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'booZjuqjus6n aqy 12 rraa 16 ctaa .$?6r%u& aqyrkur8qsju~aquPuqn$un^u b6mqo8~dq3qarri3aqu9ubaut;dlq)fiu. fadq), 10uifiab~ rrinGlaqy 16 B arnoguua~o.sqn+uaqaq '&u4)"QalkU&l'b~)Sj~nauaqy 11 1. rsdrrinGl$uh3uq &5aqy 12 B ?uB200213 b6rkusju 1 B rraa 4 rEau baajaq 'bouaasij rbaaantZql6aqy9,6 3.rqyd7aaquEuuiiq,a$ A h " Ey3ujumrau8u kriaqaaj. oaoeaj Kaplan-Meier mB nqusJud) ~br~uo3quaqoaquqo$aaonamaao oshnqu * SU13: aIq11aqOaucuaIqu$aan IutJaGu~a3cKn aqy 6 en9 18 8nqugoKaplan-Meier,2002M n.~u~qnoasunqu~aen~s~Meiern7dils2n Kaplan- 1.00 I--- area= urban ----area = rur;lI 1 qqo: ( --- =marue, - -- " reo= 911u.00 m;ln~onas~mq~l$zaflm~ -Meier nq~~sen Kaplan ~~unqonbs:~n?u$aene83 Kaplan-Meiernld~ri?fl L_--_ 7 I:--- 7 grade .- -= dhan -- area = r-a --- area = urban --area = r u r , q 3- :I- n~un?nnuiun=iu$asnea")Kaplan-Meier nqdizn - n~un.moac;n~u$aan Kaplan-hAerer nqutzn --- _I_r----___-, +---- ---7---k---7 I---- I I L-- 1 i I %corn leted %corn leted 00- 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 grade grade 1 --_ area = urban area= rural I 1--- area =urban ------area=rural I eu 14: nlUnqonaIU n q ~ $ a a o$?s)y~~a)r?b 18 mq 24 8,owso Kaplan-Meier, 200213 a?? 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 grade ,--- area = urban -area=rural --- area = urban -area= rural I , I " 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 # 1 1 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 arade grade I--- area = ----area=rural 1_-_ area =urban - area = rural1 urban I 0 M) ( I L 1 1 1 1 I 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 grade grade ---area = urban -area = rura --- area = urban -area = rural nqnaaqj I2 Gj8arGGonqdaurrdjaquiqu 6qunquZn8q?udqsju16ju~anaudau 2, na3aauq2uhrrirraa 61, rkajrruu, 8usju rraa gLlanaunqu~naq&u~n6nJ8.u$jlaqmqu sraa dauiin rraa &u3. iurkuri3qui, rkaj66~~~lt;n3~~a9-1a7~<7~679-1%179~~%]a7 aquTmEi w ri3q4 $G'pajPunquZnaq fij$reo83rZaj rraa fuuaCo ssaa a?%~Afipajt~~uqoq r~j5qGnsju~nuqn 8 m br?nuqnhnqu. 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Q, aa6unqua?r5onqulnal traa ~~2unqueayyau,nqu~hr~uusjuaaa qUanaunqusju rn & C K W asuquaqnqulsls~ur~un3q3o~uue;u"1~2a~6s)s~u. nqu 5u~n3uhnqu8b~enaquOo i j 3 ~ u ~ u n q u i j u n ~ ~ u a a 3 ~ o"tFjub'tii~ur~u.lu ~3~uhrrpniurrrirurraa P u ~ r ~ q L ~ U D ~ w Ouoamh) ~oqu?r8qlsjsjuaaa ijynqus$sju (Hanushek 1995).18nqu~naqumquh~aa~ u i j p ~ n a G u a a ~ 3 o ~ u i r ~ ~ l s ~ s j u h nn"~baquqo3o trron$h6qqn"tsl:yu rraa 3o~uS u s $ s j u s.&q?u3uh3'r6jlu. f3dql %uaauahaaEunqulnmrraa ~?u3u8~~2unquea3~aau u I u u ucla\ d bnuounnaqu8a)nqurEq~unqu%naq rraa ~7ii.u5uB) aafiaur~~nqurEqlssjurraa 84 ragu nal~agqgu ~ U a93 &a~srmoo?~~go$iiluh8s)~jUtkfiU(mna a73 U 13). naqurmndq) rifub~oq~1moFi3rjja)aaa reo@uaOo CLDa nqd$uruqaq$guur; On. %urenRatEa)84 r&gu ea~juruqaqaq3-kn~fiquUaruo$yho~nju%du~~)srdrgrgu 70 a u a ~O~)ld3U~%glg~ag~9%7"19~6~~~j9J~acU - 0 0 f)r!~aqdrao~uuaOo6rdh $uuqaqaqa-bn ~aZGonqd3~~7A3q ~nju%d80%).GyJr~oRarEa)KDa raoEuuaOo, (88% nqu3nrrron nqufomqls)sju bb6m~llun~qu$qrEnh$fiquhb3s3sju:Eu bb6rBqrli(? l s ) s j u ~ a ~ u . 18 ufi~l:uqurk~&~ea~~unqua"1enaao GiurGuh aa5unquZnaq rraa tlaijunqunasu lo&waa (55%) wnn $aumq3uan?~3d ~ u m u s + rml: 65% BurluAq inliqleal?sls~u%umqluan (Hanushek1995). ~ u 37 g w " g r .esesg g S? a F? 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' J Std. Dev. a"'aJ Std. Dev. a'6aJ Std. Dev. a"6aJ Std. Dev. n. enroll rpce lrpce lhhsize age6 age7 age8 age911 age12 age13 agel4+ smadlt sfadlt sm616 sf616 sm06 sX)6 clor2 bordmis female ethl eth2 eth3 eth4 eth5 malehead headage disabled hdspmsch hdspfsch a'ra~ Std. Dev. a'6i~ Std. Dev. a"6aJ, Std. Dev. a'6aJ Std. Dev. a'6aJ Std. Dev. a'KaJ Std. Dev. a'6aJ Std. Dev. Std. 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W C Z S l o wm A - 1 Y S3oqu aatuqunqur.Eqs~uaaa nqu$aso c c c i & ~ & ~ m q k u A ' t ~ ~ u ~eGu5qguauu a ~ ~ u , Y klriqa iaguAgn't~ua&~. rhssr;~uquaawqunqur~qsju, 'tiiGurGu5q nquZnaq eslr6nE3 ~uEu5naauafiargsu rcar; ls3sjumaquriaqr6nqlu. louaarwqa PufiasuronG3ynuqn +wqaq&u $rnoguuau^o. 30'ti6uqqu hsr;Wu61u rmoBuiq C Z W Y rraa ~37??uau&3 b't6c8qsju~u aond7t)Eu dq)a?Eu I Y Y asm5q3jur)auoqurtuo, 5Ej$renn"arCa3 ma quuaOo rraa juwqaq. nqucrunB+u m n I I aaajoi%u cgu OTULPUR era= juwqaq $ e e ~ & i J a ~dr;fi~aonqugurruu~naaur o ojan'u, i%~$?fir5~6qualuuqur&um~~nqur~qsjui a b ' t 6 ~ u ~fiqhu ffiaao&sl u w Euii?Eo reat: aaqu6a~nquaaraqazs3ecdaaqu. Anderson, Kathryn, ElizabethM. King, and Yan Wang. 2002. "Market Wages, Transfers, and Demand for Schoolingin Malaysia, 1976-1989,"Journal ofDevelopment Studies 39(3): 1-28. Asian DevelopmentBank, 2000."Lao: EducationSector Development Plan,"Manila, Philippines. 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Human DevelopmentSector Reports,East Asia and Pacific Region, Washington, D.C. mqurmn:ynfiu&gq~q51~1~aqquanh 811~106111rraa e ~ n)~ O Uma UUPUIGJU~~;e)loaAB& B - 1 Y e , - - a u m a mf3aqn. kri$qq~~3rannqonaruiiuUzqqnsu.*~ 6 r i .nswd6u5% 931t-test &-In) ~3ri.me) 1 ~ aaJJ qqo 1990 2001 1990 2001 1990 973 62.6 82.8 67.4 86.1 n?$%~ 66.6 86.2 72.6 89.0 60.6 uq696@1 93.7 95.2 93.9 95.1 93.5 'sen 75.9 86.3 76.9 87.5 Ul3J61PJqJJ 90.5 94.0 94.4 98.4 86.5 rmd?: hyu.@pmuUNESCO (htt~://globalis.evu.unu.edu). u OlOaDlj n4: gooqr&sJuaoP aaa aou PuuaGu pay& aqy 6 mq 12 iJoqureo aaa qquaraor(aZo,auu " oqosaq) n5: ~oomqu&sJuoo~Eaa aau PutJa$u oquasa), qquarsoqaiioaaKutJscenorraa rso6as~a3/~uu~~o,200213 5'009689~~zlk~elt.ijugo~ Gooqnqui&sTu&~~aijsl~oE nqu'lg&usruijqqo iGaF~nroqsiqqutrraoquZo nqu%$iqurreri~qqoAfiaEk nnluqqusraoq-iio rinaj 1 2 3 4 5 aasi 1 2 3 4 5 aau Gaelsreno: aasi Y " oqoaoq3 n7: ~ooqrnurBqguqoltraa aou bu~oma8ooeubmorrza?,200213 s 0 0 4 ~ ~ 1 8 ~ ~ 1 - ~ Y U U ~ J J ~ O W ~ 0 0 1 ~ 7 1 1 &IUUGJJ~OG ~ ~ 1 5 ~ ~ n q ~ ~ ? ~ . j ~ u ~ d6aZiunn ~ s l q ~ u a s a o q a 8 o d ) q q n ? u % ~ i 7 e ~ ~ c d -~q~q3n Zn?slq?uucanqafio i u 1 6 6 8 3 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 aasr 6aU9;smo: P J ~ I ~ ~ P J ~ J ~ % P J 35.6 44.4 52.7 59.1 59.8 54.0 54.6 59.4 68.8 87.8 76.8 73.6 %ja.~Z 1.6 7.9 10.5 10.9 12.6 7.4 4.5 11.6 13.6 16.0 12.6 10.7 enaa3lr5m;m.l 15.3 16.3 9.6 20.1 29.5 18.0 34.3 41.0 19.1 38.7 49.2 35.6 ? 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I C L# moaaq) n8: r5neqy 10-188utnureqsjuounw~re3)(x) wau "\ r. 0, -F Y r 1 t I , , n q k - 0: w aau n a A 8 z oaau cJ 1 2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5 8 3 ~ 5 ~ ~ guu15u"o aqudqu A635u nquqquuraoquEo aqudqu A6afiu nquqqu- 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 'E~sJu: Fsgsjut~uijuSuyu (%) 12.5 9.5 8.5 8.8 8.1 5.6 7.0 7.6 7.2 7.4 Pn'almau (%) 9.7 12.8 9.9 8.1 6.1 67.2 56.8 48.1 43.2 36.1 5 o n q i a u ~ n s j u A ~ a a(5onqiau) u 31.9 32.0 31.8 30.9 29.4 32.0 31.2 31.4 29.3 28.2 gwsu: $"I (%) 25.6 29.0 27.8 27.3 26.8 79.9 72.7 67.5 64.9 60.5 aqa (%) 81.5 80.6 86.2 88.6 92.7 43.5 55.5 62. 70.0 78.7 a ~ ? ~ u n q u g n a(3) q 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.0 10.1 9.3 9.6 9.9 10.0 10.0 rl-sunqu (3) 13.4 14.1 15.3 14.9 14.3 11.3 11.2 11.7 12.3 13.3 ~~~I'Es~sJLI: qqu (%) 60.3 57.7 59.7 51.1 59.9 90.2 85.3 85.7 83.7 81.6 a i a (%) 81.2 75.3 82.3 84.6 90.3 44.5 55.1 62.8 72.2 78.9 nqu3noq (3) 10.9 10.8 10.6 10.7 10.8 9.3 9.8 9.8 9.9 9.9 tJz%~nqu(3) 11.4 12.0 13.9 15.0 14.1 7.9 9.1 9.2 9.5 11.3 auuiiiuhai (IOV 9 (PTA): IS~SJ;JE~ 85.4 5PTA(%) 82.7 84.9 87.3 88.3 53.6 63.1 69.6 72.4 76.2 hsrir%qiau(%) 78.5 82.9 73.4 74.4 68.3 85.5 80.5 79.6 79.4 73.9 d s - J t a ~ $ i d l u ~ ~ : d q s J ~(%) 62.8 58.8 72.1 74.8 83.6 38.8 44.4 46.5 50.9 47.2 ?la? (%) 24.0 28.3 25.8 26.2 33.1 22.9 19.7 20.5 21.5 17.9 nquaaurgj ("h) 55.8 59.2 65.7 66.5 76.4 41.4 44.4 46.9 48.8 55.8 i?fJJ (%) 65.5 55.1 56.3 53.6 55.8 43.2 40.4 38.4 42.1 44.9 A a3s+u3oa3iuauo3n: baJdq(%) 34.2 44.4 49.3 50.1 57.4 4.5 4.3 6.9 6.8 12.2 EI%U (%) 58.8 60.9 61.8 66.7 71.5 22.8 29.1 35.8 36.5 37.1 fla)l16E;ijnsJ~(%) 57.4 61.1 64.6 68.6 74.4 13.0 15.6 19.7 22.5 29.4 ~ a ~ y n ( " ) 20.0 20.4 22.2 19.3 22.3 6.9 9.8 10.0 8.3 10.7 'ima-z,u (%) 37.7 36.9 37.7 40.3 48.8 7.0 7.6 12.3 12.0 16.0 f l a l 6 a 6 i F s j s j u (%) 66.8 63.8 68.9 74.0 80.6 14.9 23.6 30.4 32.6 38.1 fia)epsu(%) 57.9 55.9 57.1 64.6 60.3 12.5 17.3 23.8 23.9 29.1 6is-JSJu: 5onqiaussdlfla)qqasu(%) 52.4 38.9 41.8 45.0 41.5 19.7 25.5 27.7 28.8 34.3 ~anqiaurrdlfla~Bn~t:oqu(%) 94.7 88.9 91.5 93.6 93.5 88.5 88.9 88.9 88.9 89.0 8 8 5onqiaurrdlfia~tn5~nqOBa (%) 75.5 70.2 73.2 77.6 78.4 72.9 74.2 73.7 73.8 72.3 Ensjuriiaafiu 3 0 8 (%) 91.4 91.5 93.4 94.4 99.1 87.7 89.5 89.7 93.1 95.4 'taotrmi3mi-j qinam3'tfimj3qo: fla~nquLnaqrj3,l (nu) 16.4 17.7 17.9 19.1 22.9 30.8 26.0 23.1 20.3 19.6 q ~ 6 u $ J U q(nu) j 22.1 10.7 11.5 9.9 8.8 43.3 34.3 31.0 28.7 26.8 ~ s ~ s j u ~ o m a ~ u(nu) u ~ un a 11.2 5.6 6.9 8.4 7.5 18.7 13.9 11.2 9.3 8.8 i?uiiq/nsmaqo (nu) 16.2 16.8 . 9.7 11.8 12.1 25.7 21.8 19.9 18.0 16.8 mauqnqu (nu) 20.3 46.6 12.9 8.2 7.5 45.5 40.0 36.6 32.4 28.9 n q u ~ u $ ~ a a(nu) u 16.1 9.2 14.1 7.9 8.2 22.6 19.4 17.9 17.5 19.0 6 ~ 0 a 8 ~ 1 ~ a 2 a g 61.5 37.0 30.9 18.8 15.5 103.7 87.7 78.0 76.9 70.7 Lowlands Highlands 7 1 1 I I I I I I 0 100000 2 0 m 300000 0 IOOODO 200000 3lS0!30O ConsumptionPer Capita Consumptron Per Capita 1 Rural - 'rrunqaq:Enrolment: ?~onmqs~r&sj~ consumption per capita: nqu~giquh~a~u Philippines Education Policy Reform in Action: A Review of Progress Since PESS and PCER, May 2004. 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