Background, Implementation, and Methods November, 2017 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report was prepared by Chiara Broccolini (Consultant, GPVDR), William Seitz (Economist, GPVDR), and Joao Pedro Azevedo (Lead Economist, GPVDR) under the Poverty and Equity program for Tajikistan. The Poverty and Equity program in Tajikistan directed by Luis-Felipe Lopez- Calva (Practice Manager, GPVDR) and supervised by Jan-Peter Olters (Country Manager, ECCTJ). The team is grateful for comments and technical advice provided by Patricia Veevers-Carter (former Country Manager, ECCTJ), Alvin Etang Ndip (Economist, GPVDR), and Alisher Rajabov (Economist, GPVDR). Administrative support was provided by Essienawan Ekpenyong Essien (Program Assistant). The Listening-to-Tajikistan initiative was primarily financially by the World Bank. Additional support from DFID, JICA, and UNICEF Tajikistan are gratefully acknowledged. ii Table of Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Preparation and Design .............................................................................................................................. 1 2.1 Sample Frame ...................................................................................................................................... 1 2.2 Face-to-Face Baseline ........................................................................................................................... 1 2.3 Sample for L2TJK High-Frequency Survey .......................................................................................... 2 2.4 Questionnaire Design, Piloting, Training, and Data Entry .................................................................... 2 2.5 Contact Protocol, Authorization, Confidentiality .................................................................................. 3 2.6 Period of Reference.............................................................................................................................. 4 3. Implementation .......................................................................................................................................... 4 3.1 Initial take-up (First round attrition) ..................................................................................................... 4 3.2 Analysis of attrition .............................................................................................................................. 7 3.3 Replacements ..................................................................................................................................... 19 3.4 Survival Analysis ................................................................................................................................ 24 3.4.1 Original Households........................................................................................................................ 25 3.4.2 Original Households vs Replacements. ............................................................................................ 28 3.4.2 Replacements: New vs Returning Households ................................................................................. 31 3.5 Mode Effects (In-person vs. Over the Phone) .................................................................................... 32 4. Response level issues ................................................................................................................................ 34 4.1 Characteristics of the respondents ...................................................................................................... 34 4.2 Churning ............................................................................................................................................ 36 4.3 Missing values .................................................................................................................................... 37 4.4 Extreme values ................................................................................................................................... 45 4.3 Outcome level .................................................................................................................................... 51 4.6 Variance ............................................................................................................................................. 77 References.................................................................................................................................................... 84 5. Questionnaire ........................................................................................................................................... 85 Participation and Identifying Information ............................................................................................ 86 One-Time Questions ........................................................................................................................... 88 Services Questions (Monthly) .............................................................................................................. 91 Well-being ........................................................................................................................................... 98 Migration........................................................................................................................................... 103 Activities ........................................................................................................................................... 110 Meta Information .............................................................................................................................. 119 iii 1. Introduction As the poorest country in Europe and Central Asia, Tajikistan is particularly vulnerable to shocks to household well-being. From the economic downturn in the Russian Federation in 2014, to seasonal electricity, water, and heating shortages, the country faces substantial risks to livelihoods and welfare. To monitor these challenges, the Poverty and Equity team at the World Bank launched Listening-to-Tajikistan (L2TJK), a monthly nationally representative phone-based survey of households. L2TJK provides timely data on sources of income, employment, vulnerabilities, and household responses to risk and deprivation. Based on a comprehensive face-to-face survey conducted in March 2015, L2TJK enables a focus on vulnerable groups and the bottom 40. 2. Preparation and Design 2.1 Sample Frame The sample frame for the L2TJK baseline survey was the 2010 national census, conducted by TajStat. The sample design used a stratified two-stage clustered sample design on the basis of the 2010 census. In the first stage, 150 clusters were selected, with a probability of selection proportional to size. In the second stage, 3000 households were selected to participate in the survey. The sample was designed to be nationally representative for consumption and expenditure 2.2 Face-to-Face Baseline In March 2015, a comprehensive face-to-face interview was conducted with 3000 households in Tajikistan. The interview was intended for use by the Ministry of Health and Social Protection of Tajikistan and the World Bank to inform proposed changes to the proxy means test for the targeting of social assistance. The Listening- to-Tajikistan survey made use of this survey to avoid the cost of fielding an additional face-to-face interview to serve as the baseline. A full household roster was collected (including age, gender, etc.), as well as a comprehensive consumption module that allows analysis in terms of monetary welfare groups in the country. Table 1: Description of Sample for the Face-to-Face Baseline Census Selected Number Mean Region Households Clusters of HHs Consumption SD DUSHANBE 143730 14 280 7361 4471.42 SUGHD 385195 44 880 5140 4536.32 KHATLON 385243 53 1060 4357 3619.83 RRP 249215 35 700 4996 4159.59 GBAO 31238 4 80 3001 1111.47 1 Table 2: Description of the Sample Design Effects of the Baseline Effective Estimated Region ρ F SE SRS Deff Deft SE RSE DUSHANBE 0.092 0.120 267.22 2.759 1.661 443.82 0.060 SUGHD 0.087 0.322 152.92 2.560 1.600 244.67 0.048 KHATLON 0.191 0.322 111.18 4.400 2.098 233.21 0.054 RRP 0.149 0.209 157.22 4.400 2.098 329.79 0.066 GBAO 0.530 0.026 124.27 0.387 0.622 77.33 0.026 2.3 Sample for L2TJK High-Frequency Survey Households were randomly selected from the baseline interview to participate in high-frequency portion of the survey. The target sample size was 800 households. An additional experimental group of 120 households were provided with cellphones and were interviewed alongside the main sample. Selection was conducted on the basis of the design for the baseline survey: either 5 or 6 households were selected to participate in each PSU. This design ensured that the geographic spread of participants remained as dispersed as in the baseline survey, and minimized the intracluster correlation of respondent characteristics to the best extent possible. The sample weights for households were adjusted to reflect the subsample design conducted on the basis of the baseline interviews of 3000 households. 2.4 Questionnaire Design, Piloting, Training, and Data Entry The first version of the questionnaire was developed in consultation with World Bank teams working in relevant fields in the World Bank. In addition, outside topic-specific questionnaires covering themes of interest in the L2TJK survey were consulted to maintain comparability. A “training of trainers” was conducted on-site in Dushanbe Tajikistan by William Seitz in April 2015. Topics included the following procedures: 1. Example Guidelines for communicating with respondents • Provide appropriate introduction to respondents • Explanation of the purpose of the survey • Asking permission for starting interview • Read question as worded and provide clarification if it is required • Enter respondents answers to the system exactly as it was stated by respondent • Follow up instruction given in the questionnaire: • Read question at an appropriate pace for each respondents • If the respondents select response option “OTHER” write down respondents answer accurately • Pay attention to the sentences written in capital letters. Those sentences are instruction given to enumerators. • Provide clarification for those questions which respondents did not appear to understand 2. Monitoring for ensuring quality of the data collection • Audio monitoring was employed in data collection. The assistant manager randomly listens to the audio records of a subset of interviews for each operator to find out whether operator followed instruction explained during training. 2 3. Penalizing operators based on the following criteria • Disrespectful behavior of operators during conducting an interview • Being absent more than one day without preliminary permission • Inaccurate completed questionnaire • Skipping questions to faster exit interview Questionnaire piloting was undertaken alongside enumerator training. A total of 18 operators participated. The age of operators was about 18-45 years old and most of them had experience with phone-based interviews. In the practical part of the training, operators were asked to roleplay of interviewers and respondents. This exercise was used to test the questionnaire, but also to test how operators read and answer questions, how operators comprehended the questions, and how operators provided explanation for difficult questions. The questionnaire was tested on the base of the following criteria: • Logical structure of the questionnaire • Compliance of questionnaire’s logical structure with the survey goals and objectives • Sensitivity of the questions to the Participants • Reliability of the response scale of each question Interviews were conducted over the phone using a commercial software called CATI MAN. Enumerators used the phone software in one window of a laptop computer, and entered the responses into a CS-Pro based questionnaire in another window. Basic cleaning of the data was conducted on-site by the firm, and shared for further processing by World Bank staff. 2.5 Contact Protocol, Authorization, Confidentiality Respondents were introduced to the design and purpose of the high frequency component of the survey during the baseline interview, and asked if they were willing to be contacted in the future. Respondents were advised that participation was completely voluntary. Following the baseline interview, selected respondents were called using their preferred phone number, and read the following statement: Greetings! My name is___________. I am working for the Social Research Center “Zerkalo”. There we conduct various research survey on different topic and the goal of the current survey is to track the effects of the economic downturn in Russia on the population in Tajikistan. Recently our colleagues conducted face to face interview with your household, and now with the same household we are conducting interview but through telephone. This survey will run for 6 rounds and every round we will send to your telephone 6 somoni (1USD) credit within several days. We will call you every 30 days after the completed interview. We guarantee confidentiality and anonymity. Your answers will be used in general form. The interview will approximately last 10min. Participation was allowed for knowledgeable adults only. Households that agreed to participate were interviewed for the first time over the phone, and were also asked to provide convenient times of day to schedule future interviews. Additional phone numbers were collected in case the phone numbers provided at baseline had changed or were no longer preferred. During each subsequent interview, respondents were asked if they consent to the interview, and if not, could ask that their name be removed from call lists in the future. Data files generated during the survey are intended for public dissemination. However, any public use files must have all identifying information, including names, precise locations, and phone numbers, removed. Permission for use of public-use data files generated during the survey is conditional on users not making any effort to personally identify or locate participants. 3 2.6 Period of Reference During the first six rounds of the survey, Interviews were spaced approximately 10 days apart, and the majority of questions were asked over a 10-day recall period, to ensure continuous coverage. The only exceptions to this standard were questions for which comparability would be compromised (for instance, the reference period for employment activities was 7 days). Beginning on the 7th round of the survey, spacing moved to 14-days, however, the recall period for all questions remained constant (i.e. usually a 10-day recall period). Beginning at the 12th round, the spacing was changed to once a month. As in the previous change, the reference period was held constant. For more detail on question reference periods, please see the questionnaire included in section 4, which provides the precise wording and reference period of all questions. 3. Implementation 3.1 Initial take-up (First round attrition) Figure 3.1: Incidence of initial take up Households that refuse to take up in the survey or that otherwise drop out are replaced with other households drawn from the same primary sampling unit. Any systematic difference in the household characteristics due to refusal to participate or to attrition, would lead to biased considerations. In order to take this into account, the approach models the observable characteristics to predict the probability of refusal (in wave 1) and of attrition (in each subsequent wave) for each household. Subsequently, the survey is weighted not only for the sampling design but also reweighted after each round based on the characteristics of those households that refuse to take up or drop out. In other words, it uses the predicted likelihood of a given household refusing to take up or dropping out to reweight households that stay, so that they resemble more closely the initial sample. Within the sample of 800 households originally drawn from the F2F survey, about 25% refused to participate in the survey (see Figure 3.1). Comparing those who take up and those who refuse to participate, Table 3.1 shows that, in general, household characteristics do not differ significantly, although take up households have 4 a lower dependency ratio and a higher value of the multidimensional vulnerability indicator, as well as lower availability of specific assets. 1 As there are some systematic differences between the two groups, Table 3.2 reports the estimate of a probit model to predict the probability that the originally selected households refuse to participate in the survey. Results show that such probability is lower for households with a higher level of the welfare indicator, but increases for those with a higher dependency ratio. There are also significant differences among regions of residence. Finally, Table 3.3 compares the mean values of the key indicators between households in the baseline and those participating in the first wave of the survey, using the probability of not taking up as a weight. Most of the differences seem to be absorbed, even though there are still some in terms of number of dependent members, head and spouse employment status, and multidimensional vulnerability that should be considered. Table 3.1: Characteristics of selected HH by take up decision (T- test) Key indicators Take up Non-take up N. of dependent members 2.86 3.12 Dependency Ratio 0.71 0.82 * Share of HHs with migrants 0.56 0.54 Welfare indicators 4528.19 3904.91 N. of inadequacy (MPI dimension) 3.75 3.65 Weighted MPI 0.22 0.23 Multidimensional poor 0.20 0.25 Multidimensional vulnerable 0.36 0.28 * Multidimensional severe 0.01 0.02 Head/Spouse Unemployed 0.31 0.34 No HH Member working 0.20 0.24 Poor Heating Access 0.80 0.76 Total living space per capita (m2) 9.68 8.27 Small amount of living space 0.12 0.15 Lack indoor toilet 0.33 0.26 Lack indoor access to water 0.55 0.50 Dirt floor 0.40 0.43 Poor quality roof 0.04 0.03 Lack indoor shower 0.53 0.44 Own Computer 0.12 0.10 Own Sat. Dish 0.34 0.28 Own Generator 0.05 0.01 * Own Refrigerator 0.54 0.47 Own AC unit 0.10 0.12 Own TV 0.98 0.94 Own Electric Iron 0.87 0.73 * Own gas stove 0.39 0.35 Own Electric radiator 0.25 0.23 Own Sewing Machine 0.54 0.45 * Own Water Heater 0.24 0.29 N. observations 603 197 Significance: p-value<0.05 * The multidimensional poverty index used for the analysis consists of 13 indicators of deprivation: demography (single female HH head, dependency ratio>1); education (at least one member has not completed secondary education, no members has any tertiary education); employment (both head and spouse are unemployed, no member is employed); and access to infrastructure (living space in the bottom 10% per capita consumption using fossil fuel, no toilet easily accessible, no access to piped water, dirt floor, substandard roof, no indoor access to shower or bath. 5 Table 3.2: Probability of initial refusal – Probit Variable Coeff. /(se) Area of residence ref: rural urban -0.06 (0.147) HH size -0.03 (0.020) Welfare indicators -0.025* (0.015) Region of residence: ref Dushanbe RRS and GBAO -0.497** (0.213) KHATLON -0.17 (0.184) SOGD -0.412** (0.190) Dependency Ratio 0.167** (0.085) Female HH head -0.08 (0.116) Weighted MPI -0.15 (0.483) Pseudo R2 0.03 N. obs 800 Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * Table 3.3: Comparisons between Baseline and Wave 1 HH weighted characteristics Key indicators Baseline Wave 1 N. of dependent members 3.04 2.87 * Dependency Ratio 0.76 0.75 Share of HHs with migrants 0.55 0.54 Welfare indicators 4494.11 4438.24 N. of inadequacy (MPI dimension) 3.71 3.71 Weighted MPI 0.22 0.22 Multidimensional poor 0.21 0.20 Multidimensional vulnerable 0.32 0.35 * Multidimensional severe 0.02 0.02 Head/Spouse Unemployed 0.34 0.31 * No HH Member working 0.21 0.20 Poor Heating Access 0.78 0.78 Total living space per capita (m2) 9.97 10.29 Small amount of living space 0.11 0.12 Lack indoor toilet 0.32 0.32 Lack indoor access to water 0.54 0.54 Dirt floor 0.40 0.40 Poor quality roof 0.04 0.04 Lack indoor shower 0.49 0.51 Own Computer 0.12 0.11 Own Sat. Dish 0.34 0.34 Own Generator 0.03 0.04 Own Refrigerator 0.54 0.54 Own AC unit 0.11 0.11 Own TV 0.97 0.98 Own Electric Iron 0.84 0.86 Own gas stove 0.38 0.39 Own Electric radiator 0.25 0.26 Own Sewing Machine 0.51 0.53 Own Water Heater 0.23 0.23 N. observations 3000 792 Significance: p-value<0.05 * 6 3.2 Analysis of attrition Figure. 3.2: Share of households that drop out of the survey, by round 0.08 0.07 0.06 Attrition rates 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Waves A crucial aspect to consider in any panel survey is attrition, which is the possibility that respondents might decide to drop out. If respondents who choose to withdraw from the survey are systematically different along any characteristic from the other ones that remain in the survey in the subsequent waves, then the attrition introduces a bias in the estimates (Fitzgerald et al. 1998). This issue is particularly relevant in high frequency phone panel surveys, because of the large number of times that respondents are asked to undertake an interview. In the Listening2Tajikistan survey, attrition rates (or nonresponse rates)2 tend to be low and stable across waves, ranging from 1.3 and 5 percent with a peak in wave 7 (7 percent) (Figure 3.2). The peak in wave 7 was due to delays in contract negotiation, which led to uncertainty over whether the survey would continue. These results are particularly encouraging if compared to similar high frequency surveys, in which attrition rates are generally significantly higher. For instance, the World Bank Project “Listening to LAC” registered attrition rates for Peru of around 67 percent for the first follow-up survey, increasing between 1 and 3 percent with each wave and reaching 75 percent in wave 6 (Ballivian et al. 2015). Both the initial and final attrition rates for the survey on Honduras is lower than the one in Peru (respectively 41 and 50 percent), but still consistently higher than the result for Listening to Tajikistan. Among other World Bank initiatives, two piloted mobile phone surveys show higher level of attrition: in South Sudan the attrition rate is 31.2 percent in the first-round follow-up and raises to 48.5 percent in the fourth wave (Demombynes et al. 2013), while in Tanzania the overall non response rate is relatively lower, reaching 25 percent after 33 rounds (Croke et al. 2012). In the Listening2Tajikistan survey, the households that stop participating are replaced after each round. Table 3.4 reports, by round, the differences in the mean values of a set of key indicators for the households that drop out of the survey and those that remain in the survey (i.e. non-attritors). The exercise also tests whether these differences in means are statistically significant. Some of these differences are indeed statistically significant, even though there is not a clear and consistent pattern across rounds and variables. The only exception is that, in general, non-attrition seems to be systematically more likely for households with worse living condition (i.e. living space and poor-quality roof) and lower assets availability (generator, computer). As attrition might be selective in terms of observable households characteristics, in Table 3.5 we estimate a set of probit models for the probability of attrition over pairs of consecutive rounds (i.e. round T vs round T-1), in order to understand whether some variables predict attrition and to use the predicted likelihood of a given household dropping out to reweight the households that remain in the survey (households that are more similar to those dropping out get higher weights and so they will resemble more closely the initial sample). 2 The attrition rate is defined as the proportion of HH panelists who failed to respond to any given survey wave. 7 In the estimates, the probability of failing to follow up in round T (attrition dummy=1), conditional on having participated in the survey in round T-1, is regressed against several variables: area of residence (urban vs rural), region of residence, household size, dependency ratio, welfare indicators, gender of the household head and weighted MPI. The households interviewed in each round after the first one, include both original households (those interviewed in round 1) and subsequent replacements. Results indicate that the probability of dropping out is sometime lower for households with a higher level of the welfare indicator, with a smaller size and with a female head. Moreover, there are significant differences across regions. To verify that the reweighting scheme is successful and preserve the representativeness of the sample, we test the difference in means across each round (Table 3.6) and between each wave and the sample frame of 3000 households (baseline) (Table 3.7) using the estimated probability of attrition to reweight the households in each wave. If attrition and replacement are not well accounted for through reweighting, we would expect statistically significant differences from one round to another, as well as in comparison to the baseline. On the contrary, Table 3.6 clearly shows that most of the differences are indeed absorbed. The same is true when comparing each wave with the baseline, given that there are not significant differences except for marginal differences in the number of dependent members (which is 0.19 lower for the subsequent waves compared to the baseline, where the average number of dependents is 3) and the unemployment of the head and spouse (on average 3 percentage points lower for subsequent waves compared to the baseline, with is about a 10 percent difference given that the average unemployment rate in the baseline is 30 percent); see Table 3.7. Finally, we investigate if any variable is correlated with the probability of attrition, but limiting our analysis to the 792 households interviewed in the first wave (that is, not considering the subsequent replacements). Using the same specification reported in Table 3.5, we estimate the probability of a household dropping out from the survey in round T, conditional on having been interviewed in round 1 (round T vs round 1). Results—reported in Table 3.8—show that the probability to drop out from the survey is lower for households with a higher level of the welfare indicator, higher number of members, and living in urban areas. 8 Table 3.4 (A): Difference in means of the key indicators for attritors and non-attritors, by round Wave 2 Wave 3 Wave 4 Wave 5 Wave 6 Wave 7 Wave 8 Wave 9 Wave 10 Wave 11 Wave 12 N. of dependent members -0.10 0.82 * 0.03 0.91 0.78 0.38 -0.71 * 1.34 -0.11 0.21 -0.70 Dependency Ratio -0.06 0.19 -0.08 0.18 0.16 0.03 0.02 0.09 0.04 -0.11 0.17 Share of HHs with migrants -0.17 -0.02 0.02 0.17 -0.05 0.15 -0.02 -0.06 0.28 0.31 -0.20 Welfare indicators -289.94 -47.63 -95.12 -1691.09 * -935.29 -454.60 1519.75 -219.09 306.01 -824.10 352.21 N. of inadequacy (MPI dimension) -0.68 * 0.51 -0.44 0.71 * 0.35 0.28 -0.23 -0.83 0.84 * 0.03 -0.84 Weighted MPI -0.03 0.05 * -0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01 -0.01 -0.04 0.03 -0.02 -0.04 Multidimensional poor -0.14 * 0.12 -0.10 -0.03 -0.09 -0.06 0.02 0.01 0.06 -0.08 -0.14 Multidimensional vulnerable 0.07 0.10 0.10 0.17 0.24 0.08 -0.08 -0.23 * 0.10 -0.11 0.05 Multidimensional severe 0.00 0.05 -0.02 * -0.02 * -0.02 * 0.03 -0.02 * -0.02 * -0.02 * 0.06 -0.02 * Head/Spouse Unemployed -0.08 0.25 * 0.03 -0.13 -0.09 0.07 0.04 -0.07 0.12 -0.08 -0.24 * No HH Member working -0.04 0.06 -0.05 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.04 -0.07 -0.20 * 0.00 -0.13 Poor Heating Access -0.05 0.02 -0.18 0.06 0.00 0.12 * -0.11 -0.24 0.22 * 0.06 -0.18 Total living space per capita (m2) -0.73 -2.70 -0.65 -1.16 0.62 -3.14 -0.52 0.47 1.18 3.65 -1.09 Small amount of living space -0.01 0.02 0.03 -0.06 -0.11 * 0.07 -0.11 * -0.11 * -0.11 * -0.06 -0.11 * Lack indoor toilet -0.10 0.17 -0.05 0.11 0.17 0.04 0.09 -0.20 * 0.30 * 0.11 -0.04 Lack indoor access to water -0.11 -0.04 -0.01 0.10 0.25 0.14 0.00 0.23 0.12 0.09 -0.19 Dirt floor -0.23 * -0.02 -0.10 0.16 -0.01 -0.01 -0.15 -0.16 0.14 -0.06 -0.10 Poor quality roof 0.00 -0.04 * 0.11 0.02 -0.04 * 0.02 0.08 0.02 0.07 0.06 -0.03 * Lack indoor shower -0.10 0.00 -0.07 0.26 * 0.05 -0.14 -0.06 -0.21 0.04 0.10 -0.14 Own Computer 0.05 -0.09 * 0.08 -0.12 -0.12 0.01 0.03 0.10 -0.06 0.00 0.05 Own Sat. Dish 0.04 0.17 0.01 -0.15 0.07 0.03 0.12 -0.01 -0.10 -0.16 -0.25 * Own Generator 0.01 0.04 0.06 -0.04 * 0.10 * 0.07 0.00 -0.04 * -0.04 * -0.04 * -0.04 * Own Refrigerator 0.19 * -0.01 0.06 -0.24 * -0.05 * -0.10 0.24 * 0.19 -0.17 -0.17 0.14 Own AC unit 0.10 -0.03 0.01 -0.11 -0.11 -0.05 0.29 * 0.01 -0.05 -0.10 * 0.19 Own TV -0.02 -0.04 -0.03 -0.01 0.02 0.01 -0.06 -0.04 0.02 * 0.02 * 0.02 * Own Electric Iron 0.09 * -0.09 0.01 0.04 0.03 -0.01 0.11 * -0.05 0.07 0.03 0.14 * Own gas stove 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.00 -0.07 0.02 0.23 * 0.31 * 0.18 -0.03 -0.15 Own Electric radiator 0.18 * 0.05 0.29 * -0.15 0.19 -0.02 0.27 * 0.34 -0.16 * 0.05 0.19 Own Sewing Machine 0.03 -0.06 0.04 -0.03 0.08 * -0.09 0.03 -0.14 0.07 0.01 -0.23 Own Water Heater 0.13 0.15 * 0.16 -0.16 0.08 * -0.02 0.20 0.35 * -0.11 -0.13 * 0.00 N. observations 40 33 35 18 10 56 22 11 12 18 12 The table reports the difference between the mean value for each variable for attritors and non-attritors, by round. Values in bold and with the star indicate that the difference is statistically different from zero, at the 5 percent level. 9 Table 3.4 (B): Difference in means of the key indicators for attritors and non attritors by round Wave 13 Wave 14 Wave 15 Wave 16 Wave 17 Wave 18 Wave 19 Wave 20 Wave 21 Wave 22 Wave 23 Wave 24 N. of dependent members 0.93 0.44 0.20 -1.11 * 1.03 * -0.40 -0.82 * 0.75 -0.23 0.10 2.01 -0.28 Dependency Ratio 0.04 0.06 0.19 -0.09 -0.02 -0.04 -0.02 0.14 -0.10 0.23 0.22 0.05 Share of HHs with migrants -0.08 0.17 -0.18 0.02 0.25 -0.22 0.01 0.23 0.20 -0.07 0.37 -0.13 Welfare indicators -516.20 -589.49 -625.47 -91.47 -1297.75 * -291.28 323.84 -83.69 -1191.71 -712.08 -507.29 -298.15 N. of inadequacy (MPI dimension) -0.09 -0.40 -0.62 -0.04 0.01 -0.06 -0.34 0.19 -0.70 0.22 0.40 -0.49 Weighted MPI -0.03 -0.04 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 -0.02 0.03 -0.02 0.03 0.01 -0.03 Multidimensional poor -0.01 -0.16 * -0.01 -0.01 0.03 -0.06 -0.09 0.16 -0.08 0.05 0.01 0.00 Multidimensional vulnerable -0.07 0.06 -0.03 -0.02 -0.04 0.08 0.04 -0.14 -0.01 0.02 0.07 -0.12 Multidimensional severe -0.02 * -0.02 * 0.04 -0.02 * -0.02 * 0.01 0.01 0.05 -0.02 * -0.02 * 0.02 -0.02 * Head/Spouse Unemployed -0.21 * -0.22 * -0.02 -0.04 -0.08 0.06 -0.05 0.14 0.09 0.12 -0.19 * -0.04 No HH Member working -0.08 -0.06 0.12 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.04 -0.07 0.02 -0.06 -0.11 0.11 Poor Heating Access 0.00 0.03 -0.17 -0.18 0.03 -0.08 -0.02 0.01 -0.24 0.09 0.10 -0.15 Total living space per capita (m2) -3.08 -2.76 -2.03 4.54 -1.18 -1.19 -0.76 -2.62 -2.91 -2.28 -3.51 1.98 Small amount of living space 0.00 -0.11 -0.01 -0.12 * -0.09 * 0.00 -0.12 * -0.01 -0.08 0.07 -0.05 0.02 Lack indoor toilet 0.11 0.17 -0.19 * 0.32 * 0.00 0.00 -0.01 -0.07 -0.05 0.18 0.09 -0.20 * Lack indoor access to water 0.14 0.18 -0.18 0.00 0.01 -0.04 0.01 0.02 -0.12 -0.18 0.14 0.15 Dirt floor 0.04 -0.19 -0.12 0.01 0.21 * 0.00 -0.02 0.09 -0.08 -0.02 0.14 -0.13 Poor quality roof 0.11 -0.03 * 0.03 0.04 0.00 -0.01 0.04 0.03 -0.03 * 0.00 -0.03 * 0.02 Lack indoor shower -0.22 * -0.18 -0.26 * 0.00 -0.02 0.01 -0.12 -0.10 -0.15 -0.13 0.04 -0.09 Own Computer -0.01 -0.05 0.05 0.04 0.00 0.01 -0.04 0.13 -0.11 * -0.05 0.02 -0.04 Own Sat. Dish 0.12 0.03 0.06 0.03 0.03 -0.05 -0.01 -0.12 -0.04 -0.12 -0.19 * -0.04 Own Generator -0.04 * -0.04 * -0.04 * 0.01 -0.04 * 0.02 -0.02 -0.04 * 0.00 -0.04 * 0.07 0.01 Own Refrigerator -0.02 0.08 -0.10 0.00 0.01 0.04 -0.05 0.08 0.14 -0.11 0.10 -0.03 Own AC unit -0.09 * -0.08 -0.01 0.07 0.00 0.00 -0.02 0.09 0.07 -0.03 0.15 0.13 Own TV 0.03 * 0.03 * -0.08 0.02 * 0.03 0.00 -0.01 0.03 * 0.03 * -0.03 -0.02 0.03 * Own Electric Iron -0.13 -0.01 -0.03 -0.06 0.08 0.12 * -0.14 -0.04 -0.02 -0.11 0.15 * -0.02 Own gas stove 0.05 0.03 -0.01 -0.06 -0.10 -0.03 -0.05 0.09 0.16 -0.05 -0.07 0.24 * Own Electric radiator 0.06 0.01 0.22 0.04 0.11 -0.02 0.07 0.22 0.28 -0.07 -0.11 0.02 Own Sewing Machine 0.04 -0.05 0.03 -0.03 -0.06 0.02 -0.18 * -0.01 0.14 -0.17 0.17 -0.10 Own Water Heater -0.03 0.03 0.13 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.04 0.07 0.11 0.00 -0.09 -0.05 N. observations 19 17 20 22 31 39 37 23 21 23 21 18 The table reports the difference between the mean value for each variable for attritors and non-attritors, by round. Values in bold and with the star indicate that the difference is statistically different from zero, at the 5 percent level. 10 Table 3.5 (A): Probability of attrition, by round (round T vs round T-1) Coeff. /(se) Variable Wave 2 Wave 3 Wave 4 Wave 5 Wave 6 Wave 7 Wave 8 Wave 9 Wave 10 Wave 11 Wave 12 Wave 13 Area of residence ref: rural urban 0.746*** 0.325 -0.062 -0.428 -3.918*** -0.161 -0.179 0.31 -0.311 -0.354 0.397 -0.181 (0.190) (0.218) (0.221) (0.401) (0.263) (0.190) (0.263) (0.299) (0.373) (0.239) (0.255) (0.373) HH size -0.028 0.017 0.02 0.028 0.037 0.023 -0.079* -0.018 0.019 0.025 -0.088** 0.053* (0.030) (0.027) (0.028) (0.028) (0.032) (0.025) (0.042) (0.057) (0.020) (0.024) (0.043) (0.028) Welfare indicators -0.023 0.015 -0.026 -0.07 -0.03 -0.015 0.007 -0.024 0.017 -0.033 -0.019 -0.028 (0.020) (0.012) (0.022) (0.043) (0.044) (0.016) (0.017) (0.023) (0.016) (0.028) (0.030) (0.028) Region of residence: ref Dushanbe RRS and GBAO 0.002 0.167 -0.685** -0.409 -4.437*** -0.33 -0.329 0.015 3.554*** 3.646*** 0.333 -0.506 (0.298) (0.396) (0.339) (0.459) (0.458) (0.271) (0.345) (0.420) (0.387) (0.322) (0.446) (0.517) KHATLON -0.127 0.204 -0.661** -0.544 -4.238*** -0.268 -0.585* -0.631 2.711*** 3.429*** 0.58 -0.548 (0.261) (0.410) (0.290) (0.500) (0.363) (0.264) (0.345) (0.430) (0.491) (0.271) (0.395) (0.416) SOGD -0.196 -0.083 -0.358 -0.914* -4.719*** -0.22 -1.013*** -0.095 3.321*** 3.451*** 0.4 -1.212** (0.226) (0.396) (0.276) (0.485) (0.481) (0.260) (0.358) (0.352) (0.436) (0.264) (0.408) (0.486) Dependency Ratio -0.107 0.078 -0.083 0.068 0.074 0.008 0.04 -0.055 0.04 -0.112 0.167 0.029 (0.128) (0.106) (0.119) (0.162) (0.149) (0.103) (0.119) (0.150) (0.158) (0.148) (0.189) (0.117) Female HH head 0.03 -0.149 0.091 0.325 0.530* -0.046 0.1 -0.077 0.167 -0.101 0.083 0.269 (0.177) (0.206) (0.176) (0.224) (0.280) (0.169) (0.234) (0.279) (0.289) (0.232) (0.239) (0.250) Weighted MPI 0.509 1.284* -0.375 0.071 0.227 0.109 1.055 0.336 0.681 -1.557 -0.687 -0.636 (0.773) (0.744) (0.703) (0.881) (1.107) (0.635) (0.916) (1.290) (0.878) (1.074) (1.035) (0.982) Pseudo R2 0.075 0.034 0.032 0.08 0.108 0.01 0.072 0.051 0.09 0.06 0.07 0.07 N. obs 792 792 792 792 792 792 798 800 800 800 800 800 The table reports the coefficients of the probit model in which the dependent variable is a binary variable equal to one if a household drop the survey in a given wave, conditional on being present in the previous one, and zero otherwise. Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * 11 Table 3.5 (B): Probability of attrition by round (round T vs T-1) Coeff. /(se) Variable Wave 14 Wave 15 Wave 16 Wave 17 Wave 18 Wave 19 Wave 20 Wave 21 Wave 22 Wave 23 Wave 24 Area of residence ref: rural urban -0.581* 0.079 -0.564 -0.45 0.013 -0.161 0.28 0.554** -0.346 0.149 -0.205 (0.345) (0.233) (0.381) (0.383) (0.228) (0.212) (0.215) (0.234) (0.287) (0.249) (0.316) HH size 0.017 -0.018 -0.085** 0.075*** -0.052 -0.132*** 0.042 0.014 -0.039 0.046 -0.04 (0.032) (0.033) (0.038) (0.028) (0.035) (0.032) (0.026) (0.030) (0.034) (0.029) (0.038) Welfare indicators -0.042 -0.023 -0.029 -0.015 -0.035** -0.032* 0.012 -0.05 -0.026 0.01 -0.033 (0.027) (0.026) (0.022) (0.024) (0.017) (0.018) (0.015) (0.033) (0.021) (0.013) (0.027) Region of residence: ref Dushanbe RRS and GBAO -0.482 -0.373 -0.986* -0.761 -0.277 0.258 -0.291 -0.156 -0.433 0.011 -0.384 (0.454) (0.309) (0.522) (0.540) (0.290) (0.323) (0.360) (0.314) (0.380) (0.326) (0.341) KHATLON -0.877** -0.511* -0.863** -0.731 -0.316 0.177 -0.182 -0.127 -0.491 -0.295 -0.474 (0.427) (0.263) (0.414) (0.456) (0.301) (0.320) (0.343) (0.307) (0.361) (0.342) (0.350) SOGD -0.930** -0.764** -1.047** -0.907** -0.422 -0.128 -0.237 -0.523 -0.449 -0.2 -1.228*** (0.418) (0.337) (0.420) (0.438) (0.274) (0.330) (0.358) (0.401) (0.408) (0.298) (0.414) Dependency Ratio 0.147 0.032 -0.117 -0.051 -0.068 0.052 0.068 -0.025 0.114 0.207** 0.076 (0.130) (0.118) (0.176) (0.131) (0.119) (0.120) (0.096) (0.168) (0.100) (0.100) (0.119) Female HH head -0.134 0.096 0.085 0.457** -0.172 0.017 0.017 -0.236 0.201 0.247 0.012 (0.285) (0.213) (0.216) (0.179) (0.166) (0.187) (0.223) (0.309) (0.204) (0.214) (0.251) Weighted MPI -2.166** 0.25 0.301 -0.497 0.383 -0.69 0.5 -0.258 0.097 -0.194 -0.743 (0.846) (0.784) (0.786) (0.846) (0.748) (0.685) (0.933) (0.949) (0.772) (0.965) (0.906) Pseudo R2 0.069 0.04 0.062 0.073 0.024 0.058 0.025 0.075 0.031 0.05 0.066 N. obs 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 The table reports the coefficient of the probit model in which the dependent variable is a binary variable equal to one if a household drop the survey in a given wave, conditional on being present in the previous one, and zero otherwise. Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * 12 Table 3.6 (A): Comparisons between subsequent waves, household weighted characteristics Baseline Wave 1 Wave 2 Wave 3 Wave 4 Wave 5 Wave 6 Wave 7 Wave 8 Wave 9 Wave 10 Wave 11 Wave 12 N. of dependent members 3.04 2.87 * 2.84 2.85 2.84 2.84 2.86 2.86 2.85 2.84 2.84 2.85 2.85 Dependency Ratio 0.76 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 Share of HHs with migrants 0.55 0.54 0.55 0.54 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.52 0.53 0.52 0.53 0.53 0.53 Welfare indicators 5586.28 5557.47 5549.91 5527.53 5512.45 5513.39 5520.48 5509.11 5500.09 5497.33 5498.99 5496.67 5493.46 N. of inadequacy (MPI dimension) 3.71 3.71 3.68 3.69 3.69 3.69 3.69 3.70 3.70 3.70 3.70 3.70 3.69 Weighted MPI 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 Multidimensional poor 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.21 0.20 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 Multidimensional vulnerable 0.32 0.35 * 0.34 * 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 Multidimensional severe 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 * 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 Head/Spouse Unemployed 0.34 0.31 * 0.30 0.31 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 No HH Member working 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.21 0.21 0.21 Poor Heating Access 0.78 0.78 0.76 * 0.76 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 Total living space per capita (m2) 9.97 10.29 10.20 10.28 10.16 10.26 10.24 10.44 10.45 10.43 10.46 10.33 10.34 Small amount of living space 0.11 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 Lack indoor toilet 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 Lack indoor access to water 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 Dirt floor 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.41 0.40 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 Poor quality roof 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 Lack indoor shower 0.49 0.51 0.51 0.52 0.52 0.51 0.51 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 Own Computer 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.11 0.12 0.12 * 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 Own Sat. Dish 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.33 0.33 0.34 Own Generator 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 * 0.03 0.03 Own Refrigerator 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.55 Own AC unit 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 Own TV 0.97 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 Own Electric Iron 0.84 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.85 Own gas stove 0.38 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 Own Electric radiator 0.25 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.25 * 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.25 0.24 0.24 Own Sewing Machine 0.51 0.53 0.52 0.53 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 Own Water Heater 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 The table reports the weighted average values for each variable, by round. Values in bold and with the star indicate that the average is statistically different from the one of the previous round at the 5 percent level. 13 Table 3.6 (B): Comparisons between subsequent waves household weighted characteristics Wave 13 Wave 14 Wave 15 Wave 16 Wave 17 Wave 18 Wave 19 Wave 20 Wave 21 Wave 22 Wave 23 Wave 24 N. of dependent members 2.85 2.84 2.83 2.83 2.81 2.83 2.84 2.83 2.87 2.86 2.85 2.84 Dependency Ratio 0.76 0.76 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.76 0.75 0.77 0.75 0.76 0.76 Share of HHs with migrants 0.52 0.52 0.51 0.51 * 0.50 0.50 0.49 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.47 0.48 Welfare indicators 5552.51 5564.48 5559.65 5563.25 5614.23 5598.89 5575.73 5622.62 5628.24 5654.34 5671.96 5687.16 N. of inadequacy (MPI dimension) 3.70 3.69 3.67 3.66 3.65 3.66 3.66 3.65 3.65 3.64 3.62 3.59 * Weighted MPI 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 * Multidimensional poor 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.20 Multidimensional vulnerable 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.32 * 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 Multidimensional severe 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 * 0.02 0.02 Head/Spouse Unemployed 0.31 * 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 No HH Member working 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.21 Poor Heating Access 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.75 0.75 0.76 0.76 0.75 0.76 0.76 0.75 0.75 Total living space per capita (m2) 10.48 10.50 10.50 10.40 10.37 10.37 10.40 10.39 10.41 10.41 10.43 10.44 Small amount of living space 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11 Lack indoor toilet 0.31 0.30 0.31 0.30 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.30 0.30 0.30 Lack indoor access to water 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.55 0.54 0.55 0.55 0.54 0.54 Dirt floor 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.40 * 0.40 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.38 0.38 Poor quality roof 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 Lack indoor shower 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.50 Own Computer 0.11 * 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 * 0.11 0.11 0.11 Own Sat. Dish 0.34 0.33 0.33 0.34 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.35 0.35 Own Generator 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 Own Refrigerator 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.56 Own AC unit 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.12 Own TV 0.98 0.97 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 Own Electric Iron 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.86 0.86 0.85 0.86 Own gas stove 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.40 0.40 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.42 0.42 Own Electric radiator 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.26 * Own Sewing Machine 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.52 0.53 0.52 0.53 0.53 0.52 0.53 0.52 0.53 Own Water Heater 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.22 The table reports the weighted average values for each variable, by round. Values in bold and with the star indicate that the average is statistically different from the one of the previous round at the 5 percent level. 14 Table 3.7 (A): Difference between each wave and the baseline, household weighted characteristics B vs W2 B vs W3 B vs W4 B vs W5 B vs W6 B vs W7 B vs W8 B vs W9 B vs W10 B vs W11 B vs W12 N. of dependent members -0.19 * -0.18 * -0.19 * -0.19 * -0.18 * -0.17 * -0.18 * -0.19 * -0.19 * -0.19 * -0.18 * Dependency Ratio -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 Share of HHs with migrants 0.00 -0.01 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.03 -0.02 -0.03 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 Welfare indicators -36.37 -58.75 -73.83 -72.89 -65.80 -77.17 -86.19 -88.95 -87.29 -89.61 -92.82 N. of inadequacy (MPI dimension) -0.03 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 Weighted MPI 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Multidimensional poor -0.01 0.00 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Multidimensional vulnerable 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 Multidimensional severe 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Head/Spouse Unemployed -0.03 * -0.03 * -0.04 * -0.04 * -0.04 * -0.04 * -0.04 * -0.04 * -0.04 * -0.04 * -0.03 No HH Member working -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 Poor Heating Access -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.01 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 Total living space per capita (m2) 0.23 0.32 0.19 0.29 0.27 0.47 0.48 0.46 0.49 0.36 0.37 Small amount of living space 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Lack indoor toilet -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 Lack indoor access to water 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 Dirt floor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 Poor quality roof 0.00 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 Lack indoor shower 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 Own Computer -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 Own Sat. Dish 0.00 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 Own Generator 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Own Refrigerator 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 Own AC unit 0.00 0.00 -0.01 0.00 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 Own TV 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 Own Electric Iron 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 Own gas stove 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 Own Electric radiator 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 Own Sewing Machine 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 Own Water Heater 0.01 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 The table reports the difference in the weighted average values between each variable and the baseline, by round. Values in bold and with the star indicate that the difference is statistically different from zero, at the 5 percent level. 15 Tab. 3.7 (B): Comparisons between each wave and the baseline, household weighted characteristics B vs W13 B vs W14 B vs W15 B vs W16 B vs W17 B vs W18 B vs W19 B vs W20 B vs W21 B vs W22 B vs W23 B vs W24 N. of dependent members -0.19 * -0.19 * -0.20 * -0.21 * -0.22 * -0.21 -0.20 -0.20 -0.17 -0.18 -0.19 -0.19 Dependency Ratio 0.00 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 -0.01 0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 Share of HHs with migrants -0.03 -0.03 -0.04 -0.04 -0.05 -0.05 -0.06 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.08 -0.07 Welfare indicators -33.77 -21.80 -26.63 -23.03 27.95 12.61 -10.55 36.34 41.96 68.06 85.68 100.88 N. of inadequacy (MPI dimension) -0.01 -0.02 -0.03 -0.05 -0.06 -0.05 -0.05 -0.06 -0.06 -0.07 -0.09 -0.11 Weighted MPI 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 Multidimensional poor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 Multidimensional vulnerable 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Multidimensional severe 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Head/Spouse Unemployed -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 No HH Member working 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Poor Heating Access -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.02 -0.03 -0.02 -0.02 -0.03 -0.03 Total living space per capita (m2) 0.51 0.53 0.53 0.43 0.40 0.40 0.43 0.42 0.44 0.44 0.46 0.47 Small amount of living space 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 Lack indoor toilet -0.01 -0.02 -0.01 -0.02 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 Lack indoor access to water 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.01 Dirt floor 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 Poor quality roof -0.01 * -0.01 * -0.01 * -0.01 * -0.01 * -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 Lack indoor shower 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 Own Computer -0.01 0.03 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 Own Sat. Dish 0.00 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 Own Generator 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 Own Refrigerator 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 Own AC unit -0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Own TV 0.00 -0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Own Electric Iron 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 Own gas stove 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 Own Electric radiator -0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.01 Own Sewing Machine 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 Own Water Heater -0.01 0.02 -0.01 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 The table reports the difference in the weighted average values between each variable and the baseline, by round. Values in bold and with the star indicate that the difference is statistically different from zero, at the 5 percent level. 16 Table 3.8 (A): Probability of attrition by round (wave T vs wave 1) Coeff. /(se) Variable Wave 2 Wave 3 Wave 4 Wave 5 Wave 6 Wave 7 Wave 8 Wave 9 Wave 10 Wave 11 Wave 12 Wave 13 Area of residence ref: rural urban 0.746*** 0.414* -0.04 -0.29 -3.953*** 0.09 0.16 0.19 -0.15 -0.31 0.21 -3.908*** (0.190) (0.227) (0.250) (0.415) (0.277) (0.208) (0.270) (0.393) (0.370) (0.352) (0.376) (0.256) HH size -0.03 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.02 -0.03 -0.07 0.02 0.01 -0.05 0.068* (0.030) (0.026) (0.028) (0.032) (0.039) (0.029) (0.045) (0.061) (0.021) (0.029) (0.055) (0.036) Welfare indicators -0.02 0.01 -0.01 -0.088* -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 -0.04 0.02 -0.089** -0.02 -0.02 (0.020) (0.012) (0.018) (0.046) (0.052) (0.022) (0.026) (0.031) (0.015) (0.035) (0.044) (0.036) Region of residence: ref Dushanbe RRS and GBAO 0.00 0.13 -0.618* -0.11 -4.097*** -0.37 -0.20 0.27 3.588*** 3.763*** -0.08 -4.225*** (0.298) (0.411) (0.371) (0.527) (0.501) (0.332) (0.433) (0.525) (0.409) (0.507) (0.615) (0.415) KHATLON -0.13 0.12 -0.502* -0.29 -4.084*** -0.12 -0.37 -0.30 2.788*** 3.227*** 0.22 -4.202*** (0.261) (0.423) (0.300) (0.549) (0.460) (0.298) (0.410) (0.485) (0.479) (0.396) (0.416) (0.420) SOGD -0.20 -0.11 -0.30 -0.53 -4.413*** -0.19 -0.875** 0.09 3.283*** 3.075*** -0.23 0.00 (0.226) (0.408) (0.293) (0.536) (0.509) (0.298) (0.425) (0.471) (0.449) (0.461) (0.414) (.) Dependency Ratio -0.11 0.05 -0.05 0.17 0.00 -0.06 0.14 0.14 -0.13 -0.34 0.27 0.07 (0.128) (0.108) (0.111) (0.164) (0.190) (0.123) (0.141) (0.110) (0.174) (0.239) (0.220) (0.156) Female HH head 0.03 -0.13 0.17 0.20 0.557* -0.21 0.32 -0.29 0.09 0.18 0.42 0.08 (0.177) (0.207) (0.181) (0.277) (0.315) (0.223) (0.271) (0.383) (0.342) (0.333) (0.303) (0.281) Weighted MPI 0.51 1.578** -0.16 -0.56 -0.72 0.37 1.06 -1.05 0.78 -2.788* -1.153* -1.63 (0.773) (0.738) (0.800) (0.912) (1.165) (0.612) (1.285) (1.508) (0.953) (1.522) (0.624) (1.356) Pseudo R2 0.08 0.04 0.02 0.08 0.09 0.02 0.07 0.06 0.08 0.13 0.11 0.09 N. obs 792 752 720 690 676 669 631 620 612 602 595 402 The table reports the coefficient of the probit model in which the dependent variable is a binary variable equal to one if a household drop the survey in a given wave, conditional on being present in the first one, and zero otherwise. Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * Table 3.8 (B): Probability of attrition by round (wave T vs wave 1) Coeff. /(se) Variable Wave 14 Wave 15 Wave 16 Wave 17 Wave 18 Wave 19 Wave 20 Wave 21 Wave 22 Wave 23 Wave 24 Area of residence ref: rural urban -3.923*** -4.053*** -0.13 -0.57 -0.13 -0.14 0.17 0.44 -4.282*** 0.02 -0.02 (0.190) (0.282) (0.412) (0.408) (0.284) (0.281) (0.309) (0.317) (0.439) (0.380) (0.533) HH size -0.06 -0.126** -0.06 0.096*** -0.094*** -0.179*** 0.04 0.05 -0.125* 0.05 -0.113** (0.035) (0.060) (0.048) (0.033) (0.032) (0.039) (0.033) (0.041) (0.070) (0.035) (0.056) Welfare indicators -0.05 0.02 0.02 -0.06 -0.067** -0.052* -0.03 -0.081* -0.02 0.02 -0.199* (0.032) (0.019) (0.017) (0.039) (0.030) (0.027) (0.028) (0.042) (0.037) (0.013) (0.107) Region of residence: ref Dushanbe RRS and GBAO -4.067*** -3.847*** -0.57 -1.106* -0.36 0.49 -0.41 -0.86 -4.148*** 3.626*** 3.891*** (0.407) (0.569) (0.629) (0.654) (0.415) (0.530) (0.577) (0.531) (0.661) (0.482) (0.590) KHATLON -4.046*** -3.738*** -0.59 -1.092* -0.58 0.42 -0.39 -0.785* -4.370*** 3.242*** 4.112*** 17 (0.357) (0.443) (0.490) (0.576) (0.423) (0.498) (0.547) (0.475) (0.566) (0.498) (0.481) SOGD -4.128*** -4.424*** -0.882* -1.147** -0.51 -0.04 -0.66 -1.250** -4.549*** 3.302*** 0.00 (0.381) (0.620) (0.536) (0.547) (0.397) (0.518) (0.645) (0.559) (0.675) (0.361) (.) Dependency Ratio 0.23 -0.18 0.03 -0.01 -0.21 0.13 0.16 -0.24 0.459*** 0.10 0.15 (0.153) (0.233) (0.190) (0.155) (0.172) (0.149) (0.099) (0.233) (0.155) (0.116) (0.173) Female HH head -0.47 0.00 -0.07 0.623*** -0.06 -0.21 0.14 -0.25 0.14 0.37 0.53 (0.426) (.) (0.342) (0.235) (0.260) (0.267) (0.311) (0.383) (0.374) (0.337) (0.519) Weighted MPI -1.680* 0.53 1.746** -0.75 -0.09 -0.99 -1.04 0.14 0.75 1.46 1.87 (0.936) (0.978) (0.886) (1.112) (0.907) (0.930) (1.319) (1.126) (1.117) (0.968) (1.713) Pseudo R2 0.09 0.11 0.06 0.13 0.06 0.10 0.06 0.15 0.22 0.07 0.21 N. obs 576 452 555 544 523 501 480 469 459 450 285 The table reports the coefficient of the probit model in which the dependent variable is a binary variable equal to one if a household drop the survey in a given wave, conditional on being present in the first one, and zero otherwise. Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * 18 3.3 Replacements As discussed in Section [3.2], in each round, the households that drop out of the survey (i.e. attritors) are replaced with new households drawn from the sample frame (replacements). Table 3.9 shows the differences in the mean values of a set of key indicators between new households that joined the survey as replacement in each round, and those who drop out of the survey in the previous round. Results do not show any systematic differences between the two groups of households along a large set of observable characteristics: all the key indicators tend not to be significantly different in mean between the two groups. To verify whether observable variables are statistically associated with the probability of being a replacement, Table 3.10 reports the results of a simple multivariate probit model, which includes the same set of household characteristics used in Table 3.5 and 3.8 as explanatory variables. The only significant results that emerge is that replacements are more frequently from rural areas, have a lower level of welfare and have a higher level of dependency ratio. 19 Table 3.9 (A): Difference in mean of the key indicators between replacements in round T and attritors in round T-1 Wave 2 Wave 3 Wave 4 Wave 5 Wave 6 Wave 7 Wave 8 Wave 9 Wave 10 Wave 11 Wave 12 N. of dependent members -0.01 -0.02 -0.30 -0.65 0.30 -0.13 0.00 -0.72 -0.69 0.05 1.01 Dependency Ratio 0.09 -0.04 0.09 -0.03 -0.05 0.01 -0.16 0.14 -0.39 0.29 0.15 Share of HHs with migrants 0.08 -0.34 -0.01 -0.35 -0.21 -0.20 0.32 -0.17 0.26 -0.14 0.20 Welfare indicators -132.51 -691.42 321.23 1862.95 1747.29 66.98 -1211.53 76.37 -416.99 643.28 -604.38 N. of inadequacy (MPI dimension) -0.20 -0.22 0.46 -0.20 -0.20 0.10 -0.27 0.44 -0.47 0.29 -0.01 Weighted MPI -0.02 -0.02 0.02 0.00 -0.01 0.02 -0.04 0.01 -0.04 0.04 0.01 Multidimensional poor 0.06 -0.03 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.15 -0.19 -0.12 -0.21 0.16 -0.01 Multidimensional vulnerable -0.21 -0.11 0.00 0.00 -0.18 -0.11 0.05 0.15 0.07 -0.12 0.07 Multidimensional severe 0.02 -0.03 0.02 0.00 * 0.00 * 0.00 0.00 * 0.00 * 0.00 * 0.04 0.00 * Head/Spouse Unemployed -0.03 -0.04 -0.10 0.13 -0.05 0.07 -0.14 0.05 -0.05 0.07 0.25 No HH Member working -0.01 0.06 0.02 0.02 -0.07 -0.01 -0.01 0.02 0.06 -0.05 0.21 Poor Heating Access -0.15 -0.02 0.16 -0.01 0.04 -0.14 0.06 0.22 0.00 * -0.19 0.04 Total living space per capita (m2) -1.49 1.09 -2.08 6.76 -1.33 2.88 -1.47 -0.94 3.71 -6.64 0.30 Small amount of living space -0.06 -0.12 0.00 0.01 0.00 * -0.10 0.14 0.00 * 0.00 * 0.14 0.09 Lack indoor toilet -0.03 -0.02 0.02 -0.11 -0.01 -0.03 -0.06 0.38 0.03 -0.15 0.13 Lack indoor access to water 0.00 0.11 0.07 -0.05 0.00 -0.03 0.24 -0.25 0.05 0.15 -0.11 Dirt floor 0.09 -0.09 0.04 0.11 -0.15 0.06 -0.06 0.21 -0.21 0.11 -0.13 Poor quality roof 0.03 0.07 -0.05 -0.04 0.00 * -0.01 -0.07 -0.01 -0.04 -0.06 0.00 * Lack indoor shower 0.07 0.03 0.15 -0.21 -0.09 0.14 -0.17 -0.03 -0.02 -0.08 -0.10 Own Computer 0.00 0.03 -0.04 0.08 0.23 -0.09 0.02 -0.22 -0.05 -0.02 0.09 Own Sat. Dish -0.01 -0.12 -0.06 -0.02 0.02 -0.10 -0.01 0.17 0.31 0.25 0.22 Own Generator -0.04 -0.08 -0.05 0.06 0.14 -0.08 0.08 0.00 * 0.00 * 0.07 0.00 * Own Refrigerator -0.14 -0.04 -0.04 0.13 0.03 0.09 -0.15 0.06 0.08 0.20 -0.01 Own AC unit -0.06 -0.01 -0.06 0.13 0.00 * 0.00 -0.33 * -0.01 0.19 0.07 -0.02 Own TV -0.02 0.04 0.03 0.00 -0.28 -0.03 0.08 0.06 0.00 * -0.07 -0.08 Own Electric Iron -0.04 0.15 0.00 0.02 -0.27 -0.06 -0.04 0.03 -0.05 -0.07 -0.22 Own gas stove -0.07 0.04 0.09 -0.19 0.00 -0.02 -0.09 -0.21 0.09 -0.01 0.16 Own Electric radiator -0.04 0.06 -0.36 * 0.05 -0.12 0.02 -0.21 -0.26 0.15 -0.04 -0.09 Own Sewing Machine -0.06 0.10 -0.21 -0.03 0.02 0.02 -0.05 0.26 0.10 0.03 0.20 Own Water Heater -0.06 -0.15 -0.23 * 0.10 0.31 0.01 -0.13 -0.26 -0.05 -0.04 0.22 N. observation 40 33 35 18 10 50 20 11 12 18 12 The table reports, for each wave and variable, the difference between the mean value of replacements in a given wave and that of attritors in the previous one. Values in bold and with the star indicate that the difference is statistically different from zero, at the 5 percent level. 20 Table 3.9 (B): Difference in mean of the key indicators between replacements in round T and attritors in round T-1 Wave 13 Wave 14 Wave 15 Wave 16 Wave 17 Wave 18 Wave 19 Wave 20 Wave 21 Wave 22 Wave 23 Wave 24 N. of dependent members -0.50 -0.56 -0.53 0.84 -0.59 0.55 1.27 * -0.71 2.31 -0.25 -1.41 -0.07 Dependency Ratio 0.28 -0.13 -0.20 0.04 0.05 0.02 0.18 -0.27 0.65 -0.32 -0.20 0.01 Share of HHs with migrants -0.20 -0.39 -0.24 -0.40 * -0.02 0.11 -0.25 -0.53 0.08 0.39 -0.30 0.70 Welfare indicators 4184.72 1538.46 156.04 838.83 1088.41 77.70 -657.69 1842.36 182.01 1542.52 531.21 789.63 N. of inadequacy (MPI dimension) 0.35 0.33 -0.76 -0.28 -0.13 -0.04 0.25 -0.78 0.51 -0.76 -0.38 -0.65 Weighted MPI 0.04 0.00 -0.07 -0.02 0.01 -0.02 0.03 -0.06 0.01 -0.05 0.01 -0.04 Multidimensional poor 0.08 0.00 -0.06 0.06 -0.01 -0.01 0.08 -0.23 0.05 -0.14 -0.02 -0.12 Multidimensional vulnerable 0.01 -0.02 -0.08 -0.31 * -0.05 -0.01 -0.09 0.14 -0.04 -0.05 0.06 0.01 Multidimensional severe 0.13 0.00 * -0.06 0.10 0.07 -0.03 -0.01 -0.07 0.05 0.00 * -0.04 0.00 * Head/Spouse Unemployed 0.28 0.18 -0.03 0.02 0.12 -0.03 0.06 -0.12 -0.21 -0.18 0.21 -0.16 No HH Member working 0.13 0.11 -0.12 -0.07 0.01 0.05 0.00 0.03 0.10 -0.02 -0.02 -0.28 * Poor Heating Access 0.02 0.00 -0.10 -0.07 -0.03 0.05 0.07 -0.10 0.18 -0.14 -0.19 -0.07 Total living space per capita (m2) 9.80 1.62 -0.24 -5.62 -0.40 0.32 -0.31 -1.41 0.08 -0.91 0.53 2.46 Small amount of living space -0.05 0.21 0.01 0.05 0.03 0.01 0.04 0.14 -0.05 -0.11 0.11 -0.14 Lack indoor toilet -0.04 0.00 0.03 -0.20 0.04 0.08 0.01 0.03 0.21 -0.13 -0.03 -0.02 Lack indoor access to water -0.02 -0.09 -0.07 0.06 -0.14 0.14 0.01 -0.10 0.15 0.11 -0.27 -0.16 Dirt floor 0.08 0.15 -0.05 -0.04 -0.20 0.00 -0.04 -0.22 0.11 -0.13 -0.21 -0.03 Poor quality roof -0.08 0.00 * -0.06 0.02 -0.03 0.06 -0.04 -0.03 0.00 * 0.01 0.02 -0.05 Lack indoor shower 0.09 0.15 -0.07 0.04 -0.02 -0.18 -0.06 -0.10 0.04 -0.07 -0.02 -0.04 Own Computer 0.00 0.02 0.07 -0.04 -0.02 -0.02 -0.05 -0.06 0.16 0.04 -0.05 0.06 Own Sat. Dish 0.16 -0.17 -0.19 0.22 -0.05 -0.04 0.04 0.12 -0.12 0.16 0.15 0.07 Own Generator 0.05 0.00 * 0.07 0.05 0.00 * -0.02 0.00 0.13 -0.05 0.04 -0.11 -0.05 Own Refrigerator 0.01 -0.05 -0.02 0.13 -0.03 0.10 -0.08 0.04 -0.04 0.25 -0.08 0.08 Own AC unit 0.16 -0.04 -0.01 0.08 0.01 0.03 -0.02 -0.03 0.19 0.04 -0.18 0.09 Own TV 0.00 * -0.09 0.11 -0.05 -0.03 0.03 0.00 -0.05 -0.04 0.01 0.04 0.00 * Own Electric Iron 0.17 -0.04 -0.12 0.08 -0.11 -0.05 0.03 0.12 0.08 -0.04 -0.11 0.09 Own gas stove -0.07 0.21 0.10 0.22 0.02 0.11 0.09 0.05 -0.23 0.17 0.16 -0.25 Own Electric radiator 0.24 0.00 -0.11 0.11 -0.15 0.17 -0.06 -0.07 -0.25 0.17 0.11 -0.01 Own Sewing Machine 0.12 0.14 -0.24 -0.14 0.10 -0.18 0.17 0.14 -0.16 0.10 -0.01 0.14 Own Water Heater 0.20 -0.10 -0.04 0.00 -0.05 -0.03 0.00 0.03 -0.15 -0.03 0.13 0.04 N. observations 19 17 20 22 31 39 37 23 21 23 21 18 The table reports, for each wave and variable, the difference between the mean value of replacements in a given wave and that of attritors in the previous one. Values in bold and with the star indicate that the difference is statistically different from zero, at the 5 percent level. 21 Table 3.10 (A): Probability of being a replacement Coeff. /(se) Variable Wave 2 Wave 3 Wave 4 Wave 5 Wave 6 Wave 7 Wave 8 Wave 9 Wave 10 Wave 11 Wave 12 Area of residence ref: rural urban 0.606*** 0.376* -0.11 -0.51 -3.472*** -0.18 -0.34 0.20 -0.37 -0.34 0.444** (0.199) (0.214) (0.224) (0.402) (0.210) (0.174) (0.297) (0.281) (0.379) (0.289) (0.218) HH size -0.01 0.01 0.01 -0.03 0.01 -0.02 -0.03 0.03 0.00 -0.05 -0.01 (0.025) (0.029) (0.027) (0.040) (0.051) (0.029) (0.029) (0.031) (0.041) (0.037) (0.034) Welfare indicators -0.03 -0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.00 -0.02 -0.01 -0.03 0.00 -0.02 (0.021) (0.020) (0.015) (0.016) (0.019) (0.014) (0.021) (0.029) (0.024) (0.021) (0.019) Region of residence: ref Dushanbe RRS and GBAO 0.06 0.22 -0.640* -0.36 -3.888*** -0.38 -0.33 -0.03 3.556*** 3.738*** 0.31 (0.282) (0.401) (0.345) (0.430) (0.369) (0.266) (0.363) (0.377) (0.370) (0.350) (0.463) KHATLON -0.04 0.28 -0.601** -0.45 -3.603*** -0.36 -0.54 -0.61 2.700*** 3.568*** 0.56 (0.262) (0.405) (0.298) (0.444) (0.312) (0.247) (0.368) (0.481) (0.415) (0.300) (0.438) SOGD -0.11 -0.061 -0.37 -0.932** -4.118*** -0.12 -0.863** -0.07 3.223*** 3.505*** 0.40 (0.225) (0.390) (0.285) (0.456) (0.382) (0.236) (0.358) (0.353) (0.434) (0.264) (0.436) Dependency Ratio 0.06 0.12 -0.01 0.09 0.06 -0.07 -0.16 0.12 -0.46 0.162* 0.18 (0.122) (0.096) (0.127) (0.112) (0.156) (0.109) (0.179) (0.108) (0.319) (0.092) (0.180) Female HH head -0.25 -0.18 0.438** 0.37 0.14 0.10 -0.06 0.44 0.16 0.02 0.13 (0.202) (0.217) (0.180) (0.252) (0.313) (0.165) (0.241) (0.267) (0.285) (0.258) (0.228) Weighted MPI -1.20 0.83 0.46 0.76 0.72 1.342** -0.98 -0.45 -0.07 -0.48 -0.80 (0.821) (0.767) (0.848) (0.938) (1.117) (0.593) (0.774) (1.123) (0.884) (0.916) (1.031) Pseudo R2 0.08 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.02 0.05 0.08 0.11 0.05 0.05 N. obs 792 792 792 792 792 798 800 800 800 800 800 The table reports the coefficient of the probit model in which the dependent variable is a binary variable equal to one if a household is a replacement in a given wave, and zero otherwise. Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * 22 Tab 3.10 (B): Probability of being a replacement Coeff. /(se) Variable Wave 13 Wave 14 Wave 15 Wave 16 Wave 17 Wave 18 Wave 19 Wave 20 Wave 21 Wave 22 Wave 23 Wave 24 Area of residence ref: rural urban -0.11 -0.585* -0.09 -0.56 -0.25 0.06 -0.02 0.18 0.21 0.596** -0.37 0.21 (0.400) (0.323) (0.240) (0.383) (0.293) (0.222) (0.200) (0.310) (0.199) (0.251) (0.273) (0.254) HH size 0.01 -0.04 -0.072* -0.02 0.02 0.053* -0.01 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.02 (0.029) (0.037) (0.042) (0.028) (0.031) (0.028) (0.025) (0.035) (0.031) (0.037) (0.026) (0.034) Welfare indicators 0.036*** 0.00 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 -0.02 -0.02 -0.084** 0.022** -0.01 0.01 0.01 (0.014) (0.018) (0.029) (0.019) (0.015) (0.017) (0.016) (0.038) (0.010) (0.019) (0.016) (0.015) Region of residence: ref Dushanbe RRS and GBAO -0.29 -0.38 -0.19 -1.004* -0.49 -0.29 0.14 -0.18 -0.19 -0.42 0.05 -0.16 (0.563) (0.461) (0.329) (0.526) (0.443) (0.320) (0.313) (0.340) (0.324) (0.378) (0.312) (0.323) KHATLON -0.22 -0.719* -0.33 -0.821* -0.42 -0.34 0.08 -0.02 -0.12 -0.44 -0.26 -0.22 (0.430) (0.415) (0.303) (0.436) (0.365) (0.308) (0.308) (0.338) (0.303) (0.345) (0.360) (0.340) SOGD -1.016** -0.843** -0.653* -0.984** -0.667* -0.36 -0.14 -0.10 -0.49 -0.37 -0.18 -0.965** (0.499) (0.423) (0.371) (0.436) (0.352) (0.276) (0.311) (0.343) (0.414) (0.379) (0.288) (0.377) Dependency Ratio 0.258*** 0.01 0.08 -0.06 0.07 0.02 0.219** -0.04 0.349*** -0.02 -0.06 0.203* (0.099) (0.148) (0.152) (0.132) (0.114) (0.122) (0.101) (0.135) (0.097) (0.124) (0.128) (0.109) Female HH head 0.25 -0.12 -0.18 0.01 -0.12 0.257* -0.06 -0.27 0.663*** 0.02 -0.34 0.12 (0.211) (0.336) (0.254) (0.191) (0.208) (0.144) (0.209) (0.255) (0.202) (0.227) (0.276) (0.221) Weighted MPI -0.11 -1.293** -1.40 -0.33 -0.59 -0.44 -0.35 -0.65 -0.59 -0.73 0.59 -2.189** (0.919) (0.656) (0.992) (0.991) (0.690) (0.681) (0.715) (0.753) (1.009) (0.935) (0.736) (0.999) Pseudo R2 0.10 0.05 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.18 0.02 0.03 0.09 N. obs 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 The table reports the coefficient of the probit model in which the dependent variable is a binary variable equal to one if a household is a replacement in a given wave, and zero otherwise. Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * 23 3.4 Survival Analysis After having analyzed the effect of individual and household characteristics on the probability of dropping out, this section investigates how those variables affect the time until the attrition actually takes place. In this way, performing a duration analysis makes it possible to get an idea of which factors characterize households that are most committed to remain in the survey. It is important to note that, after wave 7, those households who already dropped out in any of the previous rounds are allowed to be recalled and used as replacements for attritors, while this possibility was not available for households chosen as replacements before wave 7 Therefore, in the remainder of the section, we identify three groups of households: those who enter the sample in the first wave (original), those who are replacements but new to the survey (new replacements) and those that after wave 7 enter as a replacement but have already been interviewed in anyone of the previous rounds (returning). In the following subsections, we run the survival analysis considering: 1. only households who enter the survey in wave 1 (original households - subsection 3.4.1)3, 2. original households vs. replacements (both new and returning – subsection 3.4.2)4, 3. Replacement households: new vs returning (subsection 3.4.3). Interviews started on May 5, 2015 and households were initially interviewed within a 10-day interval, moving to 15 days after wave 6 and 30 days after wave 12. For each household, we define the time to event as the actual number of days that go from the first interview to the last one. Table 3.11 shows the time windows for each wave. Table 3.11: Interviews time windows Wave Time window Wave Time window 1 5 May 2015-28 May 2015 13 21 Dec. 2015 - 14 Jan 2016 2 16 May 2015 - 6 June 2015 14 21 Jan 2016 - 15 Feb 2016 3 27 May 2015-19 June 2015 15 21 Feb 2016 -19 Mar 2016 4 7 June 2015 - 8 July 2015 16 23 Mar 2016 - 22 Apr 2016 5 18 June 2015 - 19 July 2015 17 23 Apr 2016 - 24 May 2016 6 29 June 2015 - 26 July 2015 18 24 May 2016 -26 June 2016 7 12 Aug. 2015 - 3 Sep. 2015 19 25 June 2016 - 1 Aug. 2016 8 27 Aug. 2015 - 18 Sep. 2015 20 26 July 2016 - 10 Sept. 2016 9 11 Sep. 2015- 3 Oct. 2015 21 27 Aug.t 2016 - 16 Oct. 2016 10 26 Sep. 2015 - 19 Oct. 2015 22 28 Sep. 2016 - 21 Nov. 2016 11 11 Oct. 2015 - 9 Nov. 2015 23 29 Oct. 2016 – 28 Dec. 2016 12 26 Oct. 2015 - 27 Nov. 2015 24 26 Nov. 2016 – 01 Feb. 2016 24 3.4.1 Original Households Limiting the analysis to households that enter the survey in wave 1, Figure 3.3 visualizes the survival function for the overall sample and the different survival functions across the key household characteristics: area of residence (urban vs rural), region of residence (Dushanbe, RRS and GBAO, Khatlon and SOGD), the gender of the household head, the weighted MPI (by quartiles), household size (by quartiles), the welfare indicator (by quartiles), and the dependency ratio (by quartiles). Overall, the trend of the survival function is coherent with the design of the survey, given that the curve becomes flatter when the time between interviews increases after wave 7 (about 90 days) and, to a minor extent, after wave 13 (approximately 200 days); see top-left chart. Comparing the survival functions for different groups shows that there are remarkable differences across regions (households in the Dushanbe region seem to drop out quicker than the others, while households in SOGD tend to be more committed). Also, households belonging to the third quartile of the weighted MPI and of the dependency ratio seem to withdraw more from the survey in the early stages, while resulting to be as committed as the other groups after wave 7. Interestingly, the same pattern is not visible for households in the bottom quartile of both indicators, suggesting that the effect of those variable on the duration may be non- linear. Figure 3.3 (A): Kaplan-Meier Estimates – Original households 25 Figure 3.3 (B): Kaplan-Meier Estimates – Original households To look more formally at how household characteristics can affect the length of the stay in the survey, Table 3.12 reports the result of a Cox proportional hazard model (Cox 1972) estimated including the standard set of household characteristics as controls. As expected, results confirm the presence of significant differences across regions and for certain values of the welfare indicator and the dependency ratio, as noticed plotting the Kaplan- Meier curves. Finally, on the ground of the hazard model estimates, Figure 3.4 plots the predicted survival curves for the whole sample, and by different groups according to the value of the covariates. The visual analysis is limited to the variables that turns out to be significant in the regression analysis. Multivariate results are qualitatively similar to the univariate ones, even though the differences across groups are slightly larger. 26 Table 3.12: Cox proportional hazard model - Original households H.R. /(se) Area of residence ref: rural urban 0.79 (0.141) Region of residence: ref Dushanbe RRS (and GBAO) 0.513*** (0.129) KHATLON 0.499*** (0.121) SOGD 0.322*** (0.080) Head Gender - ref: male Female 1.14 (0.161) Weighted MPI: ref Q1 Q2 1.09 (0.172) Q3 1.452** (0.275) Q4 1.10 (0.213) HH size: ref Q1 Q2 0.94 (0.165) Q3 0.92 (0.147) Q4 0.84 (0.141) Welfare Ind.: ref Q1 Q2 1.07 (0.168) Q3 0.85 (0.140) Q4 0.91 (0.160) Dep. Ratio: ref Q1 Q2 1.390* (0.241) Q3 1.850*** (0.303) Q4 1.484** (0.285) LR chi2 47.29 N. obs 751 The table reports the hazard ratios (relative risks) of the Cox proportional hazard model. Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * 27 Figure 3.4: Cox Proportional Hazard Survival Functions 3.4.2 Original Households vs Replacements. This section replicates the same analysis done before, but considering, within the whole sample of interviewed households, the ones that entered in the round 1 (original) and the ones that joined the survey in subsequent rounds (replacements). The group of replacement households includes, indiscriminately, new households and, after wave 6, households that are actually coming back after dropping out (returning). The Cox proportional hazard model is estimated on the same set of covariates as in Table 3.12, but it also controls for the round of first entry (not reported in the table) and for the fact that the household is original or a replacement. Table 3.13 shows that including replacements does not change the main results obtained in the baseline analysis: households residing in the Dushanbe region, belonging to the third quartile of the weighted MPI and of the dependency ratio have a higher hazard ratio. On the other hand, there are no significant differences in the hazard ratios between original and replacement households, indicating that the latter, other things equal, can assure the same level of commitment of original households. Figure 3.4 plots the predicted survival curves for the whole sample and distinguishing across key household characteristics and, in particular, between original and replacements. The latter has a marginally lower survival function, but the difference is not statistically different from zero. 28 Table 3.13: Cox proportional hazard model - Original Households and Replacements H.R. /(se) Area of residence ref: rural urban 0.784* (0.112) Region of residence: ref Dushanbe RRS (and GBAO) 0.586*** (0.116) KHATLON 0.561*** (0.109) SOGD 0.429*** (0.084) Head Gender - ref: male Female 1.14 (0.127) Original HH: ref replacement original 0.96 (0.096) Weighted MPI: ref Q1 Q2 1.04 (0.142) Q3 1.12 (0.150) Q4 0.99 (0.159) HH size: ref Q1 Q2 0.89 (0.123) Q3 0.88 (0.115) Q4 0.90 (0.123) Welfare Ind.: ref Q1 Q2 0.95 (0.119) Q3 0.762** (0.101) Q4 0.776* (0.110) Dep. Ratio: ref Q1 Q2 1.20 (0.166) Q3 1.521*** (0.197) Q4 1.23 (0.191) LR chi2 40.82 N. obs 1243 The table reports the hazard ratios (relative risks) of the Cox proportional hazard model. Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 *. The model also includes a set of dummy indicators for the round of first entry, not showed. 29 Figure 3.4 (A): Cox Proportional Hazard Regression – Original households and Replacements Figure 3.4 (B): Cox Proportional Hazard Regression – Original households and Replacements 30 3.4.2 Replacements: New vs Returning Households As the last step of the survival analysis, we investigate whether there are significant differences in terms of commitment to the survey between replacement households that are completely new to the survey and households that return (after wave 6) after having already undertaken one or more interviews and then dropped out. The Cox proportional hazard model includes the same control variables as in Table 3.12 but it also includes a binary variable to identify if the replacement is a new or a returning household. The table shows that there is a significant difference between the two groups and households that come back after having dropped out are in fact significantly less committed than the new replacements. Figure 3.5 plots the predicted survival curves for the total of the sample and distinguishing between returning and new replacements and visually shows the main finding of this analysis. Table 3.14: Cox proportional hazard model - New vs Returning Households H.R. /(se) Area of residence ref: rural urban 0.75 (0.192) Region of residence: ref Dushanbe RRS (and GBAO) 0.58 (0.198) KHATLON 0.57 (0.196) SOGD 0.66 (0.215) Head Gender - ref: male Female 1.12 (0.215) Returning HH: ref new returning 2.749*** (0.711) Weighted MPI: ref Q1 Q2 1.05 (0.239) Q3 1.02 (0.250) Q4 1.18 (0.326) HH size: ref Q1 Q2 0.82 (0.195) Q3 0.87 (0.206) Q4 1.08 (0.279) Welfare Ind.: ref Q1 Q2 0.75 (0.170) Q3 0.88 (0.203) Q4 0.83 (0.207) Dep. Ratio: ref Q1 Q2 1.09 (0.261) 31 H.R. /(se) Q3 1.07 (0.245) Q4 0.91 (0.252) LR chi2 66.17 N. obs 493 The table reports the hazard ratios (relative risks) of the Cox proportional hazard model. Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 *. The model also includes a set of dummy indicators for the round of first entry, not showed. Figure 3.5 – Cox Proportional Hazard Regression – Total and New vs Returning Replacements 3.5 Mode Effects (In-person vs. Over the Phone) One key question often raised with mobile phone surveys is whether the mode (ie, conduting interviews over the phone) affects the quality or comparability of findings vis-a-vis other surevy methods. To qualtify this potential consideration, the L2TJK survey included a small experiment to demonstrate the relationship between modality and responses. Using the same questionnaire, a random sample of hosueholds were asked to conduct the interviews over the phone, and another group was asked to conduct interviews in person (on about the same dates). For four rounds, the two groups switched off, each conducting interviews twice in each mode. By comparing the reponses between the two groups, and controlling for both which group the respondent was in, as well as the round in which they were interviewed, the approach allows an investigation into any systematic differences between average phone responses and average in-person responses. If responses are not the same, 32 indicate a modality effect. Tables 3.15 and 3.16 report the results of these comparisons using simple OLS regressions of key dependent variables (listed in the column heading). Table 3.15 – In-person vs. Phone-based interviews (a) Days No Water Days No Elec Hours No Elec Life Satis. HH Life Satis. Self HH Head Work face2face 1.307** 1.289** 0.198 0.166 0.277 0.224 0.028 0.028 0.201** 0.204** -0.093** -0.093** (0.494) (0.502) (0.192) (0.212) (0.642) (0.687) (0.096) (0.096) (0.097) (0.098) (0.041) (0.041) Cohort Dummy -0.528 -0.637 -0.181 -0.184 -0.608 -0.526 -0.202 -0.196 -0.299* -0.248 0.022 0.020 (0.758) (0.735) (0.251) (0.265) (0.860) (0.845) (0.145) (0.143) (0.160) (0.164) (0.084) (0.084) Main welf. agg. -0.000 -0.000* -0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) Urban Location -1.854* -0.017 -0.518 0.269 0.410** -0.030 (0.936) (0.221) (1.013) (0.177) (0.180) (0.098) Household size 0.021 0.003 0.111 -0.038 -0.015 0.011 (0.105) (0.039) (0.094) (0.025) (0.025) (0.014) Observations 123 123 143 143 141 141 311 311 311 311 311 311 R2 0.035 0.066 0.010 0.022 0.006 0.016 0.011 0.037 0.030 0.056 0.010 0.022 note: .01 - ***; .05 - **; .1 - *; Table 3.16 – In-person vs. Phone-based interviews (b) HH Head Work Looking for Work Lost Work Lost or Few Hours Owed Back Pay Days face2face -0.046 -0.058 -0.006 -0.000 -0.013 -0.013 -0.052* -0.052* -0.008 -0.008 (0.246) (0.250) (0.089) (0.088) (0.024) (0.024) (0.030) (0.030) (0.043) (0.043) Cohort Dummy -0.067 -0.019 0.071 0.159 0.012 0.013 -0.001 -0.001 -0.034 -0.035 (0.286) (0.286) (0.162) (0.134) (0.032) (0.030) (0.045) (0.045) (0.062) (0.061) Main welf. agg. -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000** (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) Urban Location -0.121 0.090 -0.082** -0.097* -0.055 (0.524) (0.188) (0.040) (0.051) (0.070) Household size -0.009 0.073*** 0.015** 0.015** -0.001 (0.044) (0.026) (0.007) (0.007) (0.009) Number of 187 187 311 311 311 311 311 311 311 311 observations R2 0.001 0.014 0.001 0.099 0.001 0.051 0.006 0.040 0.002 0.024 note: .01 - ***; .05 - **; .1 - *; As tables 3.15 and 3.16 show, there are similarities between survey modes along many dimensions. However, while modality is not always important, it does lead to differences in some cases. In this case, signifant differences were notable between the number of days respondedents reported no water, and both self and household level life satisfaction. These differences are not necessarily a problem that there are differences over the phone. The strength of the L2TJK method is to monitor changes over time, and to high light high frequency movemtns in responses among individual hosueholds. Differences in modality imply that response levels levels may differ, and this should certainly ne consided when comparing the results of L2TJK to other survey designs. However, this does not imply that the results of phone-based surveys are less informative than alternative approaches, especially when focusing on changes in response, rather than cross-sectional levels. 33 4. Response level issues 4.1 Characteristics of the respondents This section of the report focuses on the role of respondents’ individual characteristics on the quality of data. This analysis is done by merging the household survey data with the dataset containing individual characteristics for the household roster at baseline, using the personal identification number of the respondent.5 Figure 4.1 shows the percentage of respondents who are absent from the roster by round for whom therefore individual information is not available. The share is extremely small ranging from 1.2 to 2.5 percent. A feature of the survey is that the protocol does not require to interview always the same person as long as the respondent is an informed adult. Figure 4.2 plots the share of responses given by the head of the households by each round and for sub-groups (rural area, urban area, bottom 40 and top 60 of the welfare indicator). Both overall and within each group, the share of responses given by the household head remains quite stable across rounds, and it is, on average, 47 percent, even though it is marginally higher for urban area (52%) and for household in the top 60 of the welfare indicator (49 percent). Table 4.1 shows the distributions of the characteristics of the respondent, by round, while Table 4.2 reports the average age of respondents (along with maximum, minimum and standard deviation) to assure that indeed the survey has been conducted among informed adults. Overall it is possible to note that the individual characteristics are extremely stable across rounds and the majority of the respondents are male, employed, with a completed secondary education degree, and they are in the mid-40s. Figure 4.1: Share of respondents absent from the roster by round 0.0300 Share respondents absent from the roster 0.0250 0.0200 0.0150 0.0100 0.0050 0.0000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Waves 5 In the few cases where it was not possible to merge the data using the personal ID number, date of birth was used. 34 Figure 4.2: Share of responses given by the Head of the Household by round and by subpopulations 0.58 Share of responses given by the head 0.56 0.54 0.52 Total 0.50 Rural 0.48 Urban 0.46 B40 0.44 T60 0.42 0.40 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Waves Table 4.1: Share of responses by individual baseline characteristics by round Secondary Tertiary Spouse Other members Male Employed Education Education Wave 1 0.2638 0.2374 0.4543 0.4060 0.6924 0.1287 Wave 2 0.2839 0.2374 0.4890 0.3966 0.6903 0.1290 Wave 3 0.2843 0.2336 0.5083 0.3956 0.6799 0.1332 Wave 4 0.2811 0.2361 0.5006 0.4008 0.6970 0.1245 Wave 5 0.2864 0.2298 0.4987 0.4039 0.6867 0.1240 Wave 6 0.2824 0.2412 0.5045 0.4122 0.6932 0.1335 Wave 7 0.2992 0.2281 0.5090 0.3966 0.6969 0.1253 Wave 8 0.2910 0.2375 0.5121 0.3972 0.6760 0.1334 Wave 9 0.2837 0.2338 0.5025 0.4140 0.6718 0.1349 Wave 10 0.2926 0.2250 0.4975 0.4139 0.6756 0.1323 Wave 11 0.3000 0.2313 0.5192 0.3953 0.6833 0.1269 Wave 12 0.2963 0.2388 0.5223 0.4008 0.6922 0.1239 Wave 13 0.2861 0.2450 0.5045 0.3969 0.6769 0.1303 Wave 14 0.2788 0.2388 0.5013 0.4005 0.6969 0.1253 Wave 15 0.2901 0.2213 0.5038 0.4093 0.6947 0.1349 Wave 16 0.2837 0.2213 0.5013 0.3974 0.6807 0.1374 Wave 17 0.2995 0.2175 0.5241 0.4085 0.6840 0.1358 Wave 18 0.2863 0.2413 0.5204 0.4075 0.6908 0.1298 Wave 19 0.2888 0.2488 0.5165 0.4059 0.6794 0.1361 Wave 20 0.2935 0.2450 0.5070 0.4023 0.6887 0.1347 Wave 21 0.3042 0.2338 0.5196 0.3897 0.6920 0.1305 Wave 22 0.3203 0.2338 0.5316 0.3841 0.7013 0.1354 Wave 23 0.2762 0.2225 0.4905 0.3839 0.6873 0.1375 Wave 24 0.2731 0.2163 0.4804 0.4069 0.6979 0.1315 35 Table 4.2 Age of respondents by round Age Mean Min Max St. Dev. Wave 1 44.2 17 85 12.68 Wave 2 44.1 15 89 12.77 Wave 3 44.7 16 89 12.66 Wave 4 44.3 16 85 12.91 Wave 5 44.5 15 89 12.90 Wave 6 44.1 15 85 12.71 Wave 7 44.0 15 89 12.85 Wave 8 44.2 15 81 12.94 Wave 9 44.5 15 89 13.08 Wave 10 44.7 15 89 12.61 Wave 11 44.1 15 89 12.55 Wave 12 44.2 15 89 12.52 Wave 13 43.9 16 89 12.70 Wave 14 45.0 16 90 12.52 Wave 15 45.6 17 90 12.65 Wave 16 45.6 17 82 12.26 Wave 17 45.7 16 86 12.06 Wave 18 44.8 16 82 12.14 Wave 19 44.8 17 82 12.18 Wave 20 44.8 17 79 12.44 Wave 21 45.2 16 82 12.18 Wave 22 45.3 16 82 11.92 Wave 23 45.6 17 79 12.01 Wave 24 45.7 16 79 12.24 4.2 Churning As households are free to choose who will respond to the survey in each round, a key aspect to investigate is the extent to which the turnover of the respondents within the household (churning) affects the quality of data, in terms of missing and extreme values, and consistency in the responses across consecutive rounds. Figure 4.3 plots the percentage of respondents who changed compared to the previous round, within the household, by round and distinguishing for subgroups (urban, rural, bottom 40 and top 60). Churning does not appear to be a large phenomenon both overall and within each sub-group, and the share of respondents who change from one wave to the subsequent one is generally stable across rounds at about 16 percent. Finally, Figure 4.4 reports the average number of respondents interviewed within households, for the entire sample (1.91) and by each sub-group. 36 Figure 4.3: Share of changed respondents by round and subpopulations 0.22 0.20 0.18 Churning rate 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.08 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Waves Total Rural Urban B40 T60 Figure 4.4 Average Number of Respondents within Households 2.10 2.06 2.05 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.95 1.90 1.82 1.85 1.80 1.75 1.70 Total Rural Urban B40 T60 4.3 Missing values This section analyzes the pattern of missing data in order to locate missing value and have a sense of how extensive they are. In addition, the analysis investigates whether the characteristics of the respondents and the churning could affect the probability that the household reports a missing value for each of the key variables considered so far. 37 As a caveat it is worth noting that the questionnaires have gone through several changes during the period in which the survey has been administered. Before the sixth wave, the answer to all questions allowed for the option “I don’t know”. This option was removed for all the questions starting at the seventh wave, although a limited number of variables still admit the possibility to record a missing value as an answer. Besides, the questionnaire has been further modified after wave 16 (introducing additional questions related to water and electricity disruptions) and after wave 19 (introducing UNICEF questions). The following tables report the percentage of missing values for different variables, distinguishing between those that admit missing values only before wave 7 (Table 4.3), those with missing values for all the waves (Table 4.4), variables available only after wave 16 and after wave 19 (Table 4.5). For the sake of space and to limit the analysis to phenomenon economically relevant, all tables consider exclusively those variables with at least one percent of missing values (Table 4.4 includes variables with at least 1 percent of missing values in at least one of the two periods). As expected, given the changes in the questionnaire, after wave 7 the percentages of missing values are in general extremely small (with a maximum of 3.5 percent). Table 4.3: Variables with missing values only for the first 6 waves Variable % of Missing Values Services Any electric outage in past 10 days 1.1 Hours of average electricity outage 2.2 Well-being Expectation on household finances next 10 days 25.9 Migration Comparison of remittances from members 14 days ago - migrant 1 45.9 Comparison of remittances from members 14 days ago - migrant 2 49.9 Comparison of remittances from members 14 days ago - migrant 3 33.8 Comparison of remittances from members 14 days ago - migrant 4 42.9 Expectation on remittances next 14 days - migrant 1 41.8 Expectation on remittances next 14 days - migrant 2 40.0 Expectation on remittances next 14 days - migrant 3 9.5 Expectation on remittances next 14 days - migrant 4 16.1 Migrants considering returning - Migrant 1 13.8 Migrants considering returning - Migrant 2 11.8 Migrants considering returning - Migrant 3 8.8 Migrants considering returning - Migrant 4 28.6 Jobs Number of days Head work over past week 1.7 Any member involuntarily reduced work 1.6 Any wages not paid on time in past 10 days 1.6 The table reports the share of missing values only for the variables with at least 1 percent of missing values. 38 Table 4.4: Variables with missing values for all the waves Variable % Missing Value Waves 1-6 Wave 7-23 Migration Remittances received from no members of the HH 25.13 0.8 Any member migrant currently working - migrant 1 4.67 3.5 Any member migrant currently working - migrant 2 6.02 2.9 Remittances received in past 10 days - migrant 2 2.4 0.0 Remittances received in past 10 days - migrant 3 4.0 0.0 Currency used migrant 2 1.2 0.0 Jobs HH Head temporarily absent from work 2.1 0.0 Number of members who have lost or stopped working 1.5 0.2 Pension income in past 10 days 2.1 0.6 Social Protection payments in past 10 days 2.6 0.8 Wage income in past 10 days 3.2 0.9 Self-employment income in past 10 days 3.6 1.3 Other income in past 10 days 5.7 1.0 The table reports the share of missing values only for the variables with at least 1 percent of missing values. Table 4.5: Missing values for variables available only after waves 16 Variable % of Missing Values After wave 16 Hours of electricity availability the day before yesterday 1.3 After wave 19 Average number of meals children had in past 10 days 1.2 Any child ill in past 10 days 1.7 Any child missed school for financial reason in past month 1.6 Any child worked last month 1.4 Any child sent elsewhere to be cared for during last month 1.3 The table reports the share of missing values only for the variables with at least 1 percent of missing values. The remainder of this section investigates whether respondent characteristics may have an impact on the probability of not giving an answer to a given question. The analysis of the factors associated with likelihood of not responding ignores the missing values in the first six waves to focus, instead, on the variables that after wave 6 record at least 1 percent of missing values. For each variable we report the estimates of a probit model in which the dependent variable is the likelihood of recording a missing value. We start with a parsimonious specification in which we include only the status of the respondent (head or non-head) (Mod.1); then we add other individual characteristics (age, gender and education of the respondent, Mod. 2), and household characteristics (region, area of residence and household size, that we do not report in the table, Mod.3). Finally, the last specification includes all individual characteristics included in the second model and household fixed effects, to absorb any time-invariant household heterogeneity (Mod.4). All specifications control for the round of the survey. In particular, Table 4.6 considers the three variables that after wave 6 register at least the 1 percent of answers as missing: 1) “Any member migrant currently working – migrant 1”; 2) “Any member migrant currently working – migrant 2”; and 3) “Self-employment income received in the past 10 days”. Considering the first three models —which should be interpreted in the cross sections (i.e. comparing household with different characteristics)— the tables does not show a systematic correlation between the characteristics of the respondents and the probability of recording a missing value. However, when considering the variable “Self- employment income”, some individual characteristics seem to predict the probability of not-answering. Moving to the more complete specification with household fixed effect, on the other hand, results show that within the same households, the probability of not answering does not change across individuals, at least for what concern 39 a set of observable characteristics (an exception is the variable on the working status of the migrant, see top panel). Table 4.7 reports the same four specifications to estimate the probability of not answering to the question available only after wave 16 that recorded more than 1 percent of missing values, namely “Hours of electricity availability the day before yesterday”. Again, there is no strong evidence of any correlation between household and individual characteristics and the item non-response. Table 4.8 looks at the variables available after wave 19 and replicates only the first three models (while excluding the specification with household fixed effects because of the short dimension of the panel). Again the status of the respondent does not seem to be relevant, while gender and age are positively correlated with the probability of having a missing value, meaning that households with male and younger respondents are more likely not to answer questions related to children in the household. Table 4.6: Effect of respondent characteristics on the probability of missing values - variables with missing values after wave 6 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Dependent Variable: Probability of missing values in the variable "Any member migrant currently working - migrant 1" Status of the respondent - ref: other Head 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 -0.030** (0.008) (0.009) (0.008) (0.014) Age 0.000 0.000 0.001 (0.000) (0.000) (0.001) Gender - ref: female Male -0.006 -0.005 -0.044*** (0.009) (0.009) (0.016) Education - ref: primary secondary -0.005 -0.005 -0.064** (0.012) (0.011) (0.030) tertiary -0.012 -0.009 -0.018 (0.017) (0.016) (0.043) R2 0.716 0.716 0.717 0.744 N. observations 4723 4723 4723 4723 Dependent Variable: Probability of missing values in the variable "Any member migrant currently working - migrant 2" Status of the respondent - ref: other Head 0.007 0.011 0.023 -0.048 (0.015) (0.014) (0.016) (0.033) Age 0.000 0.000 -0.001 (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) Gender - ref: female Male -0.001 0.012 0.001 (0.017) (0.017) (0.054) Education - ref: primary secondary 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 (0.032) (0.032) (0.022) tertiary -0.014 -0.024 0.082 (0.036) (0.035) (0.097) R2 0.019 0.020 0.031 0.031 N. observations 1136 1136 1136 1136 Dependent Variable: Probability of missing values in the variable "Self-employment income in past 10 days" Status of the respondent - ref: other Head -0.014** 0.000 -0.002 -0.020** (0.005) (0.006) (0.006) (0.010) Age -0.001* -0.000* 0.000 (0.000) (0.000) (0.001) Gender - ref: female Male 0.015** 0.013** 0.002 (0.007) (0.007) (0.009) Education - ref: primary secondary 0.006 0.006 -0.018 40 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 (0.008) (0.007) (0.017) tertiary 0.003 0.003 -0.033 (0.008) (0.008) (0.022) R2 0.018 0.023 0.026 0.019 N. observations 3153 3153 3153 3153 HH FE NO NO NO YES HH Characteristics NO NO YES NO Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * Note 1. Controlled HH Characteristics: Region of residence (RRS/Khatlon/SOGD/GBAO), Area of residence (urban/rural), HH size Table 4.7: Effect of respondent characteristics on the probability of missing values - variables available only after waves 16 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Dependent Variable: Probability of missing value in the variable "Hrs. of electricity the day before yesterday" Status of the respondent - ref: other Head 0.005* 0.003 0.004 0.016** (0.003) (0.004) (0.004) (0.007) Age 0.000 0.000 -0.001** (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) Gender - ref: female Male -0.006* -0.006 -0.002 (0.003) (0.004) (0.007) Education - ref: primary secondary -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 (0.004) (0.004) (0.011) tertiary -0.007 -0.008 -0.015 (0.005) (0.005) (0.016) R2 0.018 0.019 0.020 0.020 N. observations 7096 7096 7096 7096 HH FE NO NO NO YES HH Characteristics NO NO YES NO Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * Note 1. Controlled HH Characteristics: Region of residence (RRS/Khatlon/SOGD/GBAO), Area of residence (urban/rural), HH size 41 Table 4.8 (A): Effect of respondent characteristics on the probability of missing values - variables available only after waves 19 Mod.1 Mod.2 Mod.3 Dependent variable: Probability of missing value in the variable "Average n. of meals children past 10 days" Status of the respondent - ref: other Head 0.004 0.007 -0.004 (0.004) (0.007) (0.008) Age 0.000 0.001* (0.000) (0.000) Gender - ref: female Male 0.012** 0.002 (0.006) (0.005) Education - ref: primary secondary 0.000 -0.001 (0.006) (0.005) tertiary -0.003 -0.008 (0.010) (0.010) R2 0.001 0.006 0.026 N. observations 4736 4736 4736 Dependent variable: Probability of missing value in the variable "Any child ill past 10 days" Status of the respondent - ref: other Head 0.007 0.009 -0.005 (0.007) (0.012) (0.012) Age 0.000 0.001 (0.000) (0.001) Gender - ref: female Male 0.010 -0.004 (0.009) (0.008) Education - ref: primary secondary -0.001 -0.003 (0.009) (0.009) tertiary -0.002 -0.009 (0.013) (0.014) R2 0.002 0.005 0.037 N. observations 2719 2719 2719 Dependent variable: Probability of missing value in the variable "Any child missed school for financial reason past 10 days" Status of the respondent - ref: other Head 0.009* 0.012 0.000 (0.005) (0.008) (0.009) Age 0.001 0.001** (0.000) (0.000) Gender - ref: female Male 0.015** 0.004 (0.007) (0.006) Education - ref: primary secondary 0.000 -0.001 (0.006) (0.006) tertiary -0.005 -0.010 (0.009) (0.009) R2 0.002 0.008 0.028 N. observations 4415 4415 4415 HH FE NO NO NO HH Characteristics NO NO YES Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * Note 1. Controlled HH Characteristics: Region of residence (RRS/Khatlon/SOGD, GBAO), Area of residence (urban/rural), HH size 42 Table 4.8 (B): Effect of respondent characteristics on the probability of missing values - variables available only after waves 19 Mod.1 Mod.2 Mod.3 Dependent variable: Probability of missing value in the variable "Any child worked last month" Status of the respondent - ref: other Head 0.004 0.007 -0.006 (0.005) (0.008) (0.009) Age 0.000 0.001* (0.000) (0.000) Gender - ref: female Male 0.013** 0.001 (0.006) (0.006) Education - ref: primary secondary 0.002 0.000 (0.006) (0.006) tertiary -0.001 -0.007 (0.008) (0.009) R2 0.001 0.006 0.030 N. observations 4415 4415 4415 Dependent variable: Probability of missing value in the variable "Any child sent away last month" Status of the respondent - ref: other Head 0.005 0.008 -0.004 (0.005) (0.008) (0.009) Age 0.000 0.001* (0.000) (0.000) Gender - ref: female Male 0.014** 0.002 (0.006) (0.006) Education - ref: primary secondary 0.001 -0.001 (0.006) (0.006) tertiary -0.003 -0.009 (0.008) (0.009) R2 0.001 0.007 0.032 N. observations 1472 1472 1472 HH FE NO NO NO HH Characteristics NO NO YES Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * Note 1. Controlled HH Characteristics: Region of residence (RRS/Khatlon/SOGD, GBAO), Area of residence (urban/rural), HH size Finally, in Table 4.9 we investigate what is the effect of a turnover of the respondent from one round to another on the probability of not receiving an answer for the same variables considered in Table 4.7 (that is, the variables with missing values after wave 6). The table includes six specifications, all including a set of dummies for the round: • Mod. 1 estimates the probability of having a missing value controlling for the churning binary indicator—equal to one if the respondent in round T is different from respondent in round T-1, and zero otherwise—and household characteristics. • Mod. 2 include the lagged value of the dependent variable, which is a binary indicator (L.y=1) equal to one if the variable was missing in round T-1. • Mod. 3 extends Mod. 2 by including the interaction term between churning and L.y. • Mod. 4 to 6 saturate the previous model with household fixed effects. 43 Table 4.9: Effect of the variation of the respondent (churning) on the probability of missing values - after wave 6 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod.4 Mod.5 Mod. 6 Dependent Variable: Probability of missing values in the variable "Any member migrant currently working - migrant 1" Churning dummy 0.006 0.007 0.014* 0.011 0.015* 0.020** (0.007) (0.006) (0.007) (0.008) (0.008) (0.008) L.y (Missing in the previous wave dummy) 0.178*** 0.189*** -0.056* -0.045 (0.038) (0.039) (0.031) (0.031) L.y##churning -0.092*** -0.068*** (0.023) (0.026) R2 0.717 0.750 0.750 0.741 0.764 0.765 N. obs 4821 4249 4249 4821 4249 4249 Dependent Variable: Probability of missing values in the variable "Any member migrant currently working - migrant 2" Any member migrant currently working - migrant 2 Churning dummy 0.007 0.010 0.026 -0.001 -0.007 0.010 (0.021) (0.028) (0.030) (0.017) (0.022) (0.023) L.y (Missing in the previous wave dummy) 0.175*** 0.243** -0.126** -0.052 (0.063) (0.095) (0.062) (0.080) L.y##churning -0.297** -0.303** (0.118) (0.118) R2 0.027 0.064 0.080 0.020 0.043 0.065 N. obs 1165 915 915 1165 915 915 Dependent Variable: Probability of missing values in the variable "Self-employment income in past 10 days" Churning dummy 0.013* -0.001 0.012 0.006 0.005 0.014 (0.006) (0.009) (0.009) (0.007) (0.012) (0.012) L.y (Missing in the previous wave dummy) 0.345** 0.518*** -0.038 0.207 (0.138) (0.159) (0.116) (0.161) L.y##churning -0.547*** -0.509** (0.161) (0.208) R2 0.021 0.154 0.224 0.012 0.015 0.078 N. obs 3209 1528 1528 3209 1528 1528 HH FE NO NO NO YES YES YES HH Characteristics YES YES YES NO NO NO Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * Note 1. Controlled HH Characteristics: Region of residence (RRS/Khatlon/SOGD, GBAO), Area of residence (urban/rural), HH size. Results indicate that households where the respondent is different from the previous round do not seem to have a probability of not answering the questions significantly different from other households (Mod.1). However, there is a strong evidence of path dependence, meaning that the probability of a missing values is significantly higher if the household did not answer in the previous round (Mod.2). Interacting the effect of churning with the one of path dependence shows that the probability of recording a missing value is higher if the value was also missing in the previous interview, but this effect vanishes for those households where the respondent changes compared to the previous round. The inclusion of household fixed effects washes out the persistence effect, but it shows that, even within the same household, the churning reduces the probability of having a new missing value conditional on not having answered in the previous round (Mod.6). 44 4.4 Extreme values This section analyzes the presence of extreme values (i.e. outliers) for all the variables collected in the survey, in order to provide a sense of the quality of the data. Within each round, outliers are detected using two different tests: • Z score test where the Z score for a variable is defined as: ̅ − = where ̅ and s indicate the sample mean and standard deviation. The test identifies an observation as an outlier if the absolute values of the Z score is larger than 3. • Grubbs test: defined as ̅| =1… | − = ̅ and s indicate the sample mean and standard deviation. The Grubbs statistics is the largest absolute where deviation from the sample mean in units of the sample standard deviation. The test detects one outlier at a time, excludes it from the dataset and it is iterated until no more outliers are detected (Grubbs 1969). Table 4.10 reports the percentage of outliers detected for each continuous variables using the two different tests. The share of outliers identified with the Z score test is small (ranging from 1 to 14 percent), while for most of the variables the Grubbs test identifies as outlier a larger share of observations (reaching 21 percent for the variable “Social Protection payments received in the past 10 days” and 10 percent for “other income received in the past 10 days”). All the outliers detected by both tests lie above the upper inner fence. Table 4.10: Outliers Detection Variable Z score Grubbs Test N. % on Tot N % on Tot 0.03 0.05 Received any remittance from not members of HH 18 35 0.02 0.03 Received any remittance from migrants - migrant 1 38 60 0.01 0.04 Received any remittance from migrants - migrant 2 5 15 0.14 0.04 Received any remittance from migrants - migrant 3 11 4 0.02 0.02 Pension income in past 10 days 47 57 0.01 0.21 Social Protection payments in past 10 days 1 35 0.02 0.03 Wage income in past 10 days 60 93 0.02 0.07 Self-employment income in past 10 days 81 242 0.02 0.11 Other income in past 10 days 50 236 In order to discriminate between the information coming from the two approaches, we calculate for both tests the share of outliers that lie above the upper outer fence, defined as: Upper outer fence=Q3+3*IQ 45 where Q3 is the top quartile (75th percentile) and IQ is the difference between Q3 and Q1 (i.e. the interquartile range). Values that lie above the upper quartile fence are considered as extreme outliers. Table 4.11 confirms that for almost all the variables, the outliers identified by the Z-score test for a higher percentage have to be considered extreme than the ones detected by the Grubbs test. Therefore, from now on, we will focus our analysis considering outliers identified by the Z score test. Table 4.11: % Outliers above the upper outer fence Variable Z score % Grubbs Test % Received any remittance from not members of HH 0.94 0.69 Received any remittance from migrants - migrant 1 0.74 0.57 Received any remittance from migrants - migrant 2 1.00 0.53 Received any remittance from migrants - migrant 3 0.53 0.50 Pension income in past 10 days 0.72 0.77 Social Protection payments in past 10 days 1.00 0.31 Wage income in past 10 days 0.82 0.61 Self-employment income in past 10 days 1.00 0.81 Other income in past 10 days 0.98 0.75 To analyze the data, one could correct the outliers through winsorization (i.e. setting all the extreme values to the value of the cutoff) or trimming (i.e. dropping all the extreme values). In both cases, the first step is to identify the data point to cut the sample: Table 4.12 shows what is the percentile that corresponds to the lowest values of outliers identified for each variables. On the ground of the evidence reported in Table 4.12 it is safe to consider 98th percentile as the cutoff. Table 4.12: Percentile of the smallest outlier Variable Z score Received any remittance from not members of HH 97.6 Received any remittance from migrants - migrant 1 98.8 Received any remittance from migrants - migrant 2 96.1 Pension income in past 10 days 98.1 Social Protection payments in past 10 days 96.7 Wage income in past 10 days 98.5 Self-employment income in past 10 days 98.2 Other income in past 10 days 99.4 The second step consists in choosing between the winsorization and the trimming. To guide this decision, Table 4.13 compares—for each variable—the number of observations, the mean, median and standard deviation for: • the original variable; • the trimmed variables with cutoffs (0 98); and • the winsorized variables with cutoffs (0 98). Although the trimming, by construction, guarantee a much larger reduction of the standard deviation, the winsorization of the variables allows to preserve all the observations. Given that the sample size is relatively small (about 800 households per round), we have decided to winsorized the variables with extreme outliers. 46 Table 4.13: Original, Trimmed and Winsorized Values Variables Original Trimmed Winsorized Received any remittance from not members of HH N. Obs 671 657 671 Mean 484.24 394.00 428.25 Median 287.63 284.40 287.63 Std. Dev. 915.30 359.43 433.82 Received any remittance from migrants - migrant 1 N. obs 1817 1792 1817 Mean 865.68 803.45 835.02 Median 575.75 574.15 575.75 Std. Dev. 1043.83 618.14 679.53 Received any remittance from migrants - migrant 2 N. obs 407 399 407 Mean 837.52 754.44 797.62 Median 569.87 567.86 569.87 Std. Dev. 865.13 583.01 653.03 Pension income in past 10 days N. obs 2880 2836 2880 Mean 279.46 263.77 271.69 Median 199.40 199.20 199.40 Std. Dev. 257.56 148.96 161.15 Social Protection payments in past 10 days N. obs 166 163 166 Mean 222.36 162.54 184.73 Median 97.37 97.18 97.37 Std. Dev. 507.47 225.33 277.05 Wage income in past 10 days N. obs 3050 3004 3050 Mean 658.86 614.47 640.61 Median 497.51 495.05 497.51 Std. Dev. 611.54 444.80 494.35 Self-employment income in past 10 days N. obs 3677 3623 3677 Mean 512.33 428.28 471.91 Median 237.87 231.27 237.87 Std. Dev. 1077.03 687.52 794.99 Other income in past 10 days N. obs 2206 2177 2206 Mean 750.79 596.97 659.26 Median 274.98 260.17 274.98 Std. Dev. 2359.49 1351.89 1476.57 Similarly, to what has been done for the missing values analysis, the remainder of this section focuses on the effects of both individual characteristics of the respondents and of respondents churning on the probability to register an outlier, for all the relevant variables. Table 4.14 replicates the specification used for the missing analysis in Table 4.6. In this case the dependent variable is defined by a binary indicator equal to one if the variable is an outlier and zero otherwise. Overall, there are not systematic differences among households in which the respondent is the head, neither along other characteristics (although for almost all the variables, in the cross section specification, the probability of providing extreme answer is higher when the respondent has a higher level of education). The same conclusions hold when augmenting the model with fixed effect to absorb household unobserved heterogeneity (Mod. 4). 47 Table 4.14 (A): Effect of respondent characteristics on the probability of having outliers Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Dependent Variable: Probability of outliers in the variable "Received remittances from non-members" Status of the respondent - ref: other Head 0.005 0.000 -0.003 0.008 (0.012) (0.013) (0.015) (0.069) Age 0.000 0.000 0.000 (0.001) (0.001) (0.002) Gender - ref: female Male 0.005 0.002 -0.014 (0.015) (0.018) (0.042) Education - ref: primary secondary 0.036*** 0.037** 0.010 (0.013) (0.015) (0.022) tertiary 0.041 0.042* 0.001 (0.026) (0.025) (0.090) R2 0.013 0.021 0.023 0.036 N. observations 658 658 658 658 Dependent Variable: Probability of outliers in the variable "Received remittances from migrants" Status of the respondent - ref: other Head 0.012 0.015 0.009 -0.007 (0.009) (0.013) (0.013) (0.013) Age 0.000 0.000 0.000 (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) Gender - ref: female Male -0.005 -0.011 -0.011 (0.011) (0.011) (0.013) Education - ref: primary secondary -0.004 -0.005 0.005 (0.009) (0.009) (0.006) tertiary 0.020 0.015 -0.053 (0.016) (0.016) (0.037) R2 0.005 0.008 0.013 0.008 N. observations 1786 1786 1786 1786 Dependent Variable: Probability of outliers in the variable "Pension income in past 10 days" Status of the respondent - ref: other Head 0.000 -0.003 -0.002 0.024** (0.005) (0.013) (0.011) (0.012) Age 0.000 0.000 0.000 (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) Gender - ref: female Male 0.007 0.009 0.014 (0.011) (0.010) (0.014) Education - ref: primary secondary 0.017*** 0.018*** 0.002 (0.006) (0.006) (0.005) tertiary 0.048*** 0.048*** -0.016 (0.017) (0.018) (0.017) 0.005 0.017 0.028 0.020 R2 0.005 0.017 0.028 0.020 N. observations 2792 2792 2792 2792 HH FE NO NO NO YES HH Characteristics NO NO YES NO Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * Note 1. Controlled HH Characteristics: Region of residence (RRS/Khatlon/SOGD, GBAO), Area of residence (urban/rural), HH size 48 Tablr 4.14 (B): Effect of respondent characteristics on the probability of having outliers Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Dependent Variable: Probability of outliers in the variable "Wage income in past 10 days" Status of the respondent - ref: other Head -0.012 -0.025 -0.027 -0.013 (0.009) (0.019) (0.020) (0.015) Age 0.001* 0.001* 0.001 (0.000) (0.000) (0.001) Gender - ref: female Male -0.010 -0.011 -0.008 (0.016) (0.017) (0.013) Education - ref: primary secondary 0.008 0.011 -0.019* (0.007) (0.008) (0.011) tertiary 0.029*** 0.034*** 0.039*** (0.010) (0.012) (0.014) R2 0.006 0.016 0.020 0.012 N. observations 2998 2998 2998 2998 Dependent Variable: Probability of outliers in the variable "Self-employment income in past 10 days" Status of the respondent - ref: other Head 0.000 -0.024** -0.014 -0.009 (0.006) (0.010) (0.009) (0.011) Age 0.001** 0.000 0.000 (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) Gender - ref: female Male -0.025*** -0.017** 0.000 (0.009) (0.008) (0.009) Education - ref: primary secondary 0.006 0.008 0.009 (0.007) (0.007) (0.010) tertiary 0.032** 0.032** 0.028 (0.014) (0.015) (0.028) R2 0.004 0.013 0.018 0.008 N. observations 3614 3614 3614 3614 Dependent Variable: Probability of outliers in the variable "Other income in past 10 days" Status of the respondent - ref: other Head 0.002 -0.011 -0.007 -0.016 (0.007) (0.012) (0.012) (0.030) Age 0.000 0.000 0.002 (0.000) (0.000) (0.001) Gender - ref: female Male -0.015 -0.012 -0.027 (0.010) (0.010) (0.026) Education - ref: primary secondary 0.018*** 0.017** -0.010 (0.007) (0.007) (0.042) tertiary 0.029** 0.028* -0.062 (0.015) (0.015) (0.071) R2 0.005 0.009 0.011 0.013 N. observations 2168 2168 2168 2168 HH FE NO NO NO YES HH Characteristics NO NO YES NO Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * Note 1. Controlled HH Characteristics: Region of residence (RRS/Khatlon/SOGD, GBAO), Area of residence (urban/rural), HH size 49 The second part of the analysis looks at the effect of a turnover of the respondent from one round to another (and its interaction with the persistence effect) on the probability of having an outlier. Results are reported in Table 4.15 that, as Table 4.9, shows six model specifications, three in cross sections and other three with households fixed effects. The churning dummy does not have a significant impact per se (Mod.1), while often households who answered with an outlier value in the previous round (L.y=1) have a higher probability of providing again an extreme value in the current round (Mod.2). However, the persistence effect in some cases is not significant and in others—especially when household fixed effects are included—is even reverted, meaning that, conditional on a past outlier, the probability of reporting an outlier in the current survey is lower. Finally, differently from what discussed for the analysis of the missing values, in this case the interaction between the churning and the lagged dependent variable does not provide any clear-cut result. Table 4.15 (A): Effect of the variation of the respondent (churning) on the probability of missing values - variables with missing in all the waves Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 5 Mod. 6 Dependent Variable: Probability of outliers in the variable "Received remittances from non-members" Churning dummy 0.032 0.028 0.004 0.066* 0.075 0.038 (0.027) (0.057) (0.041) (0.035) (0.071) (0.041) L.y (Outlier in the previous wave - dummy) 0.349** 0.217 0.026 -0.171* (0.152) (0.181) (0.125) (0.089) L.y##churning 0.781*** 0.927*** (0.192) (0.083) R2 0.020 0.210 0.288 0.056 0.162 0.362 N. obs 671 241 241 671 241 241 Dependent Variable: Probability of outliers in the variable "Received remittances from migrants" Churning dummy -0.012 -0.008 -0.009 0.002 0.007 0.005 (0.007) (0.012) (0.012) (0.007) (0.019) (0.018) L.y (Outlier in the previous wave - dummy) -0.030** -0.032** -0.159*** -0.173*** (0.013) (0.014) (0.043) (0.044) L.y##churning 0.032 0.131** (0.022) (0.058) R2 0.009 0.030 0.030 0.005 0.065 0.066 N. obs 1817 735 735 1817 735 735 Dependent Variable: Probability of outliers in the variable "Pension income past 10 days" Churning dummy -0.001 0.014 0.011 0.006 0.008 0.003 (0.007) (0.011) (0.013) (0.004) (0.012) (0.014) L.y (Outlier in the previous wave - dummy) 0.365*** 0.326*** -0.166* -0.239** (0.119) (0.122) (0.098) (0.100) L.y##churning 0.157 0.231 (0.171) (0.142) R2 0.015 0.175 0.180 0.015 0.059 0.079 N. obs 2880 1074 1074 2880 1074 1074 HH FE NO NO NO YES YES YES HH Characteristics YES YES YES NO NO NO Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * Note 1. Controlled HH Characteristics: Region of residence (RRS/Khatlon/SOGD, GBAO), Area of residence (urban/rural), HH size 50 Table 4.15 (B): Effect of the variation of the respondent (churning) on the probability of missing values - variables with missing in all the waves Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 5 Mod. 6 Dependent Variable: Probability of outliers in the variable "Wage income past 10 days" Churning dummy 0.006 0.026 0.018 0.014 0.038 0.022 (0.007) (0.016) (0.015) (0.012) (0.025) (0.020) L.y (Outlier in the previous wave - dummy) 0.383*** 0.343*** 0.149 0.095 (0.092) (0.098) (0.106) (0.095) L.y##churning 0.188 0.252 (0.226) (0.215) R2 0.007 0.188 0.194 0.006 0.054 0.069 N. obs 3050 1199 1199 3050 1199 1199 Dependent Variable: Probability of outliers in the variable "Self-employment income past 10 days" Churning dummy -0.001 -0.025*** -0.020*** 0.003 -0.012 -0.008 (0.007) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007) (0.008) (0.007) L.y (Outlier in the previous wave - dummy) 0.231*** 0.269*** -0.014 0.008 (0.072) (0.082) (0.090) (0.100) L.y##churning -0.177 -0.129 (0.114) (0.088) R2 0.012 0.080 0.085 0.007 0.030 0.033 N. obs 3677 1672 1672 3677 1672 1672 Dependent Variable: Probability of outliers in the variable "Other income past 10 days" Churning dummy 0.012 -0.012** -0.010* 0.019* 0.002 0.002 (0.010) (0.006) (0.005) (0.011) (0.005) (0.005) L.y (Outlier in the previous wave - dummy) 0.097 0.111 -0.189*** -0.189*** (0.099) (0.109) (0.066) (0.066) L.y##churning -0.133 0.000 (0.107) (.) R2 0.008 0.064 0.067 0.008 0.168 0.168 N. obs 2206 579 579 2206 579 579 HH FE NO NO NO YES YES YES HH Characteristics YES YES YES NO NO NO Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * Note 1. Controlled HH Characteristics: Region of residence (RRS/Khatlon/SOGD, GBAO), Area of residence (urban/rural), HH size 4.3 Outcome level This section of the report looks at the possible effects of individual characteristics of respondents and of respondent churning on the level of outcome of the variable. The analysis mimics what done so far when considering missing values and outliers, but it considers the level of outcome variables and, for each one of them, presents the four model specifications already discussed (see Tables 4.6 and 4.9). Given that the set of variables to be considered is much larger than in the previous section, the following discussion will focus on some general pattern, overlooking results specific to single outcome variables. The reminder of the section looks first at the effect of individual characteristics and then at the churning one. Both analyses are organized in blocks based on the structure of the questionnaire. Individual characteristics of the respondents Results differ significantly across variables, as expected, and it is difficult to recognize any recurrent pattern. No one of the individual characteristics of the respondent seems to be systematically correlated with the outcome level, even though it could be the case for some variables. An important finding for this analysis is that the level of the outcome variables does not systematically change if the respondent is the household head or not, irrespective of controlling or not for household fixed effects. Block Services [Table 4.16 (A)-(B)]. On average, households in which the respondents have a higher level of education (secondary and tertiary) are in general less likely to state there has been a water or electrical outage 51 and provide a lower value of hours of electricity outage in the past days. The fact that who responds is the household heads, and the age and the gender of the respondents do not show any striking correlation with the provision of services. In Mod. 4, once household fixed effects are taken into account, most of the individual characteristics of the respondent become not relevant. Table 4.16 (A): Effect of respondent characteristics on outcome level - variables available for all the waves – Block SERVICE Water outage Days of water disruption Electricity outage Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Status of the respondent - ref: other Head -0.045*** -0.025 -0.041** 0.011 -0.104 -0.333 -0.062 -0.238 -0.020 -0.016 -0.017 -0.018 (0.013) (0.018) (0.019) (0.023) (0.158) (0.221) (0.212) (0.326) (0.013) (0.018) (0.017) (0.027) Age 0.000 0.001 -0.001 0.013 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.001** 0.001 (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.010) (0.009) (0.011) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) Gender - ref: female Male 0.042** 0.025 0.037** -0.301 0.019 -0.084 0.024 0.023 0.031 (0.019) (0.019) (0.019) (0.213) (0.205) (0.273) (0.017) (0.017) (0.021) Education - ref: primary secondary -0.041** -0.041** -0.035 0.277 0.413** -0.062 -0.047** -0.044** -0.004 (0.019) (0.018) (0.027) (0.233) (0.208) (0.251) (0.022) (0.022) (0.027) tertiary -0.027 -0.025 -0.074* -0.316 0.204 0.144 -0.016 -0.013 0.017 (0.027) (0.026) (0.039) (0.329) (0.267) (0.473) (0.028) (0.031) (0.048) Mean y 0.201 3.996 0.402 R2 0.006 0.011 0.024 0.007 0.013 0.021 0.082 0.023 0.039 0.041 0.052 0.049 N. obs 17199 17198 17198 17198 3414 3414 3414 3414 18795 18794 18794 18794 HH FE NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES HH Characteristics NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * 1.Note: controlled HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence and HH size. Table 4.16 (B): Effect of respondent characteristics on outcome level - variables available for all the waves – Block SERVICE Days of Electricity Outage Hrs. of Electricity Outage Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Status of the respondent - ref: other Head 0.063 0.116 0.155 -0.002 0.021 -0.158 0.304 0.415 (0.084) (0.103) (0.104) (0.145) (0.290) (0.343) (0.327) (0.391) Age 0.003 0.001 0.006 -0.009 -0.018* -0.021 (0.004) (0.004) (0.005) (0.011) (0.010) (0.016) Gender - ref: female Male 0.084 0.131 0.231* -0.863*** -0.245 0.690* (0.102) (0.107) (0.118) (0.286) (0.275) (0.384) Education - ref: primary secondary -0.186 -0.185 -0.022 -0.713** -0.602* -0.784 (0.132) (0.128) (0.150) (0.353) (0.337) (0.559) tertiary -0.300* -0.281 0.050 -1.060* -0.344 0.791 (0.181) (0.173) (0.359) (0.601) (0.535) (0.885) Mean y 2.534 6.693 R2 0.000 0.021 0.032 0.026 0.048 0.054 0.093 0.058 N. obs 7491 7490 7490 7490 7460 7459 7459 7459 HH FE NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES HH NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO Characteristics Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * 1.Note: controlled HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence and HH size. Block Well-being [Tab. 4.16 (C)-(F)]: considering Mod.1 – Mod.3, households whose respondent is the head show a higher probability of giving an optimistic response (i.e. better financial situation compared to the past, positive expectation about the future situation, no need to borrow money or to reduce food and health expenses, none sick in the previous time interval), with two exceptions (the head is more likely to admit the household was not 52 able to pay for housing or utilities). When we control for other individual characteristics and households characteristics, in general two variables are relevant and move in opposite direction: level of education and gender of the head. In most of the cases, the level of education is correlated with a higher probability of giving an optimistic response (respondents who completed secondary or tertiary education more often declare the financial situation is better than in the past, they have optimistic expectation about the future, they are satisfied in general, the household was able to buy food and didn’t need to reduce food or health expenses). In some of this cases, though, if the head of the household is a man, responses are less positive (lower level of satisfaction). On the other hand, for some variables the two effects are reversed: more educated respondents admit more frequently the household was not able to pay for utilities and housing, had to use savings, but being the head a man, leads to more optimistic responses in these same variables. Within the same households, there is not a systematic difference due to individual characteristics. 53 Table 4.16 (C): Effect of respondent characteristics on outcome level - variables available for all the waves – Block WELL-BEING Comparison HH finance6 Expectations HH finance7 Satisfaction of HH8 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Status of the respondent - ref: other Head 0.022* 0.005 0.013 0.037* 0.016 0.009 0.011 0.039* 0.017 -0.007 0.001 0.008 (0.011) (0.015) (0.014) (0.020) (0.010) (0.014) (0.013) (0.022) (0.012) (0.016) (0.016) (0.015) Age 0.000 0.000 -0.002** 0.000 0.000 -0.001 0.000 -0.001 -0.001* (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.000) (0.000) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) Gender - ref: female Male -0.020 -0.011 -0.005 -0.004 -0.002 0.008 -0.049*** -0.039** -0.019 (0.014) (0.014) (0.016) (0.018) (0.018) (0.019) (0.015) (0.016) (0.014) Education - ref: primary secondary 0.054*** 0.051*** -0.008 0.043** 0.040** -0.004 0.026 0.026 0.037 (0.017) (0.017) (0.021) (0.018) (0.017) (0.022) (0.018) (0.017) (0.025) tertiary 0.061*** 0.057** -0.048 0.043** 0.038* 0.007 0.045** 0.046** 0.026 (0.022) (0.022) (0.034) (0.020) (0.020) (0.033) (0.021) (0.021) (0.026) Mean y 0.804 0.877 0.893 R2 0.017 0.020 0.025 0.021 0.007 0.009 0.013 0.010 0.004 0.011 0.016 0.006 N. obs 18802 18801 18801 18801 17606 17605 17605 17605 18824 18823 18823 18823 HH FE NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES HH Characteristics NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * 1.Note: controlled HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence and HH size. 6 54 Table 4.16 (D): Effect of respondent characteristics on outcome level - variables available for all the waves – Block WELL-BEING HH able to buy food HH able to buy utilities HH able to buy housing Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Status of the respondent - ref: other Head 0.031* 0.005 0.013 0.040 -0.050** 0.011 0.002 0.006 -0.032* -0.024 -0.015 0.004 (0.017) (0.023) (0.023) (0.025) (0.020) (0.029) (0.028) (0.029) (0.018) (0.025) (0.026) (0.024) Age 0.000 0.000 -0.002** -0.001 -0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002** (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) Gender - ref: female Male -0.029 -0.021 -0.020 0.073*** 0.062*** 0.083*** 0.017 0.023 0.056** (0.019) (0.021) (0.022) (0.022) (0.022) (0.026) (0.019) (0.020) (0.024) Education - ref: primary secondary 0.077*** 0.075*** 0.029 -0.072*** -0.071*** -0.001 -0.057** -0.057** 0.016 (0.023) (0.023) (0.023) (0.024) (0.024) (0.028) (0.022) (0.022) (0.027) tertiary 0.090*** 0.091*** 0.069*** -0.135*** -0.136*** -0.016 -0.131*** -0.134*** 0.009 (0.023) (0.023) (0.023) (0.036) (0.036) (0.042) (0.030) (0.030) (0.042) Mean y 0.649 0.441 0.347 R2 0.014 0.022 0.025 0.017 0.013 0.024 0.038 0.016 0.012 0.019 0.021 0.017 N. obs 18816 18815 18815 18815 18804 18803 18803 18803 18795 18794 18794 18794 HH FE NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES HH NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO Characteristics Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * 1.Note: controlled HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence and HH size. 55 Table 4.16 (E); Effect of respondent characteristics on outcome level - variables available for all the waves – Block WELL-BEING HH borrowed money HH took from savings HH sold assets Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Status of the respondent - ref: other Head -0.050*** -0.024 -0.012 -0.030 0.028 -0.007 0.004 0.026 0.010 -0.006 0.000 -0.009 (0.018) (0.023) (0.023) (0.024) (0.020) (0.026) (0.027) (0.036) (0.010) (0.011) (0.011) (0.016) Age -0.002*** -0.002*** -0.001 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) Gender - ref: female Male -0.005 0.010 -0.003 -0.041* -0.032 0.018 -0.038*** -0.032*** -0.003 (0.018) (0.018) (0.020) (0.025) (0.026) (0.029) (0.009) (0.009) (0.013) Education - ref: primary secondary -0.010 -0.004 -0.004 0.057** 0.055** 0.054 -0.010 -0.008 0.013 (0.022) (0.023) (0.029) (0.027) (0.027) (0.039) (0.014) (0.014) (0.020) tertiary -0.045 -0.027 0.011 0.109*** 0.107*** 0.047 -0.031 -0.024 0.015 (0.031) (0.033) (0.043) (0.037) (0.039) (0.059) (0.019) (0.020) (0.026) Mean y 0.324 0.674 0.103 R2 0.013 0.018 0.032 0.014 0.021 0.027 0.030 0.016 0.004 0.007 0.010 0.005 N. obs 18806 18805 18805 18805 9832 9831 9831 9831 18822 18821 18821 18821 HH FE NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES HH Characteristics NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * 1.Note: controlled HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence and HH size. Table 4.16 (F): Effect of respondent characteristics on outcome level - variables available for all the waves – Block WELL-BEING HH reduced food expenses HH reduced health expenses Anyone sick Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Status of the respondent - ref: other Head -0.052** 0.006 0.003 -0.023 -0.044*** -0.018 -0.013 0.021 -0.070*** -0.055** -0.037* 0.013 (0.021) (0.026) (0.025) (0.028) (0.015) (0.019) (0.019) (0.023) (0.017) (0.021) (0.020) (0.024) Age 0.001 0.001 0.002** 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.003*** 0.003*** 0.001 (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) Gender - ref: female Male 0.121*** 0.117*** 0.092*** 0.051*** 0.057*** 0.075*** 0.076*** 0.096*** 0.113*** (0.022) (0.022) (0.026) (0.015) (0.015) (0.022) (0.019) (0.019) (0.021) Education - ref: primary secondary -0.036 -0.041 0.029 -0.033* -0.027 -0.009 -0.047** -0.034* -0.010 (0.026) (0.026) (0.036) (0.018) (0.018) (0.030) (0.018) (0.019) (0.026) tertiary -0.105*** -0.115*** 0.126** -0.059** -0.041 0.042 -0.046 -0.009 0.060 (0.040) (0.040) (0.056) (0.027) (0.028) (0.044) (0.033) (0.032) (0.041) Mean y 0.507 0.364 0.605 R2 0.016 0.033 0.041 0.027 0.026 0.030 0.039 0.030 0.013 0.025 0.048 0.015 N. obs 18797 18796 18796 18796 18808 18807 18807 18807 18823 18822 18822 18822 HH FE NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES 56 HH reduced food expenses HH reduced health expenses Anyone sick HH NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO Characteristics Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * 1.Note: controlled HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence and HH size. Block Migration [Tab. 4.16 (G)-(K]: on average, for households where the respondent is the head we obtain generally more optimistic responses in terms of migration (lower number of migrants considering to return, higher share of migrants working, higher amount of remittances received). There are some significant differences in the level of the outcome among households based on the gender and the level of education of the respondent. In Mod. 4, only in one case (Expectation regarding remittances) the fact that the respondent is the head reduces the level of the outcome significantly. Tab. 4.16 – (G) Effect of respondent characteristics on outcome level - variables available for all the waves – Block MIGRATION Migrants considering returning N° migrants considering returning Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Status of the respondent - ref: other Head -0.002 -0.018 -0.003 0.001 -0.043 -0.100*** -0.042 0.016 (0.012) (0.017) (0.017) (0.021) (0.033) (0.033) (0.041) (0.059) Age -0.001 -0.001 -0.001** 0.005*** 0.003** 0.002 (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) Gender - ref: female Male -0.037** -0.028* -0.052** 0.005 0.047 0.071 (0.015) (0.015) (0.020) (0.036) (0.032) (0.050) Education - ref: primary secondary 0.024* 0.024* 0.011 0.045 0.028 0.062 (0.014) (0.013) (0.020) (0.039) (0.037) (0.090) tertiary 0.039 0.039* 0.056 0.129* 0.098 0.047 (0.024) (0.022) (0.036) (0.073) (0.070) (0.110) Mean y 0.136 1.181 R2 0.010 0.014 0.026 0.018 0.010 0.032 0.077 0.019 N. obs 18824 18823 18823 18823 2554 2554 2554 2554 HH FE NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES HH Characteristics NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * 1.Note: controlled HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence and HH size. 57 Table 4.16 (I): Effect of respondent characteristics on outcome level - variables available for all the waves – Block MIGRATION Current migrants N° current migrants Migrants working Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Status of the respondent - ref: other Head -0.076*** -0.084*** 0.012 0.008 0.033 -0.064 0.046 -0.016 0.045** 0.033 0.024 -0.018 (0.024) (0.029) (0.028) (0.024) (0.041) (0.052) (0.047) (0.052) (0.018) (0.023) (0.024) (0.041) Age 0.004*** 0.002* 0.000 0.003 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000 (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) Gender - ref: female Male 0.064** 0.156*** 0.049** -0.114* 0.015 0.050 0.020 0.011 0.001 (0.030) (0.025) (0.020) (0.061) (0.042) (0.042) (0.021) (0.022) (0.038) Education - ref: primary secondary 0.033 0.035 -0.005 -0.012 0.008 -0.040 0.032 0.029 0.163*** (0.033) (0.032) (0.022) (0.055) (0.053) (0.077) (0.024) (0.024) (0.053) tertiary -0.069 -0.044 -0.067* 0.008 0.050 -0.062 0.075** 0.066** -0.003 (0.043) (0.039) (0.038) (0.111) (0.103) (0.121) (0.033) (0.033) (0.087) Mean y 0.323 1.292 0.837 R2 0.012 0.033 0.103 0.017 0.003 0.013 0.096 0.013 0.022 0.027 0.031 0.036 N. obs 18823 18822 18822 18822 6052 6052 6052 6052 5407 5407 5407 5407 HH FE NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES HH NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO Characteristics Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * 1.Note: controlled HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence and HH size. 58 Table 4.16 (J): Effect of respondent characteristics on outcome level - variables available for all the waves – Block MIGRATION Received remittances Amt. Received remittances Comparison remittances 14 days ago9 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Status of the respondent - ref: other Head -0.017 0.004 0.005 -0.049 207.982** 280.625 231.332 46.283 0.062*** 0.032 0.032 -0.027 (0.019) (0.023) (0.025) (0.039) (89.983) (176.665) (150.402) (105.479) (0.022) (0.030) (0.030) (0.053) Age 0.000 0.000 0.000 -5.355 -4.248 -0.161 0.000 0.000 0.001 (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (3.304) (2.826) (2.660) (0.001) (0.001) (0.002) Gender - ref: female Male 0.041* 0.042* 0.020 1.801 -46.516 -37.699 -0.065** -0.065** -0.089** (0.021) (0.023) (0.035) (125.809) (105.086) (86.239) (0.025) (0.027) (0.042) Education - ref: primary secondary 0.021 0.023 0.167*** 71.720 70.215 -42.328 -0.003 -0.003 -0.143** (0.029) (0.030) (0.037) (67.526) (66.589) (49.114) (0.033) (0.034) (0.059) tertiary 0.019 0.025 0.269*** 279.048*** 278.784*** -454.547*** -0.001 -0.001 -0.042 (0.044) (0.045) (0.073) (105.594) (104.940) (131.585) (0.043) (0.044) (0.094) Mean y 0.300 865.675 0.598 R2 0.009 0.011 0.014 0.019 0.025 0.032 0.040 0.018 0.030 0.034 0.034 0.027 N. obs 5567 5567 5567 5567 1786 1786 1786 1786 5307 5307 5307 5307 HH FE NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES HH NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO Characteristics Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * 1.Note: controlled HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence and HH size. Table 4.16 (K): Effect of respondent characteristics on outcome level - variables available for all the waves – Block MIGRATION Expectation remittances 14 days10 Migrants considering returning Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Status of the respondent - ref: other Head -0.003 -0.045 -0.013 -0.112** 0.006 0.001 0.003 -0.044 (0.019) (0.024) (0.026) (0.045) (0.027) (0.029) (0.030) (0.047) Age 0.001 0.001 0.004*** 0.001 0.001 -0.001 (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.002) Gender - ref: female Male -0.022 -0.016 -0.050 -0.097*** -0.093*** -0.046 (0.021) (0.025) (0.042) (0.034) (0.034) (0.052) Education - ref: primary secondary -0.003 0.003 0.081** -0.097*** -0.093*** -0.046 (0.024) (0.024) (0.039) (0.034) (0.034) (0.052) tertiary -0.068 -0.056 0.033 -0.030 -0.017 -0.024 (0.043) (0.041) (0.074) (0.053) (0.054) (0.093) Mean y 0.784 0.315 59 Expectation remittances 14 days10 Migrants considering returning R2 0.010 0.013 0.016 0.021 0.016 0.024 0.028 0.020 N. obs 5378 5378 5378 5378 5827 5827 5827 5827 HH FE NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES HH Characteristics NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * 1.Note: controlled HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence and HH size. Block Jobs [Tab. 4.16 (L)-(O)]: on average, households whose respondent is the head of the household provide significantly different answer for almost all the variables considered (Mod.1). Controlling for other individual characteristics (Mod.2 and Mod. 3) the status of the respondent tends to remain significant, but other variables like gender and level of education are more relevant. In mod. 4, within the same household, differences in individual characteristics of the respondents tend to be less relevant. Table 4.16 (L): Effect of respondent characteristics on outcome level - variables available for all the waves – Block JOBS HH Head working HH Head absent from work Days of Head work Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Status of the respondent - ref: other Head 0.145*** 0.148*** 0.115*** 0.032 0.036*** 0.051*** 0.039*** 0.021 0.265*** 0.082 0.116 0.050 (0.019) (0.021) (0.022) (0.022) (0.010) (0.012) (0.013) (0.024) (0.087) (0.114) (0.122) (0.143) Age -0.005*** -0.004*** 0.000 -0.001*** -0.001*** 0.000 0.002 0.001 -0.001 (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.000) (0.000) (0.001) (0.004) (0.004) (0.004) Gender - ref: female Male -0.058** -0.093*** -0.038** -0.002 -0.015 0.012 -0.192* -0.153 -0.104 (0.023) (0.023) (0.019) (0.013) (0.013) (0.020) (0.109) (0.121) (0.129) Education - ref: primary secondary 0.066** 0.061** 0.050* 0.009 0.011 0.043** 0.298** 0.305** -0.316* (0.026) (0.027) (0.027) (0.013) (0.013) (0.021) (0.129) (0.129) (0.174) tertiary 0.212*** 0.189*** 0.140*** 0.039** 0.036* 0.053* 0.631*** 0.654*** -0.357* (0.032) (0.034) (0.040) (0.020) (0.020) (0.032) (0.162) (0.163) (0.201) Mean y 0.507 0.128 5.138 R2 0.045 0.076 0.086 0.043 0.023 0.026 0.031 0.029 0.007 0.017 0.022 0.005 N. obs 18805 18804 18804 18804 9186 9186 9186 9186 10048 10047 10047 10047 HH FE NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES HH NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO Characteristics Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * 1.Note: controlled HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence and HH size. 60 Table 4.16 (M): Effect of respondent characteristics on outcome level - variables available for all the waves – Block JOBS Members stopped working Members reduced hours work Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Status of the respondent - ref: other Head -0.015*** -0.004 -0.005 -0.015 0.005 0.006 0.006 -0.001 (0.005) (0.007) (0.007) (0.009) (0.008) (0.009) (0.009) (0.014) Age 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) Gender - ref: female Male 0.013** 0.011* 0.006 -0.004 -0.005 0.007 (0.006) (0.006) (0.009) (0.008) (0.008) (0.013) Education - ref: primary secondary -0.018** -0.019** -0.002 -0.013 -0.016 0.003 (0.009) (0.009) (0.013) (0.010) (0.010) (0.016) tertiary -0.019* -0.021** 0.006 -0.031** -0.041*** -0.007 (0.010) (0.010) (0.015) (0.014) (0.014) (0.024) Mean y 0.044 0.079 R2 0.008 0.010 0.011 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.010 0.007 N. obs 18801 18800 18800 18800 18746 18746 18746 18746 HH FE NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES HH Characteristics NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * 1.Note: controlled HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence and HH size. Table 4.16 (N): Effect of respondent characteristics on outcome level - variables available for all the waves – Block JOBS Members not paid in time N° members working Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Status of the respondent - ref: other Head -0.030*** -0.005 -0.010 -0.053** 0.105** -0.195*** -0.051 -0.041 (0.011) (0.015) (0.015) (0.021) (0.049) (0.050) (0.052) (0.054) Age -0.001 0.000 0.000 0.007*** 0.004* 0.002 (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) Gender - ref: female Male 0.046*** 0.040** 0.024 -0.396*** -0.271*** -0.158*** (0.015) (0.017) (0.018) (0.058) (0.059) (0.050) Education - ref: primary secondary -0.014 -0.014 0.002 0.089 0.082 0.087 (0.016) (0.016) (0.025) (0.065) (0.061) (0.075) tertiary 0.041* 0.040* -0.045 0.450*** 0.454*** 0.238** (0.023) (0.024) (0.037) (0.093) (0.088) (0.109) Mean y 0.148 1.228 R2 0.008 0.014 0.019 0.012 0.033 0.070 0.102 0.055 61 Members not paid in time N° members working N. obs 18751 18750 18750 18750 18761 18760 18760 18760 HH FE NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES HH Characteristics NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * 1.Note: controlled HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence and HH size. Block Income [Tab. 4.16 (P)-(R)]: on average there are significant differences among households’ responses based on almost all the individual characteristics of the respondent considered (in particular, age gender and education). Within the same household (Mo. 4) these differences tend to be absorbed and individual characteristics are in general not correlated with the level of the outcome. Table 4.16 (P): Effect of respondent characteristics on outcome level - variables available for all the waves – Block INCOME Received any pension Mat received pension Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Status of the respondent - ref: other Head -0.017 -0.099*** -0.073*** 0.011 26.885 -5.762 -3.248 -0.455 (0.013) (0.015) (0.014) (0.018) (16.853) (28.486) (26.616) (12.549) Age 0.006*** 0.005*** 0.000 2.100** 2.085*** 0.457 (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.811) (0.778) (0.425) Gender - ref: female Male -0.048*** -0.025* 0.005 17.125 22.1 -3.737 (0.015) (0.014) (0.016) (25.320) (23.893) (9.018) Education - ref: primary secondary -0.005 -0.014 0.017 29.213 28.098 -12.358 (0.015) (0.014) (0.016) (19.323) (19.960) (16.215) tertiary -0.001 -0.015 0.019 117.211*** 110.930*** -39.909* (0.020) (0.020) (0.027) (31.066) (31.029) (23.359) Mean y 0.152 279.460 R2 0.007 0.039 0.061 0.009 0.008 0.038 0.048 0.016 N. obs 18779 18778 18778 18778 2792 2792 2792 2792 HH FE NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES HH Characteristics NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * 1.Note: controlled HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence and HH size. 62 Table 4.16 (Q): Effect of respondent characteristics on outcome level - variables available for all the waves – Block INCOME Received any wage Amt wage Received any self-employment income Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Status of the respondent - ref: other Head 0.015 0.021 0.004 -0.024 -33.865 -172.522** -191.317** -33.88 0.041*** 0.02 0.035** 0.060*** (0.013) (0.015) (0.016) (0.016) (50.589) (78.733) (82.510) (70.973) (0.012) (0.014) (0.014) (0.021) Age -0.001*** -0.001** 0.000 4.946** 5.703*** 4.301** 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (1.946) (2.107) (2.176) (0.001) (0.000) (0.001) Gender - ref: female Male 0.017 -0.002 -0.026** -135.728* -156.412** -85.926 -0.051*** -0.037*** 0.012 (0.014) (0.014) (0.013) (69.706) (72.361) (67.879) (0.014) (0.013) (0.017) Education - ref: primary secondary 0.060*** 0.056*** 0.007 140.455*** 149.202*** -88.432 0.012 0.016 0.033 (0.013) (0.013) (0.017) (39.751) (39.393) (76.930) (0.014) (0.014) (0.021) tertiary 0.203*** 0.187*** 0.029 427.354*** 450.847*** 120.1 -0.011 -0.001 0.047 (0.020) (0.021) (0.030) (65.912) (68.606) (84.943) (0.020) (0.020) (0.032) Mean y 0.162 658.860 0.196 R2 0.006 0.031 0.039 0.008 0.017 0.085 0.097 0.033 0.025 0.028 0.033 0.027 N. obs 18800 18799 18799 18799 2998 2998 2998 2998 18812 18811 18811 18811 HH FE NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES HH NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO Characteristics Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * 1.Note: controlled HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence and HH size. 63 Table 4.16 (R): Effect of respondent characteristics on outcome level - variables available for all the waves – Block INCOME Amt self-employ income Received any other income Amt other income Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Status of the respondent - ref: other Head 93.413 -145.090* -29.556 0.172 0.013* 0.01 0.014 -0.008 48.237 -235.593 -188.203 -219.244 (56.754) (76.431) (75.726) (109.971) (0.007) (0.011) (0.010) (0.016) (101.158) (154.267) (174.579) (201.238) Age 6.153** 3.625 -1.213 -0.001* -0.001** 0.000 1.483 0.284 20.585** (2.664) (2.851) (2.612) (0.000) (0.000) (0.001) (4.164) (4.328) (9.202) Gender - ref: female Male -247.326*** -155.432*** -66.292 -0.027*** -0.024** -0.013 -388.520*** -351.583** -91.335 (58.601) (53.575) (101.634) (0.010) (0.010) (0.012) (136.676) (150.607) (178.480) Education - ref: primary secondary 48.742 58.47 62.717 -0.009 -0.007 0.002 262.165*** 275.865*** 66.532 (53.494) (53.311) (69.283) (0.011) (0.011) (0.018) (87.755) (90.607) (234.726) tertiary 394.057*** 386.836*** 169.076 -0.027* -0.023 0.029 610.246** 624.020** 154.47 (134.562) (137.619) (133.589) (0.014) (0.014) (0.027) (244.635) (249.580) (324.974) Mean y 512.334 0.117 750.793 R2 0.032 0.055 0.066 0.032 0.022 0.024 0.026 0.022 0.014 0.024 0.026 0.018 N. obs 3614 3614 3614 3614 18814 18813 18813 18813 2168 2168 2168 2168 HH FE NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES HH Characteristics NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * 1.Note: controlled HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence and HH size. 64 The effect of churning In Table 4.17 we investigate the effect of the churning of the respondents on the level of the outcome. Again we run six different regressions: Mod 1 – Mod. 3 are cross sections while we include households fixed effects in Mod. 4-6 (see table 4.7 and 4.10). The point estimates differ across variables, but three main results can be drawn: 1. The variable churning is often significant as a stand-alone one, meaning that when the respondent change from one wave to the subsequent one there is a significant difference in the level of the outcome variable. Clearly, there is no systematic upward or downward trend. 2. There is a strong path dependence in the outcome levels, as shown by the coefficient on the lagged dependent variable. This “persistence effect” is expected as most of the outcome variable, like income and employment status, for instance, are likely to be persistent, especially over such a short time period. 3. The inclusion of the interaction term between the lagged dependent value and the churning dummy indicates that the change in the individual who respond to the survey across pair of consecutive ways attenuates the path dependence effect (i.e. the sign on the interaction term is the opposite of the one on the lagged dependent variable). In other words, the presence of churning increases the volatility of the outcome level, even controlling for household characteristics. The size of this effect is generally quite large and, in some cases, it almost completely offset the persistence effect. It is also worth noting that these results do not hold only comparing households, but remain valid even controlling for household fixed effects. The only exception is the results on some of the income variables (Tables 4.17 V-Z), for which the churning does not always mitigate the persistence effect. One possible interpretation is that the perception of those variables is more homogeneous within the household, o that their value is more likely to be the same irrespective of any change in the respondent. In sum, the key finding of this section is that what seems to matter for the quality (i.e. stability and consistency) of the survey data are not the characteristics of the respondents, but rather the possibility that she changes from one survey to the following one. Hence, the survey design should focus more on minimizing the churning, rather than targeting a specific individual as respondent within the household. 65 Table 4.17 (A): Effect of the variation of the respondent (churning) on the outcome level - variables available for all waves – Block SERVICE Water outage Days of water disruption Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 5 Mod. 6 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 5 Mod. 6 Churning dummy 0.035*** 0.025*** 0.055*** 0.020** 0.018** 0.041*** -0.254* -0.065 0.385 0.014 -0.010 0.027 (0.010) (0.008) (0.010) (0.010) (0.009) (0.010) (0.149) (0.178) (0.322) (0.140) (0.261) (0.355) L.y 0.348*** 0.373*** -0.003 0.112*** 0.483*** 0.500*** 0.118*** 0.120*** (0.014) (0.015) (0.019) (0.011) (0.031) (0.032) (0.036) (0.038) L.y##churning -0.138*** -0.101*** -0.113 -0.009 (0.029) (0.029) (0.074) (0.082) R2 0.019 0.139 0.142 0.006 0.014 0.016 0.080 0.282 0.284 0.022 0.038 0.038 N. obs 17509 16183 16183 17509 16183 16183 3506 1578 1578 3506 1578 1578 HH FE NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO YES YES YES HH Characteristics YES YES YES NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * 1.Note: controlled HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence and HH size. Table 4.17 (B): Effect of the variation of the respondent (churning) on the outcome level - variables available for all waves – Block SERVICE Electricity outage Days of Electricity Outage Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 5 Mod. 6 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 5 Mod. 6 Churning dummy 0.036*** 0.035*** 0.097*** 0.033*** 0.031*** 0.074*** -0.022 -0.031 0.571*** 0.002 0.036 0.533*** (0.013) (0.011) (0.014) (0.012) (0.012) (0.014) (0.076) (0.102) (0.177) (0.068) (0.100) (0.176) L.y 0.266*** 0.291*** 0.064*** 0.083*** 0.372*** 0.409*** 0.091** 0.122*** (0.010) (0.011) (0.010) (0.010) (0.030) (0.031) (0.037) (0.038) L.y##churning 0.097*** 0.074*** 0.571*** 0.533*** (0.014) (0.014) (0.177) (0.176) R2 0.049 0.115 0.118 0.048 0.049 0.051 0.029 0.156 0.162 0.025 0.031 0.036 N. obs 19121 17757 17757 19121 17757 17757 7660 4021 4021 7660 4021 4021 HH FE NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO YES YES YES HH Characteristics YES YES YES NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * 1.Note: controlled HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence and HH size. 66 Table 4.17 (C): Effect of the variation of the respondent (churning) on the outcome level - variables available for all waves – Block service Hrs. of Electricity Outage Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 5 Mod. 6 Churning dummy -0.521** -0.404 0.605 -0.310 -0.359 0.421 (0.208) (0.274) (0.428) (0.217) (0.293) (0.471) L.y 0.282*** 0.306*** 0.031 0.050** (0.023) (0.023) (0.023) (0.025) L.y##churning -0.159*** -0.127** (0.052) (0.062) R2 0.090 0.159 0.163 0.055 0.047 0.049 N. obs 7629 3991 3991 7629 3991 3991 HH FE NO NO NO YES YES YES HH Characteristics YES YES YES NO NO NO Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 1.Note: controlled HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence and HH size. Table 4.17 – (D): Effect of the variation of the respondent (churning) on the outcome level - variables available for all waves – Block WELL- BEING Comparison HH finance Expectations HH finance Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 5 Mod. 6 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 5 Mod. 6 Churning dummy -0.028*** -0.024*** 0.078*** -0.021** -0.019** 0.057*** -0.031*** -0.024*** 0.149*** -0.032*** -0.030*** 0.076** (0.009) (0.008) (0.025) (0.008) (0.008) (0.020) (0.010) (0.008) (0.033) (0.009) (0.009) (0.029) L.y 0.293*** 0.316*** 0.080*** 0.098*** 0.327*** 0.365*** 0.058*** 0.085*** (0.014) (0.015) (0.010) (0.011) (0.020) (0.022) (0.012) (0.014) L.y##churning -0.130*** -0.097*** -0.201*** -0.123*** (0.027) (0.022) (0.034) (0.029) R2 0.022 0.107 0.109 0.021 0.024 0.026 0.011 0.119 0.126 0.011 0.011 0.014 N. obs 19128 17767 17767 19128 17767 17767 17917 16170 16170 17917 16170 16170 HH FE NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO YES YES YES HH Characteristics YES YES YES NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * 1.Note: controlled HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence and HH size. 67 Table 4.17 (E): Effect of the variation of the respondent (churning) on the outcome level - variables available for all waves – Block WELL- BEING Satisfaction of HH HH able to buy food Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 5 Mod. 6 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 5 Mod. 6 Churning dummy -0.006 -0.006 0.267*** -0.008 -0.008 0.196*** 0.011 0.009 0.161*** 0.017 0.016 0.114*** (0.009) (0.006) (0.042) (0.006) (0.006) (0.032) (0.012) (0.010) (0.019) (0.011) (0.011) (0.019) L.y 0.513*** 0.564*** 0.167*** 0.212*** 0.367*** 0.406*** 0.080*** 0.108*** (0.024) (0.024) (0.016) (0.018) (0.012) (0.012) (0.010) (0.010) L.y##churning -0.305*** -0.229*** -0.235*** -0.151*** (0.044) (0.033) (0.023) (0.021) R2 0.009 0.274 0.287 0.004 0.033 0.045 0.018 0.151 0.159 0.016 0.022 0.026 N. obs 19150 17800 17800 19150 17800 17800 19142 17787 17787 19142 17787 17787 HH FE NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO YES YES YES HH Characteristics YES YES YES NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * 1.Note: controlled HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence and HH size. Table 4.17 (F): Effect of the variation of the respondent (churning) on the outcome level - variables available for all waves – Block WELL- BEING HH able to buy utilities HH able to buy housing Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 5 Mod. 6 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 5 Mod. 6 Churning dummy 0.027* 0.021** 0.104*** 0.024** 0.023** 0.081*** 0.005 0.011 0.101*** 0.003 0.006 0.068*** (0.014) (0.009) (0.015) (0.009) (0.009) (0.014) (0.012) (0.009) (0.013) (0.010) (0.010) (0.013) L.y 0.421*** 0.451*** 0.063*** 0.087*** 0.421*** 0.464*** 0.112*** 0.146*** (0.011) (0.012) (0.010) (0.010) (0.011) (0.012) (0.011) (0.012) L.y##churning -0.182*** -0.129*** -0.258*** -0.180*** (0.025) (0.021) (0.025) (0.024) R2 0.028 0.200 0.205 0.014 0.015 0.018 0.013 0.190 0.199 0.015 0.025 0.031 N. obs 19129 17766 17766 19129 17766 17766 19121 17757 17757 19121 17757 17757 HH FE NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO YES YES YES HH Characteristics YES YES YES NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * 1.Note: controlled HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence and HH size. 68 Table 4.17 (G): Effect of the variation of the respondent (churning) on the outcome level - variables available for all waves – Block WELL- BEING HH borrowed money HH took from savings Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 5 Mod. 6 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 5 Mod. 6 Churning dummy 0.032** 0.027** 0.085*** 0.022** 0.022** 0.067*** 0.017 -0.010 0.196*** 0.036** -0.006 0.119*** (0.014) (0.011) (0.014) (0.010) (0.010) (0.012) (0.017) (0.017) (0.038) (0.015) (0.019) (0.037) L.y 0.411*** 0.440*** 0.073*** 0.098*** 0.415*** 0.459*** 0.070*** 0.100*** (0.013) (0.014) (0.010) (0.012) (0.017) (0.018) (0.018) (0.020) L.y##churning -0.171*** -0.133*** -0.294*** -0.174*** (0.026) (0.023) (0.043) (0.042) R2 0.026 0.191 0.195 0.014 0.019 0.023 0.024 0.197 0.208 0.015 0.019 0.025 N. obs 19131 17773 17773 19131 17773 17773 9988 6885 6885 9988 6885 6885 HH FE NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO YES YES YES HH Characteristics YES YES YES NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * 1.Note: controlled HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence and HH size. Table 4.17 (H): Effect of the variation of the respondent (churning) on the outcome level - variables available for all waves – Block WELL- BEING HH sold assets HH reduced food expenses Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 5 Mod. 6 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 5 Mod. 6 Churning dummy 0.022** 0.017** 0.031*** 0.016** 0.016** 0.023*** 0.008 0.017* 0.203*** 0.017* 0.023** 0.154*** (0.009) (0.007) (0.008) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007) (0.014) (0.009) (0.017) (0.010) (0.010) (0.014) L.y 0.274*** 0.297*** 0.047*** 0.061*** 0.469*** 0.530*** 0.106*** 0.159*** (0.018) (0.020) (0.012) (0.014) (0.012) (0.012) (0.011) (0.012) L.y##churning -0.118*** -0.065* -0.368*** -0.259*** (0.033) (0.033) (0.027) (0.022) R2 0.008 0.084 0.087 0.005 0.007 0.008 0.022 0.235 0.254 0.022 0.030 0.044 N. obs 19148 17797 17797 19148 17797 17797 19123 17758 17758 19123 17758 17758 HH FE NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO YES YES YES HH Characteristics YES YES YES NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * 1.Note: controlled HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence and HH size. 69 Table 4.17 (I): Effect of the variation of the respondent (churning) on the outcome level - variables available for all waves – Block WELL- BEING HH reduced health expenses Anyone sick Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 5 Mod. 6 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 5 Mod. 6 Churning dummy 0.010 0.005 0.082*** -0.002 -0.003 0.056*** 0.013 0.011 0.102*** 0.005 0.002 0.063*** (0.012) (0.009) (0.014) (0.009) (0.009) (0.012) (0.014) (0.011) (0.020) (0.011) (0.011) (0.018) L.y 0.305*** 0.339*** 0.069*** 0.097*** 0.354*** 0.378*** 0.073*** 0.091*** (0.012) (0.012) (0.010) (0.011) (0.010) (0.011) (0.010) (0.011) L.y##churning -0.199*** -0.154*** -0.148*** -0.098*** (0.023) (0.020) (0.025) (0.021) R2 0.033 0.124 0.130 0.029 0.032 0.036 0.030 0.152 0.155 0.011 0.016 0.017 N. obs 19133 17776 17776 19133 17776 17776 19149 17798 17798 19149 17798 17798 HH FE NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO YES YES YES HH Characteristics YES YES YES NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * 1.Note: controlled HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence and HH size. Table 4.17 (J): Effect of the variation of the respondent (churning) on the outcome level - variables available for all waves – Block MIGRATION Migrants considering returning N° migrants considering returning Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 5 Mod. 6 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 5 Mod. 6 Churning dummy 0.024** 0.013** 0.056*** 0.019** 0.015** 0.050*** -0.058** -0.042 0.156 0.003 -0.025 0.142 (0.010) (0.007) (0.009) (0.008) (0.008) (0.009) (0.024) (0.031) (0.126) (0.026) (0.051) (0.121) L.y 0.487*** 0.541*** 0.223*** 0.271*** 0.566*** 0.585*** 0.204*** 0.221*** (0.017) (0.016) (0.014) (0.014) (0.042) (0.043) (0.059) (0.053) L.y##churning -0.279*** -0.223*** -0.166 -0.135 (0.033) (0.031) (0.117) (0.113) R2 0.013 0.257 0.269 0.015 0.066 0.077 0.063 0.399 0.402 0.014 0.061 0.064 N. obs 19150 17800 17800 19150 17800 17800 2598 1352 1352 2598 1352 1352 HH FE NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO YES YES YES HH Characteristics YES YES YES NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * 1.Note: controlled HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence and HH size. 70 Table 4.17 (M): Effect of the variation of the respondent (churning) on the outcome level - variables available for all waves – Block MIGRATION Current migrants N° current migrants Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 5 Mod. 6 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 5 Mod. 6 Churning dummy -0.020 -0.002 0.037*** -0.019** -0.010* 0.031*** -0.011 -0.037 0.137 -0.013 -0.008 0.192*** (0.016) (0.005) (0.007) (0.008) (0.005) (0.007) (0.031) (0.045) (0.198) (0.019) (0.017) (0.054) L.y 0.847*** 0.867*** 0.526*** 0.549*** 0.157** 0.184** 0.474*** 0.503*** (0.007) (0.007) (0.016) (0.016) (0.076) (0.081) (0.031) (0.029) L.y##churning -0.120*** -0.126*** -0.153 -0.150*** (0.017) (0.017) (0.175) (0.042) R2 0.071 0.737 0.739 0.014 0.283 0.289 0.088 0.179 0.181 0.011 0.231 0.238 N. obs 19149 17799 17799 19149 17799 17799 6176 894 894 6176 5206 5206 HH FE NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO YES YES YES HH Characteristics YES YES YES NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * 1.Note: controlled HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence and HH size. Table 4.17 (N): Effect of the variation of the respondent (churning) on the outcome level - variables available for all waves – Block MIGRATION Migrants working Received remittances Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 5 Mod. 6 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 5 Mod. 6 Churning dummy -0.043** -0.029* 0.097* -0.044*** -0.040** 0.061 0.016 0.033 0.046* 0.016 0.026 0.032 (0.018) (0.016) (0.052) (0.016) (0.017) (0.056) (0.021) (0.022) (0.024) (0.019) (0.022) (0.026) L.y 0.356*** 0.383*** 0.119*** 0.142*** 0.232*** 0.239*** 0.009 0.012 (0.025) (0.027) (0.026) (0.028) (0.020) (0.021) (0.016) (0.018) L.y##churning -0.154*** -0.124** -0.046 -0.021 (0.057) (0.059) (0.046) (0.039) R2 0.028 0.164 0.168 0.031 0.040 0.043 0.012 0.065 0.066 0.013 0.014 0.014 N. obs 5517 4498 4498 5517 4498 4498 5680 4722 4722 5680 4722 4722 HH FE NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO YES YES YES HH Characteristics YES YES YES NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * 1.Note: controlled HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence and HH size. 71 Table 4.17 (O): Effect of the variation of the respondent (churning) on the outcome level - variables available for all waves – Block MIGRATION Amt. Received remittances Comparison remittances 14 days ago Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 5 Mod. 6 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 5 Mod. 6 Churning dummy -92.176 -92.592 -32.848 -30.940 -167.865 -363.898** -0.047** -0.052** 0.059 -0.036 -0.030 0.029 (57.488) (61.275) (126.009) (48.713) (107.450) (176.067) (0.022) (0.021) (0.037) (0.022) (0.026) (0.041) L.y 0.362*** 0.370*** -0.220 -0.246 0.282*** 0.310*** 0.063*** 0.080*** (0.098) (0.108) (0.171) (0.185) (0.016) (0.019) (0.018) (0.021) L.y##churning -0.076 0.249 -0.186*** -0.099** (0.150) (0.180) (0.047) (0.049) R2 0.024 0.067 0.067 0.015 0.048 0.049 0.028 0.101 0.105 0.024 0.021 0.022 N. obs 1817 735 735 1817 735 735 5419 4361 4361 5419 4361 4361 HH FE NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO YES YES YES HH Characteristics YES YES YES NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * 1.Note: controlled HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence and HH size. Table 4.17 (P): Effect of the variation of the respondent (churning) on the outcome level - variables available for all waves – Block MIGRATION Expectation remittances 14 days Migrants considering returning Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 5 Mod. 6 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 5 Mod. 6 Churning dummy -0.022 -0.026 0.142*** -0.024 -0.022 0.084** 0.004 0.006 0.091*** 0.008 0.014 0.083*** (0.017) (0.017) (0.047) (0.017) (0.018) (0.041) (0.020) (0.016) (0.023) (0.020) (0.019) (0.024) L.y 0.287*** 0.317*** 0.027 0.049** 0.538*** 0.582*** 0.293*** 0.334*** (0.023) (0.025) (0.018) (0.020) (0.017) (0.019) (0.022) (0.023) L.y##churning -0.211*** -0.132*** -0.281*** -0.226*** (0.050) (0.044) (0.054) (0.051) R2 0.015 0.100 0.106 0.017 0.013 0.016 0.021 0.293 0.303 0.017 0.103 0.111 N. obs 5487 4445 4445 5487 4445 4445 5948 4912 4912 5948 4912 4912 HH FE NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO YES YES YES HH Characteristics YES YES YES NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * 1.Note: controlled HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence and HH size. Table 4.17 (Q): Effect of the variation of the respondent (churning) on the outcome level - variables available for all waves – Block JOBS HH Head working HH Head absent from work Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 5 Mod. 6 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 5 Mod. 6 Churning dummy -0.023 -0.013 0.070*** -0.009 -0.007 0.054*** 0.001 -0.009 0.006 -0.006 -0.007 0.004 (0.014) (0.009) (0.016) (0.010) (0.010) (0.014) (0.011) (0.011) (0.011) (0.011) (0.011) (0.012) L.y 0.520*** 0.548*** 0.179*** 0.202*** 0.129*** 0.140*** 0.036*** 0.045*** (0.011) (0.011) (0.010) (0.011) (0.009) (0.011) (0.011) (0.013) L.y##churning -0.170*** -0.125*** -0.054** -0.042* (0.023) (0.019) (0.024) (0.024) R2 0.039 0.297 0.301 0.039 0.066 0.069 0.024 0.052 0.053 0.028 0.031 0.031 72 N. obs 19131 17775 17775 19131 17775 17775 9395 8625 8625 9395 8625 8625 HH FE NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO YES YES YES HH Characteristics YES YES YES NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * 1.Note: controlled HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence and HH size. Table 4.17 (R): Effect of the variation of the respondent (churning) on the outcome level - variables available for all waves – Block JOBS Days of Head work Members stopped working Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 5 Mod. 6 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 5 Mod. 6 Churning dummy -0.099 -0.031 0.847*** -0.010 -0.016 0.769*** 0.007* 0.005 0.013*** 0.000 0.000 0.007 (0.075) (0.061) (0.238) (0.054) (0.062) (0.196) (0.004) (0.004) (0.004) (0.005) (0.005) (0.005) L.y 0.432*** 0.458*** 0.031* 0.054*** 0.188*** 0.219*** 0.050*** 0.079*** (0.021) (0.021) (0.017) (0.018) (0.018) (0.021) (0.015) (0.017) L.y##churning -0.170*** -0.151*** -0.154*** -0.141*** (0.041) (0.034) (0.035) (0.033) R2 0.009 0.199 0.203 0.004 0.009 0.013 0.008 0.044 0.048 0.005 0.008 0.011 N. obs 10173 7125 7125 10173 7125 7125 19126 17767 17767 19126 17767 17767 HH FE NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO YES YES YES HH Characteristics YES YES YES NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * 1.Note: controlled HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence and HH size. 73 Table 4.17 (S): Effect of the variation of the respondent (churning) on the outcome level - variables available for all waves – Block JOBS N° members stopped working Members reduced hours work Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 5 Mod. 6 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 5 Mod. 6 Churning dummy 0.007 0.006 0.014*** -0.002 -0.002 0.007 0.010 0.008 0.024*** 0.004 0.006 0.016** (0.005) (0.005) (0.005) (0.006) (0.006) (0.006) (0.007) (0.006) (0.006) (0.006) (0.006) (0.006) L.y 0.172*** 0.198*** 0.035* 0.063*** 0.246*** 0.280*** 0.061*** 0.085*** (0.024) (0.030) (0.019) (0.023) (0.018) (0.020) (0.014) (0.017) L.y##churning -0.143*** -0.152*** -0.188*** -0.121*** (0.042) (0.039) (0.032) (0.028) R2 0.009 0.040 0.043 0.006 0.007 0.011 0.009 0.070 0.075 0.007 0.011 0.014 N. obs 19121 17757 17757 19121 17757 17757 19072 17696 17696 19072 17696 17696 HH FE NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO YES YES YES HH Characteristics YES YES YES NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * 1.Note: controlled HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence and HH size. Table 4.17 (T): Effect of the variation of the respondent (churning) on the outcome level - variables available for all waves – Block JOBS Members not paid in time N° members working Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 5 Mod. 6 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 5 Mod. 6 Churning dummy 0.014 0.009 0.041*** 0.003 0.004 0.026*** 0.040 0.004 0.240*** 0.002 -0.008 0.188*** (0.009) (0.008) (0.009) (0.009) (0.008) (0.009) (0.035) (0.023) (0.036) (0.026) (0.024) (0.034) L.y 0.362*** 0.397*** 0.091*** 0.118*** 0.546*** 0.579*** 0.199*** 0.228*** (0.016) (0.017) (0.013) (0.014) (0.016) (0.017) (0.020) (0.021) L.y##churning -0.199*** -0.140*** -0.182*** -0.151*** (0.030) (0.028) (0.025) (0.024) R2 0.013 0.146 0.152 0.008 0.016 0.020 0.075 0.348 0.353 0.052 0.079 0.085 N. obs 19076 17690 17690 19076 17690 17690 19086 17714 17714 19086 17714 17714 HH FE NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO YES YES YES HH Characteristics YES YES YES NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * 1.Note: controlled HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence and HH size. 74 Table 4.17 (U): Effect of the variation of the respondent (churning) on the outcome level - variables available for all waves – Block INCOME Received any pension Amt received pension Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 5 Mod. 6 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 5 Mod. 6 Churning dummy 0.020* 0.017** 0.023** 0.007 0.008 0.011 -24.701* 10.982 13.380 9.268 19.066 -23.185* (0.011) (0.009) (0.009) (0.007) (0.008) (0.007) (14.635) (8.381) (20.346) (8.559) (11.967) (13.920) L.y 0.278*** 0.284*** -0.032** -0.030** 0.833*** 0.835*** 0.239*** 0.193** (0.014) (0.015) (0.013) (0.014) (0.041) (0.048) (0.091) (0.089) L.y##churning -0.034 -0.015 -0.009 -0.009 (0.029) (0.030) (0.079) (0.079) R2 0.037 0.112 0.112 0.009 0.007 0.007 0.019 0.709 0.709 0.015 0.116 0.133 N. obs 19105 17730 17730 19105 17730 17730 2880 1074 1074 2880 1074 1074 HH FE NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO YES YES YES HH Characteristics YES YES YES NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * 1.Note: controlled HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence and HH size. Table 4.17 (V): Effect of the variation of the respondent (churning) on the outcome level - variables available for all waves – Block INCOME Received any soc prot payment Received any wage Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 5 Mod. 6 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 5 Mod. 6 Churning dummy 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.001 -0.007 -0.007 0.015* -0.006 -0.005 0.013* (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.009) (0.007) (0.008) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007) L.y 0.067*** 0.051*** -0.048*** -0.068*** 0.304*** 0.326*** 0.029** 0.048*** (0.017) (0.018) (0.016) (0.017) (0.013) (0.014) (0.012) (0.013) L.y##churning 0.110 0.140* -0.136*** -0.113*** (0.077) (0.073) (0.027) (0.026) R2 0.004 0.009 0.010 0.002 0.005 0.007 0.018 0.111 0.113 0.008 0.009 0.011 N. obs 19142 17792 17792 19142 17792 17792 19126 17756 17756 19126 17756 17756 HH FE NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO YES YES YES HH Characteristics YES YES YES NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * 1.Note: controlled HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence and HH size. 75 Table 4.17 (W): Effect of the variation of the respondent (churning) on the outcome level - variables available for all waves – Block INCOME Amt wage Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 5 Mod. 6 Churning dummy 17.326 80.000 66.406 42.423 60.917 -4.666 (31.521) (53.350) (93.187) (30.998) (55.125) (100.767) L.y 0.628*** 0.626*** 0.207*** 0.197*** (0.054) (0.059) (0.059) (0.057) L.y##churning 0.018 0.081 (0.118) (0.113) R2 0.022 0.448 0.448 0.025 0.096 0.097 N. obs 3050 1199 1199 3050 1199 1199 HH FE NO NO NO YES YES YES HH Characteristics YES YES YES NO NO NO Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * 1.Note: controlled HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence and HH size. Table 4.17 (X): Effect of the variation of the respondent (churning) on the outcome level - variables available for all waves – Block INCOME Amt self-employ income Received any other income Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 5 Mod. 6 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 5 Mod. 6 Churning dummy -35.051 -155.680*** -149.613** -33.423 -133.811** -127.458 0.013* 0.013* 0.023*** 0.016** 0.016** 0.024*** (57.459) (53.285) (74.825) (63.316) (66.927) (87.867) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007) L.y 0.269*** 0.270*** -0.065 -0.064 0.178*** 0.193*** 0.035*** 0.046*** (0.066) (0.072) (0.089) (0.093) (0.014) (0.015) (0.011) (0.013) L.y##churning -0.012 -0.015 -0.087*** -0.064*** (0.106) (0.092) (0.027) (0.024) R2 0.048 0.147 0.147 0.030 0.051 0.051 0.024 0.051 0.052 0.022 0.021 0.021 N. obs 3677 1672 1672 3677 1672 1672 19140 17784 17784 19140 17784 17784 HH FE NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO YES YES YES HH Characteristics YES YES YES NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * 1.Note: controlled HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence and HH size. 76 Table 4.17 (Y): Effect of the variation of the respondent (churning) on the outcome level - variables available for all waves – Block INCOME Amt other income Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 3 Mod. 4 Mod. 5 Mod. 6 Churning dummy 25.928 -97.412 138.194 74.394 -38.889 -27.295 (161.177) (72.886) (119.847) (142.307) (124.464) (185.781) L.y 0.552*** 0.574*** -0.022 -0.021 (0.169) (0.170) (0.059) (0.060) L.y##churning -0.459** -0.021 (0.209) (0.136) R2 0.016 0.387 0.398 0.016 0.069 0.069 N. obs 2206 579 579 2206 579 579 HH FE NO NO NO YES YES YES HH Characteristics YES YES YES NO NO NO Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * 1.Note: controlled HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence and HH size. 4.6 Variance The final section takes a different perspective to investigate how the change of respondents within the household during the survey period affects the variance of the outcome variables. The hypothesis to test is whether households with more heterogeneity among the individual who respond to the interview are also more likely to provide more heterogeneous answers. By contrast, a household in which the same individual replies to all waves should provide a set of more consistent and homogeneous answers. To empirically test this hypothesis, the dependent variable is defined as the variance of the outcome variable for each household over time; for continuous variables we use the coefficient of variation in order to abstract from any scale issue. The set of control variables include the usual set of household characteristics while, given that the data are collapsed in a cross section, we cannot take into account unobserved household heterogeneity by means of fixed effects. To assess whether the variability of the respondents affect the variance of the outcome, we consider two alternative variables of interest: 1. The share of responses given by the head of the household 2. The share of responses given by the most frequent respondent within the household Results are reported in tables 4.18 and 4.19, which show, for each variables, two specifications, one for each of the two measures of variability of the respondents. As expected—and consistent with what already discussed in the previous section of the effect of churning on the outcome level, the variance of the outcome is generally lower when higher is the share of responses given by the same individual, often irrespective on how it is measured. Finally, it is worth noting that this relationship is particularly strong for the variables of subjective well-being—for which who answers can actually have large differences on the perception of the outcome — while it is much weaker, if not absent, for monetary variables, like income and wages—for which the variability is likely to be higher anddirector , in particular, uncorrelated with the respondent’s. 77 Table 4.18 (A): Effect of the share of responses by given by the same respondent on the variance, of the responses Block SERVICE Days of water Electricity Days of Electricity Hrs. of Electricity Water outage disruption outage Outage Outage Mod. Mod. Mod. Mod. 1 2 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 1 2 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Share responses by the head: ref 0% 0-50% 0.012 1.057 0.000 0.115 1.934 (0.009 ) (0.711) (0.006) (0.501) (3.470) - 51-99% 0.020* * 0.753 -0.010 -0.177 7.383** (0.010 ) (0.940) (0.007) (0.559) (3.533) - - 100% 0.021* 0.020* * 0.370 ** 0.083 5.910 (0.010 ) (0.858) (0.007) (0.563) (3.748) Share response by most frequent respondent: ref <=80% - 80-95% 0.028* ** 0.612 -0.003 0.615 -1.313 (0.008) (0.891) (0.006) (0.457) (3.168) - - 95-100% 0.037* 0.015* ** 0.054 ** 0.441 -1.058 (0.008) (0.742) (0.006) (0.435) (3.037) R2 0.075 0.077 0.059 0.052 0.039 0.028 0.048 0.055 0.080 0.087 Number of observations 1017 937 559 511 1017 937 910 838 908 836 HH characteris YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES tics Significance: p-value<0.01 *** p-value<0.05 ** p-value<0.1 * 1.Note controlled: HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence, HH size, Welfare indicator, Weighted MPI, Dependency Ratio and Female HH Head Table 4.18 (B): hare of responses by given by the same respondent on the variance, Block WELL- BEING Comparison HH Expectations HH Satisfaction of HH able to buy HH able to buy finance finance HH food utilities Mod. Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Share responses by the head: ref 0% 0-50% 0.002 0.001 0.003 0.009 0.005 (0.007 (0.007) (0.018) ) (0.007) (0.007) 51-99% 0.006 0.007 -0.002 0.019** -0.007 (0.008 (0.007) (0.022) ) (0.009) (0.008) 78 Comparison HH Expectations HH Satisfaction of HH able to buy HH able to buy finance finance HH food utilities - - 100% 0.012 0.026** -0.021** -0.084*** * * -0.019** (0.007 (0.009) (0.020) ) (0.007) (0.008) Share response by most frequent respondent: ref <=80% - 80-95% -0.014 -0.065*** 0.015** -0.015* -0.014* (0.009) (0.022) (0.007) (0.008) (0.007) - - 95-100% 0.022** 0.048** -0.027*** -0.106*** * * -0.026*** (0.008) (0.019) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007) R2 0.050 0.052 0.061 0.078 0.034 0.043 0.057 0.077 0.027 0.033 1017 937 1017 937 1017 937 1017 937 1017 937 HH characteristi YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES cs 1.Note controlled: HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence, HH size, Welfare indicator, Weighted MPI, Dependency Ratio and Female HH Head Table 4.18 (C): hare of responses by given by the same respondent on the variance, Block WELL- BEING HH able to buy HH borrowed HH took from HH sold HH reduced food housing money savings assets expenses Mod. Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Share responses by the head: ref 0% 0-50% 0.018** 0.002 0.020* 0.010 0.016** (0.007 (0.008) (0.009) (0.011) ) (0.007) 51-99% 0.005 -0.004 0.029** 0.012 0.006 (0.008 (0.008) (0.010) (0.014) ) (0.007) - 100% -0.013* 0.018** -0.006 0.008 -0.030*** (0.007 (0.008) (0.008) (0.011) ) (0.009) Share response by most frequent respondent: ref <=80% 80-95% -0.018** -0.016* -0.015 -0.012 -0.025*** (0.008) (0.008) (0.012) (0.008) (0.007) - 95-100% - 0.018* -0.037*** 0.026*** -0.039*** * -0.051*** (0.007) (0.008) (0.010) (0.007) (0.007) R2 0.034 0.049 0.043 0.056 0.028 0.033 0.028 0.033 0.048 0.074 1017 937 1017 937 916 841 1017 937 1017 937 HH characteristi YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES cs 1.Note controlled: HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence, HH size, Welfare indicator, Weighted MPI, Dependency Ratio and Female HH Head 79 Table 4.18 (D): hare of responses by given by the same respondent on the variance, Block WELL- BEING HH reduced health expenses Anyone sick Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Share responses by the head: ref 0% 0-50% 0.012* 0.015** (0.007) (0.007) 51-99% 0.002 0.010 (0.008) (0.008) 100% -0.012 0.008 (0.009) (0.008) Share response by most frequent respondent: ref <=80% 80-95% -0.011 -0.001 (0.007) (0.008) 95-100% -0.026*** -0.013* (0.007) (0.007) R2 0.058 0.068 0.014 0.017 1017 937 1017 937 HH characteristics YES YES YES YES 1.Note controlled: HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence, HH size, Welfare indicator, Weighted MPI, Dependency Ratio and Female HH Head 80 Table 4.18 (E): hare of responses by given by the same respondent on the variance, Block MIGRATION Migrants considering N° migrants considering Migrants actually N. migrants returning returning returning returned Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Share responses by the head: ref 0% 0-50% 0.011 -0.006 -0.001 -0.002 (0.008) (0.018) (0.004) (0.006) 51-99% 0.009 0.009 -0.002 -0.004 (0.009) (0.026) (0.004) (0.006) 100% -0.011 -0.020 -0.007** -0.009* (0.008) (0.018) (0.004) (0.006) Share response by most frequent respondent: ref <=80% 80-95% -0.022*** -0.033* 0.002 0.000 (0.008) (0.018) (0.003) (0.005) 95-100% -0.030*** -0.031* -0.001 -0.002 (0.008) (0.018) (0.003) (0.005) R2 0.074 0.081 0.114 0.116 0.058 0.055 0.038 0.035 917 917 917 917 917 917 917 917 HH characterist YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES ics 1.Note controlled: HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence, HH size, Welfare indicator, Weighted MPI, Dependency Ratio and Female HH Head Table 4.18 (F): hare of responses by given by the same respondent on the variance, Block MIGRATION Received remit f/non Current N° current Migrants Received member migrants migrants working remittances Mod. Mod. Mod. Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 1 2 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 1 2 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Share responses by the head: ref 0% 0-50% 0.011* 0.004 0.010 0.003 -0.009 (0.006) (0.009) (0.017) (0.014) (0.013) 51-99% 0.001 -0.003 0.021 -0.006 0.003 (0.005) (0.009) (0.025) (0.015) (0.015) - 100% -0.003 0.020** -0.005 -0.012 -0.003 (0.006) (0.008) (0.026) (0.016) (0.015) Share response by most frequent respondent: ref <=80% 80-95% -0.006 -0.008 -0.025 -0.019 -0.010 (0.005) (0.008) (0.023) (0.014) (0.012) 95-100% -0.006 -0.013 -0.039** -0.013 -0.011 (0.005) (0.008) (0.020) (0.015) (0.014) R2 0.042 0.036 0.039 0.033 0.168 0.173 0.048 0.050 0.043 0.043 917 917 917 917 427 427 422 422 427 427 HH characteristi YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES cs 1.Note controlled: HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence, HH size, Welfare indicator, Weighted MPI, Dependency Ratio and Female HH Head Table 4.18 (G): hare of responses by given by the same respondent on the variance– Block MIGRATION 81 Comparison remittances 14 days ago Expectation remittances 14 days Migrants considering returning Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Share responses by the head: ref 0% 0-50% 0.011 0.019 -0.029** (0.011) (0.031) (0.015) 51-99% -0.010 0.056 -0.002 (0.014) (0.047) (0.016) 100% -0.039** 0.020 -0.031* (0.016) (0.045) (0.016) Share response by most frequent respondent: ref <=80% 80-95% -0.010 -0.018 -0.004 (0.012) (0.036) (0.014) 95-100% -0.035** -0.035 0.001 (0.014) (0.038) (0.015) HH YES YES YES YES YES YES characteristics 1.Note controlled: HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence, HH size, Welfare indicator, Weighted MPI, Dependency Ratio and Female HH Head Table 4.18 (H): hare of responses by given by the same respondent on the variance – Block JOBS HH Head HH Head absent Days of Head Members stopped N° members stopped working from work work working working Mod. Mod. Mod. 1 2 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Share responses by the head: ref 0% 0-50% 0.004 0.036*** 0.579 0.002 0.018 (0.354 (0.008) (0.010) ) (0.006) (0.014) 51-99% 0.004 0.059*** -0.161 -0.005 -0.007 (0.346 (0.009) (0.013) ) (0.007) (0.013) 100% -0.009 0.055*** -0.341 -0.014** -0.004 (0.358 (0.009) (0.014) ) (0.006) (0.015) Share response by most frequent respondent: ref <=80% 80-95% -0.005 0.000 -0.464 -0.003 0.007 (0.008) (0.012) (0.284) (0.005) (0.014) - - 95-100% 0.013* -0.003 0.656** -0.011** -0.009 (0.008) (0.012) (0.275) (0.005) (0.012) R2 0.020 0.021 0.078 0.053 0.053 0.052 0.041 0.039 0.038 0.033 Number of Obs 1017 937 898 825 886 810 1017 937 1017 937 HH characteri YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES stics 1.Note controlled: HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence, HH size, Welfare indicator, Weighted MPI, Dependency Ratio and Female HH Head Table 4.18 (I): hare of responses by given by the same respondent on the variance – Block JOBS 82 Memb. reduced Memb. not paid N° memb. N° memb. looking N° memb. starting hours’ work in time working for a job to work Mod. Mod. Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 1 2 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Share responses by the head: ref 0% 0-50% 0.016*** 0.008 -0.013 0.067 -0.056 (0.006) (0.008) (0.080) (0.060) (0.044) 51-99% 0.016** -0.005 0.229** 0.138* -0.051 (0.008) (0.009) (0.112) (0.075) (0.043) 100% 0.012* -0.002 0.080 0.046 -0.038 (0.007) (0.009) (0.082) (0.072) (0.038) Share response by most frequent respondent: ref <=80% 80-95% -0.010 -0.014* 0.001 -0.084 -0.018 (0.007) (0.008) (0.091) (0.053) (0.043) 95-100% -0.012* -0.017** -0.056 -0.137** -0.031 (0.007) (0.008) (0.064) (0.059) (0.036) R2 0.029 0.028 0.043 0.056 0.245 0.245 0.148 0.151 0.035 0.037 1017 937 1017 937 1016 936 1017 937 1017 937 HH characteri YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES stics 1.Note controlled: HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence, HH size, Welfare indicator, Weighted MPI, Dependency Ratio and Female HH Head Table 4.18 (J): hare of responses by given by the same respondent on the variance – Block INCOME Soc Prot Paym. Self-empl income Other income Pension (Y/N) (Y/N) Wage (Y/N) (Y/N) (Y/N) Mod. Mod. Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 1 2 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Share responses by the head: ref 0% 0-50% -0.003 -0.001 0.005 0.020** 0.005 (0.008 (0.009) (0.003) ) (0.008) (0.007) - 51-99% 0.026*** 0.003 -0.005 0.025*** 0.008 (0.010 (0.009) (0.003) ) (0.008) (0.007) 100% -0.016 0.000 0.015 0.022*** 0.015** (0.009 (0.010) (0.003) ) (0.008) (0.007) Share response by most frequent responden t: ref <=80% - 80-95% 0.023** -0.002 -0.008 0.003 0.008 (0.008 (0.009) (0.003) ) (0.008) (0.007) 83 95- - 100% 0.019** -0.002 0.004 -0.002 0.002 (0.008 (0.009) (0.003) ) (0.007) (0.006) R2 0.128 0.123 0.021 0.021 0.108 0.104 0.058 0.050 0.036 0.035 1017 937 1017 937 1017 937 1017 937 1017 937 HH charac- YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES teristics 1.Note controlled: HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence, HH size, Welfare indicator, Weighted MPI, Dependency Ratio and Female HH Head Table 4.19 (A): hare of responses by given by the same respondent on the variance Amt. Remit. non member Amt. Remittances Amt. pension Amt wage Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Share responses by the head: ref 0% 0-50% -0.055 -0.011 0.016 0.022 (0.135) (0.041) (0.028) (0.038) 51-99% -0.034 0.037 0.011 0.024 (0.144) (0.044) (0.033) (0.039) 100% -0.107 -0.053 -0.054* -0.014 (0.136) (0.058) (0.031) (0.038) Share response by most frequent respondent: ref <=80% 80-95% 0.139 -0.010 0.022 0.014 (0.098) (0.041) (0.033) (0.035) 95-100% 0.058 -0.051 -0.040 -0.038 (0.107) (0.042) (0.027) (0.030) R2 0.055 0.070 0.034 0.031 0.052 0.054 0.027 0.029 111 100 315 290 408 371 470 426 HH characteristics -0.055 -0.011 0.016 0.022 1.Note controlled: HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence, HH size, Welfare indicator, Weighted MPI, Dependency Ratio and Female HH Head Table 4.19 (B): hare of responses by given by the same respondent on the variance Amt self-employ income Amt other income Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Mod. 1 Mod. 2 Share responses by the head: ref 0% 0-50% 0.081* -0.050 (0.045) (0.051) 51-99% 0.063 -0.010 (0.046) (0.062) 100% 0.046 -0.034 (0.046) (0.057) Share response by most frequent respondent: ref <=80% 80-95% -0.087** -0.034 (0.042) (0.050) 95-100% -0.064 0.009 (0.041) (0.044) R2 0.042 0.041 0.020 0.023 N. obs 597 542 483 439 HH characteristics YES YES YES YES 1.Note controlled: HH Characteristics: Region of residence, Area of residence, HH size, Welfare indicator, Weighted MPI, Dependency Ratio and Female HH Head References 84 Ballivian, A., J. P. Azevedo, and W. Durbin, W. 2015. Using Mobile Phones for High-Frequency Data Collection. In: Toninelli, D, Pinter, R & de Pedraza, P (eds.) Mobile Research Methods: Opportunities and Challenges of Mobile Research Methodologies, Pp. 21–39. London: Ubiquity Press. Cox, DR. 1972. Regression models and life-tables (with discussion), Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B 34: 187–220. Croke, K, Dabalen, A, Demombynes, G, Giugale, M, and Hoogeveen, J. 2012. Collecting high frequency panel data in Africa using mobile phone interviews, Policy Research Working Paper No. 6097, World Bank, Washington DC. Demombynes, G, Gubbins, P, and Romeo, A. 2013. Challenges and Opportunities of Mobile Phone-Based Data Collection – Evidence from South Sudan, Policy Research Working Paper No. 6321, World Bank, Washington DC. Fitzgerald, J, Gottschalk, P, and Moffitt, R. 1998. The Impact of Attrition in The Panel Study Of Income Dynamics On Intergenerational Analysis, Journal of Human Resources, 33(2): 300-344. Grubbs, F. 1969. Procedures for Detecting Outlying Observations in Samples, Technometrics, 11(1): 1-21. 5. Questionnaire (Vintage February 2017) Listening-to-Tajikistan HOUSEHOLD SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE Statement of Consent Greetings! My name is___________. I am working for the Social Research Center “Zerkalo”. There we conduct various research survey on different topic and the goal of the current survey is to track the effects of the economic downturn in Russia on the population in Tajikistan. Recently our colleagues conducted face to face interview with your household, and now with the same household we are conducting interview but through telephone. This survey will run for 6 rounds and every round we will send to your telephone 6 somoni (1USD) credit within several days. We will call you every 30 days after the completed interview. We guarantee confidentiality and anonymity. Your answers will be used in general form. The interview will approximately last 10min. Здравствуйте! Меня зовут __. Я работаю в Центре социологических исследований «Зеркало». Мы проводим научные опросы по различным темам и цель данного опроса является “|Мониторинг влияния экономического кризиса в России на население Республики Таджикистан”. Не так давно наши сотрудники проводили опрос в Вашем домохозяйстве и сейчас мы проводим интервью по телефону в тех домохозяйствах, где проводили опрос. По завершению опроса мы переведем на баланс Вашего телефона 6 сомони в течении нескольких дней. Этот опрос будет продолжатся шесть раундов. Мы будем Вам звонить через каждые 30 дней и по окончаниию каждого опроса на Ваш баланс будет перечеслятся шесть сомони. Мы гарантируем Вам конфиденциальность и анонимность. Ваши ответы будут использованы только в обобщенном виде. Длительность беседы составит около 10минут. Салом аллейкум номи ман ________. Ман корманди маркази тадкикоти «Зеркало» мебошам. Маркази мо харгуна тадкикотхои илми мегузаронад. Чанд вакт пеш кормандони маркази мо дар хонаводаи Шумо пурсиш гузаронида буданд ва акнун мо бо тарики телефон мехостем ба Шумо чанд саволе дихем. Мавзуъи тадкикоти имрузаи мо ин «Таъсири бухрони иктисодии дар Руссия ба ахолии Точикистон». Ин пурсиш бо Шумо 6 бор гузаронида мешавад. Яъне баъди хар як 30 руз. Баъди хар пурсиш мо ба 85 хисоби телефони Шумо шаш сомони пул мегузаронем. Мо махфиятро кафолат медихем ва чавобхои Шумо дар шакли умум чамъбаст мешаванд. Пурсиш тахминан 10 дақиқа давом мекунад. Ассалому алейкум! Мени исмим ____. Мен таткикот маркази <<Зеркало>> ишчиси буламан. Бизнинг марказ хархил илмий таткикотлар утказади. Неча вакт олдин бизнинг марказимиз ишчилари сизнинг хонадонингизда интервю утказган эдилар, энди эса биз сизга телефон оркали бир неча савол бермокчи миз. Бугунги таткикот мавзуси бу <<Иктисодий инкироз таъсири Руссияда Тожикистон ахолисига>> бу интервю сиз билан 6(олти) маротиба утказилади. Яъне хар 30 кундан кейин. Хар бир интервюдан кейин сизнинг кул телефонингизга 6(олти) сомон пул утказилади. Биз сизга махвийликни кафолат берамиз ва сизнинг жавобларингиз умумий холда жамбаст этилади. Интервю тахминан 10 дакика вактингизни олади. Сиз таткикотга иштирок этишга розими сиз? Participation and Identifying Information SOGLASIE Do you agree to participate in a survey? Yes /Да/Ха/Ха…………..1 Согласны ли вы принять участие в опросе? No /Нет/Не/Ёк……2  STOP Шумо барои иштирок кардан дар тадқиқот рози ҳастед? Сиз иштирок этиш учун розими сиз? Interview Start Time: HH:MM:SS Время начала интервью: Вақти мусоҳиба: Q.0 Operator: Please enter the phone number being called. Number /Запишите /Kайд кунед/Кайд Оператор: Внесите номер телефона, на который Вы звоните этинг Оператор: Сиз телефон киладиган ракамни киритинг Оператор: Раками телефонро кайд кунед Q1 Operator: Please enter your enumerator code Number /Запишите /Kайд кунед/Кайд Пожалуйста, введите свой системный номер для входа в этинг программу Раками системавии худро дохил намоед Уз система ракамингизни дохил килинг Q1.1 Operator: Please enter the number of the round Number /Запишите /Kайд кунед/Кайд Оператор: Введите номер волны опроса этинг Саволдиханда: Мавчи пурсишро кайд кунед Оператор: Тулкин ракамини ёзинг Q2 Enumerator: Please enter which region Dushanbe /Душанбе….1 В каком регионе Вы проживаете? RRP/РРП/ Марказга тобе булган Дар кадом вилоят Шумо зиндаги мекунед? нохиялар….2 Soghd region Кайси вилоятда сиз истекомат этасиз? /Согдийская область/ Сугд нохияси….3 Khatlon region /Хатлонская область/ Хатлон нохияси ….4 GBAO / Тогли Бадахшон Афтаном Нохияси….5 86 Q3 Enumerator: Please enter Jamoat ID Number Оператор: Пожалуйста, введите ID-номер Джамоат /Запишите /Kайд кунед/Кайд этинг Оператор : Раками ID ЧАМОАТРО ВОРИД НАМОЕД Оператор: Жамоатнинг ID ракамини киритинг Q4_hhid Please enter Household ID Number /Запишите /Kайд кунед/Кайд Оператор: ID-номер ДОМОХОЗЯЙСТВА этинг Оператор: Раками ID ХОНАВОДАРО ВОРИД НАМОЕД Оператор: ID ракамини киритинг Q5_res_na Please ask the name of the respondent Not in roster me: /Нет в списке/Дар руйхат Спросите имя респондента нест/Руйхатда Йук 1 Enter respondent ID Номи Шумо чист? /Запишите ID респондента /ID респондентро кайд кунед/Ёзинг Сизнинг исмингиз нима? Q6 Enumerator: please confirm the birth month of the January/Январь……………….1 respondent February/Феврал……………….2 March/Март……………….3 Пожалуйста, подтвердите МЕСЯЦ рождения респондента April/Апрель……………….4 May/Май……………….5 Мохи таввалуди мусохибро тасдик кунед June/Июнь……………….6 July/Июль……………….7 Илтимос Мусохиб тугилган ойини тасдик этинг August/Август……………….8 September/Сентябрь…………… ….9 October/Октябрь……………….1 0 November/Ноябр……………….1 1 December/Декабрь………………. 12 Q7 Enumerator: please confirm the birth year of the Number/ respondent Запишите /Kайд кунед/Кайд этинг Пожалуйста, подтвердите ГОД рождения респондента Соли таввалуди мусохибро тасдик кунед Илтимос мусохиб тугилган йилини тасдик этинг Q8 pid Enumerator: Please select the ID of the INDIVIDUAL Number from the Roster /Запишите /Kайд кунед/Кайд этинг Пожалуйста выберите с листа ID респондента Раками ID Мусохибро интихоб кунед Мусохиб ID ракамини сайланг (Интихоб этинг) 87 One-Time Questions OTQ_1 Does your household have a voltage stabilizer? Yes /Да/Ха/Ха………….1 Есть ли у вас в домохозяйстве стабилизатор No напряжения? /Нет/Не/Ёк………….2 Not connected Сизди уйингизда стабилизатор бор ми? /Не подключён /Пайваст нест/Уланиш ёк………….3 Оё дар хонаводаи Шумо стабилизатори шидатти хаст? Disposable questions (removed 17 wave) Саволҳои якдафъаина (аз 17 мавҷ хорич карда шуд) Одноразовые Вопросы (удален в 17 волне) Included in Wave 16 OTQ_2 Is your household advised not to power certain Yes appliances at the same time? /Да/Ха/Ха………….1 No Ягон кас (коргари кувваи барк) ба хонаводаи шумо /Нет/Не/Ёк………….2 маслихат дод, ки шумо хамаи асбобхои баркиро яку – Not connected якбора пайваст накунед? /Не подключён /Пайваст нест/Уланиш ёк………….3 Сизнинг оилангизда бирор электрик устоси, еки электрик ширкати тавсия киладими, электрик асбобларни бир вактда бир нечасини ишлатмасликга? Рекомендуют ли вашей семье не подключать некоторые электрические приборы одновременно? (Например, личный электрик, энергетическая компания) Disposable questions (removed 17 wave) Саволҳои якдафъаина (аз 17 мавҷ хорич карда шуд.) Одноразовые Вопросы (удален в 17 волне) Included in Wave 16 DRINKING_ What is the main source of drinking water for Piped into dwelling WATER /Водопровод встроенный в жилой members of your household? дом/Водопроводи дар даруни манзил, дар хона буда/Истикомат Что является основным источником питьевой воды этайдиган уйингизни для членов вашего домохозяйства? водопроводи……..1 Сарчашмаи асосии оби нушокии хонаводаи Шумо Piped into yard or plot кадом аст? /Водопровод встроенный во двор/участок земли- Водороводи Сизнинг хонаводангиз аъзоси учун асосий сув ичиш дар даруни хавли/Хавлингиздаги манбаси нима? водопровод……..2 Public tap/standpipe /Общественный кран/напорная труба- Водопроводи дар куча 88 буда/Кучангиздаги водоправод……..3 Tubewell/borehole /Артезианская скважина/буровая скважина/Оби Артезиани (кран, качалка)/Артизан суви……..4 Protected well /Закрытый колодец/Чохи махкам шуда(калодец)/Ёпик калодец (кудук)….5 Unprotected well /Открытый колодец /Чохи кушода (калодец)/Очик калодец (кудук)…..6 Protected spring /Закрытый родник\Оби чашмаи махкам шуда/Ёпик чашма суви………..7 Unprotected spring /Открытый родник \ Оби чашмаи кушода/Очик чашма суви……………….8 Rainwater collection /Дождевая вода/ Оби борони чамъ карда шуда/Ёмгер суви……………….9 Tanker-truck /Водовоз\ Цистерна /Оби бо мошин меовардаги\Сув ташиш Disposable questions (removed 23 wave) мошинаси………10 Саволҳои якдафъаина (аз 23 мавҷ хорич карда шуд.) Одноразовые Вопросы (удален в 23 волне) Cart with small tank/drum /Тележка с небольшим баком/бочкой/Ароба бо зарфи на онкадар калон/Арова унчалик хам катта эмас зарф булан ……………..11 Surface water /Поверхностная вода\ Оби хавз, даре, канал, кул ва гайра/Даре суви, кул суви…..12 Bottled water /Вода в бутылках/ Оби бастабандишуда/Зарфдаги сув……..13 Other/ Другое/Дигар/Бошка……..98 None /Ни одного/Хеч кадом/Хеч кайси……..99 89 Included in Waves 21 and 22 WATER_ Where is that water source located? In dwelling SOURCE_ / В собственном жилище/ Дар LOCATED Где находится этот источник воды? хонаи худ/ Уз уйида……1 (Skip to Q1 water_outyn) Сарчашмаи об дар куҷо чойгир аст? In own yard/plot / В собственном дворе/Участок / Каерда у сув манбаси? Дар хавлии худ / ЗАМИН/Уз ховлисида Участкасида …..2 Skip (b) Elsewhere/ В другом месте/Дар чои дигар/ Бошка чойда …….3 Disposable questions (removed 23 wave) Саволҳои якдафъаина (аз 23 мавҷ хорич карда шуд.) Одноразовые Вопросы (удален в 23 волне) Included in Waves 21 & 22 HOW_LONG How long does it take to go there, get water and come Minutes back? / Минуты/Дакика /Дакика Don’t know Сколько времени занимает идти и возвращаться для /Незнаю/Намедонам/Билмайман… получения воды? .99 Чанд кадар вакт сарф мекунед то ба чои об рафтан ва баргаштан? Канча вактни олади у ерга бориб сув олиб келиш? Disposable questions (removed 23 wave) Саволҳои якдафъаина (аз 23 мавҷ хорич карда шуд.) Одноразовые Вопросы (удален в 23 волне) Included in Waves 21 and 22 How many children under 18 years old live in your Q5_child Enter number household? /Запишите/Кайд кунед/ Кайд этиш _____________________ Сколько детей до 18 лет проживают в Вашем домохозяйстве? Чанд нафар кудак то 18 сола дар хонаводаи шумо зиндаги мекунанд? Нечта бола 18 ешгача сизды хонаводангизда яшиды? Disposable questions (removed 26 wave) Саволҳои якдафъаина (аз 26 мавҷ хорич карда шуд.) Included in Wave 25 Одноразовые Вопросы (удален в 26 волне) 90 Services Questions (Monthly) Q1 water_outyn Did you have any disruption in your water supply Yes at home over the past 10 days? /Да/Ха/Ха.........1 [Skip/Q2water_outdays] Вашем доме были ли за последние 10 дней сбои в подаче воды (общий водопроводный кран, вода из No скважины,вода из реки , привозная вода)? /Нет/Не/Йук……2 [Skip/UNABLE_TO_ACCESS_WATE Дар давоми 10 рузи гузашта, оё дар хонаводаи R] Шумо таъмини об катъ шуд (оби водопроводи умуми, об аз скважина, об аз дарье, об аз чашма, оби харидашуда)? Утган ун ичида, сизнинг хонаводангизга сув катъ булган эдими (умумий водопровод суви, скважина суви, дарьё суви,чашма суви, сотиб олинган сув)? Q2 water_outdays On how many days was there a disruption in your water Number supply at home over the past 10 days? /Запишите /Kайд кунед/Кайд этинг За последние десять дней сколько дней отсутствовала вода в Вашем доме? Дар давоми дах рузи гузашта чанд руз дар хонаи Шумо об набуд? Утган ун кун орасида сизнинг уйингизда неччи кун сув йук эди? кун Water_alt_source What was the household's main alternative source of Piped into dwelling drinking water, during this outage? /Водопровод встроенный в жилой дом/Водопроводи дар даруни Какие альтернативные источники пресной воды манзил, дар хона буда/Истикомат доступны во время отключения воды? этайдиган уйингизни водопроводи……..1 Дар вакти катъ шудани об, ба шумо кадом сарчашмахои оби тоза дастрас аст? Piped into yard or plot /Водопровод встроенный во Сув кат булган пайт, сиз кайси тоза сув двор/участок земли- Водороводи дар манбаларидан фойдаланасиз? даруни хавли/Хавлингиздаги водопровод……..2 Public tap/standpipe /Общественный кран/напорная труба- Водопроводи дар куча 91 буда/Кучангиздаги водоправод……..3 Tubewell/borehole/ Артезианская скважина/буровая скважина/Оби Артезиани (кран, качалка)/Артизан суви……..4 Protected well /Закрытый колодец/Чохи махкам шуда(калодец)/Ёпик калодец (кудук)….5 Unprotected well /Открытый колодец /Чохи кушода (калодец)/Очик калодец (кудук)…..6 Protected spring /Закрытый родник\Оби чашмаи махкам шуда/Ёпик чашма суви………..7 Unprotected spring /Открытый родник \ Оби чашмаи кушода/Очик чашма суви……………….8 Rainwater collection /Дождевая вода/ Оби борони чамъ карда шуда/Ёмгер суви……………….9 Tanker-truck /Водовоз\ Цистерна /Оби бо мошин меовардаги\Сув ташиш мошинаси………10 Cart with small tank/drum /Тележка с небольшим баком/бочкой/Ароба бо зарфи на онкадар калон/Арова унчалик хам катта эмас зарф булан ……………..11 Surface water /Поверхностная вода\ Оби хавз, даре, канал, кул ва гайра/Даре суви, кул суви…..12 Bottled water /Вода в бутылках/ Оби бастабандишуда/Зарфдаги сув……..13 Other /Другое/Дигар/Бошка……..98 None /Ни одного/Хеч кадом/Хеч кайси……..99 92 UNABLE_TO_A Has there been any time in the last month when Yes CCESS_WATER you have been unable to access water from the /Да/Ха/Ха………1 main drinking water source in sufficient No quantities when needed? /Нет/Не/Ёк……..2 (skip to PAY_FOR_WATER) Был ли случаи в прошлом месяце, когда вы не смогли получить доступ к основному источнику питьевой воды в достаточном количестве, при необходимости? Дар мохи гузашта, буданд холатхое, ки Шумо обро дастрас карда натавонистед ба микдори кофи аз чое, ки доимо оби нушоки мегиред? Утган ой ичда, шундай холатлар булганмики сиз доимий сув манбасидан етарли даражада сув кулга киритиб олмадингиз? MAIN_REASON What was the main reason that you were unable to Water not available from source access water in sufficient quantities when needed? /Вода отсутсвовала в источнике/ Дар сарчашма об набуд/ Манбада сув ёк Какова была Основная причина, что вы не смогли эди….1 получить доступ к воде в достаточном количестве, Water too expensive когда это было необходимо? / Вода слишком дорого / Об бисер гарон (киммат)/ Сув жудахам киммат Бо кадом сабаб, Шумо натавонистед обро дастрас ………2 кунед? Source not accessible / Источник не доступен / Сарчашама Кайси сабаб билан сиз сувни кулга киритиб дастрас нест / Манба дастрас олмадингиз? эмас………...3 Other / Другое (Укажите) /Дигар (кайд кунед) / Бошка (кайд этин) …………4 Don’t know / Не знаю /Намедонам/Билмайман …5 PAY_FOR_ How much did your household pay for water over Number WATER the past month, including any fuel, electricity or /Запишите /Kайд кунед/Кайд этинг transportation costs relating to your water supply? [If 0 skip to Q3 elec_outyn] Сколько заплатил за воду ваше домохозяйство за последний месяц, включая любое топливо, электричество или транспортные расходы, Если 0 переходите к вопросу Q3 связанные с вашей подачи воды? elec_outyn Дар мохи охир хонаводаи Шумо чанд кадар маблаг сарф карда буд, барои обро дастрас кардан, аз чумла сӯзишворӣ, кувваи барқ ва хароҷоти нақлиётӣ Агар 0 гузаред ба саволи Q3 вобаста бо таъминоти оби худ? elec_outyn Уткан ой сизнинг хонаводангиз канча маблаг тулади (пардохт этди) сув учун шу жумладан ёкилги, электр ток ва сув келтирадиган наклиёт билан вобаста? WHAT_PERIOD What period did this payment cover? One week /Одна неделя/Як хафта/Бир Какой период охватывает этот платеж? хафта…………1 Two Weeks/Две недели/Дух Кадом давраро пардохт дар бар мегирад? афта/Икки хафта…………2 Кайси тулов даврани ташкил этади? 93 One Month/Один месяц/Як мох/Бир ой…………3 Two Months/Два месяца/Ду мох/Ики ой…………4 Six Months/Шесть месяцев/Шаш мох/Олты ой…………5 One Year/Один год/Як сол/Бир йил…………6 Q3 elec_outyn Did you have any electricity outage at home over Yes the past 10 days? /Да/Ха/Ха……1 [Skip/Гузариш Q4 elec_outdays] Были ли сбои в подаче электроэнергии за последние 10 дней Вашем доме? No /Нет/Не/Йук….2 Дар давоми 10 рузи гузашта дар хонаи Шумо ягон [Skip to OTQ_3/Гузариш ба OTQ_3] бор кувваи барк катъ гардида буд? Утган ун кун орасида сизнинг уйингизда бирор марта электр токи(свет) катъ этилган эдими? Q4 elec_outdays On how many days were there electricity outages Number at home over the past 10 days? /Запишите /Kайд кунед/Кайд этинг Сколько дней отсутствовала электроэнергия в Вашем доме за последние 10 дней? Дар давоми 10 рузи гузашта чан руз дар хонаи Шумо кувваи барк набуд? Утган 10 кун ичида неччи кун сизнинг уйингизда электр токи(свет) йук эди? Q5 elec_outhrs On the days with electricity cuts, for how many Number hours was electricity out at home, on average? /Запишите /Kайд кунед/Кайд этинг В дни когда не было электроэнергии, сколько часов в среднем у Вас дома отсутствовала электроэнергия ? Дар рузхои набудани кувваи барк, чанд соат дар хисоби миена дар хонаи Шумо кувваи барк набуд? Электр токи булмаган куни, неча соат уртача хисобда сизнинг уйингизга электр токи йук эди? OTQ_3 For how many hours was electricity available for Number your household yesterday? /Запишите /Kайд кунед/Кайд этинг Чанд соат кувваи барқ дируз дар хонаи Шумо буд? Not connected /Не подключён/ Пайваст Кеча неча соат электрик токи бор эди? нест/Уланиш ёк…99 Сколько часов электричество было в вашем доме Respondent not present at вчера? household/Does not know /Респондент не присутствует дома/не знает /Респондент дар хона хузур надошт/Намедонам/Респандентга уйга ёкеди/Билмайман…….98 94 OTQ_4 For how many hours was electricity available Not connected between 6PM and 10PM yesterday? /Не подключён/ Пайваст нест/Уланиш ёк…99 Кеча окшон соат 6-дан то 10-гача неча соат электрик токини ишлатингиз? Respondent not present at household/Does not Чанд соат кувваи барқ дируз дар хонаи Шумо аз know/Респондент не присутствует соати 6 бегох то 10 бегохи буд? дома/не знает /Респондент дар хона хузур Сколько часов электричество было подключено к надошт/Намедонам/Респандентга вашему дому около 6-ти и 10-ти вечера вчера? уйга ёкеди/Билмайман…….98 OTQ_5 For how many hours was electricity available for Not connected/Не подключён/ your household the day before yesterday? Пайваст нест/Уланиш ёк 99 Уткан кун неча соат электрик токи бор эди? Respondent Not present at household/Does not know/Респондент Чанд соат кувваи барқ пеш аз дируз (2 руз пеш) дар не присутствует дома/не знает хонаи Шумо буд? /Респондент дар хона хузур надошт/Намедонам/Респандентга Сколько часов электричество было подключено к уйга ёкеди/Билмайман…….98 вашему дому позавчера? OTQ_6 For how many hours was electricity available Not connected/Не подключён/ between 6PM and 10PM the day before yesterday? Пайваст нест/Уланиш ёк…99 Уткан кун окшон соат 6-дан то 10-гача неча соат Respondent Not present at электрик токини ишлатингиз? household/Does not know/Респондент не присутствует дома/не знает Чанд соат кувваи барқ пеш аз дируз дар хонаи /Респондент дар хона хузур Шумо аз соати 6 бегох то 10 бегохи буд? надошт/Намедонам/Респандентга уйга ёкеди/Билмайман…….98 Сколько часов электричество было подключено к вашему дому около 6-ти и 10-ти вечера позавчера? OTQ_7 Over the past 10 days, have any of your electrical Yes/Да/Ха/Ха………………1 appliances been damaged by a power surge? No/Нет /Не/Ёк……2 В течении последних 10-ти дней были ли повреждены какие-либо из ваших электроприборов Not connected/Не подключён / в результате перепад напряжения? Пайваст нест/ Уланиш ёк…………3 Уткан 10-кун ичида электрик кувватининг паст баландлигидан бирор электрик асбобларингиз иштан чиктими? Дар 10 рузи охир ягон асбобхои электрикиатон (холодильник, телевизор ва гайра) аз сабаби пасту баланд шудани кувваи барк сухта буд (аз кор баромад) ELECTRICITY What is source of electricity supply used most in your Национальная сеть подключения от household? (название компании) / Пайваст ба шабакаи умуми (Номи ширкат) / Умимий (ширкат исми) тармокга(шабакага) уланиш…1 Какой источник электроснабжения используется больше всего в вашем домохозяйстве? Локальная мини-сеть / Мини шабакаи махалли / Кичик(МИНИ) махаллий Дар хонаводаи шумо аз кадом манбаи кувваи барк тармок…..2 бештар истифода мебаранд? Дизельный генератор / Генератори дизели / Дизел генератори….3 Сизнинг хонаводангизда кайси электр ток манбасидан купрок истифода этилади? Солнечная домашняя система / Системаи офтоби / Куёш(офтоб) тизими(ситемаси……4 95 Солнечный фонарь / Система освещение / Фонуси офтоби / Системаи равшандиханда / Куёш(офтоб) муми(фонари) / Ёритиш тизими (системаси)…..5 Аккумулятор / Аккумулятор / Батарея (аккумулятор)…..6 Другой, укажите / Дигар кайд кунед / Бошкасини кайд этинг……7 Нет электроэнергии / Нест неруи барк / Электр токи ёк…..8 CHANGED_THE Have you changed the electricity source used most Yes /Да /Ха /Ха…...1 _ELECTRICITY often in the past 6 months? No /Нет /Не /Ёк….2 [skip to PAY_FOR_ELECTRICITY] Вы меняли источник электроэнергии используемый чаще всего в течение последних 6 месяцев? Дар 6-мохи охир сарчашмаи кувваи барке, ки Шумо доимо аз он истифода мебаред, иваз карда будед? Сиз охирги олти (6) ой ичида доимо ишлатайдиган электр ток манбасини алиштирдингизми? ELECTRICITY_ If so, what was source of electricity supply previously Национальная сеть подключения от SUPPLY_PREVIO used most in your household? (название компании) / Пайваст ба USLY шабакаи умуми (Номи ширкат) / Если да, то какой источник электроснабжения вы Умимий (ширкат исми) прежде использовали чаще всего в вашем тармокга(шабакага) уланиш…1 домохозяйстве? Локальная мини-сеть / Мини шабакаи Агар ҳа, пас кадом сарчашмаи кувваи баркро махалли / Кичик(МИНИ) махаллий бештар дар хонаводаи Шумо истифода мекарданд? тармок…2 Дизельный генератор / Генератори Агар ха.кайси электр ток манбалардан сизнинг дизели / Дизел генератори….3 хонаводангиз истифода этарди? Солнечная домашняя система / Системаи офтоби / Куёш(офтоб) тизими(ситемаси)….4 Солнечный фонарь / Система освещение / Фонуси офтоби / Системаи равшандиханда / Куёш(офтоб) муми(фонари) / Ёритиш тизими(системаси)….5 Аккумулятор / Аккумулятор / Батарея (аккумулятор)….6 Другой, укажите / Дигар кайд кунед / Бошкасини кайд этинг….7 Нет электроэнергии / Нест неруи барк / Электр токи ёк….8 PAY_FOR_ELEC Who do you currently pay for electricity? Энергетической компании / TRICITY Ширкатхои энергетики Энергетик Кому вы в настоящее время платите за компаниялар(ширкатла)…1 электроэнергию? Продавцу предоплаченных метровых карт / Корти пешпардохт ба Шумо айни замон ба ки пули кувваи баркро фурушанда….2 месупоред? Общине / селу / муниципалитету / Чамоат / деха / муниципали / Айни замон сиз электр ток(свет) пулини кимга Жамоат / Деха / муницаполитет….3 топширасиз? 96 Родственнику / Ба хешам / Хешимга….4 Соседу / Ба хамсоя / Хамсоямга…5 Арендодателю / Хучаини хона / Уй эгасига…..6 Лавочнику на приобретение топлива для генератора энергии / Фурушандаи сузишвори / Ёкилги сотувчисига….7 Никому / Ба хеч кас / Хеч кимга….8 Нет необходимости платить / заплатил один раз только за оборудование / Нест зарурат ба пардохт / Танхо як маротиба пардохт кардам барои таҷҳизоти / Тулаш учун хеч кандай эхтиёж ёк / Бир марта тулладим учкуналар(тажхизотлар) учун…..9 Мобильный платеж / Пардохти мобили / Мобил тулов….10 Другой, укажите / Дигар кайд кунед / Бошкасини кайд этинг….11 DIE_OR_HAVE_ In the last 12 months, did any household members die Yes /Да /Ха /Ха …..1 PERMANENT_LI or have permanent limb (bodily injury) damage No /Нет /Не /Ёк….2 MB because of electricity system? В течение последних 12 месяцев, были ли смертельные случаи среди членов домохозяйства или имеют ли они неустранимое повреждение конечностей (телесные повреждения) по причине системы электроснабжения? Дар давоми 12 мохи охир, ягон кас аз аъзои хонаводаи шумо дар вакти истифода бурдан аз кувваи барк зарари чисмони (захми, чарохат) дидаанд е ин ки вафот карданд? Утган 12ой ичида, бирор киши хонаводангиз аъзосидан электр токини нотугри истифода этиш сабаби билан вафот этганми ё жисмоний зарар (захм жарохланганми) курганми? 97 Well-being Q1 If you compare the financial well-being of your Much worse than before/ Хеле бадтар finan_past household with that of 10 days ago would you say шуд аз пештара дида/Гораздо хуже that it is…? чем было раньше/Авалгиданхам емонрок булди…………………….1 Если сравнить финансовое положение Вашего домохозяйства за прошедшие 10 дней оно стало…? Worse than before /Бадтар шуд аз пештара дида /Хуже чем было Айни замон, оё вазъи молиявии хонаводаи Шумо раньше нисбат ба 10 рузи гузашта …? /Огиррок……………………2 Айни холда, молиявиз вазъият хонаводангизга утган The same as before/Бе тагйир 10 кун ичида нисбатан …? монд/Так же как и раньше/Узгариш булмади..3 Better than before /Бехтар шуд аз пештара дида /Лучше чем было раньше /Яхширок булди…….4 Much better than before/Хеле бехтар шуд аз пештара дида /Намного лучше чем было раньше/Анча Яхши булди……….…..5 Q2 Do you expect the financial well-being of your Much worse than before/ Хеле бадтар finan_fut household over the next 10 days to be…? шуд аз пештара дида/Гораздо хуже чем было раньше/Авалгиданхам Ожидаете ли Вы, что в последующие 10 дней емонрок булди…………….1 финансовое состояние Вашего домохозяйства будет …? Worse than before /Бадтар шуд аз пештара дида /Хуже чем было Ба фикри Шумо дар 10 рузи оянда вазъи молиявии раньше хонаводаатон….? /Огиррок……………………2 Сизнинг фикрингизча келаси 10 кун ичида The same as before/Бе тагйир молиявий вазъият оилангизда…? монд/Так же как и раньше/Узгариш булмади..3 Better than before /Бехтар шуд аз пештара дида /Лучше чем было раньше /Яхширок булди…….4 Much better than before/Хеле бехтар шуд аз пештара дида /Намного лучше чем было раньше/Анча Яхши булди………..5 Q3_ls_1 On a scale from one to five, where 1 is not satisfied Not satisfied at all/Полностю не at all and 5 is completely satisfied, how satisfied удовлетворен/Тамоман каноатманд with life are the members of your household, in нестанд/Умуман каноатманд general. мас………….1 Пожалуйста, оцените общую удовлетворенность 2 жизнью членов Вашего домохозяйства по 5 3 бальной шкале где «1» означает полную 4 неудовлетворенность, а «5» максимльную удовлетворенность. Completely satisfied/Полностю удовлетворен/Пурра Сатхи каноатманд будани аъзоени хонаводаатонро каноатманданд/Тулла аз хаети хозира аз руи чадвали 5 хола бахогузори каноатманд……………….5 намоед, дар холе ки 5 маънои- пурра каноатмандам ва 1-маънои тамоман каноатманд нестандро дорад 98 Оилангиз хозирги хаётидан каноатмандлигини 5 холлиг жадвал билан бахолангки каерда 5 хол тулик каноатманд ман ва 1 хол тамоман каноатманд эмас ман дегани On the same scale, how satisfied with life are you, Not satisfied at all/ Полностю Q4_ls_2 in general удовлетворен/Тамоман каноатманд нестанд /Умуман каноатманд Пожалуйста оцените Свою общую мас………….1 удовлетворенность жизнью по этой же шкале 2 Сатхи каноатманд буданатонро аз хаети хозира аз 3 руи хамин чадвал бахогузори намоед 4 Сиз хозирги хаётдан каноатмадлигингизни шу Completely satisfied/ Полностю чадвал юзасидан бахоланг удовлетворен/Пурра каноатманданд/Тулла каноатманд……………….5 Q5_food Was your household able to buy enough food for Yes/Да/Ха/Ха……………….1 members for the past 10 days? No/Нет/Не/Йук……………...2 >> У Вашего домохозяйства за последние 10 дней, Q6_utilities была ли возможность купить достаточное количество продуктов питания для дома? Дар давоми 10 рузи гузашта, хонаводаатон барои харидани маводи хурока имконияти кофи дошт? Утган 10 кун орасида хонадонингизда етарли даражада(микдорда) озик олишга имконият булганми? Q6_food Were there any days in the last ten days when you Yes/Да/Ха/Ха……………………1 were not able to buy enough food for the children in the household? No/Нет/Не/Йук……………..……2 В течение последних 10 дней были ли дни когда Вы Do not know/Не знаю/ были не способны купить достаточно еды для детей Намедонам/Билмайман..........3 в домохозяйстве? ( да/нет/незнаю) No children in household/ В семье нет Дар давоми 10 рузи охир буданд рузхое, ки Шумо детей /Дар хонавода кудак имконияти ба таври кифоя харидани хурокро барои нест/Уймизда бола ёк……………4 кудакон дар хочагиатон надоштед? >> skip Meals_children, Q13_edu, Child_wirk Охирги 10 кун орасида, шундай ҳолат бӯлдими, сизнинг ӯша пайтда болалар учун етарли озиқ овқат сотиб олиш имкониятингиз йӯқ эди? Q6_utilities Was your household financially unable to pay for Yes/Да/Ха/Ха……1 utilities for the past 10 days? No/Нет/Не/Йук……..2 За последние 10 дней, были ли случаи, когда ваше домохозяйство не могло оплатить коммунальные Do not received receipt yet/ Еще не услуги (из-за отсутствия денег)? получил квитанцию /Квитансия холо нагирифтам Дар давоми 10 рузи гузашта, оё холатхое буданд, ки Холи квитансия олганим йук…..3 хонаводаи Шумо маблагхои коммуналиро супоридан натавонист (аз сабаби набудани пул)? Утган 10 кун ичида хонаводангизда, шундай холатлар булганмики сиз комунал хизматлар пулини топширолмаган булсангиз (пулни булмаган сабабидан)? 99 Q7_housing Was your household financially unable to pay for Yes/Да/Ха/Ха……1 rent/mortgage/housing for the past 10 days? No/Нет/Не/Йук…….2 За последние 10 дней, были ли финансовые трудности с оплатой аренды/кредита по дому/ Do not received receipt / Еще не налога на землю (из-за отсутствия денег) получил квитанцию /Квитансия холо нагирифтам Дар давоми 10 рузи гузашта, хонаводаи Шумо Холи квитансия олганим йук…..3 барои супурдани пули аренда/карзи хона/ андоз барои замин ягон мушкилоти молияви дошт (набудани пул)? Утган 10 кун орасида, хонаводангиз Ижара(Аренда)/Уй карзи/(Солик)Налог Пулларини топшириш учун бирор молиявий мушкилоти булганми? (пул йуклиги)? Q8_ borrow Yes/Да/Ха/Ха…......1 Did your household borrow any money over the last 10 days to pay for basic needs? No/Нет/Не/Йук.......2 За последние 10 дней Ваше домохозяйство брало в долг деньги для покрытия ежедневных расходов? Дар 10 рузи охир хонаводаи Шумо карз гирифта буд, барои пушонидани харрочотхои харруза? Утган 10 кун ичида сизнинг оилангиз карз олга этими, харкунги харажотларни коплаш(ёпиш) учун? Q9_ Did your household need to take from savings any Yes/Да/Ха/Ха…..1 dissaving money over the last 10 days to pay for basic needs? No/Нет/Не/Йук……2 За последние 10 дней, была ли необходимость Вашему домохозяйству брать деньги с сбережений Do not have any savings/ Нет каких- для покрытия ежедневных расходов? либо сбережения /Пулхои захира надорем/Йигиб койган пулим Дар давоми 10 рузи гузашта Хонаводаи Шумо аз йук………3 пулхои захира шуда истифода бурд барои пушонидани харочотхои харруза? Утган 10 кун ичида хонаводангиз захира килган пуллардан истифода этдими харкунги харажотларни коплаш(ёпиш) учун? Q10_ Did your household sell any assets over the last 10 Yes/Да/Ха/Ха…….1 sellassets days to pay for basic needs? No/Нет/Не/Йук……2 За последние 10 дней пришлось ли Вашему домохозяйству продать какое-нибудь имуществo для покрытия ежедневных расходов? Дар муддати 10 рузи гузашта, оё хонаводаи Шумо барои конеъ намудани талаботхои харруза, ягон чизу чораи хонаи худро фурухта буд ? Утган 10 кун орасида, сизнинг хонадонингиз харкунги талаботни коъне этиш учун, бирор бир уйдаги буюмни сотганми? 100 Has your household reduced consumption of food Yes/Да/Ха/Ха…….1 Q11_ over the past 10 days to pay for other needs? reduce_food No/Нет/Не/Йук…….2 За последние 10 дней, сократила ли Ваше домохозяйства употребления продуктов питания для покрытия ежедневных расходов? Дар давоми 10 рузи гузашта, оё хонаводаи Шумо барои руи пуш кардани харрочотхои харруза, истеъмоли хуроквориро камтар кардааст? Утган 10 ичида сизнинг хонаводангиз хуроквор истемолини камрок килганми, харкунги харажотни ёпиш учун? meals_child How many meals were children in the household One/Один/Як/Бир…..1 ren eating on most days over the past 10 days? Two/Два/Ду/Экки……2 За последние 10 дней cколько раз в день дети принимали еду в течение большинства дней? Three/Три/Се/Уч…..3 Дар давоми 10 рузи гузашта кудакон дар давоми More/Более/Зиёдтар/ Кӯпроқ…4 аксарияти рузхо чанд маротиба хурок мехурданд? No children in household/ В семье нет Ӯтган 10 кун давомида болалар бир кун ичида детей /Дар хонавода кудак асосан неча марта овқат ейишар эди? нест/Уймизда бола ёк..5 Has your household reduced payments for Yes/Да/Ха/Ха…1 Q12_ healthcare over the past 10 days to pay for other reduce_heal needs (medications, hospitalization, missing visits No/Нет/Не/Йук…..2 th with doctor)? За последние 10 дней, уменьшило ли Ваше домохозяйство расходы на медицинские услуги как покупка медикаментов, визит к врачу) для покрытия ежедневных расходов? Дар давоми 10 рузи гузашта, оё хонаводаи Шумо барои руи пуш кардани харрочотхои харруза, харочотхои тиббиро мисли харидани дору, мурочиат ба духтурро камтар кардааст? Утган ун кун ичида хонаводангиз харкунги харажотларни коплаш(ёпиш) учун, тибга воъбаста булган харажотларни яъне (дору сотиб олиш, духтурга мурожиат килиш) камайтирганми? Q13_ Has anyone in your household been sick over the Yes/Да/Ха/Ха……1 sick_yn past 10 days? [Skip Q1_migrant_p] Кто-нибудь в Вашем домохозяйстве был болен за No/Нет/Не/Йук1.....2 последние 10 дней? [Skip OTQ_8] Дар давоми 10 рузи охир, оё ягон нафар аз хонаводаи Шумо бемор шуда буд? Охирги 10 ичида сизнинг хонаводангиздан бирор киши касал булган эдими? child_ill Has any child in your household been ill over the Yes/Да/Ха/Ха………..1 child_ past ten days? medical_care За последние 10 дней, заболел ли кто-нибудь из No/Нет/Не/Йук……….2 детей в Вашем домохозяйстве? (skip to OTQ_8) Do not know/Не знаю/Намедонам/Билмайман……3 101 Дар давоми 10 рузи гузашта оё ягон нафар кудак дар (ба саволи OTQ_8 гузаред) оилаи Шумо бемор шуд? Сизнинг оилангизда 10 кун давомида бирор бола касал бӯлдими? child_ Has any child in your household required medical Yes/Да/Ха/Ха………..1 medical_car care due to illness over the past 10 days? No/Нет/Не/Йук……….2 e За последние 10 дней потребовалась ли какому- нибудь ребенку в вашей семье медицинская помощь из-за болезни? Дар давоми 10 рузи охир барои ягон нафар кудак дар оилаи шумо, ерии тибби лозим шуд, бо сабаби бемори? Уткан 10 кун орасида брорта болага уйингизда тибби ёрдам кераг еды, касаликдан? child_ill_pa Was your household able to afford medical care for if (Q6_FOOD = 4) or y the child? (MEALS_CHILDREN = 5) then skip to OTQ_8 Смогло ли Ваше домохозяйство оплатить расходы Yes/Да/Ха/Ха………….1 на здравоохранение ребенка? No/Нет/Не/Йук…………2 Оё хонаводаи Шумо тавонист харочоти вобаста ба тандурустии кудакро пардохт кунад? Do not know/Не знаю/Намедонам/Билмайман…3 Боланинг соғлигини сақлаш учун бӯлган харажатини сизнинг оилангиз тӯладими? OTQ_8 When you think of the economic well-being of your Poor/ Бедный household, would you say that you are: /Камбизоат/Камбизоат…………1 Вакте шумо дар бораи шароити некуахолии middle class/Средний хонаводаи худ фикр мекунед, ба фикратон шумо ба класс/Миенахол/Урта……..2 кадом гурух дохил мешавед: rich/Богатый /Бой Сизнинг фикрингизча оилангиз иктисоди чихатдан (Сарватманд)/Бойга………………3 кайси гурухга киради (дохил булади) ? Когда вы думаете об экономическом благосостоянии своей семьи, вы говорите что вы: OTQ_9 Do you believe that the current economic Very good/Очень хорошие/Бисер conditions in the city or area where you live are хуб аст/Куп яхши……………1 good, or not? Good/Хорошие/Хуб Ба акидаи шумо шароити хозираи иктисоди дар он аст/Яхши…………………………… шахр е минтакае, ки дар он зиндаги мекунед хуб аст ………………..2 е не? Bad / Плохие/Бад Сизнинг фикрингизча яшаётган шахрингизда ёки аст/Ямон…………………………… минтакада хозира иктисодий шартлар яхшими ёки ёмон? …………………..3 Вы считаете, что данные экономические условия в Very Bad/Очень плохие /Хеле бад городе или местности в которой вы проживаете аст/Анча ямон…………….4 хорошие или нет? Q13_ edu Did any child in the household miss school for Yes/Да/Ха/Ха……1 financial reasons during the past month? No/Нет/Не/Йук……2 Пропустил ли кто-нибудь из детей в Вашем домохозяйстве уроки в течение прошлого месяца Do not know/Не из-за финансовых причин? знаю/Намедонам/Билмайман…..3 102 Оё ягон кудак аз хонаводаи Шумо бо сабаби No Children/ Нет детей /Кудак молияви дар давоми мохи гузашта ба дарс нест/Бола ёк……4 нарафтааст? Сизнинг оилангиздан биронта бола молиявий сабабларга кӯра ӯтган ойда мактабга бормадими? Migration Q1 Is any member of your household over the age Yes/Да/Ха/Ха……………………. migrant_p of 15 and currently living in Tajikistan 1 considering going to another country for work? [Skip/Гузариш басаволи_ Кто-нибудь из Вашего домохозяйства с выше 15 Q2_migrant_p_num] лет, проживающий в данный момент в No/Нет/Не/Йук…………………. Таджикистане, планирует поехать в трудовую .2 миграцию ? [Skip/Гузариш басаволи_ Q5_ migrant_r] Оё ягон аъзои хонаводаатон ки аз сини 15 болост ва айни замон дар Точикистон истикомат мекунад, нияти ба мухочирати мехнати сафар карданро дорад ? Бирор хонаводангиз аъзосидан ки 15 ёшдан теппадир айни холда Тожикистонда истекомат килади, мухожират мехнатига сафар килиш нияти борми? Q2 How many members of your household? Enter number/Запишите/Кайд migrant_p кунед/Кайд _num Сколько членов Вашего домохозяйства этиш_____________________ собираются поехать? [Старше 15лет ] Чанд нафар аз аъзои хонаводаатон рафтаниаст ? [Аъзои хонаводае ки аз сини 15 боло аст кайд кунед] Неча киши хонаводангиз аъзоси бормокчи? [15 ёшдан юкори булган оила аъзонгизни белгилан] Q3 Which household member is considering Enter number/Запишите/Кайд migrant_p migration? кунед/ Кайд этиш _rel _____________________ Кто из членов домохозяйства собирается поехать в трудовоую миграцию? Ки аз аъзоени хонавода нияти ба мухочирати мехнати рафтанро дорад ? Ким хонаводангиз аъзосидан мехнат мухожиратига бормокчи? Q4 What country is Russia/Россия………………..1 migrant_p considering? Kazakhstan/Казахстан…………...2 _crnty UAE/Объединенные Арабские В какую страну собирается поехать [данный Эмираты.………………….3 мигрант]? China/Китай……………………4 Turkey/Турция…………………..5 Ба кадом давлат рафтанист [мухочири мехнати ]? Other/Дигар/Другое/Бошка_____ _6 Кайси давлатга бормокчи [мехнат мухожири]? 103 Q5 Has any member of your household returned Yes/Да/Ха/Ха…..1 migrant_r from working in another country over the past [Skip/Гузариш ба саволи Q6 10 days? migrant_r_num] За прошедшие 10 дней, кто-нибудь из Вашего No/Нет/Не/Йук……2 домохозяйства вернулся ли с трудовой миграции [Skip/Гузариш ба саволи Q1 из другой страны? remit_other] Дар муддати 10 рузи гузашта, оё ягон нафари хонаводаатон аз мухочирати мехнати аз дигар давлат баргаштааст? Утган 10 кун ичида, бирор киши хонаводангиздан мехнат мухожирлигидан бошка давлатдан кайтдими? Q6 How many members of your household? Enter number/Укажите количество migrant_r /Микдорро кайд _num Сколько членов Вашего домохозяйства кунед/Микдорини кайд возвратились с трудовой миграции? [Members этинг_____________________ above 15 years old/Старше 15 лет] Чанд нафар аз аъзои хонаводаатон аз мухочирати мехнати баргаштанд? [Members above 15 years old /Аъзои хонаводае ки аз сини 15 боло аст кайд кунед] Неча киши хонаводангиз аъзосидан мехнат мухожиратидан кайтди? [15 ёшдан юкори булган оила аъзонгизни белгиланг] Q7_hh_ret Which household member have returned from Enter number/ Укажите количество urn migration? Микдори кайд кунед/Микдорини кайд Кто из членов вашего домохозяйства вернулся с этинг_____________________ трудовой миграции? Кадом аъзои хонаводаатон аз мухочирати мехнати баргашт? Кайси хонаводанги аъзосидан мухожират мехнатидан кайтиб келди? Q8migrant What country is coming Russia/Россия………….…1 _r_crnty from? Kazakhstan/Казахстан….2 UAE/Объединенные Арабские Из какой страны возвратился [мигрант]? Эмираты…………....3 China/Китай……….4 Аз кадом давлат мухочир баргашт? Turkey/Турция…….5 Other/Другое/Дигар/Бошка……. Кайси давлатдан мухожир кайтди? 6 104 Q1 Does your household receive any money from Yes/Да/Ха/Ха……1 remit_othe abroad from individuals who are not household [Skip/Гузариш ба саволи_ Q2_ r members? remit_other_amt] Получает ли Ваше домохозяйство деньги из No/Нет/Не/Йук……2 зарубежа от людей не являющиеся членом [Skip/Гузариш ба саволи_ Q3_ Вашего домохозяйства? current_migrant] Ое хонаводаи Шумо, аз нафароне ки аъзои хонаводаатон Нестaнд маблагхои интиколи кабул мекунанд ? Хонаводангиз,сизнинг хонаводангиздан булмаган шахслардан интикол маблаfларини кабул киладиларми? Q2 How much does this (or do these) individuals Number/Укажите сумму/Микдори remit_othe send on average every 2 weeks/14 days? маблагро кайд кунед/ Пул r_amt микдорини кайд этинг Сколько денег эти люди посылают Вам в среднем каждые 2 недели/14 дней? Хар ду хафта/14 руз чанд кадар маблаг ба хисоби миена ин шахсон ба хонаводаатон мефиристонанд? Хар ой неча пул уртача хисобида бу шахслар сизнинг хонаводангизга юборадилар? Q2_1 In what currency was the transfer sent? Somoni/Сомони……1 Currency Dollar/Доллар…….2 used В какой валюте отправляют? Euro/Евро……3 Ruble/Рубли Россия….4 Дар кадом намуди аъсор равон мекунанд? Other/Другое/Дигар /Бошка…….5 Кайси асъор билан жунатади? Q3 Is any member of your household currently Yes/Да/Ха/Ха……...1 current_mi living or staying temporarily in another country [Skip/Гузариш ба саволи Q4_ gran for work? num_migrant] На данный момент находится ли кто-либо из No/Нет/Не/Йук…….2 Вашего домохозяйства в трудовой миграции в [Skip/Охири бахш_гузариш ба другой стране? саволи Q1 work_yn_week] Оё айни замон ягон аъзои хонаводаатон дар мухочирати мехнати мебошад? Айни холда хонаводангиз аъзосидан бирор киши мехнат мухожирлигида борми? Q4 How many members of your household (over Number/Укажиет сколько членов num_migr the age of 15)? домохозяйств/Микдори аъзоени ant хонаводаро кайд кунед/Оила Сколько членов Вашего домохозяйства аъзонгиз микдорини кайд этинг находятся в трудовой миграции? [Отметьте членов семьи старше 15 лет] Чанд нафар аз аъзои хонаводаатон айни замон дар мухочирати мехнати хастанд? [Аъзои хонаводае ки аз сини 15 сола болоро кайд кунед] Неча киши хонаводангиз аъзосидан айни холда мухожират мехнатида бор? (Оилангиздаги 15 ёшли шахсларни кайд этинг) 105 Q4_1 Who is currently living or staying in another Check in roster/Проверте country for work? Ростер/Ростеро тафтиш кунед /Ростерде тафтиш этин Кто из членов Вашего домохозяйства в данный момент находится в трудовой миграции? Ки аз аъзои хонаводаатон дар айни замон дар мухочирати мехнати аст? Хонаводангиз аъзосидан ким айни холда мухожират мехнатигадир? Q4_2 What is ’s name? Name of Migrant Как зовут <мигрант>? Номи <мухочир>? <мухочир> Исми нема? Q5 In what country is currently living? Russia/Россия…..1 destinatio Kazakhstan/Казахстан……2 n На данный момент в какой стране Он (мигрант) UAE/Объединенные Арабские живет? Эмираты……3 China/Китай…..4 Айни замон (мухочир) дар кадом давлат зиндаги Turkey/Турция…..5 мекунад? Other/Другое/Дигар/Бошка…..6 Айни холда (мухожир) кайси давлатда истекомат килади? Is currently working? Yes/Да/Ха/Ха..........1 Q6 migrant_w На данный момент работает ли [Мигрант] где- No/Нет/Не/Йук.........2 ork нибудь? I don’t know/Не знаю/ Оё [мухочир] айни замон дар ягончо кор Намедонам/Билмайман……….99 мекунад? Айни замон [мухожир] бирор жойга ишлайдими? Q7_ Has_< migrant>_sent any money to the Yes/Да/Ха/Ха..............1 _remit household over the last 12 months [Skip/Гузариш ба саволи] За паследние двенадцать месяцев отправлял ли No/Нет/Не/Йук..........2 [Мигрант]деньги домохозяйству? [Skip/Гузариш ба саволи] Дар давоми дувоздах мохи охир [оё мухочир] ба хонаводааш пул фиристодааст ? Охирги ун икки ой ичида [Мухочир] хонаводасига пул юборганми? Disposable questions (removed 7 wave) Саволҳои якдафъаина (аз 7 мавҷ хорич карда шуд.) Одноразовые Вопросы (удален в 7 волне) Q8_remit_ How was the money sent? Through a money transfer service/ С mem_mod помощью денежного перевода /Бо e Каким способом деньги были отправлены Вам? воситаи интиколи маблагхо/Интикол маблаг оркали Ин маблаг ба Шумо бо кадом тарз\рох ….1 фиристода шуда буд? Through a bank/ Через банк / Бо воситаи банк/Банк Бу маблаг сизга кайи тарз\йул билан жунатилди? оркали…………………….2 106 Through an individual// Через знакомых / родственников/Бо воситаи шинос/хешовандон/Тани шоркали/Хештабор ………………3 Disposable questions (removed 7 wave) Other/Другое/ Дигар/Бошка ……………………………….4 Саволҳои якдафъаина (аз 7 мавҷ хорич карда шуд) Одноразовые Вопросы (уден в 7 волне) Q9_migra How often does the migrant send money? Every week/Каждую неделю/Хар nt_remt_fr хафта/ Хар eq Как часто [Мигрант]отправляет деньги? хафта…………………………1 Every two weeks/Каждые две То чи андоза тез-тез [Мухочир]ба шумо пул недели/Хар ду хафта/ Хар икки мефиристонад ? хафта…………………..2 Every month/Каждый месяц/Хар Кайси даражада тез-тез [Мухочир] сизга пул мох/ Хар ой юборади? ………………………..3 Every two month/Каждые два месяца/Хар ду мох/ Хар икки ой……………………4 Every six month/Каждые шесть месяцев/Хар шаш мох/ Хар олти ой……………………..5 Every year/Каждый год/Хар сол/ Хар йил …………………………6 Disposable questions (removed 7 wave) Other/Другое/Дигар/Бошка……. 7 Саволҳои якдафъаина (аз 7 мавҷ хорич карда шуд) Одноразовые Вопросы (удален в 7 волне) Q10 Did send any money to the Yes/Да/Ха/Ха..............1 migrant_re household over the past 10 days? [Skip/Гузариш ба саволи Q11 mit _curr migrant_moncomp1] За последние 10 дней, отправлял ли [Мигрант] домохозяйству деньги? No/Нет/Не/Йук..........2 [Skip/Гузариш ба саволи Q13 Дар давоми 10 рузи гузашта оё [Мухочир] ба migrant_moncomp1] хонавода пул фиристодааст ? Утган 10 кун ичида [Мухочир] хонаводасига пул юборадими? How much money did send? Number/Сколько денег Q11 отправил/Канча пул [Мухожир] migrant_re Сколько денег [Мигрант] отправил хонаводасига юборади? mit _amt домохозяйсву? Микдори маблаги фиристодаро кайд кунед/Юборилган пул Чанд кадар пул [Мухочир] ба хонавода микдорини кайд этинг фиристода буд? Кенча пул [Мухожир] хонаводасига юборди? Q12_curre In what currency? Somoni/Сомони….1 ncy_remit Dollar/Доллар…..2 В какой валюте отправил? Euro/Евро…..3 Ruble/Рубли Россия…….4 Дар кадом асъсор равон кардааст? Other/Дигар (кайд кунед) Кайси асъор билан жунатади? 107 In comparison to 14 days ago, is Much less than before/Хеле камтар Q13 currently sending… пул равон мекунад аз пештара migrant_ дида/Гораздо меньше денег чем moncomp В отличие от прошлых 14 дней Мигрант в раньше/Анча камрок юборади 1_new данный момент отправляет… аввалгида караганда………1 Нисбат ба 14 рузи гузашта Мухочир айни Less than before/ Камтар пул равон замон… мекунад аз пештара дида /Меньше денег чем раньше/ Камрок Мухожир утган икки хафта нисбатан бу ой… юборади аввалгида караганда………2 The same as before/Мисли пештара пул равон мекунад/Как прежде деньги /Авалгидак юборади………………3 More than before / Зиедтар пул равон мекунад аз пештара дида/ Больше денег чем раньше / Купрок юборади……….4 Much more than before/Хеле зиедтар пул равон мекунад аз пештара дида/Намного больше денег чем раньше/Анча купрок юборади………….5 Q14_migra In comparison to 3 months ago, is Much less than before/Хеле камтар nt_monco currently sending… пул равон мекунад аз пештара mp3 дида/Гораздо меньше денег чем В отличие от 3 месяцев назад, в этом месяце раньше/Анча камрок юборади Мигрант отправляет… аввалгида караганда………1 Мухочир нисбат ба 3 мохи гузашта, дар ин Less than before/ Камтар пул равон мох… мекунад аз пештара дида /Меньше денег чем раньше/ Камрок Мухожир утган 3 ойга нисбатан бу ой… юборади аввалгида караганда………2 The same as before/Мисли пештара пул равон мекунад/Как прежде деньги /Авалгидак юборади………………3 More than before / Зиедтар пул равон мекунад аз пештара дида/ Больше денег чем раньше / Купрок юборади……….4 Much more than before/Хеле зиедтар пул равон мекунад аз пештара дида/Намного больше Disposable questions (removed 7 wave) денег чем раньше/Анча купрок Саволҳои якдафъаина (аз 7 мавҷ хорич карда юборади………….5 шуд) Одноразовые Вопросы (удален в 7 волне) 108 Q15 Over the next 14 days, do you expect Much less than before/Хеле камтар migrant_ to send… пул равон мекунад аз пештара monfut_ne дида/Гораздо меньше денег чем w Ожидаете ли Вы в ближайшие 14 дней раньше/Анча камрок юборади отправит… аввалгида караганда…………1 Дар давоми 14 рузи оянда, Шумо интизор хастед Less than before /Камтар пул равон ки <Мухочир> … мекунад аз пештара дида /Меньше денег чем раньше/ Камрок Келадигон келадигон икки хафта орасида сиз юборади аввалгида интизормики сизга… караганда………2 The same as before/Мисли пештара пул равон мекунад/Как прежде деньги /Авалгидак юборади……………3 More than before / Зиедтар пул равон мекунад аз пештара дида/ Больше денег чем раньше / Купрок юборади………….4 Much more than before/Хеле зиедтар пул равон мекунад аз пештара дида/Намного больше денег чем раньше/Анча купрок юборади……………….5 Q16 Is considering returning to Yes/Да/Ха/Ха.............1 migrant_re Tajikistan in the next 3 months? [End of section/Охири turn гузариш_Skip/Гузариш ба саволи Думает ли [Мигрант] о возвращении на Родину в Q1_ work_yn_week] ближащие 3 месяца? No/Нет/Не/Йук.............2 Ое дар мудати 3 мохи оянда, [Мухочир] нияти [End of section/Охири баргаштан ба ватанро дорад? гузариш_Skip/Гузариш ба саволи Q1_ work_yn_week] Мухожирни ватанга кайтиб келиш нияти борми? 109 Activities Q1 In the past 7 days, has the head of your household done Yes/Да/Ха/Ха…..1 work_yn_week any work for pay profit or gain, even for an hour? [Skip/Гузариш ба саволи Q4work_days] В последние семь дней, глава Вашего домохозяйства No/Нет/Не/Йук…..2 выполнил ли какую-нибудь работу для получения [Skip/Гузариш ба саволи Q2 дохода (даже если Он работал всего лишь час) workplanned] Дар давоми хафт рузи охир, оё сардори хонаводаи Шумо барои ба даст овардани даромад ягон кор кардааст (хатто як соат хам кор карда бошад)? Охирги етти кун ичида хонаводангиз бошлиги бирор бир иш бажардими, кулига даромад олиб кириш учун (хатто бир неча соатхам булса)? Q2 Was the household head temporarily absent from a job Yes/Да/Ха/Ха…..1 work_planned or business over the past 7 days? [Skip/Гузариш ба саволи Q3work_whyno] Отсутствовал ли глава Вашего домохозяйства на своей работе в последние семь дней? No/Нет/Не/Йук…..2 [Skip/Гузариш ба саволи Q5work_lost] Дар давоми хафт рузи охир, холатхое буданд ки Сардори хонаводаи Шумо ба чои кораш нарафт? Охирги етти кун ичида, шундай холатлар булганмики хонаводангиз бошлиfи асосий иш жойига бормаганми? Q3 work_ Why was the household head not working over the past He/She was not scheduled to work/Не whyno 7 days? имел рабочие дни /Надоштани рузи кори/ Иш куни За последние 7 дней, почему глава Вашего булмаганлиги……………1 домохозяйства временно отсутствовал на работе? [Skip Q5_work_lost ] Дар давоми хафт рузи гузашта, сабаби мувакатан ба кор He/She was sick/Был болен/Бо сабаби нарафтани сардори хонавода дар чи буд? бемори/ Касаллиг сабаби билан …………….2 Утган етти кун ичида, хонаводангиз бошлиги мувакатан [Skip Q5_work_lost ] ишга бормаслик сабаби нима эди? He/She was travelling/В путешествие/Бо сабаби сафар кардан/ Сафар килиш сабаби билан……3[Skip Q5_work_lost ] He/She stopped working permanently/ Он / она перестала работать /Бо сабаби аз кор рафтан/ Ишдан кетиш сабаби билан….…………4 [Skip Q5work_lost] He/She stopped working temporarily/В отпуске/Бо сабаби гирифтани рухсати мехнати/Мехнат рухсатини олиш олиш сабаби билан …………………………5 [Skip Q5_work_lost ] Maternity leave/ Декретный отпуск /Бо сабаби гирифтани рухсати хомиладори ва таввалуд/ Хомиладорлиг ва болалиг рухсатини олиш сабаби билан ………….6 [Skip _ Q5_work_lost] Other/Дигар/Бошка 110 Q4 work_days On how many days did the household head work over Number/Сколько дней/Чанд руз/Нечи the past seven days, even for an hour? кун За последние 7 дней, сколько дней работал глава Вашего домохозяйства (даже если Он работал всего лишь час)? Дар давоми хафт рузи гузашта чанд руз сардори хонавода кор карда буд (хатто як соат хам кор карда бошад)? Утган етти кун ичида неча кун хонаводангиз бошлиfи ишлаган эди (хатто бир неча соатхам булса)? Q5 work_lost Has any member of your household lost their job or Yes/Да/Ха/Ха………….1 otherwise stopped working over the past 10 days? [Skip/Гузариш ба саволи Q6_work_lost_num] За последние 10 дней, уволился или прекратил ли свою работу кто-либо из членов Вашего No/Нет/Не/Йук……....2 домохозяйства? [Skip/Гузариш ба саволи Q7_work_lost_num] Дар 10 рузи гузашта, ягон нафар аз хонаводаатон чои корашро аз даст дод е корро бас карда буд? Утган 10 кун ичида, бирор киши хонаводангиздан иш жойини кулдан берди ё ишни битирган эдими? Q6 How many household members have lost their job or Number/Сколько человек в work_lost_num stopped working? домохозяйстве укажите/Микдори аъзоени хонаводаро кайд кунед/Оила Сколько человек в Вашем домохозяйстве уволился с аъзонгизни кайд этинг работы или прекратили работу? Чанд нафар дар хонаводаатон чои корашро аз даст додааст е корро бас кардааст? Неча киши хонаводангиздан иш жойини кулдар берди ёки ишни бас килган? Q7 Has any member of your household involuntarily Yes/Да/Ха/Ха..……1 work_lost_num reduced the number of hours or days they work? [Skip/Гузариш ба саволи Q8_backpay] У кого-либо в Вашем домохозяйстве уменьшились No/Нет/Не/Йук……..2 часы работы или трудодни не по своему желанию? [Skip/Гузариш ба саволи Q8_backpay] Оё соатхо ё рузхои кории ягон аъзои хонаводаатон бе хохиши худашон камтар шудааст? Бирор хонаводангиз аъзоси иш соати ё иш куни камайганми иш жойига бе узини хохиши? Q8 backpay Over the past 10 days were wages for any household Yes/Да/Ха/Ха………1 members not paid on time (arrears)? [Skip/Гузариш ба саволи Q9_num_workers] За последние 10 дней, у кого-либо из членов Вашего домохозяйства были ли задержки по оплате работы? No/Нет/Нe/Йук………….2 [Skip/Гузариш ба саволи Дар давоми 10 рузи охир, оё холате буд, ки ягон аъзои Q9_num_workers] хонаводаатон музди корашро дар вакташ нагирифт? Охирги 10 кун ичида, бирон хонаводангиз аъзоси иш ойлигини вактида олмаганми? In the past 7 days, how many household mеmbers have None/Ни кто не работал/Ягон нафар Q9_num_work done any work for pay profit or gain even for an hour? кор накард/Бирор киши……..1 ers За последние 7 дней, сколько членов Вашего Number/Запишите /Кайд кунед/Ёзиб домохозяйства выполнили какую-нибудь работу для олинг_________________________ 111 получения дохода (даже если они работали всего лиш час) Дар давоми 7 рузи гузашта, чанд нафар аз аъзоёни хонаводаатон барои ба даст даровардани даромад ягон коре ичро кардааст? (агарчи як соат хам кор карда бошанд) Утган 7 кун ичида, неча киши хонаводангиз аъзосидан даромад киритиш учун бирор иш бажарган? child_work Has any child (under age 15) worked outside the home if (Q6_FOOD = 4) or for additional income during the last month? (MEALS_CHILDREN = 5) then skip Работал ли кто-нибудь из детей (до 15 лет) для to R7_Q10 получения дополнительного дохода в течение прошлого месяца? Yes/Да/Ха/Ха……1 Оё ягон кудак (то 15 сола) берун аз хона барои ба даст No/Нет/Не/Йук…….2 овардани даромади иловаги дар давоми мохи гузашта кор кардааст? Do not know/ Не знаю/Намедонам/Билмайман….3 15 ёшгача бӯлган болалар қӯшимча даромад олиш учун ӯтган ойда уйдан ташқари бирон иш қилишдими? No Children in Household/Нет детей в дамохозястве/Кудак нест дар хонавода/ Уймизда бола ёк ….4 Q10_num_seek How many household members are currently looking None/ Никто не ищет for a job? /Ягон нафар намекобад/Бирор киши……..1 Сколько членов из Вашего домохазяйства в данный момент ищут работу? Number/Запишите/Кайд унед/Ёзиб олинг Чанд нафар аз аъзои хонаводаатон дар айни замон дар чустучуи кор аст? Неча киши хонаводангиз аъзосидан айни холда иш кидирувидадир? Q11 How many members of your household started a new None/Никто не вышл/Ягон work_start_nu job over the past 10 days? нафар/Бирор киши……1 m [Skip/Гузариш ба саволи Q12 За последние 10 дней, сколько членов из Вашего pention_yn] домохозяйства вышли на новую работу? Number/Укажите сколько членов Дар муддати 10 рузи охир, чанд нафар аз аъзои дамохозяства/Микдори аъзоени хонаводаатон ба чои кори нав баромаданд? хонаводаро кайд кунед/Оила аъзонгиз микдорини кайд этинг______________ Охирги 10 кун ичида неча киши хонаводангиз [Skip/Гузариш ба саволи Q12 аъзосидан янги иш жоига чикган? pention_yn] OTQ_10 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Completely Agree/Полностью согласен “My household is poor”? /Пурра рози/Тулла рози………………1 Ман хозир ба шумо гуфторро мехонам шумо рози Agree/Согласен хастед бо ин гуфтор е не: «Хонаводаи ман камбизоат /Рози/Рози………………….2 аст»? Disagree/Не согласен /Норози Сиз розимисиз ёки ёк шу фикрга: «Сизнинг оилангиз /Норози……….3 камбизоат» Completely Disagree/Полностью не Вы согласны или не согласны с следующим согласен/Тамоман норози /Тулла утверждением: «Моя семья бедная»? норози………….4 112 OTQ_11 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Completely Agree/Полностью согласен “I am completely satisfied with life in general”? /Пурра рози/Тулла рози…………………………1 Ман хозир ба шумо гуфторро мехонам шумо рози хастед бо ин гуфтор е не: «Ман аз хаети худ пурра Agree/Согласен каноатманд хастам»? /Рози/Рози……………………….2 Сиз розимисиз ёки ёк шу фикрга: «Мен узимнинг Disagree/Не согласен /Норози хаётиндан мамнун» /Норози…………………….3 Вы согласны или не согласны с следующим Completely Disagree/Полностью не утверждением: «Я полностью удовлетворён жизнью в согласен/Тамоман норози /Тулла целом?» норози….4 OTQ_12 Thinking about the job situation in the city or area Very good/Очень хорошое /Хеле хуб where you live today, would you say that it is now a аст/Чудо яхши…1 good time or a bad time to find a job? Good/Хорошое /Хуб Оиди вазъи кор дар шаҳр ё минтақае, ки шумо дар айни аст/Яхши…………...2 замон зиндагӣ мекунед, оё шумо гуфта метавонед, ки барои пайдо намудани кор ҳозир вақти хуб ё бад аст? Bad/Плохое /Бад аст/Ямн…………….3 Шу хозира замога караб сиз айтаоласизми яшаётган шахрингизда ёки минтакада иш кидириш яхшими ёки Very Bad/Очень плохое /Хеле бад ёмон? аст/Чудо ямон…….4 Рассматривая ситуацию с работой в городе или местности в которой вы проживаете, могли бы вы сказать, что сейчас время чтобы найти работу хорошое или плохое? 113 pension_yn Has your household received any pension /social Yes/Да/Ха/Ха……1 child protection payment for any child in the household over the last month? No/Нет/Не/Йук……2 [Skip/Гузариш ба саволи Start_receiving_pension За последний месяц, получило ли Ваше домохозяйство какие-нибудь пенсионные или социальные выплаты для детей? Do not know/Не знаю/Намедонам/Билмайман….3 Оилаи Шумо ягон намуди пардохти ичтимои ё [Skip/Гузариш ба саволи Q12 нафакаро барои кудакон дар давоми мохи гузашта pension_yn] гирифтааст? Сизнинг оилангиз уткан ой давомида болалариз учун бирор хил ижтимоий тӯлов ё нафақа олишдими? pension_amt How much did your household receive? Number/Укажите сумма child пенсии/Микдори пули нафакаро кайд Сколько составила общяя сумма пенсии Вашего кунед/Нафака пули микдорини кайд домохозяйства? этди?_____________ Маблаги умумии нафакаи гирифтаи хонаводаатон чанд пулро ташкил дод? Хонаводангиз нафака пули умумий холда неча пулни ташкил этди? Start_receiving In what year and month did you start receiving Year/month _pension pension/social protection payments for the Год/месяц child/children? Сол/мох Йил/ой_________ В каком году и месяце Вы начали получать пенсию/социальное пособие для ребенка/детей? Аз кадом сол ва мох Шумо нафапкапули/пардохти ичтимои барои кудакатон/фарзандонатон гирифтанро сар кардед? Кайсы ийл ва ойдан бошлаб бола учун брор хил ижтимойи тулов ё нафака олишти бошладиз? One-time question Одноразовый вопрос Саволи якдаъфаина Q12 pension_yn Has your household received any pension payments Yes/Да/Ха/Ха………...1 over the last 10 days? [Skip/Гузариш ба саволи Q13_pention_amt] За последние 10 дней, получило ли Ваше домохозяйство какие-нибудь пенсионные выплаты ? No/Нет/Не/Йук………….2 [Skip/Гузариш ба саволи Дар муддати 10 рузи охир, ое хонаводаатон Q14_pension_abrd_yn] нафакапули гирифтааст? Охирги 10 кун ичида хонаводангиз нафака пули олганми? How much did your household receive? Number/Укажите сумма Q13 пенсии/Микдори пули нафакаро кайд pension_amt Сколько составила общяя сумма пенсии Вашего кунед/Нафака пули микдорини кайд домохозяйства? этди?_____________ Маблаги умумии нафакаи гирифтаи хонаводаатон чанд пулро ташкил дод? Хонаводангиз нафака пули умумий холда неча пулни ташкил этди? 114 Has you household received any social protection Yes/Да/Ха/Ха….........1 Q14 socprot_yn payments over the last 10 days? [Гузариш ба саволи Q15 socprot_amt] За последние 10 дней, получило ли Ваше No/Нет/Не/Йук…......2 домохозяйство какую-нибудь денежную выплатуу со [Гузариш ба саволи Q16_ wage_yn] стороны органов социальной защиты населения? Дар муддати 10 рузи охир, хонаводаи Шумо ягон кумакпули аз макомоти хифзи ичтимоии ахоли гирифтааст? Охирги 10 кун ичида, сизнинг оилангиз бирор ёрдам пули ижтимоий хифз шуъбасидан олганми? How much did your household receive? Number/ Укажите сумма от органов Q15 социальной защиты socprot_amt Какую сумму Вы получили от органов социальной населения/Микдори кумакпулиро кайд защиты населения? кунед/Кумак пули микдорини кайд этинг_______________ Кумакпулии хонаводаатон аз макомоти хифзи ичтимоии ахоли чи кадарро ташкил дод? Хонаводангиз кумак пули ижтимоий хифз макомоти ширкатидан неча пулни ташкил этади? Q16 wage_yn Has you household received wage income over the Yes/Да/Ха/Ха…………1 last 10 days? No/Нет/Не/Йук……….2 За последние 10 дней, получило ли Ваше [Гузариш ба Q18_ selfag_yn] домохозяйство заработную плату? Дар давоми 10 рузи гузашта, оё хонаводаи шумо ягон маош гирифтааст? Утган 10 кун ичида хонаводангиз аъзоси ойлиг олишганми? How much did your household receive? Number/Укажите заработнную Q17 wage_amt плату/Микдори маошро кайд Какую сумму составила заработанная плата Вашего кунед/Маош микдорини кайд этинг домохозяйства? Do not know/Не Маоши гирифтаи хонаводаатон чанд пулро ташкил знаю/Намедонам/Билмайман...........99 кард? Хонаводангиз олган ойлиги неча пулни ташкил этади? Q18 selfag_yn Has your household received any self Yes/Да/Ха/Ха ………….1 employment/agricultural income for the last 10 days? [Гузариш ба саволи Q19_ other_yn] За последние 10 дней получило ли Ваше No/Нет/Не/Йук ….............2 домохозяйство какой нибудь доход от частной [Гузариш ба саволи Q20_ other_yn] деятельности или сельхоз деятельности (кроме зарплаты)? Дар давоми 10 рузи охир, хонаводаатон аз ягон кори иловаги ё аз фаъолияти хочагии дехкони даромад гирифта буд (гайр аз маош)? Утган 10 кун ичида оилангиз бирор кушимча иш ё дехкон хожалиги фаолиятидан даромад олган эдими(ойликдан ташкари)? 115 Q19 selfag_amt How much did your household receive? Number/Укажите дополнительный доход/Микдори даромадро кайд Какую сумму денег получило ваше домохозяйство от кунед/Кириш(Даромад) микдорини дополнительной деятельности? кайд этинг Даромади хонаводаи Шумо аз фаъолияти иловаги чанд кадар маблагро ташкил дод? Олган даромадингиз иловаги фаолиятингиздан неча маблагни ташкил этди? Has your household received any other income (not Yes/Да/Ха/Ха…..1 Q20 other_yn including remittances) over the last 10 days? [Гузариш ба саволи Q21_ other_amt] За последние 10 дней, получило ли Ваше No/Нет/Не/Йук……2 домохозяйство какой нибудь другой доход (кроме [Охири бахш_Гузариш ба саволи денежных переводов) ? Q1interviewlast] Дар давоми 10 рузи охир, хонаводаатон ягон даромади Do not know/Не дигар гирифт (ба гайр аз интиколхои пули)? знаю/Намедонам/Билмайман…..3 [Охири бахш_Гузариш ба саволи Охирги 10 кун ичида оилангиз яна бирор даромад Q1interviewlast] олганми (интикол пулларидан ташкари)? Q21 other_amt How much did your household receive? Number/Укажите дополнительный доход Микдори даромадро кайд Какую сумму денег получило Ваше домохозяйство от кунед/Кириш(Даромад) микдорини дополнительной деятеьности? кайд этинг Намедонам/Билмайман….........99 Даромади хонаводаатон аз фаъолияти иловаги чанд кадар маблагро ташкил дод? Хонаводангиз олган даромадингиз иловаги фаолиятингиздан неча маблагни ташкил этди? OTQ_13 Has anyone in your household received or deposited Yes/Да /Ха/Ха……………1 money into a bank account over the past 10 days? No/Нет /не/Ёк…………..2 Оё ягон нафаре аз хонаводаи шумо дар давоми 10 рузи охир ба суратхисоби бонкии худ пул кабул карданд ё ба он пул гузоштанд? Уткан 10-кун ичида сизнинг оилангиздан бирор киши банкдан пул кабул килдими ё брон киш куйдими? В течении последних 10-ти дней кто-либо из вашей семьи получил или положил деньги на банковский счет? OTQ_14 Has anyone in your household used a bank card over Yes/Да /Ха/Ха……………1 the past 10 days? No/Нет /не/Ёк…………..2 Оё ягон нафаре аз хонаводаи шумо дар давоми 10 рузи охир аз корти бонки истифода бурд? Уткан 10-кун ичида сизнинг оилангиздан бирор киши банк картидан ишлаттими? В течении последних 10-ти дней кто-либо из вашей семьи пользовался банковской карточкой? OTQ_15 Given your financial commitments, were you able to Yes/Да /Ха/Ха……………1 save some money for the future over the past 10 days? No/Нет /не/Ёк…………..2 Агар ба ухдадорихои молиявии худ назар кунед, оё шумо дар 10 рузи охир имконияти барои оянда пасандоз гузоштанро доштед? 116 Уткан 10-кун ичида шу иктисоди ваъзиятдан сиз бирор сум оянда учун пул йигаолдингизми? Принимая во внимание ваши финансовые обязательства, в течение последних 10 дней смогли ли вы сэкономить деньги на будущее? child_sent Have you sent any of your children elsewhere to be if (Q6_FOOD = 4) or cared for during the last month for economic reasons? (MEALS_CHILDREN = 5) then skip Where? to CHILD_ARRIVE Отправляли ли Вы своих детей куда-нибудь в связи с Yes/Да/Ха/Ха………1 where экономическим причинам для ухода за ними в течение прошлого месяца? Куда? No/Нет/Не/Йук………… child_arrive Оё Шумо ягон кудакатонро барои гамхори ба дигар чой аз сабаби иктисоди дар давоми мохи гузашта фиристодед? Ба кучо? Сиз ӯтган ой ичида биронта болангизни, унга ғамхӯрлик қилишлари учун, иктисоди сабабдан бошқа бирон жойга жӯнатдингизми? where If yes, where? 1…Extended family/ К родственникам / Если да, то куда? Ба хешовандонам /Карындошларин ди Агар ха,ба кучо? кига Агар ха каерга чунатиз? 2..Residential care institution/Учебное учреждение с проживанием/Муасисаи таълими бо чои зист/Турар чой билан талим муасиса 3…Guardianship / Опекунство/ Парастор 4…Other: specify/ Другое: указать / Дигар:кайд кунед/Бошка child_arrive Have you taken in any additional child from other Yes/Да/Ха/Ха………1 From_where families to look after due to economic reasons over the last month? No/Нет/Не/Йук…………Skills_develo pment Брали ли Вы дополнительно какого-нибудь ребенка из другой семьи по экономическим причинам для ухода за Do not know/ Не ним в течение прошлого месяца? знаю/Намедонам/Билмайман…..3 Оё Шумо ягон кудакро аз сабаби иктисоди аз оилаи дигар барои нигохубин кардан дар давоми мохи гузашта кабул кардаед? Сиз ӯтган ойда бошқа оиладан бирорта болани ғамхӯрлик қилиш учун иктисоды сабабдан қабул қилдингизми? From_where If yes, then from where: / Если да, то откуда: / Агар ха, 1…Relatives, but the child will return back аз кучо: /Агар ха, кетан: to his/her family/ Родственники, но ребенок вернется к своей семье/Хешовандон,лекин кудак ба хонааш бармегардад/Карындошлардан амо бола уз уйга кайтады 2…Relatives, but the child will not return back to his/her family/ Родственники, но ребенок не вернется обратно в свою семью / Хешовандон,лекин кудак ба 117 хонааш бар намегардад./карындошлардики амо бола уз уйга кайтмайды 3…From other families and the child is taken under guardianship/ Из других семей и ребенок взят под опеку/ Кудак аз дигар оила ва ба нигохубин гирифта шуда/Бола бошка ойладан караш учун олынган Skills_developme Has your child (age 14-18) participated in any skills Computer course/ Компьютерный nt development activities outside of school in the last month? курс/Курси компютери/Компютер If yes, please indicate: курсы …1 Участвовал ли ваш ребенок (возрастом 14-18 лет) в Language course / Языковой курс/Курси любой деятельности в области повышения забон омузи/ Тыл урганыш курсы…2 квалификации вне школы в прошедшем месяце? Если да, то укажите: Vocational training / skills learning clubs / Профессиональное обучение / клубы Дар мохи гузашта фарзанди Шумо (аз 14 сола-18сола) обучения навыкам / Омузиши дар ягон фаъолият берун аз мактаб, иштирок карда буд касби/Малакахои махфилхои барои баланд бардоштани тахасус? Агар ха,кайд кунед: таълими/Касб таълими/Куникмалари уку клубы…3 Уткан ой сызды фарзандиз 14 ёшдан то 18 ёшгача брор маросимда, мактаб таршкары кайднашканэды, Other / Другое / Дигар/Бошка…4 тахасусыны баланд кутарышга? Агар ха кайд этин: 118 Meta Information Q1 Enumerator: Did this household miss scheduled interview Yes/Да/Ха/Ха………...............1 interviewlast time? [Переход Q2 interviewlastexpli] Пропустило ли данное домохозяйство No/Нет/Не/Йук……….............2 [ запланированное интервью по графику? Переход Q3 interviewlschedexpli] Маротибаи охир бо Шумо мусохибаро нагузаронданд? Охирги маротиба сизга мусохибани утказмадиларми? Q2 I am sorry that we were not able to complete scheduled Traveling/ Путешествовал /Дар interviewlast interview. Could you tell me why we were unable to сафар будам…….1 expli complete the interview? Sickness/Был болен/Бемор Я прошу прощения, что последний опрос не состоялся. будам…….…..2 Не могли бы Вы мне напомнить причину несостоявшегося интервью? Work/Был занят/Кор доштам/Вактим ек Ман узр мепурсам, ки мо мусохибаи гузаштаро пурра ба еды…………………….3 анчом нарасонидем, хотиррасон мекардед сабаби анчом надодани мусохибаро? Phone not working/Телефон не работал/Телефонам кор Ман узр сурайман ки биз утган мусохибани туллик накард/Телефоным утказмаган эдик, эслатиб утсангиз эди мусохибани ишламан…………..4 охирга етказмаганимиз сабабини? Missed the call/Не смог ответит/Ба занги Шумо чавоб додан натавонистам/Чавоб беролмадым………5 Other/Другое/Дигар Q1_date On what date was this interview conducted Specify the date of interview/ Укажите дату интервью/Санаи В какой день было проведено интервью? пурсиш/Интервью куны Дар кадом руз пурсиш гузаронданд? Кайси кун мусохибат утказилди? Q2_starttime At what time did the interview start? Время начала проведения интервью? Вакти саршавии пурсиш? Интервью бошланган вакт? Q3_endtime At what time did the interview end? Время завершения интервью? Вакти ба охир расонидани пурсиш? Интерью тугаган вакт? Q4_ What is the phone number you used to contact the phone_numb respondent? er Какой номер Вы использовали для звонков респонденту? Бок адом раками телефон сухбат кардед? Кайси телефон ракамны ишлаптис? 119 Q5_ attempts How many attempts were made to contact the household for this interview in total? Количество дозвонов? Чанд маротиба занг задед? Неча маротиба телефон килдингиз? 120