa..it, supplemunted with animal feed bought on the market. This would not only produce a more integrated farming, but would contribDute to a m,ore advranta6geou-s dilvision of: labor between the northern and. southern parts of Upper Volta, relieving eventually the traditional grazing areas 'n thle Northl -whichħl would utimateLy be LeseLveU LLor breeding and the raising while the richer areas of the South would be utilized for fattening. To exclude 'livestock'- from an agr'LculULtura'l development andiU extensioLoi programii is a serious error and does not make economic sense in Upper Volta. - 107 - 281. With the progressive integration of livestock into farming, there wil:L undoubtedly lbe a need for additional credit, since farmers are unlikely to have the means to buy three or four animals for traction and for fatten- ing. In order to avoid usurious rates of interest, such credit might be supplied bv an orpanization which might itself buy the animals directly from breeders. 282. Below we have attempted to outline the progressive stages of a ten--year program for the integration of livestock into crop farming. The idea would be to maintain permanently on the farm three animals, preferably cast:rated males, of which a three-year old animal in training would be used to replace annual:ly as a draft ox a six-year old animal fattened over a period of six moniths. This principle would link animal traction with fat-- tening on the farn. Suggested Evolution of a Mixed Farm Year Hectares Principal farm operation and extelsion cultivated activities 1/ 0 1 - 0/2 ha Mnn as virtiiull the onlv factnr of traditional crops (food and other) Purchase of 2 trained animals (1). Use of selerted see d iinfpet-in of 1 seed, proper storage of crops. Animal frm 2.50 ha traction for sowing and weedIng in 2 rows (2). Construction of a stall- to 3.00 ha shelter (3)i. Animal care, feedin:) watering, tending (4,5,6,7). Counsel- 4ng. Introduction of carts (8). AOn +thLe basis ofP by=prodducts and bush'- 3 from 3.00 ha introduction of the practice of ensilage, fodder reserves and supp.le- mentary feeding (9). Introduction of animLal traction for land preparatLon (10). Refresher course on animal care (11). 4. tcl 3. l a Clonstruction of a stall-dunghill 112%. LU .J. .353 '..'U1L%, L.UL .LUI U L L.L.U L , L.L .A.L I, J.L Purchase of one animal age 3 yearS. Cour,seling (1Lj) Lraining ouf the young an'zmal (4.i+j 5 from 3.50 ha Introduction of fodder into the rotation (15). Use or' mineral and organic ferti- 6 to 4.00 ha lizers (16). One animal withdrawii from work and put out to fattening (17)1. 1/ The numbers on this column refer to the successive stages of develon- ment for which the extension service will provide assistance. - 108 - Hectares Principal farm operation and extension Year cultivated activities 7 from 4.00 ha Sale for slaughtering of the fattened animal and training (18) of a new young 8 to 5.00 ha animal: initiation of the purchase/ fattening cycle. 9 from 6.00 ha Introduction of a female among an elite group of farmers (19). 10 to 8.00 ha Extension of fodder cultivation (20). Conclusion 283. Under present conditions it can be anticipated that the use of donkeys and horses as draft animals will make no further progress and that the use of draft oxen, the only animals reallv suitable for work, will in- crease only slowly. The constraints are not the availability of animals, but the problems of feeding, sometimes of watering, of health protection, in short, of managing the working capital represented by the animal permanently maintained under the responsibility of the farmer. 284. To meet these problems. the farmer must be ziven extension training and the farm must be transformed to provide for two work oxen and a vounQ animal in such a way that all stages of animal husbandry, ranging from the training of animals for draft and the eventual fattening and re- nlacement of the draft animal "retired" from work are effectively incorp- orated into farming practice. To this end, regional pilot projects should he uindert-akPn heginning in 1970, under the stinervision of a _nPri_lized research establishment. Such a formula is esnecially recommended for the Volta Noire oRD. Tt involves the establishment of centers for training draft animals, the equipment of farmers for farm fattening, the solution of probl emc of cupnlementarv feedaing and the conit ituttion of herding of c2tt1e when they are not working. Animal traction implying the occasional use of a donkey or of an ox for eight to ten .weeks a year, cannot be put on a par with the economic and technical association of crop and stock farming. G. Means _of vcai Ctl General 285. It is estimated that 125,000 cattle and 200,000 small stock are brought into Upper Volta each year from Mali and Niger,. Tne breakdown bv origin, by species, and by destination is approximatelv as indicated in Table 45. All these animals are not necessarily used for the purpose for which they were originally intended. Some are imDorted for breeding (heifers). Still others (e.g. those too tired or sick to be included in an export con- voy moving on the hoof) are exchanged for local animals in better condition. - 109 - Various factors -- seasonal, economic and fiscal -- may also determine whether animals retain their "foreign" character or become "Voltaic". For example, attempts in Mali to collect certain trading taxes and enforce foreign exchange regulations affected the volume and character of export movements to and through Upper Volta prior to 1969. It is therefore difficult to accurately define the true volume of cattle movements across frontiers. As far as livestock other than cattle is concerned, most of the imported goats and a few thousand sheep are consumed at the frontier markets and in the towqn of Bobo-Dioulasso and Ougadougou. Most of the sheep, on the cther hand, are exported to the south by truck or bv railroad. Table 45: ANIMALS IMPORTED AND IN TRANSIT Ori,gin Cattie Smaii Stoc;k Transit Imported Transit Imported Mali 95D 000 20,000 60,000 70,000 Niger 5,000 5,000 oon _4000 30,000 TOTAL 100,000 25,000 100,000 100,000 986 To the exnort of foreign rattle (or cattlp t-hat 1hnv hbecome foreign through exchange) must be added the convovs consisting of Voltaic cattle or of cattle hroucht into the eountry surreptitiously and transfor.m.ed into Voltaic cattle in that manner. These animals are, as a rule, provided with nationa1 laissez-nasser. For 19 9 the number of such animals may be estimated at about 75,000 cattle and 275,000 sheep and goats. The total number of animals which at one point or another enter or leave the evacua- tion routes may be put at 200,000 cattle and 475,000 sheep and goats (Import + Transit + Export). 27R 7 Tt hac been pointed out that m.ost of tihe smll stck tranported over lonq distances consists of convoys of sheep moved by railroad or by truc!. On entering the country, for example, the eastern routes are taken bv 90,000 to 100,000 head of which half are transported in trucks before raea i. x 4-n s 0.A. - , an Puyte nga. 'Th,e rn..arks that follow relate basicay11 to the movement of cattle on foot. The data are not very precise and are open to question. More liUht on tlCese Al-1.m sh.l14 be sheAd by th general livestock study which is being completed by SCET/Cooperation and to which reference has already been mCade. M-ppnr o roues 28. aInl 1 Y, FAC undertook a feasibility study of two stock routes to the south (Ghana, Togo, Dahomey). This studv, carried out by SCET/Coopera- tion (Arnaud), was completed on April. 30 and suDmitted to cne autnorities on May 3, 1970. The project will be carried out in 1970/71 with FAC credits. Tne expected outlay for equiDping 7000 kilometers of track and three markets, comprising the creation of the Gorom-Gorom sector, is on the order of CFAF 80 million. - 110 - 289. hese outesand te experlence w-it their operation should be 401 ese1C~ roJutes and L. 1 -~Li WI Li!X LL1I J. JL .UI ~LILUU Ut useful in planning other routes for conveying stock from the production areas in LUC iUUQy 01. LLIr INħL 1 L, iIULLLI1tl PIIL UL UppL V UOJ Lc LUWdLUb the deficit areas on the African coast. However, a study for the demarcation of the routes can be undertaken straightaway because their developrm,ent is required to cope with urgent trade and animal problems which is increasingly necessary to resolle. 290. Schematica-lly it is possħible to diħstLngulsh, north 1of thle railroad and the Ouagadougou-Niger road, seven arteries of concentration whose relative importance depends on economic or seasonal factors. 1i (i) In the East there are three main tracks running from the Mali and Niger frontiers, which carry about 70,000 cattle: (a) The first via Kantchari takes animals that have come from Niger and which have moved along either bank of the river to Dahomey, Togo and Ghana. It carries 5,000 head of stock. (b) The second takes animals sold on the many markets in the Gorom-Gorom and Dori cercles to the important market of Puytenga and, beyond that, to Ghana and to Togo. It carries about 20,000 head. (c) The third leads to the abattoir and the railroad loading platform at Ouagadougou; there are three possible destinations for the 45,000 head it carries: Ghana, the Ouagadougou abattoir, and Ivory Coast. (ii) In the Center there is a general artery coming from Yieali and used by 70,000 animals from Upper Volta and Mali. Its importance depends on the railway cars that are made available to exporters at the loading platforms at Ouagadougou and Koudougou. It represents the convergence of a network more or less well-defined tracks in the interior of the country. (iii) In the West there are three tracks converging on the abattoir and loading platform at Bobo-Dioulasso and used by some 50,000 head coming principally from Mali. (a) One is used by animals sold on the markets of the Djibo and Ouahigouya cercles. (b) The second is used by animals imported from Mali via the Soin and Djibasso tracks. (c) The third moves stock from the Sikasso region, and follows thp road to Bobo-Dioulasso via Faramana. 1/ See map, page 30. J3LVI Lii LC the iULL Lfrr, thle raL.iLroadU to O[he OUadCoUUugou=Fada N 'Gyourmia= Niger road, there are six arteries that are regularly used, naMely: (a) The Kantchari artery via Dahomey, Togo, and Ghana. (b) Puytenga-Ghana via Bittou or Puytenga-Togo. (c) The Ouaga-Ghana track via Po. (cd) The Ghana route or track to Ivory Coast. (e) The railroad to Ivory Coast via Ouagadougou, Koudougou, Bobo--Dioulasso, etc. (i-j The all-weather track to Ivory Coast, which carries the taurins cattle of the Lobi and Dagana country and some of the Zebu cattle which are not loaded at Koudougou and some- times at Ouagadougou. It can be assumed to carry about 10,000 head. Equipnment Projects 291. These routes have been estabLished by tradition without any intervention of the public authorities other than a customs and health inspection, neither of which is very effective. 292. The choice and equipment of a demarcated route must be governed by the following considerations: (i) Watering possibilities. Daily watering is necessary in all seasons. However, artificial reservoirs must be avoided since they are sources for transmission of infectious and parasitic diseases both for man and for animals. It is advisable to dig shallow wells and to equip them with rudimentary facilities. (ii) Quality and area of grazing land available. The cultivation of land along the routes followed must be prohibited. Holding areas for herds must be provided near abattoirs or evacuation points by rail or cattle truck. (iii) Nature of the soil; land problems. As far as possible, care should be taken to avoid a route whose surface is too hard since this will cause lameness. Similarly, a route should not cross too many cultivated fields near villages. One of the purposes of the investment is to reduce conflicts between farmers and migratory herders. - 112 - Management and profitability 293. The total economic and social effects of the establishment of these routes will not be fully known until the results of using the two experimental routes financed by FAG are at hand. Because of the lack ot data on cattle weights and weight losses, it is indeed difficult to estimate how profitable the development of such cattle routes would be. Cattle will certainly lose less weight during the dry season if they have water and grazing each day. This would be particularly true of Voltaic animals; the others are usually watered only once everv two davs and are already living on their reserves when they arrive in Upper Volta. It cannot he denied that establishment of "legal" stock routes for the evacuation of cattle would simplify the control of herds in many respects and that their equipment, at various stages, with watering points, grazing and resting grounds would he a "service" which, according to the preliminary findings of on-the-spot inquiries by SCET/Cooperation experts traders would be prepared to use and to pay for. 294. The management of these routes should be entrusted to a mixed company. The Government asked FAC to send an expert mission to study this in May 1970, and the report of this mission was expected by the end of June 1970. Role of External Assistance 295. The Fonds d'Aide et de Cooperation (FAC) will finance the two eastern routes which, starting from Markoye and Dori, carry about 65,000 animals (cattle). The project, for which financing was provided in the last quarter of 1970, will comprise (for a total amount of CFAF 80 million): (i) Demarcation of routes in order to prevent cultivation on them and to ensure sufficient grazing areas for transit, holding, and commercial transactions under the best conditions. (ii) Provision of a holding zone above Ouagadougou for animals intended for export on the hoof; the European Development Fund (FED) is expected to finance equipment of the local market and the estab- lishment of a holding ground for animals destined for the abattoir. (iii) Provision of watering noints every 25 to 30 kilometers (average distance traveled each day by the herds) thus making it possible to ensurpe at all timps of the year. a sufficient suinnlv of non- polluted water free of parasites. However, the service fee will have to be as owas possible- (4-) A at-dA of the aeqipment of ntar1et to faellitante health cotrol and control of commercial transactions at Markoye, Dori, Gorom, Kaya anA Puytenga. Provision of holdi-g an -loading facilit4es at the Puytenga and Ouagadougou terminals (holding grounds with water anU feedu fLor anaiuals. - 113 - (v) Establishment of a very stririgent veterinary infrastructure to prevent the spread of contagious diseases that are responsible for a loss of profits probably larger than the fiscal revenue. (vi) Determination of investments needed and of the cost of maintenance and dpnreriation (vii)i Assesment nf thp PcrnnmTr icmnact onr the animals using thpse routes after determination of the service fee to De collected. (viii) Definition of the legal and administrative basis for this levy and ass istance in seettingup the agenou to be responsile for the management of the stock routes. 296. The investment (comprising the establishment of three markets, a iA.vestock sectorz a -ter.inal area at Ouagadougou and 700 ki.lom.eters of track of which 60% would be newly demarcated and provided with watering points) is expectesd to -amtouLnt to CFl AF 10,0 pe kioutr Th .laitnac charges41 - -- M-- --- CAp~LLI~U LU diIUUI L LU LI : £I JJL J U ~Vv yr N_LU1U~LCL .C LIIC- LllQ~LLULCl,%LLL %LL1CLLr: are provisionally estimated at CFAF 8 million and could be covered by the LellowW.ig 'LeviLe-s uased on thiLe 1969 traffLdLc: CLattle ;U J - 'T.',I x CA 10 = 6,500,000 Sheep and goats: 100,000 x CFAF 20 = 2,000,000 8,50000CI0 297. The European Development Fund (FED) appears to be interested in a similar project covering one or more routes in the west, tne study or which has not yet been started. Its primary purpose might be to ensure the provisioning of the mixed livestock breeding and fattening ranch whichi German experts have been studying. However, FED is expected to await the completion of the FAC project before deciding on any financing. Other institutions such as the World Bank could participate in the equipment of the central routes leading to the loading points of Koudougou and Ouagadougou. These would thus ensure, under the best possible conditions, the provision- ing of possible feed--lots at Bobo-Dioulasso and Banfora. Problems of Evacuation by Rail 298. The large number of animals awaiting shipment by rail at Ouagadougou at the beginning of December 1969 (see table 46) demonstrates the lack of organization as well as of means affecting the transport of cattle by rail. At that time it was found that 35% of the cattle had been awaiting shipment for as long as two to three months and that 62% of the sheep and goats had been waiting one month or less. These findings make it all the more necessary to provide holding grounds some distance up country from the railway. - 114 - Table 46: NUMBER OF ANIMALS AWAITING LOADING AT OIJAGADOUGOU Cattle Sleep Goats Tax paid a! 791 240 81 Tax not paid 1,237 1,256 24n Total 2,038 1,496 321 a/ The earliest receipts date from July 1,1969 (28 head); the others run from August 27 to November 27, 1969. 299. PEqu4ipmnt- is ao, an --t- problem. The require.ents are not simple for more rolling stock, the renovation and modernization of rolling stocki and i.,provem,entL in turn-around, bDut. allso for thlee prov-isio of a plat- form, stock yards and rapid loading facilities at the five stations used at present: Ouagadougou, Koudougou, Bobo=DJioulasso-, Banfora and Nlan 1UNU However, the management of the Abidjan-Niger Railway (RAN) has not yet taken the necessary measures to correct thLis situa-tOiOn. 300. The railway is operating with a deficit, and the transport of cattle appears in fact to be heavilv subsidized. However, to what extent poor organization is the cause of this deficit must be ascertained. 301. Although six cold-storage cars available appear for the time being to be adequate, they would be insufficient for shipment of more than 1,800 tons unless turnaround is speeded up. Since 1,700 tons were shipped in 1968, it is evident that the saturation point is very close. 302. SCET/Cooperation has noted that "the predominant role played by railroad in exports to the Ivory Coast would become even more important if the waiting time of the cars were shorter". If there were sufficient freight cars, all the animals -- regardless of their species -- would be transported to the Ivory Coast by rail. At present, 75 to 80% of the cattle and 60 to 70% of the sheep are exported by rail to the Ivorv Coast, but only at the expense of loss of time and weight which robs them of a good part of their value and discourazes livestock owners. Table 47: MODES OF EVACUATION OF ANIMALS TO IVORY COAST (percentage) Embarkation Cattle Sheep and Goats Point Railroad Truck On Foot Railroad Truck On Foot Ouagadougou 99.5 0.5 - 96.0 4 - K7 oudougou 100 .O0 Bobo-Dioulasso 76.0 3.0 21 86.0 14 - DdIIiULd ħUU .U --;;; Niangoloko 27.0 15.0 58 34.0 61 5 National average 78.0 4.0 18 66.0 32 2 - 115 - 3U0. Export o0L an'u,a.Ls5 LfrIor VUagdUoUUU aniu ruytenLga1 LU GhaILLia LIZUb i in theory be by truc'k, since all other means of transport are forbidden. In practice, however, the conuition of tne roads, wnich are not aspnalted, still makes this impossible, at least at certain times of the year. This state of affairs should be rapidly corrected in order to take advantagte of the Ghanaic ma:rket with its 9 to 10 million consumers and an animal production that is still insufficient to satisfy domestic demand. Con,-iusion 304. In order to modernize the routes for the evacuation of cattle on the hoof, the stuclies and corresponding projects should be put into a very general context and should take into account: (i) The results of the establishment of the eastern artery (cost, management, profits or losses, rate of use). (ii) The location of existing and planned investments for abattoir cold-storage plants, railroad or truck loading platforms, and equipment of markets. (iii) The general trend of livestock and meat marketing and the decisions that will be taken in that respect by the Entente countries (I iamey, March 1970). These factors, either separately or together, may have considerable influence on the extent to which a particular route is used and therefore may modify the size of the estimate for equipment. 305. As means of evacuating cattle by truck or by rail are gradualLy provided, export on the hoof must be forbidden south of the railroad- Ouagadougou-Niger road axis. For railroad transportation, a complete technical and economic reorganization is necessary. It should be the subject of a special report and of a proposal to the Government. H. Livestock and Meat Marketing Companies 306. lUpper Vo]tats geographical position has always attracted cattle dealers from M-Iali, Mlauritania, and Niger for handling trade with the French- speaking countries and others, primarily Ghanaians, for handling trade with the remaining countries. As these dealers were believed to be doing excellent business, Voltaic nationals have been led to establish a great many local companies to engage in this trade. These have all encountered the common problem of liquidity arising from the general need to pay cash for ] ivestock bought upcountrv and the long wait for payment from buyers in the coastal coun-tries. - 116 - 307. Inexperienced private individuals and comnanies find it difficult to compete with traditional traders who have learned how to reduce over- heads, partly by repatriating the proceeds of their sales in the form of consumer goods, thus engaging in effect in a two-way commerce. Since the Voltaic companies are not effectively represented in the markets where they sell, they often find it difficult to collect, thus suffering losses in liquidity. 308. In view of a general situation which is alarming for the economy and for the banking system, the commercial services have suggested the establishment of a Mlerger Committee. While this proposal is inspired by a praiseworthv objective, it does not go far enough since it cannot by itself solve the important problem of means of pavment required at both ends of the distribution chain. A fortiori, a non-professional trader is bound to fail. Any reorganization designed to put trade in meat and cattle in Voltaic hands, must be planned in association with influential professional traders with representatives not only upcountry, but, above all, in the consuming countries where the most serious delays in payment occur. 309. It is difficult to form an accurate opinion of the actual ability of all the Voltaic companies dealing in meat and cattle. This trade is obviously attractive, and the geographical situation of the country to some extent justifies the general desire to share in it. SEMBEV 1/ will undoubt- edly be the most serious contender for the cattle trade, it takes over the operation of the new abbatoir at Ouagadougou and thus acquires control of the processing facilities. The abattoir should, however, be a financially autonomous public establishment capable of safeguarding in an equitable manner the rights of all users of the abattoir (both public and private, consumers and exporters) and in particular the priority rights of the State. Impartial management and sound depreciation practices are indeed essential for the proper operation of this facility. No private company is likely to be interested in the "production" and "management" of a public development project like the abattoir as such. It is likely, therefore, to be necessary to entrust operation of the abattoir to the proposed mixed company, the Societe Nationale pour le Developpement de l'Elevage (SONADEL) which FAC, at the request of the Voltaic government, has asked SCET/Cooperation to study. 310. The plan for merginR the various existing companies will have to be carefully considered. The relevant documents and information are at present being studied at the initiative of the commercial services of the Ministry of the Economy and Finance. The study will need to be completed soon, in order to clear up the financial situation of the market once and for all- in particular to find a solution to the serious problem of delays in payment and of unpaid bills at the terminal markets in Ghana and Ivory Goast, muich more serious than on collection and marshalling markets located upstream on the national territory. 1/ Societe d'Etudes pour l'Organization des Marches de la Viande et du Betail en Haute-Volta, founded on January 2, 1969. - 117 - I. Animal Industries 7-ttle feed -' 311. The development of industrial and farm fattening of cattle and the improvement -of stockraising throughout the country will give rise to a steadily growing demand for cattle feed and concentrates. The Govern- ment is concernf!d about this situation and has asked for the dispatch of an expert to ascertain: (i) the nature and volume of by-products available in 1969; (ii) production prospects around 1975 and 1980, following the establishment of new agro-food industries: (iii) the food value of these bv-products: (iv) the composition of the most economical rations that could be prepared from them. 312. The establishment of an animal feed plant will have to be considered when then findings of thiis mission are knoiwn At present; onie can only enmphasize its potential economic significance. Establishment and oneration of the plant coniild hp e ntriqt-pe ton nrivate interesqts which wi'll produce ingredients for the plant or utilize its products (sugar mill, flour mTill feed-lots, ranches). 313= The report of the mission is now available, and we can, thereiore, give its preliminary conclusions. With respect to the supply of cereals it should be noted that human needs are barely satisfied inarormal year and that deficit years are by no means exceptional. Food crop production cannot therefore be counted on to supplement cattle feediny, unless success is achieved in introducing varieties of high yield sorghum that would produce more than is required to meet the food needs of peas2nt famllia- Moreover, such bran and broken grain as become available on family farms are used for fpptiingc ton small stock~L ket on a fa i1y basis ande ecanynot bpe collec-tedl fcr commercial purposes. Manufacturers of cattle feed must therefore rely on industri-al by-product_A s for their --' ma terial 314. It is likely that the followIng quantities of -uch b-produ.ts will be available from 1975 onward: Cotton seed 40,000 - 50,000 tons Cottonseed cake 5,000 = 6,000 tons Groundnut cake 1,000 tons Molasses ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - 7,000 ton (prov dedthe I V'JU LUIIO k.pLUV.LUt:U LALC sugar mill project is carried out) Various industrial brans 6,000 - 7,000 tons (including rice bran) 1/ See Annex 7. - 118 - ..ese quantlties, together wlit abattoir by-products, should sake it possiDbe to set up an animal feed plant. The Government is following this matter c.losely of higher prod)uctiLvity, particularly in terms of the volume of meat available for the domestic and foreign markets, depends on the supply of aniLma'l ieeu. 315. The use and price of cattle feed will have to be determined in the light of the value of the final product, i.e. meat. However, the possibility of exporting animal feed may also be a factor in justitying this investment. 316. For the feeding of poultry, action should be limited to the collection of household waste and an artisanal approach. The price of cereals does not allow of intensive poultry raising if the product is to remain within the reach of most consumers. Cold-Storage Abattoirs Ouagadougou 317. The present establishment at Ouagadougou will be replaced in 1974 by a more modern complex constructed with FED credits. This project has had many ups and downs since the preliminary project was drawn up in 1964 and rejected by Brussels. An Italian company has now been authorized to carry out the project. It is to be feared that the extremely long period that is to elapse before it is put into service may in the long run affect the validity of the expertst conclusions on its optimum capacity (6,000 tons per annum initially, capable of extension to 13,000 tons). Bobo-Dioulasso 318. This abattoir, which was put into service in 1962, can still be used for a few more years, but considerable maintenance work and moderiza- tion are required. The coldstore, on the other hand, does not meet fore- seeable export requirements. Apart from its technical deficiencies, it can only be used for up to 1,000 tons of refrigerated products per year. The complex, which cost CFAF 70 million, was built with various grants (CFAF 40 million) and a loan of CFAF 30 million contracted in 1960 from the Caisse Centrale by the municipality of Bobo-Dioulasso. This loan, which bears interest at 2.5%, is repayable over fifteen years. A similar investment is not advisable before this debt has been repaid A study should be made to compare the relative advantages of setting up a new abattoir or of carrying out fairly extensive remodeling. The Government should have this studv carried out in 1972 so as to have a definite plan available in 1973. Construction would thus be possible in 1974 and operation in 1975. Although apparently not urgent; experience shows that five vyars is not an excessive interval between a study and its realization. - 119 - Other projects 319. When the Bcbo-Dioulasso and Ouagadougou projects are completed, Upper Volta will have an annual processing capacity of 15,000 tons, which shoulcd under normal conditions be sufficient up to 1985. A well-designed and above all well-maintained abattoir can be kept in service for 20 years. An expansion rate of 7 to 8% a year, whi.ch is quite reasonable in an urban area, irmplies a doubling of domestic consumption in ten years. Meat exports, which have already reached a level of 1,700 tons (average for the last three years: 1,500 tons), will probably increase at the same rate. 320. Table 48 gives an estimate of production and its destination in 1-980. Table 48: ME.AT PRODUCTION, EXPORTS, AND CONSIJUTION: FORECASTS 1980 (in tons) Abattoir Domestic Consumption Exports Total flflfl~ ~ ~ ~~~~| 1 CSnA -; A'

t,L7 kg and 200 kg of beef livers to 'Bolgatanga meat processing plant in February 1969. The overall percentages for the various types of animals vary little from yrear to yrear. Cattle re]present 65-75% of total shipments; the variations between abattoirs are greater, but offsetting movements ienable demand to be met. C0| LRounded off in the ]present report to 1,331 metric tons. Tab'Le 2/2: EXPORTS OF MEAT AND OFFAL ( 1967 and 1968) (in kg of refrigerated meat) Year Abattolrs and Destimit-non Cattle Sheep Goa t,s Hor5es; Pigs Offal _M o Qtr RalbiOUs Total -…P~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~oultry P˘albbits iLn kg - uaa,,adougou to Ivory /oast 585,o64 96, 067 7 ,799 3)4,239 19, 831 16,3:L7 3, 455 - 762, 752 Bo'bo-Dioulasso to 9e 7 Ivory CoaLst 357 657 156,980 9 729 67,385 78, 559 54 _67O,)j TOTAL 942,721 253,027 :17, 528 101,624 5'8,390 16,3-17 3,509 - 1,433,116 As o< of total 65.78 17.65 1.22 7.10 6.86 1.13 0. 25 - 99,99 Oua(,aclougou to Ivory C,oas-t 947,207 4), 829 2,633 26,223 3,135 13,4412 2,714 491 1,040,673 Ou.agaciougou to Ghana _73,999 - - 73 29 19 6 1,021,206 44,58 29 2,633 26,223 3,135 13, 44. 2,714 491 1,114,672 Bobc-Dioulasso to Ivory Coast _fL 4185 156,418 1,830 6967 , w f 579 g5 TOTAL 1,309,691 2014247 18,463 90,474 57,102 13,4l1 2, 714 491 1,694,623 '2 cof tc tal 77.28 1:L.87 1.10 5.34 3.36 0.8( 0.20 99.95 a/' It should b3e noted that no refrigerated meat was exported to Ghana pri.or to 1968, and that thebse s,hipments ceased in February 1969 in view of' delays and diff'iculties in receiving payment. W x Table 23: EXFORTS OF ANIMALS ON 1THE HOOF - TOTAL SUPERVIS ED EXPO1RTS. (ntumber of animals) Cattle Smill rwumnants Voltaic or Vo:Ltaic or presimied1y Animls Total Exports presum,eiy A njirls Total Exports Year VoltaLic in Voltaic in anim.alS transit animals transit 15'53 30,:200 50,000 8C),200 135, 600 .08,J.100 244,00C 1554 47,000 55,000 102 ,0C0) 192,000 46, S5oo 238,50o 1555 51,000 49,000 1000CC() 210,000 75,(000 285,000 1556 61,D0o0 45,000 1i06,000) 196,00o 54,1000 250,0C0 15'57 56,)00 47,000C 103,,00() 257,000 46, '200 303,200 19'58 48s000 70,000 11800oo( 266,000 58,o00 324,OC0 1'59 - - 122,000C) - 15960 86,9?49 40,500 127,449? 204,44[2 64, 557 268,899 19'61 92,865 47,198 140,063 222,994 56,795 279,789 19'62 :L02,709 61,o18 163,727 250,753 45,556 296,309 1''63 :L12,:234 63,292 175,526 267,565 44,5 07 312 ,072 1964 :L14,576 54,543 1659,119 232,079 70,285 3C2, 364 1565 1L35,:L89 56,716 191,905 293,171 45,724 338,8595 Q6'6 97,989 119,336 217,325 195,921 83,1405 279,326 15967 92,639 110,061 202 ,70( 246,301 72,791 319,092 1'68 95,311 29,902 1251,213 279,090 5,387 284,47 1969 83,675 60,445 144,120 219,026 33,6815 252,841 "hT figares for 1953-1959 have evidently been rounded off. For 1968, the figares reported by the Customs have been taken in preference to those of the Livestock Service in view of nurnerous i:nconsistencies in the monthl,y report figures. As a general rule, however, the "official" exports are alwavs lower than. those reported by the field service. This difference cannot be explained solely in terms of fraud or flinal inyportation of som,e animals entering thl e country in transit. Solrce: Livestock Service., except for 1968 (Customs),, Table 2/4: EXPORTS OF VOLTAIC (OR PRESUMEDLY VOLTAIC) ANIMALS ON THE, HOOF IN 1969 (number of animals) A. According to the Livestock Service Poiltry District Des-tina-tion Cattle Sheeip Goats (kg) Pigs :Bobo-Dioulasso: Ivory Coast 2', 682 79, 504 18, 448 1,218,401 72 Ghana 60 - _ - Ouagadougou: Ivory Coast 28,836 55,789 2o),685 1,31 ,193 293i Ghana 8,05:2 5, 865 Q, 08]- Fada N 'Gourma: Ghana 1:3,587 6 ,930 16,355' Togo/Dahomey .3,458 3,633 2, 736- Niger - - - TOTAL EXPORTS 83, 67 5 151,721 67, 305 2,559,594 856 Total to Ivory Coast. 58,518 135,293 39,133 2,559,594 365 C;hana 21, 699 12,795 25, 436 - -- Togov/Dahome.y .3,458 3,633 2, 736 - Niger _ _ 491. Total for small riminants 219,026 3. Aq corcLing to the Customs Agency Cattle Sma:LL ininants Pigs Livestock Service 83, 675 219, 026 856 Cus toms 69, 905 227, 949 1,035 Differine - 1L3, 770 + 8,923 - 179 … ~ ~ Table ?9/: COMPARISON OF IMPORTS, TRANSIT AND EXPORTS, 1 9f78 andi 19469 1 (number of animals) Cattle Small rum-Lnants Pigs Movement 1968 L969 1968 1969 1968 1969 Imports 9>,329 3,159 28,454 15, 702 - Tra!nsit 29, 902 48,715 5,387 18,062 o6 E)q3Orts 95,31L 69,905 279,090 227 ,949 397 1,035 Transit + Export 125>,213 118,620 264,477 246,01:L - - 1/ Internal variations are significant, even if total exports show a les3 pronounced difference. In view of the dif fictLLty of controlling the frontiers wilth Mali mnd Niger (as the frontier area is also a transhumance area), it is impossible to identify Voltaic livestock, particularly cattle, in caravan,s of foreign livestock. 9Source: Customs statistics provided by Mr. ArnauLd, Annex 2 Page.- Table 2/6: MOVSMFNTG7r OF ANIMALS ON ThS HOOF IN 1966 (AND AVERAGv FOR 1966-1969 (in thousands) Cattle__ __ heep and Goats Movement SnEr ~~~~~~IB'..D Mission Sl-,IBRD Mlission Movement SEIDES (RS ne) BR Msso WilBR ,inet) (Rob. not) Imports from Mali and Niger 18 25 84 100 Transit from Mali and Niger 82 100 116 10) Total incoming livestock 100 125 200 200 Exports to all destinations 83 100 220 375 Tr nsit to Mali and rlier 829 inn 11 16 'C Total outgoing livestock 165 200 336 475 Exports of Voltaic livestock 65 75 136 275 Note: After studying the potential and estimated outgoing movement of 4vestockfr^m Upperv NTnltalq no-rthenrn neighbo)rs, anri etmeso onnsuimnpL4r, in Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo and Dahomey, SEDBS arrived at the fi-gures shown 4n Tal 2/A f 10966 WeT haer compadthee rfignure3 T.Th 4ou llw rn alssmn- tions, which do not differ appreciably with respect to exports of Voltaic ll. Vestockl -xc-- fo4 . .r the45 . sm.all r.nats. * hv th ,,a t ments of goats have always been disregarded, if not ignored, partioularly Uetween Upper VoLta anitu ħuQ n U. neighbor.L.Ls ANNEX 3 ANIMAL HIDES AND SKINS EXPORTS, EQUIPMENT, PREPARATION Official Exports Following the set back resulting from the halting of the Tanning Center's activities in 1968, official exports have not reached the 1967 level again except for goat skins, which have benefited from favorable market demand. Finished articles are not included in these exports. Table 3/1: OFFICIAL EXPORTS OF TANNED AND RAW HIDES AND SKINS (weight in m.tons) YEAR CATTLE HIDES SHEEPSKINS GOATSKINS Weight Weight Weight Number Uw = 4.800 kg Number Uw - 0.600 kg Number Uw = 0.400 kg 1966 90,608 434.92 44,903 26.94 123,041 49.22 1967 46,475 203.08 47,840 28.70 255,367 92.15 1968 Var. 40,880 195.22 40,202 24.12 187,069 74.83 SVCP - - - - 3,416 2.51 ----_.--_.----------._--------------------------------------------__--------- 1968 40,880 195.22 40,202 24.12 190,485 77.33 1969 Various 1,330 3.99 - - 1,500 0.70 SVCP 91,160 260.19 43,550 24.62 150,814 73.06 ----._-------------._------------------------------------------__----------- 1969 92,490 264.18 43,550 24.62 152,314 73.76 Source: Livestock Service. The unit weight (Uw) adopted by the Service for Roatskins (0.400 Kg) is slightly below that taken by SVCP (0.430 Kg) and used by the Mission in Part I, Chapter C of this report. ANNEX 3 Page 2 List of Dryers Theoretically in Service Table 3/2: LIST OF DRYERS THEORETICALLY IN SERVICE Locatlon Si3 Used Water Capacity Condizion Barsalogho 5.5 x 4. NoN AuequatLe Good Koudougou 10.5 x 7 Yes Yes Inadequate Bad LAeo 6 x'o Adequate Average Po 6 x5 " " Ouahigouya 10.J5 X 71 " "Inadequate Youba 6 x 5 " " " Bad Bango 6 x 5 Little Dijibo 6 x 5 No " Yako 6 x 5 ": Gorom-Gorom 5 x 5 Yes Yes Markoye 6 x 5 Dori 10 x 8 " Adequate Very good Sebba 8 x 5 ? ? ? Not visited Fada- N'Gourma 10 x 5 Yes Yes Adequate Good Puytenga 10 x 7 Yes Yes Inadequate Fairly good Koupela 6 x 5 No !! I1 ; j ; Tenkodogo 6 x 5 Yes No " Average Tougan 6 x 5 Very bad Kaya 11.5 x 8.5 Yes B bad Korsimoro 6 x 5 Little No i Boulsa 6 x 5 " " Adequate " Ouagadougou 40 x 10 Yes Yes Good Bobo- Dioulasso 20 x 10 Under con- i To be struction checked Personnel One technician is at present working at the Ouagadougou abattoir, after a period of training at Maradi. He goes out with SVCP staff on their collection rounds and explains to the butchers how they can best prepare their hides and skins. SVCP also trains its own personnel. Condition in which Hides and Skins are Supplied: Preparation The Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso abattoirs, which have better trained staff, supply hides and skins "abattoir dried and arsenic cured". The Ouahigouya and Kaya Centers could very quickly reach the same standard, but arsenate is not readily available in the up country regions. ANNEX 3 Page 3 SVCP sends its staff out into the countryside to improve the situat l:on. As 0f April 1970, wooden fae .spable ---- dryi n A-4 0 hides pe day in all had been put up at fifteen locations. Estab:Lishmenlt of a Corps of Specialists in Preparation of Hides and Skins The draft of the revised personnel establishment regulations of- thLe Livestock. anU An..mal Industries SLerviLce 'Ls unAder study. The addOdition of a corps of specialists/inspectors to this service is planned. These speclalists wou'ld cover t1he abattoirs, dUryers andu colClection depots. Leg, --tI -1 and -gn -- __gpbLdL1.UlbL WUIIU kLgUVL4LiI~ ULUL,U~L LULJiLL.L ~u~ The exist:Lng legislation in respect of Lne trade of butcher, the preparation of hides and skins and their collection and sale will be re- vised and brought illto line with the requirements of the development of the sector. THE DISEASE TOLL FROM 1965 TO 1969 (CATTLE) Table 4/1: CATTLE DISEASES, 1969 _ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o .4 .-C 4_. nisea U MlT . of Foci MrbUUi uity -LU.or U ';_ ity _~~ ~ ~ ~ _* Rincderpest 1 ? ? (1 slaughtered) 13ovine pleuropneumonia 73 1;122 565 Anthrax 19 116 106 Symptomratic anthrax );)II Pasteurellosis 28 102 320 Tryvanosomiasis, 24 895 1R Hoof and mouth disease 24 12,883 0 Table 4/2: CATTLE DISEASk-S, 1968 Disease No. of Foci Morbiditr Mortality Rinderpest 1 27 27 (of wihich 23 slaughtered) Pleuropneumonia 88 1,972 802 Anthrax 28 126 124 Symptomatic anthrax 83 828 765 Pasteurellosis 49 495 309 Trypanosomiqsis 37 1,452 276 Hoof arLd mouth disease 71 10,961 128 Tuberculosis 1 1 1 ANNEX 4 THE DISEASE TOLL FROM 1965 TO 1969 (CAT'TLE) I,I) Armr =0T7AOT'1'C 1 C)47 Tiable L4/3: CATTI ILiSJSE 196 Dlsease No- of Foci Morhidityv MortalIty rinderpest ° O O Pleuropneumonia 45 630 234 Anthrax .i) Symptomatic anthrax 54 672 609 Pasteurellosis 43 356 218 Trypanosomiasis 13 134 lIt Hoof and mouth disease 14 8U5L o 4 Tuberculosis 2 9 6 Table 4/4: CATTLE DISEASES, 1966 Disesse ~~~~~~~~~xNo. of Foc-i PUTilt a-' rt-lity Rinderpest 0 0 0 Pleuropn.e .....onia 50 . .2,306 1, 267 Anthrax 17 63 63 SJTI&P+UV.ml e +1C An*+hraX 67 526l 9 ~~~JJ.I.jJ IJJ~SM..~~ U..&S. 5 ~47'-j Pasteurellosis 42 333 287 m.,,,rn.nr,; ~c; c , £ r'n Or' -. -- ) /0 Table 4/5: CATTLE DISEASES, 1965 Disease No. of Foci Morbidity Mortality Rinderpest 21 381 231) Pleuropneumonia 35 1, 246 890 Anthrax 21 AR P6 Symptomatic anthrax 49 411 398 Pase+urPlTr i 36 337 172 Trypanosomiasis 18 487 78 ANNEX 5 LIVESTOC-K PROGRAM IN THE KOUDOUC-OU, OUAG-.^(DOUG,OU ANTD DEDOIrUGOU ORnDS M,Iossi ORDS (Ouagadougou and Koudougou) - Utilization of FAC Funds Introduction The small amounts in which these funds were provided made it .LI nUbt,| .Le m U aruuLr. upOun 1- Ege-Cale prOgLramdU uħguIu dU cuver a L .iiVe- stock, particularly cattle, sheep and goats. Objectives; The aim of the operation was to: (a) Keep a check on the state of health of draft animals and to ensure for them constant protection against trypanosomosiasis in particular. 5,000 treatments per ORD are accordingly planned for a two--year period, the majority for donkeys. (b) Extend th:is health cover to judiciously seiected herds, especially by treating 50,000 sheep and goats in each area concerned for parasites. ,ieans (a) Personnel: two veterinary assistants to begin with. (Db) Equipment: (1) Transport: one Peugeot 403 van (2) Technical: (i) a standard kit comprising various receptacles and drugs, bottles, sample-taking equipment, syringes, needles, jet injectors, miscellaneous small items, castrating tongs, refrigerated container. (ii) two high-pressure sprayers (iii) a medicine chest. ANNEX 5 Page 2 (c) Funds allocated: CFAF 4 million per ORD for two vears. (d) OriRin: FAC. under a combined program. (e) Staff nrovided by: SATEC to begin with- ORD after Voltairc are trained and available. Scope of the Operation The operation was to extend to: (a) Prevention by drugs and treatment of trypanosomosiases (b) Measures to prevent and cure parasitic diseases (i) External: scab, mange, etc.; mites, streptothricosis, ixodidoses. (44 ) Tnt-av- n I m~ atv--4v ~a t~at-4n I4ver ~ f' I uke etc. (ii) Internal: gastro-i.tsia --rnyoe,lvrflk,ec In major cases these measures were to be supplemented with adjuvant treat- ments (arsenical, vitamino-therapy, oligo-elements, etc.). Individual health care of a minor character were to be provided by the same veterinary teams incidental to their rounds. Utilization of funds allocated to the project (FrAF 4 million er mnN A .4. ....v..... ................................ A. V- 4 - - - - Two "Bucket-Pump" sprayers CFAF 50,000 Syringes, parts, needles 30,000 Jet injectors, castrating tongs 30,000 Water filters, scissors,lancets, surgical tweezers, probes, cutters, thermometers 33,000 Metal carrier, wood for division into compartments and making up medicine chests, various receptacles 30,000 Contingency and sundries 50,000 lotal CFAF 223,000 B. Pharmaceutical products Trypano-prevention products and trypanocides CFAF 1,000,000 Pharmaceutical products in current use 100,000 20 boxes of saltlicks 200,000 4,000 bags of thibenzol 1,700,000 400 liters of Ixogal 400,000 Tonics (vitamins) 120,00u Total CFAF 31520000 Funds available in 1968 CFAF 2,000,000 " 1969 CFAF 2,000,000 Total CFAF 4,000,000 Total expenditure (A+R) CFAF 3,743 nnn Unexnended balance C' GFAF 257,000 1/ T'hi.s bala.nce -ill be set aside for the purchase of camping enuipment for the veterinary assistants and to meet any contingencies. ANNEX 5 Page 3 A charge is made for treatment of trypanosomiasis and the incone LIIUis oUL[iltnU ilds U.Uele UCU LUL WLor workig cdpħ Lta * LITh amount a11ot ed was based on the assumption that there were 5,000 working donkeys per ORD. In actual. fact the development of donkeys as Ura't anaimals has bUeen uc slower than anticipa,ted as explained in Part II (F). In 1969 the two ORIDs concerned did not haLve more than 2,000 donkeys (Koudougou) and 4,000 (OuagaLdougou), respectively. The schedule for the utilization of the funds must accordingly be adjusted to allow for the treatment or draft oxen, the number of which SATEC hopes to increase -- on a very modest scale -- in 1970/197i. Vo.ita-Noire ORD The program here has been more sustained and also more fruitfui. right from the start.. The information comprising the rest of this Annex has been extracted from the technical and financial report on the execution of the program in 1969. Families reached by the extension service The number of farmers reached by the extension program is estimuated at 18,500. Bearing in mind that a family includes an average of nine mein- bers, this amounts to saying that the ORD has reached 170,000 of the roughly 500,000 inhabitants of the area concerned. One may therefore assume that 30% of the population was influenced by the extension work in 1969 and that one farmer in three was reached. 1968 1969 Percentage Increase Farmers reached 13,150 18,500 33 Farm-level extension workers 124 145 17 Number of farmers 58,500 59,600 1.8 % of farmers reached 22 31 Number of farmers per farm-level extension worker 472 411 Utilization of draft animals The increase in the use of draft animals has been slow, for sever.al reasons: (a) It would be risky to encourage the purchase of draft oxen as long as the veterinary service cannot provide regular care and before the mortality rate has been brought down to a normal level. ANNEX 5 Page 4 (b) The farmers consider draft animals primarily as a means of culti- vating a larger area. HIowever, since the areas with a high cotton production -- even those where the farmers are prosperous enough to have funds to invest -- are thinly nonulated; so that diffiruiitipe are encountered in finding enough hands to pick the cotton. In fact; the Droduction of cotton tends to vary inversely with the number of oxen employed. (See Table 5/1). (c) The extension service has concentrated on inducing farmers to make better use of the teams they already have. The fact that on the average 3.3 hectares of cotton land is plowed by, but that only 0.8 hectares are maintained with draft-animals show that animal draft is properly used for plowing but that much progress must still be made in using animal-drawn imnlements for ridging and weeding. Table 51: UTITTI T7ATTON OF 1RPAFT ATJTMAT S TI. CnTTON (lT CTUT1IATTI., - 19G9 (Ox Census of September 1969) Area ridged Yoke otf E c LXA. oz weeded 'areza rea oxen cotton pro- plowed with animal- plowed maintained Sector i(n use duction '60 ha drawn eper yok e -. dra-Ct ment animals oedougou 72 3,900 292 118 4.0 1.6 Hounde 48 8,500 156 40 3.2 0.8 ~~ ĥ~1r 1 nonr Zol A. i nl I. Nuugny 151 90 60JI 70 4.0 0.4 Nouna 441 600 1,541 437 3.4 0.9 Solenzo 51 3,200 172 19 3.3 0.3 Sourou 69 180 103 92 1.4 1.3 Tougan 94 280 204 15 2.8 0.i ORD 926 /a 17.560 3.135 /b 791 3.3 0.8 average /a After deducting teams already counted in the CIDR zone (Hounde- Boromo); the number of teams in the CFDT district may be estimated at 900. The reolnnal distribution is as follows: CFDT zone ............... 900 yoke CIDR zone ............... 26 yoke Bobo-Dioulasso-Oradara zone ............... l/u yoke Total ....... 1,096 yoke or ............... 2,192 he-ad /b These areas do not include land plowed for others against payment; the owners of ox teams do in fact frequently rent out their services to farmers without draft animals. ANNEA 5 Page 5 Livestock Service It has been agreed with the Service that its staff detailed to the OR1) will t:ake charge of twn tvnys nf nrogram: (a) An lntensive program f-r t-lp villgpes nf Poundnu (hDedougou rercle) and Guiedougou (Lanfiera irrigated area) and comprising: - Maintenance of records on individual cattle. - A copnr.lgical and hematological examination. of 11 ani-mals - Treatment of cattle and horses for external parasites with Ixogal. - Comparative weighing of sheep to deter-.ine the effect of Thibenzol treatment on weight gain. _ Testing trypam 44U. J4 ..on ca. l and donk (b) An extensive por.,cvi,gthe entir OP3, .orfined almost- exclusively to draft animals (i.e. oxen, donkeys, horses) with thL'e principal objectives of: - CLmiW1.aLLio o1.L 'llLneid1 paLdb paasLt es LL'y L UiLL ol IL LILL'Uenzo'L. - Treatment of external parasites with Ixogal. - ChemLopreverħt'o us-ing Ltne antrycide Prosalt, now bi.g replaced by Trypamidium. - Propagation of the use of saltlicks. - Increasing the receptivity of farmers to building up of fodder reserves at the end of the rainy season. Thibenzol and Ixogal are supplied free, wnile Trypamidium is sold at CFAF 30 per dose in order to obtain some working capital. The saitlicks are initially distributed free of charge in order Lo make the farmers aware of their advantages. (c) Utilization of funds The veterinary team did not really start operations until June 1,1969, since until that date the Livestock Service at Ougadougou and the Director of the ORD had not been able to agree on tihe naiture of the program. The CFAF 8 million allocated for purchase of supplies in 1967, 1968 and 1969 was not therefore all spent. A schedule for utilizing the balance has been drawn up by the Livestock Service and the ORD. From June 1, to D,ecember 31, 1969, a total of 21,640 treatments were carried out uinder the health program the breakdown being as follows: Treatment Cattle Donkeys Sheep Goats Horses Thibenzol 9,366 292 3,284 1,590 37 Ixogal 4,862 61 - - 10 Trypamidium 1,819 87 - _ 6 Prosalt 214 11 - - The veterinary team has had a second vehicle since November 1969. ANNEX 6 PROJECT FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A LIVESTOCK ORD FOR THE SAHEL TERMS OF REFERENCE OF THE PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY BaSkground In 1965 the Government decided to entrust rural development to Regional Development Offices (Offices Regionaux de Developpement --- ORD]). As of April 1, 1970; eight ORDs were functioning (Ouagadougou, Koudougou, Ouahigouva, Kava. Dedougou, Bobo-Dioulasso. Banfora. Gaoua). Three are in the planning stage (Fada N'Gourma, Koupela and Dori). The existing ORDs have made some progress in including livestcock actfvities in their nrogram. narticularlv within the framework of measures to develop the use of draft animals (health protection, anti-parasite treatment, etrc.) NeverthelaeRs t:hev are basicallv cron-oriented and have therefore not provided the means for defining and putting into practice a genterna s-cnrkraising nnlicv for the rconintrv as a whnle S anli- is, hnwaever sosentinl, in iewoxj of the mpnortnnr:e of Upper Volta's livestock herd --- 2.5 million bovines and 4 million sheep and g;oats -- which accounted for 11-127 of the country's GDP and' V55 o! its exports in 1968. Together with the other animal species involved, this herd represents a capital of between CFAF 28 and 30 billion. Choice Of _.rea Of thle three ORDs planned, pri0ority is given to the one- 4 n t he Sahel., which would have Dori as its headquarters and comprise the Dori, G -orom- nrom, aArabin.da and 4o suA4V4.divis4ons, with n,L n t ad. a million sheep and goats. This area was chosen for three main reasons: (a) t:he livestock in it represents about a quarter of the country's total herd; (b) it forms a transit area through which animals move from the stockraising north (the Sahel) to the coastal consumer states in the south; (c) the people of the area (Peul and Tuareg) have a stockraising tradition going back many hundreds of years. ANNEX 6 Page 2 Prior conditions However, three prior conditions would first have to be met if the ORn is to be established and to function satisfactorily: (a) . `h li tokplc defined by the7 '.- .J W-U lV 1U ,ave U US closely integrated with the rest of the region's activities. Th,4Ile one might b-e temupted ae first slght to consider the region as primarily a pastoral zone, closer study reveals that -- ULor reasons attributable to the evoUlut'Lon of thLe actual structure of local society and to the traditional Lorus oL balance between the physical envrounment ana the inhabitants -- crop farming has become far from negligible, and serves primarily to cover the farmers' own consumption but also, to a lesser extent, to provide some source of cash income. Therefore, before any attempt is made to formulate the policy to be followed, a very detailed appraisal of all the socio-economic aspects of the region's activities will be needed. If development programs were to lay too much emphasis on animal husbandry, this mignt well aggravate tne present difficulties and would be likely to lead to serious disequilibria in the more or iess iong term. (b) This fact in no way detracts from the imperative needs, bothi immediate and longer term, of the country's economy, considered from the angle of home and foreign trade in particular: cattle and meat remain the key problems of Upper Volta's production for both export and domestic consumption. Rationalization of existing trade channels starting from or passing through the area, the development of complementary specialization by live- stock raising and livestock fattening areas, the possibilities for processing and utilizing by-products, are all elements of a program that must be covered by the terms of reference for the project. (c) Before making any decision on initiating a livestock development program, careful consideration should be given to the magnitude of the investment and operating costs involved. This will be all the more necessary since external financing on a considerable scale will be needed to establish and operate the ORD. The pre- feasibility study will have to define the framework to be adopted and the plan of action to be followed. The resulting data should help the Government to make the relevant decisions in full aware- ness of the facts and provide the basis for actual formulation of a workable project. A,?XIr&t C tJN'L.A 6 Page 3 Execution of the s_tudy The preliminary feasibility study should: (1) Use the following criteria (a) Take advantage of the documentation already available in Paris and Unper Volta and supplement this with in- vestigations (b) Center on the following main points: - analysis of the present situation - nriPntAt-inn of nrograms. ton hp .ndrrtakpn - means to be used - resul1ts to be expected. (c) Prese.nt its conclusions in schematic form without a precise calculation of the economic return which in any event could be detemined only in the light of the choice of alternatives revealed by the study. (d) Indicate the type and provisional cost of studies that wi4ll st0ill. h.ave to be unA.ertaken, taking into accoun:t those already available. (2) Carry out an analysis of the existing situation and of tLUUdes avai.LaLe or under way (a) The physical en.vironmrlent: clim-atology, relief, soils, vegetation, hydrography, agrostology, grazing areas adu watering places. () L hLuruIaI eALvLror,meLt:. 'emorraphy -toLL p Opu-JaLtOiO, distribution, development); traditional societies 'trLLes, tLypes of soc'Ua'l organiLzat'Lon, land tenuue buy tribe). (c) Traditional activities: stockraising and crop farming (structures, production, pastoral and fa rming systems according to tribe, bottlenecks, etc.), trade (organi- zation agents, articies traded, routes, importance, price structure and fluctuations, etc.). (d) Living standards and incomes: gross incomes, auto- coDnsumption, net incomes (origin, breakdown, uses, etc.), taxes and other fiscal aspects. ANNEX 6 Paee 4 (e) Infrastructure: administrative, economic and social (technical services, roads, tracks, wells, watering places, etc.). (f) Conclusions: factors conducive to equilibrium or dis- equilibrium at the technical, sociological and economic levels; prospects for the development of crop and live- stock production. Steps to be taken The collation of information already available and the analysis of the present situation, carried out in relation to the establishment of the ORD and its principal objectives will show which studies should still be carried out and which need to be pursued in greater detail. The re- quirements for such studies should be specified in the following fields: (a) inventory of water resources (hydrogeology, surface hydrology, types of water supply works and responsibility for their maintenance); (b) the livestock of the region (numbers, influence of seasons on feed supply, pathology, range management, marketing problems); (c) pedo-agrostology (map, direct observation); (d) the local crop farming and stockraising systems (traditional methods, combinations or juxtapositions of the two, combinations of production, auto-consumption and trade, etc.); (e) the economic importance of different types of production. It will also make it possible to lay down, in broad outline, the nature, manner and general schedule of the action to be taken by the ORD, and in particular: (a) the ORD's own responsibilities (management proper, plus programs relating to stockraising, crop farming, trade, and in the other development sectors: health education, tourism, mining, technical training, extension work); (b) coordination with other government services (livestock, rural equipment and engineering, rural development, water and forestry resources, public works, education and health); (c) cooperation with the producers (integration of programs with the trAditional system, utilization of dynamic elements in the local society, organization of the producers, agricultural credit, new fnrms of grazing management; waterina noints, etc.) ANNEX 6 Page 5 MeanEs to be used and anticipated results The study will provide approximate data on: (a) the cost of fresh or supplementary studies; (b) ihe Cost, reLatLlng to the estabDħlsshmenLt andu fLunctioning of theLt ORD (studlies, investments, equipment, personnel); (c) the approximate proportions of outside finance and local con- tributions for both the investments and the support period; (d) the general phasing of the expenditures; (e) the receipts expected, by type and by financial year; (f) the recurrent costs and how they will be met when the ORD is functioning normally. Finally, it will indicate in broad outline the prospects that will be opened up by the programs at the level of the producer of the region and, if the data permit, of' the entire country. A sum of 100,000 French francs will be required for the pre- feasibility study, which will be financed by FAC and entrusted to SEDES and SCET/Cooperation, who will employ an economist and a veterinarian respectively, for the purpose. ANNEX 7 SUMMARY OF TOTAL PRODUCTION / Production in 1,000 tons (Raw products) 1969 1975 1980 Millet and sorghumLs 916 1,180 1,430 Corn, 82 108 Rice 42 60 67 Cotton seed 36 120 150 Products and by-products recoverable for animal feed 1969 1975 1980 Rice polishings (tons) Industrial 40 300 700 At the farm 2s700 4,000 5,000 Cotton seed (tons) 3rd grade 2,.100 8,100 10,200 1st grade 15,000 45,000 46,000 Oil cakes (tons) Ground.nut 800 750 1,500 Cotton 0 5,350 10,700 Industrial milling (tons) 1W.ieat miAr,ings 0 S,0 6,gool Sorghum middlings 0 1,400 1,800 Sugar refinery (tons) Molasses ° -)oo 5 9Q00n Bagasse 0 45,000 75,000 Meal.s (tons) Meat 14 60 80 B:Lood 5 80 210 F:resh 'IVbor.es 4 4-5 5 j Extract mission report by Mr. Simeon.