FA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~S 0 n~~~~~ Pe~o ii iii i~~~~~~~~~~It 'a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r w~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...... ........ .... TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS CCL Central Coalfields Ltd. CMPDI Central Mine Planning and Design Institute DGMS Director General of Mine Safety DSM demand side management EAC Environmental Appraisal Committee EAP Environmental Action Plan .EZA Environmental Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan IOE Institute of Environment MCL Mahanadi Coalfields Ltd. HOEF Ministry of Environment and Forests NCL Northern Coalfields Ltd. NGO non-governmental organisation PAP project-affected person RA- Rehabilitation Action Plan RPM respirable particulate matter SECL South Eastern Coalfields Ltd. SPM suspended particulate matter TSS total suspended solids WCL Western Coalfields Ltd. Table of contents I. SECTORAL AND PROJECT CONTEXT ...................................... 2 Sectoral context ...................................................... 2 Project context . ....................................................... 3 II. ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND REMEDIAL ACTION ...................... 9 Overview . ............................................................. 9 Laws and regulations ............................................... 9 Environmental Management Plans ....................................... 12 Coal India's corporate environmental policy .......................... 14 Mine-specific remedial action ........................................ 19 III. RESETTLEMENT AND REHABILITATION ................................ 21 Resettlement and rehabilitation under the proposed programme .... ..... 21 Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy ............................... 25 Capacity building ......................5........................... 25 IV. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND MINE SAFETY ........ ..................... 28 Mine Safety and occupational health ........... ....................... 28 Legislation, regulations and standards ........ ....................... 28 Corporate occupational health and safety policy ...................... 29 ANNEX 1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ......................................... 30 ANNEX 2 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND THEIR MITIGATION ................... 38 PREFACE Considering the size of its economy, India is poorly endowed with energy re- sources. It's major source of commercial energy is coal. Current reserves are sufficiently large to meet India's demand for coal over the next 250 years. By comparison, oil and gas reserves will last only for another 15-20 years. By international standards India's per capita consumption of energy is among the lowest in the world. Food security and even modest improvements in the standard of living of almost a billion people will increasingly depend on the availability of relatively inexpensive energy. Unless major technological breakthroughs alter the options India faces for meeting its rapidly growing energy demand, the country has little choice but to rely on the development of its coal reserves. To be sustainable this strategy requires that: * the Government adopts policies that ensure that energy is used effi- ciently; and that * coal producers take whatever steps are indicated to minimise the adverse effects of coal mining on the environment and people. This document was prepared by Coal India Ltd. (Coal India) to provide the World Bank with an overview of the efforts the Indian coal industry and the -Government are undertaking to mitigate the adverse effects of coal mining on the environment and the people living in mining areas and working in coal mines. Its preparation was triggered by Coal India Ltd.'s request for a loan from the World Bank to finance replacement of equipment in *zinti4g mines and equipment for completing the development of mines or for expanding production of eziuting mines, as well as the expansion and rehabilitation of mining op- erations. This document is based on extensive surveys of the environmental and social effects of coal mining that were carried out by international consult- ants, several Indian non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and the staff of Coal India. The findings of these surveys have led to substantial revisions of Coal India's approach to managing environmental issues and, perhaps most im- portantly, its policy for the resettlement and rehabilitation of people af- fected by its projects. This document consists of four parts. The first part provides a brief descrip- tion of the project; the second part focuses on the environmental effects of coal mining and their mitigation and the project-specific remedial actions; the third part deals with the impact of the proposed project on the people living in mining areas; and the fourth part provides an overview of the occu- pational health and safety aspects of the project. -2- I. SECTORAL AND PROJECT CONTEXT 1.01 This part briefly describes the sectoral backdrop against which the proposed Coal Sector Rehabilitation Project has been designed. The first sec- tion deals with the sectoral context. It argues that because of India's size, its lack of transportation infrastructure and the fact that it has relatively large coal reserves, coal-based electric power has emerged as the most effi- cient way to meet India's rapidly growing demand for energy. sectoral context 1.02 Domam unz w orwa. Coal is India's most important source of cammercial energy. It currently meets about two-thirds of India's energy needs. A com- parison of reserves, production and consumption of major commercial energy resources in India highlights the extent to which coal dominates India's en- ergy economy. Considering that India's coal reserves are large enough to meet projected demand for the next 250 years, and the fact that most of these re- serves can be produced at significantly lower cost than other energy resources (taking fully into account associated environmental and social cost), coal will continue to play a dominant role in the years to come. As such, coal will remain the cornerstone of the Government's strategy for the foreseeable future unless there is a drastic shift in the relative prices of energy resources. 1.03 This strategy has to be assessed in the context of the medium and long- term prospects of India's power sector which consumes the bulk of India's coal production. India's per capita power consumption is among the lowest in the world. Even with pricing policies that would bring electricity tariffs in line with the long-term cost of production, the demand for power, and therefore for coal, will grow rapidly. To meet the growing demand for power and eliminate the persistent gap between supply and demand, the Government estimates a need for additional capacity of around 7,C00-8,OOOMW per year. 1.04 DnuD amm aum.mo. To close the gap between power demand and supply, Tndia will have to develop the full range of energy sources existing in the country while putting much greater emphasis on efficient pricing, demand side mmmagement (DSM), and increased efficiency in the use of existing generating transmission and distribution capacity as well as the utilisation of electric power. 1.05 Emu=r coua2=o. The prevailing low energy prices, when combined with the cost plus pricing mechanisms for many industrial products, provide little incentive for industry to conserve energy. Studies on India's energy conserva- tion potential have shown that pricing of power at long run marginal cost would reduce the need for additional capacity by almost 1,000KW per year. The -3- macro-economic reforms undertaken by the Government since 1991 are now gradu- ally bringing about an environment in which significant DSM activities could take place. In the expectation that major price reforms will be implemented, DSM programmes are now being formulated in several States of India with sup- port from bilateral and multilateral sources (including the World Bank). Over the medium term, these programmes are estimated to generate energy savings of about 500MW per annum. 1.06 Rrmuza inr. The longer term scope for renewable energy development is estimated at over 20,000MW for wind and 5,000MW for mini-hydros, plus about 75,000MW for larger scale hydros. While some solar PV applications appear economical in remote areas, it will take a few more years for them to become economical in grid connected use. 1.07 Cme==uo. It follows from the above that: * after allowing for both price and non-price DSM measures and after fullest use of feasible alternative energy programmes, conventional hydro and thermal power projects will need to contribute some 5,000- 6.000W of additional capacity per year; * the immediate prospect of hydro projects in India is not bright because of resettlement and rebabilitation problems and other envi- ronmental issues; in addition, * in view of India's limited gas reserves, and until gas import op- tions have been proven to be technically and economically feasible, India has little choice but to continue investing in coal-based power generation. 1.08 These conclusions are reinforced in light of India's current level of development: an estimated 500 million people in India have no access to elec- tricity service, and a majority of households still rely on fuelwood and dung for cooking. Although research and development of alternate energy resources for cooking are in progress, the use of these traditional fuels will continue to increase in a population growing at about 2% per annum. Unless power gen- eration and distribution systems improve and increase, this trend will result in unsustainable pressures on forests, soil and water resources, and add to the degradation of the general environment that is already too apparent in many parts of Tndia. Project contest Origin of the project 1.09 Pmzuw-ow or amuur BWa=nmo. Until recently the Government financed between 70% and 90% of Coal India's investments. After the foreign exchange and budget crisis in 1991, the Government began to phase out its budgetary support for 4 Coal India's investments (Fig- ure 1.1). Because internally Usuol. to Coalao generated resources were in- sufficient, over the past Rs billon three years Coal India's ca- pacity to produce coal began CY1 udws ibe3 to erode gradually. Increas- Y ingly, equLipment that has D nm>=tWu und outlived its usefulness can no to filn= wrkidng longer be replaced; and the lack of spare parts is forcing 10 managers to 'cannibalise' part of their equipment. No new projects have been started. Without a major injection of 5 financial resources, Coal anvnfmt sppt India will enter a downward\ spiral of declining profits and diminishing capacity to ° -~~~ . . .~~~~~~9X4 1955 1956 195 1985 1989 1990 199 1992 1993 1994 borrow (as indicated by the downward trend of the debt S-= Ca Ini service coverage ratio in Figure 1.2). 1.10 Puma.. oauwenz. Over the past two years, the Government of India and Coal India have implemented reforms aimed at making the coal industry commer- cially viable and financially self-sustaining. The primary objective of the proposed loan is to support this reform agenda and Coal India's transformation into a commercial company whose operations are environmentally and socially sustainable. The transformation, which would involve, inter alia, reliance on market forces in the pricing and distribution of coal, closure of uneconomic mines, more extensive use of contractors, opening of the industry to private investors, phasing out of subsidies to loss-making operations, and investments in improving operational efficiency as well as coal quality, will be costly. The proposed loan from the Bank and the cofinancier will allow Coal India to meet part of these costs. The remainder will come from a projected increase in internally generated resources (due to efficiency improvements and the reforms that will be implemented under the programme) and some modest market borrow- ings. 1.11 In order for the programme to achieve the desired long-term financial impact, it would: * support investments in opencast and underground mining operations that are projected to yield the highest economic returns; * provide technical assistance in support of the programme: and -5- * assist Coal India in miti- gating the adverse effects " 1.1 Dh laot d wag...! iojatuu of mining operations on the environment and the people g ml DUOtIC directly affected by mining l1illii tons of coal activities. 3o with pro 1.12 Pzamumm DhuLm=a. The bulk of 2I0 the proposed loan would finance the purchase of mining equipment for 33 2B itbmt pndet mining operations in Nadhya Pradesh, 0 Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Orissa (Figure 1.3). Seventeen mines 2mD need to replace their equipment; eight 200 mines need additional equipment in 1994 1995199619971998 1999200020D 200 2003 204 order to meet an increase in demand; and eight mines are currently being developed and require equipment to 0WX z4eaa upofts reach their target production (Annex iUn Ruee 1). Of these 33 projects, 25 are i opencast mines and eight are under- with oiwt ground mines. The loan would also w provide technical assistance for re- drafting the regulatory frameiork that governs operations in the coal indus- w oi m try. The aim is to enhance the n industry's competitiveness and effi- ciency. In parallel, the programme \ would assist Coal India in the re- 1 settlement and rehabilitation of the people affected by the proposed in- vestments and in community development activities in the surrounding areas, C0Xl inia's ability to bazow as well as in mitigating the cumula- Det service coverag ratio tive adverse effects of mining opera- 28 tions on the environment and the people living in these mining areas. 2.4h pmot The project would also support 22 strengthening of the Central and State 2.0 agencies' (Central and State Pollution fD n Control Boards) capacity to monitor L4 Q compliance with the environmental L2 clearances. LO M94 199 19961 997199819992000200120022032004 ; : UTTrARPRADESH " * Patna \ ' v ts * : No/lhem Colel- U ,: :'oh Atta of I . , /{ ~~main m3p Ngh Bn:, ratYoW, uUa CentnlCoalields Ltd.j IS.., *.. * IEnd .... * Bhpal MADHYAPRADESH fa s.: KD° gO*nP, *~~~~~ I'a--. vpu ', HA Nadh.mbu a)els id S ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 8s8a U^ )≈BbU ,, mallS ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ olfd ltd. saO f'l' '* Wouehelsemm Contpkl Ctal :elds Lid UllUet 0 .1f Mahanadi Coalfields LtcL iagaud S.., * *ORISSA MAHARASHTRA ,J ', BhubaA 100 Yadnupur ' Uhopa * f /i pagur 13 : ; i ~~~~~~~~~~~~j,- ';7 Loation " " '' "' ," "' *, , "'/ ~~~~~~oil subiproJ-ot ANDHRAPRADESH D.ui0 2 310 GeaQazIqu 200 300 4. Calcutt .#~~~~~~~~~~~~~aleae :Ia _0 /0. ___~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~SI~ -7- 1.13 Co m rznmucum mum or .- wansi mau n. The total costs of .the pro- posed programme are estimated at US$1.9 billion. The estimated foreign ex- change requirements are US$1.1 billion. Coal India has requested a World Bank loan of US$500 million, which would finance part of the required mining equip- ment and technical assistance, and an IDA credit of US$50 million, which would finance environmental and social remedial action programmes. Coal India has indicated that it would be able to finance about US$800 million of the esti- mated cost from internally generated resources and about US$150 million from borrowings in local capital markets. The remaining UTS$500 million is expected to be raised throuah cofinancing arrangements. 1.14 Pum r nounwn m. The design of the programme, which involved the iden- tification of investments (subprojects) yielding the highest economic and financial rates of return, included agreement with Coal India on (sub)project- specific implementation arrangements, a review of resettlement and rehabilita- tion requirements and plans and a review of Environmental Action Plans (EAPs). this has also provided the Bank with an opportunity to assist Coal India in strengthening its policies with regard to resettlement and rehabilitation and the environmental sustainability of its mining operations. 1.15 Coal India has set up a Project Implementation Division (which employs three fulltime expatriate consultants) at its headquarters to monitor the implementation of the project, procuxement activities, the deployment of equipment and the implementation of EAPs and Rehabilitation Action Plans (RAPs). In addition, the subsidiary coal companies are strengthening their capacities - both at their headquarters and the mine level - to deal with environmental and social issues. 1.16 Pzn.X uunuzozr.z. As indicated in para. 1.10 above, the proposed programme would support Coal India's efforts to ensure that its operations are (a) commercially viable, as well as (b) environmentally and (c) socially sus- tainable. To ensure Coal India's financial viability beyond the period in which the programme is being implemented, financial support under the programme will be limited to mines that yield the highest economic return while minimising adverse social and environmental impacts. To ensure that Coal India's operations will be environmentally sustainable, Coal India is in the process of building capacity in the subsidiary companies and at the mine level (para. 2.23 and Figure 2.1) and will follow mine designs and operating prac- tices that meet existing Indian environmental standards. To ensure that Coal TInia's operations will be socially sustainable, Coal India has adopted an enhanced policy for the resettlement and rehabilitation of project-affected people (Box 3.1). This policy enlarges the scope of rehabilitation to all project-affected people and safeguards against losses in their incomes or standards of living. To ensure proper implementation of this policy, Coal India now has Resettlement and Rehabilitation Cells at its headquarters and in each subsidiary to implement and maintain resettlement and rehabilitation and has taken steps to work with NGOs in identifying self-employment opportunities for project-affected people. -9- II. ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND REMEDIAL ACTION Overview 2.01 This part provides an overview of the: * main adverse effects of coal mining on the environment and * various mitigating and remedial efforts to deal with these effects. 2.02 Zmnva6. n muwm or com uxua. Coal mining, like most other industrial activities, adversely affects the physical and biological environments (Table 2.1). Annex 2 provides a more detailed description of these environmental effects, their underlying causes, the options for mitigating these effects and the applicable legal provisions for doing so. 2.03 Kz,aarr m mmn i. zezau . The following sections deal with the Government's and Coal India's efforts to contain, mitigate and remedy the adverse effects of coal mining on the environment. The first section provides: * a brief description of India's environmental laws, regulations and institutions; this is followed by a section on * the use of Environmental Management Plans (EMPs); a section on * Coal India's corporate environmental policy; and a section on * Coal India's plans for remedial action for the mines included in the proposed programne. Low and regulatio=. 2.04 Lnwmraso. Legislative action to protect the environment in India dates back to 1927. Table 2.2 gives an overview of the major environmental laws that govern coal mining operations, the main objectives and scope of these lawn is described below: * Tar WAnT (Puvmnrza. A Coux= or Pom=za.) Am, 1974. The aim of this Act is to prevent and control water pollution. The Act provide_z the legal basis for the establishnent of Central and State Pollution Control Boards. These Boards establish standards for the discharge of effluents. * Tm Wiu (P vwznau mm Conmmn r Poag&uz) Cz ACE, 1977. The aim of this Act is to reduce the wasteful use of water. It provides for the collection of a cess on water use the revenues from this cess are used to fund the activities of the Pollution Control Boards. * Tur lomz (Co.mmvzos) Am,. 1980. Forest land, as all othez land, is a 'State subject.' In view of the steadily decreasing forest cover, the Central Government enacted this legislation to encourage the conservation of forest land. It requires State Governments to obtain prior approval from the Central Government before releasing any - 10 - Table 2.1 major potential environmatal effects of coal uininq Potential effects on physical environmenc Potencial effects on biological environmenc Air pollution soil • Increase in level of suspended parti- * Mixing of organic and inorganic strata culate matter (SPIN and respirable (cl0 * Soil erosion from dumps microns) particulate matter (RPM) * Sterilisation due to mine fires * Increase in the level of gases like * Topsoil sterilization due to stacking Sulphur Dioxide, Nitrogen Oxides and a Soil contamination from effluent discharge Carbon Monoxide Water pollution * Increase in total suspended solids (TSS) Flora * Increase in oil and grease content * Devegetation * Acid mine drainage * Increase in chemical and biochemical Faun oxygen demand * Impediments to migration * Increase in Iron * Loss of habitat • Increase in Nitrates Noise pollution * Increase in the noise level Vibration * Vibration to ground and surface structures Hydrology * Changes in watershed and water courses * Reduction in water flow Hnydrogeology * Changes in water tables * Changes in aquifer discharge TLandl * Formation of voids * Formation of waste heaps * Transformation of agriculture and allied land uses into residential and industrial areas * Subsidence * Surface mine fires Source: Coal Xndia Ltd. forest land for non-forest purposes. Subsequent modification of the Act has provided for compensatory afforestation for forest land that is being diverted to other uses. This Act also requires the return of (the used) forest land to the Forest Department upon completion of the mining operation. * Ta. Ama (Pmvmou mim Coamn w Parxarz) Am, 1981. This Act provides for the control and abatement of air pollution, restrictions on emis- sions from industries and the imposition of penalties for noncompli- ance with air pollution standards set by the Central and State Pollution Control Boards. - 12. - Table 2.2 Overview of legsllative enactzUUts Enactmants up to 1972 mactments after 1972 The Indian Forest Act. 1927 Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules. 1975 Bihar Wastelands Act (Reclaation. Cultivation a IMprovement). 1946 Water IPrevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act. 1977 Mines and MLnerals Act (Regulation and Developunti. 1947 Forest Conservation Act, 1980 Factories Act (Pollution and Pesticides). 1948 Air (Prevention and Control of Pollutionu Act, 1981 Mines Act, 1952 Environuental Protection Act. 1986 Orissa River Pollution and Prevention Act. 1953 Amended Forest Conservation Act. 1987 Wildlife Protection Act. 1972 Note: The Ulf Caferac oan Hun eviron..at (Stockholm. 19721 spurred a *mber of enviraotmtal laws in india. Sure: Coal India Ltd. * , zzaaL mume Aer, 1986. This Act provides the legal basis for environmental protection in areas not covered by other Acts and for establishment of the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF). It empowers the MOEF to assume a lead role in long-term environmen- tal management and short-term response to environmental emergencies. 2.05 RPaW zouu. Pursuant to these Acts, the Government issues notifications from time to time to ensure compliance with the legal provisions. The more important ones which affect coal mining operations are summarised below: * A saz=m ous Anzvz s m e uo aw&vr mm RXa= vm.s. Ambient envi- roinnental management objectives are set to protect public health and sensitive natural resources such as fisheries, vegetation and soil productivity. Ambient or 'receiving' environmental objectives are the basis for assessing and managing the cumulative impacts of point-source discharges or emissions, which are usually regulated by permits or consent letters, and non-point or dispersed pollution sources which are not usually amenable to direct regulation. Coal mining is a non-point source of air pollution and is therefore guided by ambient objectives or standards. Ambient objectives have been established for air quality, noise and drinking water quality. These objectives are generally consistent with standards elsewhere in the world under similar conditions. - 12 - * Tmz WAIm (Puxgevzw wm Conoe or Pow!av) Rmau, 1975. These rules pro- vide the legal basis for day-to-day operations of the Pollution Control Boards and the establishment of laboratories for the analy- sis of effluents. * DnuzaRm iw =mu n uunwuw. Discharge and emission standards are usu- ally applicable only to discrete, point-sources of pollution, the typical 'stacks and pipes.' The majority of air quality problems on a minesite result from mobile and dispersed pollution sources (ve- hicles. blasting and material transfer points). Waste water dis- cbirge standards apply to a number of points on minesites: decants from settling ponds associated with minewater collection systems. wastewater from equipment maintenance and storage facilities, and discharges from domestic sewage treatment systems. These standards are generally consistent with those used in similar conditions in other jurisdictions. * sUmWUm v sun mm uzm. Although coal mining and, in particular opencast mining, leads to extensive land disturbances, no statutory standards for containing these disturbances exist, nor has the Gov- ernment issued standards for land reclamation. However, in recent years MOEF has made its clearance of coal projects conditional on coal companies maintaining slopes of overburden dumps at 28° or less and that reclamation will be carried out to make the area compatible with the premining land use pattern. 2.^06 z D -"zc- -s. The following agencies of the Central and State Governments deal with environmental issues: * The MOEF - Regional offices of the MOEF * The MOEF in each State * Central Pollution Control Board * State Pollution Control Boards * Regional offices of the State Pollution Control Boards Eni-ronmental Managament Plane 2.07 Since 1986 the Government requires the preparation and submission of Environmental Management Plans (EMPs) for investments in new coal mines or an increase of coal production in existing mines. (Environmental Impact Assess- ments (EIAs) are an integral part of the EMPs. There is a single document upon which the MOEF bases its decisions and this is the EMP.) Preparation o£ EMPs 2.08 According to regulations issued by the Government for the preparation of ElAs and EMPs, the agency proposing to implement a coal project is required to - 13 - submit an application to the Secretary of the MOEF for an environmental clear- ance and, if the acquisition of forest land is involved, a forest clearance. The application needs to include a project report as well as the SMP for the proposed operations. The MOEF will then review the EMP. In doing so. they will usually avail themselves of the assistance of specialised advisory committees known as Environmental Appraisal Committees (EAC). EACs, which review proposed projects, include members of NGOs. The MOEF, at the advice of the EACs, has the option to call for hearings on proposed projects, if they believe that this would be in the public interest. (Hearings are usually held if there is large-scale human displacement or if there are likely to be significant envi- ronmental impacts.) Project-affected people and their (elected) representa- tives have complete freedom to convey their views or objections to the MOEF before a clearance letter is issued. If considered necessary, the EAC visits the project site. After the EAC is fully satisfied with the EIA and the miti- gation measures in the EMP, the MOEF issues a clearance letter for the project with stipulations that would ensure the implementation of the required mitiga- tion measures. Consultation 2.09 Consultations with project-affected people and NGOs take place before the clearance letter is issued (as indicated above), &uiam project implemen- tation ad in the course of mine operations. 2.10 DuM=m iuam= inrns. If there are any environmental issues affecting the people living nearby during the implementation of the mining project, Coal India discusses these issues with the people and takes steps to alleviate them as soon as possible. For example, if wells dry up, Coal India supplies potable water. If houses or other structures are damaged due to vibrations from blast- ing, Coal India repairs them. Whenever people in mining areas have concerns about the impact of mining operations on their health, safety or welfare, they convey them to respective mine managers. As such, mine managers are involved in an ongoing process of consultation with project-affected people on environ- mental issues and appropriate actions are taken based on these discussions. Coal India has agreed to keep records of these discussions and any actions taken. Dissemina tion 2.11 Coal Tndia is in the process of making all project-related documentation (project profiles, EMPs, the NOEF approvals, consent letters, letters of non- compliance pointed out by regulatory bodies, and the EAPs) available to the public at Coal India's headquarters in Calcutta and at the headquarters of subsidiary coal companies. Notices to this effect will be put up at the of- fices of the subsidiary company headquarters and the project sites. General - 14 - Managers (Environment) at all corporate offices have been instructed to handle any inquiries and follow up any questions from concerned parties, including NGOs . Compliance 2.12 Rzmaunw uwuinwn. To enforce compliance with environmental laws and the conditions contained in the clearance letter, all project managers are re- quired to submit quarterly reports on air and water quality and noise levels in their jurisdiction; semi-annual reports of the status of EMP implementation are sent to the MOEF for all environmentally cleared projects; and all coal mines have to submit annual environmental statements to the respective State Pollution Control Board. In addition, regulatory agencies monitor compliance through site visits. Coal India's corporate .vjxom ntal policy Objectives 2.13 Coal India is committed- to comply with all environmental laws, regula- tions and the conditions contained in letters of clearance by the WOEF. In addition, Coal India's corporate environmental policy aims at: a. full integration of EIAs and environmental impact management with mine planning and design to facilitate the attainment of environmen- tal standards, laws and regulations; and b. mitigation, to the maximum extent possible, of the environmental and social impacts of mining- Strategy 2.14 To achieve these objectives, Coal India has adopted the following strat- egy: * Coal India will adopt mine designs that not only meet environmental standards, but mi;nimise adverse effects on the ambient environment and the people living in the surrounding area. * On new mines, environmental management will be fully integrated with mine design, planning and development; comprehensive baseline sur- veys will serve as the basis for EZAs and the planning of reclama- tion activities. * Reclamation of 'mined-out' areas will aim at achieving post-mining conditions that will help local people sustain or improve their livelihood. Reclamation activities will be carried out in such a way as to minimise delays between mining activities and post-mining use. In carrying out these activities, Coal India will develop and adopt - 15 - reclamation technologies that are best suited for the Indian eco- logical conditions. * Coal India will work closely with State Governments in identifying an inventory of deforested land that can be used for compensatory afforestation. * In the years ahead, Coal India will give priority to the protection of air and water quality, the abatement of noise and the strengthen- ing of its capability to reclaim mined-out areas. Mitigating environmental management programmes 2.15 Hum Pain am =mm. Coal India is now fully integrating environmental management considerations into the design and planning of new mines and expan- sions of old mines. New EMPs and EAPs will contain multi-year operational plans for the first five years of environmental activities which will subse- quently remain 'evergreen' for the life of the mine. 2.16 Coal India is committed to full compliance with environmental standards, EMPs, letters of consent and EAPs for all 33 subprojects by December 1997. In addition, all surface areas subject to mining disturbances will be stabilised and reclaimed by December 2000. In order to ensure that this schedule is achieved, Coal India has prepared multi-year EAPs for each subproject with benchmarks and budgets. 2.17 X Owm=i m A zvaz=m=. Coal India has decided that for environ- mental monitoring, the Regional Environmental Cells of the Central Mine Plan- ning and Design Institute (CMPDI) will be responsible for overall supervision and guidance. Technically acceptable monitoring programmes will be in place on all subprojects by the beginning of the pre-monsoon period 1996. Environmental laboratories are being set up in the subsidiary companies and at CNPDI. CMPDI laboratories currently cover the subprojects of CCL, NCL and the SECL sub- projects in Korba coalfield. Until the other laboratories are completed, agen- cies approved by MOEF are engaged to carry out the environmental monitoring of the subprojects of MCL, WCL and those of SECL not in Korba coalfield. 2.18 Az ouros mm *o zAxunxn. Air quality monitoring will be undertaken in all villages currently situated within core zones and on the fringe of buffer zones to determine compliance with the environmental standards for suspended particulate matter (SPM). All necessary measures, including watering of haul roads, fine mist spraying at transfer points and quick regreening of overbur- den dumps, will be taken to reduce dust to acceptable levels. Existing air monitoring information for all colonies will be analysed to determine problem areas, and remedial air quality management plans will be prepared for all of these areas. - 16 - 2.19 Smacu mm imm aun=r mumm . Surface water control and treat:ment schemes, including collection drains, adequately-sized settling ponds and polishing ponds before final discharge will be implemented at all subprojects by December 1996. There will be no further discharge of untreated industrial effluent directly to the environment after June 1996. Monitoring and soil suitability studies will be undertaken in colony areas to determine the ac- ceptability of septic field sewage disposal and, where needed, sewage treat- ment facilities will be provided. Programmes for strengthening and/or constructing drains and settling tanks are provided in the EAP for each sub- project. An assessment of the quantity of water to be discharged from each mine is required to obtain consent from the State Pollution Control Board for the discharge of effluents. Mines will ensure that effluents meet Indian envi- ronmental standards before discharge. 2.20 The impact of mining on local groundwater supplies will be assessed once every quarter through monitoring of water levels and quality in local wells. Where domestic wells are adversely affected, Coal India will provide alternate sources of potable water. 2.21 Dnzna wum _z___. One of the standard conditions in recent environ- mental clearances is to keep the slope angle of overburden dumps to 280 or less. This slope is considered a general guideline that will permit early establishment of self-sustaining vegetation cover. In light of this require- ment, slopes of future overburden dumps are planned to be kept below 28°. As far as existing overburden dumps are concerned, Coal India will appoint a panel of experts which will review the safety of these dumps by June 30, 1996. (Coal India will submit the terms of reference for this panel to the Bank before appraisal.) If the panel, which would consist of international and Indian experts, finds that an overburden dump is unsafe, it will suggest reme- dial measures. Coal India will immediately proceed with the implementation of these measures. This panel of experts will also review the various options for the reclamation of existing overburden dumps. Based on these reviews,, the panel will submit to Coal India proposals for reclamation of these dumps. Coal India will closely interact with local authorities and local people to estab- lish end use objectives for each minesite. Native species will be used wher- ever possible in reclamation programmes. For new dump areas studies will be carried out to determine the most cost effective combination of initial spoil placement and subsequent recontouring to achieve the desired spoil configura- tion. A common pool of earth-moving equipment for the exclusive use of recla- mation will be placed under the control of area environmental cells. Significant horizons of organic soil will be conserved for use in plant propa- gation facilities or in reclamation. Spoil placement will be carried out to ensure that the most suitable materials for plant growth are placed on the dump surface. - 17 - 2.22 Zu-m-,mu pa mjmznannan oorwr. Coal India is actively participating in the implementation of regional environmental management plans coordinated by various Regional Area Development Authorities. Coal India recognises the in- creasing problem of fly ash disposal in the country and is cooperating with pit head power generation companies in identifying ash management options, in Particular ash disposal in abandoned opencast or underground mines. Coal India is also prepared to beneficiate raw coal for consumers who are willing to pay the additional cost. Organisational structure for envirormental management 2.23 The primary responsibility for implementation of Coal India's corporate environmental policy will remain with Coal Tndia headquarters in Calcutta, coal producing subsidiaries and CMPDI. In order to be able to address environ- mental issues more effectively, CMPDI, which provides expert services for mine planning and design, environment and research, established in January 1993 an Institute of Environment (IOE) at its head office at Ranchi and Regional Envi- ronmental Cells at its regional offices. To safeguard the effective implemen- tation of its environmental policy, Coal India will carry out, as part of the proposed program, a review of its capacity to deal effectively with environ- mental issues. This review will focus in particular on the need for changes in the organisational structure, the skills and staffing requirements. Figure 2.1 shows the organisational structure that is currently in place to deal with environmental and mine safety issues. Staff development and training 2.24 To overcome the shortage of trained environmental staff. Coal India will train available staff and recruit new staff when specific skills are not in- ternally available. Coal India is planning to develop practical training programmes for existing and inducted staff and new recruits with specially designed curricula at local universities. The training programmes will include environmental impact appreciation for senior management, effluent treatment schemes for engineers, dump stability and reclamation techniques, and inspec- tion and monitoring scheduling. A detailed training program will be developed in the context of the review of Coal India' s environmental capacity. Coal India is currently in the process of selecting executive and non-executive staff for environmental positions throughout the companies. Executives will undergo training at the Centre of Mining Environment at the Indian School of Nines. In addition, training on environmental requirements and the implementa- tion of environmental measures is being provided to all mine managers. 2.25 Coal India subscribes to the principle that good environmental manage- ment is the responsibility of everyone - equipment operators, production staff, environmental personnel and senior management. IL 'U Mliii Ii I, ',.--...--..-.--.-.I I ' ci mI 3 * . 1* z U m I I ____ - I! - =-*. L!.J ii p ... j 0 NI 1 ii HI III I F. I Fr - I I Ii' K I. r . - 19 - 2.26 In addition, Coal India proposes to establish annual awards to its em- ployees for excellence in environmental programmes. paralleling the award programmes for production and wsrker safety. Mine-specific r emdial action 2.27 As indicated above (para. 2.07), legislation requiring the preparation EMPs as a precondition for obtaining environmental clearances came into force in India in 1986. For the 22 mining subprojects approved and initiated after this date, Coal India has submitted EMPs and environmental clearances, issued by the MOEF (consent letters), to the Bank. Eleven subprojects were started before 1986. Coal India prepared EMPs for 7 of these projects, but was not required to seek environmental clearance from the MOEF. As indicated below, Coal India prepared EAPs for all 33 subprojects. 2.28 Coal India's EMPs cover most of the subjects required by OD 4.01. Areas not dealt with in the EMDs, such as environmental policy, environmental law, institutional arrangements, occupational health and safety and public consul- tation, have been addressed in the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Indian Coal Sector. 2.29 Mine emergency plans have been prepared under the Government of India's 1957 Coal Mine regulations; samples of these plans have been sent to the Bank for review. Technical assistance will be provided under the proposed program to review and, if necessary, update these plans. 2.30 In line with the corporate environmental policy outlined above, in par- ticular the com-itment to self-police compliance with environmental laws and regulations, Coal India has reviewed the status of environmental compliance of the mines proposed to receive financial support under the programme. The re- sults of this review and a progranme of action (EAPs), which would bring all mines into full compliance with required environmental standards is attached to the Sectoral Environmental Assessment for the Indian Coal Industry. Box 2.1 contains a brief description of the basic structure and information provided in the EAPs. Each of the EAPs contains a time-bound action programme for envi- ronmental mitigation which clearly identifies benchmarks to facilitate moni- toring of the implementation of these plans. - 20 - 3C 2.1 ootn i Fie-ytea Actnl to Planu (=n) Description of an EAP .- Background information: . 0 NmamOf mine * -o-. tion (coalied and -Stat.) 0 V - mof Min- .. ^ - - S .nction. dat anid. startup data O *- Urent and azxdIm production- *£Nia life in yars (total and res4dual) N a * mber of coal seams.. Vam heS.: h codtenat- * i,tri.ppig ratio (opencat ,BO--S) ; * :nE depth of minin * - - -" - *- - -.- * S S description of minangmthod and type of equipmAnt in use -2. Currnt env:w tl utatu - ta. -:t .- ' - pm . aett;.-. ' - .---:-.;:-.t- =*-. 4 4Plain de a3.- nd .tl.. - - hydrology dan ter qity u , ---eneut, - WIr.uLity -and-nosLaaeetad~ ~ *- istirbedIlad xeclaoaiam. T-'s3 ~rirmentat. - management Vprogram.s fo Fiscal years 1993-96 to 1999-20000: *-- iec.-1monitoring, auditinwa evaaiad, :-----;lony and water iity ma-nagm:. a±r-:ualty. asdnosaagmt and -- * ¢ ,;igturbediand.rec ;a"- -n --2 -- : sectiqon a:l inlude. a fi-eara a budget ' (1oerating and capital) for each of .it above. < 4. Also included in the;EAps are the areas covered by overburden dumps and plantation. In addition, the programs (with auropriate bechmarks) for the comletion of protection measures, such as effluent treatment ponds (settling tanks) and oil/grease traps, are shown. f - 21 - III. RESETTLEMENT AND REHABILITATION 3.01 In recent years, the social and environmental costs of developing coal resources have increased considerably, particularly in the densely populated areas of India's eastern States. Coal India finds it increasingly difficult to acquire land for the expansion of its operations. To deal with these chal- lenges and to minimise the adverse effects of these operations on the environ- ment, Coal India has changed the designs of new coal mines; it has adopted resettlement and rehabilitation policies that ensure that all people affected by its projects are compensated for -their losses; it has intensified its com- munity development programmes through which it aims to improve the living conditions in villages adjacent to its mining operations; and it is strength- ening its organisational structure to ensure effective implementation of these policies. 3.02 This part of the sumnmary focuses on a) the various impacts of the proposed programme on the livelihood and living conditions of affected people, and b) Coal India s capacity to deal with these impacts. Resttlmeint and rzhabilitatLon under the proposed programme 3.03 Out of a total of 33 subprojects proposed for Bank financing, 20 involve resettlement and/or rehabilitation issues. In these 20 subprojects, a total of 18,257 people (3,904 families) will be adversely affected. The majority of the project-affected people (PAPs) are located in Orissa (11,750 persons). Over- all. 10,928 people will have to be physically resettled. Table 3.1 provides details. Coal India has prepared detailed Resettlement and Rehabilitation Action Plans (RAPs) for 16 subprojects. The four remaining subprojects com- bined will affect only 53 people (9 families) and involve no resettlement. While no RAPs will be prepared for these four mines, the affected people will be rehabilitated according to the same entitlements and principles. 3.04 A summary of the RAPs is provided in Table 3.2. For the project period, a total of 9,418 persons (3,575 families) are entitled to rehabilitation as- sistance. Jobs with Coal India and contractors will be used to rehabilitate 3,569 people (38%) and 5,853 people will be entitled to assistance for self- employment. Indigenous peoples issues 3.05 About 29% of the project-affected people (5,203 persons) are classified as tribals. With the exception of one mine (Jhingurdah), the tribal project- affected population lives in 'mixed' villages together with non-tribals. All - 22 - Table 3..1 Nmber of poople affected in the Mines included in the proposed prograes, 1994 to 2003 CMPny Hie Land to be Lad to b. Total frilb Entitled Parsons troAl acquired possessed PAPS PAPa PAPa to be affecced (ha) t(h) *18 years resteled fahilies mCL Ananta 0 0 685 0 455 0 147 Opencast Belpabar 25 659 3,941 1,110 2.387 3.300 838 Bb.zatpur 127 306 2,497 0 1516 1,294 521 Jaganmath 0 is 1,962 0 1,169 1.962 S17 Lakhanpur 9 140 1.010 156 567 865 293 Seuleswari 0 lS0 1.655 232 988 0 414 NmL Jhingurdah 0 0 460 460 234 247 63 Opencast CCL KD Resalong 0 30 198 153 81 199 47 Opencast Paraj East 0 237 1,172 467 528 1.170 257 S LL Biaraspur 323 323 878 329 443 0 125 Cpeneast Dbuanuri 1 1 239 211 131 0 49 Dipka 0 0 1,629 1.069 705 1,302 320 Genra 0 0 1.154 530 574 475 i18 Kumunda 0 a 176 75 83 115 23 SIC!. Behraband 0 0 16 0 9 0 3 Underground Churcha West 0 0 5 0 1 0 1 Pandavpara 24 24 249 186 120 0 40 Pirarim 0 0 6 0 4 0 2 Siughali 0 0 2" 208 177 0 56 orea 0 a 26 17 14 0 3 Total 503 1,387 11.257 5.203 10.186 10,928 3,304 Source: Coal India Ltd. the tribals speak Hindi as their first language, except in Orissa, where they speak Oriya, the local language. 3.06 Most of the tribal communities are fully integrated into the Indian rural society and are engaged in agriculture on fixed plots (as opposed to slash and burn cultivation) or crafts related to agriculture (blacksmith, carpentry, etc.; all of them have been in contact with mining operations for the past 20-30 years. Their contact to the louts de world' is not new and does not constitute a new threat to the survival of their identity. In places like Madhya Pradesh, tribals constitute the majority of the local workforce in the mines and have done so for more than 20 years. The Jhingurdah mine (in Singrauli) started operations in 1965 and of the 63 project-affected families (460 persons), 26 families have persons already employed by NCL. - 23 - T!ale 3.2 R habilitatLon Action lamu 1994 to 1998 - an Ovum-vew of 16 Projets requiring plan. COmpany Kime Families Persons Persons Jobs to be .7obs to be Eeitled to Proposed affected by to be entltled to proveded sought wl self-emlay fulletm project relocated rehab. in mine contractors assist. MR staff MCL AMnats 147 0 455 0 20 435 0 Opencaas Belpahar 838 3.300 2,387 50 19 2,318 2 Ihar.tpur 521 1.294 1,516 800 260 448 1 Jagannath 517 1.962 1.169 680 30 459 1 kanptr 293 865 567 70 61 428 1 Samleswari 414 a 980 22 a 95g 1 NCL Jhinaurdah 63 247 234 46 165 23 1 OvenaBt CCL 1D Nesalong 47 198 81 14 0 67 0 Opencast Parej East 53 286 133 15 0 11 ; SECL Biaraupur 125 0 443 124 0 319 1 Opencast Dhanpuri 49 0 131 37 10 B4 0 Dipka 298 1.302 655 502 100 53 1 guwra 91 475 279 205 50 24 0 Xuaunda 23 115 83 24 0 59 0 SEML fandavPara 40 0 120 57 3 60 0 UndEBrround Singhali 56 0 177 141 40 0 0 Total 3.575 10,0U 9,g11 2,803 766 5,853 10 Scurm: Cal Xnda Ltd. Pa.rticipation and consultation of project-affected people 3.117 During the preparation of the RAPs, the affected people were consulted abniut their preferences for rehabilitation, etc.: • Since every household was visited by the interviewers, this created an opportunity for consultation. The survey contained questions regarding affected people's perceptions of issues related to land acquisition, compensation, benefits of the project displacing them, and the relocation site and the host community. * All consultants had more unstructured interaction with the project- affected people than the officials of Coal India. Most of the con- sultants organised focus group sessions for various groups in the villages, such as women, landless and tribals. This information was used to formulate a strategy for involvement of the project-affected people in the Rehabilitation Action Plan, and for their active par- ticipation in the resettlement and rehabilitation process. - 24 - 3.08 Coal India has adopted a two-pronged strategy for the contiuead partici- pation and consultation of project-affected people. One, through the formation of a two-tier committee structure in which project-affect people are repre- sented. At the project level, a coordination committee will be essentially responsible for planning and implementation. At the area (or subsidiary) level, a monitoring committee will be responsible for approvals, monitoring and grievance procedures. In both committees, it is envisaged that two project-affected people (preferably one man and one woman) will have seats. These committees will consist of five people (six if a host conmunity exists). This setup aims at institutionalising the participation of project-affected people. Two, by breaking down the planning process into half-yearly periods. The project level coordination committee is the body that formally submits the half-yearly detailed plans of implementation to the monitoring committees. The formulation of half-yearly detailed plans of implementation makes it possible for experience gained in one period to be incorporated into the next plan, and allows for substantial input from the affected population. Besides this more formalised participation, it is envisaged that the day-to-day interaction between project-affected people and project officers and NGOs involved in resettlement and rehabilitation will provide opportunities for consultation and participation. Figure 3.1 illustrates the committee structure. Iaplementation issues 3.09 The major challenge for the implementation of the new policy is to make self-employment an attractive and viable alternative to a job with Coal India. The majority of project-affected people are farmers or agricultural labourers Figure 3.1 Committee ntructuxe for r.u.ttleaent and rehabilitation Subsidiarv Company/Area level .onitoring Committee * Appuwalofdeta iplans of Directo (Tedincl) P&P or Nominee-Member/Secrta implementaion DiwrikCoflectmorNlominee repreenting State Gwerment.Internal monitorig 2PAPs (Panchayat /1 woman) Pemon of high repute * Gnevan Pepaatirt of: 1\real5ub-Project Execution level c *Haf-yearly detaled plans of Co-ordination Committee ianpementalion Depty CMER& R) (fulI-tme)-MemberfSecrtwy * Q r pmgress ps BDO or equivalent State Govenment representative MoRrstrvngpf NGO Repreentative a u Conf:mpamn 2PAPReprsentatives (I woman) * Rotieent pa Host aonmm ty esentative (if any) * Rebabfiitatio activites - 25 and the transition into other professions requires a great deal of follow-up involving business planning assistance and extension services. 3.10 Technical guidelines for the implementation of the policy will be pro- duced by the Resettlement and Rehabilitation Cell of Coal India based on the initial experience in the four pilot subprojects. Technical assistance, mainly by local consultants, and intense supervision by the Resettlement and Reha- bilitation Cell of Coal India, is of critical importance to the successful implementation of Coal India's Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy. In addition to the monitoring by its Resettlement and Rehabilitation Cell, Coal India will involve independent research organisations in regular reviews of its resettlement and rehabilitation activities. Rusettlmu.nt and RehabilLtation Policy 3.11 Resettlement and rehabilitation of project-affected people will be guided by Coal India's Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy (1994). This policy, which was adopted by Coal India's Board in April 1994, provides new and uniform guidance to all subsidiaries for the resettlement and rehabilita- tion of project-affected people. The main elements of this policy are summarised in Box 3.1 Dissemination 3.12 Because the preparation of RAPs started before the current policy was approved, then existing resettlement and rehabilitation policies served as the basis for the consultations with project-affected people about their options for resettlement and rehabilitation. To ensure that all project-affected people are now fully aware of their options under the current policy, Coal India (a) has translated this policy into the three most widely understood languages: Oriya, Marathi and Hindi; (b) made copies available at the Public Information Centers at Coal India's headquarters in Calcutta, and the head- quarters of subsidiary coal companies; and (c) will inform project-affected people about their options under the revised policy at the time identification cards are issued, i.e. well before decisions on resettlement and rehabilita- tion measures are finalized. Capacity building 3.13 In order to ensure effective implementation of Coal India's resettlement and rehabilitation policy, Coal India has agreed to strengthen the implement- ing organisational structure at Coal India's headquarters and 'area' levels. Coal India has provided the General Manager(Resettlement and Rehabilitation) Is office with sufficient resources and manpower to guide, support and monitor the implementation of the new Coal India policy. Coal India will also hire - 26 - Doz 3.1 Main seaats of the RemettiUat and Rebabilitatio Polcy of Coa M.dia Category of pesons affcted by do pzJuct Cspmuation ad ehab.LLtatJlon stftlamc qpis. A. (i Persona fith lend L. acquired. -All4_awnm with titlee will receive _ etrY c=:N a- lwludia tribels cultivating lad f land acqired fro tb_. - The valu of tes lana.. u nd-tradittioal rightsa. , , determed on the baWs of lega-l norma. diUition; -a feaaible. the euhaidieries wind offer -lovrmut ea pe ;thelr am policies (PeJcimgA): >4; -i.._ ,* - . :b. proJect-mffected peole identfy end parchaa. t -th-.e, . : a--itance of the eublidiazy, uivallet repleOm.at.Ia; -uels thei- lad Copensation (Pacage a : .-.*--:c. :te adiay will asmist ject-affcted pople to q , , m. .,. .. - . .'etablih -no'term Mel,!t _mplfyuent throug -the provision f _- A;-:irstr,ncure. petty maca or flormat of copes- :- t-e - -Pack CIO d. -if noe og the oter package are avalabl. proect-effected people with 1_ tha two acrm old receive re£Jblaittio aRs'istance in the fom of a eientnce alloanc or grat 4Ns .- -: ;- - - - . :- 5 ','&to.be oned f'or oductive Invett provid that thi. .=- . ;.- ;- .-. : -, - . .t-- ::- rr imme f r suot sors do ot 1seag2 Rn,000 COO pr :A. 1111 "Persoona tme- hoateed Is apruire -: :tbazwetvaffcd ni] e tbh replacat -t of-this b ateind ad the structu oan it. In addition tbe- aubsidiariea acquiriaghie homestead will provide: -- s.;: - -a-- . - : - - -a -. a alternte home site measuring lotw Wr faily, :_: . .e:ist-nce In de-iudg the sw hose. if an deered W the -- ' -- -'" ' ' ' ' '- f -prosject-affected puma. a_ --'-_.=-_. :-i Allowane tdo cvr the i'u c ofst -t ;.. -; blat bengi-nw . to the reloction site. ackae 3). A. tllI Pers -wdhos land and homested See. compame ation for cteoria A. ti) and A. (Li) ahove a1r land leaseam. tn Pacg. C or jobs with contractors. Cntrectors will he ar, da labu, . p- _v& to give job to eligibl projct-affece pepl an a - - ' 'z - tial: 'L - :': erm- falbls. 3. (ii Tibal dep t of fat progcn --Pacage C oarjobs with coenctors. Contractor will be ,erauded to give je to elgibe project-ffect pople On a - - 'ertial.- hee-.ls, wher et bL. fe-eible. in aMti,ton. tht. u-idia - . shi -::1ft. the tribal. cominity .a un- i .e r i D:~~~~~~~~~~ . .... .; aslprv : fnilLi :t ase th -paLl ziada,f tba. 3 (iii! persons whose hometead is acutie.d Packsg E. Sour0ce. coat. anl .04 - 27 - social scientists who will be posted at the area level and be responsible fulltime for resettlement and rehabilitation activities for those projects thi.t require the most assistance for self-employment. A total of ten profes- sional social scientists will be engaged in the project, with a minimum of one in each subsidiary where resettlement and rehabilitation is required. NGOs will be engaged to assist in specific tasks, such as training for self-employ- ment and community development work. Additional external consultants for peri- odic evaluation surveys, case studies to identify self-employment Opportunities and diagnostic studies to identify problems of integration at resettlement sites will be provided under the proposed programme. 3.14 The major responsibility for implementation of the RAPs lies with the subsidiary and area level management. Dedicated resettlement and rehabilita- tion staff are currently deployed in several subprojects and/or at area lev- els. The implementation chart for resettlement and rehabilitation at the subsidiary and area levels is shown in Figure 3.2. Figure 3.2 :mplemntation chart of resettlement and rehbailitation at s-ubsidiary and area level C,aimian/ Managing IDir cI D~ar (Tedunical (F&P) m _m I L F DMsruto Daor PE~i~ena resetdmeme | abtaion | w Ncf:Axnin-&IowelMve menssistant Cmpensahn prepa .ton Note:Aniu-aiow.rvd rvnue.cum.uuieyalibft - 28 - IV. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND MINE SAFETY 4.01 While Part III dealt with the impact of coal mining on the people living in the areas surrounding coal mines, Part IV focuses on the effects of coal mining on the people working in the mines. The first section briefly reviews Coal India's record with regard to mine safety and occupational health; subse- quent sections suzmnarise the measures the Government and Coal India have put in place to safeguard the welfare of coal miners. Kin. Safety and occupational health 4.02 Muam srs. Over the past three decades there has been a decline in fa- talities from 0.62 to 0.34 per 1000 persons employed. While underground mining continues to account for the majority of fatalities (the major cause is roof or side fall), fatalities in opencast mines have been steadily increasing (the major cause is accidents with heavy earth moving equipment). An international comparison of fatality rates places India slightly above the average. 4.03 0cmm=owm min. Pneumoconiosis and hearing impairment are the two most serious health problem Indian coal miners face. The percentage of coal work- ers with pneumoconiosis ranges between 8.1% and 17.4% for underground mines, and between 1.B% and 3.1% for opencast mines. Tests for hearing impairment indicate that slightly more than 50% of the workforce seems to have some de- gree of hearing impairment. Lagislation, regulations and standards 4.04 Occupational health and safety in coal mines are governed by the Mines Act (1952) and Indian Electricity Act (1956). Regulations and standards are contained in the Coal Mines Regulations, the Mine Rules, and the periodic circulars of the Director General of Mine Safety (DGMS). They range from regu- lations for record keeping to regulations for explosives. DGMS circulars are issued on specific technical subjects such as safety provisions for winding installations, reduction of vehicle-related accidents in opencast mines, and the design of vehicles for explosives transport. Specific measurable standards have been established for airbourne dust, noise, and lighting in both under- ground and opencast mines, and for ventilation and temperature in underground mines. Application, inspections and enforcement of the Mines Act and its regu- lations, rules and standards is the responsibility of the DGMS in the Central Government's Ministry of Labour. - 29 - Corporate occupational health and safety policy 4.05 Coal India regards the health and safety of its workforce as its primary responsibility. Health and safety will be assured through appropriate mine designs, planning and mine development that avoids hazardous and unhealthy conditions; consulting and educating mine managers and workers; regular moni- toring, inspections and audits of the workplace; and regular medical examina- tions of employees. Coal India is committed to full compliance with all occupational health and safety regulations on all subprojects by December 1995. Institutional arrangements 4.06 Occupational health and workplace safety are dealt with separately in Coal India's organisational structure. Health is the responsibility of medical services units at both the corporate level and in the central hospitals of the subsidiary companies. Safety is the responsibility of an internal safety orga- nisation operating at all levels from corporate to project. * OomumamLn aUos. Responsibilities for occupational health at the corporate level are shared by the Chief of Medical Health Services and the newly-created Institute of Occupational Medicine and Hygiene at CMPDI. Ranchi. * Coal India will have in place a fully computerised, regularly up- dated employee health record system by December 1996. Radiology, cardiopulmonary, audiometry, ergonometry and psychiatric diagnostic capability will be strengthened at both the corporate and subsidiary company levels. Employees will have periodic medical examinaticns at least every 18 months. - Wcmn=A sauns. Coal India recognises full worker participation as an essential element in the success of mine safety programmes. A safety committee at each mine, comprising representatives of mine manage- ment and trade unions, meets monthly to review safety provisions, analyse accidents and dangerous incidents, and make recommendations to management- - 30 - Page 1 of 8 ANNEX 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 1. This annex consists of an overview table which contains a brief descrip- tion of each subproject, including type of operation, current production and production goals, premining land uses, status of environmental and social issues, and the related project costs. 2. The following abbreviations have been used in the table: CCL Central Coalfields Ltd. MCL Mahanadi Coalfields Ltd. NCL Northern Coalfields Ltd. SECL Southeastern Coalfields Ltd. WCL Western Coalfields Ltd. EAC Environmental Appraisal Committee EAP Environmental Action Plan EMP Environmental Management Plan HP Madhya Pradesh MEF Ministry of Environment and Forest PAP project-affected person R&R resettlement and rehabilitation UP Uttar Pradesh Detailed project debcription Cpny/ hAcation Nine profile status of Cost of Total Persons Cost Nine environmental environ. PA" to be of IUA clearance action resetled action NCL (opencstl Slina singraull Opencast mine in operation since 1946 with draglines. As thi leia n old mine, 2.47 crltield, Production is 5.5 etilton tonnes per year. The mine reuvies to aetwrountal Sonebhadra. UP replaceent of equipmnt to maintain production, clearance is required, Premining land uses of 12C4ha consist of about 60t hwenver RAP has torest ad shrublands. The balance is dry agricultural been prepared. land, unoccupied lAnd and small villages. Dudhichua Singrault Opencast mine In operation since li1 with DIP prepared nd 2.50 - - - coalfield, slibi. draglines, shovels and trucks. Production is 4.0 million cleared bt MtOu on HP ad tonnes per year. The mine requires replacent of quip- July 3, 1990. Sonebbadra, UP ment to maintain production and additional equipmant to raise production to 10.0 million tonnes per year. Pre- mining land uses of 1694ha consist of about 464 forest and obrublands. The balance is dry agricultural land and unoccupied land. JIyant Slngrauli Opencast mine in operation since 1975 with dreglinas, SHP prepared and 3.25 coalfield, shovels and trucks. Production Is 1.0 million tomns per cleared by INP on a- Sidhi, HP year. The mine requires replacemnt of equlpent to Decmber 4, 1992. raise production back to the planned level 110.0 million tonnes per year Pr,ianing land uses of 2464ha consist of about 47t forest and shrublandn. The balance is dry Agricultural Iand. unoccupied land And small villages. Jhingurda Singraull Opencazt mine in operation since 1965 with shovelsand JAs this Is an old sine, 5.53 440 241 0.31 coalfield, trucks. froduction is 3.0 million tonnes per year. The mine no envirosntal Sldbi, KP requires replacmnt of equipment to maintain produc- clearance to required. tion. Preininq land uses of 12COha consist of about 6I2 hwever tAP has forest and *brublands. The balance is dry agricultural been prepared. land, unoccupied land and small villages. Nigabi lingrauli Opencast mine in operation since 1934 with draglines. EIP prepared and 3.52 - - - coalfield. shovels and trucks. Production is 2.9 million tonnem per cleared by MtNr on sidhil MP year. The nine requires replacemnt of equipnt to October S. 1957. maintain production and additional equipment to ralse production to 1.0 million tonnes per year. Premining land uses of 3C16ha consist of ebout 40 ftorest and shrublands. The balance is dry agricultual larnd and unoccupied land. 'U '0 co CLPany/ Location mine profile Stcatus of Cust of Tbtal huroma cot Kine environaental environ. ?APB to be of IUR clearance action resettled action NM lopencasti AnMnta Talcher coalield. Opencast aine in opration since 12B9 with shovels and 3(A was prpated 2.51 615 - 0.59 Angul, Orissa trucks. Production is 4.0 milliontonnes per year. Te ine and cleared by mo" needs additional equipment to raise production to 5.5 In July 1955. million tonnes per year. Premining land uses of S10ha consist of 25% forest and shrublands. The balance is Government and tenancy lands. BeIpbar lb valley, Opencast mine in operation since 1982 with shovels and P was prepared 2.40 3,311 21300 0.91 Sa'Ialpur. trucks. Production is 2.0 million tonnes per year. The mine and cleaed by mIU Orissa requires replacement of equipment to mintain in Septembr 19e5 production. Preaining land uses of 1601h1 consist of 40% And lMrch 1992. forest nd shrublands and 331 dry agricultural land. The balance is unoccupied land and sa=l villages. Bbaratpur Talcher coalfield, Opencast mine In operation since 1985 with shovels nd W was prepared 2.51 2,497 1.291 0.18 Angul, Orises trucks. Productlon is 3.5 million tonnes per year. Sh mirne and cleared by NOV requires replacement of equipunt to mintain In January 1992. 172hw production and additional equipment to zemie production of forest was cleared to 5.0 million tonnes par year. Premining land uses of Silsh by NOmu on consist of about 251 forest and shrublands. The balance November 11. 1991. La is Governmnt land, agricultural In nd snal villages. Jaganath Salcher coalfield, Openeast mine ir noeration since 1971 with shovels and As this is an old 2.43 1,962 1.962 0.45 Angul. Orissa trucks. Production is 5.0 million tonnes per year. Sb mine mine. no emirormental requires replacemnt of equipment to maintain clearance is required, production. Premining land uses of 793hw consist of hrwever ElP has been about It forest ad shrublands. The balance is prepared. Governmntal and tenancy lands. alkhanpur lb Valley, Opencast mine under devolopment since 192t to oprate W was prepared 3.33 1.010 165 1.47 Sahelpur, with shovels ad trucks. The mine has produced 700,000 and cleared by aOrF Orlosa tomes to date. Wine requires additional quipment to in Septemr 1991. reach target production of 5.0 million tomes per year. Premining Iand uses consist of about 17% forest ad shrublands. The balance is Government lnd, agricultural lnd and small villages. Esaleewerl lb Valley. Opencast sine under development since 199I ; to operate W was prepared 2.64 1,655 - 0.19 Sa6bolpur. with sbovels and trucks. The mine has produced 1.7 million and cleared by ImU Orivsa tonms to date. Mine requires additional equipmnt to reach in Septemer 1991. target production of 3.0 million tonmes per year. Premining land uses of 906hs consist of about 661 forest and abrublnds nd 341 dry agricultural land and oll villages. 'o co CqinyI Location mine profile StAtus of Cost of foIal ] Paron Cut Nine enviro,uental mzvirzn. PAP to be of UAR clearance action resettled action M (opencastl Durgapur Vardha Valley, Opencast mine in operation since 1991 with ebovels and As this I an old mine, 0.41 - - Chandrmpur trucks. Production is 1.6 million conne per year. ma mine no enviromm-tal Kaharashtra requires replacsmnt of quipment to mintain celsoane is required, production. Premining land uses of 112ha consist of hoev"r EIP has about l31 forest and shrublAnds. the balance is dry been prepared. agricultural Iand and unoccupied land. 21111. wardha Valley, Openoast mine in operation since 1991 with shovels an i prepared and 0.15 - - - Yeotml, trucks. Production is 2.3 million tonnes per year. The *iao cleared by Non on Kaharashtra requires replacent of equipment to mintain February 13. 19587. production. Ptrmining land uses of llilha consist painly of dry agricultural Iand and a smll percentage of unoccupied lend. rFapur Y ardha Valley, Opencast mine in operation since 1955 with shovels and D prepred and 0.21 Chandrpur, trucks. Production Is 1.0 million toness per year. the min cleared by NIlO on Kahasrhtra requires replacement of euipent to mintain December 13, 1991. production. Premining land uses of 551ha consist mainly of dry agricultural lend and unoccupied land. L-a ksati Variha Valley, Openceat sine In operation since 1995 with shovels and D prepred and 0.41 - - - Cbandrapur, trucks. Productlon is 1.1 million tonnes per year. The mine cleased by NIO on I Kaharashtra requires replcement of equipnt to maintain April 3. 1919. production. Freuining land uses of 719ha consist of more than 90% agriculturel lnd. The balance Is unoccupied land and sall villages. tkror Wardha Valley, Opencast mine in operation since 1961 with draglines. Ls this Is an old mine. 0.41 chandrepur, shvels and trueks. Frocuction is 2.2 million tome per no enviroanental liharashtra year. The mine rquires replacent of equipment to clearance Is required, maintain production. Premining land uses of SOmhe however DgP has consist mainly of dry agricultural land nd unoccupied been prpred. lAnd. '0 oo Copny/ Location mine profile Status of Cast of SotaJ Forsms Cast Kine environentel evwirz. PAP to be of EAR clearA.e action resettled acticn CML lopencastl IID Kealong N. Karnpura, Openceat mine in operation since 1961 with shovels and W prepared und 3.57 1IS 191 0. 2 Rnchi, lihar trucks. Production is 2.0 million toones per year. Mine cleated by NOW on requires additional equipsnt to raise production to October 29, 1992. to 45 million tonnes per year. freining land uses of 551b consist of 0S forest and shrublands. The balance is dry agricultural land, unoccupied lan nd small villagXe. lrdj tast West Bokaro, Opencast mine under devolopment since 1992; to operate mEl prepred and :.S 1,172 1,170 1.44 Kasaribagh, with shovels and trucks. Nine requires dditional equip- cleared by ioms on Bihar ment to reach target production of 1.6 million tomes per Novembr 21, 1592. year. Premining land uses of 495ha consist of about 25% forest and shrublAnds. he balance is dry agricultural land, unoccupied land nd small villsgos. KAjrappa Ragarb coalfield, Opencast mine in operation since 1973 with shovels arn ME prepared and 2.25 - - Pasaribagh, trucks. Production is 2.3 million tonnes per year. Th eonA cleared bY MlD on Bihar requires replacement of equvipent to mintain November 21, 1992. production. Presining land uses of 1857h consist of a about 421 forest and shrublands. The balance la drY y agricultural Ilad, unoccupied land and mll villages. tn co Cmpany/ Location Nine profile Status of Cot of total rsmons Cost mine environsntal environ. ?Aft to be of 5R4 clerance action resettled action AE lopencasti eiarapur Blsrapur Opencast mine in operation since 1960 with dgaglines, As this is an old mine, 1.96 G1I - 0.66 coaltteld, shovels ua trucks. Ptoduction is 1.1 million tonnos per no enviromenUtl Surguja, HMP yar. Tha mine requires replacement of equipmnt to clearance In required, maintain production Premining Iand uses of 1472ha however DIP his consist of 33% forest and abrublands. The balance 1I dry been prepared. and irrigated agricultural land and bodies of water. Dhbnouri sohagpur Opencast mine in operation since 1919 with ehovels and OtP prepared and 0.65 239 - 0.13 coalfield, trucks. Production ts 1.1 million tOnnes per year. The mine cleared by 110P In Ihahdol, HP requires replacemnt of equipment to mintain September l11. production. Prmining land uses of 1122ha consist of 66% forest and shrublands nd 341 dry agricultural lnd and small villages. Dipka Korba coalfield. Opencast mine In operation since 1917 with shovels nd WAM prvared and 1.25 1.629 1.302 0.44 allaspur, H? trucks. Froduction is 2.2 million tonnes per year. Th mine cleared by NOP on requires replacment of equipment to mintain production July 10, 1155. and additional quipment to raise production. Preining land uses of 1551ba consist of 101 forest and shrublendu. The balnce is unoccupied dry agricultural land and aall villages. oevra Korba coalfield, Openeast mind in operation since 1985 with shovels and As this is an old mine, 3.00 1.154 475 0.31 Dilaspur, HP trucks. Production Is 14.0 million tonnes par year. The mine no avirotmntal requires roplacmnt of equipmnt to mintain cloarance is rquired, production. Premining land uses of 2946ha consist of bowver SAP has dry and irrigated agricultural Ilad, mll villages nd prepared. bodies of water. Kusraina Korbh coalfield, Opencast mine in operation since 1919 with shovels and EXP prepared and 1.71 176 115 0.83 Bilaspur, h trucks. Production is 4.1 million tormns par year. Il mine cleared by NOU on rquirca replacmnt of equipment to maintain July 10, 1966. production. Prnmning land uses of 1544hk consist of 321 dry agricultural land and 60% irrigated agricultural Ind. The balance is smll villages. Nanikpur lorba coalfield, Opencast mine In operation since 1966 with shovels and As this is an old mine. 1.14 Blilaspur, H? trucks. Production is 2.0 million tonms per year. The sine no envirosmental requires replacement of quipment to Maintain clearance is required, production. Premining land uses of 1652ha consist of however DiP his 33% forest and shrublands. The balance is dry been prepared. agricultural land, unnoccupied land and mall villages. Is '0 eo Caspny/ 1.ocation Mine profiJi Status of Cast of fttal erson Cost mind enlrou'zntel environ. PADS to be of IS clearance action resettild action SEC2 (underground) Bangvar Shagpur, Seai-mehanlsed bard nd pillar mine in opration since W prepared And 0.25 - Sbhdol, IP 1951. roduction is 300.000 tormes per year. Th mine cleared by NOVP on requires additional equipment to leach target produetion July 5, 1935. of 650,000 tonnes per year. Prteining land uses of 450lh consist of 921 forest. The balance is dry Agriculviral len and bedlas of water. Behraband aidec, semi-rechsnised bord and pillar mine in operation as a As this Is en old mine 0.35 16 Shahdol, MP pilot since 1956. Production Is 210,000 trnnms per year. no environmntal The mine requires additlonal equipmnt to reach target clearance is required, production of C00,000 tonnes per year. Presining land uses hcwver UP has of 219ha consist of dry agricultural Iand, small villages been prepared. and bodies of water. Churcha saikuntbpar, Mechanised bhrd and pillar mine in operation since 1970. a prepared end 1.36 5 West sarguja, MI Production is 320,000 tonnes per year. The mine requires cleared by NODF on additional equipmet to raich target production of February 17, 1995. C00,000 tomes pet year. Preining land uses of 555ha consist of 33t forest and shrublands. The balance is dry agricultural land and sall villages. w Kuria Hasdeo, slope and shaft mine under development since 1961. Pro- Ott prepared nd 0.35 Skahdol MP duction is 70,000 tonnms per year. The size requires cleared by NOR? on additional quipmnt to reach target production of march 17. 1993. 400,000 tonnes per year. Preuining led uses of 449ha consist mainly of agricultural land and unoccupied lend. Pandavpra uaeiunthpur. Manual bord and pillar mine under development since 1990. DIP prepared and 0.43 249 * 0.1I larguja, IU Production is 210.000 tonnes per year. The mine requires cleared by MU an additional equipmnt to reach target production. January 30. 1995. Fresining land uses of IlOiha consist mainly of forest and shrublnds. Piperia Johilla, Semi-mechanised berd and pillar mine under develop- QU pregared and 0.42 - Shahdol, MP ment since 1991. Production is 10.000 tonnez per year. cleared by NeW on The mine requires additional equipment to reach target March 16, 1991. production of 240.000 tnnes per year. tremining land uses of Iltba consist of dry agricultural lend. COAnyI Location mine profile' Status of Cost of retaJ Persos Cost mine envlrorneAl mzviron. PAPa to be of MR clearawe action resettled action SrM lunderground) Singbali Morba, Sei-cbhanlaed bord and pillar mine under developmat IP prepared and 0.30 23 - 0.14 Bilaspur, MP Slims 1933. Vzodacttou is 240,000 twuns Pat yea. The cleane by M In mine requires odditional equipment to reach target february 1S5. production. traiming lan use, ot 942hl conist ot about 33t forest and abrublands. The balance Is dry agricultural land and smil villages. Soms Hamdeg, Manual and chantsed bard and pillar mine In hs this Is and old 0.3l 26 ShaMol. MP operation since 1974. Production Ia 550.000 tnnes per mine. n enwirnnnal year. Us aine requires replacmenet of equlpment to clearance is required, maintain production. Premining lnd usas of 055ha bhcevsr goP bas consist of oer that 50% irrigated agricultural land. SO ben prepared. balance is unocupied land, usll villags and bodies of water. I-a cc co . - 38 - Annex2 Page 1 of 7 ANNEX 2 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AZND THEIR MITIGATION 1. This annex consists of a table which contains information concerning the envi- ronmental issues faced by mining operations, their underlying causes and adverse af- fects, technical solutions to the causes and effects, and legal policy and provisions concerning the issues. 2. The following abbreviations have been used in the table: BOD biochemical oxygen demand COD chemical oxygen demand CPCB Central Pollution Control Board HEMN heavy-earth moving machinery OB overburden RPN respirable particulate matter SPM suspended particulate matter TSS total suspended solids nvsironmental isues and their mitigation tnvironmental Underlying magnitude of Technical solutlons Legal poJlcy/ etfects causes probladverse 'cost is mangeable provisions effects a cost is high AIX oll'Atieo 1. Increoase in the level * Drilling rocks and coal. Problem is inherent In lIl opencast Blast In clmoer conditions. Catn*l Pollution Control Board ICKI) has of suspended parti- * Blasting rocks ard coal. mines and coal handling plants. I'xtrsctlon of drill gusings. preucribed tolerawn limits for SU and SA culate matter (SPM) * Handling and transport. Effects. bronchial problesm, lui 'eutllblacktop transport reoe. in Industrial some. rurallresidential and respirable (110 of rocks and cosl. diseaas, dust nuisance. 'Dust suppression with water at zones and senitive :ones. Tnese standards microns) particulate * Coal crushing and loading crushing, tranfer and loading points. are fixed undrr powers delegated to CPCB utter IRPM). In handling plant. 'Stop open air soft coke making - by Section 1612h) of the Air Prevention and Sott coke aking. anufacture In proper plants. Control of Pollution Act (15(11. 4 * Beehive coke oven 'xodify emistion chimney of beehive emissions, hard coke ovan. 'eWter haul roads. "Spray water and chemicals on haul roeds. "Coal transport with conveyers. 3. Increase In the level ' Blsiting in mines. Mining does not cause any perceotible use correct type and quantity of See above. 0, uAd 1N0. in the * Soft coke mking. change In So, or NO. content of air. explosive charges for efficient blasting ambient air. Beehive hard coke oven In Jhatia coalfield lavels exceed nd to reduce the chances of i c-olete emissions, limits because of mine fires nd detonation. * Auto emissions. anufacture of soft and herd coke. In Stop open air soft coke making - * mine fires. Singraull. because of super thermal anufeoture In proper plants. powr staties. levels ometimsx ex- Modify mission chimney of beehiv ceed limits. None of the subprojects hard coke ovens. has levels that exceed standrds. 'Proper maintenance of truck engines. Effects: high lenvl of SO, causes eye "Control the mine firex. Inflammation - excessive exposure to high levels nay be fatal, NO. can cause throat congestion and edeA of lungsn Slgh levelx of either gas may cause acid rain and affect vegetation. Hatet pgllutiem 1. Increase In total * Direct puMing froe sine This problem is severe only during Provislon of lagoons for settling of Vide COzette notfication CGI-429131 dated suspended solids (TSR). wotkings to natutal wnter monsoon season. During other seasons nsoon water is not practical due to warch 5, 1333. Central Governt meode sources, the problem is only from coal high rainfall and discharge levels. Snviron.ntal Protection Rules 191S and During coAl washing, the washeries and unclarified mine 'Develop settling pands for face water stanards for effluents were laid dcn in effluents generated con- discharge, from new mines. Use voids as lagoons In Scbedule Vt of Rule ]Ali). The tolerance tain a lot of coal fines. Uffects: Water is not potable nd old ines. limit for TS$ Is lOCog/l * During transport by road. natural water sources are effected. 'Coal washing plants to have closed dust (fines) generated set- circuit for mttluent treatent and to tles In drainage channels, use clarified water in the washing * During monsoon, rain fall- circuit to minimise replenishmnt water. Ing an stocks und dumps washes 'Dust suppression on transport routes. fines into water sources. 'Oarland/stor water drains around coal u stocks and waste daps. o0" Ehvwroauntal Underlying ifgnitude of technical solutionm Legal policy/ effects causes problem/idverse *co:! is mangeable provision effects *cost is high 2. Increase in oil and Wasbhings roe workshops. Prblm of oil and grease In mine X fevelop settling pynds for sedimnt- TM uaiu tolernce level of grease content. * Oil and grease leakage water is negligible, however washings atlon of TSS. oil and grease In ofti bent Is froe Achinery. from workshops And effluent from Install all and grease traps and .20mgl. Iffluentso ftce coal washeries contain quantities which allow top vater to be processed in them. washery having froth my exceed the limit of lmg/l. Collect skixed all end grease in a floatatlon oil. Eftects: water unfit for dmetic sall sump. when dry. dispose of it and even agricultural uses. in backfilled areas of mining voids. 1. Acid mine drainage. t Acidity due to under/over Only 7% of Indian mines have this Treating acidic water with lire before The pH tolerance limits ace 5.5-9.0. lying strata (rocksl) proble. Only one (Churcha west; of discharge into natural sources. Pyritli hand In coal the subprojects has a mildly acidic seam. discharge. Effectst Acidic water corrodes metals, dauaes vegetation in flow path until diluted and makes water non-potable and non-useable when acidity Is high. 4. Increase in biochem- * Effluent from colonies Problem is moderate with colony 'Soak pita mre designed to ce letely The tolerane liait for moo is .300gIl. Ical oxygen demand lBODI. contains biodegradable effluents, since most water is guided soak sewage - no effluent coes out. materials, to wastelands and acts as biomanure. "Treatsent of colony effluents if they ° Effluents from sewage No preblem from sewage effluents are not within the tolerance limits and system. since soak pits are deslgned to It they are to be discharged to bodies handle the total sewase. of water. 5. Increase in chemical * Coal wuhing effluents Limited to coal washeries discharging Wlshery effluents are to be treated ad The tolerance liait for COO Is 250g/1. oxygen demand (COD). have a dense slurry In dense slurry. coal fines recovered to reduce COD and the form of coal fine. bring It within standArs. 'Pecovery of fines tircugh the sediment- ation and tloroculatlon In the slurry managennt syste. 6. Increase in Iron. Presence of pyrites or Ptoblm is limited to osl seam with Aeration of the effluents converts Tolerance limit for tron is 3mg/l. other Iron ceon ts pyritlo bands. Cven In these, the ferrous to ferric which is precipitated In the coal seas. absorption of Iron into effluents and can be removed. Hoever, effluents does not exceed the limits. Invariably seet the standards. Effects: mtabolism disorders and staining and weakening of teeth. clothes, etc. 7. Increase in Nitrats. luh off from coal No problm encountered. Main wash off "Tretent of Nitrate is feasible by Tolerace limlt for MD, is 45w1l. stacks or waste dum. occurn during monsoon when rai denitrification througb use of xethyl Tolerance limit for Nitrate Nitogen Is dilutes effluents. Nitrate levels Alcohol. searcb for other cheals Is .10mg/1. P during other seasons are 12-15ag/. ongoing, because this is cost prohibi- Effects. Nitrate levels In water my tive. However, no treatmnt is required w affect fetus and young children. In the mines. X 9 V Environmental underlying Magnitude of Tchnical solutions ZagI policy/ effects causes probleoldv.rgs cost Is manageable provision effects "cost Is high oise pgollution * Drilling In coal uad roblem is marginal outside work sone. 'Proper equipent design. Noise tolerac linits are laid dema In overburden 10(1. Ambience Is affected only by transport Proer mintenance of equipant. Schedule III of lvirortatal Protection * Blasting in 0D. vehicles passing through habitats. GAttenuats betwee source end Rules 119161. Coal India's policy is to * operation of NW. Effects: Annoyance and aniety and receptor (e.g. strip of tree plantation). comply with the above provisios. gmn high * Operation of vorkshop, hearing loam. 'Divert haul roads away from habitats. coct alternatives sy be consldered to * Transport vehicles. "Construction of coal hanoling plant at avoid the problem. mine to stop transport through habitat. Vibhatioen o etoud en * Blasting in coal nd 0C. Problm is marginal. Blasting Is Blasting carried out under nrms for Blasting proceoureIaeths are guided cy tnretaen carried out with due consideration to quantity of explosives and timing. the Coal Nins legulatios IIS719 7on- the distance of structures fro, site. Blasting patterns and charges to be trolled blasting is permitted 300. from Effects. Psychological lear and cracks fixed for specific situatigns. structures. witbin lot permission from if vibration is large. 'Special blasting techniques for closer Director General of Nine Safety is required distances to contain vibrations. and any conditions are coxpled with. 0pesettleent if no other option for lnabltenta. "drolow 1. Changes In watershed * I val of 03. NAgnitude of problem Is mild to severe Plarning to mantain the gnertal No legal provisions against cauiSg changes ad water courses. * Domping of 0S nd disturb- depending on topography and coal-U topography. in watersheds. Diversion of premnial water Ing surface contour. Voids ratio. Plannd diversion will have "Planning to maintain similar grand courses (rivers). equir clearance from creAted affect watershed. marginal poloblem. profile where feasible. hcwever cost State Coverreots. fnvi:oiental Nakgnet * Planned diversion of Effects, changes In water table, dry- Is prohibitive. Plans docuzl nt to Impact on hydrology and water courses. ing of part of natural water courses. 'Diversion of water courses, coal Indias policy is to cceply with the plovimloos of cleatance letters. 2. Roduction in water * Changes in watershed an Mining in a subsurface activity. This Generally there Is an overall incrtese No specific legal provisions except flow, water courses. involves dealirn with Aubatface water in water avaieble in coal mining azeu. clearance of the operation by NInistry of a Voids created alon course uad water entering mine In moon fAvirorAnt and Forests. reduce downstream flow, season. Nines are required to pump * Water utilisation by aIne regularly to keep the wotkings dry. reduces downstrem flow. 1. Changes in the water * Excavation in opencast Opencast mining my affect the water *Puping water Into voids created No legal provisions have bn laid dcr. table. mines cuts across the table up to 400/50m from the edge of during xcavation. T operations are guided by condItlns of water table. the quarry. Underground mlnes have "Partial extraction of coal. This enviromntal clearac letterx for * Underground mining may similar effects, but to a mch lesser causes peranent loss of coal resner. individual projects. Where village wells cause cracks In overlying degree depending on geomining condi- but minomises effects on water table. become dry due to mining. Coal India strata and disturb the tions and extraction smtk3d. "Stowing/backfilling of voids under- policy is to arrange water for the villag. vwter table. Effects: water lfyel in wells, ponds ground to prevent cracks and and bore wells are chnged disturbnces. 1. Damge to aqulfer. Opencast excavations snd The problem is ImiLted to up to 500m In underground mines, coal extractien TM operatimie are guided by the conditiou underground extraction from the workings, is to be plamied to keep the aquifers of envirometal clearace letters for ope aquifers to Effects: open wells and bormwlls undlsturbed. This results In pernet individual projects. I3 unrestricted flow, become dry nd ground water quality loss of large quantity of coal reserves. in effect zone my be affected. o dovironmental Underlying magnitude of technical aolutlons Lgal policyl effects causes probl/dverse *cost Is mnagoable prodsien s effects *cost is high Lod 1. Formation of voids. * Excavation of rocks and Problem associated with all opencast *lest solution say be to backtill coal below the surface, mines, voids with waste - not feasible where lffectsx dsiage to land ud tlora, Imor ess will be mined later. 2. Formation of waste ' Ga rocks from opencest Proble Is acute if no backfillirng is *1ackfilling part of the pit, convert- No legal provisons exist. Operiatios are heaps. mines, possible (due to gomining conditionsl Ing pert of pit to water body nd guided by eviroental clearance letters Rejects from coal handling otherwise it is emangem ble, landscaping of the external duW. which require: auximma hckfilling to plant ad washeries. Effects: degraded land and aesthetics, Ecologically, this is an acceptable reduce waste heaps. regrading of slopes air and water pollution due to wind solution, and bioreclaation. and rain corrosion, source of fires. 3. Tramsformation of * To met the developetnt Land selected for infrastructure is Greenery developed in blocks, strips only environmental clearance guides the agricultural and allied of infrastructure, generally waste and poor quallty land and on avenues in the built up aras, actions. go lagal provisins exist. lsnd uses into resl- to minisise dasge to good lnd. dentisl and industrial Effectse green cover reduced, s*epage areas, and recharging to ground water is re- duced and lnd used for life of mine. 4. Subsidence. Extrection of coal by Magnitude depends on geomining factors 'Partlal extraction and backfilling Governd by Coal Mines Reguletion 11571 underground mining, and method of extraction. *"Filliog voids with Incomustible which lay dem norm for Individual Etffcts: daage to surface, built up materials, mthods of xtraction. Environmetal a areas, aquifers and water table. Leaving coal to support surface results clearance also gives guidelines, especially in permanent los' of reserves. After It aquifers xlt. These guidelires are N ground movets havy ceased, land can project specific and no genral norms usually be returned to original state. exist. S. surface mine fires. ' UIargroud fires travel Acute where all problm combine and 'Dosing and filling of surface cracks. Governd by Coal Ninas Regulations. to surface. if fire is old asd established. New 'Fires in coal stocks sre lemdiately Enviroaental clearance letters my also * Surface sses/stock'lvaste fires are manageable. quenched give guidelines on surface firms. Coal dumps may catch fire. Effects: air and soil pollutlon. 'Bioreclasation of waste dumps. Indio's policy is to comply with the H Fire in weds/dry vege- "Provide layer of soil over the fire requiremts of snvlronxentAl clearances tation on mine surface. area after dosing and filling crack'. end Coal Nines Regulations. loll 1. Mixing of organic * when 0 Is rmoved, mining with thin layer of soil. six up Is 'Separate equipment for soil winning, No legal provisions exist. Environmental sad inorganic strata, of soil and rocks is to acute, With thick layer ad space for stacking and rehandling. clearanees provide guidelines for sloe dgree inherent, stacking, soil can be segregated. 'When mining and backtilling are sbul- handlidg uA use of top soil. * If soil layer Is thin. it Effects: soil loses fertility when taneous, soil can be used for top layer can not be segregated, stacked for long period; bioreclas- filling and problem is avoided. If sufficient space for atlon of luops is difficult when soil "Separate stacking areas for top soil. asperate stacking of soil Is mixed with debris or buried in it. is not available, mixing with rocks occurs. 0 o avironmstael uderlying Magnitude of Technical solutions L.gal policy/ effects causJe probleh ladverse *cost Is mnageable provisions *ffaects 'cost la high 2. Saoil erosion from Runoff from dump during The problm is Inherent with external 'Bioreclaation of dimps at earliest No logal provision exists. Environental dumps. nmtoon lesson, dumps. possible time clearane letters guide the foralation minor erosion by strong Utfecta: loss of Soil from duops, "Inlalmatton of external dumps in anA reclaation of dumps These guidelines winds In dry seasons. siltation of water drainage syte opancast mines by rebandling. lay down slope angles nd priority for dump ,Provision of garlanA drains and reclamation. mettling lagoons to prevent siltation of water course. 1. Soil contmination If effluents from mine or Problem Is marginal, because most Al effluents to be guided by peru- Legal provision for treatment of etfluents fro oeffluent washery vith high SS5 are effluents are guided into channels. nt drinage Xyteus ad treated exists and Is epolained in the section discharge. left over the land areas Ittectes pollution of Soil with belore dlacharge to watter courmes concerning witer pollution. without proper channeling, uspended solids re that top soil is not effected. top soil is polluted. "Before discharge, effluent to be treated for pollutant In addition to disposal In channels. 4 Iterilisation due to aurface mine fires or froblm is laute in older coalfields 'Dozing and leveling min fire arues. o leal provision exlts under the mine fires. underground fires reaching with large number of *ine fires Then blanketing the leveled area with invirooamtal Ptotection Act, fire the surface. (IJharia coalfield). The mines under soil about In thick to prevent loss of msnagnt is done under provisions of the this proiect do not have this probles. soil In surrounding areas. Coal Kines Regulations. idesbioeta 1. TW soLl sterillsation Soil forrs top layer of 06 This problem in associated with open- -Soil lanments to be addd when usirq No legal provision exists. Good and due to stacking, over coal ssems, so it Is cast mines where reuse of soil is sterile soil, effective practises will be followed and extracted and atacked for delayed. "Stacking to be avoided by using soil the provisions of nmirorYntal clearanco years before it in reused *ffects: Loss of microbiote and moil elsewhere when feasible. letters will be coplied with. in new mines. Because of cannot support plant growth without "Stacking in thin layers to avoid stacking, mlcrobiota dies soil axenAtentm. Loss of nutrients. sterilisation. and soil becomes sterile. 1. Devegetation. Hining and Infrastructure froblm usociated with openast 'Haxiam plantation in mine, colony Legal provision uner Forest (Conservationl dnvolopment. (liniq brings mining and, to a lesser extent. ia infrastructure areas. Act 119101. (Imandd in 1957 for cponsa- Site specific activity and underground mining. 'forest land disturbed is reforested. tory f forentatio in nor-fotest lanid. Act inherently involves Saoe Effects Less of green cover, healthy Compuatory afftorestation In non- does not allow diversion of forest land devegetation of forests.) surroundings and forest product for forest land equal to forest area inolving noutuaries. parks, bioreserves neighbouring comounity. disturbed to increase total forest And senitive forest areu. Conditions laid cover as early as possible, dow in envirormental clearance are 'Emphasis on grasses, legumes and complied with. shrubs, o C s Environmnteal Underlying HMgnitude of Technical solutions Legal policy/ effects causes probluu/dvrse *comt es mnageable provisions offects "cost Is high V&Aa 1. mpedinnta to * Devegetation. ftoblem is limited since forests are 'Reforestation of mined area. There Is no specific legal provision, but migration. a operation at sines centiguous to mines ard guna can Coapnatery forestation of contigwu since format including perks. reserves. easily migrate. non-forest lands to provide livin sanctuaries and fragile ecology are not 3tfectst genoeal effect on ecology spaes for fauna. rlelsed fauna can be disturbed in such due to migration of taun, zones. Provisions for tmediel actieo are included in envirocmental clearance. 2. Loss of habitat. * Reduction of forest covur. Problem is not appreciable because 'Increase forest cover to help Igoe above) fauna have migrated from degraded rehbilitate fauna. torest of the mine site to contiguous forest. Sources Coal ndia Ltd. Pu o B