83209 1 Acknowledgements The authors are grateful for support from Sara Gustafsson, Patti Petesch, Bernard Harborne, Maitreyi Das, Maria Beatriz Orlando, Maria Cecilia Villegas, Pia Peeters, Jeni Klugman, Markus Goldstein, Nodoka Hasegawa, Joyce Chinsen, and Gary Barker, and to the many World Bank Task Team Leaders and team members who gave their time and energy to provide information about their projects for this report. This report was generously funded by the Bank-Norway Partnership Program. Cover art by Arpana Caur titled Time-Image, oil on canvas. 1989. Photograph credit: Page 5 Arne Hoel / World Bank Page 7 Mariana Ceratti / World Bank Page 15 Arne Hoel / World Bank. Page 16 Ray Witlin / World Bank Page 18 Simone D. McCourtie / World Bank Page 23 Arne Hoel / World Bank Page 24 Dominic Chavez / World Bank Page 26 Dominic Chavez / World Bank Page 28 Chhor Sokunthea / World Bank Page 29 Ami Vitale / World Bank Page 30 Dominic Chavez / World Bank Page 32 Simone D. McCourtie / World Bank Page 33 Nugroho Nurdikiawan Sunjoyo / World Bank Page 36 Graham Crouch / World Bank Page 40 Allison Kwesell / World Bank Page 42 Allison Kwesell / World Bank Page 43 Chhor Sokunthea / World Bank 2 Table of Contents I. Introduction: Why this review? 5 1.1 Prevalence of SGBV 7 1.2 Methodology 8 2. Overview of World Bank activities on SGBV 9 2.1 Which regions are most active? 9 2.2 Which instruments are we using? 10 Trust funds 10 Development Policy Lending 11 Investment Loans 11 NLTA 13 2.3 Which Sectors have been involved? 13 3. What have we learned? 13 3.2 Urban Upgrading and Transport 18 3.3 Sexual Violence in Conflict 20 3.4 Post-Disaster and Displacement 22 3.5 Justice Sector Strengthening and Reform 24 3.6 Health 27 3.7 Energy and Extractives 29 3.8 Transforming Norms 31 3.9 Education and Early Childhood Development 36 4. How are we learning? Addressing SGBV in design, implementation, and M&E 37 5. Cross-Cutting, Operational Lessons 38 5.1 Interventions need to address the problem at multiple levels and across sectors 38 5.2 Leadership is critical, both within the Bank and within Governments 39 5.3 Solid analytical work up front increases effectiveness 39 5.4 The choice of allies and partners matters 40 5.5 Task teams need to seek out male and female allies 40 6. Conclusions and Recommendations 41 6.1 Mobilize Bank sectors for an integrated response 42 6.2 A stronger focus on prevention 43 6.3 Capitalize on different entry points for policy dialogue 43 6.4 Build TTL capacity on SGBV prevention and response 44 6.5 Strengthen research, knowledge and learning 44 Annex 1. All World Bank Projects addressing GBV active in 2008 or later 48 Annex 2. Results Indicators for SGBV from Selected World Bank Projects 50 Annex 3. Overview of DPLs addressing SGBV 55 Annex 4. Interview questions for TTLs 57 Annex 5. PREM Gender’s Framework for Reviewing and Rating World Bank Lending Operations 58 3 Full List of Acronyms AAA Analytic and Advisory Activities ISR Implementation Status and Results Report AFR Africa Region JSDF Japan Social Development Fund AGI Adolescent Girls Initiative KOFAVIV Komisyon Famn Viktim Pou Viktim (The APL Adaptable Program Lending Commission of Women Victims for Victims) CAS Country Assistance Strategy LAC Latin America and the Caribbean CBO Community Based Organization LEAP Learning for Equality Access and Peace CCT Conditional Cash Transfer LOGiCA Learning on Gender and Conflict in Africa CMU Country Management Unit M & E Monitoring and Evaluation CPT Cognitive Processing Therapy MNA Middle East and North Africa Region CPTED Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design NLTA Non-lending Technical Assistance D&R Demobilization and Reintegration OCC One-Stop Crisis Centers DDR Disarmament, demobilization and ODI Overseas Development Institute reintegration PAD Project Appraisal Document DPC Development Policy Credit PDO Project Development Objective DPL Development Policy Lending PNG Papua New Guinea DRC Democratic Republic of Congo PREM Poverty Reduction and Economic DRP Demobilization and Reintegration Program Management DV Domestic Violence PRIO Peace Research Institute Oslo ECA Europe and Central Asia Region PSEA Protection from sexual exploitation and abuse ECD Early Childhood Development PSG Private Sector and Governance ERL Emergency Recovery Loan ROC Regional Operations Committee ESW Economic and Sector Work SAR South Asia Region FCS Fragile and Conflict Affected Situations SEA Sexual exploitation and abuse FES fuel-efficient stoves SGBV Sexual and Gender-Based Violence GBV Gender-Based Violence SIL Specific Investment Loan GDP Gross Domestic Product SPF State and Peace-Building Fund GFCoP Gender Issues in Fragile Situations Community of Practice STD Sexually Transmitted Disease HIV/AIDS Human immunodeficiency virus infection / TAL Technical Assistance Loan acquired immunodeficiency syndrome TTL Task Team Leader ICR Implementation Completion Report UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross Refugees IDF Institutional Development Fund USIP United States Institute of Peace IE Impact Evaluation VAW Violence Against Women IEG Independent Evaluation Group VSLA Village Savings and Loan Association ILO International Labour Organization WDR World Development Report IMAGES International Men and Gender Equality WHO World Health Organization Survey IPV Intimate Partner Violence IRC International Rescue Committee 4 I. Introduction: Why this review? What is SGBV? SGBV refers to harm or threat of harm perpetrated Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) is the most against a person based on her/his gender. It is rooted egregious manifestation of gender inequality. At least in unequal power relationships between men and 35% of the world’s women have experienced some form women; thus, women are more commonly affected. of Gender-Based Violence (GBV), and numerous men It is often used interchangeably with ‘violence against have been victimized as well.1 Even in contexts of open women’ and can include sexual, physical, economic warfare, the scale of injuries and deaths due to SGBV far and psychological abuse. SGBV manifests in various eclipses that seen on the battleground. SGBV involves a forms including physical, emotional and sexual range of perpetrators and takes many different forms, from violence, sexual exploitation, discrimination and workplace harassment, domestic and intimate partner harassment. violence, to sexual violence, female genital mutilation, sex- SGBV can be staggering; the exposure of a child to violence selective abortion, trafficking, and in the most extreme against his/her mother in the home or community is one of cases, femicide. the strongest risk factors for engaging in violence later in The impacts of such violence extend far beyond the life.3 Children born as a result of sexual violence can face individual survivors, affecting households, communities stigma and exclusion in their communities. and spanning across generations. They can range from SGBV is now widely recognized as a development constraint physical injuries, to psychological trauma and loss of that falls within the World Bank’s mandate. Seminal work4 livelihood or employment. Economically, survivors of SGBV in the 2000s began a conversation on SGBV, which gained not only have reduced short-term income potential, they momentum with the 2012 World Development Report may have immediate and long-term medical expenses or (WDR) and its subsequent operationalization plan, which have injuries that reduce long-term income and productivity. includes action points for SGBV. Currently, the Gender These costs can add up to substantial proportions of Gross and Development anchor is addressing the issue as a key Domestic Product (GDP)2. The inter-generational impacts of constraint to agency in a forthcoming report. Addressing 1 A 2013 global review by the WHO estimates that 35% of women have experienced intimate partner violence or sexual violence by a non- 3 Studies have been quite consistent on this point. See WHO (2002), partner (WHO 2013). Over time, cross-country studies have consistently Jewkes et al (2002), Peacock and Barker (2012), and Willman (2009), documented rates of intimate partner, domestic and sexual violence of although all are clear to specify that this relationship is not causal or at least 30% in various countries for women, with lower rates for men. automatic. 2 Conservative estimates from Nicaragua, and Chile put the economic 4 Some key pieces include: Morrison and Ellsberg (2005), Morrison costs of lost productivity due to domestic violence between 1.6% and 2% and Orlando (2004); Bannon and Correia (2006). In 2004, a day-long of GDP (Morrison and Orlando 2004) A recent study of intimate partner workshop on the Development Implications of Gender-Based Violence violence (IPV) in Tanzania found that women experiencing IPV earned (Nov 9, 2004) convoked a high-level, multi-sectoral steering committee 29% less than women who did not, and this increased to 43% less if the to explore the implications of SGBV for the Bank’s work and identify entry violence was severe (Vyas forthcoming). points. 5 SGBV in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Situations (FCS) has been prioritized as a specific commitment of the IDA 17 Key Definitions replenishment.5 Most recently, IFC’s Women, Business • Gender-based violence (GBV) occurs as a cause and and the Law released its 2014 report that includes a new consequence of gender inequities. It includes a range of indicator assessing laws that protect women from violence violent acts mainly committed by males against females, in 100 countries. within the context of women and girls subordinate status in society, and often serves to retain this unequal Historically, the World Bank invested relatively little to balance (Human Rights Watch, 1996). This does not address SGBV. The majority of the Bank’s work on SGBV mean that all acts against a woman are gender-based consists of analytical work, is supported by trust funds, is violence, or that all victims of gender-based violence are geographically focused in contexts with particularly intense female. The surrounding circumstances where men are reports of SGBV and is focused on responding to the victim of sexual violence could be a man being harassed, problem rather than on prevention. This review identified beaten or killed because they do not conform to view of 38 World Bank operations active in 2008 or later, that either masculinity, which are accepted by the society (UNHCR, had an explicit focus on SGBV or components on this topic, 2003). for an estimated $22.5 million in investment.6 However, it • Sexual and Gender-Based Violence (SGBV) includes is important to note that $17 million of this investment is sexual violence, physical violence, emotional and accounted for by one investment loan. Most projects with psychological violence, harmful traditional practices an explicit focus on SGBV have been financed by trust funds, and socio-economic violence targeted at individuals or with an average amount of $450,000 per trust fund, and a groups on the basis of their gender. range of $10,000 to $2 million. • Domestic violence (DV) and emotional abuse are behaviors used by one person in a relationship to control However, attention to SGBV is growing within the Bank the other. Partners may be married or not married; portfolio and diversifying to new financial instruments. heterosexual, gay, or lesbian; living together, separated Since 2012, 12 new projects with an exclusive or priority or dating. focus on SGBV, totaling $18.6 million, have been approved, including the Bank’s first investment loan including SGBV • Intimate partner violence (IPV) refers to behavior by prevention as a Project Development Objective (PDO), an intimate partner or ex-partner that causes physical, to Honduras.7 At the time of writing, a $75 million loan sexual or psychological harm, including physical aggression, sexual coercion, psychological abuse and focusing on SGBV in Africa’s Great Lakes Region was under controlling behaviors. negotiation, and a State and Peace-Building Fund (SPF) proposal has been approved for a $12 million strategic • Violence against women (VAW) is any act of gender- initiative to pilot promising interventions and promote based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, knowledge sharing across six fragile countries. The issue physical, sexual or mental harm or suffering to women, is also being taken up in six recent DPLs8 and in dozens of including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary analytical projects. Finally, a small but growing number of deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in projects that are not explicitly designed to reduce SGBV have private life. begun to measure the interaction of the project activities • Sexual violence is any sexual act, attempt to obtain with levels of SGBV as part of the mandate to ‘do no harm.’ a sexual act, or other act directed against a person’s sexuality using coercion, by any person regardless of This report is an effort to take stock of the experience of their relationship to the victim, in any setting. the World Bank in addressing SGBV, from 2008 to 2013, • Sexual exploitation means any actual or attempted in order to capture lessons for engaging more strategically abuse of a position of vulnerability, differential power, on this issue across the Bank portfolio. It is geared or trust, for sexual purposes, including, but not limited 5 A 2013 Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) review of Bank assistance to, profiting monetarily, socially or politically from the to low-income fragile and conflict-affected states (FCS), highlights the sexual exploitation of another. need for more concerted action on SGBV in FCS. The report was still in draft form at the time of this writing. • Sexual abuse means the actual or threatened physical 6 This includes projects or components that include SGBV in the analysis, intrusion of a sexual nature, whether by force or under implementation, or M&E. The instruments covered include policy lending unequal or coercive conditions. (DPLs and DPCs), non-lending activities (NLTAs, trust funds) and lending • Sexual harassment is unwelcomed sexual advances, operations (SILs, TALs). While a large proportion of work on SGBV by the World Bank consists of analytical work (ESW, AAA), the review does not requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical cover these pieces in detail; see methodology section for explanation. conduct of a sexual nature. 7 Honduras Safer Municipalities (P130819) 8 All six DPLs were initiated in 2012 or 2013. Five focus on subnational governments in Brazil, and one on Colombia. See Annex 3 for an overview. 6 primarily toward World Bank staff to strengthen the institution’s responses to this development challenge. The report begins with an overview of SGBV prevalence, followed by an explanation of the review methodology, and an overview of recent Bank investment by sector, region and lending instrument. The bulk of the report is devoted to a discussion of the evidence base and current World Bank involvement in key areas of SGBV response and prevention. For each area, the dominant theories of change and available evidence base are described, followed by a discussion of relevant Bank experience in this area. This is followed by a summary of cross-cutting lessons. The report concludes with recommendations for engaging more strategically on SGBV in Bank client countries. 1.1 Prevalence of SGBV countries are particularly alarming; more than 80% of Sexual and Gender-based violence (SGBV) encompasses a women in Uganda and 94% of women in Bangladesh range of harmful behaviors perpetrated against a person reported some form of physical, sexual or psychological based on her/his gender. It is based on gender roles and abuse in an intimate relationship.11 norms that are rooted in unequal power relationships between men and women; thus, women are more Research on sexual violence suggests it is highly prevalent commonly affected. The violence can also take many forms for both girls and boys. Rates of victimization from a series including any combination of physical, sexual, emotional of National Violence against Children Surveys estimate that, and psychological and socio-economical violence. Due to among women 18-24 years old, 38% in Swaziland, 27% in this diversity, various terms and approaches have been Tanzania and 32% in Zimbabwe had experienced sexual applied to the problem of gender-based violence (see text violence before they were 18 years old. Among men, about box). This report chooses an inclusive term – SGBV - that 1 in 9 in Tanzania and 1 in 10 in Zimbabwe had similar covers all forms of gender-based violence, including but not experiences.12 In a study of six cities in Central America, limited to sexual violence, and recognizes that victims may between 3-10% of men between 19-30 years old reported be women, girls, men or boys. having been sexually abused as a child.13 Intimate partner violence (IPV) against women is the Increasing attention has been given to sexual violence in most prevalent form of SGBV, and the most frequently conflict and post-conflict settings in recent years. Studies researched. Cross-country surveys of women have on the use of rape as a weapon of war have raised interest consistently documented at least a third of women will in the nature of sexual violence during conflict, as well as experience violence at the hands of a friend of family lasting impacts for survivors. It is now widely recognized that member in their lifetime.9 Men interviewed for the levels of sexual violence may escalate during conflict, and International Men and Gender Equality Survey (IMAGES) the degree of cruelty may increase, and that these effects reported engaging in violence against intimate partners at can persist long after the formal conflict has ended.14 In the rates ranging from 25 to 40 percent in the nine countries conflict area of South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo surveyed, compared to slightly higher rates reported by (DRC), IMAGES found nine percent of men and 22 percent women in the same settings.10 Rates in some developing of women had experienced sexual violence during the 9 See WHO (2013). The WHO Multi-country Study on Women’s Health conflict.15 Likewise, in post-disaster settings, such as Haiti and Domestic Violence Against Women (Garcia-Moreno et al. 2005) estimated that between 15-71% of women suffer intimate partner 11 ICRW (2009) violence in their lifetimes. This echoes Heise et al (1999) that one of 12 See factsheet for full listing of national studies: http://www. every three women has experienced physical, sexual or physical violence togetherforgirls.org/docs/Together%20for%20Girls%20Sexual%20 during her lifetime. Boudet et al (2012, 60) conducted qualitative work Violence%20Fact%20Sheet%20July%202012.pdf in 97 communities across 20 countries, and found an average of 30% of women’s groups in each community felt domestic violence was a “regular 13 Contreras et al (2010). or frequent occurrence” in their communities. 14 World Development Report, World Bank (2011) 10 Peacock and Barker (2012). 15 Slegh et al (2012). 7 after the 2010 earthquake, levels of sexual violence tend to Projects were selected for inclusion using the criteria escalate, especially in refugee camps where communities developed by the Poverty Reduction and Economic and families have often been separated and vulnerable Managment (PREM) Gender group to evaluate if gender living conditions facilitate opportunistic violence. was included in three dimensions of the project life cycle.23 Selection of projects began with keyword searches of the The most extreme form of SGBV – femicide16- kills an Operations Portal.24 All available project documents (Project estimated 66,000 women globally each year.17 Many Appraisal Documents (PADs), Implementation Status femicides occur within the context of intimate relationships; and Results Reports (ISRs), Implementation Completion the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 38% Reports (ICRs), grant proposals) were then analyzed for the of murders of women are committed by intimate partners, inclusion of SGBV: I) in the design, ii) in activities directed at compared to six percent of men.18 However, femicide preventing SGBV or supporting survivors, and/or iii) in the can also be related to social cleansing when women step project monitoring and evaluation. Projects that included outside the dominant gender norms (as in Ciudad Juarez, SGBV in impact evaluations were also included. In total, 38 Mexico), or to harmful marriage practices (as in Papua New projects were identified that had addressed SGBV in some Guinea or India). way, or had been evaluated and found to have an impact on Sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) has been less SGBV.25 researched, but has been flagged as serious concerns in many Task Team Leaders (TTLs) were interviewed to add insight to contexts. The UN defines the term “sexual exploitation” as project documents, identify additional projects for review, any actual or attempted abuse of a position of vulnerability, and generate ideas for future Bank engagement on this differential power, or trust, for sexual purposes, including, issue. The team was able to interview team members from but not limited to, profiting monetarily, socially or politically 25 of the total 38 projects between Januarys – September from the sexual exploitation of another.19 This broad 2013.26 TTLs were asked to explain the motivation for category can include human trafficking, harassment, and addressing SGBV in their project, what lessons were “sextortion,”20 and affects both girls and boys. learned that could inform future projects, if and how men were involved, how the project was evaluated or SGBV was 1.2 Methodology measured, and what challenges were met and overcome.27 This review took a mixed methods approach that Interview notes were coded using NVivo software, allowing triangulated data from the Operations Portal, an in-depth for themes to be aggregated across interviews. review of project documents, and structured interviews Estimates of the amount invested in SGBV-related work with task teams. The review covered projects that were reflect only those projects with an explicit or priority focus active as of 2008, in an effort to keep the focus on current on SGBV. Of the 38 projects, 14 had an exclusive or priority projects.21 The instruments covered include policy lending focus on SGBV and thus the full budget can be assumed to (DPLs and DPCs), non-lending activities (NLTAs, trust funds) work does not appear in the operations portal. Second, the intent of the and lending operations (SILs, TALs). While a large proportion review is to inform operations, and analytical work is not all necessarily of work on SGBV by the World Bank consists of analytical linked to operations. ESWs were noted during interviews with TTLs when work (ESW, AAA), the review does not cover these pieces referenced for their use to inform project design. Overall investment in in detail.22 ESW is discussed, and relevant analytical pieces are discussed in specific cases where they have directly informed project activities in-country. 16 Femicide can be understood as the killing of females driven my misogynist motives. However, it is often broadly defined in practice as 23 PREM Gender reviews and rates lending operations by assessing any homicide committed against a female. projects for the inclusion of gender for three dimensions: analysis, actions and monitoring and evaluation. If at least one dimension 17 Alvazzi del Frate (2011) considers gender, then the project is deemed gender-informed. http:// 18 WHO (2013). go.worldbank.org/H14RRU1B20 19 UN Secretary-General’s Bulletin on protection from sexual exploitation 24 The keywords used were: gender, domestic violence, family, safety, and abuse (PSEA) (ST/SGB/2003/13). security, sexual, harassment, victim, abuse, protection. 20 Sextortion is recently-coined term that refers to the extortion of sexual 25 Because the review selected only projects that had an explicit focus or favors by people of authority in exchange for services or goods that they monitoring of SGBV, it inevitably excluded projects that could indirectly are in a position to provide. Examples include owners of market stalls impact SGBV. For example, the evidence base for Early Childhood demanding sex in exchange for market space, and landlords extorting Development (ECD) interventions to impact domestic violence is fairly tenants. It is considered a form of corruption. strong, and the World Bank invests in these types of projects. However, 21 The World Bank had relatively little work dealing with SGBV prior to the review team did not find any ECD projects that had SGBV prevention 2008, and much of this work was analytical. Selecting the 2008 threshold as a focus or monitored the project impacts on it, and so these projects thus meant excluding a handful of projects prior to 2008 that had some fell outside the scope of the review. component to address SGBV. 26 In the remaining cases, the review relied only on the project 22 There are two reasons for this. First, there is no reliable mechanism documents. to identify all analytical work on this topic, since much ESW and AAA 27 See Annex 4 for the Interview Questionnaire. 8 have been invested in related activities. For components complement the limited knowledge base inside the Bank, of larger projects (the remaining 24), it was not possible to and also underscore the need for the World Bank to learn determine the amount allocated for SGBV-related activities from experiences outside the institution as it engages more from the project documents or from interviews with task deeply on SGBV. teams. Similarly, because DPLs do not specify the dollar allocations for different policy areas, it is not possible to 2. Overview of World Bank activities on SGBV determine the amount of the total DPL channeled toward World Bank investment in SGBV has traditionally been SGBV-related activities. quite low overall, but recently has been diversifying and Because World Bank experience on SGBV is relatively increasing across regions and sectors. This section gives limited, the team undertook an extensive review of the an overview of the regions, sectors and instruments that global evidence base in order to situate Bank work in have been engaged for work on SGBV. The review covers proper context. The discussion is organized into substantive only projects that were active as of 2008 or later; thus the themes that reflect the categories of interventions for which approval dates may be prior to 2008. The full list of projects there is strong evidence, and/or increasing investment, in identified during this review is given in Annex 1. the field. For example, the topic of changing norms around The number of projects with an SGBV focus or component violence was chosen because there is a large body of has been growing (see graph 1). In 2012 alone, eight new evidence around this area of intervention. In contrast, the projects were approved. In the first half of 2013 when this topic of economic empowerment is one where evidence of report was being prepared, four new projects had already what works is still thin, but represents an area of increasing been approved. investment for many development actors. The team compiled existing literature reviews on the topic, 2.1 Which regions are most active? as well as impact evaluations and academic literature As shown in graph 2, the largest number of projects where available. The specific projects mentioned in the either focusing exclusively on SGBV or with components discussion of the evidence base have all undergone at least on SGBV have been implemented in Latin American and one evaluation. In Section 3, the degree of evidence for the Caribbean (LAC) and Africa. LAC has been home to 18 each intervention is discussed (type of evaluation, number initiatives; of these, six were exclusively focused on SGBV of projects and contexts where it has been evaluated, and the others were components of larger projects (see etc.) to give more weight to those interventions that have Annex 1 for the full list). The Africa region (AFR) features 11 been more rigorously evaluated. Section 3 then discusses projects, three of which have a priority focus on SGBV. It is relevant Bank projects in each area. This is intended both to important to note that some of the Africa projects comprise multiple initiatives within one project. For example, Learning on Gender and Conflict in Africa (LOGiCA) funds 10 individual initiatives in various countries, but counts as one project for funding purposes. The review found no projects in the Europe and Central Asia (ECA) region, and only one in Middle East and North Africa (MNA), approved in 2013. Investment in addressing SGBV has grown fast in some regions. Seven of the 18 projects in LAC were approved in 2012 or 2013. Similarly, three of the five projects in EAP were approved in December 2012 or early 2013. By contrast, only one of the projects in Africa region was approved in 2012 or later. There are various potential explanatory factors for the uneven coverage across regions. Some TTLs of projects in Africa said they were motivated to design projects to address SGBV simply by the scale and intensity of the violence in particular countries. In LAC, the increase in activities seems to be related to a rising awareness, capacity and demand on the part of client governments to address SGBV. It is important to note that the regional lending trends are not reflective of the scale of the problem by region. 9 According to a 2013 review by WHO, prevalence is highest in Southeast Asia and the Eastern Mediterranean 28 regions, where World Bank investment to date has been comparatively low. 2.2 Which instruments are we using? Historically, most work addressing SGBV directly has been financed by trust funds, and investment projects have generally included SGBV within components or subcomponents of the bigger project. Graph 3 shows the distribution of the 38 projects and 6 DPLs identified for this review by type of financing. Trust funds have historically been used to finance work on SGBV; of the 14 projects that have SGBV as a priority focus (see Annex 1), 11 are trust- funded. It was only in 2012 that the Bank made its first * Refers to projects which have SGBV prevention or response as loan with SGBV as a Project Development Objective,29 and a priority or exclusive focus. the first DPL with SGBV included in the policy triggers was approved the same year. This review found 21 investment with a range of between $10,000 and $2 million. loans containing some focus on SGBV, and 19 of these are TTLs noted several reasons for relying on trust funds to components of larger projects. In these, SGBV prevention finance activities explicitly aimed at addressing SGBV. In and response may represent a very small piece of the contexts of armed conflict or natural disaster, trust funds overall project. were perhaps the only way to get needed funds on the As the specific level of investment in DPL components and ground quickly. One TTL noted that the ideal situation would investment project components is unavailable, it is not have been to use the project to build government capacity possible to accurately compare the level of financing for by partnering with relevant ministries, but the time required each instrument. Annex 1 has the available figures for level to build the capacity would be time lost in responding to the of investment for each project. ongoing violence. Another TTL of a project in Haiti noted that the earthquake had killed ministry staff and severely As the area of SGBV prevention and response is still quite damaged government capacity to intervene. In some new for the Bank, there is an ongoing conversation about cases, small “innovation funds” from Country Management the benefits of having stand-alone projects explicitly Units (CMUs) allowed project teams to pilot initiatives addressing SGBV (as the Bank has historically done that delivered quick results and capitalized on the Bank’s through trust funds) versus mainstreaming the issue convening power but that did not fall into the traditional within broader investment projects such as SILs and TALs. range of Bank activities; as in the Nepal and Central America There was some sense by TTLs that there will always be Hackathons held in 2013. some need for projects with SGBV as an explicit/priority focus, especially in contexts where prevalence is very Particularly in fragile situations, government partners often high. However, many also felt that stand-alone projects lack capacity or the mandate to work on SGBV. In these also needed to be complemented with sub-compoents cases, trust funds offered flexibility in working with non- addressing SGBV within larger projects across a variety of governmental partners with the necessary expertise and sectors in order to have a more integrated approach across credibility to deliver services. Projects in DRC, Haiti and Cote the Bank portfolio. d’Ivoire, partnered with international Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and local civil society organizations Trust funds that possessed the needed contextual knowledge, Most of the projects with an explicit or priority focus credibility, and track record for implementation. Because of on SGBV have been supported by trust funds. Of the 14 their strong ties to the community, TTLs felt these partners projects with an explicit or priority focus on SGBV, 11 have had strong potential to continue to work with the target been financed with some kind of trust fund or grant. The communities beyond the life of the project. Working with average amount for a trust fund on SGBV was $450,000, these partners also increased the World Bank’s credibility on the ground, in an area where the Bank is not seen as a 28 The WHO’s designated Eastern Mediterranean region includes most leader or even a key actor. In addition, for these relatively of the countries designated by the World Bank as the MNA region, and small organizations, having the backing of the World Bank the Southeast Asia region overlaps significantly with the Bank’s South Asia Region (SAR). See WHO 2013 for more detail. appeared to be a powerful tool for mobilizing more support to achieve project objectives. 29 Honduras Safer Municipalities project 10 TTLs also emphasized that trust funds provide a mechanism Because these DPLs are all quite recent, and all but one to work on SGBV in contexts where governments, and/ have been in one country, it is not yet possible to draw or CMUs, were reluctant to engage on the topic. In some clear lessons on the effectiveness of using DPLs versus contexts, SGBV, and specifically SV, is a particularly other instruments. TTLs were hopeful that they could be an politically sensitive topic. Some TTLs stressed that in these effective complement to projects and contribute to more cases, the client governments may not have agreed to a effective sanctions against SGBV. lending operation focused on SGBV, and that trust funds provided the only means of moving forward. In other Investment Loans cases, the hesitance appeared on the Bank side, when This review found 21 investment projects that include some CMUs were reluctant to address the topic head-on within component on SGBV, and one investment project with an operation. In these cases, using a trust fund was a way SGBV prevention as a project development objective.30 The to test an approach or explore demand for work on SGBV, degree to which the projects address SGBV varies widely, either as a component of a larger project or a side-activity from a subcomponent of a health project to train health to the broader portfolio, without having to take on the risks promoters in how to respond to survivors, to justice sector implied in a full operation. projects supporting the strengthening of family courts where many domestic violence cases are heard, to larger The key drawback to using trust funds is that they tend to be components incorporating a focus on SGBV into life skills limited both in terms of available financing, and duration; training within a broader employment project. Section 3 as said above the average amount for trust funds related discusses these projects by type of intervention, and Annex to SGBV is $450,000, andsome of them as little as $10,000 1 gives a full list. (see Annex 1 for the amount financing associated with each project). They often do not include supervision budget, and so can add more work to a TTL’s already-strained workload. They also are often limited to specific geographic regions. Some TTLs felt that the limited funding and time frame of trust funds constrained what they could do. One TTL gave the example, “If the funds are too small or the time frame is too limited, the project may end up just supporting women when there is demand to also do prevention with men.” Development Policy Lending There are currently six DPLs with some kind of SGBV focus. All were initiated after June 2012 and all are located within the LAC region. Because DPLs do not specify the dollar allocations to component activities, it is not possible to the amount of the total loan going toward SGBV-related activities. To date, DPLs that address SGBV have been mostly oriented at the subnational level, and aim to support the implementation of national legislation dealing with SGBV. Four of the six DPLs work with Brazilian subnational governments to create or support strengthening of NLTA institutions for this implementation. A separate DPL via Only three of the 38 projects relied on non-lending the Transport sector leverages transport infrastructure technical assistance for financing. Generally speaking, NLTA to promote public awareness about SGBV and increase provides a flexible way of financing just-in-time support service provision to survivors by including service offices in or pilot initiatives that can test demand for an investment transport centers, and using public transport infrastructure operation. In two of the three cases,31 the NLTA supported as a space for public education campaigns. In Colombia, analytical work that later fed into broader operations or a DPL approved in 2013 aims to support service provision DPLs. In the third case,32 NLTA was used to finance capacity to SGBV survivors under new legislation mandating these services. A summary of the relevant prior actions is given in 30 Honduras Safer Municipalities project table 1. A more detailed description of the components of 31 The projects are: Brazil Social Inclusion and Gender Equity (P132325), these DPLs focusing on SGBV is given in section 3.5 and the and the Philippines Country Assessment on Gender and Peacebuilding (P111250). prior actions related to SGBV are detailed in Annex 3. 32 Haiti AGI (P123483) 11 Table 1. Development Policy Loans Addressing SGBV PROJECT ID PROJECT NAME COUNTRY SECTOR BOARD APPROVAL DATE TOTAL INVESTMENT *(millions) P126351 Bahia Inclusion and Economic Brazil Economic Policy June, 2012 $700 Development DPL Relevant Establishment of the Secretaria das Politicas para as Mulheres (SecMulher), the Secretariat Prior Action of Women into a permanent secretariat with an improved organizational structure and expanded human and financial resources. P132768 Pernambuco Equity and Inclusive Brazil Social Protection June, 2013 $550 Growth DPL Relevant The state has established institutional mechanisms for addressing violence against Prior Action women. The DPL will further support the establishment of a Technical Chamber on Violence against Women and the strengthening of the M&E capacity of the GoP on issues related to GBV. P106753 Expanding Opportunities, Enhancing Brazil Poverty March, 2012 $500 Equity in the State of Pernambuco Reduction Relevant The DPL will support the creation of a Permanent Secretariat for Women to replace the Prior Action former temporary Special Secretariat for Women. By becoming a permanent secretariat, SecMulher is able to more vigorously advance gender mainstreaming in the public sector, while expanding its areas of focus to other key pressing gender issues in Pernambuco— namely the protection of violence against females, gender education, and women’s and maternal health. P129652 Development Policies for the State of Brazil Health, Nutrition May, 2013 $1,050 Sergipe and Population Relevant Scaling up state and municipal government support programs to protect women Prior Action vulnerable to violence, via a Technical Cooperation Agreement signed between the State and at least one municipality in each of the four (4) regions with the highest concentration of gender-based violence (Sul Sergipano, Agreste, Baixo São Francisco and Alto Sertão) for decentralizing women protection and support programs to the interior of the State. P145605 Enhancing Fiscal Capacity to Promote Colombia Poverty Sept, 2013 $600 Shared Prosperity DPL Reduction Relevant Support the government of Colombia’s recent decree mandating the provision of specific Prior Action measures to protect women who are victims of gender violence, such as provision of meals, transport and temporary housing. P147695 Enhancing Public Management for Brazil Transport In negotiation $500 Service Delivery in Rio de Janeiro (ROC in Oct 2013) Relevant Support the implementation of the national law on domestic violence, (“Lei Maria da Prior Action Penha”) in Rio de Janeiro, using transport infrastructure as a platform for delivering information and social support services that had been previously constrained by limited resources for deployment. TOTAL $3,900 *It is not possible to determine the amount of the total DPL investment allocated toward SGBV activities. 12 building to support the needs of government agencies work on SGBV within the Bank was more in mainstreaming within the context of the Adolescent Girls Initiative (AGI) in a focus within broader projects than in stand-alone post-earthquake Haiti. projects and in strengthening a focus on prevention. Given the sensitivity of the topic, some felt bundling SGBV into 2.3 Which Sectors have been involved? larger projects may make working on SGBV more palatable for reluctant clients. Other TTLs felt mainstreaming was Different sectors address SGBV to varying degrees. The important given the intersection of SGBV with other table below details, for each sector, the total number of development issues that projects are addressing. Still others projects and distinguishes between those that have SGBV saw it as a small step toward mainstreaming gender more as an exclusive or priority focus and those which constitute broadly. components of larger projects. The largest number of projects addressing SGBV are implemented by Social 3.1 Economic Empowerment Table 2. Projects by Sector Theory of Change: Sector board Total Exclusively Component Economic empowerment interventions are designed projects GBV on SGBV to increase the economic resources available Social Development 9 5 4 to women in order to strengthen their agency. Gender and Development 7 4 3 Economic and sociological theories conflict over what this means for women’s risk of violence over Public Sector Governance 5 0 5 the short and long term, but it is generally argued Health, Nutrition and 5 1 4 that over the long term, economic empowerment Population will increase women’s bargaining power within Social Protection 4 1 3 intimate relationships and society overall, such that Energy and Mining 2 1 1 they will be able to leave/avoid abusive relationships and challenge social norms about subordination to Poverty Reduction 2 2 0 men. Urban Development 4 0 4 TOTAL 38 The evidence base: While economic empowerment is an inherently Development (9), followed by Gender and Development desirable outcome, the pathway there is riddled (7).33 The review found a smaller number of projects within with obstacles that TTLs must anticipate and navigate with the Urban, Health and Justice Sectors, as well as Energy and care. Increasing income for women provides greater agency Mining. and power in household decision-making, but may also trigger resentment if they are perceived as ‘disempowering’ 3. What have we learned? to male partners. For example, programs that increase women’s contribution to household income over that of This section reviews World Bank experience by key areas her partner’s, or that channel women into employment of intervention. Historically, the World Bank has engaged that contradicts traditional gender norms, have been relatively little on SGBV prevention and response, and many associated with increases in violence, at least in the short of the current projects are too new to offer clear lessons. To term. Alternately, empowering women can enable them to complement the knowledge base from Bank projects, the leave abusive relationships or challenge social norms that team reviewed the global evidence base for different types tolerate violence. of interventions on SGBV. For each type of intervention, the main theory of change and evidence base is summarized, Microcredit programs have often been promoted on the followed by an overview of World Bank experience in this assumption that providing opportunities for women’s area. The information here is drawn primarily from the economic participation, particularly outside the home, will interviews with project teams, and from review of project translate into greater control over resources and decision documents, and is complemented by information from making. However, the evidence remains mixed. Many of impact or project evaluations where possible. A summary these programs direct resources to women beneficiaries, matrix is provided in Table 3. but this is no guarantee that women will maintain control over these resources or even necessarily be involved in Although interest in SGBV is growing, projects that address decisions about them.35 Because men react in diverse ways it explicitly are few, and generally geared toward particularly to female partners’ participation in such programs, some extreme contexts. Several TTLs34 felt that the future of 33 See Annex B for table of all project titles by sector. that the interview did not include a specific question on this 34 Eleven TTLs mentioned this during the interview. This is notable given 35 See Ahmed (2008) and Lemire et al (2001) for overviews. 13 Table 3. Summary of Key Thematic Areas and Relevant World Bank Engagement on SGBV Thematic Area Theory of Change Key Lessons and Opportunities Economic Economic empowerment interventions are Some Bank empowerment projects have demonstrated Empowerment designed to increase the economic resources impact on SGBV when combined with interventions to available to women in order to strengthen improve inter-household communication; some CCT their agency. programs have been shown to interact with levels of violence. There is a case to be made for designing in SGBV sensitivity up front in economic empowerment projects. Urban Built environment affects opportunities for Infrastructure upgrading combined with social Upgrading and violence, including SGBV. interventions to prevent violence appears promising Transport based on Bank projects in LAC. Transport infrastructure upgrading provides several entry points for raising public awareness about SGBV and preventing harassment. Sexual Violence Women and men are affected differently by Bank experience in conflict settings has demonstrated in Conflict conflict, and gender norms are often in flux results in reducing levels of SGBV and in improving during conflict. response to survivors. The sheer scale of SGBV in some FCS offer entry points for the Bank to be more active on this issue. Post- Social control over violence, and state The Bank has experience in mobilizing community Disaster and capacity to enforce laws against it, is disrupted networks to respond to and prevent SGBV in post- Displacement by disaster, resulting in a spike in violence, disaster settings. Some lessons could apply to post- especially SGBV. conflict contexts as well. Justice Sector Discriminatory legal frameworks and lack of Strengthening access to justice has shown promising Strengthening access to justice institutions pose obstacles results for improving response to survivors, especially and Reform that hinder women from leaving abusive of domestic violence. At the policy level, the Bank relationships, or from holding perpetrators is becoming more active on SGBV response and accountable. prevention through DPLs, but it is too early to draw firm lessons. Health Health services are an important point of entry The Bank has integrated SGBV response and both for responding to the needs of survivors prevention into HIV projects. The health sector offers and for preventing further violence.q additional entry points, including supporting broader public health interventions that could identify and serve survivors. Energy and The benefits and burdens of large-scale Social assessments as part of project identification Extractives investments in energy and extractives fall helped flag SGBV as a problem and potential differently on men and women. unintended consequence of projects in this sector. Supporting dialogue among key stakeholders on SGBV helped put in place mechanisms to mitigate these risks. Transforming Social norms and beliefs related to gender The Bank has supported some media campaigns, Norms and family privacy contribute to physical and conferences and ‘hackathons’ on this topic which sexual violence. have helped ‘break the silence’ on SGBV. These events appear more effective when they build on existing movements to encourage dialogue, often provoked by high-profile cases of SGBV. Education and Interventions with children and parents that This review did not find any Bank projects focusing on Early Childhood develop healthy stress-management skills preventing SGBV through education or Early Childhood Development reduce the risk for future violence. Development. This is an important and under-utilized entry point. 14 microcredit programs have been associated with a rise in violence, at least in the short term.36 Others have found that increasing women’s contribution to household income decreases stress for the family and may result in a reduced risk of violence.37 Limited testing of programs engaging men as both business partners and intimate partners in Rwanda suggests that this can contribute to reduced risk of violence and increase the income gains as male partners collaborate in repayment of credit.38 Coupling microcredit with support groups focused on empowerment and self-esteem also seems to protect against violence. An impact evaluation of the IMAGE “Sisters in Life” program in South Africa found that combining microcredit and empowerment initiatives halved the rate of physical and sexual partner violence among participants, and suggested that this positive impact was more a function of the Sisters in Life training than the microcredit program.39 Few evaluations have been conducted to explore this, and Microcredit programs have not been evaluated for their these have yielded mixed evidence. An early, randomized impact on other types of SGBV. evaluation of the PROGRESSA (now Oportunidades) CCT program in Mexico found that women receiving smaller Increasing women’s access to assets, such as land or transfers were less likely to experience IPV than a control housing, is frequently proposed as a strategy to empower group, but a subset of women receiving larger transfers women and reduce their vulnerability, however studies were more likely to be victimized, particularly when male on the impact of GBV is mixed. While owning a non- partner education levels were lower.42 Their findings suggest moveable asset is protective against partner violence in that when the income transfer is large, it threatens the some studies,40 other studies emphasize the impact of this male contribution to the household, and that the benefits and other critical factors: the nature of the property, the men experience from the higher income are outweighed timing of her position over the asset, its role in contributing by the sense of ‘disempowerment’ they feel. A separate economically to the family, the degree of support from the evaluation of the urban component of Oportunidades women’s natal family and her partner’s employment status. found no evidence that beneficiary women were at more Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs) are an area of risk of physical violence.43 Over time, the risk of physical increasing investment for many development agencies and violence appeared to decrease: a mid-term evaluation of governments. Most CCTS are not designed with women’s Oportunidades found that women in beneficiary households empowerment as an objective; a review by ODI41 found that were less likely to experience physical violence than women only two (in Mexico and Bangladesh) included an explicit in comparable, non-beneficiary households, but more likely focus on women’s empowerment; in the other cases to experience emotional violence44 two to six years after reviewed, the gender focus was limited to including women the program ended.45 Looking at the longer-term impacts as a target group. In cases where female empowerment of the program (five-to-nine years after implementation), is an objective, CCTs are directed at female beneficiaries Bobonis and Castro (2010) find that physical and emotional based on the assumptions that (i) economic empowerment abuse did not vary significantly between beneficiary and of women will improve their bargaining power in the control groups.46 Overall, Bobonis, Gonzalez and Castro household and (ii) women are more likely to invest money 42 Angelucci (2008). in household welfare than are men. 43 Rivera, Hernández, and Castro (2006). 44 Emotional violence generally refers to intimidation and other forms One concern with these measures is that they can disrupt of psychological abuse, which are often part of the pattern of domestic household power relationships and put women at risk of violence. violence from their partners, at least in the short term. 45 Bobonis, Castro and Gonzalez-Brenes (2006). 36 See Koenig (2003) on Bangladesh. 46 They also find higher rates of marital dissolution in the short-term, 37 Schuler (1996) especially among younger and better-educated households. They offer the explanation that beneficiary women may experience abuse initially, 38 Sleigh et al (2013) whereupon those with the means of leaving the relationship do so, and 39 Kim et al (2008). achieve the economic means of moving out of the CCT program. Those beneficiaries who are still in the program nine years later may be those 40 Agarwal and Panda (2007). with fewer means to leave violent relationships. Another suggested 41 Holmes and Jones (2010). explanation is the dissolution of partnerships with migration. 15 (2013), find that beneficiary women are 40 percent less World Bank-financed study estimated that if the program likely to experience physical abuse, but are more likely to were expanded to an additional 25 percent of women be threatened with physical abuse, than non-beneficiary with an average of two children each, the incidence of women. That is, as time went on, men were more likely domestic violence in the municipalities with violence rates to threaten violence than actually use it, which could equivalent to the national average would be reduced by 5 potentially reflect an equalizing of power relations. percent.50 However, it is noted that the observed decrease was concentrated among women with higher education In some cases, CCTs have been associated with decreases levels; no reduction in homicide is found among women in violence even in the short-term. In Peru, an evaluation with primary education or less.51 This finding is compatible of the Juntos CCT program suggests that districts where the with two hypotheses. It is possible that more educated program was implemented saw a nine percent decrease in women are closer to a threshold where independent single physical violence, and an 11 percent decrease in emotional motherhood is economically feasible, and Bolsa Familia violence, compared to areas that were not part of the provides this final push over the threshold. It is also possible program.47 A global review of CCT programs by Overseas that education is associated with greater empowerment, Development Institute (ODI)48 singled out Juntos as the only which is as necessary for changing the status quo as the program impacting on gender relations. This was reasoned economic possibility to do so. Unfortunately, current data to be related not to the cash transfer, but to the linking of are not sufficient to distinguish between the competing the transfers to other services and the willingness of Juntos explanations – more qualitative and quantitative work is staff to address the issue in community meetings. needed. In Brazil, the expansion of the Bolsa Familia CCT program Taken together, this mixed evidence suggests that the risk of was found to be associated with a decrease in domestic violence should be taken into account in the design of CCT violence, but these effects were strongest for women with projects, particularly for households with lower education higher levels of education. A 2010 study found an overall levels. While some CCT programs have been associated decrease in violence, using female homicide (among the with reductions in violence, especially over the longer term, 15-49 age group), as a proxy for domestic violence.49 One these impacts are neither automatic nor straightforward. In 47 Perova (2009). 50 Perova, Reynolds and Muller (2013). 48 Holmes and Jones (2010). 51 The education analysis is done using number of homicides as the rate 49 More specifically, an increase in the amount of the cash transfer per cannot be calculated; population data does not include an estimate of woman was associated with a drop in the female homicide rate. the number of individuals at each education level. 16 particular, there is a need to understand the complexity of projects have also formed VSLAs in South Kivu, DRC, and factors that are at play in women’s empowerment and that combined these with psychosocial support to survivors of can increase the risk that empowerment provokes violence violence. These are discussed more in section 3.3. in the particular project context. Several lessons emerge from the Bank’s work in promoting Relevant Bank experience: life skills and employment for youth, predominantly through The Bank has been increasingly active in economic the Adolescent Girls Initiative (AGI). SGBV prevention is not empowerment interventions in client countries, some of an explicit focus of AGI. However, implementing partners which are designed with a strong gender focus. A small in Haiti, South Sudan, Rwanda and Liberia included life skill number of these projects consider SGBV explicitly. modules that covered SGBV, sexual exploitation, rape, HIV/ AIDS, early pregnancy and other health issues. In addition, A microcredit project in Cote d’Ivoire focusing on all projects took special measures to reduce the risk that preventing both sexual violence and intimate partner their participants would be victimized, such as ensuring violence formed Village Savings and Loan Associations that the training centers were not open after dark, and (VSLAs). The project combined the VSLA intervention with minimizing the distance girls had to travel to the centers. a series of dialogues focusing on intra-family relationships and gender norms. An impact evaluation showed a positive Several of the Adolescent Girl Initiative projects also impact of this combination (see description below). Bank measure for SGBV in impact evaluations. The impact evaluations of the AGI projects include follow up surveys Gender Dialogue Groups and Village Savings and Loans Associations in with participants two years after the project. Results from AGI Liberia, which did not heavily address sexual health or Cote d’Ivoire rights, found no impact on fertility or on contraception, Violence against women and girls in Côte d’Ivoire remains number of boyfriends or incidents of SGBV. However, these a persistent problem, exacerbated in the post-conflict evaluations examine the combined effects of the program environment. According to one community based research - including all economic empowerment activities together project, 60% of women report violence by an intimate with any measures to reduce risk of SGBV – so it is not partner in their lifetime and, 35% report experiencing such possible to isolate the impacts of the overall program from violence in the past year (Hossain et al 2010). Beginning those of the direct measures to reduce and prevent SGBV. in 2007, the World Bank funded the International Rescue Committee to implement a Village Savings and Loan The Bank has funded some impact evaluations of CCT Association (VSLA) program, which centers on members programs that include indicators on SGBV. An impact forming a group and saving money through purchasing evaluation of Bolsa Familia in Brazil was funded by the shares. The project included an additional component to World Bank, but the program did not include measures prevent SGBV, in the form of Gender Dialogue Groups (GDG), to address or monitor SGBV incidence within the project. which encourage participants to reflect on characteristics of However, an ESW in FY12 financed a study,52 referenced a successful household and train them to develop mutually in the above section, which examined the effects of Bolsa respectful and nonviolent relationships. Participants, which Familia extension on domestic violence (approximated by included both men and women, were randomly selected into female homicide rate for the 15 to 49 age group). Another two groups: roughly half participated in the VSLA alone, and Bank study evaluated the impact of AGI Uganda. In this the other half participated in a VSLA with an eight-session case, the AGI program was run by another organization, not Gender Dialogue Group. the World Bank, and included a stronger more emphasis An impact evaluation using a Randomized Control Trial on sexual health and rights. The impact evaluation found found that the combination of GDGs with VSLAs reduced a 26% decrease in fertility, 27% increase in proportion of the incidence of violence against women, although these those who always use a condom, no effect on reported findings were not statistically significant. The evaluation Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) and a 76% decrease in also found that women that participated in both the VSLAs incidents of sex against their will.53 and GDGs experienced increases in empowerment, financial autonomy, as well as more equitable gender attitudes and 3.2 Urban Upgrading and Transport household decision-making. Qualitative findings suggest that GDGs were an acceptable approach to engaging Theory of Change: men and women to improving shared decision-making, Infrastructure interventions have approached the problem communication, mutual respect, and gender norms, while of violence (including SGBV) from the perspective that the simultaneously offering economic benefits to the woman physical environment affects opportunities for violence. and her household. 52 Perova, Reynolds and Muller (2013), cited in the text on evidence base for CCTs, prior section. Source: Gupta et al (2013) 53 Bandiera O. et al (2013). 17 What is termed ‘situational prevention’ centers on creating comprehensive approaches in cities that address pertinent public spaces that encourage informal vigilance and sending sociocultural and economic factors through legislative and a message that violence is not acceptable. policy changes and implement complementary programs. For example, applying a multi-sectoral approach to increase “How to bring the social and the physical interventions women’s safety in cities can combine urban violence, GBV together was a big lesson. Improving infrastructure in the and poverty reduction.58 Violence impacts women and men, community brings a sense of pride and has a positive impact boys and girls: therefore it is important to integrate women’s on mitigating crime and violence risk. But you need to and men’s concerns throughout the development process address the basic infrastructure needs. You can’t just jump to and more specifically adding gender-specific data when the social. TTL, Urban mapping violence. At the same time, specific activities to empower women are necessary to achieve gender equality Evidence base objectives and ensure women’s needs do not ‘disappear.’ Urban areas often provide fertile ground for various The issue of SGBV is approached in the transport sector types of violence, especially when high rates of growth within a broader focus on personal safety. Men and overwhelm government capacity to provide basic services, women have differing travel patterns, and therefore utilize including security, to residents.54 Most urban projects with transportation options differently. Gendered differences a violence prevention component have focused broadly in mobility are related to social norms, and also stem on situational prevention, by using design measures that from vulnerabilities to violence. For example, women are reduce opportunities for crime (for example, street lighting, commonly less likely to travel after dark than men. The public telephones, safer public spaces). Sexual violence increased mobility offered by new roads and forms of has been found to be facilitated by narrow paths, vacant transport can also open up opportunities for trafficking. fields and buildings, distant latrines, and poor street Women are more often targeted, but boys can also be at lighting.55 Following from this, there is some evidence that risk. Segregating women from men in public transportation, situational prevention can reduce certain types of crime. for example in ‘women-only’ cars on public trains, is often For example, improved street lighting is associated with suggested to prevent sexual assault, but this approach has reduced vehicle theft and property crime, and to a lesser not been explored empirically. extent, violent crime.56 It could be assumed that some of these impacts would extend to SGBV perpetrated in public spaces, particularly sexual violence; however this has not been established empirically. The evidence base is much stronger for situational measures that incorporate a social component to change norms and behavior. A recent impact evaluation of interventions in 30 public middle schools in New York City evaluated the impact of physical environment interventions (use of temporary restraining orders, increased faculty and security presence in areas mapped as dangerous by students), and social interventions (consisting of a six-week curriculum to prevent dating violence). The evaluation found that the impact was strongest when the two interventions Relevant Bank experience: were combined (a 34% reduction in harassment and sexual In recent years a number of World Bank urban upgrading assault by six months post-intervention). The physical- projects have incorporated a focus on violence prevention, environment interventions were associated with increased and two of these have addressed SGBV. Urban upgrading intention to intervene as a bystander in the case of projects in Jamaica and Honduras include a strong witnessing harassment or assault, suggesting that greater participatory component that empowers communities vigilance offered by these interventions helped encourage to conduct diagnostics of crime in their communities and behavior to address the problem.57 implement community safety interventions. Neither project Recently, urban sociologists have advocated for more is directly monitoring SGBV incidence, although both have baseline surveys and evaluations that include questions 54 World Bank (2011). on perceptions of safety, which may offer lessons for the 55 Kreditanstalt fu¨ r Wiederaufbau and City of Cape Town (2002). design of future projects. 56 Welsh and Farrington (2009). 57 Taylor et al (2011). 58 Moser (2012). 18 In both cases, activities were implemented that affect the for the World Bank’s first investment project with SGBV underlying conditions for violence, and can be expected to prevention integrated into a PDO. The Honduras Safer have an indirect impact on SGBV. For example, the Jamaica Municipalities project (P130819), to be implemented in a Inner Cities project59 included conflict and dispute resolution smaller number of participating municipalities for Barrio services provided to the participating communities, many Ciudad, combines small infrastructure improvements of which were geared toward domestic violence cases. In with an institutional strengthening component to support addition, parenting support programs were implemented the national government body in charge of guiding, that included a focus on preventing domestic violence. coordinating and overseeing violence prevention initiatives, as well as its capacity to collect and analyze crime-related The Jamaica project also launched a Violence Observatory data. It thus aims to link local policy and data collection to in 2011 (funded separately by a Japan Social Development national policy, to ensure that these two levels inform and Fund (JSDF)) which, for the first time, allowed for complement each other. The project launched in 2012, and disaggregation of data on homicide and injuries due to thus it is too early to draw lessons from implementation. violence by gender. The Observatory is based on similar interventions in Latin America and involves convening In the transport sector, a new DPL to the government of stakeholders from various sectors at regular meetings to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,63 devotes one of three policy areas share and compare data on violence. In 2013, the government to leveraging transport infrastructure to improving the signed an official Memorandum of Understanding with 18 targeting of social services for reducing domestic and government and private actors - including health, police, gender-based violence and providing adequate protection actors from the private sector, and non-profits active on the and support to victims of violence. The actions focus on issue – to consolidate the work of the Observatory and its improving access to the cable car and urban rail public connection to national and municipal-level policy. The fact transport systems, using these as a platform to deliver that data was disaggregated by gender for the first time has social and economic services to implement the national allowed for a more focused look at differences in how men law criminalizing domestic violence (Lei Maria da Penha). and women experience violence, and has informed policy Planned activities include establishing information centers dialogue about how to address this.60 in transport stations, public information campaigns, ensuring that key service centers are connected via public In Honduras, the Barrio Ciudad project (P088319) transport, and the establishment of a Women’s Police included a strong participatory component that resulted Station, clinic and child-care facility, among other services, in empowering female leaders to take a stronger role in within the public transport stations. (See Annex 3 for more neighborhood improvement projects, including projects information). focused on community safety. The project included elements of Crime Prevention Through Environmental What is polemic is when harassment gets to the point of Design (CPTED) - an approach that aims to reduce situational deciding to create separate trains/buses for women. It’s opportunities for violence via infrastructure improvements effective at preventing harassment… but this really takes - to support interventions including upgrading public things backwards. It can be largely inefficient and costly, as spaces, improving street lighting, widening streets, and well. This also doesn’t address behavior or do anything to the construction of soccer fields and sports centers. A mid- deter behaviors. TTL, Social Development term evaluation found improved perceptions of safety and enhanced trust in the project communities compared to The transport sector has conducted important analytical the baseline.61 A JSDF attached to the project62 allowed work that could inform projects in the future. A 2010 for organization of workshops on crime and violence with report on mainstreaming gender within transport64 NGOs and community leaders, where participants raised provides some potential entry points, and interviews with the issues of domestic and sexual violence and gained TTLs offer instructive insights. There are some general capacity building on social and infrastructure interventions. measures that can be taken in transport projects to reduce situational opportunities for violence and crime that, by The Honduras and Jamaica experiences formed the basis extension, can help prevent SGBV. TTLs noted entry points 59 (P091299) at various levels. First, social assessments conducted during 60 The Observatory has been covered in national media. See for example: project identification can be an important tool to consult http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20130920/lead/lead6.html and with men and women about their routes and how safe http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/MOU-signed-to-facilitate- 63 “Enhancing Public Management for Service Delivery in Rio de Janeiro,” information-sharing-for-crime-observatory_15107249 currently under preparation. This DPL went to the Regional Operations 61 It has not been possible to disaggregate the responses by gender, Committee (ROC) in October 2013. to document whether women feel safer with these improvements, but 64 “Mainstreaming Gender in Road Transport: Operational Guidance for there is anecdotal evidence to this effect. World Bank Staff.” Transportation Papers. March 2010. See page 10-11; 62 P124157 HN Employment Generation in Poor Urban Neighborhoods. 24. 19 they feel, identify which public transport spaces are safer 3.3 Sexual Violence in Conflict and why, where harassment occurs most often, and other issues. For example, case studies conducted in Yemen and Theory of Change: the West Bank identified verbal and sexual harassment Programs to address SGBV in conflict and fragile settings as important constraints to women’s access to transport, take as a point of departure that women and men are and recommended including training on anti-harassment affected differently by conflict and that social controls that for drivers as part of their license acquisition or renewal may in non-conflict times serve to reduce violence are process.65 Harassment and verbal abuse was discussed as often in flux during conflict. Sexual violence may increase an important constraint to women’s mobility during two both in scale and the level of cruelty associated with it videoconferences organized on transport and gender in during conflict, and these impacts can extend well into the MNA in 2011 and 2012, linking Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia and post-conflict period. Interventions work at different levels West Bank and Gaza;66 in most of the countries this was an (responding to victims, changing harmful norms) to improve important concern, with the exception of West Bank and the environment for preventing violence. Gaza where the political situation took precedence over gender-based harassment. Evidence base: Sexual violence during conflict is not a new topic; however Situational prevention measures can be incorporated the scale of atrocities in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia into transport infrastructure design, for example through and Rwanda gained such media attention that has elicited improved lighting, accessibility and safety of bathrooms, demand for greater international response. International and open designs that allow for more visibility. Bank TTLs humanitarian laws provide the framework for engaging emphasized that physical design measures need to be with countries to formulate policies that minimize sexual complemented by social interventions to encourage violence during conflict and protect citizens from armed behavioral change. These can include broader public forces. These apply to protection of civilians during conflict, education campaigns about harassment and assault on as well as prisoners of war. The challenge is that conflict public transport, as well as training transport staff in how to stresses security and legal systems, weakening access to respond to harassment. justice and the collection of evidence. To increase local capacity for the collection of court-admissible evidence The question of whether segregating women on public of sexual violence, Physicians for Human Rights began a transport is effective in reducing harassment and multi-year training and advocacy initiative in 2011 to train violence has been part of discussions between TTLs and and network regional medical, law enforcement and legal with clients. In some cases, women’s associations have experts. specifically requested this kind of intervention to promote safety. However, some TTLs shared experiences where Immediate responses to reports of high incidents or clients or groups of women rejected the idea of female-only organized sexual violence in conflict aim to offer protection train cars, because it would not directly address the root to survivors and attend to their medical needs. Access to problems of SGBV. One TTL told about suggesting women- adequate health care may be difficult during the chaos of only cars within a new train system project to a client, who conflict. Interventions can help identify locations for medical responded that this would be a ‘step backward.’ Instead, the resources, support personnel and address supply needs. client government preferred to launch a public awareness Medical staff may lack expertise or supplies necessary to campaign targeted at men to raise awareness about sexual conduct examinations of rape victims; it is also important to harassment and assault. In general, TTLs emphasized that identify local support groups specializing in SGBV. Survivors the Bank’s approach is to suggest to clients that both short- may also have ongoing sexual health issues related to term and long-term options to addressing SGBV in public pregnancy and HIV and would benefit from long-term transport be explored, but that the solutions must be trauma support. Evidence from the former Yugoslavia shows context-specific. Women-only options tend to function as a that victims are less likely to report victimization to programs short-term solution to a broader problem that stems from that label survivors as rape “victims” because it contributes deeper societal issues. to the stigma around sexual violence. A community center for low-income women had a more positive impact, allowing protection, developing a community support network and providing psychosocial support.67 65 World Bank (2011)b. See full report at http://siteresources. Evidence from prevention strategies aimed at sexual worldbank.org/INTTSR/Resources/462613-1152683444211/Gender_ violence in conflict or post-conflict is very limited. There is and_Transport_in_MENA_West_Bank_and_Yemen.pdf recognition that sexual violence is not inevitable in contexts 66 The videoconferences and materials are available at http:// of armed conflict, and in fact some armed groups encourage go.worldbank.org/DX7YB8HOP0. 67 ICRC. (2004): 32-33. 20 Supporting Knowledge Exchange on SGBV in Conflict: LOGiCA Critique of the Bank’s demobilization and reintegration (D&R) and pilot projects for vulnerable groups in conflict programs (DRP) in post-conflict contexts suggested a need for settings. LOGiCA also supports action-oriented research and better understanding of gender issues facing DRP programs impact evaluations to build evidence on what works that can and led to the development of Learning for Equality Access ultimately be translated into concrete recommendations for and Peace (LEAP) in 2007. From this initiative, the Learning on future interventions. Additionally, LOGiCA conducts analytical Gender and Conflict in Africa (LOGiCA) Trust Fund was created projects that have provided guidance for ISN or country in 2009 to explore innovative gender-sensitive approaches in assistance strategies in South Sudan, Somalia, Sudan, Cote FCS contexts. LOGiCA, a multi-donor trust fund, specifically d’Ivoire, and Rwanda, highlighting key gender issues that can highlights gender-related issues in post-conflict settings in include SSGBV. Sub-Saharan Africa. It has two key objectives: LOGiCA is addressing a gap in knowledge and activities • Increase gender-sensitive programming in demobilization focused on gender in post-conflict settings. This is particularly and reintegration operations in the Great Lake Region by important if development is to be sustainable and contribute better addressing the gender-specific needs of male and to social stability. As TTLs emphasized, SGBV is always female ex-combatants; found in contexts of social disruption caused by conflict or natural disaster. SGBV may appear higher in these contexts • Generate knowledge and good practice on how to if there is heightened awareness of the issue or reporting address gender and conflict issues - with a focus on improves. It is in this dynamic context that LOGiCA seeks programs addressing demobilization and reintegration, to learn about gendered needs and innovative responses in gender-based violence, vulnerable women in conflict Sub-Sahara Africa. LOGiCA has funded follow up research of affected areas, and young men at-risk in Sub-Saharan IRC projects in DRC and Cote d’Ivoire. It has also partnered Africa with Promundo, Heal Africa and CARE Burundi to develop curriculum to engage men and boys to mitigate SGBV in The use of a gender lens in post-conflict settings provides an post-conflict settings. LOGiCA further supports learning and entry point to emphasize how men and women, boys and dissemination events to share emerging findings and to girls, are impacted differently by conflict and its aftermath. convene practitioners, academics, policymakers and other While this can include SGBV, LOGiCA looks more broadly stakeholders to promote and expand dialogue surrounding for innovative activities that generate knowledge and good practice with operational significance on how to address SGBV and other gender and conflict issues. gender in conflict settings. These activities can include gender- sensitive programming in demobilization and reintegration their members to avoid it.68 Some of this work has looked and Cote d’Ivoire). TTLs of these projects noted that their at contextual factors that influence whether armed groups primary motivation for starting the project was a concern will employ rape as a strategic tool in the conflict, and/or for that violence had become so extreme that it simply could building social cohesion among their members. Others have not be ignored. As one TTL in DRC put it, “if you work in this focused on reducing impunity in post-conflict situations context and you work on gender, you have to address SGBV.” where institutions and social norms that would normally These projects combined provision of essential services prevent violence have broken down69 (see section 3.5 on to survivors with initiative to raise awareness of sexual Justice interventions). Again, evidence for programmatic violence in conflict. These projects have all undergone responses in these contexts is primarily anecdotal. In this impact evaluations and offer lessons useful for developing field, the World Bank has been a leader with initiatives in components for addressing SGBV within larger projects and Burundi and Cote d’Ivoire (see below and section 3.1). beyond FCS. Relevant Bank experience: The Addressing GBV in South Kivu (DRC) project was Some of the Bank’s strongest experience in SGBV one of the first in the World Bank to work directly with prevention and response has been in fragile and conflict- survivors of sexual violence in conflict. This project affected settings in Africa (Africa’s Great Lakes region targeted both survivors of SGBV as well as other vulnerable 68 Wood (2009), Cohen (2013). groups including widows and female household heads. 69 A PRIO report (Nordås 2013) offers several recommendations in Working with the International Rescue Committee (IRC) as this regard, including changing norms, especially for how survivors an implementing agency, the project provided health and are perceived and treated in their communities; creating safer spaces; psychosocial support to nearly 4,000 survivors, created improving reporting and monitoring, including protecting witnesses; 114 Village and Savings Loan Associations to help restore ending impunity to increase the likelihood perpetrators will be punished; assuring accountability within military forces and mitigating sexual livelihoods, and built partnerships with local leaders to violence after war in disarmament, demobilization and reintegration raise awareness about preventing SGBV and supporting (DDR) processes and security sector reform. survivors. A mental health pilot within this project provided 21 existing social support mechanisms are more readily Gender Issues in Fragile Situations Community of Practice (GFCoP) mobilized to respond to a natural disaster, especially in the A World Bank community of practice (GFCoP) was developed immediate aftermath, while these capacities are likely to be to focus on the nexus of gender and conflict and fragility as undermined and eroded by conflict. In contexts where both part of a BNPP grant. The goal of this knowledge exchange natural disasters and violent conflict have been experienced, and learning (K&L) initiative is to showcase women’s access such as Aceh, Indonesia and Sri Lanka, natural disasters (a to resources, rights and voice and how that access can tsunami) provoked an outpouring of solidarity, whereas contribute toward achieving and maintaining development, the prolonged conflict undermined social networks and peace and security. It specifically addresses SGBV through exacerbated trauma.71 the lens of access to rights through legal and social empowerment. Certain commonalities in the response to both types of contexts have been observed. The IRC recently evaluated The GFCoP, currently with 276 members, held an online their training and mentoring of field-based practitioners in discussion titled Law, Justice and Women’s Rights: Sexual and DRC and Haiti from 2011-2012.72 IRC’s program model is Gender-based Violence in the Context of Conflict and Fragility intended for use in the first 12 weeks following an acute crisis from July 22 - August 11, 2013. The online discussion brought with explicit attention to GBV, women and girls. Comparison together a diverse group of people from different backgrounds between the two countries emphasized the importance and regions from academia, women’s organizations, civil of long-term commitments in preparedness, investments society groups and development practitioners at the local, in staff skill building and senior-level commitment. Staff national and international levels. The three-week discussion in North Kivu felt more confident in their ability to enact covered three topics: 1) Relevance – Why is Addressing rapid programming due to longer engagement while gaps SGBV in Conflict and Fragile Settings Important? 2) Current Efforts – What is being done? 3) Future Actions – What can in leadership in Haiti resulted in weaknesses in the team’s we do? This discussion contributed to a policy paper being response to tropic storm season. Teams and partners in developed on the same topic and other Bank-wide activities both countries highlighted the need for stronger tools and on gender in FCS. support for case management in emergencies, as well as increased involvement of external actors, particularly state Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT), a group-based trauma- actors, for assessment and mitigating risks to women and healing intervention, to a group of participants. An impact girls. evaluation found that those receiving CPT were found to Displaced women are particularly vulnerable, and may have better mental and physical health outcomes than a adopt new strategies to provide for themselves and their control group receiving traditional one-on-one counseling.70 families that place them at risk for victimization, including 3.4 Post-Disaster and Displacement sexual exploitation and abuse, rape and domestic violence. Without safe economic opportunities, displaced women Theory of Change: employ strategies such as prostitution, trading sex for food Similar to interventions in conflict settings, these and leaving the relative safety of refugee camps to collect interventions are based on the observation that social firewood to cook with or to sell. The Women’s Refugee control over violence, and state capacity to enforce laws Commission undertook research (2009) to determine against it, is disrupted by disaster, resulting in a spike in whether programs set up to provide women with safe, violence, especially SGBV. They posit that interventions alternative livelihoods do in fact reduce their risk of to strengthen the capacity of organizations on the ground exposure to violence. The report found a weak evidence to respond to this violence can help repair the social fabric base linking women’s increased economic opportunities (or at least keep it from deteriorating further) and build the and a reduction in GBV in contexts of displacement, as necessary social foundations for post-disaster recovery. well as different methods for evaluating the effectiveness of reducing women’s vulnerability to violence. It concluded Evidence base: that without economic opportunities, women resort to Much of the (limited) evidence base for sexual violence in dangerous and desperate measures; however economic conflict is often applied to post-disaster and displacement opportunities without built-in protective elements also settings; however, there are important differences increase women’s vulnerability both inside and outside the between these two types of contexts. The first difference home. Domestic violence also increased in the short term, is that natural disasters tend to be infrequent events that causing the authors to recommend involvement of men in are over within a period of hours or days, while conflict some aspects of livelihood programming.73 can extend over years or even generations. Second, 71 On Aceh, see IOM (2006); for Sri Lanka, Somasundaram (2007). 70 Bass et al. Controlled Trial of Psychotherapy for Congolese Survivors of Sexual Violence, New England Journal of Medicine, 2013; 368:2182- 72 International Rescue Committee (2013). 91. 73 Ray and Heller (2009). 22 Relevant Bank experience: earthquake. The CMU and teams working on the ground The World Bank has a limited but growing number of during reconstruction wanted to respond urgently and projects in post-disaster contexts, and a smaller number therefore utilized the Rapid Social Response Trust Fund. As addressing displaced populations. The evidence that the government was incapacitated by the natural disaster, violence can increase dramatically in these environments, the Bank chose to partner with an international NGO, and that women are particularly at risk, has driven more MADRE, with expertise in SGBV and experience in Haiti interest in addressing these problems. Several TTLs of and a grassroots NGO, Komisyon Famn Viktim Pou Viktim projects in these contexts mentioned the need to anticipate (KOFAVIV), comprised of SGBV survivors already working in this increased risk for SGBV and be able to identify resources the camps. to respond quickly and with flexibility. For most of these types of project, trust funds were the preferred means of The project activities centered around empowering financing, because they offered more flexibility and could KOFAVIV to respond to violence in the camps. Activities be procured faster than other financing sources. In some included training KOFAVIV staff in organizational cases, small seed funds or innovation funds offered an development, M&E, and crisis response; distributing basic opportunity for quick, targeted initiatives. supplies (whistles, health and hygiene supplies, solar flashlights, lanterns, cell phones, tarps and rape kits) and In Colombia, the Peace and Development project (P051306) a public education campaign targeting women, men and noted that SGBV incidence was high among the displaced youth in IDP camps. The project made particular efforts to population, and consequently incorporated activities engage men, both as community leaders and as protectors. to support social organizations for female survivors of For example, some men in the communities wanted to be violence, and psycho-social support to domestic and sexual part of the project after their partners or daughters had been violence survivors. A methodological guide for working on raped. They made themselves available to escort women gender issues, including SGBV, with displaced populations and girls to latrines (the site of many sexual assaults), as was produced and is available for future projects. However, first responders to attacks, and to reach out to other men indicators were not included in the results framework. and youth to educate them about preventing violence. In Haiti, Women and Girls in Haiti’s reconstruction The project also included three workshops linking (P128403) was explicitly designed to address a dramatic Haitian grassroots women’s leadership with government rise in sexual violence in IDP camps following the 2010 institutions on key issues related to addressing and 23 preventing SGBV. The TTL highlighted the importance of common assumption that strict laws serve as deterrents. this, saying that KOFAVIV found many obstacles in their IMAGES data from 9 countries75 found that more than 90% work on the ground that could be improved if government of men across the countries knew about such laws, but institutions were better informed. The Bank used its nearly equal percentages of men thought the law made it convening capacity to gather key stakeholders for workshops too easy to bring charges against men. to suggest SGBV policy and procedural changes. This helped strengthen the links between grassroots organizations and Legislation addressing SGBV varies in breadth and national level institutions. emphasis, and its effectiveness is often hard to determine. The 2014 Women, Business and the Law report measured 3.5 Justice Sector Strengthening and Reform the existence and scope of laws covering domestic violence and sexual harassment in 100 economies, finding 76 have Theory of Change: established explicit legislation addressing domestic violence Interventions in this area are based on the argument but only 32 have specific provisions on sexual harassment that discriminatory legal frameworks and lack of access in schools. Even less prevalent is legislation on sexual to justice institutions pose obstacles that hinder women harassment in public spaces - only 8 of the 100 economies from leaving abusive relationships, or from holding examined have enacted such laws.76 perpetrators accountable. Strengthening access to justice is seen as one means of empowering women to exit unhealthy Some countries have experimented with mechanisms to relationships and hold perpetrators accountable. extend access to justice for women such as specialized domestic violence or protection officers at the district Evidence base: level. No quantitative studies were found for the deterrent It is logical to expect that reducing impunity for SGBV effect of laws on perpetrators or on the level of IPV in the crimes would reduce violence. The evidence for this overall population in low- or middle-income countries, is weak, however, partly due to the fact that few studies although NGOs and civil society coalitions have begun have explored this relationship empirically.74 Women’s issuing monitoring reports. Some qualitative data supports organizations have long advocated for stronger laws the view that legislation against GBV, even without full penalizing domestic and sexual violence, and some of enforcement, sends an important message about the these have been instrumental in broadening the definition non-acceptability of the behavior. However, this has not of abuse and strengthening protections. However, the necessarily borne out in practice: in Brazil, rates of femicide implementation of these protections has been weak have not decreased even with the passing of one of the and uneven, and their impact on behavior has not been 75 Peacock and Barker (2012). convincing. In particular, the link between stronger laws and 76 “Women, Business and the Law 2014: Removing Restrictions deterrence of would-be perpetrators is not clear, despite a to Enhance Gender Equality. Key Findings.” IFC, World Bank Group. 74 Heise (2011). Bloomsbury Publishing, 2013. 24 most progressive pieces of legislation on SGBV.77 Increasing Access to Justice in Honduras More repressive interventions to ‘crack down’ on The Honduras Judicial Branch Modernization Plan (2004– perpetrators, particularly in the United States, have not 2009) demonstrates how the objective to improve the yielded solid evidence of positive impact. For example, judicial system by enhancing its effectiveness, efficiency, mandatory or pro-arrest laws aimed to boost arrest accountability, accessibility, and credibility impacts women rates of domestic violence perpetrators in high-income victims of SGBV. The project launched mobile “Justice of countries have a modest effect on recidivism for some the Peace” courts in each of the country’s three main cities men, especially first-time offenders with no other history serving poor neighborhoods. Sixty percent of users of these of criminal conduct. In addition, studies found that when mobile courts are women, 63 percent are either illiterate or perpetrators are married, employed or both, arrest reduced only received primary education. The project also established repeat assaults but for unemployed and unattached men, new unified trial courts in Tegucigalpa and San Pedro Sula arrest increased abuse in some cities. 78Those with a history that deal mostly with cases of domestic violence and family of arrest for other crimes were found likely to re-offend. matters (e.g., child support). Restraining orders are another example where evidence From experience in other contexts, the project team knew is mixed and only available from high-income countries. that improving the efficiency of the courts and bringing No evaluations are available from low-income countries them to vulnerable communities may not be enough to that assess whether and to what extent protection orders encourage women to approach them. In Honduras as in other help reduce women’s risk of future violence. There is a countries, women are reluctant to report domestic violence, need for researchers to begin to understand more about and in victimization surveys, women are often reluctant the characteristics and motivations of men in developing to acknowledge abuse by a partner or family member. To countries who have orders issued against them and the address this, the project financed a national campaign against nature of sanctioned/unsanctioned violence both within domestic violence that reached 4,110 community leaders of whom 2,223 (54%) were men and 1,887 (47% %) were and outside the home. Many of these interventions are women. Based on the provisions of the Domestic Violence Law costly to implement and depend largely on an overall (initially enacted in 1997 and reformed in 2005), the project functioning judicial system, which limits their application in financed educational materials providing basic information, many developing countries. in plain language, about how to prevent or confront this type The effectiveness of programs to train police is highly of violence. The project ICR notes the significant impact of dependent on the status and perceived legitimacy of trainers. this outreach and reports the importance of a communication strategy that took the project beyond institutional reform, They are most successful when the use of new protocols are engaging the media and the public as well. mandated and supported by top officials and when training sessions are taught or co-taught by fellow law enforcement stations are effective in reducing violence against women in personnel. Such programs also integrate new material urban areas (Perova et al., 2013). In an urban municipality, and norms into all facets of police training including police where the levels of domestic violence are comparable to academy, in-service training and refresher courses.79 the national average, establishment of a women’s police Women’s police stations have generated some promising station is likely to trigger a 15 percent reduction in domestic evidence of impact in some countries. These have been violence. However, the study does not find any effect of widely evaluated in developing countries, and have shown these police stations on domestic violence in rural areas. some positive effects such as making the problem of SGBV Finally, some interventions to build on existing informal more visible and increasing reporting. However, they have justice institutions are showing some promise. An not shown consistent impact on levels of violence.80 A recent increasing number of communities are exploring non- World Bank study suggests that in Brazil women’s police formal ways to sanction perpetrators and to increase rights 77 There may be alternate explanations for the high rates of female awareness. Some communities in India, for example, use homicide in Brazil, including increased engagement of women in the public shaming in front of the homes of abusive men. drug trade. For more analysis see Perova, Reynolds and Muller (2013) and: www.cartacapital.com.br/blogs/feminismo-pra-que/porque-o- In Nepal, paralegal committees of trained local women feminicidio-nao-diminuiu-depois-da-maria-da-penha-4204.html provide frontline support for victims, educate them about 78 Heise (2011) cites four studies on the use of arrest to deter domestic their rights and challenge the culture of silence. Restorative violence (p 76-77): Sherman, and. Berk, (1984); . Garner et al (1995); or alternative justice approaches have been employed in Fagan, J. and A. Brown (1994) and Marciniak (1994). many countries, with a recent evaluation of South African’s 79 Heise (2011). victim-offender mediation program finding high levels 80 Jubb, N., et al. (2010), Women’s Police Stations in Latin America: An of satisfaction among female victims.81 Though these Entry Point for Stopping Violence and Gaining Access to Justice. 2010, approaches are certainly promising, others have warned Quito, Ecuador: Centre for Planning and Social Studies. 81 See Heise (2011) for discussion. 25 Penha). The DPLs include prior actions that support the creation of institutions to support the implementation of this law. The DPL in Pernambuco, for example, sets up a Technical Secretary to coordinate activities, and monitoring and evaluation, to address SGBV across various sectors. A DPL currently under preparation for the government of Rio de Janeiro merges transport infrastructure investment with support for the implementation of the Lei Maria de Penha, by providing information about the law and domestic violence on in transport centers, ensuring transport links between service centers for survivors of violence, and establishing a Women’s Police Center, health clinic and child-care facility within the urban rail and cable car systems. (See section 3.2 for more information.) A new DPL under negotiation with the government of Rio de Janeiro at the time of this review focuses on leveraging transport infrastructure to improve service delivery to victims of SGBV and raise awareness about SGBV (see discussion in section 3.2 and description in Annex 3). The DPLs complement a separate project in Brazil – Strengthening the Procuradoria Especial da Mulher (P129617) – which focuses on institutional capacity building of Procuradoria , an institution within the Brazilian Congress that was introduced in 2009. Under an Institutional Development against assuming the informal institutions are necessarily Fund (IDF), the Bank is supporting the better suited to dealing with SGBV or to issues that concern strengthening of the institutional capacity of Procuradoria primarily women; these structures are heterogeneous, and Especial da Mulher to promote and monitor laws and in some cases can be exclusionary or even repressive to policies addressing gender issues in Brazil – one of the women.82 declared focus areas is violence against women. Relevant Bank experience: In Colombia, the Bank negotiated a DPL in July 2013 to The Bank has had very limited involvement in supporting support the implementation of national reforms to deliver changes in legislation around SGBV, but is rapidly increasing services to victims of gender-based violence. The DPL its engagement in this area through six DPLs. In Brazil, the complements a national law passed in 2008 criminalizing Bank initiated five recent DPLs and one project within the domestic violence, and a series of decrees that mandate past few years focused on SGBV. The five DPLs, implemented the provision of services to protect victims, including meals, in four states, include policy actions on preventing violence transport and temporary shelter. They also complement against women either nested within social and economic new guidelines launched in 2013 to guarantee a life free of inclusion of women or components focused directly on violence. (See Annex 3 for details). violence prevention. All are aimed at supporting subnational governments to create and strengthen institutions for SGBV Bank TTLs are increasingly taking advantage of the justice prevention and response, within the context of a federal sector as an entry point to address SGBV, especially law criminalizing domestic violence (the “Lei Maria da domestic violence, through access to justice initiatives. Four projects now include components to reduce 82 Pouligny (2011). 26 impunity for perpetrators and improve access to justice Access to justice also means raising awareness of SGBV as for victims (see Annex 1). In general, TTLs interviewed for a crime. Some projects have engaged community elders in this review did not use the term SGBV to refer to their campaigns to change social norms and encourage victims to work, but preferred to frame the issue in terms of making report. Others have supported women’s organizations that public institutions more accountable to women - or more can do outreach to communities where SGBV is a problem. specifically - increasing women’s “access to justice.” The concept of access to justice, as defined by the Bank’s Justice “There is a need for institutional changes – police sensitization, for the Poor program, “focuses on two basic objectives of a working with traditional conflict resolution systems so they legal system: (1) that it is accessible to people from all levels can address the issue… On the demand side, there is need for of society; and (2) that it is able to provide fair decisions and awareness training. They need to know such actions are not rules for people from all levels of society, either individually acceptable. – TTL, PSG or collectively. The fundamental idea to be mainstreamed in this concept is the achievement of social justice for all 3.6 Health citizens.”83 Theory of change: Much of the investment in this area was informed by prior Interventions in the health sector are based on the analytical work on what justice looks like for women in consideration that health services are an important point different contexts. A few examples include a 2008 report of entry both for responding to the needs of survivors on Kenya84 to understand women’s access to and role in and for preventing further violence from occurring. On a local conflict management systems, which helped inform societal level, these interventions also recognize SGBV as an the national debate around conflict following the 2007 important risk factor for other negative health outcomes, post-election violence. Analytical work in Indonesia allowed including HIV infection, and therefore seek to prevent the Bank to understand the implications for women of violence as a means of preventing these harmful outcomes. institutional reforms following the conflict, and informed subsequent projects on legal aid.85 Evidence base: Some studies have suggested that more cases of SGBV An important focus of World Bank work in this sector has are reported to health practitioners than to the police,86 been supporting institutional changes that address the making the health sector a critical point of entry both for needs of SGBV victims. In most client countries, women’s responding to survivors’ needs, and for preventing SGBV. access to the formal legal system is primarily through family Some of the strongest evidence for responding to SGBV via courts, which tend to handle most domestic violence cases. the health sector is associated with screening protocols to One TTL explained that in some contexts such as Indonesia, identify survivors of intimate partner violence. The WHO survivors know their legal rights but are not comfortable includes these protocols among its 10 scientifically credible approaching the formal justice system. In other contexts, violence prevention strategies.87 A systematic review of the justice system is overloaded by cases, not trusted screening interventions in developed countries found or inadequately prepared to deal sensitively with SGBV that these were associated with increased detection of victimization and trauma. survivors and provision of follow-up treatment, and that the Activities to improve the efficiency and accessibility of screening protocols generally did not have negative impact. justice institutions have also been an important focus The evidence of impact of screening interventions on more of this sector. This has included technical assistance to long-term outcomes such as reoccurrence of abuse is mixed, increase the efficiency of family courts, training judges and however, and varies greatly depending on the population other staff to be more sensitive to SGBV victimization and and context.88 Impact evaluations of the effectiveness of trauma and other measures, and increasing geographic screening protocols in detecting survivors of other forms proximity to courts (for example through mobile courts; see of violence – ranging from self-harm to sexual violence and text box on Honduras). child maltreatment – have also been deemed effective, 83 World Bank Justice for the Poor (2011) Briefing Note. Increasing though their impact on reducing subsequent violence is Access to Justice for Women, the Poor and Those Living in Remote Areas: unclear.89 An Indonesian Case Study. Available at http://www-wds.worldbank.org/ external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2011/03/16/000356161 Other health interventions to reduce and prevent SGBV _20110316053255/Rendered/PDF/602130BRI0P1171l60Issue20311011 have focused on the risk factors for such violence. One 1web.pdf of the strongest of these is harmful use of alcohol. While 84 Ayuko and Chopra (2008) “The Illusion of Inclusion,” available 86 Barancik et al (1983). at http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTJUSFORPOOR/Resources/ Chopra_Illusion_of_Inclusion_Womens_A2_Rights_in_Northern_Kenya. 87 WHO (2008). pdf 88 Nelson et al (2012). 85 World Bank Justice for the Poor (2011). 89 WHO (2008). 27 Relevant Bank experience: The Health, Nutrition and Population Sector prepared a brief on GBV, Health and the Role of the Health Sector95 in 2009, which gives an overview of the health impacts of GBV, entry points for addressing it within the health sector, and resources for further information. The bulk of SGBV-related work by the Bank in the health sector has been limited to HIV prevention, given the strong relationship between unwanted and/or exploitative sex and infection. As one TTL put it, “Where there is concern for sexually transmitted infections, there is room for SGBV work.” Two active health projects addressing SGBV are found in the Democratic Republic alcohol is neither necessary nor sufficient to provoke SGBV, of Congo. The Country Assistance Strategy it is consistently associated with increased frequency and (CAS) for DRC calls specifically for the health sector to severity of abuse. A systematic review of 11 studies of intimate address SGBV by (i) strengthening the capacity of the sectors partner violence estimated that abuse of alcohol increased to analyze, and act on, gender-based obstacles to access and the risk of violence by 4.6 times compared to mild or no use use of services and (ii) promoting the provision of family of alcohol.90 In general, interventions that are implemented planning services and SGBV services through the health over longer time periods and can address the underlying sector. Though many international NGOs are responding to reasons men drink are most effective. For example, a SGBV, one project, the DRC project on Primary Health Care community-based pilot in a Mumbai slum that tasked (P126088) fills a gap for public facilities staff who have little health providers with educating men on alcohol, sexuality to no training on SGBV; training and capacity building will and sexually-transmitted diseases found significantly less be provided on the recognition, treatment, and counseling alcohol use and extra-marital sex among participating men for victims of gender based violence with a special focus on six months after the intervention.91 Treatment programs for domestic violence in health facilities in 83 zones. Another substance abuse, such as Alcoholics Anonymous, are widely project, the Health Sector Rehabilitation Support project recognized to be effective in reducing problem drinking, (P088751) concurrently supports the provision of essential but their impacts on perpetration of violence has not been health services including family planning, nutrition, HIV and established empirically.92 SGBV. After President Kim’s visit to DRC and the Great Lakes region, the health sector is currently designing a multi- However, even shorter-term or limited scope interventions sectoral SGBV project with the social protection and social can have impacts on SGBV. Some interventions to limit sectors worth $75 million. alcohol sales have been associated with a decrease in various types of violence,93 as have interventions to make 3.7 Energy and Extractives drinking spaces (bars, pubs) safer and discourage binge drinking. Increasing taxes on alcohol also was evaluated to Theory of change: The benefits and burdens of large-scale investments in reduce incidence of violent crime overall, including assault energy and extractives fall differently on men and women. and rape.94 Dynamics such as increased income (or decreased, in the case of investment leaving a community), women’s entry into employment, the entry of migrant populations into host communities, and others, can increase the risk of 90 Gil-Gonzalez (2006). violence and trafficking. Interventions in this sector seek 91 See Heise (2011) for discussion. to apply a gender lens to environmental and social impact 92 See Heise (2011) for complete discussion. assessments, identifying and ultimately minimizing risks to 93 Duailibi S et al. (2007) found a 40% drop in homicides associated with mine workers and the surrounding community. Prevention restricting opening hours of liquor stores in Diadema, Brazil. 95 http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPHAAG/Resources/ 94 Cook and Moore (1993). AAGGBVHealth.pdf 28 may include sexual harassment policies and training for fuel collection, time savings and opportunity costs, etc.98 employees or specialized staff to support female employees. Abdelnour (2013), however emphasizes that using FES alone will not prevent SGBV: “In unstable situations, sexual Evidence base: violence is not confined to any particular location and it is Most attention to SGBV in the Energy sector relates to not only used as a weapon of war… SGBV occurs inside the women’s access to energy and more specifically personal camps and outside, while women search for fuel and water, safety of displaced persons living in refugee camps. but also when they seek work or attempt to reestablish Between 1992 and 1993, much-publicized incidents of rape livelihoods. For those displaced by war, gender violence is a within Kenyan refugee camps brought the issue of GBV part of everyday life.” into stark relief for the international community, especially with regard to fuel and fodder provision. Emergency The mining sector is increasingly paying attention to the response organizations sought to reduce this threat by role of women and impact of mining on women. Women offering women in camps fuel-efficient stoves (FES) with the employed by extractive companies may become targets for assumption that reducing fuel consumption would directly sexual harassment in the workplace. Migrant workers and reduce the frequency of wood collection and, thus, the poverty can create markets for commercial sex and human reduction of related harassments. The United Nations High trafficking, as occurred for women living around the Baku- Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), for example, lists Tbilisi-Ceyhan project in Azerbaijan.99 Family dynamics are “providing safe environments and safe access to domestic also impacted if wages are spent on prostitution and/or energy and natural resources” as one if its six actions to alcohol.100 prevent SGBV.96 The World Bank has added to the body of knowledge on Evaluations for the impact of FES on GBV are few and gender and extractives with recent publications. One of most conclude that FES alone cannot adequately prevent these101 outlines increased risks women may face due to the SGBV. An evaluation of FES in Darfur found that while FES extractive industry, including violence, substance abuse, and programs will offer some reduction of the probability of family instability, especially in cases where men’s increased exposure to GBV, some women are still likely to leave the income allows them to obtain additional wives. Girls may camps for other non-fuel related matters.97 It concludes that also find employment peripherally, bringing food and drink a FES project does not provide a total solution to protection to miners, or working in mine bars and restaurants. Such issues. There is need for additional research regarding the peripheral work often leads to sex work, as early as ages regional contexts for and social practices associated with 10-12, which can contribute to the spread of HIV/AIDS and cooking, linkages between gender-based violence and other STDs.102 98 Global Alliances for Clean Cookstoves (2011). 99 CEE Bankwatch Network and Gender Action, Boom Time Blues: Big Oil’s Gender Impacts in Azerbaijan, Georgia and Sakhalin, (2006). 100 Mong (2010). 96 UNHCR (2011). 101 Ward and Strongman (2011):109-11. 97 ProAct Network (2008). 102 MAC ILO (2008). 29 This review did not find any impact evaluations for project identification. The World Bank explored these interventions directly addressing SGBV in the oil, mining through a series of national conferences in 2010 convening and gas industry. women about the benefits and risks of the mining industry. When asked to name the most negative impact of the Relevant Bank experience: mining sector, the women said domestic violence. They Generally speaking, SGBV has not been an issue also described shifts in social dynamics due to the sudden traditionally associated with the work of the Bank in the increase in income. Men working at the mine used the extra Energy and Mining sector. The challenge, according to one income for alcohol and to hire prostitutes; they occasionally TTL, is “there is no obvious starting point for ‘gender’ in brought home a new wife. In response, the TTLs increased major infrastructure work; these projects are not people- their focus on women’s role in the mining industry in oriented. There are certainly gender aspects, but it’s not PNG by supporting greater participation of women in obvious to see.” Yet, the sector has been home to two negotiations between communities and investors over particularly innovative projects that offer potential lessons specific projects.104 The mining companies were also invited for mainstreaming SGBV prevention in other sectors. Both to the conversations, and were some of the first to respond projects are focused on Papua New Guinea, where levels to the issue by establishing gender desks and hiring staff to of SGBV are some of the highest in the world, and where engage with local women’s associations. the World Bank has been increasingly involved policy discussions concerning how to address it. TTLs designed a follow up project that focuses on women’s empowerment as a means to prevent SGBV.105 The The projects’ TTLs had prior experience looking at the ways project’s three objectives form a comprehensive approach: in which the benefits and risks of mining interventions can (i) improve the livelihoods of women and their families; differ for men and women. One had worked on a Bank (ii) institute community based prevention practices for project in Poland103 that had focused on the social effects of violence against women; and (iii) assist women and the restructuring of the coal industry on the community by adolescent girls by building their self-esteem and agency as training 24 female community leaders. One of these women equal contributors to community growth and participants in established a safe house for victims of domestic violence. the development of mining and petroleum communities of This was particularly important because the loss of jobs for Papua New Guinea. The TTL is also sensitive to working with male workers in the coal sector had provoked depression men to mitigate negative household dynamic responses. and substance abuse, both associated with domestic The project is supported by a trust fund, Women and Mining violence. 104 For more information, see http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/ In PNG, similar risks became apparent to TTLs during default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2012/09/21/000386194_201209 21041953/Rendered/PDF/724410Revised00l70Issue209020012web.pdf 103 Poland Hard Coal Social Mitigation Project (P066512). 105 PNG Second Mining Institutional Strengthening TAL (P102396). 30 and Petroleum, building on the series of conferences in norms, focus groups’ narratives consistently reported that 2010 with the same name. This project, approved in late men who are unable to fulfill their “provider” role often 2012, will support capacity building for women’s groups so act out their frustrations with violence, and that it remains that they can more fully participate in negotiations between acceptable in many communities to sanction women harshly mining companies, the state and their communities, and for minor infractions that are perceived as challenging male also better manage the benefits they acquire through those authority or norms of feminine conduct. This suggests that negotiations. “quieter everyday negotiations and a gradual relaxation of norms” may be safer than overt efforts to change social Interviews with TTLs for these projects in PNG offered some norms around gender.107 useful insights for mainstreaming SGBV. Indeed, SGBV had not necessarily been on the radar during project design, Initiatives aimed at transforming social norms around SGBV but through talking with communities, they realized it was generally take one of three forms: awareness campaigns, an important issue and that the project had the potential community engagement programs, or communication and to do more harm than good if it was not addressed. One “edutainment” programs. Awareness-raising campaigns, TTL emphasized that these conversations required little often supported by national or international organizations ‘extra’ effort in project planning, especially compared to the and coalitions, tend to focus on distributing material in potential benefits: public places and on social media, to encourage people to speak out or take action against abuse. One-off events, in “It’s not talking about gender when engaging with particular, have the effect of “breaking the silence,” about communities: it’s just separating the men and women. an issue that is taboo in many societies. They can contribute Talk with each group to identify views and identify to a critical mass of pressure to convince key public sector champions, looking for leadership. That’s doing gender. stakeholders to take SGBV seriously. However, these You don’t need to label it, but you can do it in the events do not result in attitudinal or behavioral change by earliest stages.” themselves. While campaigns bring attention to SGBV and TTLs noted that there is scope for addressing SGBV within provide a platform for advocacy initiatives, they are typically issues of access to energy for women. In most low-income not intense enough or sufficiently long-term transform countries, women take responsibility for collecting fuel or norms or change behaviour.108 water, which can put them at risk of assault or trafficking. Generally speaking, media campaigns that see the highest Here, the work of Energy projects overlaps with that impact tend to combine communications campaigns of Transport, Water, and other sectors that deal with with the mobilization of community change agents. For supporting women’s safe mobility. example, Oxfam’s “We Can” campaign in 21 sites in five countries showed significant changes in attitudes about 3.8 Transforming Norms violence against women, by working through local partners Theory of Change who implemented a series of activities designed to change Social norms regulate individual behavior in a society attitudes and behaviors, including street theater, workshops, through prescriptions and expectations based on beliefs and distribution of written materials.109 about which behaviors are appropriate or not in particular Small group programs have proven more effective than circumstances. Social norms and beliefs related to gender periodic events in many ways. These tend to focus on and family privacy contribute to physical and sexual convening small groups for training and support. Group- violence.106 These norms can be shifted by groundswells based approaches vary on mode of delivery, targeted in public opinion, for example those provoked by high- population and length of engagement. Programs that build profile cases of rape in India in early 2013. Norms can also on existing platforms where men and women already be affected by targeted efforts to encourage dialogue at interact, such as markets or workplaces, tend to have an various levels. By ‘breaking the silence’ around SGBV, the easier time overcoming a common challenge – recruiting latter activities hope to gain the attention of policymakers and sustaining participants. They are most effective when and give a platform to existing initiatives to shift the public based on sound formative research, informed by theory and debate toward this issue. embedded in broader programs of sustained intervention Evidence base: and engagement.110 Some programs directed at boys and Processes for relaxing and changing norms that tolerate 107 Boudet et al (2012). violence can be influenced by various sources including 108 See Heise (2011) for full discussion. public and private discourse. Attempts to change norms 109 Rajan, Al and S. Chakraborty (2010). can provoke backlash. In a cross-country study of gender 110 See Heise (2011) for discussion. Examples of programs include: 106 See WHO (2010) for evidence from various countries on this link. Stepping Stones (South Africa, India); Programme H & Programme M 31 young men, have been evaluated in developing countries changes in attitudes about sexuality and violence.113 with promising results. Programme H, implemented in Central America, India, Tanzania, Croatia and Vietnam, Relevant Bank experience: showed positive impacts on attitudes of male participants Three World Bank projects specifically working to prevent toward performing domestic work, condom use, and self- SGBV included awareness campaigns, and another reported rates of violence against women.111 expanding women’s access to justice also used this strategy. Projects in Cote d’Ivoire (P110728) and DRC (P117558) Some social norms marketing and ‘edutainment’ programs partnered with local radio stations to produce sketches have shown promising results. This strategy innovatively to diffuse information related to GBV and its prevention. uses media to encourage dialogue and reinforce social The immediate aim was to increase knowledge, but the change messages at a community level. Successful groups long-term objective was to change prominent attitudes on produce and deliver sophisticated television or radio violence and its survivors. In total, 53 radio programs were programming combined with community mobilization developed and broadcast in Cote d’Ivoire. On a national strategies aimed at changing gender-related norms and scale, the project hosted a one-day workshop for female behaviors. As an example, Soul City in South Africa used a journalists. As the TTL said “The marketing was a lot about storyline to promote new injunctive norms against abuse by women’s rights, right to bodily integrity. It is wrong to do portraying neighbors disapproving of violence and modelled this [domestic violence or rape]; it is better to talk with a new behavioural response by depicting neighbors banging spouses than to beat them…” pots and pans to communicate their disapproval and disrupt the violence. An evaluation found a positive and consistent These projects included events and other marketing association between having seen the program and support- materials as part of communication strategies to raise seeking behaviors (calling the hotline offered during the public awareness. In Cote d’Ivoire, the project developed show) and support-giving (taking some kind of action to a logo and the slogan, “Courageous Women Stand Up.” The discourage domestic violence.)112 Another example, Sexto implementing partner had a wide network it could mobilize Sentido, produced in Nicaragua, was associated with for outreach through street theater, TV spots and marches, and the government put out advertisements with celebrity testimonials. In South Kivu, awareness raising events were (Brazil, India); Ethiopia male norms initiative; IMAGE programme. organized on International Women’s Day (March 8th) and 111 Ricardo (2010). the 16 Days of Activism (November 25th – December 112 See Heise (2011) for discussion. 113 Paluk and Ball (2010). 32 10th). Activities ranged from organized marches, banners Real Men Don’t Hit Women: World Bank Public Awareness Campaign on GBV displayed at strategic points in the city of Bukavu, The campaign Real Men Don’t Hit Women was created to and organized conferences with local authorities about draw attention to gender issues in Brazil and call for an end traditional values and customs related to GBV. The project to domestic violence. Recent research indicates that one in in Haiti (P128403) included a public education campaign five Brazilian women have been victims of domestic violence, that began with a three-day event “Women say Enough is and in 80% of cases, the perpetrator is a partner, husband or Enough! Campaign to End Violence against Women”. Prior boyfriend. to the launch, KOFAVIV sent out a press release to all print, radio, and television news outlets. T-shirts, a banner, flyers, The World Bank invited ten Brazilian male celebrities - and stickers were also distributed to men and women in five actors, athletes and musicians - to pose holding a sign with designated IDP camps. On the final day of the campaign, the slogan “Real Men Do not Hit Women,” and recorded a KOFAVIV held a march and festival in downtown Port-au- video. A social media campaign using the pictures and video Prince. encouraged Brazilian men to take a picture holding a sign with slogan and post it on Twitter and Instagram. Women The Bank has also undertaken targeted engagement with were asked to take pictures of their friends, children or community leaders to try and transform social norms partners holding the message. related to SGBV. In South Kivu, the goal of working with The campaign pictures and video were viewed widely. More communities leaders was to mobilize their authority to play than 30 media outlets - from newspapers, TV, radio, internet a key role in promoting safer communities for women and and TV circuits, as well as spaces like buses published the girls; they also wanted to partner with men on this issue. photos and video. The campaign also inspired spontaneous Community members helped identified leaders and then public actions, including: gathering in a square in Rio de NGOs and Community-Based Organizations (CBOs) led Janeiro so people could take pictures for the campaign, a training sessions with regular follow up visits. In Kamanyola, special night in Trash House 80 in São Paulo, with the regulars one training session was held on women’s leadership. This taking pictures with the poster, and public action at a bus was accompanied by an awareness raising session with 19 stop at the Rio Grande do Sul, in which passengers were community leaders to define a strategy to foster women’s asked to take a photo for the campaign. role in community political life. In Minembwe, approximately 33 “In countries where SGBV is an impactful issue, it’s important the theme, “What Will it Take to End SGBV in South Asia?” to raise this issue for the country’s agenda. It’s part of our More than 1,200 people aged 18-25 sent entries by email, job…And this subset of violence is invisible because people Twitter and text message, and the 10 winners received a don’t report. You don’t see bodies in the street, but women video camera. The winning messages were displayed at a live with it, and there are impacts on children. It depends on high-level panel, “Breaking the Silence” at the 2013 Spring the country manager’s priorities, but you have to think of Meetings. A regional conference was organized in Nepal in the fact that violence is hampering development, and when June 2013, drawing 200 people, and hundreds of thousands you fight domestic violence, you fight violence in the whole of viewers via social media, from all over the region. The country…This is one of the biggest things we’ve learned.” conference, “Joining Forces to Overcome Violence Against Project team member, LAC Hackathon Women,” discussed how to address social norms that perpetuate violence, particularly by working with men. 200 community members and leaders have participated In coordination with the conference, the Bank hosted a in different activities related to women’s empowerment hackathon in Nepal to develop innovative prototypes to and GBV awareness. The Justice Modernization Project address SGBV.115 More than 100 volunteer developers, in Honduras (P081516) supported a National Domestic along with GBV practitioners, participated in the hackathon. Violence Campaign that reached 4,110 community leaders Raising Awareness and Changing Norms through Community of whom 2,223 (54%) were men and 1,887 (47% %) were women. In addition, 246 afro-communities’ leaders were Engagement in Haiti trained in access to justice, and gender awareness, and 149 As part of Women and Girls in Haiti’s Reconstruction, the indigenous peoples’ leaders were trained in access to justice implementing partners MADRE and KOFAVIV collaborated for indigenous women. An initiative to change norms and on a broader public awareness campaign concerning the raise awareness about SGBV was also part of the Women prevention and treatment of SGBV in the displacement and Girls in Haiti’s Reconstruction project (see text box). camps. The evaluation of community trainings and outreach found several surprising positive spillover effects unique The Bank has also used its convening power to host to working with a community-based partner. Eleven conferences or panels on SGBV, raising awareness of the beneficiaries stressed that they learned how to be better issue amongst development agencies and other partners. parents, spouses, and community members, with new skills Some examples include a multi-stakeholder conference in communication, boundary-drawing, and comportment. (2004) on the Development Implications of GBV convened One beneficiary reported that she stopped hitting her a steering committee with representatives from various children after training sessions. Others said they were better sectors to identify entry points for further engagement in able to “dialogue” or communicate within their families and this area. In 2010, the Bank sponsored114 at a three-day in their communities as a result of KOFAVIV training. One symposium “Gender-Based Violence: We Need to Act.” woman explained that “families are stronger now because As part of LOGiCA, the World Bank sponsored a three-day of KOFAVIV”, while another said that KOFAVIV “helped conference on sexual violence in conflict in February 2012. me control my emotions”. Others spoke of the pride and Currently, the World Bank is collaborating to organize a sense of belonging they have gained by being part of the symposium on masculinity in peace and security in October KOFAVIV “family”. Still others pointed to KOFAVIV activities 2013. as an antidote to the everyday stresses of living in an IDP camp. These elements of the project were embedded in The Bank has also done public awareness campaigns with the MADRE-KOFAVIV approach: by empowering grassroots media in some countries. Most recently, a campaign in women—often survivors of SGBV themselves—through Brazil in 2013 drew international attention to the issue of training and mobilization, the women begin to feel more domestic violence by bringing in media stars to transmit the valued and respected, and they report treating others with message “Real Men Don’t Hit Women,” (see text box). greater respect as well. World Bank staff in South Asia responded to the high- The Bank’s work on women’s economic and legal profile assault and murder of a woman on a bus in Delhi, empowerment also has the potential to shift social in December 2012, by organizing a series of activities to norms on gender and change behaviors. Several World raise GBV awareness. First, a contest was organized with Bank projects with the objective of empowering women 114 The Symposium, organized by the United States Institute of Peace (USIP), the Human Rights Center at the University of California, Berkeley, or girls include modules on sexual health and rights, as the Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO), and Stockholm International well as economic development, such as the Adolescent Peace Research Institute North America (SIPRI North America), was co- Girls’ Initiative. Due to baseline or mid-term studies, some sponsored by the World Bank, specifically by the Learning on Gender and women’s economic empowerment projects have added Conflict in Africa (LOGiCA) program from the Africa Region Post Conflict and Social Development Practice Group (AFTCS), and the Global Center 115 A full description of the hackathon, including the winning prototypes, on Conflict, Security and Development. is here: http://vawhack.org/ 34 dialogue components for beneficiaries and their spouses. Putting the World Bank on the map for SGBV prevention: the Central A village savings and loans association in Cote d’Ivoire America domestic violence hackathon (see box section 3.3) includes small group dialogue with husbands and wives. The Hackathon against Domestic Violence in Central America was launched in six LAC countries and Washington, DC The World Bank has also used its convening power to in November 2012. At each site, developers and SGBV expand its own networks in client countries on the issue practitioners and experts gathered to collaborate to see how of SGBV, in addition to raising awareness about the topic. technology could help prevent SGBV or provide services for In many cases, the projects described in this review were providers. First, a workshop was held to gather everyone for the first (or at least an early) engagement with the client introductions, as these groups do not often interact, and on this topic. Oftentimes starting small with a conference, to clarify the problems of SGBV in the country context. The hackathon, or pilot project can catalyze dialogue for more SGBV experts educated the developers and formed a set involvement. The Central American hackathon, for example, of “problem definitions.” The hackers then responded with provided an opportunity for the country office staff to learn ways technology could address these problems. Two months about GBV in the five countries, and to build relationships later, a hackathon weekend event was hosted simultaneously with new partners. It also offered a chance for groups who in each of the seven sites. Mixed teams of developers and normally did not have contact with one another – domestic SGBV experts designed a specific approach for each of the violence service providers and computer programmers - to aspects of SGBV addressed by the problem definitions over work together. In Haiti, a project116 held a multi-stakeholder 48 hours, presenting their concept or app at the conclusion. workshop toward the end of the project to share results and This competition generated ideas and in some cases apps discuss next steps. that can address SGBV, but also raised awareness and built collaboration. 3.9 Education and Early Childhood Development The project team was excited to see collaboration between Theory of change: unlikely actors, fresh approaches from those who do not typically work on SGBV and locally designed solutions. One Studies show that exposure to violence in childhood team member noted, “staff in country offices helped us predisposes individuals to perpetrate violence in adulthood, reach out to stakeholders. Some knew organizations, but and specifically girls have an increased risk of being a in other cases they met ones they hadn’t known about. victim of partner violence in adulthood. By intervening They discovered things about the country such as data on early with children and parents to develop healthy stress- victimization, and social workers talked about how the issue management skills, these initiatives aim to reduce the risk is handled, the processes and difficulties.” In this way the for future violence. project provided an important opportunity for Bank staff to learn about SGBV and what local organizations were doing Evidence base: about it. Education and Early Childhood Development interventions to prevent SGBV span a range of programs, from parenting example). In developed countries, these programs have been programs and child development programs, to school- costly as they require highly trained staff to do parenting based programs to prevent dating violence. The link visits; however they have recently expanded to developing between childhood exposure to violence and experience countries where fewer highly trained staff are available, or perpetration of violence (including SGBV) later on has with positive results. A systematic review of parenting been demonstrated empirically across diverse settings,117 programs in low- and middle-income countries found that although it is important to clarify that this is not a causal these programs can reduce harsh parenting practices and link. Therefore, many of the interventions designed to improve parent-child interactions, and therefore offer some prevent abuse in the home will in turn help prevent SGBV promise for preventing violence.119 The Triple P program is later in the life cycle. the first parenting program to have a demonstrated effect on preventing violence before it occurs in families, in a Some parenting programs118 have been evaluated to be large-scale, randomized control trial in Georgia, USA.120 highly effective in improving parenting skills and reducing behavior patterns in children that are associated with To date, no parenting intervention has been evaluated for violence later in life (aggression, anti-social disorders, for its long term impact on the likelihood that the children will go on to engage in partner violence as adults. Most curricula 116 (P128403) Women and Girls in Haiti’s reconstruction: addressing do not include content on either gender socialization or and preventing GBV. gender roles. This represents a missed opportunity, given 117 WHO (2002), Jewkes et al (2002), Peacock and Barker (2012, and strong evidence that abuse of women and children is deeply Willman (2009). 118 Useful examples include Positive Parenting Programme (Triple P) 119 Knerr et al (2013). (Georgia, US), Learning through Play (Pakistan). 120 Prinz et al (2009). 35 embedded in gender hierarchies that privilege boys and men and legitimize the physical abuse of women.121 Programs to prevent corporal punishment, including supporting legislation to ban corporal punishment, have also proven effective in shifting norms about use of violence in the family. A recent comparative study of the effects of banning corporal punishment in five European countries confirms that prohibiting corporal punishment122 appears to facilitate reduced violence, but only where the reforms are accompanied by intensive and ongoing efforts to publicize the law and to introduce and reinforce positive forms of discipline. Publicity is important as beliefs about what is legal appears to influence violence directly. Longitudinal 4. How are we learning? Addressing SGBV in studies from Germany and Sweden have shown that both design, implementation, and M&E perceptions of what is legal and acceptance of physical This review looked at the inclusion of SGBV across the forms of punishment have shifted radically over time.123 project cycle, and found variation in the degree to which Schools are key entry points for changing attitudes and SGBV was incorporated into the projects. The review preventing violent behavior. Some of the most promising employed the methodology developed by the PREM approaches are school-based programs to prevent dating Gender group to evaluate if gender was included in three violence. These programs have been the most frequently dimensions of the project life cycle.126 Of the 38 projects evaluated approach for intimate partner violence. A WHO identified in this review, 32 noted SGBV as a serious issue in review included 12 evaluations with five randomized the project context, and 34 included activities to address it controlled trials, and found that these programs can prevent (see Annex 1 for the breakdown). dating violence and sexual violence not only in adolescence, Six projects initially did not identify SGBV within the but also later in life.124 Promising curricula include Safe Dates context analysis or design, but “found” problems with (US) and The Fourth R (Canada). These programs have not SGBV during implementation, and later altered or been evaluated outside of high-income countries. 125 added activities to respond. In these cases, TTLs did not Relevant Bank Experience: anticipate the levels of SGBV that they eventually saw This review did not find any World Bank interventions during implementation, or did not think the project would in the education or early childhood development arenas interact with SGBV to the extent that it eventually did. In that attempted to address SGBV. However, the Jamaica two of these cases, the results framework was also changed Inner Cities project and its associated JSDF grant financed to accommodate indicators to monitor SGBV. The Colombia a parenting support program in urban neighborhoods of Peace and Development project (P051306) provides a useful Kingston. See section 3.2 on urban upgrading for more example of how projects can adapt to address SGBV during information. implementation. SGBV was not mentioned or anticipated in the initial design of the project, but an assessment was done early on that identified it as an important problem, especially among displaced populations. In response to this, activities were added that included supporting social organizations for female survivors of violence, and psycho- social support to domestic and sexual violence survivors. 121 Heise (2011). In addition, a methodological guide for working on gender 122 Bussmann et al (2011). 126 PREM Gender reviews and rates lending operations by assessing 123 Modig (2009) and Bussman et al (2011). projects for the inclusion of gender for three dimensions: analysis, actions and monitoring and evaluation. If at least one dimension 124 WHO (2010): 44-45. considers gender, then the project is deemed gender-informed. http:// 125 WHO (2013). go.worldbank.org/H14RRU1B20 36 issues, including SGBV, with displaced populations was been discussed in earlier sections of this review. The Bank produced. Lessons learned were taken up in the ICR when has also financed impact evaluations of non-Bank projects the project closed in 2012. However, the results framework related to SGBV. These fall outside the scope of this review, was not changed to include indicators that could have but the Gender anchor is currently undertaking a review of monitored these activities and recorded the final outcomes. these. The Impact Evaluation Gateway (see text box) also includes impact evaluations on SGBV. Two projects mentioned SGBV in context analysis, but left it open for beneficiaries to choose whether or not The fact that the majority of the projects did not evaluate to include activities related to SGBV. The Barrio Ciudad impact underscores the challenges of collecting accurate project in Honduras included a component on crime and data on SGBV. All TTLs emphasized the need for solid violence, and a menu of possible interventions was offered data to identify the prevalence and nature of SGBV and to beneficiaries that included activities to address SGBV, but measure the effectiveness of interventions. Yet, collecting these options were not chosen by the communities. Later, reliable data on SGBV is particularly challenging. Rigorous project activities were included to address SGBV both via evaluations require substantial resources and capacity that the project and a JSDF, based on the TTLs’ observation that are often lacking in resource-poor contexts. In addition, such violence was an important consideration. The case of many survivors are reluctant to report on their experiences, the Social Promotion and Protection Project (P124761) in whether to formal institutions such as police or medical Lebanon is similar in this regard, though this project does professionals, or as part of household surveys as they may mention SGBV in the project context. It offers a funding be afraid of retaliation or stigma. In some cases, victims window by which organizations can apply for small grants. simply don’t see the value of reporting the experience, These grants are intended to reach ‘vulnerable populations,’ especially if the question comes within a larger survey and/ among which domestic violence survivors are included. or they do not know or trust the interviewer. In many cases, Thus, the project has the potential to reach SGBV survivors reported incidence of SGBV has been known to increase depending on choices made by the beneficiaries. These during projects aimed at raising awareness and responding projects raise important questions: If SGBV emerges as a to survivors, because of increasing willingness to report, problem during project preparation, how (or should) the and this can obviously skew project monitoring. Bank work to create incentives for communities to address this issue? In some cases, communities may find SGBV To address these issues, experts have developed special support elsewhere or they may simply prioritize other needs. protocols127 for conducting surveys on SGBV, or embedding Is it valuable for TTLs to understand why communities do questions on SGBV into larger surveys. These protocols not prioritize SGBV or should communities be encouraged generally involve measures to: develop trust between to take action, rather than dismiss the importance of SGBV? interviewers and subjects; ensure privacy for the interview; guarantee confidentiality of responses; and providing support or referrals for survivors who are re-traumatized “We’re a knowledge institution. Any opportunity to build evidence base related to prevalence, typology is invaluable. as a result of the interview, or who have not received This tends to be expensive so many organizations can’t afford treatment for their exposure to violence. Following these to do this. And without evidence, it’s difficult to convince protocols tends to be costly and time-intensive, but yields people to address.” – Team Member, Social Development more reliable results. This review found that international protocols are not being Only 12 of the projects included SGBV-related indicators systematically applied by Bank teams in general project into project M&E. In some cases, the reasons for omission M&E or impact evaluations. In many cases, questions were practical: for example, some of the projects were are simply added to baseline surveys. Reasons stated for small in scale and/or funded by small trust funds that do this were that TTLs did not understand the protocols that not require monitoring and in other cases SGBV-related capacity of implementing partners was too weak to adhere activities were small subcomponents of large projects and to stringent guidelines, and that TTLs were unaware of the so were left out of the overall Results Framework. In others, protocols and how to implement them. This underscores the nature of the activity – particularly conferences and the need for capacity building among Bank teams on these events such as hackathons – makes it difficult to monitor protocols. impact. Annex 2 provides sample Results Framework Another important issue with data collection has been indicators that have been used in World Bank projects. the challenge of ensuring the safety of interviewers in 127 See for example the WHO’s guidelines at http://www.who.int/ Seven projects included SGBV in impact evaluations. gender/violence/womenfirtseng.pdf. General principles include In these cases, important lessons were learned that can ensuring privacy for the interview, asking general questions to avoid re- inform future projects. The specific results of these have traumatization, providing referrals for support to victims identified in the course of the survey, and others. 37 communities with high risk of violence. Some TTLs reported PDO - the Honduras Safer Municipalities Project – though it that interviewers were reluctant to visit communities during is still too early to draw firm lessons. The project includes the hours that most people were likely to be at home, an institutional strengthening component to support the because of safety issues. national government body in charge of guiding, coordinating and overseeing violence prevention initiatives, as well as Impact Evaluation Gateway its capacity to collect and analyze crime-related data. The Bank is also well-positioned to use its networks to convene enGENDER IMPACT is a gateway to World Bank Group actors across the public sector, civil society, the private gender-related impact evaluations (www.worldbank. sector and the research community for a more integrated org/engenderimpact). The online resource draws from approach to addressing SGBV. the WBG’s rich tradition of contributing to evidence- based policy-making with rigorous evaluations. Over 160 5.2 Leadership is critical, both within the Bank and within impact evaluations were identified for contributing to Governments better understanding of what works, and what does not, to advance gender equality and women’s empowerment. Most of the initiatives described in this review had Of the five key outcome areas, one is addressing gender- important internal support from CMUs or upper based violence. Though only five IEs were found for GBV, management, either initially or along the life of the the gateway can grow as the WGB pinpoints knowledge project. The DRC work129 resulted from a visit by the World gaps and moves to fill them. Bank President to DRC, during which he spoke with NGOs who urged him to act. Both the Central America and Nepal In addition, most data is collected from female survivors Hackathons were encouraged by CMUs who provided small only, with very few surveys targeting men or perpetrators. grants and made country team support staff available to pull An important exception is a recent World Bank report the events together. They felt this was helpful not only in based on interviews with 213 former combatants in DRC.128 organizing the event, but in building the capacity of country This report is an important step toward understanding office staff to engage on the topic of SGBV, and to meet local the experiences of men during conflict, particularly the organizations who work on the issue. motivations and justifications for participating in sexual In other cases the support of a key ministry or champion violence. within the government helped move the project forward. In cases where the support was not there initially, TTLs had 5. Cross-Cutting, Operational Lessons to mobilize trust funds to pilot activities that could help Several cross-cutting lessons emerged from the convince management of the need for greater engagement. conversations with TTLs that can be applied to projects In other contexts, governments were resistant to a of many different types. These are discussed here with conversation about what they saw as a particularly sensitive references to relevant projects where appropriate. topic, and TTLs had to work to identify champions in the government that could help the project move forward. 5.1 Interventions need to address the problem at multiple levels and across sectors 5.3 Solid analytical work up front increases effectiveness SGBV is a multi-dimensional problem, and therefore Very few TTLs set out to design a project to focus on SGBV. requires a multi-sectoral, multi-level response. The World Rather, many TTLs emphasized that the issue tends to Bank has learned important lessons about engaging with emerge as a problem through some kind of analytical multiple actors in various levels of government and civil work, either during project identification or in some cases society, and is often uniquely placed to work across sectors during implementation. In many of these cases, TTLs had to in client countries. Because the Bank has access to a variety scramble to put an activity together while the project was of actors, it can play an important role in connecting local ongoing – a situation they viewed as less than ideal. level policy and programming to the national level. The In general, TTLs agreed on the importance of doing experience of projects in Cote d’Ivoire, DRC and Haiti analytical work, ideally before designing interventions, in described earlier are instructive in this regard, as is the order to identify the nature and drivers of the problem. Bangladesh Social Protection & Human Rights project (see Several TTLs mentioned social assessments as good entry text box). The four DPLs in Brazil are an important example points for incorporating SGBV issues into project design. of integrating policy across various levels (provincial, These assessments generally focus on gender dynamics national) to support stronger implementation of laws and conflict between social groups involved in or likely to regarding SGBV. Another promising example is the first be affected by the project. Integrating SGBV could be as World Bank investment project with SGBV prevention in the 128 Elbert et al (2013). 129 Addressing GBV in South Kivu (P117558) 38 simple as asking questions about the expected distribution Working at All Levels: Connecting Local Services with National Policy of benefits of the project and whether and how these might in Bangladesh reduce or increase the threat of violence. In some cases, such as the PNG Women in Mining project, TTLs were able Bangladesh Social Protection & Human Rights (P12749) was to get information on these dynamics simply by having initiated by the Government of Bangladesh within the context separate conversations with female-only groups. As one TTL of broader initiatives, including the creation of the Ministry put it: of Women and Children’s Affairs and the establishment of women’s One-Stop Crisis Centers (OCCs). The Government “In terms of GBV, if people are doing consultations, approached the Bank for technical assistance to expand getting at GBV may just be separating questions about OCCs at the district and upazilla levels, as well as evaluating benefits or impacts of a project by gender. Then women existing OCCs to create curriculum for staff. Prior analytical have safe space to talk about it. You may not need to work had laid an important foundation to engage on SGBV, frame the issue, just allow women to talk. Do they talk and the Country Manager was also keen to work on gender about violence? It’s not this whole other thing to add to issues and with the ministry. the project.” The first component of the project included background There was disagreement about whether analytical work research on linkages between women’s right to employment on SGBV, or even on gender more generally, should be a and violence against women in Bangladesh. The second requirement for projects. In the context of the Safeguards component supported the translation of rights into on the review and updating of operational policies, some felt ground action by assisting the Ministry in its expansion of that mandating a social analysis or gender analysis would OCCs across Bangladesh. Needs assessments were conducted be an effective way of ensuring issues of SGBV were taken at the existing OCCs to evaluate their functioning and analyze client needs. In this case, the Government already up more often in projects. Others felt that adding further had structures in place to provide services to SGBV victims, requirements to an already cumbersome process would risk via the One-Stop Service Centers, but needed support for relegating these issues to the equivalent of a ‘checklist.’ implementation. The Bank was able to leverage trust funds to Another TTL was quite pragmatic in stressing that hard support a partnership between NGOs and national ministries evidence was needed in order to justify an intervention that had never worked together before, to improve service on SGBV: The manager is always going to ask “what is our delivery and to better link national level ministries with local governments. competitive advantage on this? Should we be involved?” Analytical work can provide the bases for these justifications. TTL cautioned that it is important to take this time, for people to communicate down to the local level and feel 5.4 The choice of allies and partners matters open to the idea. Choosing a partner that can help maintain TTLs emphasized that the choice of partners is critical. communication between the project and the community is In some contexts, governments see concern about SGBV also critical. as coming mostly from ‘outsiders.’ They may react by The private sector can be an important ally. For the PNG downplaying the problem or by paying ‘lip service’ to work, private sector companies were some of the first to appease donors. In some cases if the political environment take actions to address sexual violence and harassment is hostile to dialogue on SGBV, those trying to implement in the workplace, through setting up Gender Desks and projects may be at risk. employee training. In many cases the private sector has In these cases, TTLs said it was important to analyze the been instrumental in implementing public awareness political actors and identify which level of government campaigns as well. and which specific institutions, make the best allies. It 5.5 Task teams need to seek out male and female allies may be possible to only work at the national level at first, or, conversely, only with local authorities, for example. Men are key allies in preventing and responding to SGBV. Generally speaking, Gender or Youth Ministries were seen Many TTLs reported important male leadership in various as effective partners for advocacy, especially at the national roles including Bank management, clients, implementation level. Other line ministries – such as Health ministries – partners and beneficiaries. A Legal TTL explained that most were viewed as better placed to implement projects to of her counterparts were men in positions of power. Another address various issues related to SGBV. TTL said that the project’s implementing partner knew that prevention must involve men: “Prevention took many forms: TTLs said it was essential to connect with grassroots training and sensitizing armed groups (government and organizations that know the context and have a solid others). Work with local authorities, peacekeeping forces. track record in responding to GBV. It may take time for the They set up a GBV committee in the villages; these were of project to gain permission to work in a community. One 39 men and women.” LOGiCA is working with the international NGO Promundo and a range of implementing partners in three countries to develop and test manuals and training modules for GBV programs that engage men and boys in the prevention and mitigation of the impacts of SGBV. The South Asia conference on Violence against Women included men on panels and as participants, including a male Bollywood star who spoke about the role of the media. In Haiti, men came forward in the displacement camps to play roles as educators of young men, and to escort women to latrines to ensure their safety. the problem or the solution. In Haiti, the project aimed to One TTL explicitly warned against excluding men from work with national ministries and with grassroots groups. programming on SGBV, in a cultural context she describes It was quickly apparent that these groups were at odds as ‘combative’: “Doing programming exclusively with with each other over the nature of the problem of GBV in women can exacerbate violence. There’s a perception that displacement camps, and had different views about how the [female] participants are benefiting.” LOGiCA helped to address it. To some extent this was a reflection of class host a conference on sexual violence in conflict and post- divisions between the (elite) ministries and (non-elite) conflict settings130 where a speaker from Heal Africa shared: grassroots. The project team had to learn to navigate these “We used to provide economic support to survivors only. divisions and find ways to encourage dialogue between the We thought this would empower them and reduce GBV; two groups. this was contradictory. The more we empowered them, the more they experienced GBV. Now we target men to be 6. Conclusions and Recommendations included in programming. They are no longer resistant to our programs or gender activities.” Another TTL spoke about SGBV prevention and response remains a relatively new access to justice initiatives that offered “legal empowerment area of work for the World Bank. While the Bank has some trainings that were delivered generally, not exclusively for very innovative projects in this area, SGBV has traditionally women. Men also need to know these things and it helps been a marginal topic in the institution. Projects that have gain support from men. This helps avoid resentment of men addressed it have been relatively small in scale, primarily for women’s special treatment.” financed by trust funds, and focused on geographic areas where the problem is particularly intense. At the same time, women cannot automatically be assumed to be allies of work on SGBV. In many cases, they will be. When SGBV has been taken up in larger projects, there has As one TTL said “When you’re setting up the project, you not been a systematic monitoring of impact, representing can identify a woman ‘champion’ who can work with the many lost opportunities for learning. In addition, ethical community. Then you add activities for her.” But, especially if standards for collecting data on SGBV are not systematically the issue is politically sensitive, women may be reluctant to applied. identify with it. One TTL of an access to justice project spoke Bank engagement is increasing and diversifying, with 12 about designing an initiative to work with female judges, new projects and six DPLs initiated since 2012 that have assuming they would be open to addressing SGBV in courts. some kind of focus on SGBV, and more under preparation. She was surprised when the women were not supportive of This is an opportune time to learn from what has been the idea. She noted, “Like other bureaucrats, they listen to done, and harness lessons from other organizations that the people at the top. They are also fearful to be too closely have more experience in this area. affiliated with the issue because they may be labeled for it throughout their career as ‘that woman judge who is always In conversations with task teams, it was clear that many harping about SGBV’”. TTLs interviewed for this review did not see work on SGBV as a core area of work for the World Bank. Many Nor can one assume all women share the same vision of were skeptical that the Bank would ever adopt preventing 130 The Missing Peace Symposium was held Feb 14-16, 2012 in Washington, DC. SGBV as a top priority. Some were of the opinion that the 40 Bank would do well to partner with organizations that have What do men have to do with it? more expertise and credibility in this area, rather than lead initiatives. Men are often assumed to be perpetrators of SGBV and this has shaped intervention strategies. In patriarchal societies, However, most TTLs agreed that there is a need for the there is a link between violence against women and women’s Bank to engage SGBV more systematically and strategically subordinate status. Laws, institutions and norms often across the investment portfolio. This includes needed reinforce unequal gender norms that tolerate discrimination measures to tackle the issue head-on, as through stand- against women and girls, including GBV. In this sense, men alone projects to respond to survivor needs. However, use violence against women to punish transgressions of an integrated approach will also incorporate SGBV larger gender roles, to show authority and to save honor (Bott et al, projects in various sectors. 2005). The emphasis on women as victims excludes men from GBV interventions or data collection. It also frames men as The following specific recommendations emerge from this risks to women’s safety or perpetrators needing punishment. review: Numerous studies also affirm that childhood witnessing of IPV and childhood victimization of boys is associated with 6.1 Mobilize Bank sectors for an integrated response later use of SGBV against intimate partners, suggesting the Virtually every sector of the Bank’s work has some kind linkage between men’s victimization from SGBV and their later use of it. of entry point to address SGBV. As the previous sections demonstrate, the issue of SGBV is framed in various ways Boys and men can also be vulnerable to SGBV. Boys can be by Bank practitioners. A Social Development specialist may targeted for rape, sexual slavery or trafficked for prostitution. speak of SGBV, while a justice sector specialist will frame the Men can also be targeted for rape. Research is quite limited, issues as one of access to justice, and urban infrastructure focusing on sexual abuse or rape in specific contexts such specialists will see it as a matter of public safety. Throughout as living on the streets, prison or conflict (Barker and the preparation of this report, the team found new ways of Ricardo 2005). Male targeting increases if gender norms framing the problem of SGBV, many of which avoided the seem ambiguous or there is a need to establish or reinforce direct use of the term altogether, even while working toward masculinity expectations. Social disruption during conflict the common objective of reducing vulnerability to this kind can include men and boys victimized sexually as means to of violence. As the issue of SGBV gains momentum at the socialize new rebel recruits (Cohen 2009), demonstrate World Bank, it will be important to engage these multiple domination over enemies or emphasize a militarized entry points, using the terminology and approaches best masculinity (Woods, 2006). Too often male survivors or fitted to the various sectors and country contexts. witness of SGBV are overlooked by service providers and in program design (Bouta et al 2005). They may also feel As an institution that works across sectors, the Bank is ashamed and therefore not report SGBV, seek medical or well-positioned to support integrated, multi-sectoral legal assistance (see Dolan 2002). The Bank analyzed its work responses to SGBV in client countries. This can involve in DDR and found the need to improve gender sensitivity and some stand-alone projects focused exclusively on SGBV responsiveness in this regard. Extending from the findings, as well as mainstreaming SGBV into larger projects. An LOGiCA seeks to understand and better address the unique effective response must combine enforcing laws and needs of men and women in conflict-affected contexts. prosecuting perpetrators to break the cycle of impunity, “[There is the] example of men being forced to watch their with addressing the individual and societal wounds, while wife/daughters being raped. This comes with deep shame working to prevent a normalization and/or recurrence of and trauma, [especially] when the man’s role is seen to be sexual violence. In some cases, stand-alone projects will be the key protector and provider for the family. The man is needed to focus on particular needs, but SGBV prevention publicly seen to be unable to protect his family. There are also needs to be mainstreamed into larger projects. Some close to no programs for men; there is a need for projects examples could include: for men.” TTL, LOGiCA • Health sector: addressing physical as well as mental health issues • Education: mobilizing schools, early childhood development and other learning spaces as sites for • Judicial sector: addressing issues of impunity and raising awareness and preventing SGBV access to justice, especially for vulnerable groups • Community development: promoting equitable • Economic: promoting economic empowerment access to resources for women and men of survivors of SGBV as well as improving overall economic conditions and mitigating the risks • Support to public awareness and community empowerment can pose for more violence campaigns to promote gender equality and prevent SGBV 41 6.2 A stronger focus on prevention A preventative approach also requires flagging the types of contexts where the risks of SGBV are higher and Many programs directed at SGBV focus on responding to responding appropriately. For example, the risk of SGBV the needs of individual victims once violence has occurred, is known to increase in conflict and post-disaster contexts. primarily through improving service delivery. While these Projects in these contexts should integrate components to services are certainly essential, they are necessarily limited respond to and prevent SGBV, or make arrangements for in their scope, as they are only able to help one individual these needs to be addressed by other partners. at a time. They may not serve to prevent violence against that same individual in the future, and they and often do Finally, a preventative approach will recognize the multiple little to reduce the risk and incidence of SGBV in the overall roles that men can play, and engage them accordingly. population over the longer term.131 Men take on multiple roles as perpetrators, witnesses to SGBV, victims of sexual violence, husbands and brothers In order to achieve long-term reductions in violence, of survivors, service providers (i.e. health workers, police, efforts to protect and serve the needs of survivors need peace-keepers), policy makers and change agents. They can to be balanced with interventions to change the overall play critical roles in changing social norms around SGBV to social environment in which violence occurs. This includes prevent future violence. shifting norms around violence and masculinity, working not only with women, but also with men and with ‘thought 6.3 Capitalize on different entry points for policy dialogue leaders’ such as religious and community leaders, to shape an environment in which violence is unacceptable. The Bank In seeking greater dialogue with governments on SGBV, a has already gained instructive experience on this, which can variety of entry points can be utilized. The preparation of be built upon going forward. the Country Partnership Framework (CPF) is a strategic opportunity to integrate a focus across the portfolio, Building in a more preventative approach also means engaging multiple sectors. Going forward, it will be being aware of the ways in which Bank interventions can important to define, for each context, the barriers that affect power dynamics and increase the risk of violence. SGBV presents for achieving the Bank’s twin goals of Understanding why and how violence occurs is never an shared prosperity and eliminating extreme poverty. There exact science, and what works in one context may provoke is space to integrate attention to SGBV into new analytical a backlash in another. It is hard to know the effect of an instruments to feed into the CPF such as the Systematic intervention will have on the risk of violence. In order to do Country Diagnostic being developed or a requirement for no harm, the World Bank needs to build better diagnostics social analysis as part of the Safeguards reform process. into project design, so that projects are sensitive to these potential effects. 131 See Heise (2011) for a more detailed discussion of the rationale for a focus on prevention versus response. 42 Social and Gender Assessments offer other entry points for 6.5 Strengthen research, knowledge and learning encouraging dialogue at different levels. Many TTLs noted that social assessments and gender assessments have been Only 12 of the 38 projects identified by this review have very useful in picking up the issue of SGBV and offering ways included SGBV-related indicators in project M&E; two of to mitigate associated risks in individual projects. Ensuring these are still underway. Very few projects are applying that adequate resources are available for such analysis internationally recognized ethical standards to M&E, posing would help the Bank engage more systematically on SGBV significant risks of doing harm to interviewees as well as across country portfolios. generating poor quality data. In interviews, TTLs said they would like to monitor SGBV as part of project M&E, but 6.4 Build TTL capacity on SGBV prevention and response either were not sure of how to go about it, or balked at the burden of effort and resources this would add to their During interviews, TTLs expressed strong demand to learn already full workload. about how to address very specific operational issues related to SGBV. Questions such as how to engage men, Impact evaluations measuring project impact on SGBV how to deal with clients when the issue is sensitive, how remain very rare – only 7 have been conducted so far. This to conduct M&E using ethical protocols, were at the top of represents a missed opportunity for learning about what the list. There is a need to train TTLs and project teams on works on this important topic. Impact evaluations tend these tasks. There is also a need to make more technical to be costly and time-consuming, such that it is probably specialists available with the relevant expertise to advise on not feasible to expect that all projects addressing SGBV projects. could include them. However, the Bank could invest more strategically in impact evaluations of operations with the Because the experience of the World Bank is limited in potential to increase the knowledge base on prevention this area, the Bank will need to be more intentional about and response to SGBV. learning from other partners about what works and what does not. Trainings and other learning opportunities will In conclusion, this is an opportune time for the Bank to need to bring in external expertise. Incentives could also reflect on its own experience and think strategically about be explored for deeper partnering with organizations in how to engage more strategically on SGBV. With 12 new the field who are leading in this area. 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Farrington (2007) Improved Street Lighting and Crime Prevention: A Systematic Review. Stockholm: Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention. 47 Annex 1. All World Bank Projects addressing GBV active in 2008 or later GBV as Exclusive or Primary Focus Project ID and title Approval CY in Activities in Analysis Amount $ Financing In M&E Region Sector In IE Breaking the cycle of violence, Honduras SD LAC Y Y Y IF 10,000 ‘12 LAC Hackathon PSG LAC Y Y NA IF 200,000 ‘12 P110728 Protection from GBV in Ivory Coast SD AFR Y Y Y Y PCF 732,759 ‘08 P115562 Learning for Equality, Access and Peace SD AFR Y Y Y Y GP 431,000 ‘09 Program (LOGiCA) P117558 Addressing GBV in South Kivu SD AFR Y Y Y SPF 1,984,787 ‘10 P127249 Bangladesh Social Protection & HR SP SAR Y Y NA NTF 460,869 ‘11 P128403 Women and Girls in Haiti’s reconstruction: PREM LAC Y Y Y RSR 584,828 ‘11 addressing and preventing GBV P129617 Procuradoria Especial da Mulher, Brazil GED LAC Y Y N IDF 300,000 ‘12 P130819 Safer Municipalities SD LAC Y Y Y SIL 17,000,000 ‘12 P131462 PNG women in mining and petroleum Energy EAP Y Y Y JSDF 180,000 ‘12 P132325 Brazil Social Inclusion and Gender Equity PREM LAC Y Y N NLTA 50,000 ‘12 P143772 Improving Services for Victims of Gender- GED EAP Y Y Y IDF 400,000 ‘13 Based and Domestic Violence Project (Kiribati) P143773 Improving Services for Victims of Gender- GED EAP Y Y Y IDF 130,000 ‘13 Based and Domestic Violence Project (Solomon Islands) P145412 Gender Based Violence Conference in SD SAR Y Y NA IF 25,000 ‘13 South Asia and Nepal Hackathon Total: 22,489,243 48 GBV Component in Larger Projects Project ID and title Approval CY in Activities in Analysis Financing In M&E Region Sector In IE P003248 Zambia National Response to HIV/AIDS HD AFR Y Y N SIL ‘02 (ZANARA) P051306 Colombia Peace and Development SD LAC N Y N APL ‘04 P073438 Justice Services Improvement Project, Peru PSG LAC Y Y N TAL ‘04 P077513 Congo HIV/AIDs HD AFR N Y Y APL ‘04 P081516 HN Judicial Branch modernization PSG LAC Y Y Y TAL ‘05 P083904 Justice Services Strengthening Colombia PSG LAC Y N N APL ‘09 P088319 Barrio Ciudad, Honduras Urban LAC Y Y N Y SIL ‘05 P088751 DRC health sector rehab support HD AFR Y Y N SIL ‘05 P091299 Inner city basic services, Jamaica Urban LAC Y N N SIL ‘06 P091299 Jamaica Violence Observatory (co-financing for Urban LAC Y Y NA JSDF ‘09 JM Inner Cities) P091472 Strengthening Uruguay’s Justice Institutions for PSG LAC Y Y N IDF ‘04 Equitable Development P101504 Bolsa Familia Brazil SP LAC N N N Y APL ‘10 P102396 PNG Second Mining Sector Institutional Energy EAP Y Y N TAL ‘08 Strengthening TAL P110571 AGI Liberia GED AFR Y Y Y Y SIL ‘08 P111250 Philippines - Country Assessment on Gender & SD EAP Y Y NA NLTA ‘08 Peacebuilding P116360 AGI Rwanda SD AFR N Y N TAL ‘11 P116636 AGI South Sudan GED AFR Y Y N Y TAL ‘09 P117214 Nepal: Adolescent Girls Employment Initiative GED SAR N N N Y SIL ‘10 (AGEI) P123483 Haiti AGI GED LAC Y Y N NLTA ‘12 P124157 HN Employment Generation in Poor Urban Urban LAC Y Y NA JSDF ‘10 Neighborhoods P124761 Social Promotion And Protection Project - Leba- SP MNA N Y N SIL ‘13 non P125285 Add Financing, Burkina Faso, health sector/AIDS HD AFR Y Y N SIML ‘11 project P126088 DRC AF primary health care HD AFR Y Y N SIL ‘12 P126158 AF nutrition and social protection - Honduras SP LAC N Y NA SIL ‘11 49 Annex 2. Results Indicators for SGBV from Selected World Bank Projects Development Objectives Indicator Project Citation Conduct youth, violence and gender Number of youth participating and engaged \\Breaking the cycle of violence, training sessions with experts from the in training sessions on violence and gender. Honduras\\YIFProposal 11.7.12 World Bank and other networks. Number of youth whose awareness has been increased in topics relevant to violence and gender. The Ministry of Health was expected # of health centers offering care/prophylaxis P077513 Congo HIV AIDs\\ICR to strengthen priority actions for: (i) for victims of sexual violence. draft a range of preventive actions; and (ii) an overall approach to care, support and treatment to reduce the impact of HIV/AIDS: includes care for victims of sexual violence. Build strong and sustainable national Adoption and dissemination of law protecting P077513 Congo HIV AIDs\\ICR capacity to respond to the HIV/AIDS PLWHA and protecting women against sexual draft epidemic. violence Legal or administrative steps to process Average length of case resolution for P081516 HN Judicial Branch cases reduced noncriminal case modernization\\ICR data sheet Number of judges and staff trained The project provided 61,515 hours of training P081516 HN Judicial Branch on frontier topics - gender, free-trade, to 6,708 participants. 4,110 modernization\\ICR data sheet cultural sensitivity, e-learning, youth, violence etc. community leaders were reached by the domestic violence campaign. 395 communities leaders were trained in access to justice, and gender awareness. In the last 12 months, have you or Sexual attack P088319 Barrio Ciudad, any member of this household been a Honduras\\Boleta Hogar Barrio victim of any of the following incidents: Ciudad - Rev1 5 20Abr2013 Improve the perceptions of public % of beneficiaries who feel safe or very safe P091299 Inner city basic services, safety among beneficiaries through (differentiated between inside and outside Jamaica\\PAD 2006 strengthening human and social capital the home). Personal Behavior and Relationships 16.6% report having experienced intimate P110571 AGI Liberia\\Aide partner violence in the past year, and 11% Memoire Annexes - baseline report ever having been forced to have sex. Providing survivors with quality the number of survivors receiving assistance P110728 Protection from GBV in assistance increased by 48.6% between 2008 and 2009 Ivory Coast\\IRC final report – 28.6% higher than the target of 20%. Generating greater awareness on GBV- the percentage of people surveyed who P110728 Protection from GBV in related issues indicated that awareness campaigns Ivory Coast\\IRC final report contributed to changing their attitude towards sexual violence against women reached 83.1%, while the target was set at 70% 50 Development Objectives Indicator Project Citation Improved awareness and capacity 53 radio programs developed and broadcast P110728 Protection from GBV in of local authorities and community (8 this period). Ivory Coast\\IRC final report members (women and men) in targeted areas to prevent GBV and % of surveyed population that listened at respond to it; least 2 times to the radio programs. # of awareness raising sessions organized with authorities and community members. % of all victims assisted that were identified, referred and supported by community committees. % of surveyed population (women, girls, men, boys) are able to name 2 GBV consequences and 1 Ivorian law related to GBV. Number of personnel trained on adequate response to GBV show increase in knowledge. % of high relevance groups’ members (armed forces, teachers, authorities) trained who show increase in knowledge. Improved access to extended multi- # of reported GBV victims receive multi- P110728 Protection from GBV in sectoral services for GBV victims in sectoral services (medical, psychosocial and Ivory Coast\\IRC final report targeted areas; legal) according to their needs and wishes. # of sexual violence victims who benefited from PEP kit within 72 hours after rape. # of adequate and timely referrals done between partners in response to the needs of victims. # of NGOs that received training and support show increase in capacity to address GBV. Improved coordination and capacity Minimum 1 National workshop/ conference P110728 Protection from GBV in of local organizations and key with MoFWSA. Ivory Coast\\IRC final report stakeholders (including the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Social Affairs, 15 coordinated program initiatives taken by the armed forces and UN agencies) MoH, MoFWSA and local NGOs / community in the prevention and response to groups in GBV prevention and response. GBV; including the establishment of a multisector GBV referral network. 51 Development Objectives Indicator Project Citation Physical violence Has your partner slapped you or thrown P110728 Protection from GBV something that could hurt you, or hit you in Ivory Coast\\SPF GBV Eval - with something that could hurt you? Endline Report Has your partner pushed, shoved, kicked, or dragged you? Has your partner choked you or burned you intentionally? Has your partner threatened to use a gun, knife or other weapon against you? Has your partner used a gun, knife or other weapon against you? Sexual violence Have you been forced to have sex with using P110728 Protection from GBV threats or intimidation? in Ivory Coast\\SPF GBV Eval - Endline Report Has your partner physically forced you to have sex when you did not want to? Emotional violence Has your partner tried to forbid you from P110728 Protection from GBV visiting your friends? in Ivory Coast\\SPF GBV Eval - Endline Report Has your partner done something to frighten or intimidate you? Has your partner threatened to hurt you or someone you care about? Has your partner belittled or humiliated you in front of other people? Economic abuse Has your partner taken your money against P110728 Protection from GBV your will? in Ivory Coast\\SPF GBV Eval - Endline Report Has your partner refused money for household necessities? Has your partner obliged you to give him all or part of the money you earned? Provision of timely, essential services % of total reported GBV cases who received P117558 Addressing GBV to survivors of sexual violence. relevant essential services meeting defined in South Kivu\\DRC - SPF quality standards during the reporting period Application20090924final % of service providers trained by IRC providing case management/ psychosocial, medical and legal services to survivors of GBV that consistently meet quality criteria % of community group sessions held where participants demonstrate knowledge of existing services, their importance and how to access services 52 Development Objectives Indicator Project Citation Community Support for Women and # of women and girls referred to a specialized P117558 Addressing GBV Girls Affected by Conflict. service in South Kivu\\DRC - SPF Application20090924final # of women’s groups that include survivors in their activities % of VSLA members who successfully complete the savings cycle % of communities where IRC CBO partners are operational whose local leaders took concrete measures to improve the safety and well-being of girls Advocacy for Application of Policies # of IRC-led efforts that support the joint UN P117558 Addressing GBV that Promote the Protection of Women and government coordination initiative. in South Kivu\\DRC - SPF and Girls; Coordination with Actors in Application20090924final Responding to Sexual Violence. # of CBOs and NGOs implementing advocacy efforts at local, provincial and national levels that are in line with the UN Comprehensive Strategy on Combating Sexual Violence Expand Access and Utilization of a Health personnel receiving training (number) P126088 DRC AF primary health Proven Package of Essential Health (cumulative) CORE care\\Project Paper DRC Jun Services 2012 Increased capacity of Bank teams to use P127249 Bangladesh Social rights perspectives – especially pertaining Protection & HR\\PCN June 2011 to women’s economic rights – to further dialogue with counterparts and clients; Improved understanding among Bank staff and partner organizations in South Asia on how rights can be supported on the ground through Bank operations, particularly in the area of social services; Increased understanding of OCC staff, partner organizations, and Bank staff on linkages between women’s employment and violence against women; Improved understanding and capacity of OCC staff to support their clients; Increased understanding of Bank staff of Bangladeshi civil society actors, and linking the network of civil society organizations to Bank operations. National and municipal governments Number of geo-referenced maps and P130819 Safer Municipalities\\ collected, analyzed, and used data number of municipal CPV surveys carried PAD on crime and violence perpetration out; percentage of municipal crime and and victimization (disaggregated by violence prevention and control policies that gender and age) for evidence-based utilize data to inform decision making policymaking and actions. 53 Development Objectives Indicator Project Citation Guidelines for municipal plans for Guidelines for plans and for intra-family P130819 Safer Municipalities\\ coexistence and citizen security and and gender based violence prevention, PAD sectorial interventions published school based violence prevention and inter- follow good practices violence personal violence prevention prevention Establishing services, implementers, Complete framework and analysis undertaken P143772 Improving Services gaps and priories establishing services, implementers, gaps for Victims of Gender-Based and priorities and Domestic Violence Project (Kiribati)\\P143772IDF Request P143772 Capacity Building One capacity building initiative undertaken P143772 Improving Services with a minimum of 30 representatives for Victims of Gender-Based trained. and Domestic Violence Project (Kiribati)\\P143772IDF Request P143772 Capacity Building Two key capacity building initiatives P143773 Improving Services undertaken, such as National awareness for Victims of Gender-Based campaign and/ or Training on gender based and Domestic Violence Project violence to schools, judiciary and police. (Solomon Islands)\\P143773IDF Request P143773 Reporting Systems Reporting systems and database established P143773 Improving Services with baseline data for Victims of Gender-Based and Domestic Violence Project (Solomon Islands)\\P143773IDF Request P143773 54 Annex 3. Overview of DPLs addressing SGBV PROJECT ID PROJECT NAME COUNTRY SECTOR BOARD APPROVAL DATE TOTAL INVESTMENT *(millions) P126351 Bahia Inclusion and Economic Brazil Economic Policy June, 2012 $700 Development DPL Relevant (Policy Area 1) Specific measures supported by the DPL. The DPL will support as a prior Prior Action action, the establishment of the Secretaria das Politicas para as Mulheres (SecMulher), the Secretariat of Women into a permanent secretariat with an improved organizational structure and expanded human and financial resources. The expected outcomes of the DPL are improved mainstreaming of gender issues and execution of a State Policy on Gender Equality across sectors and increased coverage and quality of services offered by the reference centers to women victims of violence in the State of Bahia. P132768 Pernambuco Equity and Inclusive Brazil Social Protection June, 2013 $550 Growth DPL Relevant Prior action: 3.1.2: The state has established institutional mechanisms for addressing Prior Action violence against women. The DPL will further support the establishment a Technical Chamber on Violence against Women and the strengthening of the M&E capacity of the GoP on issues related to GBV. The policy action includes the approval of a decree that creates the Technical Chamber on Violence against Women, but also it operationalization, notably in supporting the cooperation between SecMulher and other Secretariat on data sharing and monitoring issues related to gender-based violence, towards the establishment of an M&E system capable of informing the GoP on the state of GBV in Pernambuco, as well as on all actions related to violence against women being carried out. The policy action will contribute to strengthen PPV interventions focused on the prevention of violence against women, in providing much needed data and cross-sectoral cooperation through the Technical Chamber, which due to its visibility as part of the PPV system and monitoring framework, offers an unprecedented opportunity to address this issue beyond being simply a discussion forum. The collected data will feed into the PPV monitoring system and sessions. It will also contribute to the improvement of the definition, collection and monitoring of data, building upon the PPV existing M&E system to allow for the monitoring of this issue along with other priorities of this flagship Program. P106753 Expanding Opportunities, Enhancing Brazil Poverty March, 2012 $500 Equity in the State of Pernambuco Reduction Relevant Government Actions Supported by the DPL (Policy Action 3): The DPL will support as a Prior Action prior action the creation of a Permanent Secretariat for Women to replace the former temporary Special Secretariat for Women. By becoming a permanent secretariat, SecMulher is able to more vigorously advance gender mainstreaming in the public sector, while expanding its areas of focus to other key pressing gender issues in Pernambuco— namely the protection of violence against females, gender education, and women’s and maternal health. While many services currently exist to partially respond to these issues, the ability to reach and address the specific issues and constraints facing women remains limited. SecMulher is now able to promote more actively the institutional framework within the public sector to support gender issues through specialized gender units to respond to issues affecting the opportunities and wellbeing of women. It reflects the commitment of the Government of Pernambuco to the importance and relevance of gender issues to the development of the State. 55 PROJECT ID PROJECT NAME COUNTRY SECTOR BOARD APPROVAL DATE TOTAL INVESTMENT *(millions) P129652 Development Policies for the State of Brazil Health, Nutrition May, 2013 $1,050 Sergipe and Population Relevant Objective 3.c.2: Scale Up State and Municipal Government Support Programs Aimed at Prior Action Protecting Women in Situations of Violence and Vulnerability. Policy Action 12: Technical Cooperation Agreement signed between the State and at least one municipality in each of the four (4) regions with the highest concentration of gender-based violence (Sul Sergipano, Agreste, Baixo São Francisco and Alto Sertão) for decentralizing women protection and support programs to the interior of the State, as required by the Cooperation Agreement of July 21, 2009 between the State and Federal Government. P145605 Enhancing Fiscal Capacity to Promote Colombia Poverty Sept, 2013 $600 Shared Prosperity DPL Reduction Relevant Policy area IV. The Government of Colombia has mandated the provision of specific Prior Action measures to protect women who are victims of gender violence, such as provision of meals, transport and temporary housing. Indicator: Total budget assigned to finance provision of specific measures to protect women who are victims of gender violence (defined in the Decree No. 2734) as a percentage of the National Current Expenditures. P147695 Enhancing Public Management for Brazil Transport In negotiation $500 Service Delivery in Rio de Janeiro (ROC in Oct 2013) Relevant Under the third policy area, the proposed operation will back ongoing efforts in the Prior Action RJMR to reduce domestic and gender-based violence by supporting the implementation of the “Lei Maria da Penha”, using transport infrastructure as a platform for delivering information and social support services that had been previously constrained by limited resources for deployment. Expected results include: 1) Number of women benefiting from increased access to information and to social and legal services as per the provisions of the “Lei Maria da Penha” within the Supervia and Teleférico systems. 2) Increase in the number of women benefiting from the integration of the Supervia and Teleférico systems to access the “Casa da Mulher Brasileira”, and 3) Increase in the number of women benefiting from social and economic inclusion services within the Supervia and Teleferico systems. 56 Annex 4. Interview questions for TTLs 1. What projects have you worked on that directly addressed gender-based violence (GBV) either as a core objective or as a component? a. Sometimes GBV is discovered during project implementation, monitoring or evaluation. Have you ever discovered GBV during a project and attempted to add it to the project? If so, what did you learn from this experience that can inform future work? 2. What was the motivation for focusing on GBV (in this sector, this region, this context)? 3. Were men involved in these projects, and if so, how? 4. What lessons were learned from this experience that could inform other projects? a. Was there a formal evaluation? What framework and indicators did you use? (please provide document) i. With or without a formal evaluation, what lessons were learned? Can you point me to a report? b. Would these lessons translate well into other sectors, regions, contexts? Why or why not? 5. Specific to addressing GBV, what did not work well? Why? a. Was the project able to make adjustments during implementation to improve its impact? Please explain. 6. We are undertaking this review in order to find ways for the Bank to be more engaged on this issue. What do you think a review like this needs to include or emphasize in order to achieve this? a. What would be most helpful for you and your work? 7. Please share names of other TTLs or projects that have addressed GBV that can be included in this review. 57 Annex 5. PREM Gender’s Framework for Reviewing and Rating World Bank Lending Operations Whether an operation is gender-informed depends on a consideration of three dimensions: analysis, action, and monitoring & evaluation. If at least one dimension considers gender as indicated below, then the project is deemed gender-informed. Asking whether a lending operation is gender informed: does the operation…. • Identify and analyze gender issues relevant to the project objectives or components? • Report findings of country/regional gender diagnostics (gender assessment, poverty assessment, etc ) relevant to project development objectives or components undertake a social or environmental or poverty and social impact assessment? • Reflect the results of consultations with women/girls/men/boys and/or NGOs that focus on these groups and/or specific line ministries? • Include specific or targeted actions that address the needs of women/girls or men/boys? • Include interventions that are expected to narrow existing gender disparities? • Propose gender specific safeguards in a social/environmental assessment or in a resettlement framework? • Include specific gender and sex-disaggregated indicators in the results framework? • Propose an evaluation which will analyze the gender-specific impacts of the project? Starting from July 2012, the extent of gender integration will be self-assessed by TTLs. At the initiation activity stage, TTLs will be asked to reply to the following questions: 1. Analysis and/or consultation on gender related issues: Yes No 2. Actions to address the distinct needs of women and girls, or men and boys, and/or positive impacts on gender gaps: Yes No 3. Mechanisms to monitor gender impact to facilitate gender-disaggregated analysis: Yes No If “Yes” is selected for any of the three dimensions, this will create a gender flag. The reply to these questions will be updated by the TTL at concept note and appraisal stages. Permanent URL for this page: http://go.worldbank.org/H14RRU1B20 58 59 The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20433 USA Telephone: 202-477-1000 Facsimile: 202-477-6391 www.worldbank.org 60