GOVERNMENT OF ABIA STATE, NIGERIA RAP for Umuogele Umuakwu Gully Erosion Site STATE NIGERIA EROSION AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROJECT (ABS-NEWMAP) SFG1691 V10 Draft Final Report Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) FOR Umuogele Umuakwu Gully Erosion Site Prepared By: Abia State NEWMAP State Management Project Unit (SPMU) NEWMAP House Besides Commissioners’ Quarters Umuahia, Abia State (2017) RAP for Umuogele Umuakwu Gully Erosion Site TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................................ V LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................................... V ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ................................................................................................... IX EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................ 11 JUSTIFICATION FOR PREPARING A RAP ................................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................... 17 1.1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ..................................................................................... 17 1.2 OBJECTIVES AND BENEFITS ................................................................................................... 17 1.3 PROJECT COMPONENTS.......................................................................................................... 18 1.4 JUSTIFICATION FOR PREPARING RAP .................................................................................. 25 1.5 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE RAP ..................................................................................... 26 1.6 SCOPE OF WORK ..................................................................................................................... 27 1.7 R A P METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................... 28 CHAPTER TWO DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT AREA....................................................... 30 2.1 OVERVIEW OF ABIA STATE .................................................................................................... 30 2.1.1 LOCAL GOVERNMENT..................................................................................................................................... 30 2.1.2 MAJOR OCCUPATIONS .................................................................................................................................... 31 2.1.3 EDUCATION ...................................................................................................................................................... 31 2.2 BIO-PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT PROFILE .............................................................................. 31 2.2.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................................................................. 31 2.2.3 RAINFALL ......................................................................................................................................................... 32 2.2.4 TEMPERATURE ................................................................................................................................................ 32 2.3. OVERVIEW OF THE INTERVENTION COMMUNITIES.............................................................. 32 2.3.1 DESCRIPTION OF UMUOGELE UMUAKWU COMMUNITY ........................................................................... 32 2.3.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE UMUOGELE UMUAKWU GULLY EROSION SITE ................................................... 32 2.4 ADMINISTRATIVE AND POLITICAL OVERVIEW ..................................................................... 34 2.4.1 GENDER RELATIONS AND INVOLVEMENT .................................................................................................. 34 2.4.2 CONFLICT RESOLUTION MECHANISM ......................................................................................................... 34 2.4.3 COMMUNITY BASED ORGANIZATION .......................................................................................................... 35 2.5 SOCIAL AMENITIES IN THE COMMUNITY............................................................................... 35 2.6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF PROJECT AFFECTED COMMUNITY ...................................... 36 2.6.1 PROFILE OF PROJECT AFFECTED PERSONS (PAPS) ..................................................................... 37 SIZE, STRUCTURE AND DISTRIBUTION OF PAPS ................................................................................................... 37 EDUCATION AND LITERACY RATE ........................................................................................................................... 40 INCOME AND LIVELIHOOD ......................................................................................................................................... 40 VULNERABILITY ISSUES AMONG PAPS ................................................................................................................... 41 RAP for Umuogele Umuakwu Gully Erosion Site CHAPTER THREE POLICY AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ............................................ 42 3.0 POLICY AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ............................................................................. 42 3.1 THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (ESMF) ..................... 42 3.2 THE RESETTLEMENT POLICY FRAMEWORK (RPF) ............................................................. 42 3.3 INTERIM GUIDELINES FOR ADDRESSING LEGACY ISSUES IN WORLD BANK PROJECTS, ................................................................................................................................................. 44 2009 44 3.4 POLICY ON DISCLOSURE AND ACCESS TO INFORMATION (DAI) ......................................... 45 3.5 NIGERIA LAW/LAND USE ACT OF 1978 AND RESETTLEMENT PROCEDURES .................. 45 3.5.1 REQUIREMENTS OF THE LAND USE ACT ................................................................................................. 46 3.6 HOW LAND IS OWNED/ACQUIRED IN THE PROJECT AREAS ....................................................... 48 3.7 COMPARISON BETWEEN LAND USE ACT AND THE WORLD BANK’S (OP4.12) POLICY ... 48 CHAPTER FOUR IDENTIFICATION OF PROJECT IMPACTS AND PROJECT AFFECTED PERSONS 50 4.1 APPROACH TO IMPACTS AND PAPS IDENTIFICATION ........................................................ 50 4.1.1 TYPE OF ACTIVITIES AND LAND ACQUISITION REQUIREMENT ................................................................ 50 4.1.2 COMMUNITY PERCEPTIONS ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL PROPERTIES AND OCCUPATIONS THAT WILL BE LOST ........................................................................................................................................ 50 4.2 DISCUSSION OF PROJECT IMPACTS........................................................................................ 51 4.3 IMPACT AVOIDANCE MEASURES UNDERTAKEN ................................................................... 51 4.4 MITIGATION MEASURES ........................................................................................................ 52 4.5 INVENTORY OF AFFECTED ASSETS AND CENSUS OF PAPS .................................................. 52 4.6 CENSUS CUT-OFF DATE ......................................................................................................... 53 4.7 INCOME RESTORATION MEASURES FOR VULNERABLE GROUP/PAPS .............................. 53 4.9 ENTITLEMENT MATRIX FOR THE PAPS................................................................................ 54 4.10 DESCRIPTION OF ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR DEFINING VARIOUS CATEGORIES OF PAPS 55 4.11 PROOF OF ELIGIBILITY........................................................................................................... 56 CHAPTER FIVE VALUATION AND COMPENSATION OF ...................................................... 57 AFFECTED STRUCTURES AND PROPERTY ................................................................................... 57 5.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 57 5.1.1 REPLACEMENT COST METHOD FOR ASSETS/STRUCTURES .................................................................... 57 5.1.2 INFLATION CONSIDERATION TO THE VALUATION/BUDGET ................................................................... 58 5.2 METHOD OF VALUATION FOR COMPENSATION .................................................................... 58 5.2.1 VALUATION METHOD FOR LAND PROPERTY ............................................................................................. 58 5.2.2 VALUATION METHOD FOR HOUSING PROPERTY ....................................................................................... 59 5.2.3 MOVEMENT ALLOWANCES/ASSISTANCE ................................................................................................... 59 5.3 SUMMARY OF COMPENSATION AND RESETTLEMENT BUDGET FOR PAPS......................... 59 5.4 PROCEDURE FOR DELIVERY OF ENTITLEMENTS .................................................................. 60 5.4.1 ESTABLISHMENT OF A RESETTLEMENT COMMITTEE ............................................................................... 60 RAP for Umuogele Umuakwu Gully Erosion Site 5.4.2 RAP COMPENSATION PROCESS.................................................................................................................... 61 5.4.3 COMPENSATION PAYMENT ADMINISTRATION.......................................................................................... 62 5.5 RESETTLEMENT IMPLEMENTATION LINKAGE TO CIVIL WORKS ........................................ 62 CHAPTER SIX GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ................................................................. 63 6.1 INTRODUCTION TO GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ...................................................... 63 6.2 GRIEVANCES AND APPEALS PROCEDURE .............................................................................. 63 6.2.1 GRIEVANCE REDRESS COMMITTEE (GRC) ................................................................................................. 64 6.2.2 COURT RESOLUTION OF GRIEVANCE MATTERS ........................................................................................ 65 6.3 PROCEDURE FOR EFFECTIVE LOCAL RESOLUTION OF GRIEVANCE ..................................... 65 CHAPTER SEVEN INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT AND RESPONSIBILITIES .............. 67 7.1 INTRODUCTION TO INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT .......................................................... 67 7.2 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT ........................................................................................... 67 IMPLEMENTATION & REPORTING ORGANOGRAM ................................................................................... 70 CHAPTER EIGHT MONITORING AND EVALUATION............................................................... 71 8.1. OVERVIEW ON MONITORING ................................................................................................. 71 8.1.1 INTERNAL MONITORING ................................................................................................................................. 71 8.1.2 EXTERNAL /INDEPENDENT MONITORING .......................................................................................... 71 8.1.3 TASKS OF THE MONITORING AND EVALUATION OFFICER ....................................................................... 72 8.2.1. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE ...................................................................................................................... 73 8.3 MONITORING INDICATORS .................................................................................................... 74 CHAPTER NINE COMPENSATION FUNDING ARRANGEMENT AND TIME TABLE ............. 75 9.1 BUDGET FOR RESETTLEMENT ACTIVITIES RELATED WITH THE PROJECT ....................... 75 9.2 TIMETABLE FOR THE RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN .......................................................... 75 9.3 TRAINING AND CAPACITY NEEDS .......................................................................................... 76 CHAPTER TEN PUBLIC AND STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS ........................................ 78 10.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 78 10.2 APPROACH FOR IDENTIFICATION AND PARTICIPATION OF STAKEHOLDERS .................... 78 10.3 STRATEGY FOR CONSULTATION PROCESS ............................................................................ 79 10.4 SUMMARY OF THE COMMUNITY CONSULTATIONS ............................................................... 79 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................... 82 ANNEX 1- RESETTLEMENT AND COMPENSATION VALUATION TABLE PAPS IN UMUOGELE PROJECT AREA........................................................................................................................................ 83 ANNEX 4: MONITORING INDICATOR FOR THE PERFORMANCE OF RAP INCOME RESTORATION .... 101 ANNEX 5: TOR FOR THE PREPARATION OF THE RAP ....................................................................... 102 ANNEX 7: SELECTED PICTURES FROM THE SITES ................................................................................ 114 RAP for Umuogele Umuakwu Gully Erosion Site LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Disaggregated demographic structure ................................................................... 37 Gender ..................................................................................................................................... 38 Table 2.2: Gender distribution of Respondents....................................................................... 38 Table 2.3: Distribution and data on Marital Status ................................................................. 38 Table 2.4: Age structure of Respondents................................................................................. 39 Table 3.1: Comparison of Nigerian Land Use Act and World Bank’s Operational Policy ...... 48 Table 4.1: Analysis of the Inventory of Impacts ...................................................................... 52 Table 4.2: Entitlement Matrix for the PAPs ............................................................................ 55 Table 5.1: Compensation and Resettlement Budget Estimate for Umuogele ........................ 59 Table 7.1: Institutional Arrangement and Responsibilities for RAP Implementation ............ 67 Table 8.1: Summary of Responsibility for Implementation of Resettlement Action Plan ....... 73 Table 9.1: Timetable for RAP implementation shown in Gant Chart ..................................... 76 Table 9.2: Recommended Training and Enlightenment ........................................................ 77 Table 10.1: Summary of Public Consultation held at Umuogele Umuakwu ........................ 80 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Abia State Map blotted from the Map of Nigeria .................................................. 30 Figure 2.2: Map of Umuogele showing the erosion site .......................................................... 33 Figure 2.4: Age Distribution of PAPs ...................................................................................... 38 Figure 7.1: Implementation Organogram................................................................................ 70 DEFINITIONS Children: All persons under the age of 18 years according to international regulatory standard (convention on the rights of Child 2002). Community: A group of individuals broader than households, who identify themselves as a common unit due to recognized social, religious, economic and traditional government ties or shared locality. Compensation: Payment in cash or in kind for an asset or resource acquired or affected by the project. Cut-off-Date: The date of completion of inventory of losses and census of project affected persons Economic Displacement: A loss of productive assets or usage rights or livelihood capacities because such assets / rights / capacities are located in the project area. Entitlement: The compensation offered by RAP, including: financial compensation; the right to participate in livelihood enhancement programs; housing sites and infrastructure; transport and temporary housing allowance; and, other short term provisions required to move from one site to another. Head of the Household: The eldest member of the core family in the household, for the purpose of the project. Household: A group of persons living together who share the same cooking and eating facilities, and form a basic socio-economic and decision making unit. One or more households often occupy a homestead. Involuntary Resettlement: Resettlement without the informed consent of the displaced persons or if they give their consent, it is without having the power to refuse resettlement. Lost Income Opportunities: Lost income opportunities refers to compensation to project affected persons for loss of business income, business hours/time due to project Operational Policy 4.12: Describes the basic principles and procedures for resettling, compensating or at least assisting involuntary displace persons to improve or at least restore their standards of living after alternatives for avoiding displacement is not feasible Physical Displacement: A loss of residential structures and related non-residential structures and physical assets because such structures / assets are located in the project RAP for Umuogele Umuakwu Gully Erosion Site area. Private property owners: Persons who have legal title to structures, land or other assets and are accordingly entitled to compensation under the Land Act. Project-Affected Community: A community that is adversely affected by the project. Project-Affected Person: Any person who, as a result of the project, loses the right to own, use or otherwise benefit from a built structure, land (residential, agricultural, or pasture), annual or perennial crops and trees, or any other fixed or moveable asset, either in full or in part, permanently or temporarily. Rehabilitation: The restoration of the PAPs resource capacity to continue with productive activities or lifestyles at a level higher or at least equal to that before the project. Relocation: a compensation process through which physically displaced households are provided with a one-time lump-sum compensation payment for their existing residential structures and move from the area. Replacement Cost: The amount of cash compensation and/or assistance suffices to replace lost assets and cover transaction costs, without taking into account depreciation or salvage value. Resettlement Action Plan (RAP): Documented procedures and the actions a project proponent will take to mitigate adverse effects, compensate losses, and provide development benefits to persons and communities affected by a project. Resettlement Assistance: Support provided to people who are physically displaced by a project. This may include transportation, food, shelter, and social services that are provided to affected people during their resettlement. Assistance may also include cash allowances that compensate affected people for the inconvenience associated with resettlement and defray the expenses of a transition to a new locale, such as moving expenses and lost work days. Resettlement: A compensation process through which physically displaced households are provided with replacement plots and residential structures at one of two designated resettlement villages in the district. Resettlement includes initiatives to restore and improve the living standards of those being resettled. Squatters: Squatters are landless household squatting within the public / private land for residential and business purposes. RAP for Umuogele Umuakwu Gully Erosion Site Vulnerable group: People who by their mental or physical disadvantage conditions .will be economically worse impacted by project activities than others such as female headed households, persons with disability, at-risk children, persons with HIV-AIDS and elderly household heads of 60 years and above. RAP for Umuogele Umuakwu Gully Erosion Sites ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ARAP - Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan CBN - Central Bank of Nigeria CDA - Community Development Association DP - Displaced Persons ESIA - Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMF - Environmental and Social Management Framework ESMP - Environmental and Social Management Plan FGN - Federal Government of Nigeria FPMU - Federal Project Management Unit FGD - Focus Group Discussion FMOEV. - Federal Ministry OF Environment FMWR - Federal Ministry of Water Resources GEF - Global Environmental Facility GRASS - Gully Rapid Action and Slope Stabilization GRM - Grievance Redress Mechanism GRC - Grievance Redress Committee IDA - International Development Association LGA - Local Government Areas MDAs - Ministries, Departments And Agencies MWRRD Ministry of Water Resources & Rural Development MOEV. - Ministry Of Environment And Solid Minerals Development NEWMAP Nigerian Erosion and Watershed Management Project NGO - Non-Governmental Organization NIHSA - National Hydrological Services Agency ix RAP for Umuogele Umuakwu Gully Erosion Sites NIWRMC - National Integrated Water Resources Management Commission NUWSRP - National Urban Water Sector Reform Project NWRI - National Water Resource Institute PAD - Project Appraisal Document PAP - Project Affected Person PDO - Project Development Objective PRA - Participatory Rural Appraisal PIM - Project Implementation Manual PMU - Project Management Unit RAP - Resettlement Action Plan ROW - Right of Way RIC - Resettlement Implementation Committee RPF - Resettlement Policy Framework SPIU - State Project Implementation Unit SPMU - State Project Monitoring Unit SRMC - Sector Reform Management Committee SCCF - Special Climate Change Fund SEMA - State Emergency Management Agency SSI - Semi Structured Interview TOR - Terms of Reference UNFCCC- United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change WB - World Bank x RAP for Umuogele Umuakwu Gully Erosion Sites EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction and Background The Government of Nigeria is implementing the multi-sectorial Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP), which is financed by the World Bank, Global Environment Facility (GEF), the Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF) and the Government of Nigeria. NEWMAP Finances activities implemented by states and activities implemented by the Federal Government. The project started with 7 mover states, namely Anambra, Abia, Cross River, Edo, Enugu, Ebonyi, and Imo and now evolving to more states in Nigeria including Delta, Oyo, Sokoto, Gombe, Plateau, Kogi, Kano, Akwa Ibom, Borno, Nasarrawa, Katsina and Niger states. The development objective of NEWMAP is to rehabilitate degraded lands and reduce longer-term erosion vulnerability in targeted areas. At state level, NEWMAP activities involve medium-sized civil works such as construction of infrastructure and/or stabilization or rehabilitation in and around the gullies themselves, as well as small works in the small watershed where gullies form and expand. As a result of civil works activities and land acquisition/physical and economic displacement, NEWMAP sub-projects trigger World Bank’s Safeguard policies including Environmental Assessment (OP4.01), Natural Habitats (OP 4.04), Cultural Property (OP 11.03); Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12), Safety of Dams (OP 4.37); Pest Management (OP 4.09) and Projects on International Waterways (OP 7.50). Justification for Preparing a RAP Component 1 of the project, which is Erosion and Watershed Management Infrastructure Investments require minor acquisition of land within the gully encroached targeted area. Minor land acquisition will occur because of the need to create setback for access to workers, materials and equipment during civil works. Based on the engineering design, the setback is expected to be about 15 meters from the gully particularly the area of the site providing access to equipment and/or where materials need to be stored. Similarly, crops and economic trees within the coverage scope will need to be cleared, which might translate to economic adverse scenario to the owners of the assets. This explained scenario triggers World Bank operational policy (OP 4.12): Involuntary Resettlement. Abia NEWMAP 11 RAP for Umuogele Umuakwu Gully Erosion Sites OP 4.12 of World Bank is triggered when project activities cause land acquisition, physical displacement, economic displacement and/or restriction to access to source of livelihood. The core requirement of the OP 4.12– Involuntary Resettlement is as follows:  Avoid or minimize involuntary resettlement/land where feasible, exploring all viable alternative project designs.  Assist project affected persons in improving their former living standards, income earning capacity, and production levels, or at least in restoring them back to the former status  Encourage community participation in planning and implementing resettlement.  Provide assistance to affected people regardless of the legality of land tenure. Guidelines for Preparing Involuntary Resettlement The core requirement of the OP 4.12 – Involuntary Resettlement is as follows:  Avoid or minimize involuntary resettlement where feasible, exploring all viable alternative project designs.  Assist project affected persons in improving their former living standards, income earning capacity, and production levels, or at least in restoring them back to the former status  Encourage community participation in planning and implementing resettlement.  Provide assistance to affected people regardless of the legality of land tenure. Potential Project Impacts Impacts of the project include both positive and negative sides. The positive impacts include the reclamation of the devastated lands, control of land vulnerability to erosion, restoration and enhancement of livelihood of vulnerable and affected persons, introduction of best practices to storm water harvesting, capacity building for stakeholders and community, employment to the community, etc. Adverse impacts include loss of land, loss of home, loss of crops and economic trees, dismantling of social structures such as inter-household cohesion and communication due to relocations, poverty and increased vulnerability. Summary of Losses/Affected Assets and Census of PAPs There will be 47 project affected persons (PAPs) made up of 20 females and 27 males. Abia NEWMAP 12 RAP for Umuogele Umuakwu Gully Erosion Sites An account of the inventory of affected items in the project areas is given below: Item Umuogele Umuakwu Land (sqm) 432 sqm Economic tree (such as Oil bean 122 stands tree, palm tree, Coconut tree, Kola nut tree Pear tree, and Raffia tree) Plantain 135 stands House 1 mud house Crops and vegetables 106 heaps Impact Avoidance Measures Undertaken The following measures were taking to avoid impacts:  While retaining the 15 meters setback for mainly areas around the gully head critical for access to equipment and storage of materials engineering design will be adjusted at obstruction points not considered critical.  Announcement of cutoff date to avoid new and sudden encroachments that may be displaced during civil works;  In addition, the consultant educated the farmers on appropriate pattern of farming and ridge boundaries to the natural waterway that will avoid future run- off and gully erosion which may pose further adverse impacts on the site even after the intervention. Mitigation Measures include:  Early involvement and participation of affected community and PAPs.  Proper census and identification of PAPs  Actual implementation of RAP before civil works or displacement of the settlement (PAPs)  Setting up of RAP implementation committee that involves an NGO, PAPs and the site committee members from the local community  Rendering of in-kind assistance to PAPs as much as possible rather than cash compensation to ensure no net loss of assets and livelihood.  Replacement of lost asset (land and houses) at current replacement cost/value as against payment of cash. Coordination and Monitoring: Responsibility for coordination lies with the SPMU while the implementation of the RAP will be monitored by relevant stakeholders as Abia NEWMAP 13 RAP for Umuogele Umuakwu Gully Erosion Sites detailed under responsibility arrangement with the monitoring indicators in section 8.3 as guide. Legal and Regulatory Framework: This RAP was prepared in consistence with the applicable national Law- the Land Use Act of 1978, the Involuntary Resettlement Policies/guidelines of the World Bank. Also, the RAP preparation was in line with the provisions of the Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) of NEWMAP. Census Cut-Off Date: The established cut off-date was on April 20, 2017. This was the date when census of PAPs ended. Entitlement Matrix for the Categories of PAPs Categories of Type of Loss Entitlements PAPs Replacement/Compensation Moving Other Allowance Assistance Property Loss of Land Land replacement of equal money NA Land Owners or size value clearing Loss of Houses Full replacement cost at prevailing NA NA market rate in the project area Loss of rental NA NA NA Income Economic Tree Loss of economic Compensation per unit of NA NA tree economic tree based on annual yield value and cost of nursery of a new tree Farm crops Loss of Cassava and Compensation per unit/heap of NA NA Plantain stands crop based on yield value Vulnerable impact on the Inclusive participation and early Kind or NA Persons welfare of intervention cash household assistance Compensation and Resettlement Budget The budget for administering/implementing RAP in the project site is as follow: Compensation and Resettlement Budget for Umuogele Umuakwu Project Area DESCRIPTION Unit Quantity TOTAL Value (Naira) Naira US Dollar 1. Land Resettlement (Square meter) 2. Leased Farm land with labour cost 3. Crops and vegetables Abia NEWMAP 14 RAP for Umuogele Umuakwu Gully Erosion Sites 4. Plantain Plant/stand 5. Economic Trees(such as Oil bean tree, palm tree, Coconut tree, Kola nut tree Pear tree, 6. andWall Fence Raffia (2 units) tree 7. House (1 unit mud) Sub-Total: Resettlement and Compensation 6. Training and Enlightenment of PAPs 7. Operating cost including Implementation & Monitoring of RAP Implementation TOTAL Implementation Schedule: The implementation of the RAP will be as presented in the schedule below: No Activities Responsibility Completion Time: August 2017 May June July August 1 Submission of Draft RAP Report Consultant, NEWMAP 2 Field Verification and comments NEWMAP 3 Update of comments Consultant Submission of final RAP Consultant, NEWMAP 4 Document 5 Public Display & Advertisement NEWMAP, Min of in the Country Environment and FPMU Posted in the World Bank Info WB 6 Shop 7 RAP capacity Building NEWMAP, WB 8 Implementation of RAP NEWMAP SPMU 9 RAP Implementation Monitoring NEWMAP, Stakeholders 10 Commencement of Civil work Contractor Abia NEWMAP 15 RAP for Umuogele Umuakwu Gully Erosion Sites Disclosure of the RAP Report This RAP was prepared in line with the guidelines of the NEWMAP RPF which is in adherence to the disclosure policies of the World Bank and the Federal Ministry of Environment. It was equally prepared in consultation with stakeholder agencies involved in the project. Therefore, all reasonable efforts must be made in accordance with the law to disclose/display the RAP in strategic accessible places to the stakeholders for their accessibility and comments. Disclosure centers/platforms should includeas follow: Ministry of Environment, L.G.A where the Erosion site was Located, The Village town hall, Federal Project Management Unit, Federal Ministry of Environment, Abia NEWMAP and at the World Bank info shop. Abia NEWMAP 16 RAP for Umuogele Umuakwu Gully Erosion Sites CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction and Background The Government of Nigeria is implementing the multi-sectorial Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP), which is financed by the World Bank, Global Environment Facility, the special climate change fund, and the Government of Nigeria. NEWMAP Finances activities implemented by states and activities implemented by the Federal Government. The project currently includes 7 mover states, namely Anambra, Abia, Cross River, Edo, Enugu, Ebonyi, and Imo, and recently additional 12 states have been added namely Delta, Oyo, Sokoto, Gombe, Plateau, Kogi, Kano, Akwa Ibom, Borno, Nasarrawa, Katsina and Niger states. The development objective of NEWMAP is to rehabilitate degraded lands and reduce longer-term erosion vulnerability in targeted areas. At state level, NEWMAP activities involve medium-sized civil works such as construction of infrastructure and/or stabilization or rehabilitation in and around the gullies themselves, as well as small works in the small watershed where gullies form and expand. As a result of civil works activities and land acquisition/physical and economic displacement, NEWMAP sub-projects trigger World Bank’s Safeguard policies including Environmental Assessment (OP4.01), Natural Habitats (OP 4.04), Cultural Property (OP 11.03); Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12), Safety of Dams (OP 4.37); Pest Management (OP 4.09) and Projects on International Waterways (OP 7.50). 1.2 Objectives and Benefits NEWMAP supports the country’s transformation agenda to achieve greater environmental and economic security. It will primarily support State investments to enhance resilience to soil erosion a n d climate change in specific sub-catchments. The Project Development Objective (PDO) is to reduce vulnerability to soil erosion in targeted sub-catchments. NEWMAP will take an integrated catchment management approach to erosion that will be informed by lessons learned on the interlinked challenges of poverty, ecosystem services, climate change, disaster risk management, biodiversity, institutional performance and governance. In doing so, the project will raise awareness and capacity to promote long-term climate resilient, low carbon development. GEF and SCCF support will be fully blended with IDA resources to fund locally driven planning and Abia NEWMAP 17 RAP for Umuogele Umuakwu Gully Erosion Sites replicable, innovative investment actions for protective tree cover and biodiversity, urban storm-water management, and water harvesting. NEWMAP’s major benefits will occur in the form of: 1. Improved erosion management and gully rehabilitation which will provide for:  Reduced loss of infrastructure including roads, houses, markets, etc.  Reduced loss of agricultural land and productivity from soil loss caused by surface erosion.  Reduced siltation in rivers leading to less flooding (particularly in urban areas) and the preservation of some of the water systems for improved access to domestic water supply.  Reduced risks of floods (due to reduced siltation) in rural areas and reduced impacts on villages and agricultural areas.  Reduced sedimentation in rivers and in water infrastructure such as canals and dam reservoirs, improving their life and productivity.  Reduced lowering of the water table from the ravines caused by gullies.  improved access to economic activities, social services, communication and road network  Progressively restored vegetative cover, improved environmental conditions and more humid local microclimates. This results in increased vegetation cover for wildlife and carbon sequestration.  Environmental improvements due to land stabilization measures which preserve the landscape and biodiversity. 2. Increased incomes for rural households from improved agricultural and forest practices through the use of conservation agriculture, agro forestry, natural regeneration, etc. Livelihood Enhancement Activities (LEA) will also add to household activities. Farming households may also diversify their livelihoods by introducing new crops such as cashew, which can help stabilize land and also provide increased revenue. 3. Efficiency gains in public administration and public spending through improved knowledge base, analytical tools, multi-sectoral coordination and stakeholder dialogue. 1.3 Project Components The Project has four components as summarized below: Component 1: Erosion and Watershed Management Infrastructure Investments Abia NEWMAP 18 RAP for Umuogele Umuakwu Gully Erosion Sites The objective of this component is to support on-the-ground interventions to help reduce vulnerability to land degradation. Key outcomes are achieved through a strategic approach that: (i) Stabilizes severe erosion sites, and/or (ii) Prevents emerging erosion problems early while intervention costs are relatively low, while also (iii) Improving preparedness for landslides and floods. Physical interventions will include a range of engineering/structural and vegetative measures, supported by participatory sub- watershed planning and extensive communications and outreach. In addition, communities will benefit from livelihood support. These interventions will generate important local, national, and global public goods related to disaster and climate risk reduction, ecosystem function, biodiversity, terrestrial carbon, soil health, and siltation reduction. Interventions will be at the sub-watershed level, in three stages: (i) Creating conditions for gully and watershed rehabilitation and livelihood development, including community sensitization, social mobilization, communications, and capacity building to ensure ownership and a strong foundation for subsequent interventions; (ii) Implementation of sub-watershed management plans including disaster response, and livelihoods development; and (iii) Continuing financial and technical support for gully and sub-watershed rehabilitation and livelihood activities as well as monitoring, while phasing out civil engineering activities. Activities. This component will finance works, goods, equipment, and consultant services for the following activities organized into three sub-components:  Sub-component 1A. Gully Rapid Action and Slope Stabilization (GRASS): This sub-component supports actions to stabilize and rehabilitate major erosion-related sites and underlying causes of gully erosion using both structural and vegetative measures. GRASS can be used in emergency situations as a palliative to help limit damage and address immediate threats to houses and critical infrastructure. At the same time, it plays the role of entry point into the local communities, to help secure their participation and ownership of the larger erosion and watershed management planning and implementation activities that will bring a more permanent solution. Activities include: (i) Emergency and temporary halting of gullies and landslide management; (ii) Complementary structural erosion and water management works; and (iii) Preventive erosion control works, as well as associated community monitoring. Abia NEWMAP 19 RAP for Umuogele Umuakwu Gully Erosion Sites  Sub-component 1B. Integrated watershed management: This sub- component supports the participatory development of integrated watershed management plans and local investments for the wider sub-watershed surrounding the gully systems (or other erosion- affected areas) targeted by sub- component 1.A. By taking an integrated approach, the sub-component addresses degradation of natural resources and biodiversity, erosion, landslide and flood risks, low agricultural productivity, water quantity and quality, as well as access to land and related resources. The following activities are supported: (i) sensitization, mobilization and organization of communities to manage erosion and prevent disasters; (ii) preparation and implementation of integrated sub-watershed management plans and related technical guidelines and manuals including land and water management and disaster risk preparedness measures; and (iii) carrying out of specific subprojects for the identification, establishment and management of soil and water conservation zones, including implementation of associated land and water management practices, through the provision of sub-grants to eligible community organizations. The major structural works included in the sub-watershed management plans will be financed in sub-component 1.A.  Sub-component 1C. Livelihoods: The targeted intervention sites will include support for livelihood activities including: (i) sub-grants for community sub- projects on livelihood enhancements including natural-resource based enterprises such as local community geo- textile and gabion box manufacture; alternative income generating activities such as small livestock, mushroom, snail and honey production; and service provision/trading such as small shops and bicycle repair; (ii) sub-grants for community sub-projects on employment and skills acquisition opportunities, for instance maximizing labor-intensive public works; and (iii) provision of community and household water harvesting for eligible communities to help reduce runoff expected from increased rainfall intensity as well as storing water for use during the prolonged dry season. The SCCF will co-finance water harvesting. Component 2: Erosion and Watershed Management Institutions and Information Services The objective is to strengthen the enabling environment for effective implementation of erosion and watershed management. Effective investment and implementation of Nigeria’s transformation agenda requires better institutional performance and Abia NEWMAP 20 RAP for Umuogele Umuakwu Gully Erosion Sites information modernization. The component supports all three tiers of government and the private sector, but with a special focus on improving the effectiveness of states in investment design and supervision, with the federal level serving primarily as facilitator, regulator, monitor, bench marker, information broker, and aggregator. The component will contribute to a number of outcomes centered on enhanced capacities, modernization and coordination of relevant federal, state, and local institutions involved in investment planning, management, assessment, enforcement, and monitoring of watershed and erosion related activities and disaster risk management. To reinforce good design and prioritization of investments under component 1, this component will help improve engineering and watershed and basin planning among states and federal actors, enhance the regulatory environment, data modernization and openness, information sharing, design and construction standards, development and application of analytical and monitoring tools, and watershed diagnostics. In particular, because states have primary responsibility for land allocation and management, they have primary responsibility in NEWMAP for site interventions financed under Component 1 and land-use planning. It is critical that states participate in a continual process of institutional strengthening and investment- oriented learning across states and stakeholders. The activities below help address this need, thereby underpinning the sustainability of NEWMAP’s investment approach and setting the stage for further investment action. Activities. This component will finance goods, equipment, services, operating costs, and small works, for the following activities, organized into four sub-components:  Subcomponent 2A. Federal MDA Effectiveness and Investment Services for States: (i) Providing investment design support and quality assurance for federal and state MDAs through diverse expertise in relevant disciplines such as geotechnical engineering and watershed planning; (ii) Carrying out an institutional assessment of and providing training for participating implementing agencies and the Ecological Fund Office, to help the government in its efforts to streamline the functions of the numerous agencies and institutions in the erosion and watershed sector of the country, to make them more effective and enhance service delivery; (iii) Strengthening regulatory capacity of key environmental and disaster response institutions; (iv) Strengthening information and monitoring services and tools including a Hydro Met system in the project area, integrated in a state-of-the-art erosion monitoring and landslide risk early warning system; (v) Building a Spatial Abia NEWMAP 21 RAP for Umuogele Umuakwu Gully Erosion Sites Knowledge Management Information System (MIS) as part of an erosion and watershed management knowledge resource network; (vi) Developing tools for basin and watershed planning and inter-state coordination; and (vii) Providing engineering guidelines and tools that could, for example, help the government make changes in the way drainage structures and roads are regulated, designed, approved, budgeted, constructed and maintained, with a view to reduce gully formation (linked with state efforts below).  Subcomponent 2B. State MDA Effectiveness and Services: (i) Providing investment design support for states through environmental engineering and planning expertise, (ii) Urban and rural land use and watershed planning tools; (ii) Providing tools and a platform that could help the government improve state roads’ cross drainage, with a view to reduce gully formation (linked with federal efforts above), and (iii) Strengthening state emergency management agencies (SEMAs) to anticipate, ameliorate, and respond to natural disaster related emergencies. An additional SCCF grant will finance the development of 1-2 comprehensive urban storm water plans, starting in Onitsha, Anambra state, to help stem gully formation, better manage flood and landslide risk, adapt to higher rainfall intensities and run-off, and identify priority investment options that can be scaled up and replicated with IDA and other resources.  Subcomponent 2C. Effectiveness and Services of Local Government Areas: Strengthening Local Government Areas (LGAs) in intervention sites to sustain operation and maintenance project works and disaster risk reduction and response capacities.  Subcomponent 2D. Private and Non-Government Sector Institutions and Services: Training contractors and other non-government entities that can be engaged as needed to deliver professional services. Such needs include: (i) labor intensive works; ( ii) manufacture and installation of geo-textiles and gabion boxes; (iii) water harvesting and storage; and (iv) Natural resource based enterprises such as seedling nurseries. Component 3: Climate Change Response This component will include actions that contribute to strengthening Nigeria’s strategic framework for climate action. As such, the component objective is to enhance Nigeria’s capacity to promote low carbon, climate resilient development. The contribution that Abia NEWMAP 22 RAP for Umuogele Umuakwu Gully Erosion Sites this support will make to Nigeria’s strategic framework for climate action is important because climate variability and change threaten to exacerbate Nigeria’s erosion challenges, and more broadly might undermine the country’s efforts to reach its longer-run development aspirations. For example, climate variability and change are affecting critical sectors such as agriculture, livestock, forest, water resource management, and coastal zone development. At the same time, Nigeria has a significant potential to contribute to global efforts to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs). With the right combination of better knowledge, enhanced governance of climate- related policies, and international funding for climate action, Nigeria could make its development more climate-resilient, and pursue a range of win-win options to reduce emissions while at the same time spurring growth. For these reasons, to help the country put in place a strategic framework for reducing the longer-term climate-related challenges, the government requested that NEWMAP includes a dedicated component aimed at assisting the country to address the broader climate change agenda. Outcomes focus on providing tools and approaches for government to become better equipped to respond to climate change; and on supporting demonstration projects on the ground to test the viability and scaling-up potential of low-carbon development options. Activities to be financed under this component will consist primarily of technical assistance, to be delivered through consulting services, procurement of goods (e.g. IT equipment, software), workshops/consultations, and knowledge sharing via publications, web-sites, etc; and small civil works/ goods for the implementation of demonstration activities. Eligibility and priority criteria for financing demonstration sub-projects, acceptable to the Bank, will be included in the project implementation manual (PIM).  Sub-component 3A. Strengthening the strategic policy and institutional framework: Activities include institutional development and capacity building in support of the FGN and its framework for climate action, including institutional development and capacity building in support of the FGN, including the National Climate Change Commission (once established), to manage and act upon data and information on climate change, integrate climate risk and low carbon into policies and planning, and facilitate the mobilization of international and national resources for climate action. Abia NEWMAP 23 RAP for Umuogele Umuakwu Gully Erosion Sites In addition, the project will strengthen the capacity of federal institutions in key climate- vulnerable sectors to design and implement climate-resilient development activities, including planning and climate-screening of water infrastructures, identification and design of “triple wins� agriculture management options (higher productivity, higher climate resilience, reduced carbon emissions), development of financial instruments to manage climate risks.  Sub-component 3B. Promoting low carbon development. The project will support the development of an enabling framework for renewable energy, including incentive frameworks for private sector investments, feed-in agreements for small and medium scale renewable energy production; upgrading the knowledge base on on-shore and off- shore wind potential; feasibility studies for large-scale renewable plants (for example wind and concentrated solar), and demonstration projects of off-grid, low-carbon technologies to provide access to energy in rural areas (e.g., hybrid systems: solar/wind/diesel). Component 4: Project Management This component aims to ensure efficient delivery of project resources and document results, the objective of this component will finance goods, equipment, staff, travel, and consultant services for the following activities: (a) project management and coordination at federal and state levels, including procurement and financial management; (b) social and environmental safeguards management and oversight; (c) strategic project communications and outreach; (d) project M&E, including two Mid- Term Reviews; and (e) an impact evaluation fully integrated into M&E arrangements that will help build replicable intervention models early during implementation. The M&E system will address input-output, process and outcome monitoring. Impact evaluation will examine the causal impact of the project and its interventions on key outcomes. M&E and impact evaluation will be used to reinforce and help build a multi-state learning platform on erosion and watersheds and inform adaptive project management and improvement of next- generation site intervention designs that can be replicated inside and outside the project. Credit proceeds cannot be used to fund salaries or bonuses of civil servants. The activities of component 1 will involve civil works in specific intervention sites – that is, construction of drainage works and/or rehabilitation of gullies, construction of reinforced chute channel, cutting/filling of parts of the gully to reduce the drop and re- Abia NEWMAP 24 RAP for Umuogele Umuakwu Gully Erosion Sites vegetation of the area. This could result in the acquisition of land or displacement of families, business or public infrastructure. Land acquisition will occur also because of the need to create access to the movement of trucks to the site during civil works as well as equipment and material camp site. Involuntary displacement of persons living within 8 meters to the gullies is anticipated due to the unsafe condition of the present environment to the dwellers; thus triggering the World Bank OP/BP 4.12 – Involuntary Resettlement. Similarly, the civil works also triggers the operational policy 4.01 (Environmental assessment) In view of the above, NEWMAP had at the time that specific project sites had not been identified prepared two major safeguard frameworks namely: the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) and the Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF). The ESMF outlines the principles and procedures that would be followed to ensure that implementation of NEWMAP meets with the existing EIA law in Nigeria and World Bank Safeguards policies. It specified the procedures to be used for screening, preparing, approving and implementing site specific projects of intervention. The RPF was prepared as a tool during the programme formulation, design, implementation and monitoring to serve as a guide for preparing site specific resettlement action plan (RAP), abbreviated resettlement action plan or land acquisition plan (LAP) as may be applicable to specific sites. It sets out the resettlement and compensation principles, organizational arrangements and design criteria to be applied to meet the needs of the project-affected people, and specifies the contents of a RAP/ARAP/LAP for each package of investments. Whereas the ESMP prepared is the desirable instrument for addressing environmental assessment for a category B project for which NEWMAP sub-projects have been classified, RAP is the most desirable instrument for addressing involuntary resettlement issues triggered in the two project areas 1.4 Justification for Preparing RAP Component 1 of the project, which is Erosion and Watershed Management Infrastructure Investments require minor acquisition of land within the gully encroached targeted area. Minor land acquisition will occur because of the need to create setback for access to workers, materials and equipment during civil works. Based on the engineering design, the setback is expected to be about 15 meters from the gully particularly the area of the site providing access to equipment and/or where materials need to be stored. Similarly, crops and economic trees within the coverage scope will Abia NEWMAP 25 RAP for Umuogele Umuakwu Gully Erosion Sites need to be cleared, which might translate to economic adverse scenario to the owners of the assets. This explained scenario triggers World Bank operational policy (OP 4.12): Involuntary Resettlement. OP 4.12 of World Bank is triggered when project activities cause land acquisition, physical displacement, economic displacement and/or restriction to access to source of livelihood. The core requirement of the OP 4.12– Involuntary Resettlement is as follows:  Avoid or minimize involuntary resettlement/land where feasible, exploring all viable alternative project designs.  Assist project affected persons in improving their former living standards, income earning capacity, and production levels, or at least in restoring them back to the former status  Encourage community participation in planning and implementing resettlement.  Provide assistance to affected people regardless of the legality of land tenure. Guidelines for Preparing Involuntary Resettlement The core requirement of the OP 4.12 – Involuntary Resettlement is as follows:  Avoid or minimize involuntary resettlement where feasible, exploring all viable alternative project designs.  Assist project affected persons in improving their former living standards, income earning capacity, and production levels, or at least in restoring them back to the former status  Encourage community participation in planning and implementing resettlement.  Provide assistance to affected people regardless of the legality of land tenure. 1.5 Aims and Objectives of the RAP The aim of the RAP is to identify and assess the impact of the proposed works at the Umuogele-Umuakwu gully erosion site and to prepare an Action Plan for implementing resettlement/compensation to project affected persons (PAPs). RAP is to be implemented in coordination with the civil works in line with World Bank Policy and Nigeria extant laws. This will entail to design methods and schemes for resettling or compensating the Project Affected Persons (PAPs) whose farm lands will be acquired, and those whose access to common productive natural resources will be denied or Abia NEWMAP 26 RAP for Umuogele Umuakwu Gully Erosion Sites obstructed within the area due to the intervention. The goal is to improve decision- making as regards the resettlement and compensation of persons that would be affected by the proposed project. The specific objectives of the RAP are to:  Conduct a census survey of impacted persons and valuation of assets;  C o n s u l t with the would be impacted Persons (PAPs);  Ascertain the number of vulnerable persons among PAPs and design livelihood restoration measures suitable to addressing their economic sustenance.  Describe compensation and other resettlement assistance to be provided; and  Prepare a budget and time table for resettlement action. This Policy (OP 4.12) covers direct economic and social impacts that both result from both Banks’-assisted projects, and are caused by: (a) The involuntary taking of land resulting in (i) Relocation or loss of shelter; (ii) Loss of assets or access to assets, or (iii) Loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected persons must move to another location; or not (b) The involuntary restriction of access to legally designated parks and protected areas resulting in adverse impacts on the livelihoods of the displaced persons. 1.6 Scope of Work The scope of work underlying this R AP is the identification of project impacts and affected population through the following:  Thematic maps;  Engineering Drawings  Census that enumerates project affected persons (PAPs) and registers them according to location;  An inventory of lost and affected assets at the household, enterprise, and community level;  Analysis of surveys and studies to establish compensation parameters, to design appropriate income restoration and sustainable development initiatives; Abia NEWMAP 27 RAP for Umuogele Umuakwu Gully Erosion Sites  Identify baseline monitoring indicators  Consultation with affected populations regarding mitigation of impacts and development opportunities  Establish a “cut-off date� after which any new structures or arrivals within the project area will be barred from benefitting from the re-planning or resettlement exercises  Provide a definition of displaced persons and compensation eligibility criteria  Valuation of and compensation for losses  Provide a description of resettlement assistance and restoration of livelihood activities  Provide a detailed budget and implementation schedule  Provide description of provisions for redress of grievances  Provide a description of organizational responsibilities and,  Provide a framework for monitoring, evaluation and reporting. 1.7 R A P Methodology This RAP study involves a number of coordinated approaches and action plans tailored to addressing the scope of work and objectives set out in the TOR. The RAP team took the following steps and approaches: 1) Initial meetings with the SPMU This meeting offered the opportunity to clarify relevant issues in the terms of reference and to agree on deliverables and timelines. The outcome of this meeting culminated in the collection of relevant documents from the SPMU and other relevant bodies. These documents include Thematic Maps; Engineering Drawings, NEWMAP Resettlement Policy Framework, NEWMAP ESMP, PAD and PIM. 2) Literature Review The consultants duly reviewed all the relevant documents. The review exercise was helpful in understanding the relationship and gaps in the policy frameworks of the World Bank and the country laws and policies on involuntary resettlement. From the review of the policy documents stated above, the necessary requirements for this RAP were ascertained. 3) Field work and Stakeholder Consultation Abia NEWMAP 28 RAP for Umuogele Umuakwu Gully Erosion Sites Field work started on the 29th of March to 20th of April 2017 beginning with meetings held with relevant authorities and stakeholders in the project area. Following initial meetings held with the SPMU which culminated in the collection of engineering designs and reports of the intervention sites, other meetings included those held at the palaces of the traditional rulers and chiefs in the host community. The meetings were aimed at informing the community leaders of the essence of the NEWMAP intervention in the community and by extension to inform them of the specific activities our team intend to carry out in their communities, solicit for their cooperation and entertained questions and feedback as necessary. 4) Engagement of field officers/enumerators As part of the critical first steps in field work, the consultant invited, trained and selected field enumerators. They are made up of post graduates and under graduates from Micheal Okpara University and Abia State University close to the project area. The candidates were trained on March 28th and 29th on the objective of RAP and use of the survey instrument as well as the nature of the policy guidelines of OP 4.12. This was undertaken with mock exercise carried out to test their understanding and capabilities before embarking on field survey. 5) Identification of PAPs and Affected Assets Identification of project-affected persons (PAPs) was facilitated by the SPMU in cooperation with the site committee members and community association members in the project area. The existence of the community association and the setting up of site committee following the guideline in the PAD was quite helpful not only in the identification of the PAPs but in the overall success achieved in the course of the preparation of this RAP. Thus, PAPs where identified as: 1) those whose lands will be affected, 2) those whose buildings are either sub-merged and/or at the risk of the gully erosion spread 3) those who are occupying the houses as tenants and those whose fruit trees, crops and other economic trees are affected 6) Consultation of Affected PAPs Meetings with PAPs were carried out after the identification of affected assets likely to be affected by the planned civil work. With the help of NEWMAP staff and the site committee members who are members of the community receiving intervention, PAPs were identified, consulted and their full data (census) taken. Abia NEWMAP 29 RAP for Umuogele Umuakwu Gully Erosion Sites CHAPTER TWO DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT AREA 2.1 Overview of Abia State Abia State is located in southeast Nigeria with Umuahia as her capital town, this area constitutes one of the nine (9) states in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The area occupies about 5,834 km2 with a population of 2,833,999 (2006) and is bounded on the north and Northeast by Anambra, Enugu and Ebonyi States. The state is bounded to the west by Imo State and to her east and southeast by Cross River State and Akwa Ibom State respectively. Figure 2.1: Abia State Map blotted from the Map of Nigeria 2.1.1 Local Government Abia State has 17 local government areas (LGAs). They are: Aba North, Aba South, Arochukwu, Bende, Ikwuano, Isiala Ngwa North, Isiala Ngwa South, Isuikwuato, Obi Ngwa, Ohafia, Osisioma Ngwa, Ugwunagbo, Ukwa East, Ukwa West, Umuahia North, Umuahia South, Umu Nneochi Abia NEWMAP 30 RAP for Umuogele Umuakwu Gully Erosion Sites 2.1.2 Major Occupations Agriculture is the major occupation with crops such as cashew, Palm oil, cocoa, rubber, coconut etc. food crops like cassava, yam, rice, maize and plantain. Trading is another major occupation. A small percentage of the people are public servants. 2.1.3 Education Higher institutions such as: University of Agriculture, Umudike; Conventional University at Uturu; Polytechnic at Aba; College of Education (Technical) at Arochukwu etc. 2.2 Bio-Physical Environment Profile 2.2.1 Physical Environment The project area in Abia state is characterized by a variety of landforms, despite the fact that the state is dominated by flat and low-lying land, generally less than 120m above sea level. The low-lying plain is the inland extension of the coastal plain from the Bight of Benin. The central part of the state is characterized by undulating land with many hills. The highland areas are part of the Enugu - Nsukka - Okigwe cuesta. This area has an average height of between 120m and 180m above sea level. On the other hand, the southern part of the state where Umuogele Umuakwu is situated has low lying to moderately high plain topography. General surface elevation ranged between 95 – 130m above sea level. It is drained by Imo River and its tributaries which flew in a southern direction and empties into Atlantic Ocean The soils fall within the broad group of ferrallitic soils of the coastal plain sand and escarpment. 2.2.2 Climate and Meteorology of the Study Area The climate of the project area is humid tropics (i.e. semi-hot equatorial). It is controlled by latitudinal locations, prevailing (seasonal) winds and nearness to the Atlantic Ocean. There are two dominant air masses, namely: (i) The dry Northeasterly Tropical Continental (cT) from across the Sahara, North of the West African region, and (ii) The wet Southwesterly Tropical Maritime (mT) from across the Atlantic Ocean in the South. Separating the two air masses is an Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), often referred to as Inter-tropical Discontinuity (ITD) or Inter-tropical Front (ITF). The front oscillates with the apparent location of the sun towards the North and South of the equator thereby accounting for the dominant seasons of the area. Marginal alterations Abia NEWMAP 31 RAP for Umuogele Umuakwu Gully Erosion Sites are also recorded due to other landform characteristics, especially the dominant ocean currents, configuration of surrounding shoreline and the generally flat topography of the region. 2.2.3 Rainfall The rainy season begins in March and ends in October with a break in August. The dry season which lasts for four months begins in November. Heavy thunderstorms are characteristic of the onset of the rainy season. The total rainfall decreases from 2200mm in the south to 1900mm in the north. The relative humidity is usually high throughout the year, reaching a maximum during the rainy season when values above ninety per cent are recorded. 2.2.4 Temperature Temperature values are high throughout the year over the project environment. Mean maximum ambient temperature values range between 32oC in February and 28oC in July and September, while minimum temperatures range between 29oC in March and 27oC in August. A quick overview of the data indicates that higher temperatures were recorded at the peak of the dry season, between November and May, while lower temperatures were recorded in the rainy season, between June and October. It is obvious that the rains appear to have a moderating influence on temperatures. 2.3. Overview of the Intervention Communities 2.3.1 Description of Umuogele Umuakwu Community Umuogele is a village in Umuakwu which is one of the autonomous communities in Isiala Ngwa North Local Government Area of Abia State. Umuakwu is popularly known and called “Akwuanunu Nsulu� Autonomous Community. It is made up of nine (9) villages of which Umuogele is one. It is a rural area with an estimated population of 5000 people. Crop farming is the main livelihood of the people of the area. They produce cassava, maize, melon, yam and vegetables. 2.3.2 Description of the Umuogele Umuakwu Gully Erosion Site The erosion site is located in Umuogele Village. It begins from Umuogo Junction all the way to Aba-Umuahia. During the pre-colonial era the road on which the erosion site is located is part of the road network connecting Obegu/Akwuette to Bende/Arochukwu in pre-colonial Nigeria. It was of administrative as well as commercial importance to the Abia NEWMAP 32 RAP for Umuogele Umuakwu Gully Erosion Sites colonial masters as well as the indigenes. Aro traders for instance, used the road to connect to the coast at Opobo (Igwenga). The gully erosion site at Umuogele Umuakwu lies between longitude 05 o 20’ and 05o 22’ North, and latitude 07o 30’ and 07o 31’ East. The gully lies within UTM Zone 32, to the North Eastern part of the LGA. The gully head has GIS coordinate E 335465.159m, N 591784.013m, and the elevation is 106m approximately. The gully area is bounded by UTM coordinates 700800mN to 702500mN and 795800mE to 79600mE. The gully runs in a north east to south direction and empties at Iyi-Ukwu Umuakwu stream. Figure 2.2: Map of Umuogele showing the erosion site The cause of erosion on the road is primarily due to the use of graders rather than Road labourers in road maintenance. The long stretch of road from Umuodo Junction, through Umuogo-Umuogele villages and to the stream had many gutters put in place by road labourers. The gutters checked erosion by running water off the road. The gutters were closed by graders as they brushed the road. This caused the run-off to run along the road causing erosion as it headed for the stream. Abia NEWMAP 33 RAP for Umuogele Umuakwu Gully Erosion Sites The road serves as a major access that links the rural farmers to farms, neighboring villages and markets. There are two main markets- Ndoro and Amachi market which hold on Nkwo Ukwu and Nkwo Nta days. Thus, every four days, the farmers and traders in this area are on the road with their wares. The gully is now a concern and a great threat to lives and properties. It was informed that a community member, Chief Edward Okoro Okata fell into the gully resulting in the loss of his life in 1998. A good number of people have sustained injuries including broken arms and limbs as a result of the erosion. Also, each time there is heavy rain domestic animals are drowned and swept away by the gully erosion. 2.4 Administrative and Political Overview Umuogele Umuakwu community runs a traditional and formal administrative structure. The local administrative structure is headed by the “ Eze� or traditional council head that are supported by the cabinet council made up of chiefs selected from the various villages that make up the community. 2.4.1 Gender Relations and Involvement Field survey shows that women in the project area participate in community development and decision makings. They are not part of the cabinet constituency but play decision making role through the women wing of the town/community union. 2.4.2 Conflict Resolution Mechanism This study ascertained that the traditional leadership structures in the project area have an effective process and system of settling disputes and engendering serenity in their community. In a dispute situation, it was informed that the local chiefs are saddled with the responsibility of settling civil disputes within the villages and clans of their jurisdiction. It is only the escalated civil matters that are brought to the palace of His royal highness (Eze) for settlement. Criminal cases are handed down to the police or relevant security agencies for prosecution. Although, the traditional system is said to be effective in handling disputes, there are no strict rules to following the process as there have been cases where aggrieved persons would go to the police/court for justice rather than follow the traditional dispute redress mechanism. Abia NEWMAP 34 RAP for Umuogele Umuakwu Gully Erosion Sites 2.4.3 Community Based Organization Community based organizations as defined in this study are the social groups and organizations in the community with members that have common social and economic interest largely in the interest of the community. In Umuogele project area, community based organizations exist in the form of social organizations such as the Otuobi Women Association, Umuogele Umuakwu NEWMAP Community Development Association and Umuogele Umuakwu Development Union amongst others. These groups are concerned with collective community development projects and members mobilize capitals, labour and inputs to ensure the implementation and sustainability of projects initiated by their associations. For example, the Otuobi Women Association contributed to community self-help development by building a School Block of Class Room, Health Center and Market. At present the Otuobi Women Association are contributing to the Community Street Light Project. The Umuogele Umuakwu NEWMAP Association is a kind of community based organization registered with the Isiala Ngwa North LGA with initial objective to organize, coordinate and maximize the developmental activities and benefit of the NEWMAP sub- projects in the community’s best interest.. 2.5 Social Amenities in the Community Below is the analysis of some of the physical and social infrastructure within the project area. Energy Umuogele project area is connected to the national grid. It’s however not inconceivable that many households and businesses are driven by private generator set while the livelihoods of many who cannot afford the cost of generators are adversely affected. As a result of unavailable or epileptic power supply the low income rural dwellers in Umuogele find it extreme difficult to engage in certain livelihoods that require energy supply. Other options for energy aside generator are stove and firewood (for cooking), bush lamp tan and touch for lighting. Access Road to and within Community Umuogele community is bedeviled with problem of access road. The existing road from Umuahia to Umuogele is unpaved and in a deteriorated condition. According to the community members, the poor access road has affected their access to market and productivity. Available Water Drinking Sources Abia NEWMAP 35 RAP for Umuogele Umuakwu Gully Erosion Sites Major sources of drinking water in the project areas are rain harvesting and borehole. Field survey result shows that about 60% of the people in Umuogele drink from harvested rain water during rainy season and depend 100% on borehole during dry season while 40% of the population depend on borehole all year round. Educational facility The only educational facilities in the project area are community primary and secondary school. There is no presence of private schools nor a tertiary institution in the community. Availability and accessibility of Health facility The range of health facilities accessed in the project area is traditional medicine, pharmacy, patent medical stall and primary health centers. Umuogele has neither a general hospital nor private hospital but only visits Umuahia (about 23km) for health care attentions that are beyond the capacity of a primary health centre. Telecommunication Access and Connectivity Umuogele project area is served by Globacom and MTN for telephone and internet connectivity.. Domestic waste collection and disposal facility There is generally poor attitude to waste management in the project community. Domestic waste collection is not organized; rather waste is disposed into the surrounding environment including the gully sites. 2.6 Socio-economic Profile of Project Affected Community Population and Size The population of Isiala North LGAs from the 2006 population census is 154,083. Similarly, the population of Umuogele Umuakwu is 5000 ( field survey 2017). Determination of Sample Size Sample size was determined using Decision Analyst STATS 2.0 software at 95% confidence level and 1% margin of error. The sample size for Umuogele with a population of 5000 is 570. Strict supervision was applied to ensure that field survey is well spread to capture respondents in the upper watershed, middle watershed and lower watershed respectively. Table 2.1 gives a disaggregated demographic account of the sampled size in the project areas. Abia NEWMAP 36 RAP for Umuogele Umuakwu Gully Erosion Sites Methods of data analysis Qualitative as well as quantitative analytical techniques were used to derive inferences from the study. Qualitative data context such as land ownership patterns, tenure status, land disputes and grievance redress mechanism, etc, were analyzed through deductive reasoning. Descriptive statistics was employed to analyze households’ quantitative socio- economic and livelihood data. Table 2.1: Disaggregated demographic structure Description Frequency Percentage Male children 1620 53.28947 Female children 1420 46.71053 Total Children 3040 Total No of Parents in Household 550 25.30713 Out of the total sample size of 570 respondents in Umuogele, the survey shows that 550 are married/parents with 3040 as the sum of number of children which is decomposed into 53.3% males and 46.7% females. 2.6.1 Profile of Project Affected Persons (PAPs) Size, Structure and Distribution of PAPs There are 47 number of PAPs in Umuogele consisting of 26 males (56.5%), 20 females (53.5%) and 1 community affected assets. Age Distribution and Marital Status of PAPs Figure 2.4 presents the age pattern of the PAPs. Age distribution was based on the age class of 10. The survey result shows that PAPs are men and women of ages 30 and above. Majority of PAPs fall within 50 years and above. Perhaps the key implication of the structure of PAPs age is that the aged PAPs are likely to be more vulnerable as a result of the adverse impacts of displacement on them except if deliberate and concrete mitigation measures are designed to sustain their livelihoods. Abia NEWMAP 37 RAP for Umuogele Umuakwu Gully Erosion Sites 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-above Figure 2.4: Age Distribution of PAPs Gender Table 2.2 reveals that 70.2% of the sample population in Umuogele is female compared to 29.8% male respondents. Table 2.2: Gender distribution of Respondents Description Frequency Percentage Male 170 29.82456 Female 400 70.17544 Total 570 The reason for the skewed gender distribution is not unconnected to the fact that Umuogele community has more women household head due to higher rate of men than females in the project area as observed in the next section on marital status. Marital Status The categories and distribution of marital status is presented in Table 2.3. Table 2.3: Distribution and data on Marital Status Description Frequency Percentage Single 20 3.571429 Abia NEWMAP 38 RAP for Umuogele Umuakwu Gully Erosion Sites Married 320 57.14286 Divorced 0 0 Widow 220 39.28571 Widower 10 0.2 The survey observed that the proportion of married people in the project area who responded to the questionnaires were more than those who are single, divorced or widowed. For instance, 57.1% of the respondents are married. The proportion of widows is high in (39.3%) while divorce is hardly recorded in the project area. A key implication of high widow rate recorded in this study is that the affected project communities are likely to have high number of vulnerable persons. Religious Affiliation of PAPs Abia state is a Christian dominated state with pockets of Muslims and traditional worshippers. However, all the PAPs in this project are Christians. Age Structure and Labour Force The result of the age structure of the respondents is shown in Table 2.4. Table 2.4: Age structure of Respondents Class Frequency Percentage Percentage (years) Less than 20 0 0 0 20 – 29 10 1.754 4.081 30 -39 40 7.017 20.408 40-49 70 12.280 18.367 50-59 130 22.807 20.408 60 & above 310 54.385 36.734 No response 10 1.754 0 Total 570 100 100 Abia NEWMAP 39 RAP for Umuogele Umuakwu Gully Erosion Sites Only adults of ages 20 and above were interviewed in all households across the project area as evident in Table 2.4. The survey used age class of 10 and found that respondents who are 60 years and above constituted about 54% of the sampled population. Overall, the survey shows that adults of all age class as used in the study were well represented. The result of Table 2.4 is interesting in terms of the implication on labour force. Active labour force ages are those between age 20 and 59 years. Based on that, it can be established from Table 2.4 that the proportion of active labour force available in Umuogele is about 46% only. The reason for this is that most people under active labour force age have migrated to the cities where they ply their livelihoods. Education and Literacy Rate According to the 2006 National census, Abia State, by extension Isiala Ngwa north has a comparatively high literacy rate of 85.2%. In the National literacy survey of 2010 Abia had the second highest youth literacy (in English) level of 95.6% in Nigeria (National Bureau of Statistics, 2010). The literacy rate is higher for males than females. Our survey result shows that about 26% of the population in Umuogele Umuakwu has attained secondary education while those who have gone beyond secondary education were not found in the community during the time of the survey. A direct policy implication of this outcome is that the proportion of employable (skilled) workforce in Umuogele is low and explains why farm based livelihood or alternatives that do not require much education should be supported under livelihood restoration of PAPs. Income and livelihood The spectrum of livelihood activities engaged by PAPs include crop farming, trading, piggery, poultry, civil service employment, auto mechanic and driving. Crop farming is the main livelihood engaged by 89% of PAPs. An assessment of average income from livelihood categories is also assessed which is a measure of the people’s welfare. Table 2.5 depicts the result of the income of PAPs in the project area. The result shows that PAPs who earn less than N30,000 in a week are in majority. For example, 65% of PAPs earn less than N30,000 while about 4% of PAPs earn income above N90,000 per week. Overall, this income distribution structure shows that majority of PAPs are poor and likely to be poorer as a result of the gully erosion intervention work since their land and agro-based livelihood will be potentially affected by the intervention. Abia NEWMAP 40 RAP for Umuogele Umuakwu Gully Erosion Sites Table 2.5: Average Weekly Income of PAPs Income category Umuogele