BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) With support from the Japan-World Bank Program for Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Management (DRM) and the Tokyo DRM Hub Cover Photo : ©myoswethan BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) FOREWORD Though it may be a part of history, the past can also be very much at risk. On August 24, 2016, we were forcefully reminded of this, when a magnitude-6.8 earthquake shook Myanmar, its people, and its cultural heritage. The Bagan Cultural Heritage Site saw the earthquake damage more than 350 monuments, and put our country on notice: we must act to safeguard our cultural heritage and the people inextricably linked to it. We have acted to assess, respond, and restore the Bagan Site following the earthquake. More importantly, we have and will continue our efforts to manage and reduce the risks that remain: the risks to the integrity of the site, the risks to the cultural and economic activity connected to Bagan, and the risks to the well-being of local people and communities in and around Bagan. That is why we have developed the Bagan Disaster Risk Management (DRMP) in our preparation of Bagan for submission as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The DRMP presents a useful approach to understand the risks to Bagan, as well as the management frameworks and current DRM measures in place. It then presents an Action Plan for strengthening and implementing measures to better address the risks and drivers of risk to Bagan. These efforts must continue to be integrated into the management and protection of Bagan going forward. We thank the World Bank, including the Tokyo World Bank Hub and the Japan-World Bank Program for Mainstreaming DRM, for their support for our efforts. Expert deployments from Japan, key workshops, and consensus-building among key stakeholders allowed us to shape our vision for a resilient Bagan. We look forward to work with our colleagues in the Government of Myanmar, the communities and people of Bagan and Myanmar, and our development partners to make this vision of a resilient Bagan a reality. Kyaw Oo Lwin Director General Department of Archeology and National Museums Ministry of Religious Affairs and Culture 2 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This report was produced by the Ministry of Religious Affairs and Culture of the Government of the Union of Myanmar, under the guidance of: U Kyaw Oo Lwin, Director General, Department of Archeology and National Museum, Ministry of Religious Affairs and Culture; U Thein Lwin, Deputy Director General, Department of Archaeology and National Museum, Ministry of Religious Affairs and Culture; and U Win Kyaing, Principal, Department of Archaeology and National Museum, Ministry of Religious Affairs and Culture. The Bagan DRM Plan and the process to produce it benefitted from the careful and active contributions from our colleagues at the Ministry of Construction (MOC), Ministry of Transport and Communications (MOTC), Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement (MOSWRR), Ministry of Hotels and Tourism (MOHT), Ministry of Information (MOI), General / District Administration and Police (GAD), and the Myanmar Earthquake Committee (MEC). We thank the Myanmar Tourism Federation, Bagan Heritage Trust, Bagan Development Organization, Magakaryi Parahita, Bunyashin Parahita, Sake Satanar Free Clinic and Public Aids, Regional Economic Development Association, Myanmar Lacquerware Association, Myanmar Engineering Society (MES), Association of Myanmar Architects, and the MGS Myanmar Geosciences Society (Department of Architecture) for their engagements and contributions. We also appreciate the guidance and contributions of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat). We acknowledge the support of the World Bank team of James Newman (DRM Specialist), Khin Aye Yee (Operations Officer), Marina Djabbarzade (Heritage Management Specialist Consultant), Carlotta Rodriquez (DRM and Cultural Heritage Consultant), Rohit Jigyasu (Conservation & Risk Management Consultant; UNESCO Chair Professor, Institute of Disaster Mitigation for Urban Cultural Heritage, Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto; Vice President, International Council on Monuments and Sites - ICOMOS), Aung Naing Oo (Consultant), and Mae Myat Moe (Program Assistant), as well as Michael Bonte-Grapentin (Senior DRM Specialist) and Zuzana Stanton-Geddes (DRM Specialist). 3 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 4 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 5 SECTION I – Introduction 6 1. SITE SUMMARY 8 2. CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE 8 3. EARTHQUAKE OF AUGUST 24, 2016 8 4. BAGAN’S DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT APPROACH 9 5. ALIGNMENT WITH NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORKS 9 SECTION II – Risk Identification in Bagan 11 1. EXPOSURE AND VULNERABILITY 12 1.1 Exposure and Vulnerability of the Monuments and Integrity of the Site 13 1.2 Exposure and Vulnerability of the Cultural and Economic Activity of the Site 13 1.3 Exposure and Vulnerability of Well-Being of Local People and Communities 13 2. HAZARDS 13 2.1 Threats from Natural Hazards 13 2.2 Threats from Human-Induced Hazards 16 3. PRELIMINARY RISK SUMMARY 19 SECTION III – Management Frameworks 23 1. LEGAL FRAMEWORK 24 2. INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 25 SECTION IV – Current Measures to Manage Risks in Bagan 29 SECTION V – Action Plan for New and Enhanced Measures to Manage Risk in Bagan 35 SECTION VI – References 42 SECTION VII – Annexes 43 ANNEX 1 – MEASUREMENT OF EXPOSURE FOR BAGAN ANCIENT MONUMENTS 44 ANNEX 2 – ANALYSIS OF OUTSTANDING UNIVERSAL VALUE (OUV) ASSETS 45 AND VULNERABILITY TO WORLD HERITAGE CENTER CRITERIA ANNEX 3 – SAMPLE RISK ASSESSMENT FIELD INVESTIGATION FORM 46 ANNEX 4 – PARTICIPANTS AT BAGAN DRMP WORKSHOPS (DECEMBER 7 AND 29, 2017) 51 4 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ADPC Asian Disaster Preparedness Center AGO Attorney General’s Office Bagan DRMP Bagan Disaster Risk Management Plan BaganCOM Bagan Committee for the Management of the Cultural Heritage Property and Buffer Zone CDC City Development Committee CH cultural heritage DANM Department of Archaeology and National Museum DFID U.K. Department for International Development DFS Department of Fire Services DHUD Department of Housing and Urban Development DMH Department of Meteorology and Hydrology DOF Department of Forestry DRM disaster risk management DWIR Directorate of Water Resources and Improvement of River Systems ECD Environmental Conservation Department EIA environmental impact assessment EOC Emergency Operations Center EWS Early Warning System GAD General Administration Department GECD General Environmental Conservation Department GOM Government of Myanmar ha hectare ICOMOS International Council on Monuments and Sites IFRC International Federation of Red Cross JICA Japan International Cooperation Society km kilometer MAPDRR Myanmar Action Plan on Disaster Risk Reduction MDPA Myanmar National Disaster Preparedness Agency MEC Myanmar Earthquake Committee MES Myanmar Engineering Society MGS Myanmar Geosciences Society MIMU Myanmar Information Management Unit MMS Mescal-Modified Scale MNREC Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation MOAI Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation MOALI Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation MOC Ministry of Construction MOHA Ministry of Home Affairs MOHT Ministry of Hotels and Tourism MOI Ministry of Information MOSWRR Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement MOTC Ministry of Transport and Communications MPF Myanmar Police Force MRAC Ministry of Religious Affairs and Culture MRCS Myanmar Red Cross Society NMDC National Disaster Management Committee NNDMC National Natural Disaster Management Committee OUV Outstanding Universal Value PGA peak ground acceleration RRD Department of Relief and Resettlement UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 5 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) 6 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) SECTION I INTRODUCTION The Bagan Disaster Risk Management Plan (Bagan DRMP) is an initiative of the Government of Myanmar (GOM) to: • understand the risks facing the Bagan Cultural Heritage Site, especially in terms of the heritage attributes, visitors, and residents; • clarify relevant management frameworks; • capture the current measures pursued by Bagan’s many stakeholders to manage and reduce those risks; and • set out an Action Plan to enhance disaster risk management (DRM) at Bagan. In recognition of the many features that make Bagan a complex cultural ecosystem, the Bagan DRMP seeks an integrated approach to manage risk in terms of: • the risk to physical monuments and the integrity of the site, • the risk to the cultural and economic activity in and around the site, and • the risk to the well-being of local people and communities in and around Bagan. Throughout, GOM seeks to protect the Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) of the Bagan Cultural Heritage Site. 7 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) 1. Site Summary — at both the monument-by-monument and overall site level.5 Key findings and recommendations from The Bagan Cultural Heritage Site covers 180 square these reports included: kilometers (km2) (including the Bagan Cultural • The site had more than 350 damaged monuments, Heritage Property of 45 km2) in the alluvial flat plain which were classified by damage level and of Myanmar’s central dry zone between the hills of priority.6 Tankyi-taung and Tuyin-taung, and spans across the • Bagan should prepare for much larger Irrawaddy River.1 Tectonically, Myanmar is located on earthquakes: “The earthquake of 24 August 2016; the eastern edge of the boundary between the India with its relatively low intensity (VI degree MCS Plate and Burma Plate in what is believed to be a scale) and acceleration (less than 0.1 g) should subduction zone (Shengji and Sieh 2016). It is home be compared with possible expected earthquake to 2 townships and 41 villages, with a total population of intensity between VIII and IX degree and of 81,505.2 Because of its geographical location, peak ground accelerations (PGA) of 0.3-0.4 g” Bagan is affected by geological, hydrological, and (Gavrilovic et al. 2016, p. 71). meteorological conditions, as well as human-induced • The 2016 earthquake provides insights on current hazards, which together significantly threaten the structural vulnerability: “(i) Seismic strengthened site. monuments after the 1975 earthquake withstood the 2016 earthquake without or with minimal 2. Cultural Significance damage; (ii) Heavy damage and partial collapse occurred on monuments where inappropriate Bagan was the heart of the largest Buddhist Empire interventions have been done and on partially of the medieval world and emerged as the capital rebuilt monuments (748 Sulamani Temple);7 (iii) of this empire in the 9th century CE. The site Damage occurred on monuments strengthened possesses 3,595 surviving tangible cultural assets, with appropriate methods and materials, for including stupas, temples, monasteries, ordination example with metal frames (1239 Nan Paya halls, a palace site and fortifications, and associated Temple) and buttresses (1587 Pitak-taik temple); inscriptions, sculptures, murals and cloth paintings, (iv) Damage also occurred in monuments with archaeological deposits, and water management masonry repair without strengthening and features.3 It is a testimony to cultural traditions and maintenance” (Gavrilovic et al. 2016, p. 71). expressions of the Myanmar practice of merit-making, • The damage from and response to the 2016 as intangible assets. The majority of the structures earthquake also suggest several institutional date from the peak of the empire (11th to the 13th and wider measures that could enhance risk centuries CE) known as the Bagan Period. As a site management of the Bagan site: (i) increase of Outstanding Universal Value (OUV), Bagan meets number and capacity of the Department of the UNESCO World Heritage Centre’s criteria (iii), Archaeology and National Museum (DANM) (iv), and (vi) for inclusion in the World Heritage List. and related agency staff to ensure ability to implement DRM measures, (ii) establish and 3. Earthquake of August 24, 2016 empower the government’s committee structure to take advantage of the domestic expertise and On August 24, 2016, an earthquake of magnitude 6.8 institutional framework of Myanmar, and (iii) struck near Chauk, Myanmar, (20.923°N94.569°E) increase detailed understanding of seismic and at a depth of 82.0 km.4 In response, GOM, with other risks in Bagan to better inform future action. support from UNESCO, the World Bank, and other partners, ensured assessment of the site and These assessments and recommendations have been recommendations for improvements and follow-up considered and integrated into this Bagan DRMP. actions to structurally stabilize damaged monuments 1 The area of nominated property is 4,987.88 hectares (ha); the buffer zone is 17,821.97 ha; the total area is 22,809.85 ha (GOM 2017c, Nomination Dos- sier, Vol. 1, p. 21). 2 Bagan township profile information (GAD informal communication, 2016). 3 Bagan Heritage Site Survey (DANM informal communication, 2016). 4 Data are from USGS, available at https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us10006gbf#executive 5 Key reports included Gallinaro 2016 and Gavrilovic et al. 2016. 6 The assessment results classified and identified 50 monuments as “red” for severely damaged, 96 as “yellow” for moderately damaged, and 124 as “green” for lightly damaged (Gavrilovic et al. 2016, p. 13). 8 7 The monument numbers are those used by the World Heritage Centre. BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) 4. Bagan’s Disaster Risk GOM has developed the nationwide Myanmar Action Plan on Disaster Risk Reduction 2017 (MAPDRR), Management Approach which includes four pillars, each of which has specific The threats to Bagan require action to safeguard targets and priority actions. These pillars are: its unique heritage of world significance. The Bagan • Pillar 1. Assessing disaster risk including extreme DRMP provides a path to mitigate and manage risks weather events and creating public awareness of by preventing and reducing negative impacts of DRR, damaging events. It understands risks as a product • Pillar 2. Strengthening disaster risk governance to of hazards, exposure, and vulnerabilities; these are reduce and manage risk, addressed from a multi-stakeholder perspective to • Pillar 3. Mainstreaming disaster risk reduction for increase the resilience of the tangible and intangible resilient development, and assets, while at the same time protecting visitors as • Pillar 4. Enhancing disaster preparedness for well as residents and their livelihoods. effective response and reconstruction. In line with the UNESCO DRM cycle (Figure 1) Under MAPDRR Pillar 4, GOM recognizes the (UNESCO 2010), which sets out DRM in cyclical time- importance of cultural heritage by committing to based phases (i.e., before, during, and after), this Priority Action 9: Disaster and climate risk management DRMP captures current measures and proposes new of historical monuments and archaeological heritage action for: (i) risk identification, (ii) risk reduction and in Myanmar, led by the Ministry of Religious Affairs mitigation, (iii) preparedness and response, and (iv) and Culture. Under MAPDRR Target 3 (T3) to Reduce recovery and rehabilitation. direct disaster economic loss in relation to GDP of Myanmar by 2030, GOM aims to reduce the damage and destruction to cultural heritage (T3.5). 5. Alignment with National and International Frameworks The MAPDRR provides a pathway to achieving targets under the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Myanmar and the Bagan DRMP are aligned with Reduction 2015–2030, which articulates the need national and international frameworks for cultural for improved understanding of disaster risk in all its heritage and DRM. dimensions of exposure, vulnerability, and hazard characteristics; and focuses on preventing new risk, In May 2014, Myanmar ratified the 2003 UNESCO reducing existing risk, and strengthening resilience “Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible for cultural heritage (UNISDR 2015). Cultural Heritage.” Figure 1. Disaster Risk Management Cycle for Cultural Heritage (UNESCO) Risk Recovery & Assessment Rehabilitation Risk Prevention & Mitigation Treatments (Repairs, Equipments for Restoration, RECOVERY & PREVENTION, Emergency Retrofitting etc.) REHABILITATION MITIGATION & Response PREPAREDNESS Emergency Access After DISASTER Before & Evacuation Routes Detailed Damage Assessment EMERGENCY Emergency RESPONSE / Team & Drills FIRST AID Immediate People’s Rescue, Protection of Relief & Salvage of During Damaged Heritage Heritage Immediate Damage Assessment Source: Jigyasu 2016. 9 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) 10 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) SECTION II RISK IDENTIFICATION IN BAGAN Bagan is a multi-hazard risk area (Figure 2) subject to many hazards and threats, with stakeholders and assets facing varying levels of exposure and vulnerability to these threats. Working through a variety of ministries, stakeholders, and local and international partners, GOM identifies the risks to Bagan by (i) collecting relevant data and information on hazards, exposure, and vulnerability; (ii) looking at the current targeted use of risk assessment; and (iii) providing consultations to capture stakeholders’ understanding and experience of risk at the site. Section IV of the Bagan DRMP lists current measures being taken to manage risk, including risk identification initiatives, and Section V lists measures that are planned or under consideration by GOM. 11 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) Figure 2. Boundaries of Nominated Property and Buffer Zone Boundaries of Bagan Source: DANM GIS team report 2017. Note: Boundaries of Nominated Property and Buffer Zone Boundaries of Bagan, as produced by the DANM GIS team and approved by Mandalay Region Government. 12 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) 1. Exposure and Vulnerability 1.2 Exposure and Vulnerability of the Exposure is the state or condition of being unprotected Cultural and Economic Activity of the and open to damage, loss, or disruption. Measuring Site exposure entails capturing the assets, activities, and Hazards can cause direct damage to buildings and other elements of value that are subject to this state. monuments but can also indirectly impact economic activities and cultural traditions. Most of the economic Vulnerability is the sum of the physical, social, activities in the area are related to tourism (such economic, and environmental factors or processes as hotels, restaurants, shops, and tour operators). that increase the likelihood of an individual, a Therefore, if that sector is affected, people could lose community, assets, or systems suffering damage their major source of income. after a disaster occurs. 1.3 Exposure and Vulnerability of Below, exposure and vulnerability are analyzed for (i) Well-Being of Local People and monuments and the integrity of the site, (ii) cultural and economic activity in and around the site, and Communities (iii) the well-being of local people and communities The Bagan Cultural Heritage Site has a population in and around Bagan. This approach applies a of 81,500 inhabitants, of whom 10,900 are in the comprehensive lens that considers the site as a whole, Property zone (6 villages) and 70,500 in the Buffer including tangible and intangible cultural heritage, zone (2 towns and 35 villages). Hazards can cause communities’ well-being, and their livelihoods. direct losses to these communities, both in terms of lives and damage to residential buildings. 1.1 Exposure and Vulnerability of the Monuments and Integrity of the Site 2. Hazards The Ministry of Religious Affairs and Culture’s Hazards are defined as dangers than can cause loss or Department of Archaeology and National Museum damage to human life, activities, and property (e.g., (DANM) manages an inventory of Bagan’s tangible cultural and physical). Hazards occur with different assets. An analysis of Bagan’s OUV heritage assets levels of frequency and severity. against World Heritage Centre’s criteria has been conducted (see Annexes 1 and 2). 2.1 Threats from Natural Hazards In addition to the tangible assets of Bagan, the Bagan is subject to threats from natural hazards. Buddhist tradition of merit-making — a powerful Earthquakes present the most catastrophic threat force of creation in Bagan — and patronage still to Bagan’s cultural heritage and surrounding infuses the daily life of local communities. The merit- communities. Hazards from weather and climate also making belief states that good deeds and positive disrupt and damage Bagan, and are likely to increase actions will determine a better quality in the next as a result of climate change. life. Traditional merit-making includes festivals, celebrations, and rituals as well as contributions Geological and Seismic. Bagan is located in made to the maintenance and repair of monuments. Myanmar’s Seismic Zone IV (“Severe Zone”) – as In Bagan, the close relationship between communities per Figure 3. Seismic Zone Map – with expected and tangible heritage through the culture of merit- intensity of earthquake between VIII and IX on making is unique to this site. Bagan is a stunning the Mescal-Modified Scale (MMS) and expected and harmonious combination of buildings, traditions, ground accelerations of 0.30-0.40 g.8 Many shallow landscape, and communities. earthquakes occur within the region because of both strike-slip and reverse faults. It has been found that 8 Seismic Zone Map of Myanmar (Myanmar Earthquake Committee, 2005) 13 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) Figure 3. Seismic Zone Map of Myanmar and Mandalay Region Source: MEC 2005; DFID 2009. Figure 4. Sulamani Temple Damaged in 2016 Earthquake Source: DANM. 14 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) the two main faults that affect Myanmar are the active Earthquakes have and will cause loss or damage to Sunda “mega thrust” fault in the Indian Ocean and human life, activities, and the site itself (Figure 4).10 the strike-slip Sagaing Fault that cuts through the country.9 Furthermore, the ancient city of Bagan is Hydrological and Meteorological. The site’s proximity located at the convergence of the Bangal subduction to the Irrawaddy River and its tributaries subjects zone (to the west) and the Sagaing Fault — which it to flooding and riverbank erosion. Flooding of runs through Bagan City — (to the east). The site tributaries usually occurs three or more times during is lodged between two major active faults, Chauk- the monsoon season (May–October), affecting Yenanchaung Thrust Fault and Gwe-cho Thrust Fault housing and livelihoods in low-lying communities as (Figure 3). well as transportation through Bagan. Figure 5. Shwe Nan Yin Taw Monastery during 2014 Flooding (2014) Source: DANM. Figures 6 and 7. Slope Stabilization Measures Completed by MOTC (Approximately 2005) and Rotation of the Façade at Thet Kya Muni, Bagan (December 2017) Source: DANM. 9 T“Predictions for the maximum earthquake magnitude to occur along the mega thrust have varied to be between Mw 8.5-8.8 with a recurrence interval ranging from 190-1000 years. Wang et al has attempted to refine these predictions for the maximum magnitude that could occur along all active faults and the mega thrust based on fault lengths and historic magnitudes using empirical global relationships. Each active fault can generate events that are greater than Mw 7.0, with the mega thrust and the Sagaing fault having the ability to generate an earthquake of Mw 8.5 or greater every few hundred years” (Loos 2017). 10 The earliest records date (various inscriptions) from 729 CE with the years 1286, 1298, 1380, 1644, 1768, 1774, 1775, 1777, and 1848. Bagan suffered from more than 400 earthquakes between 1904 and 1975 (Thawbita 1976). 15 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) Heavy rain disrupts the normal functioning of the site, have caused nearly 70 percent of registered disaster transportation, and cultural and economic activities. events. These could pose substantial health threats to residents and visitors and directly damage sites. River bank erosion and general slope stability issues threaten several monuments, such as Thet Kya 2.2 Threats from Human-Induced Muni, where continued erosion could undermine the Hazards foundation of the monument (Figures 6 and 7). Human presence and activities are necessary and A high-intensity seismic event that occurs during desirable for maintaining Bagan as a “living” cultural monsoon season could greatly complicate site site, but tourism activities, spatial development, and evacuation and delay recovery. An earthquake could agricultural practices can create threats to Bagan. also exacerbate site vulnerabilities to slope instability and erosion. Visitors. The Myanmar Tourism Master Plan 2013–2020 has set a target of 7.5 million visitors by 2020 — an Droughts and Fires. Bagan is located in a dry zone. increase of more than seven-fold from 2012.12 Bagan Probably connected to climate change, a progressive is the largest tourist destination in the domestic and desertification is taking place in the area, causing international visitors’ market (27.5 percent, totaling an average of five wildfires per year.11 Urban and nearly 500,000 visitors in 2015), and will draw a large forest fires are major threats in the dry season portion of the targeted increase in arrivals.13 (approximately November to May) for Bagan; fires Figure 8. Tourists Climbing on a Monument to Watch the Sunset Source: DANM. 11 Information from Nyaung U District Fire Department (December 2017). 12 MOHT 2013, Executive Summary, p. 4 (Table 1), and p. 9. 13 These data are based on the people who stay in hotels and guest houses in Bagan and the Nyaung Oo area. (Ministry of Hotel and Tourism) 16 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) The flow of visitors puts stress on Bagan’s physical tourism and development planning. Threats to the monuments as well as on infrastructure and services viewshed and site attractiveness from development (e.g., roads, solid waste management, etc.). In should be considered. Stakeholders should consider the past, visitors have frequently climbed atop issues related to waste management, which affect monuments with limited supervision or management, the physical site, visitors’ engagement with it, and causing damage to the monuments themselves and residents’ and local stakeholders’ well-being. increasing the occurrence and likelihood of accidents (Figure 8). This practice is now being prohibited at Restoration and Building Practices. After previous many monuments by GOM and local management. disasters and rehabilitation campaigns, there have Because of Bagan’s physical extent and the difficulty been varying levels of use of concrete, which has in monitoring it, there has also been theft and been judged by experts — including in the 2016 post- vandalism — artifacts and objects, mural paintings, earthquake assessment report — to be detrimental glaze plaques, and sculptures have been stolen or to structural strength.14 The current Conservation damaged. Guidelines for Monuments and Historic Buildings (2017) and the Rectification / Intervention Guidelines Local Management and Development Pressures. (2017) have explicitly addressed this issue. In terms Bagan’s stakeholders are aiming to preserve of new vernacular constructions, the use of concrete cultural heritage while boosting development and is not necessarily synonymous with resistance and, economic growth. The Ministry of Construction when well designed, structures edified with local, (MOC) estimates population growth of 1.5 percent lighter materials can be more resilient and cost per annum over at least the next 10 years. The effective. The Building Bylaws and the Development extent of development pressures will need to be Guidelines provide very specific inputs on the topic. studied and monitored in relation to the growth of Figures 9 and 10. Traditional vs. Tractor Plowing in the Land around Bagan Source: DANM. 14 The main problem with the use of concrete following the 1975 post-earthquake recovery was that its mechanical and chemical properties are differ- ent and incompatible with local brick masonry. With the concrete additions, the weight (masses) and structural response of the different parts caused more damage than could have occurred without those retrofitted parts, which were the first to collapse and which fell on the underlying masonry struc- tures and destroyed them. 17 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) Agricultural and Husbandry Practices. The intensive Flora and Fauna. Plants and trees are growing on use of agricultural land and mechanical plowing may and near several monuments (Figures 11 and 12). put the landscape and the archaeological subsurface When roots penetrate masonry, cracks can diminish at risk (Figures 9 and 10). Larger animals, such as the mechanical strength of the structure. Animals can cows and goats, graze near the monuments and can also affect monuments and the archaeological area also damage archaeological ruins (Figures 13 and 14). (e.g., paintings and works on stucco and plaster). Figures 11 and 12. Examples of Vegetation Growing on Monuments Source: DANM. 18 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) Figure 13 and 14. Animals Grazing around the Monuments Source: DANM. 3. Preliminary Risk Summary An overall preliminary risk summary for Bagan is The Bagan DRMP approaches the threats from the produced below, based on available hazard, exposure, risk levels as follows: and vulnerability information (Table 2). Frequency represents the average recurrence interval of an event • High Risk: Stakeholders should be particularly of the same intensity. The Bagan DRMP classifies aware of potentially severe damage from such frequency as low (10 years or more between events), hazards and prioritize actions to reduce and medium (2 years up to 10 years between events), and manage these risks. If no measures to mitigate the high (less than 2 years between events). Severity is hazard and risk are taken, high levels of damage the extent to which a hazard event is expected to and loss from this threat can be expected to occur cause loss or damage. The Bagan DRMP classifies in Bagan during our lifetime. three levels of severity as low, medium, and high. 15 • Medium Risk: Stakeholders should prioritize measures to reduce and manage the hazard and Combining frequency and severity, the Bagan DRMP risk, particularly where exposure and vulnerability sets thresholds for low, medium, and high risk levels, may be highest. as shown in Table 1. For example, the Bagan DRMP • Low Risk: Stakeholders should consider measures would classify high-severity low-frequency hazards to reduce and manage the hazard and risk at (e.g., earthquakes) as high risk — the same risk level critical locations, where exposure and vulnerability as medium-severity high-intensity hazards (e.g., may be highest. floods). 15 Because detailed intensity-frequency hazard curves and loss and damage data are not currently available, the severity levels used in the Bagan DRMP have been developed through interviews and workshops on December 7 and 29, 2017. See Annex 4 for a list of workshop participants. 19 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) Table 1. Bagan DRMP Risk Level Definition by Frequency and Severity High Medium High High (Less than 2 years Risk Risk Risk between events) (return period) Frequency Medium Low Medium High (2 to 10 years be- Risk Risk Risk tween events) Low Low Medium High (10 years or more Risk Risk Risk between events) Low Medium High Severity Severity Severity Identified Severity 20 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) Table 2. Preliminary Risk Summary Threat / Hazard How is this a threat to Bagan? Frequency Severity Risk Monitoring What natural 1. Monument/ 2. Cultural 3. Well- How How severely Level of risk Responsible / factors site physical / economic being of frequently does this to Bagan? agency threaten integrity activity local people does this threat affect Bagan? /commu- occur? Bagan? nities Earthquake Low (~50 High High DMH years for • • 6.8 M earthquake) Natural Threats Floods High (3 Medium High DMH • • • times/year)a Heavy rain/ High Medium Medium DMH • • • flash floods (annual) Drought High Low Medium DWIR • • (annual) River bank High Medium High DMH • • erosion (progressive) Fire High (5 Medium High Fire Dept. • • • times/year) General Medium Low Low City Develop. • • Pollution (continuous) Comm. Waste Medium Medium Medium City Develop. management • • • (continuous) Comm., DANM Building Medium Medium Medium DANM, • • • development (progressive) DHUD Human-Induced Threats Encroachment Medium Low Low DANM, • • DHUD Infrastructure Medium Low Low DANM, • • development (progressive) DHUD Population Medium High High DHUD • increase (progressive) Animal grazing High Low Medium DANM, site • (continuous) management Vegetation High Low Medium DANM, site • (continuous) management Tourists High High High DANM, site • • (seasonal) management Theft/ High High High DANM, site • Vandalism (continuous) management Vibrations High Low Medium DANM, • (continuous) MOTC Note: Dataset availability to be provided. DANM = Department of Archaeology and National Museum; DHUD = Department of Housing and Urban Development; DMH = Department of Meteorology and Hydrology; DWIR = Department of Inland Water Resources; MOTC = Ministry of Transport and Communications. a Perceived frequency as described by DMH and DANM at the consultation workshop (December 2017). 21 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) 22 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) SECTION III MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORKS Managing risk in Bagan relies on partnership and communication between stakeholders operating under the legal and institutional frameworks. 23 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) 1. Legal Framework prioritized application of this law to humanitarian needs is further demonstrated by the fact that the Heritage Law. From a legal perspective, the National Natural Disaster Management Committee safeguarding and protection of Bagan — designated (NNDMC) does not include cultural stakeholders a Cultural Heritage Region — is ensured by the among its 12 working committees at either a national Protection and Preservation of Cultural Heritage or regional level. Thus, despite the fact that GOM has Regions Law 1998 (amended in 2009) and the 2015 been pro-active in addressing disaster risk reduction Protection and Preservation of Ancient Monuments as witnessed by the MAPDRR 2017 that recognizes Law (Law No. 51, 2015). The Ministry of Religious the importance of cultural heritage by including Affairs and Culture of the Union Government has “disaster and climate risk management of historical responsibility, with a provision to delegate the DANM, monuments and archaeological heritage in Myanmar” to “carry out the functions and duties in respect of (Priority Action 9) as part of its “enhancing disaster protection, preservation, return and acceptance of an preparedness for effective response and resilient ancient monument” (Law No. 51, Chapter IV, Article 9). rehabilitation and reconstruction” (Pillar 4) and that For the purposes of the Bagan DRMP, it is interesting the MAPDRR states that the lead agency in charge to note that Article 6 (a) of Chapter IV states that of the above will be the Ministry of Religious Affairs “the Ministry may for the perpetuation of any ancient and Culture, none of its representatives are included monument, carry out as follows: protection and in the Working Committee of the NNDMC. preservation of ancient monuments in coordination with the Union Ministries concerned, Region or State The Myanmar National Building Code (2016) Government and regional administrative bodies, and produced by the Myanmar Earthquake Commission, if necessary, local and international government and with the support of UN Habitat, elaborates on rules non-government organizations.” Lastly, Article 20 and regulations to be promulgated under the Urban of Chapter VIII prohibits several activities that may and Regional Planning Act and the respective City cause damage to the ancient monuments such as Development Committee Laws. The provisions of the vibrations (b), gas emissions (d), and chemical and code are intended “for application to the construction, other waste (f) without written prior permission. In alteration, movement, enlargement, replacement, practical terms, the DANM is the agency officially repair, equipment, use and occupancy, location, responsible for the implementation of Rules and maintenance, removal and demolition of every Regulations of the Cultural Heritage Region Law building or structure or any appurtenances connected announced in 2011. or attached to such buildings or structures.” The code is expansive and detailed and many of its provisions The Protection and Preservation of Antique Objects could apply to the Bagan DRMP. However, it mostly Law (Law No. 43/2015) essentially protects movable addresses vernacular and utilitarian architecture; heritage from theft, vandalism, and looting. It also there are no specific provisions for monuments of elaborates on permit processing for excavations and culture, the restoration of which requires very specific broadly defines the procedures in case of chance skills and approaches. This is best evidenced by the finds. fact that the zoning classification does not include monuments per se.17 The “utilities zones” provide Natural Disaster Management Law. The legal guidance for vehicular parking, which has been framework of Myanmar also comprises a Natural identified as a threat to the site and its assets. Disaster Management Law (Law No. 21, 2013); and whereas cultural assets are not mentioned specifically,16 Environmental Conservation Law. The stated the law foresees the same management process objective of Law No. 9/2012 is to “carry out the as this framework — that is, preventive measures, Myanmar national environmental policies and emergency response, and rehabilitation. In fact, the other environmental policies for conservation and 16 The law defines natural disaster as the “destructions to life and property, livelihood, infrastructures, safety education and health of the public or to the environment due to natural or man-made accidents or negligence…” (Chapter I, Article 2). 17 For example, Zone classification IV - Public, Educational and Social Use Zones includes: Galleries and Museums, places of religious worship (pagodas, temples, churches, etc.) only. 24 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) enhancement of environment with the approval of the 2. Institutional Framework Union Government.” It also provides a general mandate At the national level, to ensure coordinated for the Ministry of Environmental Conservation and implementation of the provisions of the applicable Forestry to prescribe environmental quality standards, laws, there are two committees: the Myanmar hazardous waste and waste management and National Culture Central Committee headed by the pollution control, and to produce an Environmental Vice President and the Myanmar National Committee Assessment System. The 2012 Conservation Law also for World Heritage headed by the Minister of gives that Ministry the mandate to protect cultural Culture. Furthermore, a Bagan Committee for the resources. The environmental impact assessment Management of the Cultural Heritage Property and (EIA) rules and procedures were approved on Buffer Zone (BaganCOM) has been established to December 29, 2015. ensure the coordinated protection and management of Bagan, including the nominated property, as well Whereas the responsibility to ensure that the law as to integrate the property’s management vision is enforced lies with the Ministry of Environmental and objectives into local development planning Conservation and Forestry, it delegates the at the national level. Such responsibilities at the implementation of work programs to relevant regional level are delegated to the Bagan Regional government departments depending on the Committees (Mandalay region and Magway region); context.18 Among the Basic Principles: “To permit district-level coordination is the responsibility of the freedom of crop selection and adoption of cultivation Bagan Coordination Committees (Mandalay region technologies in a way that will not negatively affect and Magway region). the environment” is of relevance to the Bagan DRMP.19 Because of the extensive nature of the Bagan Cultural The Republic of the Union of Myanmar National Heritage Site, which covers a vast area weaving Land-Use Policy (2016). One of the objectives of the cultural, natural, and socioeconomic features and National Land Use Policy is to “promote sustainable creates an indivisible whole, to ensure that the Bagan land use management and protection of cultural DRMP addresses all the key features needed to heritage areas, environment, and natural resources protect the authenticity and integrity of the site in for the interest of all people in the country.” The law case of disaster, as well as to minimize residual risks, addresses land information management, zoning, numerous stakeholders have been taken into account. and land acquisitions with a focus on tenure and Table 3 lists the key relevant stakeholders. resettlement. The National Land Use Council is in charge of monitoring effective land use management, land allocation, and quality control of land use planning processes, implementation. 18 The entities include, inter alia: Government departments, Government organizations, Nay Pyi Taw Council, Region or State Government, Self-admin- istered Division or Self-administered Region, District General Administrator of the General Administration Department or Township General Administra- tor of the General Administration Department, Ward or Village-tract Administrator, Private organization and the Public. (Chapter III; Rule 15 of the Rules, Notification 50/2014). 19 Chapter III Basic Principles (l). 25 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) Table 3. Key Stakeholders National Government Ministry Department / Agency MRAC DANM Ministry of Religious Affairs and Culture Department of Archaeology and National Museum MOTC DMH Ministry of Transport and Communications Department of Meteorology and Hydrology DWIR Directorate of Water Resources and Improvement of River Systems MOC DHUD Ministry of Construction Department of Housing and Urban Development MOSWRR RRD Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement Department of Relief and Resettlement, includ- ing the Myanmar National Disaster Preparedness Agency (MDPA) MNREC GECD Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental General Environmental Conservation Conservation Department DOF Department of Forestrya CDC City Development Committee MOHT Ministry of Hotels and Tourism MOI Ministry of Information Regional Government & District Authorities GAD General / District Administration and Police ECD Environmental Conservation Department AGO Attorney General's Office MEC Myanmar Earthquake Committee Private Sector Myanmar Tourism Federation Civil Society Bagan Heritage Trust Bagan Development Organization Magakaryi Parahita Bunyashin Parahita Sake Satanar Free Clinic and Public Aids Regional Economic Development Association Myanmar Lacquerware Association MES Myanmar Engineering Society a. DOF project in districts of the Mandalay and Magwe regions promote greening within the arid Dry Zone of the middle reaches of the Irrawaddy River. 26 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) Other Institutions (Universities, Societies, Colleges, etc.) Association of Myanmar Architects MGS Myanmar Geosciences Society (Department of Architecture) MRCS Myanmar Red Cross Society Development Partners UNESCO, UNDP, UN-Habitat, World Bank, Japan-JICA, Italy, Republic of Korea, and India, among others. Despite its institutional complexity and wide range of UNESCO World Heritage Centre nomination. Thus the stakeholders, DANM is making efforts to institutionalize main challenge of the Bagan DRMP Action Plan consists a more collaborative planning system among different of ensuring proper communication, cooperation, stakeholders, including public officials, conservation and coordination with all the relevant authorities, professionals, members of the community, and the organizations, institutions, and communities. This will media. In fact, DANM has supported BaganCOM to require not only engagement and a shared vision, but conduct regular meetings with political, religious, and also procedures for implementation and decision- other government authorities to inform them about the making. 27 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) 28 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) SECTION IV CURRENT MEASURES TO MANAGE RISKS IN BAGAN Addressing the risks identified and operating under its management framework, GOM has many disaster risk management measures now in place and that are ongoing to help safeguard Bagan and its cultural heritage attributes. 29 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) Each measure in Table 4 on Current Measures is Status describes whether the measure is complete or described in terms of its DRM Cycle Phase, Measure, ongoing. In most cases, additional efforts are being Detail, Status, Stakeholder Agencies, Lead, Expected pursued or are considered in Section V – Action Plan. Result, and Expected Timeline. Stakeholder Agencies and Lead denote key DRM Cycle Phase: This denotes the key function of implementers of the measures. As noted in Section this measure toward different phases of the DRM. III, managing risk in Bagan relies on partnership and communication between stakeholders. DANM’s role in i. Risk Identification. Measures to increase managing and overseeing cultural heritage attributes understanding and communication of risk. in Myanmar is fundamental and must engage ii. Risk Reduction. Measures aimed at mitigating and additional technical and line ministries to complete reducing risk and creation of risk in the area. key tasks for DRM, such as detailed risk assessment iii. Preparedness and Response. Measures to increase or preparedness and evacuation planning. Therefore, the ability of site managers, government, residents, a list of key stakeholder agencies is provided for each industries, and communities to prepare for the task, as well as main lead agencies for the task and its risks they face and respond to actual hazard implementation for the Bagan Cultural Heritage Site. events. iv. Recovery and Rehabilitation. Measures to target Expected Result provides a description of key outputs a faster and more effective recovery, both of and outcomes to be achieved upon implementation tangible and intangible heritage. of the measure. Measure and Detail describe the overall measure Expected Timeline provides an indicative target for pursued by GOM to enhance DRM measures and completion. provide additional detail and context. 30 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) Table 4. Current Measures DRM Cycle Measure Detail Status Stakehold- Lead Expected Result Expected Phase er Agen- Timeline cies Risk Develop and DANM has Complete DANM DANM Site inventory has Complete Identification enhance site conducted detailed already contributed inventory inventory of the to hazard mapping cultural objects and and will be critical monuments. for further DRM efforts. Risk Develop Bagan DHUD conducted Complete DMH, MEC, DHUD This analysis will be Complete Identification exposure an assessment DANM, part of overall site assessment of people and MOC, RRD, risk assessment, buildings in Bagan. MES, CDC including potential economic losses. Risk Develop DMH is capturing Ongoing DMH, MEC, DMH Improved risk 1–2 years Identification Bagan flood pluvial and fluvial DANM, awareness, ability to risk map flood information. MOC, RRD, address risk. MES, CDC Risk Improve MEC is conducting a Ongoing DMH, MES, MEC This measure will 2–3 years Identification earthquake seismic assessment MEC, MOTC improve accuracy monitoring project and dataset of planning and for probabilistic management of earthquake hazard seismic risk. maps. Risk Develop DANM issued Complete DMH, MES, DANM Detailed Implemen- Reduction building/ guidelines for MEC, MOTC, building bylaws tation retrofit conserving and DANM, / conservation ongoing; guidance and retrofitting cultural DHUD guidelines 1–2 years methodology monuments.a issued (including to be fully restricting concrete implemented usage) to reduce future vulnerability. Risk Develop DHUD prepared Complete DMH, MES, DHUD Urban expansion Implemen- Reduction zoning a detailed plan MEC, MOTC, encourages tation and urban addressing the DANM, development ongoing expansion plan zones of urban DHUD away from cultural expansion, including heritage buffer and a buffer for heritage hazard-prone areas. zone. Risk Create Bagan Supported a Complete DMH DANM Better coordination Implemen- Reduction Heritage multi-stakeholder (MOTC), toward GOM and tation Authority mandate to identify MEC, DANM, DANM’s vision for ongoing BaganCOM and implement MOC, RRD, the site. measures for MES, CDC management improvement. Risk Reduc- Increase site Securing funding Ongoing DANM, DANM Monuments and 1–2 years tion monitoring and human re- GAD, site visitors will be bet- and compli- sources to meet the managers ter managed and anceb needs of the site. protected. 31 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) DRM Cycle Measure Detail Status Stakehold- Lead Expected Result Expected Phase er Agen- Timeline cies Prepared- Signage DANM is improv- Ongoing DANM, DANM Visitors to have in- 1–2 years ness and ing signage (e.g., MOTC, RRD, formation about the Response information about GAD hazards faced and monuments, risks relevant guidance for the area, etc.). on how to respond Prepared- Emergency Fire Department Ongoing DANM, FIRE Communities Ongoing ness and training organizing drills / MOTC, RRD, DEPT will know how to Response trainings; hotel op- FIRE DEPT respond to various erators conducting hazards. drills privately. Recovery and Physical MES and DANM Ongoing DMH MES Stakeholder to have 3–4 years, Rehabilita- vulnerability conducting a physi- (MOTC), risk information for pending tion assessment of cal vulnerability MEC, DANM, decision making. expansion of monuments assessment, with in- MOC, RRD, Further benefit from efforts ternational experts, MES, CDC (i) integration with to capture monu- 3D models and (ii) ment status. extension to the whole site. Recovery and Recovery Individual private Ongoing GAD, DANM GAD Funds provide Ongoing Rehabilita- funds donors in Myanmar needed support to tion have provided sub- complete improve- stantial funds. The ments to the site government has dis- and rehabilitate bursed nearly 30% monuments to of funds toward guideline standards. rehabilitation of 224 monuments. Note: CDC = City Development Committee; DANM = Department of Archaeology and National Museum; DHUD = Department of Housing and Urban Development; DMH = Department of Meteorology and Hydrology; GAD = General Administration Department; MEC = Myanmar Earthquake Committee; MES = Myanmar Engineering Society; MOC = Ministry of Construction; MOTC = Ministry of Transport and Communications; and RRD = Department of Relief and Resettlement. a. The set of legal provisions for the Bagan Cultural Heritage Site consisting of the Conservation Guidelines (for monuments and other important attributes), the Building Bylaws (for new construction), the Development Guidelines (for public and semi-public spaces within towns, villages, and landscape), and the Rectification Guidelines (for previous inappropriate developments) specify if and how new constructions will be allowed. b. Currently there is a team of 59 members, of which 28 are guards, 3 are DANM staff members seconded to other departments for security, and a further 10 are private security guards in charge of the protection of the site. This number will be increased and a visitors’ management plan that would protect both visitors and the cultural assets will be elaborated and implemented. See DANM “Risk Preparedness Strategy” (Risk Assessment and Mitigation) Bagan Ancient Cities World Heritage (section 3.1.6 Security: Theft, looting and vandalism). 32 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) 33 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) 34 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) SECTION V ACTION PLAN FOR NEW AND ENHANCED MEASURES TO MANAGE RISK IN BAGAN GOM has identified measures to strengthen disaster risk management (DRM) in Bagan. 35 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) Each measure in Table 5 is described in terms of DRM Priority describes GOM’s prioritization of each Cycle Phase, Measure, Detail, Priority, Stakeholder measure. Agencies, Lead, Expected Result, and Expected Timeline. Stakeholder Agencies and Lead denote key implementers of the measures. As noted in Section DRM Cycle Phase: This denotes the key function of III, managing risk in Bagan relies on partnership and this measure toward different phases of DRM. communication between stakeholders. DANM’s role in managing and overseeing cultural heritage attributes i. Risk Identification. Measures to increase in Myanmar is fundamental and must engage understanding and communication of risk. additional technical and line ministries to complete ii. Risk Reduction. Measures aimed at mitigating and key tasks for DRM, such as detailed risk assessment reducing risk and creation of risk in the area. (see Annex 3 for a sample risk assessment form) or iii. Preparedness and Response. Measures to increase preparedness and evacuation planning. Therefore, a the ability of site managers, government, residents, list of key stakeholder agencies is provided for each industries, and communities to prepare for the task, as well as main lead agencies for the task and its risks they face and respond to actual hazard implementation for the Bagan Cultural Heritage Site. events. iv. Recovery and Rehabilitation. Measures to target Expected Result provides a description of key outputs a faster and more effective recovery, both of and outcomes to be achieved upon implementation tangible and intangible heritage. of the measure. Measure and Detail describe the overall measure to Expected Timeline provides an indicative target for be pursued by GOM to enhance DRM and provide completion. additional detail and context. 36 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) Table 5. Action Plan DRM Cycle Measure Detail Prior- Stakeholder Leads Expected Ex- Phase ity Agencies Result pected Timeline Risk Design and There are multiple needs GAD, DMH DMH 1–2 years Identification develop a and efforts to improve risk & DWIR and targeted risk information in Bagan. GOM (MOTC), MEC, DANM 1. Immediate assessment will design and implement DANM, MOC, process for a process to complete and RRD, MES, Stakeholders Bagan's share assessments. Needs CDC,MOHT, have needs include: heritage vulnerability, MOALI, understanding social vulnerability, seismic/ MRCS, MOHA, and access hydromet, exposure, tourism Police, MOI to timely and impact, etc. practical risk Risk Develop and Low-cost open platforms (e.g., DMH (MOTC), RRD information 1–2 years Identification activate risk GeoNode, InaSAFE, etc.) allow GAD, MEC, and for decision- 1. Immediate information rapid sharing and use of risk DANM, MOC, DANM making and sharing information. GOM will plan RRD, MES, investment. platform and and implement (i) relevant CDC, MOI, protocols platform(s) and (ii) information MOTC sharing protocols (e.g., monument inventory, etc.). Risk Develop a Agencies request increased DMH (MOTC), DANM, Relevant 2–3 years Identification targeted DRM capacity training to MEC, DANM, RRD, agencies training enhance understanding MOC, RRD, MES, will have 2. Medium for risk and competencies. Topics: MES, CDC among the capacity identification exposure (e.g., GIS), hazard others needed for risk (e.g., hydromet, seismic), identification. vulnerability (e.g., structural, CH-specific, social) Risk Implement GOM will work to enhance DMH (MOTC), RRD Increased 1–2 years Identification a disaster the general awareness and MEC, DANM, and public 3. Longer-Term and cultural understanding of communities, MOC, RRD, DANM awareness heritage risk industries, and site managers MES, CDC of risks to awareness to the risks to cultural heritage cultural raising assets from disasters and other heritage campaign hazards through campaigns, attributes from workshops, social media, etc. disasters and other hazards. Risk Develop GOM to develop a targeted DANM, MEC, DANM Produce 3–5 years Identification the Bagan research /analysis program to MOC, MES, relevant and Heritage guide appropriate safeguarding CDC outputs Reduction Safeguarding and retrofitting measures (e.g., to guide 2. Medium and testing and application lab/site, appropriate Retrofitting local, and sustainable building safeguarding Applied materials, etc.). and Research retrofitting Program measures for heritage structures. 37 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) DRM Cycle Measure Detail Prior- Stakeholder Leads Expected Ex- Phase ity Agencies Result pected Timeline Risk Improve and Building on research measures DANM, MOC, DANM Improve the 2 years Reduction implement and international best GAD, site strength of the rehabili- practices (e.g., ICCROM), GOM managers sites and 1. Immediate tation/retro- will enhance personnel and reduce the fit guidance resource allocation to improve risk of some and method- guideline implementation. conservation ology efforts increasing site vulnerabilities. Risk Enhance GOM to increase focus DANM, MOC, DANM Reduce 1–2 years Reduction maintenance on maintenance of overall GAD, site vulnerability practices sites (e.g., view-shed, waste managers of sites to fire, 1. Immediate of site management, cleaning, etc.). pollution, and management other hazards and increase attractiveness and integrity of site. Risk Ensure Ensure spatial planning DANM, MOC, DHUD Urban 1–3 years Reduction integration between local and union level GAD, DHUD and planning of heritage integrates (i) safeguarding of DANM will guide 2. Medium impact heritage and vulnerable sites; development assessment (ii) identification / promotion away from in of low-risk areas for new urban vulnerable development settlements and development. cultural planning heritage attributes. Risk Enhance GOM to enhance the ability of DANM, MOC, To be Enhanced 1–2 years Reduction capacity and BaganCOM or new committee GAD deter- BaganCOM authority / authority to take action on mined is able to of Bagan DRM and overall integrity and mobilize 2. Medium Heritage management of Bagan. financial Management / human Committee resources for (BaganCOM) management, and risk reduction. Risk Review GOM will review Bagan's MOTC, CDC, MOTC, Increased 3 years 3. Longer-Term Reduction Bagan's drainage system and GAD, DANM, CDC, capacity drainage and interaction with river system MES GAD, of GOM to river system for possible improvements to with manage flood and identify manage and reduce risk to DANM and drainage possible im- cultural heritage, communities, risks in Bagan. provements and DRM preparedness. 38 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) DRM Cycle Measure Detail Prior- Stakeholder Leads Expected Ex- Phase ity Agencies Result pected Timeline Develop and implement RRD, GAD, DANM Individual sites 1 year heritage site-level MPF, DFS, and will develop preparedness plans and drills. MEC, RRD and drill site 1. Immediate MOSWRR, preparedness MOAI, MOI, and MOHT, MOTC evacuation plans for visitors & heritage assets. Preparedness Preparedness Identify and prepare RRD, Effective 1–2 years and and evacuation sites for identified DHUD, evacuation 2. Medium evacuation Response needs and away from risk- GAD sites will be planning prone areas identified and ready in case of emergency. Identify and prepare roads 3. Longer-Term RRD, Roads 2–3 years and other infrastructure MOTC, and other for evacuation and other GAD infrastructure preparedness measures will be marked and ready in case of emergency. Improve GOM to continue campaign GAD, MPF, DANM, Visitors will be 1–2 years site signage of integrated signage across DFS, MEC, RRD, aware of risks to indicate Bagan, providing information MOSWRR, GAD and guidelines 2. Medium Preparedness locations and on location, overall site, MOAI, MOI, for visiting and hazards to management and maintenance media, IFRC, monuments Response visitors rules, hazards. Signage to be and have basic updated regularly and include information evacuation information, as to respond to relevant. emergencies. Enhance Enhance current collaboration DANM, RRD, DANM, Joint training 2–3 years collaboration of DANM and emergency GAD, MPF, RRD, and projects between response agencies through DFS, MEC, Man- will enhance Bagan (i) joint training / simulation MOSWRR, dalay coordination, Cultural drills of CH managers and MOAI, MOI, Region- ensure Heritage emergency responders, media, IFRC, al Gov, definition of 3. Longer-Term Site and including at Emergency Pagoda Trust GAD responsibility Preparedness emergency Operations Center (EOC), in case of and response (ii) enhanced early warning hazard event, Response agencies system (EWS) and real-time and sensitize information dissemination for site managers residents and visitors (e.g., text to risks and message, Viber/WhatsApp responders to groups). special nature of cultural heritage protection. 39 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) DRM Cycle Measure Detail Prior- Stakeholder Leads Expected Ex- Phase ity Agencies Result pected Timeline Develop and GOM will develop and DANM, MOC, DANM, DANM and 1–2 years implement implement this training MES, MEC MES, related staff targeted program to enhance DHUD will be able 1. Immediate damage accuracy and consistency to capture Recovery and assessment in the collection of damage and maintain Rehabilitation training information, building on information on program for research and other measures. site integrity DANM and and heritage related staff attributes. Develop and DANM and MES to develop and DANM, MGS, DANM Rehabilitation 1–2 years implement implement training program MES, RRD, efforts will targeted for artisans, masons, workers, GAD enhance 1. Immediate resilient and others on the use of local resilience. Recovery and conservation materials for conservation and Rehabilitation training on the best practices for the program consolidation of monuments and the construction of resilient buildings. Recovery and Review Determine possible DANM, GAD, GAD, Funding 1–2 years Rehabilitation Bagan Herit- improvements for existing RRD, MPF DANM available for age Recov- Heritage Recovery Fund and post-disaster ery Fund for other revenue lines (e.g., zone needs will options to fees) to reduce barriers to be less speed dis- disbursement and increase fragmented, bursement impact for safeguarding faster- 1. Immediate and increase Bagan’s heritage attributes. disbursing, impact and more targeted for increasing disaster resilience and preserving/ enhancing heritage attributes. Recovery and Conduct Conduct disaster risk financing DANM, GAD, MPF, 1–2 years Rehabilitation disaster risk assessment to understand RRD, MPF DANM financing current flow of funds for assessment recovery and implement 2. Medium for recovery reforms / new mechanisms and (e.g., emergency standby rehabilitation fund, specific ministry needs, at Bagan etc.) with a focus on ensuring prioritization of safeguarding and rehabilitating Bagan’s heritage attributes. Recovery and Develop Local communities will be RRD, GAD, RRD, Communities 1–2 years 3. Longer-Term Rehabilitation practices for trained in how to engage in DANM DANM will be engaging future recovery efforts (e.g., engaged local community-based techniques, in heritage communities rehabilitation and building recovery in recovery techniques, preparedness, and processes. planning economic activities). 40 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) DRM Cycle Measure Detail Prior- Stakeholder Leads Expected Ex- Phase ity Agencies Result pected Timeline Recovery and Consider Consider options to MPF, RRD MPF, Communities 3–5 years Rehabilitation financial develop financial protection RRD, and related protection mechanisms for Bagan’s DANM industries 3. Longer-Term options for residents, industries (e.g., will be better Bagan’s hotels, etc.), and site protected residents, managers from direct losses or from shocks industries, disruptions to tourism-related to their and economic activity. loverhoods heritage site and better managers able to recover. Note: CDC = City Development Committee; CH = cultural heritage; DANM = Department of Archaeology and National Museum; DFS = Department of Fire Services; DHUD = Department of Housing and Urban Development; DMH = Department of Meteorology and Hydrology; DWIR = Department of Inland Water Resources; GAD = General Administration Department; IFRC = International Federation of Red Cross; MEC = Myanmar Earthquake Committee; MES = Myanmar Engineering Society; MGS = Myanmar Geologist Society; MOAI = Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation; MOALI = Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation; MOC = Ministry of Construction; MOHA = Ministry of Home Affairs; MOHT = Ministry of Hotels and Tourism; MOI = Ministry of Information; MOSWRR = Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement; MOTC = Ministry of Transport and Communications; MPF = Myanmar Police Force; MRCS = Myanmar Red Cross Society; RRD = Department of Relief and Resettlement. 41 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) SECTION VI REFERENCES The following provides a preliminary list of resources consulted and cited: DANM (Department of Archaeology and National Museum). Risk Preparedness Strategy: Bagan Ancient Cities World Heritage. DANM. DFID (U.K. Department for International Development). 2009. Hazard Profile of Myanmar. http://www.adpc.net/v2007/ ikm/ONLINE%20DOCUMENTS/downloads/2009/HazardProfileoMyanmar.pdf Gallinaro, Vittorio. 2016. “Assessment and Structural Stabilization of Damaged Monuments with Recommendations for Improvements and Follow-up Actions. Final Mission Report October – December 2016.” Paris: UNESCO. Gavrilovic, Predrag, Pierre Pichard, and Christophe Pottier. 2016. “Damage Assessments and Recommendations for Structural Consolidation, Repair and Strengthening of Monuments in Bagan (Myanmar) Earthquake.” September-October 2016. Paris and Washington, DC: UNESCO and World Bank. GOM (Government of Myanmar). Building Bylaws and the Development Guidelines. GOM. ———. 2017a. Conservation Guidelines for Monuments and Historic Buildings. GOM. ———. 2017b. Myanmar Action Plan on Disaster Risk Reduction 2017 (MAPDRR 2017). GOM. ———. 2017c. Nomination Dossier, Vol. 1. GOM. ———. 2017d. Rectification / Intervention Guidelines. GOM. Jigyasu, Rohit. 2016. “Reducing Disaster Risks to Urban Cultural Heritage: Global Challenges and Opportunities.” Journal of Heritage Management 1 (1): 59–67. Loos, Sabine. 2017. “Regional Earthquake and Flood Risk: Bagan Temples Myanmar.” Report, August. MEC (Myanmar Earthquake Committee). 2005. “Hazard Profile of Myanmar.” (DMH, July 2009). ———. 2016. “Rapid Visual Survey for Damage of Monuments and Buildings due to Chauk Earthquake, 2016.” GOM. MOHT (Ministry of Hotels and Tourism, Myanmar). 2013. Myanmar Tourism Master Plan 2013–2020. Nay Pyi Taw: MOHT. http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs16/Myanmar%20Tourism%20Master%20Plan%202013-2020-red.pdf Shengji, Wei and Kerry Sieh. 2016. “Mw 6.8 Earthquake Strikes Central Myanmar.” Earth Observatory of Singapore, August 24. http://www.earthobservatory.sg/news/mw-68-earthquake-strikes-central-myanmar Stanton-Geddes, Zuzana and Salman Anees Soz. 2017. 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Frauke Kass, Regine Spohner, Aye Aye Myint. Franz Steiner Verlag. Stuttgart 2017. https://elibrary.steiner-verlag.de/book/99.105010/9783515116251 42 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) SECTION VII ANNEXES Annex 1 – Measurement of Exposure for Bagan Ancient Monuments Annex 2 – Analysis of Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) Assets and Vulnerability to World Heritage Center Criteria Annex 3 – Sample Risk Assessment Field Investigation Form Annex 4 – Participants at Bagan DRMP Workshops (December 7 and 29, 2017) 43 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) Annex 1 – Measurement of Exposure for Bagan Ancient Monuments and Vandalism Theft Looting Development Urban &Rural Air Pollution Earthquake Agriculture Vegetation Vibration Practice Erosion Animal Visitor Flood Rain Fire No. Attribute 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 Archaeological deposits Archaeological elements • • • • • • • • • Kiln sites • • • • • • • • • Unexcavated mounds • • • • • • • 2 Architectural Objects at • • • Museum 3 Inscription Ink inscription • • • • • Stone inscription • • • • • • • • • 4 Landscape of Monuments • • • • • • • • 5 Monuments Image house • • • • • • • • Inscription shed • • • • • Library • • • • • Monastery • • • • • • Ordination hall • • • • • Rectangular structure • • • • • • • • • Stupa • • • • • • • • • • • Temple • • • • • • • • • • • Underground structure • • • • • 6 Painting Cloth painting • • • • • Mural painting • • • • • 7 Objects at Museum • • • 8 Overall setting of Bagan • • • • 9 Palace • • • • • • • 10 Religious practice Festival Monastery • • • • • • Sima with boundary stone • • • • inscription 11 Sculpture • • • • 12 Wall (Old Bagan) City gate and wall • • • • • • • • • 13 Water management features Channel • • • • • Drainage • • • • • Lake • • • Moat • • • Reservoir • • Ritual Tank • • Tank • • Well • • • • • 44 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) Annex 2 – Analysis of Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) Assets and Vulnerability to World Heritage Center Criteria Analysis of Attributes with OUV and Criteria Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) Criterion (iii) Criterion (iv) Criterion (vi) No. Attribute Cultural Buddhist Cultural tradition in Civilization archittectural tradition and merit-making ensemble belief 1. Archaeological deposit Archaeological elements • Kiln site • Unexcavated mounds • 2. Architectural objects at museum • 3. Inscription Ink inscription • • • • Stone inscription • • • • 4. Landscape of monuments • • • • 5. Monument Image house • • • • Inscription shed • • • • Library • • • • Monastery • • • • Ordination hall • • • • Rectangular Structure • • • • Stupa • • • • Temple • • • • Underground structure • • • • 6. Painting Cloth painting • • • • Mural painting • • • • 7. Objects at museum • 8. Over all setting of Bagan • 9. Palace • 10. Religious practice Festival • • • Monastery • • • Sima with boundary stone and • • • inscription 11. Sculpture • • • • 12. Wall (Old Bagan) City gate and wall • • • • 13. Water management features Channel • Drainage • Kiln • Moat • Reservoir • Ritual tank • Tank • Well • 45 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) Annex 3 – Sample Risk Assessment Field Investigation Form 1. Description and Location Site Reference Number: Name of the Site/Object: Investigator(s) names and institutions: Investigation Date: Typology of the Attribute:(to be developed) Location (e.g. directions to Site or notes on accuracy of Site boundary): GPS Coordinates: GPS X: GPS Y: Administrative Jurisdiction Office Responsible for Protection and Management (Region, District, Township, Village) of Site: Ownership (may include multiple) DANM Acquisition in Progress Government (other) Private Unknown 46 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) 2. Significance and Values Describe Significance of the Site Describe the Value of the Site (such as scientific, historical, aesthetic, social, spiritual value): 3. Previous Interventions What was done? When? By Whom? Conservation (Structural) / Conservation (Material)/ (In chronological order) Re-plastered (whitewashed) / Restoration / Recon- struction / Excavation 3. Previous Interventions 4. Rapid Condition Assessment (at present) Type of Condition Description/ Location Picture reference Underlying Causes (agricultural practice, inadequate management, poor drainage, previous intervention, location etc.) Disintegration Layering Loss of Cohesion Loss of Adhesion 47 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) Cracking Deformation Mechanical Damages Biological Growth Structural Damage Discoloration Deposition Transformation Overall Condition Rating (Choose one) Good Fair Poor Very Bad Destroyed 48 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) 5. Risk Assessment The assessment forms the basis for writing the Risk Statement for each threat/hazard identified below, which should be prepared as the next step # Potential Threats/ Exposure Related Risk/Potential Probability Severity of Risk Level Hazards Vulnerability Impact (likelihood) Impact factors Such as: Describe Such as: Describe the (High / (High / (Very High/ • Earthquake (Dam aspect/ • Inherent kind of impact Medium / Medium / High / break; Land part of the material that may occur Low) Low) Medium / Settlement; Fire); site/object characteristics; on the site/ Low / • Flood (Rainfall; Dam is exposed • inherent object due to Based on: Based on: Very Low) Break; Vibration); structural hazards and • Frequency of • Extent of • Fire (Wild Fire; characteristics; vulnerability incidents damage Probability Farming Practice; • past factors • Rate of to part or x Severity of Arson; Electricity interventions; change in the whole Impact = Short Circuit; Gas • location; deterioration of the site/ Risk Level Pipeline Explosion); • surroundings; process after object due to • Vegetation (specify); • lack of the event hazards and VH=Very High • Theft and looting; management • Rate of vulnerability H=High • Vandalism; • etc. change in the factors M=Medium • Unreported cumulative • Level of L=Low Accidental finds; Describe, in deterioration impact on VL=Very Low • Agricultural Practice; detail, either process the specific • Excavation Practices; or more of the • Existence or values of the H x H = VH • Animal Impact; above. prevalence of site/object HxM=H • Pollution (Ground extremities MxH=H Water; Soil; Air); in severity of MxM=M • Tourism; the hazard LxM=L • Urban Development MxL=L (including new L x L = VL constructions, infrastructure like roads etc.); • Possible violations of Antiquities Law; Hazards connected with objects: Disintegration; Light (artificial); Light (natural); Incorrect Temperature; Incorrect Humidity; People; Pollutants; Dust; Pests; Vibration • Etc. Some of these threats may not be seen today but risks have to be assessed for future possibilities of these threats 49 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) Very High High High High 1 Medium Medium Medium Low Low Low Very Low Very High High High High 2 Medium Medium Medium Low Low Low Very Low Very High High High High 3 Medium Medium Medium Low Low Low Very Low Very High High High High 4 Medium Medium Medium Low Low Low Very Low Very High High High High 5 Medium Medium Medium Low Low Low Very Low 50 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) Annex 4 – Participants at Bagan DRMP Workshops (December 7 and 29, 2017) Participants at the Consultation Workshop on December 7, 2017 (Thande Hotel, Bagan) Sr. No Name Title/Position Department 1 Zaw Min Aung Staff officer Department of Archaeology and National Museum 2 U Kyaw Khaing Principal Department of Archaeology and National Museum 3 U Naing Win Assistant Director Department of Archaeology and National Museum 4 U Lin Tun Kyi Staff Officer Department of Archaeology and National Museum 5 U Than Zaw Oo Director Department of Archaeology and National Museum 6 U Win Kyaing Principal Department of Archaeology and National Museum 7 U Saw Naing Oo Staff Officer Department of Archaeology and National Museum 8 U Arkar Aye Deputy Administrator Department of Archaeology and National Museum 9 U Ko Ko Assistant Director Department of Agriculture, Land Management 10 U Soe Soe Lin Deputy Director Department of Archaeology and National Museum 11 Daw May Phyu Soe Assistant Director Relief and Resettlement Department 12 U Aung Aung Kyaw Director Department of Archaeology and National Museum 13 Maung Maung Than GIS Specialist Consultant 14 U Thein Lwin Deputy Director General Department of Archaeology and National Museum 15 Daw Min Min Thwin Staff Officer Department of Archaeology and National Museum 16 Daw Khin Phyu Mar Staff Officer Department of Archaeology and National Museum 17 U Phyo Pyae Ko Ko Staff Officer Department of Archaeology and National Museum 18 U Htun Htun Aye Assistant Director Department of Archaeology and National Museum 19 U Zaw Wai Chairman Hotel Association 20 Dr. Myint Thein Director of District General Nyaung Oo District General Hospital Hospital 21 U Ko Ko Gyi Chairman Bagan Development Organization 22 U Zaw Zaw Aye Deputy Director Ministry of Construction 23 Daw Sandar Win Assistant Director Ministry of Construction 24 Daw Than Than Oo Staff Officer Ministry of Construction 25 Kyaw Min Oo Assistant Director Department of Highways 26 U Kyaw Toe MP House of Representative 27 U Htin Kyaw Deputy Director Planning Department 28 Daw Thin Thin Khaing Deputy Director Relief and Resettlement Department 29 U Zin Oo Assistant Director Department of Archaeology and National Museum 30 U Thet Zaw Assistant Director Department of Archaeology and National Museum 31 U Soe Win Htay Deputy Director Department of Archaeology and National Museum 32 U Saw Htwe Zaw Vice Chairman Myanmar Engineering Society 33 Dr. Yin Myo Min Htwe Assistant Director Department of Meteorology and Hydrology 34 Dr. Myo Thant Vice President Myanmar Earthquake Committee 35 U Myo Nyunt Director (retired) Department of Archaeology and National Museum 36 Nay Lin Deputy Commander Nyaung Oo District Police Force 37 Zaw Win Cho Member Bagan Heritage Trust 38 U That Khine Director Department of Fire Service 39 U Maung Maung President Myanmar Lacquer Association 51 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) Sr. No Name Title/Position Department 40 U Soe Thint Head of the District District Administration Department Administration Department 41 U Min Swe Staff Officer Department of Archaeology and National Museum 42 Daw Tharaphi Aung Staff Officer Department of Archaeology and National Museum 43 Daw Aye Aye Khine Assistant Director Department of Archaeology and National Museum 44 U Maung Lin Member Myanmar Lacquer Association 45 Sharhank Miswia DRR Program Manager UN Habitat 46 U Hla Moe Zaw Assistant Director Ministry of Construction 47 U Zaw Win Myint Assistant Director District Immigration Department 48 Aung Shein Assistant Director Department of Rural Development 49 U Aung Kyaing Deputy Director General Department of Archaeology (retired) 50 Daw Latt Latt Aung Director Department of Water Resources and Improvement of River 51 Daw Myint Myint Oo Staff Officer Ministry of Hotels and Tourism 52 U Yan Naung Kyaw President Magathiri Trust 53 U Myint Than Deputy Director Department of Archaeology and National Museum 54 Daw Win Pa Pa Staff Officer Department of Archaeology and National Museum 55 Daw Aye Aye Khine Audit Department of Archaeology and National Museum 56 Daw Seint Seint Staff Officer Department of Archaeology and National Chaw Museum 57 Daw Kay Thi Mon Officer Department of Archaeology and National Museum 58 U Thi Ha Maung Officer Department of Archaeology and National Maung Museum 59 U Ko Ko Aung Assistant Director Department of Archaeology and National Museum 60 U Myint Khine Chairman Myanmar Hotel Association 52 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) Participants at the Consultation Workshop on December 29, 2017 (Bagan River View Hotel) Sr. No Name Title/Position Department 1 Kyaw Swe Chairman Tour guide Association 2 Naing Tun Vice Chairman Tour guide Association 3 Kyaw Kazar Assistant Director Department of Fire Service 4 U Myo Aung Staff Officer Department of Archaeology 5 U Maung Maung President Myanmar Lacquer Association 6 U Maung Lin Vice President Myanmar Lacquer Association 7 U Ko Ko Naing Staff Officer Department of Agriculture, Land Management 8 U San Win Aung Deputy Director Ministry of Hotel and Tourism 9 U Min Swe Deputy Director Department of Archaeology 10 U Than Swe Chairman Pagoda Trust (Sulamuni) 11 U Myo Thin Assistant Director General Administration Department 12 U Soe Thint Director District General Administration Department 13 Maung Maung Than GIS Specialist Consultant 14 Zaw Min Aung Staff officer Department of Archaeology and National Museum 15 U Kyaw Khaing Principal Department of Archaeology and National Museum 16 U Naing Win Assistant Director Department of Archaeology and National Museum 17 U Lin Tun Kyi Staff Officer Department of Archaeology and National Museum 18 U Than Zaw Oo Director Department of Archaeology and National Museum 19 U Win Kyaing Principal Department of Archaeology and National Museum 20 U Saw Naing Oo Staff Officer Department of Archaeology and National Museum 21 U Arkar Aye Deputy Administrator Department of Archaeology and National Museum 22 U Soe Soe Lin Deputy Director Department of Archaeology and National Museum 23 U Aung Aung Kyaw Director Department of Archaeology and National Museum 24 U Thein Lwin Deputy Director General Department of Archaeology and National Museum 25 Daw Min Min Thwin Staff Officer Department of Archaeology and National Museum 26 Daw Khin Phyu Mar Staff Officer Department of Archaeology and National Museum 27 U Phyo Pyae Ko Ko Staff Officer Department of Archaeology and National Museum 28 U Htun Htun Aye Assistant Director Department of Archaeology and National Museum 29 U Aung Nay Phyoe Assistant Director Department of Urban and Housing 30 U Nyi Nyi Saw Hla Staff Officer Department of Urban and Housing 31 U Kyaw Swar Oo Police Captain District Police Force 32 U Sawili Director Relief and Resettlement Department 33 U Saw MP House of Representative 29 U Zin Oo Assistant Director Department of Archaeology and National Museum 30 U Thet Zaw Assistant Director Department of Archaeology and National Museum 31 U Soe Win Htay Deputy Director Department of Archaeology and National Museum 32 Dr. Yin Myo Min Htwe Assistant Director Department of Meteorology and Hydrology 33 U Myo Nyunt Director (retired) Bagan Heritage Trust 34 Daw Aye Aye Khine Assistant Director Department of Archaeology and National Museum 35 U Aung Kyaing Deputy Director General Department of Archaeology and National (retired) Museum 53 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) Sr. No Name Title/Position Department 36 Daw Latt Latt Aung Director Department of Water Resources and Improvement of River 37 Daw Aye Aye Khine Audit Department of Archaeology and National Museum 38 Daw Seint Seint Staff Officer Department of Archaeology and National Chaw Museum 39 Daw Su New Aung Officer Department of Archaeology and National Museum 40 Daw San San Hla Officer Department of Archaeology and National Museum 41 U Phyo Wanna Kyaw Officer Department of Archaeology and National Museum 42 U Myint Khine Chairman Bagan Development Association 54 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) 56