Catalyzing Solutions for Sustainable Cities Sharing Knowledge. Strengthening Partnerships. Pursuing Urban Sustainability. © 2018 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denomina- tions, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank Biodiversity Reserve Banco San Miguel, Asunción. Photo: © PNUDParaguay/René González. concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. 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Acknowledgments The Global Platform for Sustainable Cities sincerely thanks the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and all of the plat- form’s partners mentioned throughout the document for their contributions to the compilation of this report. Notes 1. All dollars ($) indicated are in United States dollars. 2. All CO2 emissions are in metric tons. 3. Some numbers have been rounded for clarity. Project financing amounts have been provided by GEF. Estimated project CO2 emission targets are sourced from the May 2017 GEF report titled “Tackling the Drivers of Glob- al Environmental Degradation through the IAP Programs.” Country environmental footprint data comprising the percentage of population residing in urban areas and metric tons of CO2 emissions per capita has been accessed through the World Bank Open Data Portal. The urban population data is sourced from the 2018 United Nations Population Division’s World Urbanization Prospects; the CO2 emission data is for 2014 and is sourced from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center of Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Sustainable Cities A Global Priority Urban areas are growing at an unprecedented rate, with over half of the world’s population of nearly 4 billion people now residing in cities. By 2050, the number is expected to swell to over 6.5 billion−approximately two-thirds of humanity. Rapid urbanization provides opportunities, yet challenges come in tandem. How cities respond to this fast-paced growth will have a long-lasting impact on the global environment. Global Goals The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development includes 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), with the 11th goal particularly relevant to cities. SDG 11 commits the world to making “cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.” Building on the SDGs, the New Urban Agenda (NUA) adopted at the 2016 Habitat III conference in Quito, Ecuador, sets out a 20-year road map for the sustainable urban development of cities and municipalities. The document focuses on improving residents’ social, cultural, and environmental well-being. Catalyzing Solutions for Sustainable Cities | i “Cities are incubators where new ideas and business models are born and tested among business people and finance institutions, planners and regulators. The fight against climate change will be won or lost in cities.” — Naoko Ishii | CEO and Chairperson | Global Environment Facility “At the World Bank, we are working with the private sector, governments, civil society, and other partners to build competitive, inclusive, resilient, and sustainable cities and communities for everyone worldwide, especially for the urban poor. The Sustainable Cities program is an important contributor to these initiatives.” — Ede Ijjasz-Vasquez | Senior Director | Social, Urban, Rural, and Resilience Global Practice | World Bank Group Mexico City, Mexico. Photo: EddieHernandezPhotography ii | Catalyzing Solutions for Sustainable Cities GEF: Prioritizing Sustainable Urbanization The Global Environment Facility (GEF) recognizes that compact, resilient, resource-efficient, and well-managed cities can be drivers of the green economy and effective investments that return global environmental benefits. Poorly managed cities, on the other hand, will create sprawling urban development that strains ecosystems and essential infrastructure services, exacerbates climate change, and increases land degradation and environmental pollution. To prioritize sustainable urbanization practices, GEF joined forces with key entities to launch the Sustainable Cities Integrated Approach Pilot under its GEF-6 funding cycle. The Sustainable Cities program supports 11 developing countries and 28 of their cities with approximately $151 million in grant funding at the global and project GEF-7 levels. This effort has leveraged an additional $2.4 billion in Investing in “Game Changers” co-financing. GEF will continue its support to mainstream sustainable development during its next replenishment funding cycle World Bank Leading Efforts to Promote (GEF-7). The Sustainable Cities Sustainable Communities and Tackle Climate program will transition to an Change impact program with a focus on The World Bank has established initiatives promoting resilient and new technologies and approaches sustainable communities and supporting efforts to tackle climate that can emerge as game changers change—which are critical prerequisites to its twin goals of eliminating to leverage greater global poverty and boosting shared prosperity. In its new climate targets environmental benefits. for fiscal years 2021–2025, the World Bank plans to double its direct climate finance and private mobilization investments to $200 billion. With this it will significantly boost climate adaptation and resilience initiatives, along with integration of climate considerations in policy planning, implementation, and evaluation. The new plan will also support 100 cities as they seek to implement low-carbon and compact urban planning strategies. The World Bank’s Global Practice focusing on urban development and resilience is responsible for working with communities and cities so they are environmentally sustainable, resilient to economic and natural shocks, competitive, and inclusive, with opportunities for all. Further to this charge, the World Bank leads the Global Platform for Sustainable Cities (GPSC). Catalyzing Solutions for Sustainable Cities | iii Why Focus on Cities? 100 % of the world’s 34 primary biodiversity hotspots contain urban areas. 80 % of the world’s gross domestic product is produced in cities. 70 % of greenhouse gas emissions are generated by cities. 2/3 of global energy is consumed Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Photo: jamesteohart by cities. 2/3 of humanity will live in cities by 2050. iv | Catalyzing Solutions for Sustainable Cities Contents SUSTAINABLE CITIES INTEGRATED APPROACH—A Holistic Way Forward 1 GLOBAL PLATFORM FOR SUSTAINABLE CITIES—The Power of Partnership 3 Sustainability Indicators and Tools—Promoting a Shared Approach 4 Integrated Urban Planning and Management—Sharing Sustainable Solutions 6 Municipal Finance—Supporting a Fiscally Enabling Environment 7 Capacity Development—Learning Together 8 Connecting—Leveraging the Network 10 PARTICIPATING COUNTRIES AND THEIR CITIES 15 Brazil 16 China 17 Côte d’Ivoire 18 India 19 Malaysia 20 Mexico 21 Paraguay 22 Peru 24 Senegal 25 South Africa 26 Vietnam 27 SUSTAINABLE CITIES IMPACT PROGRAM—The Next Steps 29 Catalyzing Solutions for Sustainable Cities | v The Program in Numbers Since becoming fully operational in 2017 during GEF-6, the Global Platform for Sustainable Cities (GPSC) has: 28 cities in 11 countries participating 16 training events and expert meetings organized 10 knowledge products produced— 10 more currently being prepared 8 knowledge and investment partners involved 4 language versions of the Urban Sustainability Framework produced 2 global meetings organized, attended by 500 policy makers from more than 50 cities 1 Urban Sustainability Diagnostic for Melaka carried out— 20 more under preparation for participating cities 1 Photo: yangphoto. GPSC website and city dashboard created— www.thegpsc.org vi | Catalyzing Solutions for Sustainable Cities Sustainable Cities Integrated Approach— A Holistic Way Forward GEF’s 2020 strategy emphasizes support for the transformational change needed to create environmental impacts on a broad scale; more specifically, it supports broad coalitions of committed stakeholders and focuses on scalable activities. Beginning in 2015, the GEF-6 Sustainable Cities program has promoted integrated approaches that address distinct, time-bound global environmental challenges. Urbanization has played a central role in the world’s economic growth, but it has also caused environmental degradation. The Sustainable Cities program provides policy and governance support to facilitate integrated urban planning, management, and financing that leads to sustainable and resilient development and sound ecosystem management. Why Focus on Integrated Approaches? Cities are a natural place to focus on integrated solutions—however, successful integrated solutions are not commonplace. Cities offer fertile ground for integrating traditionally interdependent operating systems, such as energy, transport, water, and waste, although in A Two-Track Approach: Creating and practice these components have been integrated Connecting Global Ambassadors with varying degrees of effectiveness through cross-sectoral means of land use planning The Sustainable Cities program consists of two and urban governance. There are strong integral tracks: environmental, social, and economic reasons City-level projects, with a focus on integrated for advancing these components into better- solutions to urbanization across sectors, coordinated human systems and integrating them including urban mobility, ecosystem with natural systems. Such integration can offer conservation, climate change adaptation, solid tremendous environmental benefits and must be waste management, and smart technologies fully encouraged and scaled up in order to effect transformational change. The Global Platform for Sustainable Cities (GPSC), which ties all the city-level projects together in terms of strategy Catalyzing Solutions for Sustainable Cities | 1 “The Urban Sustainability Framework has been developed to help cities understand their current sustainability status, define a vision with priorities, establish financing for implementation, and monitor their progress—all while being able to GPSC City Academy, Singapore. Photo: Lincoln Landon Lewis. benchmark themselves with peer cities.” — GPSC’s Urban Sustainability Framework1 1 Global Platform for Sustainable Cities, World Bank, Urban Sustainability Framework, 1st ed. (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2018). The text is freely available on the GPSC website at www.thegpsc.org/usf. 2 | Catalyzing Solutions for Sustainable Cities Global Platform for Sustainable Cities— The Power of Partnership GPSC’s Three Thrusts Sharing Knowledge. Strengthening Partnerships. Pursuing Urban Sustainability. G PSC is a partnership and knowledge platform that The World Bank leads the GPSC. The platform connects promotes integrated solutions and cutting-edge and collaborates with various stakeholders—including support for cities seeking to improve their urban development banks, UN agencies, knowledge partners, sustainability. The platform comprises a diverse range of investment partners, resource partners, and others—to cities and organizations and has been operational since pursue a holistic approach to sustainable urbanization, 2017. link projects to financing, and thereby facilitate the Each city faces various constraints to achieving its transformation of knowledge to investment. sustainability aspirations based upon its own unique contexts, such as population size and per capita income. GPSC’s Pillars Supporting Sustainability Yet by coming together and combining their efforts, cities can leverage greater advantages through the The platform’s initiatives can be explained through its power of partnership. three pillars in support of urban sustainability. As shown in the diagram, three vertical pillars intersect three GPSC’s support for cities has several objectives: primary cross-cutting methods of engagement, and a Help cities adopt a holistic approach to urban range of corresponding example activities. The following planning, management, and financing pages of this report give an overview of the three pillars, Provide cutting-edge knowledge and urban expertise along with examples of how GPSC shares knowledge. Promote cities that are inclusive, safe, resilient, and GPSC’s methods of developing capacity and connecting sustainable stakeholders are also explained. Pillars Integrated Sustainability Urban Municipal Indicators Planning and Finance and Tools Management Sharing Urban Sustainability TOD Municipal PPP Knowledge Framework Guidebook Guidebook Example Activities Methods Capacity Expert Action Planning Municipal Finance Development Meetings Workshops Academy Peer City Indicator City-to-City Private Sector Connecting Benchmarking Twinning Co-financing Note: TOD = transit-oriented development; PPP = public-private partnership. Catalyzing Solutions for Sustainable Cities | 3 Sustainability Indicators and Tools— Promoting a Shared Approach Under GPSC’s first pillar, the platform promotes a Urban Sustainability Framework coordinated use of indicators and tools to assess a city’s Recognizing the wide range of its cities, GPSC sustainability, set goals, monitor the implementation, developed the USF as a guidance document to help and track the progress. The GPSC’s primary methods build a common understanding of urban sustainability document is the Urban Sustainability Framework (USF), and provide cities and urban practitioners with which is available on its website (www.thegpsc.org/ policy-oriented and actionable tools to reach their usf) in four languages (English, Chinese, French, and sustainability aspirations. The document comprises Spanish). two integral parts, the Four-stage Approach and the Measuring Framework. Stage 2 Defining a vision and identifying priorities Identifying where the city wants to go. Stage 1 Stage 4 A Four-Stage Approach to Sustainability Diagnosis Monitoring and Understanding the evaluation The USF’s Four-stage Approach was developed as CITIZEN ENGAGEMENT current sustainability & STAKEHOLDER Identifying how the a road map to help cities understand their current status of the city. CONSULTATION city tracks its progress and monitors the sustainability status, define a vision with priorities, impact of its action determine financing, and finally monitor and Stage 3 plan. evaluate their implementation process. Financing an intervention plan Establishing how the Stages 2 and 3 are city will achieve and carried out in parallel finance its vision. to ensure correlation between the project visioning and the financing. The Measuring Framework: Helping Cities Understand of cities. Urban sustainability is assessed through two enabling dimensions and four outcome dimensions, which are further broken and Measure Urban Sustainability down into focus areas. The Measuring Framework includes a list The USF has interpreted the critical themes of the SDGs, the of goals cities can consider, rationales and key questions, and a list New Urban Agenda, and the Paris Agreement to develop a six- of indicators that allow cities to easily track their progress toward dimensional interrelated framework to measure the sustainability sustainability, while comparing themselves against their peers. ENABLING DIMENSIONS GOVERNANCE & FISCAL INTEGRATED URBAN SUSTAINABILITY PLANNING OUTCOME DIMENSIONS URBAN NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CLIMATE ACTION INCLUSIVITY ECONOMIES & RESOURCES & RESILIENCE & QUALITY OF LIFE 4 | Catalyzing Solutions for Sustainable Cities Melaka Sustainability Diagnostic Planning Tools to Leverage Climate Benefits Building upon the USF’s methods of assessing a city’s Urban land use is foundational to integrated urban challenges and devising a road map to achieve urban planning. The GPSC provides tools such as the Urban sustainability, GPSC initiated the Urban Sustainability Growth Scenario to assess the greenhouse gas (GHG) Diagnostic process. Starting with a three-day workshop benefits of a compact urban development model. This in October 2017, consultations were held with Melaka’s model produces multiple results, which include savings stakeholders from both the public and private sectors. in land, water, and energy usage; mobility optimization; The analysis covered five areas targeted to Melaka’s and lower infrastructure costs. The co-benefits unique opportunities and constraints: Competitive generated from integrated land use and planning & Smart Economy, Clean & Green Environment, provide an important basis for policy dialogue with the Inclusivity & Quality of Life, Fiscal Sustainability, and political leadership and for developing a compact urban Integrated Urban Planning. The assessment team was spatial strategy. led by the World Bank in collaboration with the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and the Malaysian Industry-Government Group for High Technology (MIGHT). City-level Sustainability Benchmarking— Comparing with Peers The USF encourages cities to assess their urban understand where each city currently stands in terms sustainability and compare themselves with their of sustainability. The process focuses on drawing out peers. GPSC has initiated a benchmarking process the best practices of the cohort of cities; for each using the six dimensions of the USF, and will compare focus area, it highlights which cities are examples of most of its 28 cities to a group of aspirational best practices and successful policies and should be peer cities in an initial assessment; the goal is to seen as models for their peers. Where Your City Stands Key Sustainable Considerations Long-term Vision Integrated Strategy Advanced Continuous Implementation Clear Vision Comprehensive Strategy Consolidating Successful Implementation Developing a Vision Strategic Priorities Emerging Beginning Implementation Levels of Finding a Vision Sustainability Scattered Responses Lacking Implementation Catalyzing Solutions for Sustainable Cities | 5 Integrated Urban Planning and Management— Sharing Sustainable Solutions Integrated urban planning and management, GPSC’s Opportunities and interventions should promote a second pillar, is a strategic process that allows cities to holistic, interconnected approach to city functions shape a vision incorporating a multiplicity of mutually and consider the city as a system of systems. Such an reinforcing actions and policies. approach recognizes the interrelationships between GPSC emphasizes the importance of informing strategic dimensions as set out in the GPSC’s USF and seeks to planning processes with robust data. It provides maximize synergies between city systems and functions. guidance to cities on how to improve data collection Transit-oriented development (TOD) is a good example and management as well as leverage technology for big of an integrated approach that brings together the data, and it showcases good practices for data-sharing consideration of land use, urban mobility, optimization platforms. of job opportunities, and environmental benefits. Harnessing Geospatial and Data Technology for Planning In collaboration with the Earth Observation for of the geospatial products being provided to cities Sustainable Development for Urban Applications include baseline land use and land cover data, along (EO4SD-Urban) program of the European Space with derived products such as data on urban green Agency (ESA),a the GPSC is in the process of providing areas, transport networks, informal settlements, and cities with urban extent imagery to facilitate a finer- population densities. grained understanding of urban expansion. Some Transit-Oriented Development Implementation Resources and Tools Transit-oriented development is a cross-cutting and vibrant communities. GPSC has supported a approach that integrates the strategies of land World Bank initiative to produce a 550-page toolkit use planning, transportation planning, and land explaining how cities can achieve best practices in value capture. TOD advances environmental TOD. The document, Transit-Oriented Development sustainability, promotes economic and socially Implementation Resources and Tools, lays out TOD’s inclusive development, and supports highly livable five steps, as shown in the diagram. IMPLEMENT ASSESS The “Implement” stage ties the diverse The “Assess” stage helps determine interventions needed to “Make TOD how ready the city is for TOD happen” from prioritizing projects, capacity building, and monitoring TOD’s FINANCE ENABLE Five Steps The “Finance” stage focuses The “Enable” stage highlights on the dynamics of real estate policies and mechanisms that financing, infrastructure cities can use to enable TOD investments, and the role of planning processes private developers in TOD PLAN+DESIGN The “Plan+Design” stage focuses on a. ESA’s EO4SD-Urban program is coordinated by GAF formulating context-specific solutions Germany in collaboration with a consortium of Earth and priorities observation service providers in Europe. 6 | Catalyzing Solutions for Sustainable Cities Municipal Finance— Supporting a Fiscally Enabling Environment GPSC’s third pillar emphasizes the importance of cities’ governments and their urban service providers need fiscal sustainability and builds upon the platform’s to take actions that promote their long-term financial focus on linking technical assistance to financing. A sustainability. prudent fiscal framework will entail a transparent To promote a fiscally enabling environment through its process of strategic budget and debt management, municipal finance pillar, GPSC helps cities robust revenue sources, investment in infrastructure, and continual strategic forecasting. Assess their fiscal sustainability and creditworthiness Cities typically face three interrelated challenges for sustainably financing their urban development and Develop revenue improvement strategies and management initiatives: the capital needed to invest climate-smart capital investment plans in projects may not be readily available; revenue Identify market-based options to finance streams for city governments and urban service infrastructure investment plans providers are irregular; and cities and urban service providers lack access to market-based financing for Harness private sector investment for project urban infrastructure. To address these challenges, city financing and scaling Melaka Municipal Finance Assessment GPSC carried out an assessment of Melaka’s fiscal comprised stakeholder interviews and meetings, sustainability within the Melaka Urban Sustainability along with analysis of data drawn from the official Diagnostic. Importantly, this study was performed at audited financial statements of both governments for both the state and municipal jurisdictions because the previous four years. The successful engagement some of the investments required to improve a has since broadened beyond Melaka’s Sustainable state’s sustainability must be undertaken directly Cities project and now provides Malaysian civil by the municipal government. In November 2017, servants with training in municipal finance capacity a three-day rapid assessment was conducted that development. Downtown market streets. Lagos, Nigeria. Photo: peeterv Creditworthiness Training Access to market-based financing requires cities and municipalities to demonstrate their financial viability. To help cities learn how to build a good credit history and manage their credit, the GPSC, along with City Creditworthiness Initiative, hosted a four-day training for cities in Washington, DC, in December 2016. Catalyzing Solutions for Sustainable Cities | 7 Capacity Development— Learning Together GPSC focuses on connecting stakeholders to promote Training and expert discussion topics have covered the an integrated approach to urban sustainability that following: breaks down silos and fosters collaboration. This Geospatial data in collaboration with the European process of forging partnerships and sharing knowledge Space Agency is supported through city-to-city learning, collaboration Urban sustainability indicators within the network, and the inclusion of new partners in the network based upon cities’ needs and the evolution GHG assessment tool for integrated urban planning of urban sustainability practices. Integrated urban planning as practiced by Singapore GPSC is a knowledge repository for integrated urban Integrated approach to solid waste management planning that shares both best practices and lessons learned. It fosters learning through its website, through Transit-oriented development global, regional, and working group meetings, and by Nature-based solutions to urban flooding bringing together experts and stakeholders to share Creditworthiness and public-private partnerships ideas. (PPPs) GPSC 2nd Global Meeting, New Delhi. Photo: Qiyang Xu. Global Meetings GPSC held its first global meeting in Singapore The second global meeting, “Better Planning, Better in March 2016. The event brought together 200 Cities: Solutions to Urban Sustainability,” kicked off participants from national, subnational, and in October 2017 in New Delhi. It brought together city governments as well as research institutes, participants from 19 countries, 30 cities, and 35 international organizations, and the private sector. organizations. Learning events and roundtables were Participants took part in panel discussions, thematic held on the core topics, including TOD, municipal learning sessions, and site visits that covered a range PPPs, and the use of geospatial data tools. of issues, such as urban flood risk management, TOD, and climate change resilience in urban planning. 8 | Catalyzing Solutions for Sustainable Cities GPSC African Regional Workshop The World Bank and African Development Bank (AfDB) collaborated to organize GPSC’s first regional workshop, “Integrated Urban Development in Africa: Challenges and Lessons Learnt.” Held GPSC City Academy Singapore in May 2018 at AfDB’s headquarters in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, the event was attended by over The first GPSC City Academy took place in 130 participants and hosted lectures and hands- November 2018 in Singapore. At this Technical on training on three topics: (i) evidence-based Deep Dive event, 23 city practitioners from seven approaches to integrated urban planning; (ii) urban countries and 10 cities sought to strengthen mobility and transit-oriented development; and their knowledge of integrated approaches to (iii) municipal financial sustainability. urban planning, climate change, and TOD. The City Academy was jointly organized by the World Bank and the GPSC Resource Team of World Resources Institute (WRI), C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group, and ICLEI Local Governments for Sustainability. Catalyzing Solutions for Sustainable Cities | 9 Connecting— Leveraging the Network GPSC continues to grow as a global convening space practitioners from the public and private sectors, along for dialogue, resources, and expert needs related to with a broad range of organizations—all in an effort to set urban sustainability. The platform fosters intercity and up a broad-based coalition promoting sustainable forms interagency collaboration, bringing together urban of urban development, management, and financing. GPSC City Academy, Singapore. Photo: Lincoln Landon Lewis. 10 | Catalyzing Solutions for Sustainable Cities Implementing Agencies The following implementing agencies guide each of the GEF Sustainable Cities projects in the 11 participating countries. They represent a wide range of multilateral development banks, a national development bank, and UN agencies. National City Platforms The national city platforms linked to GPSC promote an integrated approach to urban sustainability at the national and subnational levels. Knowledge Partners GPSC’s knowledge partners share knowledge and experiences on low-carbon development and resource management. They include Aarhus, Denmark; California; China Center for Urban Development; the European Space Agency; and UN-Habitat. Paris and Yokohama are in the process of joining this unique group. Investment Partners The International Finance Corporation (IFC) has become GPSC’s first investment partner. GPSC also works closely with the network of international financial institutions to bring public and private financing opportunities to cities. Resource Partners The resource team, which provides technical knowledge and helps cities further connect with each other, includes World Resources Institute (WRI), C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group, and ICLEI Local Governments for Sustainability. The growing number of resource partners provides strong support to the participating cities. Catalyzing Solutions for Sustainable Cities | 11 11 countries 28 cities 100 million metric tons of estimated CO2 emissions reductions SENEGAL Dakar, Diamniadio, MEXICO and Saint-Louis Campeche, GEF grant: $9.5 million La Paz, and Xalapa Co-financing: $52 million GEF grant: $15 million Co-financing: $98 million CÔTE D’IVOIRE Abidjan GEF grant: $6 million PERU Co-financing: $33 million Lima GEF grant: $7.5 million Co-financing: $300 million BRAZIL PARAGUAY Brasilia and Recife Asunción GEF grant: $25 million GEF grant: $8.3 million Co-financing: $195 million Co-financing: $240 million 12 | Catalyzing Solutions for Sustainable Cities Connecting— Leveraging the Network CHINA Beijing, Guiyang, Nanchang, Ningbo, Shenzhen, Shijiazhuang, and Tianjin GEF grant: $36 million Co-financing: $1,084 million VIETNAM Ha Giang, Hue, and Vinh Yen GEF grant: $9 million Co-financing: $148 million MALAYSIA Melaka INDIA GEF grant: $3 million Bhopal, Guntur, Jaipur, Co-financing: $21 million Mysore, and Vijayawada GEF grant: $13 million Co-financing: $114 million $ 151 SOUTH AFRICA Johannesburg million $ 2.4 billion GEF grant: $9 million in GEF grants Co-financing: $124 million has leveraged in project co-financing Catalyzing Solutions for Sustainable Cities | 13 “The concept of sustainable industrialization will guide the industrial development of Côte d’Ivoire and strengthen our commitment to continuous improvement of the difficult conditions of our people. Sustainable approaches will guide our National Development Plan, and we seek support from international institutions—like the World Bank, the AfDB, and UNIDO—and from our national and subnational stakeholders to help us fight pollution and climate change and achieve results that are beneficial for all.” — Mrs. Anne Désiré Ouloto | Minister of Health, Environment and Sustainable Development | Côte d’Ivoire Aerial View of Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. Photo: United Nations Photo CC BY-NC-ND 2.0. 14 | Catalyzing Solutions for Sustainable Cities Participating Countries and their Cities Cities are the incubators in which sustainable urban planning strategies are tested, implemented, and assessed. Under the Sustainable Cities program, countries and their cities are pursuing sustainability goals through various means, including urban mobility, waste management, infrastructure development, reduction of GHG emissions, and ecosystem and biodiversity conservation. The city projects focus on some of the following key components: Ecosystems and Green Industries Low-carbon Biodiversity Developing Technology Preserving natural strategies to reduce Using renewable reserves and industrial emissions energy to harness habitats, protecting and hazardous solar panel technology coastlines, and industrial waste and to power public and analyzing biodiversity implementing these private buildings and performance technologies in mobility systems industrial production National Solid Waste Urban Mobility Urban Platform Management Encouraging the use of Sustainability Developing country- Formulating solid public transit through Planning specific platforms waste management comprehensive Fostering long-term for linking and strategies and manuals, mobility strategies, urban planning implementing and constructing bio- and developing decisions informed sustainable city digesters, composting projects that integrate by robust data strategies at the local, facilities, waste-to- urban planning, and stakeholder national, and global energy facilities, and transportation, and participation processes levels sewage treatment land value capture plants strategies through TOD Catalyzing Solutions for Sustainable Cities | 15 16 | Sustainable Solutions. Sharing Knowledge. Strengthening Partnerships Photo: Mariana Ceratti / World Bank. Brazil Brasilia and Recife Focus on integrated urban planning, with an aim GEF grant: $25 million/ Co-financing $195 million to reduce energy and water insecurity, build climate Implementing agency: United Nations Environment resilience, and institutionalize evidence-based Programme climate change policies. Demonstrate green technologies in pilot projects, Environmental Footprint including testing the efficacy of filtering gardens in Recife, analyzing the financial and technical 86 percent of Brazil’s population resides in urban viability of solar-powered boats in Recife, and testing areas. phytoremediation for soil remediation in Brasilia. 2.6 metric tons of CO2 emissions per capita are generated each year in Brazil. Project’s Climate Benefits National Knowledge Platform An estimated direct reduction of 3.8 million metric tons of With the support of the Sustainable Cities CO2 emissions Programme in São Paulo and the Centro de Gestão e Estudos Estratégicos in Brasilia, the Brazilian Project Focus Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovation and The project—Promoting Sustainable Cities in Brazil Communication is developing an online national through Integrated Urban Planning and Innovative knowledge platform. This will contain urban planning Technologies Investment—focuses on the integration of tools, training programs, and sustainable planning urban technologies with land use to foster sustainable strategies that cities can adopt for facilitating development and build climate resilience. The project sustainable urban development. This initiative will includes the following key components: be augmented by a new Sustainable City Innovation Develop a National Knowledge Platform to help Observatory which will identify solutions for urban over 300 Brazilian cities build institutional capacity. planning and investments in Brazilian cities. 16 | Catalyzing Solutions for Sustainable Cities China Beijing, Guiyang, Nanchang, Ningbo, Shenzhen, Project Focus Shijiazhuang, and Tianjin The project focuses on integrating transit infrastructure GEF grant: $36 million/ Co-financing $1,084 million with urban development. It will complement China’s Implementing agency: World Bank ambitious infrastructure goals—specifically, achieving a total of 6,000 km of urban rail infrastructure and 4,000 metro stations by 2020. The program comprises various Environmental Footprint scales: 58 percent of China’s 1.38 billion population resides A National Platform, which will develop a Chinese in urban areas. TOD toolkit that cities can use to evaluate their China is estimated to add 255 million urban residents implementation readiness, assist in the design of by 2050.2 relevant strategies, and evaluate the impact of those 7.5 metric tons of CO2 emissions per capita are strategies. generated each year in China. City-level TOD technical assistance and pilot, which will ensure that TOD strategies are reflected Project’s Climate Benefits in city master and sectoral plans, zoning regulations, An estimated total reduction of 62 million metric tons of and urban design schemes. CO2 emissions directly and indirectly Pilot projects at subdistrict, corridor, and station level, which will implement lessons learned from technical assistance activities and develop guidelines for improving multimodal connectivity. 2 UN DESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs), World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision—Highlights (United Nations, 2018). The Donggu Line is currently the best-developed TOD demonstration project in Ningbo. Photo: World Bank. Collaborating with Mobike Data The national program is collaborating with Mobike, a stationless bike–sharing platform, and utilizing its data on bike trips around metro stations to inform the creation of TOD strategies and prioritize the implementation of projects. Catalyzing Solutions for Sustainable Cities | 17 18 | Sustainable Solutions. Sharing Knowledge. Strengthening Partnerships A team of experts visits the industries that have been selected for the pilot on reducing industrial pollutants. @unido. Côte d’Ivoire Abidjan Project Focus GEF grant: $6 million/ Co-financing $33 million The Abidjan Integrated Sustainable Urban Planning and Implementing agencies: AfDB and UNIDO Management program complements the master plan for the Greater Abidjan Region (Schéma Directeur de Grand Abidjan 2030), with a focus on building capacities and Environmental Footprint systems to tackle environmental degradation, climate 50 percent of Côte d’Ivoire’s total population resides change, and industrial pollution. The project includes in urban areas. the following components: 0.5 metric tons of CO2 emissions per capita are Assess and improve air quality by reducing generated each year in Côte d’Ivoire. emissions and strengthening the legal framework In 2013, Abidjan was identified as the fifth-most for air quality of industrial emissions. vulnerable city in the world in terms of flood risks.3 Improve urban planning and management, with a focus on uptake of innovative low-carbon Project’s Climate Benefits technologies. An estimated reduction of 0.9 million metric tons of CO2 emissions, and persistent organic pollutant (POP) reduction Provide sustainable urban infrastructure and tools of 0.5 g toxic equivalents (TEQ) over the life of the project to city stakeholders. Five Pilot Projects to Tackle Industrial Pollution Under the program, five companies have been selected to pilot projects that promote the reduction of industrial pollutants. The industries include cardboard production and printing, hazardous waste management, oil refining and recycling, and pesticides production. An assessment of the baseline pollution emissions of these industries was completed in September 2018. 3 Stephane Hallegatte, Colin Green, Robert J. Nicholls, and Jan Corfee-Morlot, “Future Flood Losses in Major Coastal Cities,” Nature Climate Change 3 (2013): 802–6. 18 | Catalyzing Solutions for Sustainable Cities India Launch of the Indian Platform for Sustainable Cities Bhopal, Guntur, Jaipur, Mysore, and Vijayawada At GPSC’s second global meeting, held in New GEF grant: $13 million/ Co-financing $114 million Delhi in October 2017, India launched the Indian Implementing agency: UNIDO Platform for Sustainable Cites (IPSC). The IPSC is a multi-sectoral platform for the implementation Environmental Footprint of sustainable city strategies through two streams: a national level that links initiatives 34 percent of India’s 1.3 billion population resides in across India, and the global level that links the urban areas. platform with the GPSC. India is estimated to add over 416 million urban dwellers by 2050.4 1.7 metric tons of CO2 emissions per capita are generated each year in India. Project’s Climate Benefits An estimated reduction of 0.8 million metric tons of CO2 emissions directly and 5 million metric tons of CO2 emissions indirectly Project Focus The India program focuses on integrating sustainability strategies into urban planning and management practices to create a favorable environment for investments in infrastructure and service delivery. Its key components include the following: Develop strategies for sustainable urban planning and management based on relevant international guidelines and standards. Demonstrate technology projects by setting up waste-to-energy and compost plants in Jaipur, Bhopal, and Mysore, and developing sewage treatment plants for electricity-generating methane capture in Guntur and Vijayawada. Hawa Mahal (Palace of Winds), Jaipur, India. Photo: rabhjits. Support India’s national urban development programs—such as Swachh Bharat Mission (also known as the Clean India Mission), Smart Cities Mission, Atal Mission for Rejuvenation, and the Urban Transformation and Solar Cities Program—through sustainable planning and management. 4 UN DESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs), World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision—Highlights (United Nations, 2018). Catalyzing Solutions for Sustainable Cities | 19 Malaysia’s National Platform Malaysia’s National Platform for Sustainable Cities is being developed, and institutional groundwork has been put in place. As a part of the initiative, the Malaysian Urban-Rural National Indicators Network (MURNInets) will be updated. MURNInets was originally developed in 2002 to assess the sustainability of Malaysian cities. Melaka canal, Malaysia. Photo: Mikhail Mishchenko. Malaysia Melaka Project Focus GEF grant $3 million/ Co-financing $21 million Implementing agency: UNIDO The Sustainable City Development in Malaysia project has two key components: Environmental Footprint Integrate climate change considerations into urban 75 percent of Malaysia’s population resides in urban planning strategies and strengthen the national urban areas. policy framework. 8.0 metric tons of CO2 emissions per capita are Implement a smart-grid urban energy system in generated each year in Malaysia. Melaka as a demonstration project for this technology. These activities further Melaka’s vision of being a Malaysia has high dependence on carbon-intensive green city-state by 2020. fossil fuels and coal. Use of public transportation is limited, and car ownership is rapidly increasing. Energy-efficient Sustainable City Master Plan Project’s Climate Benefits An energy-efficient Sustainable City Master An estimated reduction of 0.8 million metric tons of CO2 Plan has been prepared for Hang Tuah Jaya emissions directly and 3.5 to 5.4 million metric tons of municipality in Melaka State. It will focus on CO2 emissions indirectly urban resilience and pilot use of renewable energy in commercial and government buildings. 20 | Catalyzing Solutions for Sustainable Cities Mexico Campeche, La Paz, and Xalapa Project Focus GEF grant: $15 million/ Co-financing $98 million Implementing agency: Inter-American Development The Mexico program complements the government’s Bank (IDB) broader Sustainable and Emerging Cities program and is anchored at multiple scales: Environmental Footprint At the national level, the program enhances 80 percent of Mexico’s population resides in urban understanding of the benefits of urban planning and areas. implications of climate change for urban development. 3.9 metric tons of CO2 emissions per capita are At the city level, it demonstrates climate-smart generated each year in Mexico. investment in clean energy, waste management, water, and sanitation. Project’s Climate Benefits At the global level, it promotes engagement of An estimated reduction of 29,000 metric tons of CO2 Mexican cities in global policy discourses. emissions directly and 0.4 million metric tons of CO2 City-level projects include integrated planning for emissions indirectly; generation of 46,000 MW of flood risk reduction, sanitation, and restoration of renewable energy over the life of the project urban coastal areas in Campeche; solar power plants in public buildings in La Paz; construction of bio- digesters; and establishment of an intermunicipal operator for solid waste management in Xalapa. Evening view on Plaza Mayor (main square) in the center of Campeche. Photo: Tramino Catalyzing Solutions for Sustainable Cities | 21 Paraguay Asunción GEF grant: $8.3million/ Co-financing $240 million Implementing agency: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Environmental Footprint 61 percent of Paraguay’s total population resides in urban areas. 0.9 metric tons of CO2 emissions per capita are generated each year in Paraguay Project’s Climate Benefits An estimated reduction of 1.2 million metric tons of CO2 emissions through transport-oriented development generated each year Project’s Biodiversity Benefits 1 percent increase in the global populations of five species of birds found seasonally around Asunción Aerial view of Ecological Reserve of Banco San Miguel and Bahía de Asunción.Photo: © PNUDParaguay/René González Project Focus The project, Asunción Green City of the Americas— Pathways to Sustainability, aims to manage issues of transport, waste management, and green spaces in an integrated manner in the Asunción Metropolitan Area (AMA). It has the following key components: Enable a framework for a green sustainable city to enhance integrated urban planning of AMA. Develop sustainable mobility in AMA to reduce GHG emissions from urban transport; steps that have already been taken include designing sustainable bus stops and constructing over 200 km of bicycle lanes. Improve chemical and waste management systems to reduce GHG emissions and levels of toxic chemicals. Develop plans to protect natural reserves and biodiversity. 22 | Catalyzing Solutions for Sustainable Cities Steps Taken to Protect Natural Reserves Creation of a habitat conservation plan for the Ecological Reserve of Banco San Miguel and Bahía de Asunción (REBSMyBA) Creation of a management plan for the Ñu Guasu reserve Development of a strategy to declare the Botanical Garden of Asunción and Guasu Metropolitan Park as urban protected areas National and Municipal Plan for Urban Solid Waste Management Paraguay is creating a National Plan for Urban Solid Waste Management, with guidelines for cities on preparing related municipal plans. Through this effort, a national campaign to raise awareness about solid waste management has been designed. In addition, six business plans are being developed for city-level solid waste separation and recycling plants. Catalyzing Solutions for Sustainable Cities | 23 Peru Lima Project Focus GEF grant: $7.5 million/ Co-financing $300 million The project, National Platform for Sustainable Cities and Implementing agency: IDB Climate Change, has the following key components: Environmental Footprint Enhance integrated sustainable urban planning and management through the development of a 78 percent of Peru’s population resides in urban areas. GHG inventory, urban growth and vulnerability 2.0 metric tons of CO2 emissions per capita are assessment, and climate change coastal adaptation generated each year in Peru. plan. 30 percent of the Lima Metropolitan Area (LMA) is Demonstrate urban water resource management and vulnerable to an El Niño phenomenon (the periodic assess the availability of hydric resources. warming of the Pacific Ocean). Monitor local and global biodiversity performance 60 percent of LMA houses are seismically vulnerable. frameworks. Project’s Climate Benefits Catalyze investments for urban accessibility and low-carbon mobility. An estimated reduction of 46,000 metric tons of CO2 Enhance partnerships for sustainable cities at the emissions directly and 1.6 million metric tons of CO2 emissions indirectly local, national, and global level. Jiron de la Union, Lima. Photo: powerofforever. 24 | Catalyzing Solutions for Sustainable Cities Diamniadio Urban Pole The Senegal government is setting up a new model city, called the Diamniadio Urban Pole, to ease congestion and urbanization pressure on Dakar. The city will house the eco-friendly Diamniadio Industrial Park, which will prioritize the efficient use of natural resources and cleaner industrial production. The park will develop pilot methods to reduce dioxins, furnace emissions, and industrial hazardous waste, in addition to investing in low-carbon energy technologies. Panorama of Dakar, Senegal. Photo: Siempreverde22. Senegal Dakar, Diamniadio, and Saint-Louis Project Focus GEF grant: $9.5 million/ Co-financing $52 million The Sustainable Cities Management Initiative will Implementing agencies: World Bank and UNIDO complement the government’s Plan for an Emerging Senegal (PSE), which is a reference framework for Environmental Footprint medium- and long-term economic and social policy to 47 percent of Senegal’s population resides in urban foster sustainable development. Its key components areas. include the following: 0.6 metric tons of CO2 emissions per capita are Strengthen the national urban policy framework to generated each year in Senegal. promote sustainability and climate resilience. Support clean industrial production, reduce Project’s Climate Benefits industrial emissions, and demonstrate low-carbon An estimated reduction of 27,000 metric tons of CO2 energy technologies. emissions directly and 0.1 million to 0.7 million metric Integrate climate risks into urban planning in tons of CO2 emissions indirectly Saint-Louis and Diamniadio. Foster knowledge sharing and partnership development on sustainable cities and resilience at multiple levels. Catalyzing Solutions for Sustainable Cities | 25 South Africa Johannesburg Project Focus GEF grant: $9 million/ Co-financing $124 million The project aims to complement the city’s long-term Implementing agencies: United Nations environmental and sustainability plan—the Growth Environment Programme and Development Bank and Development Strategy 2040 (GDS 2040)—and its of Southern Africa (DBSA) Corridors for Freedom (CoF) vision of a socially and economically cohesive South Africa. Environmental Footprint The program will achieve its objectives through these 66 percent of South Africa’s population resides in steps: urban areas. Focus on low-energy zones identified in GDS 2040, 9.0 metric tons of CO2 emissions per capita are including those in the CoF area, with the goal of generated each year in South Africa. integrating traditional sectors such as sustainable housing, transport, and recycled materials. Project’s Climate Benefits Combine three priority areas of (i) organic waste An estimated reduction of 3.2 million metric tons of CO2 management and waste-to-energy, (ii) composting for emissions directly and 1.1 million metric tons of CO2 food security, and (iii) clean fuels for public transport. emissions indirectly Develop an indicator framework to support evidence-based decision making and planning. Former power plant cooling towers, now converted to base jumping. Soweto, Johannesburg. South Africa. Photo: HomoCosmicos. 26 | Catalyzing Solutions for Sustainable Cities Mother with children riding a motorbike. Photo: hadynyah. Vietnam Ha Giang, Hue, and Vinh Yen Project Focus GEF grant $9 million/ Co-financing $148 million Implementing agency: Asian Development Bank The Integrated Approach to Sustainable Cities in (ADB) Vietnam project aims to increase climate resilience in urban settings. A key aspect of the project is its focus on secondary cities instead of primary cities. It has the Environmental Footprint following key components: 35 percent of Vietnam’s population resides in urban areas. Mainstream green planning and design approaches into the master plans of three pilot cities. 1.8 metric tons of CO2 emissions per capita are generated each year in Vietnam. Demonstrate innovative technologies for climate- resilient and low-carbon development in Vietnamese Project’s Climate Benefits cities. An estimated reduction of 1.7 million metric tons of CO2 Build an enabling environment to scale up integrated emissions directly and 9.5 million metric tons of CO2 urban planning approaches to six more additional emissions indirectly over the life of the project cities. Develop sustainable cities indicators to guide an integrated planning framework linked to financial mechanisms. Catalyzing Solutions for Sustainable Cities | 27 “Africa’s future will be based on steadily growing cities. There is an urgent need to build and finance sustainable infrastructure on the continent that requires a strategic vision driven by governments, international organizations, private investors, and project beneficiaries. The Sustainable Cities program will greatly assist Africa with integrated approaches to achieve these efforts.” — Mr. Amadou Oumarou | Director for Infrastructure and Urban Development | African Development Bank Wind turbine farm at sunset Photo: serts. 28 | Catalyzing Solutions for Sustainable Cities Sustainable Cities Impact Program— The Next Steps GEF will continue to support cities in their fight Decarbonizing urbanization with infrastructure against climate change and other global environmental integration at national, regional, and local scales. challenges through the GEF-7 cycle of projects, which This focus promotes seamless intercity connectivity will commence in 2019. The next phase, called the and innovation in freight and transport. Sustainable Cities Impact Program, will strengthen Building of deep resilience through smart systems cities’ sustainability as a way to gain further global and housing solutions. This focus seeks to enhance environmental benefits. Projects selected for this program cities’ long-term sustainability by promoting will demonstrate a transformational environmental energy efficiency, streamlining municipal services, impact, leverage both public and private resources, and tracking resource consumption, and scaling up slum maximize the political commitment of stakeholders. solutions. Multiplying of finance for sustainable urban GEF-7 Project Focus Areas development. This focus seeks to enhance the fiscal The key focus areas of the next phase are: capacities of cities and leverage financing instruments Evidence-based spatial planning at national, for development through cascading financing regional, and local levels. This focus seeks to enhance solutions that promote financial sustainability. spatial planning with geospatial tools and invests in digital and data leadership. Lessons Learned for the Sustainable Cities Program’s Next Phase The following approaches will be emphasized in the program’s next phase: Better alignment of the two program tracks. The GPSC and the city-level projects will be further aligned for increased coherence and better delivery as one integrated program. Sufficient budget should be allocated under city-level project activities to participate in the global activities. Early engagement in project design. The global platform will be involved early in the design of the city-level projects, and the programming and learning interests of cities will be better aligned to increase accessibility and effectiveness. Consolidation of the broad range of city-level project activities. Urban sustainability planning and integrated approaches to sectoral interventions will be emphasized to maximize global environmental benefits. Investment in the program architecture. To address the significant investment in coordination required by a two-track program, further time and effort will be spent to increase the platform’s global influence on urban sustainability. Catalyzing Solutions for Sustainable Cities | 29 GPSC’s Road Ahead As the GEF-7 cycle gets under way, the GPSC will continue to serve as the global convening space for cities seeking to advance their sustainability. GPSC aims in the next phase to: Drive the program’s agenda through city priorities. Enrich the city peer-to-peer learning process with structured long- term engagement. Be a center for innovation in the use of geospatial data and indicators to monitor urban sustainability. Closely align support from GPSC with city-level project activities to Miraflores boardwalk and Costa Verde highway, Lima, Peru. Photo: Creative-Family. bring cutting edge expertise to cities. 30 | Catalyzing Solutions for Sustainable Cities Lessons Learned for GPSC’s Next Phase The following approaches will be emphasized in the platform’s next phase: Collaborating for innovation. The platform will leverage innovative modalities of collaboration, such as the World Bank’s data collaboratives. For example, the program’s seven Chinese cities are partnering with Mobike to utilize their bike-sharing data in developing TOD strategies. Using private financing to multiply results. GPSC will ramp up activities with its first investment partner, the International Finance Corporation, to increase projects’ prospects with new financing opportunities for better environmental outcomes. Strengthening and broadening partnerships. To enhance the resources available to cities, efforts will be made to strengthen existing partnerships and engage with new partners in priority areas such as big data, disruptive technologies for development, and spatial planning. Catalyzing Solutions for Sustainable Cities | 31 About the Program: The Global Environment Facility’s Sustainable Cities pro- gram supports 11 developing countries and 28 of their cities with approxi- mately $151 million in funding to leverage environmental benefits. This effort has gathered an additional $2.4 billion in co-financing. The World Bank leads the Global Platform for Sustainable Cities (GPSC), which coordinates the pro- gram’s worldwide strategy. GPSC is a partnership and knowledge platform that promotes integrated solutions and provides cutting-edge support for cities seeking to improve their urban sustainability. 32 | Catalyzing Solutions for Sustainable Cities