and Integratinga GenderDimensionintoMonitoring &EvaIuationofRuralDevelopmentProjects - - 1- m T he World Bank aims to reduce gender dispa- The Bank's rural development strategy (Rural Develop- rities by enhancing women's participation in ment: From Vision to Action, 1997)recognizes the economic development. It assists member importance of integrating gender into all aspects of rural countries to "design gender-sensitive policies and development as a crosscutting issue. This requires programs to ensure that overall developmental efforts are developing an appropriate framework for assessing directed to attain impacts that are equitably beneficial progress in achieving broad-based and inclusive rural for both men and women" (Operational Policy 4.20). development. Researchfindings suggest that improving women's access to resources, control over income, and education, while reducing their time burden, will generate both effi- ciency and welfare ctmprojects,to monitw Increasing the eco- nomic productivity of the rural poor is largely about enabling women to realize their socioeconomic potential more fully and improve their own and their families' quality of life. Why tntegrateagender dimdoninto monitoringandevahmtion? Warnenrepresent the majority of the rural poor (up to 70%), especially where migration, marital Gender-sensitive monitoring & evaluation reveals instability, maIe mortality and single parenthood the extent to which a project has addressed the have Mt them as heads of household different needs of men and women, and has made an Although many times it .goes unrecognized, women impact on their lives and overall social and eco- nomic well-being It also improves project performance during imple- mentation, allows for midterm corrections, and Women have proved to be a driving force in achiev- makes it possible to derive lessons for future ing project effectiveness and reducing poverty projects. Monitortngis defined as "the continuousassessment of project implementation in relation to agreed schedules and of the use of inputs, infrastructure, and services by project beneficiaries". (seeendnote 2, page 7) Evahtationis defined as "periodic assessment of the relevance, performance, efficiency, and impact (both expected and unexpected) of the project in relation to stated objectives " Inn *7n. paragraph 2 and 3' 'see endnote "age '' How toIntegrateGenderintoMonitoringandEvaIuation An effective gender-sensitive monitoring and evaluation + Develop/select the "best" data collection methods system in rural development projects requires that the and decide on timing (Annex 2) following key activities be undertaken at different points Organize reporting and feedback processes, clearly of the project cycle: identifying who will collect and analyze information and when, and who will receive it. SXAGEI -UlENTLFlCATIONLPREPARATLON Ensure that the benchmark survey or baseline study are gender-sensitive4 Undertake an initial gender study or analysis5to identify the potential negative impacts of project intervention on women as well as men Identify gender-related goals and priorities based on available information and consultation with stake- holders Conduct a gender-sensitive social assessment6 to broadly cover social, cultural and economic aspects, if possible Assess the institutional capacity for integrating gender into development activities. SMGEU DESIGN & APPRAlSAL - Ensure gender is integrated into goals and objectives and set clear targets7 Plan for developing capacity to address gender issues and to monitor and evaluate progress Set up a monitoring and evaluation system Adopt and "engender" the LoficalFramcworLPa in the ProjectSummary of the PAD (Annm I) + ldentify and rrelectkey gender-sensitive indicators for input, o w t , w o m e and impact9 period &U c d d t t.ad h fiibd r k barom ~ Assess impact of project interventions an mena d women Derive and share lessons that can feed into tht overall Rural Development goals and objective: (Annex 3). THROUGHOUiTHEPROJECTCYCLE, PROMOTEPARTICIPATlONAND CONSULTATION y AMONG S T A K E H O L D E ~ ..... I . . I Key Issues To Consider I Design & Appraisal uo tne acttvltlesplannea reflect tne projecrs genaer- sensitive goals and objectives? Is there a credible implementationplan that links coursesof action and intermediate targets to expected final outcomeswhich benefit both men and women? institutionai framework to Are targets being set in consultation with stakeholders? promote gender equality in Are gender-sensitiveM&E indicators being identified in development activities? consultation with stakeholders?Have the beneficiaries Are the project's goals and identified performance indicatorsthey would like to objectives gender-sensitive:do monitor? they adequately reflect women's and men's needs? What is the level of input from Do the planningand implementingagencieshave the men and women stakeholders, capacity to identify and addressgender issues? Has staff local women's NGOs, commu- received gender-sensitivetraining? If not, will they? nity-based organizations,etc., in Is there an incentive structure (inciudingrewards and setting goals and objectives? sanctions) to encouragestaff to addressgender concerns? Is baseline information,against Have guidelinesfor gender related activitiesbeen which results can be measured, developed and implemented? being collected through gender Are fundsbeing allocated far gender capacitybuilding? analysis and/or social assessment? Is there a gender focai point or staff in charge of gender concernswithin the PMU and PIUs, and the concerned Ministry of the borrowing country? Data CollectionMethods: Do the tools and methods to collectdeta reflect gender outcomesand impacts? Are there male and femaledata collectors, and have they received gender sensitivity training? Particifiabry ruralrtppr&al (PRA) comprisesa Are standarddata collection and analysis methods being growing family of participatory approaches and methods complemented with qualitative methods such are PRA, that emphasize local knowledge and enable local eople to make their own appraisal,anal sis, and plans. h e focus groups,etc?Isgender analysis being integrated into purpose of PRA is to enabledeve opment practitioners, Y these? government officials,and local people to work together to is the possibility of conductinga stand-alonegender plan context-appropriateprograms. PRA uses grou animation and exercisesto facilitate informations aring, K study being considered? analysis,and action amongstakeholders.Originally Does the project designtake into account the different developed for use in rural areas, PRA has been employed MGrE informationneeds in terms of how the informa- rion will be used and by whom, and are these needs being assessed in light of budgetary and time constraints? Pa-ps: 4 ISthe possibility of developing partnerships with local women's NGOs, grassrootsorganizations,research centers, etc., for data collection and analysisbeing explored? throughouttheProjectCycle I Did both men and women Are gender-sensitiveand sex- participate in the project? Did disaggregated data being collected both men and women receive the to keep track of inputs and outputs, benefits? and to measure outcomes?From What were the preliminary what sources? indications about emerging Is the same information as the outputs?How did they affect men baseline data being collected for and women? the indicators at one or several Did the project produce the times during the life of the project intended benefits for men and in order to measure and evaluate women?How do the results impact? compare to the targets?What Is there thematic unity in all data factors account for variations in collection formats and reports? impact? Are the data fed back to project How did the risk indicators/ personnel and beneficiaries on a critical assumptionsabout gender timely basis to allow for project interact with the project's inputs adjusttnents? in support or hindrance of project Are local women's organizations, progress? NGOs, research institutes, etc., How can gender impacts be involved in monitoring the progress increased or stabilized? of the project's gender integration? How did project beneficiaries, Are the resultslfindingsbeing male and female, respond to the disseminated and consulted?How? interventions? When? What are the realistic prospects Are there specificand adequately of sustaining the benefits stream detailed references to gender in in the long term? progress/supervision reports? Promoting participation in gender-sensitive M&E can build consensus among stakeholders on the project's gender goals, and on what gender outcomes to monitor and what impacts to evaluate. Participatory M&E makes it possible to identify problems early in the project implementation stage, and give communities and implementing agencies the ability and flexibility to respond to changing scenarios that may affect the project interventions. It taps the perspectives and insights of all stakehold- ers, beneficiaries as well as project implementers. All stakeholders identify issues, conduct research, analyze wee findings, make recommendations, and take responsibility Are participatory processes among stakeholders, men and for necessary action. Stakeholders who are involved in women, being encouraged when: the identification of problems and solutions will develop -- the all-important ownership and commitment to any Setting goals? corrective actions adopted. Selecting the best d lection methods? Setting targets? The first steps for integrating gender into the partici- Collecting and matyzing data? pation process include: Identifying acthities and indicators? . - r 1. Identifying the key stakeholders and ensuring they Monitorin and evaluating? I will all be invited to participate during consultations 4- Planning: implementing and maintaining projects? 2. Assessing the current scope, level and quality of Reporting and disseminating resulrs? participation. (To what extent are organizations .representingboth women and men involved, and what are the factors limiting their fuller participa- How miny women and men, people from different @tion?) ethnic groups, members of different castes, and Identifying and setting measures to strengthen the daereht economic classes are participating among capacityof weak and vulnerable groups, including the stakeholders? hat is the level of input of women and men at ers, women and men, in key activities?(e.g., numb? m --- -ww-: - a.. - - afioa-a 0.1 I Endnotes(topqes f and2) tional issues; (iii) definition of a participation framework; and (iv) establishment of mechanisms for monitoring and evaluation. Rural dwelopmeot is a strategy to alleviate poverty through Where adverse impacts are identified, a social assessment also will sustained increases in the productivity and income of the rural determine how to avoid, minimize, or substantially mitigace them, poor. Rural development projects strive to promote overall and develop the capacity to enable participation, resolve conflict, productivity and improve cost-effectiveness by: (i) directly permit service delivery, and carry out mitigation measures in ways benefiting large numbers of rural poor, (ii) having a sufficiently that are socially sound. low cost per beneficiary so that they may be extended or replicated T h e tarset should be a clear value against which actual project over broader areas, and (iii) capturing the production potential of results can be measured. Targets should be realistic and quantifiable rural women and men-farmers, livestock managers, entrepreneurs, statements of expected outcomes. They represent what the project etc. wants to achieve in concrete terms. * Successhrlm o n i t o ~(I)provtdes feedback durlng the t "Engenderhg"theLo@amo requires thac the processof process of implementation; (11)requtres collection of readlly planning a project as well as each component of the Logframe available ~nformatlonand mlnlmal processing and analysls of ~ t , matrlx be done through a "gender lens". Preparation of an (111)focuseson the current status of lndlcators; (iv) places "engendered" Logframe lnvolves project planners, stakeholders, appropriate emphasls on project outputs and Impacts as well as and beneficlarres In analyzing gender relations and addresstng Inputs. quest~onsat each level of the framework. This analysis takes place An evaluationsystemlnvolves the development of a serles throughout the course of monttorlng and evaluatlon, keeping In ofdqpover a tlme span starting before the project 1simplemented mind that the Logframe 1s both adjustable and applicable to long- &continu- beyond the implementation ~erlod.Unlike term project management. nuhitoring, an e v a l u a t i o ~ q u ~ rae slonger tlme span before even The Logical Framework (Logframe) 1s the model for the Project p t a t i v e concIusions can beadrawn. Summary Destgn (Annex 1)of the Project Appratsal Document C%je&es of walnationr(i) Qeterm~neswhether the (PAD). p@ject objectives set in terms of expqted outputs, outcomes and indi+zstors,as they measure gender- w a c t are bang, or will be, met; ( i ~esPab11shescausal~tyand ) 9 Gender-sensitive related changes in soclety over tlme, polnt out how far and In what ways development programs and projects have met the~rgender to measure whether gender equlty 1sbelng ach~eved.Ind~catorscan nput monim pr*t*ciflc -64 & prov~dedfor each project item; usuallyused at& cfe the to measure output for each project or partlclpatlon Issues, which includes mbatamtat mdMnrtion of soclal Impacts, (11)evaluatlon of institutional andsocia1organiza- GenderI n t e einaTypicalRaralDevetapmentw e & ProjectJks+ Smnmary (ANNEX 1oE'PAD) Marrativa Summary I Pe~rformtmlldl~ton (~emder-mnsiiiue) Monitoring and Evaluation: Data Sources I.Seefor-relatedCAS lncrease in productivity of crops grown by male and Rural household survey Growth in Owl: female farmers 8National statistical data agricultural Revitalization of rural lncrease in income of men and women farmers Impact Evaluation production will Increase in per capita food availability in MHHs and FHHs economy and poverty contribute to reduction through increased Reduction in the percentage of population below poverty poverty reduction agricultural production and line and food security productivity in male-and female-headed households Gender study report in the project production through lncrease in the number of men and women farmers improved packages and receiving training in improved agricultural practices better management adoption of sustainable Commitment of made/tried infkld (gender-sensitive) Monitoring and Evaluation: I oaasources IV. Project ComponeIIb/ Policy recommendationsinitiated Projectimplementationplan Extensionpolicy Sub-Components w Amount of budget allocated for strengtheninginstitutional Supervision reports will emphasize Policy iovrl: capacity Financialmonitoring reports equal participa- Agriculturalpolicy review Amount of funds disbursed Disbursement reports tion of men and and reforms women farmers I in extension Institutional Number of men and women extension agents in the Midterm reviewlevaluation activitiesto strengthening: districts Financialmonitoring reports improve Humanresource Number of female extension agents recruited Disbursement reports agricultural development Infrastructureimprovementfor extension agents Genderstudy production Gender balanceamong Number of gender training programs plannedlfunded for Socialand extensionstaff male and female extension agents cultural norms + Trainingof extensionstaff Amount of funds allocated for researchon gender will encourage Researchagendato include sensitive issues in agriculture women's effective technology development for participation women Privatesector and NGO Partnership with private sector and NGOs in gender Field interviews nvolvementin reseafchand capacitydevelopment established Case studies -- Farmers' capaci mln-T' -. * Propergender balance in the beneficiary profile; improved ; Progress and supervision reports thez2 development h?ccess of women to project incentives Field interviews tmpmvementh Nr k r of training courses plannedlorganizedtor male Case studies I of women farmersto anck8male farmers ' pmductfveresources a NumberBfarrners' field demonstrations, FFSs planned Trainingof menandwomen for WOn~en farmers inimprwed umber of m v d women palcipating in farmers' aoricufluralpractices group activities I ~ ewestionsto ~ s k k ~4%gemdming9* the wed y - e n ~ u m m r m q LW'. I I v - - h b ?l Meansof -'L--l PmjeelObiedlves Doestheprojecthave What measurescan verifyachievementofthe gender- responsive genderresponsiveobjedive(s)'l Areda$ for mmg me objec2ive(s)? goal, Objectives, Omuts andactivitiessex- disaggregatedand Isthedistriind What measurescanv e w thatprojectbeneRb andVLedinLm-tsof amuetowomenaswellas meo, andto gender? factorsare necessaryfor I I t i accwntgenderrolesand What genderanalys~ achieving projectbenefits rehtions? ', willbeapnmnriatn'? (espemi@beneftt~ I I factorsare necessaryfc contributetohheW achievingthe activities and I ~ i i thecontribuUona(womenas I Is w&wmen 1 I especiallyensuringcontin~lm I involvementof menand . womenparticipantsinthe pmjecfl - . Smtrce: H e h Hambly-Odame. 2000. "Eneendmngthe Logframe."ISNAR. . ._* . ..*... 4 < '-.· a * . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . ANNEX 2 SugptedData Collectionand Analysis Methods forRural DevelopmentProjects Method I Application ( Ease and cost of data colleclion and analysis 1 Quanlltative methods - _- _ - - -- -- --- -- Householdsurveys Householdinformation on size, labor force participation, Sex-disaggregatedquestions can be included at no cost. Howeve~ incomeand expenditure levels, ownershipof assets. applyingsub-modules to individualhousehold members increases I interviewtime, and often requires a secondvisit. ...3y beincludedonhouseholdsurvey but requiressomeadditional prioritization of needsand projects. time to administer. - - - - - --- ----- - -- I It requires1-2 days. allocationwhen new crops or techniques are introduced. - I _ atlng the time women and menspend collecting Questionscan be included in surveys, but where possiblethis should and fuel, traveling to work, unpaidand paid be combined with focus groups or direct observation.Household diaries can also be used. a relatively smai, , the consultationand participationprocess election, preparation, implementationand at interviews but oftenwith a ts, but where possiblethese should be 1 for deliveringservices. lricultural calendars Qualitativepicture of activitiesfor all enterprises and basis, identify by sex, family position, and wage status, operations. the person(s) responsiblefor farm and non-farmtasks, It requires 1- 2 days. ap l o c a t m a i n agro-ecological zones, farmi-. Separatewalks with men andwomen can be idomnative. It requlres a ms, socialgroups, and infrastructure;Main problems team and residentsfor half a day to 1 day. f community and key informants for various issues. I1 onductedby interdisciplinaryteam of rural dweller sand tists, with rural dwellers/residents taking the t a d and ing out major features and problems. lear visual picture of participants, beneficiaries,and It requires a a ay o !A. 'Semistructuredintewiews, usuallytaped, andconductedseparatelywith Iprocesses, social networks, values, and beliefs. women and men. It cantake 1-2hours/group (of upto 20 people). Quick. inexoensiveoverview of conditions andoractlces It requires 1-2hours/vilbge. teiiews acrossviltages. Open-ended questioningof - - representingmorethan one household. ommunity pom&$ ' Comparison and contrast between beliefs and practices It requires 1-2 hourshillage. I I across villages. Porlraits of a variety of project villages I with women and men. ANNEX 9 Rural ScoreCard: AssessingRmalWkU-being throughaGenderLens TheRural Score Card is a compositeset of indicators that can be used to measure progress in achieving overall rural well-being in a given country.The Score Card is useful in policy dialogues with client countries in focusing attention to areas of need. The Rural Score Card uses poverty reduction goals to set the indicators of rural well-being and takes into account the expanded connotation of poverty that includes lack of basic needs, servicesand capacities. It also recognizes vulnerability,powerlessness, and inequality as key aspects in poverty which are intricately associated with gender issues in rural development. The framework for the Rural Score Card identifies five specificoutcomesof poverty reduction initiatives in rural areas. The correspondinggender-related issues and indicatorsare useful in assessinghow the poverty reduction initiatives address the needs of both men and women. Human developmentIs fostered Net primly enrollmentrabo, malesandfernales'~rnaUonaDevelopment Goal) 1 Changesin men-women ratio in literacy(15-24 years old) (hternationalDevelopment Goal) Men'6and women'saccess to different types of training Women3 accessto information I - Equity isfostered Men's and women's accessto productiverghtme6 Women's legdpositionin rnhmgand aqdfbg geader ~ ~ (Pnd{% of~ W farms in 1ndividuaJownership ownedby womerl)' Women's accessto credlt; average slze of hmuto rmnahand men Men'sand waman's time-use cn householdandf m m g dvUies M e hand women's access to technoloqy sod r~tvbbsb agriculture Men's end women's capacityto adopt mrnpmabWhnology "1 Women's rote indeckion makinginfamlly and lamringacivM Women's-rolesin cooperatives, ~nlocalplanningwrb decmbn maklng Women In leadershippositions avillage/commnity level -- Women's controlover incomeand othr llovsehoklresourc;es Y Employmentip&$rlou!turejatio of females asa of femele laborfmto males as a % of malelaborforce -Foodsecurityis enhanced Availabil~tyof anrmal proteln~nd~et :Thisinfannationcanbeobtained bornseveralsourcesincludinghousehold surveys, poverty assesrmous,Ministry ofEducation,Ministry of Health, and Iotherrelevant Ministries,women's o r g a ~legal associations,disnict dm,focusgroup, andspecials t u b combiniwquanutan'veandqualitativemerhods., ~ , ...... ............ m..... Bamberger, Michael. 1999.DevelopingG& Sensitive Hambty-Ohe, Helen. 2000. Engenderingthe b9frume. ~Monirorfng Evduadon Systemsfor Rum1Trm!and and ISNAR. Transport Projectsand Progrm-Draft. The Wortd Okidegbe,Nwerue. 2000.MonitoringRurd Webbeing:a Bank,Washingtan, D.C. RuralScore Cmd.Rural Development,The World Bainbergcr,Michael, Mark Bkckden, Vialeta Bank,Washington, D.C Manoukian and Lucia Fart. 2000. Gendcr Chapter, World Bank. G e d r in AgricUltUre: A WOT[dBank PRSP Sourcebook. The World Bank, Washington, Leanaing Module.URL: h t t p : / l w . w h k .mg/ D.C. g&/madule/Index. hnn Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). World Bmk. 1994.Rural Womenin the Sahel and their 1997.A Project Level Hadbook: The Why and How of Gender-Sensitive lndiultors.Canada. Access to Agnculturd Extension: Ovaview of Five CountryStudies. Washingtan, D.C. Canadian incernationat Development Agency (QDA). 1997.Guide to G&+Sensitioe I n c l i m . Canada. Fong, Monica S. and Anjana Bushan. 19%. Toolkit on Gender in AgricuItu~e:Gender Toolkit Series No. I. The World Bank. Washington, D.C. Particular thanks are due to the World Bank-Netherlands Partnership Program for its financial support towards the preparation of the Toolkit. We also thank our colleagues in the Rural Development Sector for their input and collaboration. Fwparu?aby: Lucia Fort Beatriz Leilani Martinez Madhuchhanda Mukhopadhyay bc- with* Gender and Development Group, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management, http://www.worldbank.orglgender Gender and Rural Development The- matic Group, Rural Development, http://wb1no018.worldbank.orglessd/ essd.nsf/rural+deveioprnent/po~l TheWorldBank Washington,DC U381 amtm~nts m tktfa~mlngHI-. Oedes diffwmuj krpwldgri and Infommtiar,a d suppatservtcer inapiculd G e n d o mandBisrsedmatiom N k ~ ~ ~ d b d lvbagementl%Q#m design. However, the StaffAppraisal Report Included a component on gender-related stud~esand technical assistance activities.INTA also received supportfor gender work from ~ntemanonalorganlzatlonslike NORAD, FINNIDA, the Dutch Servicefor Development Cooperation, and the SWISSGovem- ment. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i o INTA has made good progress in lnst~tutionalizinggender in esp&&& dtfaEtafcpddddhawhob all its operattons.It has taken steps to: undertake participatory d~agnosisto identify institutional bottlenecks in integratinggender m agricultural research Integrate gender analysts In extension manuals provide tralnlng for technical staff,clients and management ~ f f t t & W ~ z f i s t d & e v a r i e d a c . t i v i t h o f ~ u o a ; r w * d c a l b ~ & * ~ a d d L.) incorporatea gender In INTrzS annual operational plans and undertake systematic monitoring of the action plan ~ ~ \ I W r n t b r ~ ~ ~ B g t i ~ ~ ~ providtdbp,mlrnd*d analysisin agr~cultural * ~ g ~ ~ ~ b r a ~ ~ r n ~ r n d i t l ~ 4 g l d r n I a . ~ ~ ~ ~ v ~ g w q d c o h ebes u e c e ~ & . ~ i n & i k l t ~ o f ~ s e r v i c e s 1 l r b e * Ekt-hg, m u k i s e c b d in~ Development . * VfD a m b ~ mw-5 ~ imbthatgdrwshe ~ d n c ~ h P a r d U ~ d p p 6 h ~ o f ~ ~ ~ t a t a i s e ~ e r a ~ cnipbizc g a t t d in~hitWtk ~ JFundingforresearchonspecilic JResearchprogramsfocusingon J Technologiestoaddressgender technology needs of menand gmdwspecific needs needsinplace-better use of women farmers JTechnolopiesmadesimpleand saved tlme JFundingforresearchonminor non input-intensivefor easy J Increaseinproductivitythrough cropsand vegetabte adoption adoption of improvedpackages JEmphasisonfarmingsystems' by allcategoriesof farmers researchwith a gender focus JFundingforstafftraining,in JGmdertrainingprovidedtoandl JResearchandextensionsystem genderawarenessraising, and or phned for researchand more sensitiveto gender-based gender tools and methods extensionstafl needs JMalesandfematesamong JProjectsupporlforgenderspecific JResearchendextensionstaff JIncreaseinnumberofwomen extensionstaff activities in researchand trained for Increasedfocus on agriculturalgraduatesin rural JRcilltiesforadvancededucation extension gender in supportservices areas inagriculture for women JStrengtheningfacilAlesforwomen JCurriculumdevelopedtomeat JImprovemenlInqualityof inagriculturaleducation,inclusion gender-basedneeds servicesinextension of women inthe faculty I JExtenshwprograms,ifarty, to JProjectsupportfordissemination JTamingandcontactsamong J Wide adoptionof technologyby meet gender-specific needs and adoptionof advanced femalefarmers menand women farmers of all JAppropriatenessofextension technology J Infarrrrerledextension- messagesto maleandfemale JStrengtheningofASStoinchrde women's parficipatloointniniog, Wmrs d diirentcategories women and field demonstrations JAocesstotechnologyand JExtensionmessagesandtrain'mg J Technologyadoptionmadeeasy exhnnsionservicesby women made relevantto the needsd and economical farmers menand wamen in farming J PatUciitionof women infield JPrivatesectorandffiO demonstrations,FFSs involvementintechnology testing, dissemination and training - J Gsndsrsensitivityinmarchand Jhhtivestopromoteg8nder JEmphasisongenderinresearch Jincreaseinmenandwomen extensionpolicy-prioii on equality in researchexiensittn and extension farmers' incomethrough addressing gender needs P ~ C Y JAdoptionratesofadvanced imprevedaccess to technology JDifferenthlallocation,accessto JExtensionslategytointegrate technologies bywomen and and extensionservices. resou~cesby menandwomen gender consideretionin planning under- privileged JImprovementinemployment J SttWgies toencoufagefemale and irnplemsntation;incentivesto JWomen's mrollmentin opponunltiesin rota1areasfor studentsfrom ruralareas staff for gender mainstreaming agrlculttlralcomes trainedgraduates Jlncentlvesandreservationfor female studentsinagricukuml I 1 /Assesstechnologyandextension JEmphasizepariicipationin IJ MeasuregenUer integration IJ Evaluate Impactin both qualitative needs of menand women identification,planningand againsttargets set for researC11 and auantitativeterms. tamers, and identlfythegaps in implementation of activities and extensionactivltis. supportservices J Provideoptionstowomen J Asseds mateandfemalefarmers' farmers ~ D choosingactivities. T needsandconstraints JDevelopagendercoregroup within the systemlo ensure aender intaration. SuggestedGender-Rnl3ted Indicatorsfor AKIS Projects ......,,.,.,. .,.,,,.., .,..dnder 4 Numberof gendertrainirlg 4 Genderorientedresearch-extension specific research, extension programs organizedfor staff activities completed capacity buildingand twining 4 Level~f NGOandprivatesector 4 Improvement inquality of support services 4 Numberof women and men in involvementin extensionservices for women farmers- morecontact, need- communityparticipation including andfarmerstraining b m d advice, etc. researchand extensionplanning 4 Curricula~evisedto suit needs of 4 Numberof staff trained 4 Amount of fundingfor improved women. 4 Genderbalanceamongextensionstaff facilitiesfor agriculturaleducation + 4 Number of women farmers trained- Numberof research-extension ' women infield triils(%) sub-projectsplannedlinitiatedto 4 Numberand quality of gender-focus i' addressgender needs. I extension messagesproduced I 4 Increase inwomen's enrollment. Agro-Enterprise Development Identification I Design and Preparation I and Agpraisal I and Suueruision I ~omoletlon I I s to J Strengtheningmarketinforma- J Assess and improveparticipa- J Betterknowledgeabouthigh tion systems for male and female tion of women in trade and value added productsand agro- SMEs producers organizations marketing among women and J Strengtheningrolesofwomenin J Improvefacilitiesforwomenin men entrepreneurs trade and policy and participa- markets J Increasedincomefromproducts raccess by sex to toy planning %...-.-.nd services omen's ~articioationin trade I and prodtk.ers iganizations J Men'sandwomen's rolesin J Technologicalandmanagement J Identifyandtarget women J Increaseinincomeofmenand agro-processingand trade support to small and medium entrepreneursin agro- women from agro-enterprises. J Opportunitiesand barriersfor entrepreneurs, men and women processing activitiesand trade J Improvementinefficiencyand women's entry in agro- J Supporttowomenlsmall J Assess and improvetechnical levelof women's participationin processingand trade enterprises in movingfrom and managerialskills among agro-enterprise J Newtrendsreplacing women's informalto formal status, menand women entrepreneurs home-basedenterprises and assistancein licensingand J Improveaccessof women trade tendering entrepreneursto producers and trade organizations J Opportunitiesand constraints J Proiectsupporttoimprove J Increasenumberofmaleand J lncreaseinefficiencyand for women's employment in women's skill levelsin female skilledworkers productivity of labor especially agro-enterprises processingand trade J Improvewomen's levelof of women workers J Barrierstowomen'sparticipa- J Provideaccess to information employment in agro-enterprises J EqualtreatmentIwagesbysex tion in farm-businesslinkages on fair wages, protective legislation,etc J Giventhe importanceof agro- J Designactivitiesat various J Analyzethechangesintherole J Increased roleof women in enterprises for women, assess levelsto closethe gap between of women in agro-enterprise agro-enterprises and market opportunities for women at the men and women in opportuni- activities. linkagesshould be assessed. outset of the project. ties (or access), efficiency,and productivityin agro-enterprises. SuggestedGender-RelatedIndicators for Agro-Enterprise DewelupmentProjects + Amount of funding allocatedto provide + Effectiveparticipationof women in agro- + Improvement in women's income assistanceto menand women in agro- enterpriseand trade activities + Overallimprovement enterprise t Improvementinwomen's employment + Amount of fundingfor market infrastructure levels-reduction in wage differentialsand developmentand improved accessto skills gaps A markets + t Increaseinwomen's participationand Strenglheningof producersand trade leadershipin producersandtrade organiza- organizations. tions. The Forestry sector includes the brbad range of activitiespertaining tonatural 1 rehabilitationof previously forested areasfor production, protection,conservatic EtatiodeforlntcpthgGenderintoForestryOperati- Therelationshipbetween local men and women and forestsplaysan important role in forestry improve their livelihood. Men and women have differentroles and needs in the use and manage the importanceof these activitiesfor subsistenceand incomegeneration, forestryoperationsshould account to improve the effectivenessof forestry projects. bmo- Tk@qinhint&rest . Hotdi% separate meetings for women tobetter understand Mawement (JFiuohhdh their needsand priorities The JFMw s initiated to involvevillage committeesand ~(30~ Undertaking separateparticipatoryappraisalswith men in the regeneration, managementand of degraded .- and women and then faciliratingjoint negotiarions to draw up village plans forests. In order to improve the genderbalance m the JFMs, somestates have reserved at leastone third of the managing .. Promotingwomen's groups to improve self conf~denceand committee places forwomen. Changes in the policyh e w o r k empowerment,and mobilize influenceon governments; have encouraged more women to participate m the JFMprocess. and In Pradesh' the program access to and conml :. Motivating localprogressive leadersto advocatewo over resourcesand involvewomen in resource management in a - equalrights and participationthroughgrassrootsPOUPS. major way The VSSs,communityorganizationsat the village levels,protect a demarcated area of forest land and in mum Sources: Our Forests OurFuture,Reportofthe World enjoy usufructrights. Each villagehousehold isrepresentedby a . Conferenceon Forestand SustainableDeuelopmr.Emil man and a woman in the VSSs and no less than 30% of the . and Ada Ullstein, Co-Chairman, Cambridge Univ., VSS executivecommittee membersare women . Cambridge,UK. SomeNGOs and State Forestdeparaents have started : "Involvementof Women in Joint ForestManagement in experimentingwith variousstrategiesto enhance women's Andhra Pradesh State." GrmooaConcerns.D. Surya .' women should be involved.The socio-economicsurvey identifiedaver 224 differentend-use combinationsused by m e n and women in the project area. A thorough study of The project used a forestryextension system to implement a local traditions, customary land rights,and farmers' knowl- reforesmtion program and develop microenterprises. Emphasis edge also helped identifyactivities,and revealed the followi wasput onself-helpgroupsand participatoryprocesses, in which gender differences: gender was givenspecialimportanceas 40% of thesmallholder Men decide where trees should beplanted on the farm, farmerswere women. Women's groupswere idendied as project and carry out silviculturalpractices where they reside. beneficiaries for deliveringproject inputsas they are incmingly Women look afteron-farm m e nurseries takutgup men's &. Disaggregationof project componentsby Treesoften belong to men, women do not fell trees. Trees sex was felt necessary to ensurethat inputs reach both men and women. ldencificationof female headed households iscritical in are rarely harvested Women weed trees as well as agriculturalcrops, and this exercise. handle men's responsibilities when men are away in off- farm activities. EmergingGender Lrsues and Activities: I&I Women walk considerable distances for fuelwood; Fueleffiiientstoves backload of 25-30 kgs lasts3-4 days Water scarcity isa problem-women often walk for an Water for project nurseries hour or more dailyfor fetchingwater Neither men or women have experience managingsmall Skillsdevelopmentfor forestry micro-enterprises businessesand accessing credia Women's farming responsibilitiesincrease as most men Technical Assistance for both men and women go for off-farmactivities;women also tend animals Men make decisions about marketingof trees and tree Womenwill preferfruit tree plantations. products,and use of proceeds; Women marketfruits. I NGOsfor providingtralnin~ I SuggestedGender-Re- EndfatorsforForestryProjects/ I productsfor men and women u 1 Livestock DeveIopment Ine 11Ve.StOCKsua-sectorcornpr~segactivltiescontrlDuungto sugralnaDle 11vescock&r#1R to~duce popmp~, supportwidely shared growth, and increase food security.Sustainabilityin livest d t S & provisionof technology, information,supporting services,and enabling policies the efficiencyof renewableresource use. Rationale forIntegratingGenderintoLiwestockProjects Male and femaleproduceashave somewhatdiffc~nrneedsfor technologyandsupportsmrices,due to,l and ~esponaibititiesin livestock activities. Womengenerallyraise smallstock and are involved in areresponsiblefor largeanimalsandmankewproduce.Livestockprojects shouldtakethese increase projecteffectivenessandswtabbility. Mid-course ChangesBenefitRural Wmen:NatiomISmallLivestock ProjectinTug0 I n h i o r c $ i n t h c e s r l p 1 9 8 0 s t n ~ w i & U S A I D d ~,rheBenttawatcsdoheN~SmalILi@~ i n T e p w h t c h ~ t o ~ ~ ~ ~ d s m a l l L i ~ s a a s m ~ & $ I m a t t p ~ ~ b I I d n C d v i * d b t a l b f ~ ~ i a ~ T h e ~ ~ ~ i n l t E n l ~ ~ o n ~ w m a ~ a , I d a n i m a l b I h a n d d ~ 4 b p m e n I d w w g & t n d - fadwe, ~ , d ~ i c d r e s t a r c h l n d w d ~ . t m q m d b n e f h r s ' o ~ w ~ ~ . h J Improvementinreturnsfrom livestock for all categories of J Improvement inmen'sand J Men's andwomen's accessto , gender-basedneeds and extension staff SuggestedGender-RelatedIndicatorsforL-ivstocIrDeveZopmentProjects - - - * 9/0d women among livestock +Men's and women's levelof +Genderbalanceamong extension staff; No. 4 Changesinincomeand producersby animals participationin village Level of staff trained on gender subsistence-equitable share of (,Contribution of livestockto planning +Number of extension messages producedl income among men and women women's/rnen's incomeand + Existingpolicy initiativesto disseminated on gender issues in + Changesin nutritional status- subsistence addressgender issues in access production avaifabillty of milk and animal + Amount of milk and animal to resourcesin livestocksector e Numberof women receivinghelp, availing proteinfor the family. protein consumed by the family. + Funds allocatedldisbursed for health care services capacity building-training on + Number of women healthcareproviders gender for research & extension + Number of women in producers'coopera- staff tives + Women's level of participationin + Changes in marketing networkand producers' cooperatives;women's infrastructurefor livestockproduce- group for cotkction and proximity, milk routes, transport. marketing + Fundallocationfor improvement in animalhealthcarefacilities, accessibility, affordabillty. ---.A. 'k' 5-, Rural tinance comprisesall types oftntancialservicesfor housenolasana enterprisesin rural areas.Specifically,rural finance includesproviding credit, ments and other financialservices to farm householdsor off-farmbusinesses.The fat some interestor fee forloaning and safeguardingfunds. There ir evidence that women use credit a &wtivclg as men, when u isavdablc, and that theit r . ' ' ' ' I . . I . , I . higherthan men. Further, savingsare ane Yet women have mom Umitedamsr to fo.-.-. .-..-.. . .- - - -- ~ savings,creditmd creditefinanced inpun is essential forimpraving theircapacity to taiseproductivity in ~ r d; d T 1 # ~ ~ ~ ~ 7 S a s t hnyaWemenF ITrust(KWFT),a~ affiliateofWomen's 8orkiBanting,hosbeea~~wradswmgrhwing Womenk k + t InitiativesRajscc(WDIP)is womcn's@rtidpedanhrhk~cmsrinsneam.FoEuaad~ar. d s enhancingskdk ptod~ftiatyand inume ofa~men woMnwhohareUdeaccessto formalcredit itprovids whu bear the burdenafponrty inEthiopb.It is &@ed to rcqumirc tminingtohelpwomenenacpreneutd KWFTd mrddrrsseartht~cingdofpoorwonrcnwhowrll13at inopemiansin +I%&witk sevuai&onasprwidbg ahemkhaveacfessta hmtitutionalfinance,.wdimprove grants.A ha mmetutingin19908KWFTh s e d on agraup k h o l d , socialande m m i c welfare inselectedpoor districts. LdaeditstmtcgythatiGprwedirsperdbmccimmemly. Graots dlbtruedtoenwuragewomentoformandremainin ~hassinceeamneBasaoeliab&wurced&&cditto grwpsoganiwdaroundproductiveactivities.Theprajeethas bmef~tedfromlesscrrrsfrommherexprimmasuch providingaclditionalsaurcesc$ Income. Ithasatro4h e , C o n m u m a y ~ ~ l i m e o n d r e s o u r c r s d t r r w r h e ~bondsamongrhcdn,whidhasulhtdbutBdt~ 1 needfbr copady hdhg.The WDIP divided intoa numberofmi~pmjects,and9 m I2mmhs wen allowed KWFPs~ s a a t c g yis to keepdmfnisaarivecastsdownand forcapacitydcveI-t after d i t &ctivenw.. The tinEthegronth inl & i to tbcavailabilityd fuuds. Ths strwturr and havebeen Lept simple ~ i l l c g i s ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ r i v e i n *~ ce or le nt mc m y ~ a n d ~ w ~ f o r ~ Fnding tomatq d i ~and,mainrainingahighrepaymentzatol. ~ e n s e d ~ m u n t d ~ y o f p m j t cWomen's t s . groups will be arlwd to providesavingsofabout 10%ofhe dagbarnce(5%inIrlnd) TmdilioRaIcmd*-nsutre(e.g. k a m d mdio)drobel~l~effectivcinfea~~mmd~m~1of $ 4of~ impmam the initiadvaan: pwrhmdokii. Map* andpromatiaomeasureswill TheBbharaSchemc,agtwpb a d mdel of interm&- , ensuethatromenfsinmadparticipationisseens9a ' r.ton,similatt~ the ChineenBankmdel fn ihglwhh, howhokl decision rather theirownconcern whichwas adoptedby theKenyaRuralhterprIseProgtam Ctrprzciy W n girneeded bothat thecentraland regional TheUamMfaScherne,which &towhole& a unitlm g m m n m m t ~ t o c f f e ~ ~ t h e ~ mexistinggroupwhicb thenretaillow to dmirmrmbers. kprogect Tbisreduce~thoexpenscsqngrou~fonaatiQIld~ ddnbmtion,andsxmgthmtheKWETa u d TheSmallEnterprisePmWionalSmkcOrgmbrion (SEPSO),developedmcobretionwiththeKc* ManagementAsmciadonPmlgam(KMAP), rov i d e traiaingtobqjgerclienrs Bastd on h aurperiem, theprojectcampma aimto addmwomen'sneeds thou& The%st practiceh m gand marlreclinkages"programu, ~~ supparcSUCWSUI womenpltnprmew~actas mentorsfor 1. GCWTOOQFd(GIFI,Efinancingwindow,willbe otherwahen. demaad-dri~cnropmvide mpporttowomen's grwpsso that they can andh i d eon whichproductivea&ties ha:KmyaWomenFinwceTM:C mSwBjofa Micro- theywill invet %mace Sdme.FIndings, AM& Reglion.No.70.Sept 19%. 2. I m w SLY- includingcapacitybuildingfor hermediaries andWlimtm in group ~ i z a t i o npject , design,appraisnl, monitoringandevaluation,and technical sqpon providedmcanuactb d s depend'i onthe needs. The mformation,education,andcmnmunkrioflcomponents will improveawarcaerrsamongwomencommunitieson logal issua,health,nuuitlon,environmentand naturalrc-mme mmt 3. Monitor& m$ e d a t h that rill assessrhe overalleificiency ~fpmieuimplementationon the baaisofi d d d indicators I d Reductionindependenceon - informal money lenders among the beneficiaries income and decision making 1 productive activities 1 I I between men and women I 1 - - 4 Wablefarmers' groups -men'! Project assistanceto NGOs and rwinlng for men and women in / Increaseinwomen'saccessand women's and mixed and their other grassroots organizetions to managingfinances and controlover financial resources activities train women's groups enterprise development d lmprovement m women's NGOs and other support grour Provisionf w leadershiptraining / Increaseinmicro-enterprises capacityto generate income providing technical assistance for women on business and run by men end women and gassrwts management financial management training to the communities / Skillsdevelopmentformenand women in micro-enterprises -.r: . - Hssess poololcylever. regal,arw J Policy initiatives to i ~ r o v e ?Collect sex disaggregateddata / Improvementinfi~ancia~ procedural constraints to access to credit, simphfy on volume andfrequency of institutions' services for rural women's access to credlt procedures for poor and credit, savings, and repayment poor Resewatlon among the poor illiterate / Improverepaymentrales- 4 Betteraccessto credit for men about Institutionalfinance and / Designanddeliverspeciallint poitfolio at risk teduced andwomen services-access to adequate of credit for small loans -rais / IncreaseWlsefficiency IF More MFLs largetlng women In information awareness p o r communities Capacity within the financiai J TNcapacity-builw for MFls, institutions to handle small linked lo performance and ' loans outreach Sustamability of Mfls serving 1d Communityparticipation and the poor , contribution to ensure Men's and women's repaymen' sustai~bilityand commitment records and collect sex disaggregated stage: the extent of control over and women needsto be da4a on credit and savings credi and savingssocieties I Gather information on social to be formed around activitlsa, loquantitativeaspects. I based &fferences inhmdling building infinancial slj~s- financesand decision-makina, and manaoement I lnuut lndicalors I Process indicators 1 Output Indicators 1 Impact Indicators ) %offundsdisbursedby component, and %of women among beneficiaries Numberof women's groups + Average size of loans for indlviduat women beneficiaries SustainableAgricultureand &* Natural Resources Management - - - ---- ---- I SustainableAgricultureandNatural Resource Management activities seekto in through adoption of practices that maintain the long term ecologicaland biolo Activities in this sub-sectorcut across the rural,social, end environmentalissuesof d to sustainsignificantincreases in farm productivitythrough the efficientuse of land Q is to provide better economicreturns to individuals and contribute to the quality of l ment. :(i Strategiesfor surtainablesgtlcolhlred ~ ~ ~ mand NRM suesparticipationand cmpowermnt of harmersand e n t Q0 rornmunitier,as wcU aspamrcnhipdevelopment amongall stakeholders.Gendmrelationsat the community and family levelsplry a crucialrole in the succesaof their dfort~toharmonucagricultural intendicatim with enviranmenrd integrity and promotesocial equirywhik nrrlnrahing economicand praductionobjcctlves. * -- 9 4. u t r i m P r ~ & ~ ~ a r r d ~ ~ b Pq&In&-mdia Theprojectsoughttoreverse thc etrad inproductivityd d m jfi invastsaetchccdmdk landsthrougha landdamstian pmm.Iralsoshed tomakctheprocessamahableby prevsmingfurther inc- insadiciry dvough&e adFectivc managememofprogramswithstrangcmmmityparticipation prceductbnsystems. Udng6tnnerfi:ld-echoolmcthodokq,die andNC;O euppart.Not only hss dw projectud cbe lateQE p*ect trainedfarmemand ~-~ end b d t aWaLtncss tacbdogdmethods, but a b it hsse m p W s d asp~ts about thehealthandeiwhmental fiarardPof mntinucduse d 8 toa~lrcstahhobcommitmenti the activirks wtaining pesticfdEs inricepducdon. tomanagethesodiilands. Pmjwou- had far-rehiqimpacton rice a Theproject isahadoEitstargetth& tothemorivatian productionsystemsinthecamtry:At the implunuuation andparrtcipattcatofmaleand femalefarmers.Someof the completionin 1999,amtalof900,OOOfannmand23,000 higMghtam: brier-uainea,afwhich160,000weem e n ,hadbeenaaina / 45@0 h e e m of bidhaveban mlaimedandbrought inIPM. Cropyieldww maintainedddmolghpesticidewe wan &ruldnulo. reducedand the projectimprovedthee n v i m m tand farmen' I cropping iatendtyhasgoneup ? I .58,000landlesslaborembaw beena k c a d landand ike - n e e i r n ~ ~ ~ ~ e r n ~ t ~ a s ~ ~ ~ Ir wmn'sgmup have been formadwhich havebacamc 1 lmpoaantcentersdeammicactivity IPh4, and leadershipdevelopedamongwommher-minets. * t Women h e veryactiveinportfldd&l actlviriesand in 1 rccsstoimtimtidd t has i q d bg& m w ,5.. amnd creditsm womenfor relatedactivitiessuchas budneonwksandassociations.Thefalbhggcndmnlattt I activitiesIsd tothe suocrta~inintegradngwomen in project d a i r g w 8 ~ w ~ m a a Q d t a d i n g thedsocialandamomicw e b e qinrhevillageshas aaivitics allm n d dK cou~uy: 1 i m p d A naaod cargt430%participationofwomenCannersin , IPMfieldschools Genderanalpisby h e mdunngplanningandselectionof , pddpmtsfor tarmco'Geld-& 03%). Guidelineswere 0 1 Cometsequencingofprnjectactivith first, esdM isauedalaon,marchthepetcentalpofwomtnfarmer-cdners I propaty ngfioandlandtitling, thencrewgroupsand wich thepercentageoffemalepardclpanfsihtheFFSs ~ a n d ~ p , b t i n g t n t h c t e c h n i c d s o l u ~ AM& geuder Jtudicsonwomen'sparticipadonand leaderahipin theNarional1PM program d i z s M C c % a Emomagingcqudputicipationaf men andwomenin Monitoringand evaluadonofwomen's participationin @Icm mlving;aMt individuJW-schools Dkvelopmg Idcapacifyamoag loulpeopleford e a n d - I$-.")b W a m bparticipationasIPM alumniand Icadersinpast. zed managementdd& lards. fieldabools'activitiesplayed abig mleinnetworkingamong t p - s e n h a r l d inthcirrfarrmlspmdofIPM. d a $inanewlegishoninIdtitlingrequiringpint m g b a r h inthe namesofborh husbandandwife for ~ t i o n o f d @ m e d t a n d . Checklist of J Gwfoer ~mcmveproject I J women's farm pro&cTivity and / women'sroeIR agrtcurtureaM activities gearedtpwards their rolein decision maklng NRMstrengthened meeting spsclfic needs uf men I 4 Qualityof particrpationof / lmprovementInwomenand andwomen 1 women in agricultureand NRM menfarmers' mwme and J lnterventiomto improve I / Awarenessamongmenand overall social wellbeing women's accessto prodqtlve women about sustainabitrty in resourceswithin existing social farming practices bntrolover resources at and culturalcontext household level / Communitymobilizationin J Menandwomenfarmers' adoplion of sustainablepractices understandingand capacityto and NAM adopt sustainable practices J Prevailingsysteminlandtenure J Projectinitiativestoadhess J Womenfarmers' accesstoland / Genderequityinaccessand securlty and womenk land gender differences intand rights J Trainingofstafftrainedin managemen! 04 Imdresoums rights J Capacitybuildinginextsnsion gender, J Exfstingcapacity of instiluliov andather sewicesto address J Genderbalanceamongstaff to provide support to farming gander J Gendafocus inextension needs of menand women 1 activities I J Farmers'knowledgeaf fTechnologicatsupportid / lriformati~ndisseminationon 4 Improvedmanagementand sustainablefarming and lVRM consewatlonapproaches by farmer orlented sustainable sustainabililyof tand resouces J Genderspecifictechnology community, women's groups practices in agriculture and J lmeaseinproductivityand needs to improve productivity / Focusonwomenandtheless NRM ferllllty d degradedland prlviieged-productivity J Women's participationinfield increasein degradedlands and demonstrations and technology post harvesttechnology adoption I / Apretiminaqgenderstudyor / Emphasisshouldbegivento / trnpactofwomen'sparticipatior anengenderedPRA is advisable assessingImprovement in the should be seen in overaflcome: to helpidentifyspecific areas of quality of women5 participation. - social, economic, environmn MRM to identify pendar issues. emphasisinthe project. SuggestedGender-RelatedIndicatorsfor A@cu1tme and Natural ResourceManagementProjects I - Sub-sector lndicalors Input Indicators Output Indicators Impact Indicators + Changes inthe roh of menand I lworporation d women a Improvementin access to women Inagriculturem project I farmers1landlesslaborers in resources by men andwomen area 1 projectactivities farmers 0 Increasein numberof female Women's tevel of participation in + % d menand women adopting headedhousehdds,women as 1 extension programs' plannlng sustainable practices I land-owners,etc. 1 and implementation 1 * Increase in number d women I mentinwomen's 1 1 0 lncreasein awarenessabout Mass media materials on participating infield training anc ome conservation- oriented practices technology and practices farmers' grovps activities women's empowerment and aq9ngmenand w0m.n. availnble + Increase in productivity of overall well belng-nutrition and 4 Supportfor technology adoption degradedlands. health. -research, training, inputs 't Amountdfundingforgender specific activities.