SFG1692 V19 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report NIGERIA EROSION AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROJECT (NEWMAP)- (IDA Assisted) Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) (Final Report) for Reclamation, Channeling and Remediation Works At Eguaren Ewu Flood and Gully Erosion Catchment Area in Edo State Prepared by State Project Management Unit, Edo State Nigeria September 2017 i i Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report TABLE OF CONTENT PAGES Table of content TOC-i List of Tables TOC-iv List of Figures TOC-v List of Plates TOC-vi List of Abbreviations and Acronyms TOC-vii List of Preparers TOC-ix Exec. Summary TOC-x CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction 1-1 1.2 Overview of the Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) 1-2 1.3 Environmental and Social Safeguards Concerns 1-2 1.4 Rationale for the ESMP 1-3 1.5 Objectives of the ESMP 1-4 1.6 Specific Tasks 1-4 1.7 Scope of Work 1-5 1.8 Deliverables 1-6 CHAPTER TWO – INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT 2.1 Introduction 2-1 2.2 Legal and Administrative Framework 2-1 2.2.1 Administrative Structure for Environmental Management at the Federal (National) Level 2-1 2.2.1.1 Federal Ministry of Environment 2-1 2.2.1.2 National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) 2-3 2.2.1.3 Other Relevant National Policies and Regulations National Environmental (Soil Erosion and Flood Control) Regulations, 2010 (S.I.12) 2-5 2.2.2 Edo State Regulations relating to Environmental Management 2-7 2.2.3 International Regulatory Framework 2-9 2.3 Analysis of Gap between World Bank and National Guidelines 2-13 2.4 Other International Conventions 2-14 2.5 Institutional Framework 2-15 CHAPTER THREE – DESCRIPTION OF THE BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 3.1 Introduction 3-1 3.2 Study Approach 3-1 3.3 Overview of the Project State 3-2 ii Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report 3.3.1 Physical Environment of Edo State 3-4 3.3.2 Biological Environment of Edo State 3-9 3.3.3 Site Specific Environmental Baseline Information on Ewu Gully Site 3-10 3.4 Proposed Intervention Project 3-22 3.4.1 Detailed Description of the Erosion Gully Site at Ewu 3-22 3.4.2 Factors that Enhanced the Emergence of the Gully Erosion at Ewu 3-25 3.4.3 Topographical Survey of the Ewu Esan Central Gully 3-25 3.4.4 Analysis of Project Intervention Alternatives and Options3-26 3.4.5 Alternative and Options considered for the Intervention 3-27 3.4.6 Proposed Intervention Project in Eguaren-Ewu Gully Site 3-35 CHAPTER FOUR–SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS AND CONSULTATION WITH STAKEHOLDERS 4.1 Socio-economic Assessment 4-1 4.2 Methodology 4-1 4.2.1 Data Collection Approaches 4-1 4.2.2 Socio-economic Data Analysis 4-3 4.3 Socio-economic Analytical Results 4-3 4.3.1 History and Governance 4-3 4.3.2 Demographic Characteristics 4-4 4.3.3 Sex Composition 4-5 4.3.4 Age Composition 4-6 4.3.5 Marital Status 4-7 4.3.6 Religion 4-7 4.3.7 Ethnic Composition 4-8 4.4 Analysis of existing Livelihoods Opportunities 4-9 4.4.1 Educational Status 4-9 4.4.2 Occupation, Income and Unemployment Characteristics4-10 4.4.3 Tenancy Pattern 4-12 4.5 Housing Characteristics 4-13 4.6 Amenities and Facilities in the Community 4-17 4.6.1 Sources of Energy 4-17 4.6.2 Sources of Domestic Water 4-18 4.6.3 Medical and Health Facilities 4-19 4.6.4 Educational Facilities 4-19 4.6.5 Waste Management Methods 4-19 4.7 Environmental Concern in the Community 4-21 4.7.1 Perceived Environmental Impacts of the Gully Erosion 4-21 4.8 Assessment of existing Formal and Informal Grievances Redress Mechanism 4-24 4.8.1 Stakeholder Engagement Plan 4-26 4.8.2 Consultations with Relevant Stakeholders 4-26 4.8.3 Anticipated Impacts of the Gully Erosion Intervention Project 4-30 iii Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report CHAPTER FIVE – ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL ADVERSE IMPACTS AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 5.1 Introduction 5-1 5.2 Associated and Potential Impacts Determination 5-1 5.2.1 Project Activities and affected Environmental Media 5-3 5.3 Associated and Potential Environmental Social Impacts 5-5 5.3.1 Positive Impacts of Pre-construction and Construction Phase 5-16 5.3.2 Negative Impacts 5-16 5.3.3 Residual and Cumulative Impacts 5-21 5.4 Analysis of Project Options and Alternatives 5-21 5.4.1 Project Options 5-22 5.4.1.1 No Project Option 5-22 5.4.1.2 Delayed Project Option 5-22 5.4.1.3 Implement Project Option 5-23 5.4.2 Project Alternatives 5-23 5.4.2.1 Alternative Location 5-23 5.4 2 2 Alternative Technology 5-24 5.4.3 Summary 5-24 CHAPTER SIX – ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 6.1 Overview 6-1 6.2 Mitigation Measures for the Identified Impacts 6-3 6.3 Institutional Arrangement and Capacity for ESMP and Monitoring Plan 6-30 6.4 Capacity Building and Training Plan 6-45 6.5 Grievance Redress Mechanism 6-51 6.6 Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan 6-51 6.6.1 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) 6-52 6.6.2 Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation 6-97 6.6.2.1 Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation 6-97 6.6.2.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan 6-99 6.6.2.3 Implementation Approach for the Environmental Monitoring 6-100 6.7 ESMP Budget and Schedule of Work 6-104 6.7.1 ESMP Budget 6-104 6.7.2 Schedule of Work for ESMP Implementation 6-105 6.8 Contractual Award Measures 6-108 CHAPTER SEVEN – SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 7-1 REFERENCE ANNEXES iv Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report LIST OF TABLES Tables Pages 2.1 Summary of IFC Performance Standards and their Applicability to the Proposed Project 2-13 3.1 Mean Monthly Maximum Temperature in Edo State 3-5 3.2 Mean Monthly Rainfall (mm) in Edo State 3-5 3.3 Mean Monthly Relative Humidity in Edo State 3-6 3.4 Summary of Air Quality and Noise Measurements around Edo State 3-7 3.5 Nigerian Ambient Air Quality Standard 3-7 3.6 Air Quality Classification Based on TSP Values 3-8 3.7 Typical Grain Size Distribution of the Surface 2-m Depth of Soils within and around the Gully Erosion Site in Ewu 3-13 3.8 Average Composition of the Grain Size Distribution (%) of Soils within and around the Gully Erosion Site in Ewu, Edo State 3-13 3.9 Vegetation Species around the Project Site 3-18 3.10 List of Mammals in the Study Area 3-20 3.11 List of Birds in the Study Area 3-21 3.12 List of Reptiles in the Study Areas 3-22 4.1 Population Distribution in the Edo State and Esan Central Local Government Area of the State 4-5 5.1 Project activities at the four phases of the proposed Intervention Project in Ewu 5-4 5.2 The Potential Environmental and Social Impacts of the Project5-6 6.1 Mitigation Measures recommended for the potential and associated impacts of Ewu Gully Erosion Site Rehabilitation Project 6-4 6.2 Roles and Responsibilities of the key stakeholders in the Implementation of the ESMP 6-39 6.3 Capacity Building Training Program proposed for the Ewu Gully Site Restoration 6-48 6.4 Environmental and Social Management Plan for Ewu Esan Central Gully Erosion Site Rehabilitation 6-53 6.5 Environmental, Social and Health Components and Impact Indicators 6-98 6.6 Environmental Components, Monitoring Parameters and Frequency of Monitoring for the Project 6-102 6.7 Summarized Cost estimates for the Implementation of the Ewu NEWMAP ESMP 6-105 6.8 ESMP Implementation Schedule of Work 6-106 v Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report LIST OF FIGURES Figures Pages 3.1 Map of Nigeria showing Edo State 3-3 3.2 Administrative Map of Edo State showing Ewu Community 3-4 3.3 Gully Erosion Site in the Ewu Town 3-11 3.4 General Geological Map of Nigeria 3-12 3.5 Digital Elevation Model of the Topography around Ewu Gully Head 3-14 3.6 Conceptual Model of Ewu Gully Head 3-15 3.7 Water Shed Catchment of the Gully Head at Ewu and Material balance around the gully showing inflows 3-17 3.8 Satellite Imagery of Gully Erosion Site at Ewu Town 3-24 3.9 Vegetated Rock Walls 3-33 3.10 Typical Rock Chute Grade Control Structure 3-33 3.11 Articulated Concrete Block System 3-34 4.1 Gender Distribution among Respondents 4-6 4.2 Age Categories among Sampled Respondents 4-6 4.3 Marital Status among Respondents in Ewu Community 4-7 4.4 Ethnic Composition in the Study Area 4-8 4.5 Education Status among the Sampled Respondents 4-9 4.6 Occupational Characteristics in Ewu Town 4-10 4.7 Income Distribution among the sampled Respondents 4-12 4.8 Type of Housing Ownership in Ewu Community 4-13 4.9 Housing Types in Ewu Community 4-14 4.10 Floor Materials used in Buildings 4-15 4.11 Type of Wall Materials used in Building 4-15 4.12 Type of Roof Materials used on Building 4-16 4.13 Waste Deposition Methods 4-20 vi Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report LIST OF PLATES Plates Pages 3.1 Deep Profile obtained from a Cut Section in Ehanlen Community, Ewu 3-2 3.2 water Borehole at Ewu 3-17 3.3 Typical Rainwater Harvest Facility at Ewu 3-18 3.4-7 Vegetation/Land Cover Types observed around Project Site in Ewu 3-20 3.8-9 Some Birds observed during Fieldwork 3-22 3.10 A Section of the Gully in Ewu, Esan LGA of Edo State 3-23 3.11 Gully at Ewu showing some affected Houses and Tarred Road as at March 2017 3-24 3.12 Stepped Baffle Chute 3-28 4.1 Shrine on the Outskirt of Ewu Town 4-7 4.2 Garri Processing Machine in the Community 4-11 4.3 Extraction of Black Oil from Palm Kernel for Soap Making 4-11 4.4 Palm Kernel Crushing Machine 4-11 4.5 Semi-Detached Building in the Vicinity of the Gully Erosion Site 4-14 4.6 Mud and Block Materials used in Building Construction in the Vicinity of the Gully Erosion Site 4-16 4.7 Long Span Aluminium used in the Ewu Town Hall 4-17 4.8 Low Tension Electricity Line in Ewu Town 4-17 4.9 Rain Water Harvesting in Ewu Town 4-18 4.10 Private Borehole Water providing Water for the Residents of Ewu Town 4-19 4.11 Waste Deposition in Drainage Channels 4-20 4.12 Waste Deposition in the Gully Erosion Site 4-20 4.13 Ewu Gully Erosion Head 4-22 4.14 Ewu Monastery Road Devastated by Growing Gully Erosion 4-23 4.15 Secondary Gully Erosion Site close to Ewu Monastery Road 4-23 4.16 Secondary Gully Erosion Site close to Ewu Monastery Road 4-23 4.17-22 View of the Stakeholder engagement held at Ewu Community 4-27 4.23 Eroded Building Foundation Consequent upon the Flood 4-29 4.24 Structurally affected House Close to the Gully Head in Ewu Town 4-29 vii Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACCRONYMS AIDS = Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome BEME = Bill of Engineering Measurement and Evaluation BOD = Biological Oxygen Demand CITES = Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species CO = Carbon-Monoxide DO = Dissolved Oxygen EA = Environmental Assessment EHS = Environment, Health and Safety EIA = Environmental Impact Assessment EMP = Environmental Management Plans EIS = Environmental Impact Statement ESA = Environmentally Sensitive Area ESMF = Environmental and Social Management Framework ESO = Environmental Safeguard Officer ESMP = Environmental and Social Management Plan FMEnv = Federal Ministry of Environment FEPA = Federal Environmental Protection Agency FRSC = Federal Road Safety Corps GEF = Global Environmental Facility GRMs = Grievance Redress Mechanisms HIV = Human Immune Virus HSE = Health Safety and Environmental IFC = International Finance Corporation ITCZ = Inter Tropical Convergence Zone ITDZ = Inter-Tropical Discontinuity Zone IMM = Impact Mitigation Monitoring LGA = Local Government Area MDA = Ministries Department and Agencies NAST = Nigerian Advanced School of Theology NESREA = National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency NEWMAP = Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project NIMET = Nigeria Meteorological Agency NPC = National Population Commission NW = North Westerly PPP = Polluter Pay Principle PAP = Project Affected People PPC = Public Compliant Commission PCF = Prototype Carbon Fund PAD = Project Appraisal Document PID = Project Implementation Manual PM = Particulate Matter QA = Quality Assurance QC = Quality Control RH = Relative Humidity RPF = Resettlement Policy Framework SPMU = State Project Management Unit viii Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report STD = Sexually Transmitted Disease SW = South Westerly TDS = Total Dissolve Solid THC = Total Hydrocarbon ToR = Terms of Reference TSS = Total Suspended Solid TSP = Total Suspended Particulate USCS = Unified Soil Classification System USEPA = United States Environmental Protection Agency VOC = Volatile Organic Compound WB = World Bank ix Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report LIST OF PREPARERS BABATUNDE .Y. OSHO -Team Leader/ Environmental Management Specialist PROF. A.AMUSAN - Soil Scientist / Erosion Expert Dr M. ADABANIJA - Geology/Geophysics ADEOLU. OJO - Environmental Ecologist Dr. O.J. TAIWO -Socio-economics/Stakeholder Engagement Specialist OLAJIRE. ALAO - Environmental Management Specialist x Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION Eguare-Ewu, Edo State, gully site is one of the ten gully erosion sites that had been selected by the SPMU of NEWMAP for Engineering Design and Construction Works in a bid to control the erosion, inhibit the advancement of the gully from causing further damage and rehabilitate the gully. The project is financed by the World Bank (WB),Global Environment Facility, the Special Climate Change Fund, and the Government of Nigeria. Our team of consultants from Global Impact Environmental Consulting Ltd was engaged to prepare the ESMP for the project in line with standard procedures for environmental assessment including the applicable World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard policies and Nigerian environmental assessment guidelines Objectives of the Proposed Intervention Project in Ewu Gully Site The aims of the Ewu gully Intervention project are:  To route the catchment flow around the gully head so as to bypass the head of the gully and to discharge the flow back into the gully at a safe distance downstream; 
  To manage the energy of the flowing waters in such a way that the flow 
 discharges back into the gully in a controlled manner; 
  To manage the flow in the downstream section of the gully so as to limit velocities, reduce lining requirements and to ensure that extensive vegetation cover is established as part of the river protection and 
 reinstatement; 
  To reinstate the backfilled gully head with suitable vegetative measures 
 combined with appropriate landscaping; 
  To provide facilities with sufficient capacity to intercept surface flows 
 into the gully bypass system; 
  To rehabilitate the damaged rural tarred road; and 
  To reroute the channel to protect the gas pipeline at the downstream 
 section of xi Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report the gully. 
 Objectives of the ESMP Specific objectives of this ESMP are to: • Set out the measures to be taken in addressing the identified adverse impacts of the various components and activities of the project; • Develop procedures and plans to ensure that the mitigation measures will be implemented throughout the phases for the remediation work at the Eguaren- Ewu Gully Erosion site; and • Address the adequacy of the monitoring and institutional arrangements for the upper and lower watersheds in the intervention site. Terms of Reference and Scope of Work of the ESMP • The consultant is expected to work in close collaboration with the SPMU project team, and the various other Agencies involved in the projects; • The consultant shall visit the intervention sites, to have a first-hand overview of the situation on ground at the site, so as to have adequate knowledge of the requirements for the ESMP; and • Identify the proposed management strategies to ensure the environment is appropriately protected and environmental issues are appropriately mitigated. Specific scope of work is that the Consultant: • Prepares ESMP, taking into consideration the activities in the intervention sites at Eguare-Ewu communities; • The ESMP should contain an environmental and social checklist, to be used as a screening mechanism for the identified activities of the project; and • Identifies any regulations and guidelines, which will govern activities of the nature contemplated by the proposed project including National and State legislation and regulations. Deliverables The deliverables are Inception, Draft and Final ESMP Reports, acceptable to the Edo –NEWMAP SPMU, Edo State, and to the World Bank. xii Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT A number of relevant international, national and state environmental policies, guidelines, legal and administrative framework applicable to the operation of the NEWMAP were reviewed as they relate to the proposed NEWMAP project at Eguaren-Ewu, Edo State. Specifically, World Bank OP/BP 4.01: Environmental Assessment (EA), one of the 10+2 Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies of the WB, employed by the bank to examine the potential environmental risks and benefits associated with Bank lending operations was reviewed. A detailed listing of national statutory documents put in place by the FMEnv to aid in the monitoring, control and abatement of industrial wastes and natural disasters was produced in this chapter. Similarly, Edo State Regulations relating to Environmental Management was also reviewed. DESCRIPTION OF BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Overview of the Project State Edo State with its administrative headquarter in Benin City was created out of former Bendel state in August 27, 1991 by the then regime of General Ibrahim Babangida. The state is one of the thirty-six (36) states in Nigeria. Edo state is located in the South- South geopolitical zone of the country and it is bounded in the north and east by Kogi State, in the south by Delta State and in the west by Ondo State. The State occupies an area of about 17,802 km². Apart from Benin City (capital of the ancient Benin kingdom), which provides administrative and industrial functions, some other major towns in the state include Ubiaja, Auchi, Ekpoma and Uromi. There are several other settlements within the state. The Ewu gully erosion site is one the gully erosion sites that have been identified in Edo State. Location of the Ewu gully site in Edo State: The Eguare-Ewu gully site is located about halfway between Benin City and Auchi, just north of the Benin City – Auchi road in Edo State. A massive gully has developed near the lower part of Ewu town where the main road crosses the drainage line. The gully is very deeply incised and becomes shallower towards the outlet, the length of the gully is about 1000 m. It xiii Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report steadily decreases in depth from an initial depth of approximately 14 m at the gully head at the road in the village, to 8 m approximately 500 m downstream. The streambed is relatively steep for a section downstream of where the gully daylights. The gully developed as a result of the road drainage, which collects flows from across the catchment and concentrates them to the gully site, together with an increase in hardened surfaces in the catchment due mainly to anthropogenic influence which results in increased peak flows. The catchment that drains to the gully at Ewu is approximately 2.4 km2 in size determined by means of a GIS. Physical Environment of Edo State: Climate and Meteorology: Edo State has two principal seasons, rainy and dry, driven by the seasonal oscillations of the Inter-Tropical Discontinuity Zone (ITDZ) movement. Temperature and Sunshine: Maximum temperatures typically range between 280C and 340C. The higher values are recorded in the dry months between December and March, which also coincide with periods of high sunshine. Mean sunshine hours per month vary from 53 hours in July to 176 hours in January. The low sunshine hours in the region are associated with the thick cloud cover that prevails in this climatic belt for most of the year. Rainfall: Rainfall in Edo State is generally high, due to the relative proximity to the coast. Rain falls all through the year with the peak between June and October and the highest number of rain days also occurred within the same period. Lowest amount of rainfall occurs in the month of December, while the lowest rain days are recorded in February. Total annual rainfall is typically in excess of 2,500mm. Relative Humidity: The highest relative humidity (RH) in the morning (0900 hrs.) in Edo State is about 84.0% and this often occurs in July, while the lowest is obtained in January with a value of about 59.0%. The RH record is higher for 0900hrs than for 1500hrs throughout the months. xiv Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Wind System: The climatic conditions of the state are influenced by two wind systems related to a global passat system; south-westerly (SW) and the north- easterly (NE). The SW winds, which predominate from April to August, have a speed range of 5.7 to 9.0 knots (mean 7.4 ± 1.4 knots), but over the annual cycle, the overall mean is 5.7 ± 2.2 knots, and this corresponds to light breeze on the Beaufort scale. Gentle and moderate breezes occur mostly from June to September. Air Quality and Noise Levels: Total suspended particulates in ambient air around Edo State are generally low, ranging between 25µg/m 3 and 74µg/m3. This is far below the FMEnv limit of 250 µg/m3, hence, the air quality in the state is of high quality. Noise level ranged between a low of 40 dB(A) and a high of 84 dB(A), with mean values at 51dB(A). In general, noise levels in the state complied with the 8-hr exposure limit of 90 dB(A) set by the FMEnv. Geology of Edo State: Edo State lies within the Niger Delta thereby making its geology typical of the Niger Delta Basin. The area forms part of a geological sequence of the Quaternary and Tertiary formations of the Niger Delta. Biological Environment of Edo State Vegetation: Vegetation in Edo state consists of mangrove swamps, freshwater swamps, rainforests and savanna grasslands. The savanna grasslands however occur in the northern reaches of the state. Wildlife: Generally wildlife in Edo state consists of mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians. Many parts of the state have been substantially modified by human activities, such that only very few original forests remain, and by extension, wildlife species composition and abundance have been seriously modified. The savanna grasslands in the state play host to rodents such as Grass cutters, Porcupines, Snakes, etc. Avian species, because of their mobility, are ubiquitous across the state. xv Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Description of Eguaren-Ewu Gully Site Environment Administratively, Ewu community is located in Etsako West Local Government Area, Edo State. Agbede bounds Ewu in the north, in the southeast by Irrua, and southwest by Ekpoma. The community is located about 99km north east of Benin, 82.0km north of Agbor, and 30km south of Auchi town. Some of the major towns in the immediate vicinity of the Ewu community include Irrua, Uromi, Opoji, Ekpoma, Akahia and Ukhun among others. The coordinate of the gully head is Latitude 6.246908 and Longitude 6.803197 and it is within the community. The gully erosion site is 1.6 km using the shortest route and 2.85 km using the longer route off the Auchi-Benin road. The gully erosion site originates from the Ewu community and moves northward. Presently, there are buildings to the southern, eastern and western parts of the gully-head, however, the northern section is mainly fallow vegetation and farmland. The floristic composition of the vegetation ranges from the typical forests with dense canopies and a discontinuous multi-storey system. The undergrowth consists mostly of shrubs, epiphytes and grasses. The dominant vegetation species include Anthocleista; Bridelia; and Elaeis guineensis, among others. The most common grasses within the area include: Andropogon; Ctenium newtonii; Imperata cylindrical; and Loudetia arundinacea. Shrubs, herbs and climbers particularly Alchornea, Combretum, and Chromolaena odorata are very common, particularly on fallow lands. Geology, Geotechnical and Soil Types at Eguare-Ewu The site is underlain by Imo Clay-Shale Group lithologies consisting of clay and shales with limestone intercalations of the Ewekoro Formation. The presence of clays was confirmed by the Atterberg test results. A geotechnical investigation conducted at the Ewu Erosion Gully Site in Edo State indicated that the site is underlain by clayey sands and are classified as ‘SC’ by the unified soil classif ication system (USCS). Field soil investigation, sampling and analysis of the surface 200- cm soil depth at the lower and upper reaches of the gully erosion site in Ewu indicated predominance of fine to medium sized sand particles. No evidence of lithologic discontinuity was observed as the formation, as observed from the gully exposed surface shows uniform lithology. Soils within and around the Ewu gully site are highly ferruginized, commonly brownish to reddish in colour, and often with xvi Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report ochric epipedon. The sand particles ranged from a minimum of 76% sand to 82% sand. SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS AND CONSULTATION WITH STAKEHOLDERS The socio-economic baseline information gathering on the two communities straddling the gully site documented the social risks associated with the rehabilitation and restoration of the gully. Furthermore, existing livelihoods opportunities, income, gender characteristics, age profile, health, transport access, existing community structures were also investigated. In addition, existing formal and informal grievance redress mechanisms in the communities were also investigated. Community consultation was also held at the palace of the paramount ruler. The consultation was with a view to sensitizing the community on the government’s plan to address the challenges posed by the gully through the rehabilitation of the damaged road infrastructure as a consequence of the gully erosion. Findings indicated that youth accounted for 62% of the sampled respondents. This is an indication of the availability of able-bodied people that can provide labour needed during the construction phase of the project. Four major environmental concerns of the community identified during the consultation meeting are (a) irregular rainfall, (b) excessive rainfall, (c) soil loss and degradation, and (d) excessive heat. It was also documented that there is no existing formal institutional framework specifically setup to handle grievances that might arise from the gully erosion rehabilitation project in the community. ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL ADVERSE IMPACTS AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES Associated and Potential Project Impacts In order to effectively assess the associated and potential impacts of the project on the environment, a 4-step procedure was adopted. The first step was to undertake a detailed description/evaluation of the planned project activities and the existing environmental conditions around the project area. A general screening of impacts, to determine the significance level such that negligible/insignificant impacts were screened xvii Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report out, followed. After this, we undertook a detailed Impact Analysis and Elaboration of Corrective Measures: On the basis of the screening stage, the main impacts were analyzed, in order to quantify them, whenever possible and to elaborate specific measures to cancel, reduce or compensate the most detrimental ones. On conclusion of the impact analysis, the details of the positive and negative effects of the proposed developments on the environment were outlined and appropriate solutions or mitigation measures to minimize any undesirable effects resulting from the proposed project were determined. Based on the assessment, positive and negative impacts were identified. The positive impacts of the proposed gully site restoration in Eguaren-Ewu include: Employment opportunities, restoration of hitherto degraded areas, leading to availability of more land for agricultural purposes, community development programs, provision of improved drainage in the area, control/reduction of sedimentation of waterbodies, increased business/commerce opportunities during project implementation, etc. Key negative effects of proposed project activities include: deterioration of air quality during construction activities, loss of vegetation and wildlife during construction, soil compaction, possible effect on hydrology, leading to flooding in upstream areas, possible conflicts between communities and project team, etc. In all, no major negative impact is anticipated, although a few moderate and several minor impacts are identified and anticipated. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) This chapter presents the specific objectives of the ESMP, the environmental and social impacts of the intervention identified, a discussion of the mitigation measures recommended to address the adverse project impacts, the institutional responsibilities and accountabilities, the capacity building requirements, the public consultation plan, the mechanism for resolving community conflicts and disagreements regarding the project activities in line with the ESMF, RPF, RAP, and Project Implementation Manual. xviii Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report The mitigation measures are presented in relation to specific project activities that would cause them. The usual practice is to ensure the implementation of these measures as part of the overall operational plans and procedures that will be used by the Edo State Project Management Unit of NEWMAP and its Contractors. The two monitoring that will be undertaken consists of: (a) Environmental Auditing (Environmental impact monitoring), and (b) Environmental and social impact mitigation compliance monitoring. In this chapter, the Institutional Arrangement for Monitoring Plan was addressed. The roles, responsibilities and institutional arrangements for the implementation of the mitigation measures and the monitoring activities outlined for the Ewu intervention project are clearly documented. Roles and responsibilities of the key stakeholders in the implementation of the ESMP are also clearly presented. Capacity building training is essential for ensuring that the ESMP requirements are implemented. To this end, the relevant training and capacity building programs have been identified as pre-requisite for effective implementation of the Ewu gully erosion site rehabilitation project. The training course content, duration, target participants and the estimated cost are clearly documented. The total cost for the implementation of the Ewu Gully Rehabilitation ESMP add up to N 32,800,000. This cost also include Monitoring and Evaluation, as well as the Capacity Building Activities. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION Concise summary of each of the preceding chapters was presented here, and it was concluded that with careful implementation of this ESMP, the various phases of the proposed intervention project in Eguare-Ewu Gully site would be realized with minimal residual impacts to the physical, biological and social environment of the project affected communities. xix Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Erosion is one of the surface processes that sculpture the earth’s landscape and constitutes one of the global environmental problems. Soil erosion is perhaps the most serious mechanism of land degradation in the tropics (ElSwaify et al., 1982). However, gully erosion is visually the most impressive of all types of erosion (El-Swaify, 1990), highly visible and affects soil productivity, restricts land use and can threaten roads, fences, buildings and human life (Afegbua et al 2016). It has been described as a well- defined water worn channel (Monkhouse and Small, 1978); a recently extended drainage channel that transmits ephemeral flow, steep side, steeply sloping or vertical head scarf with a width greater than 0.3 m and a depth greater than 0.6 m (Brice, 1966); a V or U-shaped trench in unconsolidated materials with a minor channel in the bottom, but not necessarily linked to a major stream (Graf, 1983); as well as a relatively deep, vertical-walled channel recently formed within a valley where no well-defined channel previously existed (Bettis III 1985). Gully erosion is an advanced stage of rill erosion where surface channels have been eroded to the point where they cannot be smoothened over by normal tillage operations (Hilborn, 1985). Like in other parts of the world, gully erosion is one of the major environmental challenges facing Nigeria. The menace is more predominant in the eastern, southeastern and some parts of southwestern part of the country with Southeastern part regarded as gully erosion region (Igbokwe et al 2008) probably due to susceptibility of the soils in southern part of the country to erosion as well as varied underlying geology. Whilst Edo and Kogi states are most affected in southwestern Nigeria; Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu, and Imo states are most affected in the southeast. In Edo state which is geologically underlain by sedimentary terrain, crystalline basement as well as sedimentary/crystalline basement contact; Ewu gully site is one of the ten gully erosion sites that has been selected by the State Project Management Unit (SPMU) of the Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) for Engineering design and construction works in a bid to control the erosion, inhibit the advancement of the gully from causing further damage and rehabilitate the eroded gullies. 1 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report 1.2 Overview of the Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) The Government of Nigeria is implementing the multi-sectoral Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP), which are financed by the World Bank, Global Environment Facility, the Special Climate Change Fund, and the Government of Nigeria. NEWMAP finances activities implemented by States and activities implemented by the Federal government. The project is currently benefitting 22 States. Some of States include Abia, Anambra, Cross River, Delta, Ebonyi, Edo, Enugu, Gombe, Kano, Kogi, Imo, Oyo and Sokoto to mention few. The lead agency at the Federal level is the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv), Department of Erosion, Flood and Coastal Zone Management, State and local governments, local communities and CSOs are or will be involved in the project, given that the project is a multi-sector operation involving MDAs concerned with water resources management, public works, agriculture, regional and town planning, earth and natural resources information, and disaster risk management. The development objective of NEWMAP is: to rehabilitate degraded lands and reduce longer-term erosion vulnerability in targeted areas. At State level, NEWMAP activities involve medium-sized civil works such as construction of infrastructure and/or stabilization or rehabilitation in and around the gullies themselves, as well as small works in the small watershed where gullies form and expand. These works trigger the World Bank’s Safeguard Policies including Environmental Assessment OP 4.01; Natural Habitats OP 4.04; Cultural Property OP 11.03; Involuntary Resettlement OP 4.12 Safety of Dams OP 4.37; Pest Management Safeguard Policy OP 4.09; and Projects on International Waterways OP 7.50. 1.3 Environmental and Social Safeguards Concerns The World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguards concerns for the NEWMAP are addressed by the policies that provide guidelines for the identification, preparation, and implementation of projects. These several policies are used to address environmental and social safeguards concerns for projects and these include but not limited to EA (OP/BP 4.01), Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04), and Forests (OP4.36) etc. 2 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Other documents already prepared under the project include an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF), Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF), the Project Appraisal Document (PAD) and the Project Implementation Manual (PIM). Specifically engineering designs are also prepared for the site-specific gully sites. This report therefore focuses on the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) developed for the Ewu Gully Erosion Site in Esan Central Local Government Area of Edo State. The NEWMAP intends to reclaim and rehabilitate the gully erosion site so as to reduce the environmental impacts created in the targeted area. The proposed activities will employ some civil works such as channelization, remediation works of the gully site. The drainage systems upstream of the gully and possible ways of stabilising the gully have previously been examined in the Stormwater Master Planning and Concept Design Study. Details of the study and the approved conceptual designs are included in the Stormwater Master Planning and Conceptual Design Report – Part 1, revision 02 dated 30 November 2015. This ESMP is prepared in accordance with standard procedures for environmental assessment including the applicable World Bank (WB) Environmental and Social Safeguard policies and Nigerian environmental assessment guidelines 1.4 Rationale for the ESMP A project's environmental and social management plan (ESMP) consists of the set of mitigation, monitoring, and institutional measures to be taken during implementation and operation to eliminate adverse environmental impacts, offset them, or reduce them to acceptable levels. The plan also includes the actions needed to implement these measures. The ESMP is an essential safeguard element for Category B projects, such as the planned gully erosion rehabilitation works in Eguare-Ewu, Edo State. This Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is therefore an important project management strategy that will manage the proposed Ewu gully erosion site rehabilitation project activities such that the potential environmental and social impacts arising from the project implementation will be mitigated, avoided or eliminated. 3 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report The ESMP outlines Edo State NEWMAP Project Management Unit’s corporate commitment to managing the project implementations in a sustainable manner. The ESMP will also ensure compliance with applicable environmental standards all through the life span of the projects. The Bank will disclose the ESMP document publicly, in Nigeria and at the World Bank website before project implementation. 1.5 Objectives of the ESMP The objective of the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is to set out the measures to be taken in addressing the identified adverse impacts of the various components and activities of the project. In addition, the ESMP is meant to develop procedures and plans to ensure that the mitigation measures will be implemented throughout the phases for the Remediation work of Ewu Gully Erosion site. Specific objectives of this ESMP include the following: Specifically, as indicated in the Terms of Reference (ToR) document provided as part of the contractual process for the project, the following objectives are outlined: 1) ESMP will include the measures needed to implement these actions, addressing the adequacy of the monitoring and institutional arrangements for the upper and lower watersheds in the intervention site. 1.6 Specific Tasks The consultant is required to carry out the following tasks: • Describe biophysical and social environment including the existing status of the sub-watershed (Upper/Lower) and gullies; • Identify the potential environmental and social issues/risks associated with the intervention; • Drawing on the feasibility and engineering report and site design, appropriate baseline indicators (for example, m 3/sec of runoff collected in the sub-watershed during a heavy hour-long rainfall). • Develop a plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with construction and operation in the gully intervention in consultation with the relevant public and government agencies; • Identify feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels; 4 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report • Develop a time-bound plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with the specific intervention in the designated subwatershed management in consultation with the relevant public and government agencies; • Identify feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels; • Identify monitoring objectives and specifies the type of monitoring, with linkages to the impacts assessed and the mitigation measures described above (in bullets 1-5); • Provide a specific description of institutional arrangements: the agencies responsible for carrying out the mitigation and monitoring measures (e.g., for operation, supervision, enforcement, monitoring of implementation, remedial action, financing, reporting, and staff training) and the contractual arrangements for assuring the performance of each implementing agency; • Define technical assistance programs that could strengthen environmental management capability in the agencies responsible for implementation; • Provide an implementation schedule for measures that must be carried out as part of the project, showing phasing and coordination with overall project implementation plans; and • Provide the expected capital and recurrent cost estimates and sources of funds for implementing the ESMP and inform accordingly the design consultants so that these costs are duly taken into consideration in the designs. • Other tasks: The consultant shall assist the SPMU to: i. Register the ESMP with the environmental assessment (EA) departments at Federal and State levels; and ii. Disclose the finalized ESMP at National, State, LGA and Community levels. 1.7 Scope of Work Based on the terms of reference provided as part of the contract for this ESMP, it is expected that the consultant shall work in close collaboration with the SPMU project team, and the various other Agencies involved in the projects. The consultant shall visit the two intervention sites, to have a firsthand overview of the situation on ground at the sites, so that he will have adequate knowledge of the requirements for the ESMP, and 5 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report identify the proposed management strategies to ensure the environment is appropriately protected and environmental issues are appropriately mitigated. The specific scope of work will include the following: A. The consultant is expected to prepare the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) taking into consideration the activities in the intervention sites at Eguare-Ewu communities. B. The Consultant will prepare an ESMP, which will contain an environmental and social checklist, to be used as a screening mechanism for the identified activities of the project. C. The consultant will identify any regulations and guidelines, which will govern activities of the nature contemplated by the proposed project including National and State legislation and regulations. 1.8 Deliverables The deliverable will include the preparation of Inceptions, draft and final ESMP Report, which will be acceptable to the Edo –NEWMAP SPMU Edo State, and to the World Bank. 6 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report CHAPTER TWO INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2.1 Introduction This section presents an overview of the World Bank safeguards policies triggered by NEWMAP and the proposed activity. The presentation here also summarizes the relevant local and federal policy, legal, regulatory, and administrative frameworks. 2.2 Legal and Administrative Framework A number of national and international environmental guidelines are applicable to the operation of the NEWMAP. In Nigeria, the power to enforce all activities that might impact the environment is vested in the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv). Internationally, agencies such as the World Bank, IFC and other financial organizations usually set environmental criteria for projects, which must be met by project proponents before the agencies could invest in them. 2.2.1 Administrative Structure for Environmental Management at the Federal (National) Level Power for the management of the biophysical and socio-economic environment in Nigeria was vested in the now defunct Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA), which was absorbed into the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) in 1999. Specific guidelines and regulations of the FMEnv are highlighted below: 2.2.1.1 Federal Ministry of Environment The act establishing the Ministry places on it the responsibility of ensuring that all development and industry activities, operations and emissions are within the limits prescribed in the National Guidelines and Standards, and ensure compliance with the relevant regulations for environmental pollution management in Nigeria as may be specified by the Ministry. To fulfill this mandate, a number of regulations/instruments are available (see “section on National Legal Instruments on Environment”), however, the main instrument in ensuring that environmental and social issues are mainstreamed into development projects is the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act No. 86 of 1992. With this Act, the FMEnv prohibits public and private sectors from embarking on major prospects or activities without due consideration, at the early stages, of environmental and social impacts. The act makes an EIA mandatory for any 1 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report development project, and prescribes the procedures for conducting and reporting EIA studies. As part of the effective utilization of the EIA tool, the Ministry has produced ‘Sectoral Guidelines’ detailing the necessary requirements of the EIA process for each Sector. One of these Sectoral Guidelines that is applicable to the proposed project is the ‘Sectoral Guidelines on Infrastructure Development’. Within the FMEnv, there is the Environmental Impact Assessment Division, headed by a Director; to take all responsibilities for EIA related issues. Still within the EIA division in FMEnv, is the Impact Mitigation Monitoring (IMM) unit, with the special responsibility for monitoring the implementation of Environmental Management Plans (EMP) contained in the approved EIAs. As contained in FEPA Acts 58 of 1988 and EIA of 1992 (Amended as EIA Act Cap 12, LFN 2004), FMEnv has put in place statutory documents to aid the monitoring, control and abatement of industrial wastes. The statutory documents currently in place include though are not necessarily limited to: i. National Policy on the Environment, 1999; ii. National Environmental (Soil Erosion and Flood Control) Regulations, 2010 (S.I.12); iii. National Environmental Protection (Effluent Limitations) Régulations (S.1.8) 1991 ; iv. National Environmental Protection (Pollution Abattement in Industries and Facilities Generating Wastes) (S.1.9) 2004; v. National Environmental Protection (Management of Solid and Hazardous Wastes) Regulations (S.1.15) 1991; vi. Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria 1991; vii. Sectorial Guidelines for EIA 1995; viii. Harmful Wastes (Criminal Provisions) Decree No. 42, 1988; ix. National Policy on the Environment, 1989; x. Environmental Impact Assessment Procedural Guidelines, 1995; xi. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act No. 86 of 1992; and xii. Environmental Impact Assessment (Amendments) Act, 1999. 2 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report xiii. National Guidelines and Standards for Water Quality, 1999 xiv. National Guidelines on Environmental Management Systems (EMS), 1999 xv. National Guidelines on Environmental Audit in Nigeria, 1999 These statutory documents clearly state the restrictions imposed on the release of toxic substances into the environment and the responsibilities of all industries whose operations are likely to pollute the environment. Such responsibilities include provision of antipollution equipment and adequate treatment of effluent before being discharged into the environment. FMEnv also has put in place procedural and sectorial guidelines detailing the EIA process including a categorization of environmental projects into Categories I, II and III (referred to by the World Bank as categories A, B and C respectively). The guidelines require that a complete EIA be performed for category I projects, Category II projects may not require an EIA depending on the screening criteria, while Category III projects do not require an EIA. In addition to the guidelines for EIA, Decree No. 86 contains provisions for the screening of projects according to impact potential, including listed activities for which mandatory EIA preparation is required: a. Category I projects will require a full Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). b. Category II projects may require only a partial EIA, which will focus on mitigation and environmental planning measures, unless the project is located near an “Environmentally Sensitive Area” (ESA) in which case a full EIA is required. c. Category III projects are considered to have “essentially beneficial impacts” on the environment, for which Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) will be prepared. 2.2.1.2 National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) NESREA Act 27 of 2007 established the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA), and the Agency works under the FMEnv. NESREA is saddled with the responsibility of the protection and development of the environment, biodiversity conservation and sustainable development of Nigeria’s natural resources in general and environmental technology, including coordination and liaison 3 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report with relevant stakeholders within and outside Nigeria on matters of enforcement of environmental standards, regulations, rules, laws, policies and guidelines. The functions of the Agency include: • Enforcement of compliance with laws, guidelines, policies and standards on environmental matters; • Coordinate and liaise with stakeholders, within and outside Nigeria, on matters of environmental standards, regulations and enforcement; • Enforce compliance with the provisions of international agreements, protocols, conventions and treaties on the environment including climate change, biodiversity conservation, desertification, forestry, oil and gas, chemicals, hazardous wastes, ozone depletion, marine and wild life, pollution, sanitation and such other environmental agreements as may from time to time come into force; • Enforce compliance with policies, standards, legislation and guidelines on water quality, environmental health and sanitation, including pollution abatement; • Enforce compliance with guidelines and legislation on sustainable management of the ecosystem, biodiversity conservation and the development of Nigeria’s natural resources; • Enforce compliance with any legislation on sound chemical management, safe use of pesticides and disposal of spent packages thereof; • Enforce compliance with regulations on the importation, exportation, production, distribution, storage, sale, use, handling and disposal of hazardous chemicals and wastes, other than in the oil and gas sector; • Enforce through compliance monitoring, the environmental regulations and standards on noise, air, land, seas, oceans and other water bodies other than in the oil and gas sector; • Ensure that environmental projects funded by donor organizations and external support agencies adhere to regulations in environmental safety and protection; • Enforce environmental control measures through registration, licensing and permitting systems other than in the oil and gas sector; • Conduct environmental audit and establish data bank on regulatory and enforcement mechanisms of environmental standards other than in the oil and gas sector; 4 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report • Create public awareness and provide environmental education on sustainable environmental management, promote private sector compliance with environmental regulations other than in the oil and gas sector and publish general scientific or other data resulting from the performance of its functions; and • Carry out such activities as are necessary or expedient for the performance of its functions. 2.2.1.3 Other Relevant National Policies and Regulations National Environmental (Soil Erosion and Flood Control) Regulations, 2010 (S.I.12) The overall objective of this regulation is to check all earth-disturbing activities, practices or developments for non-agricultural, commercial, industrial and residential purposes. Natural Resources Conservation Council Act 286 of 1990 This provision is aimed at establishing the Natural Resources Conservation council to be responsible for the conservation of natural resources of Nigeria and to formulate national policy for natural resources conservation. The National Policy on the Environment 1989 The National Policy on Environment, 1989 (revised 1999), provides for “a vi able national mechanism for cooperation, coordination and regular consultation, as well as harmonious management of the policy formulation and implementation process which requires the establishment of effective institutions and linkages within and among the various tiers of government – federal, state and local government”. The objective of the policy is to achieve sustainable development in Nigeria and, in particular to: • Secure a quality environment adequate for good health and wellbeing; • Conserve the environment and natural resources for the benefit of present and future generations; • Raise public awareness and promote understanding of the essential linkages between the environmental resources and development, and encourages individual and community participation in environmental improvement efforts; 5 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report • Maintain and enhance the ecosystems and ecological processes essential for the functioning of the biosphere to preserve biological diversity; and • Co-operate with other countries, international organizations and agencies to achieve optimal use and effective prevention or abatement of trans-boundary environmental degradation. Proposed Nigerian Environmental Management Act No 20 of 2004 This act was drafted following the amalgamation of FEPA and FMEnv (see section 2.1.2) but was never ratified. The proposed Act sought to repeal the 1988 FEPA Decree No.58 (amended No.59 and No.14). It does not repeal any other environmentally related legislation. As well as the general environmental provisions, which include environmental sanitation and occupational health, it specifies the powers of authorized officers, penalties and fines. The Act gives the Minister the authority to grant environmental permits for prescribed activities that include sand mining but not any other mining activities. Land Use Act 1978 The legal basis for land acquisition and resettlement in Nigeria is the Land Use Act 1978 and modified in 1990. The followings are the selected relevant sections: Section 1: Subject to the provision of this Act, all land comprised in the territory of each state in the Federation are hereby vested in the Governor of each state, and such land shall be held in trust and administered for the use and common benefit of all Nigerians in accordance with the provisions of this Act. Section 2: (a) All land in urban areas shall be under the control and management of the Governor of each State; and (d) all other land shall be under the control and management of local government within the area of jurisdiction in which the land is situated. Therefore, according to the Land Use Act, all land in Nigeria is vested in the Governor of each State, and shall be held in trust for the use and common benefit of all people. The administration of land area is divided into urban land, which will be directly under the control and management of the Governor of each State; and nonurban land, which 6 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report will be under the control and management of the Local Government. The Governor of each State will have the right to grant statutory rights of occupancy to any person or for any purpose; and the Local Government will have the right to grant customary rights of occupancy to any person or organization for agricultural, residential and other purposes. The Act gives the government the right to acquire land by revoking both statutory and customary rights of occupancy for the overriding public interest. In doing so, the Act specifies that the State or Local Government should pay compensation to the current holder or occupier with equal value. 2.2.2 Edo State Regulations Relating to Environmental Management Edo State Sanitation and Pollution Management Law No. 5 of 2010 The statutory responsibility of protecting and/or ensuring the protection of the environment in Edo State rests on the Edo State Ministry of Environment. Relevant sections of this provision are as follows: Section 8 is a provision on Disposal of Refuse. Subsection 1 prescribes that ‘No person shall dispose of refuse or waste except through a Waste Manager approved by the Board or appropriate authority for the area where he resides or carries on business’. Subsection 2 states that it shall be an offence for any person to bury; burn or dispose waste in drains or moat. Section 13 provides for Maintenance of Drains, Sewage and Septic Tanks. Subsection 1 prescribes that every person shall: a. Clean and maintain any drain in the frontage, sides or rear of his tenement or building; and b. Provide suitable holding tank for liquid waste or sewage and ensure regular evacuation and disposal of it. Subsection 2 provides that no person shall cause or knowingly permit any sewage effluent or liquid waste to be discharged into any drain or drainage system, road, gorges, water courses or any part thereof except at such place as may be authorized by the appropriate authority. 7 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Section 16, subsection 1 prohibits throwing or burying of industrial or commercial waste on any tenement or open space. Subsection 2 prohibits erection or construction of or use of an incinerator without prior approval or permit of the appropriate authority or its designate and Subsection 3 prohibits the setting of fire to the contents of any owned litterbin. Section 34 subsections 1 stipulates the periodic payment of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Management Levy for environmental remediation, management and pollution related activities in the State by all industrial or commercial establishment in the State. Subsection 7 stipulates the right of the appropriate authority to seal-up any business or commercial organization that refuses to obey the Environmental Remediation and Pollution Management. Subsection 9 provides a penalty of two million naira (N2, 000,000) for any corporate organization that break the seal and open such sealed premises. Section 36 is Dumping of Toxic waste and electrical or electronic waste in the State. Subsection 3 stipulates that electronic/electrical waste generated within the State may be disposed off in manner as may be specified by the appropriate authority, with emphasis on recycling of useful components. Subsection 4 prohibits the translocation, disposal or dumping of radioactive waste in any part of the State. Subsection 5 provides a penalty of fine as prescribed in the schedule to the State or a term of imprisonment of 10 years or both fine and imprisonment. Section 45 is Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Related Matters in the State. Subsection 1 provides that all development projects in the State shall undergo EIA process before commencement under the supervision of the appropriate authority. Subsection 4 provides a fine of not less than Five Million Naira (N5, 000,000) and/or closure of such facility of any company, establishment, corporate organization etc. who contravenes this section and is convicted. 8 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Section 45 is Environmental Auditing of all Industrial Facilities. This section mandates the conduct of periodic (every 2 years) Environmental Audit on facilities and operations of all industrial establishments whose activities have or are likely to have environmental impacts. It also mandates such audit to be carried out by Federal and State Ministry of Environment accredited Consultant. The section also prescribes a fine to any defaulter. Section 47, subsection 1, prescribes the establishment of Environment, Health and Safety (EHS) units in each corporate organization or company. Subsection 2 prescribes a minimum fine of ten thousand naira (N10, 000) and a maximum of One million naira (N1, 000,000) and/or closure of such facilities of any corporate organization or group who fails to establish or create EHS units with relevant personnel with required basic qualifications, experience and training. Section 52, subsection 1 provides that it is the sole responsibilities of all who impact negatively on the environment to provide adequate and timely funding for the remediation of all impacted sites and ecosystems in the State; including the logistics for rapid response to distress calls/signals from the impacted/degraded zone(s). Subsection 4 prescribes a fine of not less than Ten million naira (N10, 000,000) for corporate organisations that contravenes provisions of section 52. Section 59 provides the creation of Special Environmental Protection court for the purpose of trying cases relating to degradation, pollution and abuses of land, air and water, environmental remediation and pollution management levy and payment of compensation, claims and all other environmental quality management related matters. Section 60 prescribes the polluter pay principle (PPP). Subsection 1 stipulates that owners and/or operators of facilities shall be responsible for confirmatory test/experiments that shall be carried out from time to time to ascertain their various claims as to the status of their immediate impacted environment. 2.2.3 International Regulatory Framework A number of international policies and regulations apply to this project. Some of these policies include those that are triggered by the proposed project activity and these include but not limited to the following: 9 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report World Bank OP/BP 4.01: Environmental Assessment (EA) This is one of the 10+2 Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies of the World Bank. It is used in the Bank to examine the potential environmental risks and benefits associated with Bank lending operations. Under OP/BP 4.01, Bank lending operations are broadly defined to include investment lending, sector lending, rehabilitation, lending through financial intermediaries, and investment components of hybrid lending. Prototype Carbon Fund (PCF) and Global Environmental Facility (GEF) co-financed projects are also subject to the provisions of OP/BP 4.01. Under this guideline, The Bank requires environmental assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus to improve decision making. EA evaluates a project's potential environmental risks and impacts in its area of influence; examines project alternatives; identifies ways of improving project selection, siting, planning, design, and implementation by preventing, minimizing, mitigating, or compensating for adverse environmental impacts and enhancing positive impacts; and includes the process of mitigating and managing adverse environmental impacts throughout project implementation. The Bank favours preventive measures over mitigatory or compensatory measures, whenever feasible. EA takes into account the natural environment (air, water, and land); human health and safety; social aspects, (involuntary resettlement, indigenous peoples, and physical cultural resources); and trans-boundary and global environmental aspects. EA considers natural and social aspects in an integrated way. It also takes into account the variations in project and country conditions; the findings of country environmental studies; national environmental action plans; the country's overall policy framework, national legislation, and institutional capabilities related to the environment and social aspects; and obligations of the country, pertaining to project activities, under relevant international environmental treaties and agreements. The Bank does not finance project activities that would contravene such country obligations, as identified during the EA. EA is initiated as early as possible in project processing and is integrated closely with the economic, financial, institutional, social, 10 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report and technical analyses of a proposed project. The Bank undertakes environmental screening of each proposed project to determine the appropriate extent and type of EA. The Bank classifies the proposed project into one of four categories, depending on the type, location, sensitivity, and scale of the project and the nature and magnitude of its potential environmental impacts. Category A: A proposed project is classified as Category A if it is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are sensitive, diverse, or unprecedented. These impacts may affect an area broader than the sites or facilities subject to physical works. EA for a Category A project examines the project's potential negative and positive environmental impacts, compares them with those of feasible alternatives (including the "without project" situation), and recommends any measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts and improve environmental performance. For a Category A project, the borrower is responsible for preparing a report, normally an EIA (or a suitably comprehensive regional or sectorial EA) that includes, as necessary, elements of the other instruments referred to in paragraph 7. Category B: A proposed project is classified as Category B if its potential adverse environmental impacts on human populations or environmentally important areas-- including wetlands, forests, grasslands, and other natural habitats--are less adverse than those of Category A projects. These impacts are site-specific; few if any of them are irreversible; and in most cases mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for Category A projects. The scope of EA for a Category B project may vary from project to project, but it is narrower than that of Category A. Like Category A EA, it examines the project's potential negative and positive environmental impacts and recommends any measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts and improve environmental performance. The findings and results of Category B EA are described in the project documentation (Project Appraisal Document and Project Information Document). Category C: A proposed project is classified as Category C if it is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. Beyond screening, no further EA action is required for a Category C project. 11 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Category FI: A proposed project is classified as Category FI if it involves investment of Bank funds through a financial intermediary, in subprojects that may result in adverse environmental impacts. For projects that require Banks funding, the borrower is responsible for carrying out the EA. For Category A projects, the borrower retains independent EA experts not affiliated with the project to carry out the EA. For Category A projects that are highly risky or contentious or that involve serious and multidimensional environmental concerns, the borrower should normally also engage an advisory panel of independent, internationally recognized environmental specialists to advise on all aspects of the project relevant to the EA. The role of the advisory panel depends on the degree to which project preparation has progressed, and on the extent and quality of any EA work completed, at the time the Bank begins to consider the project. Depending on the project, a range of instruments can be used to satisfy the Bank's EA requirement: environmental impact assessment (EIA), regional or sectorial EA, environmental audit, hazard or risk assessment, and environmental management plan (EMP). EA applies one or more of these instruments, or elements of them, as appropriate. When the project is likely to have sectorial or regional impacts, sectorial or regional EA is required. Other Banks guidelines and procedures that were considered in this study include: Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01), Natural Habitats (OP 4.04), Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12), and Projects on International Waterways (OP 7.50). An overview of the specific World Bank OPs that are triggered by the current projects in Ewu are shown in Table 2.1 below. 12 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Table 2.1: Summary of IFC Performance Standards and their applicability to the proposed Project Operational Requirements Rationale EIA Reference Policy OP 4.01: The OP requires that the The Project has Chapter 3 – Environmental Project initiate regular environmental and social Existing 1 Assessment assessment of the potential aspects , which may pose Biophysical social and environmental potential E&S risks and/or Environment of the risks and impacts and impacts. These include for Project Area consistently tries to mitigate example, land clearing, and manage these civil work activities, and potential impacts on an engagement of labour. ongoing basis. Chapter 6 – Best practice suggests Project Impacts and that all projects, as long as Mitigation Measures E&S aspects exist, should possess systems for assessing and managing the potential risks and Chapter 7 – impacts resulting from Environmental such E&S aspects. and Social Therefore OP 4.01 is Management applicable. Plan (ESMP) OP 4.12: The Project is required to There will be need to Chapter 3 – Involuntary develop a resettlement acquire some land and Existing resettlement action plan so that property, including Biophysical physically or economically farmlands, to create room Environment of the displaced individuals have for the diversion as well as Project Area their living conditions and to arrest the continued livelihoods restored or development of the improved. existing gullies. Therefore Chapter 6 – OP 4.12 is applicable to Project Impacts and this project Mitigation Operational Requirements Rationale EIA Reference Policy Measures Chapter 7 – Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) 2.3 Analyses of Gap between World Bank and National Guidelines Generally, the National FMEnv guidelines for environmental assessment and management, and that of the World Bank are similar in several regards, particularly in the sense that they require an identification and assessment of impacts, and 1 An environmental or social aspect is defined as an element of a project’s activities, operations, products, or services that can or does interact with the environment, people, surrounding communities and/or the larger society. 13 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report development of mitigation measures. However, a major point of departure is that while the World Bank, through its OP/BP 4.12, makes comprehensive provisions for involuntary relocation and resettlement of affected people, the FMEnv is not so voluble about it. Thus, in undertaking projects, especially those with World Bank involvement, the World Bank’s provisions will take precedence. 2.4 Other International Conventions In her responsiveness and responsibility in regional and global efforts towards sustainable development particularly in the safeguard of the environment and natural resources, Nigeria has entered into a number of international treaties and conventions. Being signatory to the conventions, Nigeria pledges to uphold the principles of such conventions. Some of the conventions considered in this project are as follows: African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Algiers, 1968 This convention came into force in Nigeria on 7 th May 1974. The objectives of the convention is to encourage individual and joint action for the conservation, utilization and development of soil, water flora and fauna for the present and future welfare of mankind, from an economic, nutritional, scientific, educational, cultural and aesthetic point of view. Convention on Wetland of International Importance, Especially as Water Fowl Habitat, Ramsar, Iran, 1971 This provision came into force in Nigeria on 2nd February 2001 with the objective to stem the progressive encroachment on and loss of wetlands now and in the future, recognizing the fundamental ecological functions of wetlands and their economic, cultural, scientific, and recreational value. Convention on Biological Diversity, Rio de Janerio, 1992 This convention came into force in Nigeria on 27th November 1994. The objectives are to conserve biological diversity, promote the sustainable use of its components and encourage equitable sharing of the benefit arising out of the utilization of genetic resources. Such equitable sharing includes appropriate access to genetic resources as 14 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report well as appropriate transfer of technology, taking into account existing rights over such resources. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) of Wild Fauna and Flora, Washington, D.C., on 3 March 1973; Amended at Bonn, on 22 June 1979 This convention identifies floral and/or faunal species that are threatened with extinction and in which trade and exportation may play a part in accelerating their extinction. It also places restrictions on trade in such species and stipulates measures to be taken by parties to the convention, which include penalties for trade in listed species and options for confiscation and/or return to original place the species were taken from. 2.5 Institutional Framework A number of institutions are involved in overviewing the current erosion gully rehabilitation. They include the following: 1. Federal Ministry of Environment The FEnv, by virtue of its mandate as the national caretaker of the environment, needs to be involved in a supervisory role that ensures that the proposed project is carried out without significant adverse effects on the environment of the project location. 2. Edo State Ministry of Environment The State Ministry of Environment is charged with the responsibility of safeguarding the environment of the state, and ensuring that development projects do not adversely affect the environment. Thus, the State ministry is involved, in a supervisory role, but subsidiary to the FMEnv, which is the national body. 3. Edo State Ministry of Lands and Agricultural Development Because the project involves land, some of them agricultural, the consent and involvement of the State Ministry is crucial, as several approvals and statutory requirements that are under their purview, need to be met. Thus, the state ministry of Land and Agriculture need to be involved. 15 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report 4. NEWMAP PMU (Federal and State) The project is being implemented under the purview of the National Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP). Since part of their mandate is to ensure that projects they are funding is properly implemented, the requirement would therefore be for the National and State PMUs to be involved. The State PMU, being on ground, would be more visible than the Federal, however, final approvals will come from the federal PMU, and the state PMU will report to the Federal PMU periodically, on a needs basis. 16 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report CHAPTER THREE DESCRIPTION OF THE BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 3.1 INTRODUCTION This section presents an overview of the general biophysical environmental setting of Edo State, along with site-specific environmental information on the proposed intervention project. A section here also addresses details about the intervention project and the various options that were considered. Information presented here was obtained from a combination of sources, including literature (published and unpublished), recent environmental studies around the project site, and field sampling and laboratory analyses conducted specifically for this project. 3.2 STUDY APPROACH Reconnaissance field visit was conducted by ESMP team along with NEWMAP and Ewu Community representatives prior to field study to appreciate the extent of the erosion damage and thereby evolve adequate field investigation and sampling designs. Field survey and sampling were conducted for ground/surface water, air quality, noise levels, water and sediment, soil and vegetation. In addition, socio-economic surveys were held with the residents of Ewu. The field observation and sampling design varied for each of the environmental attributes. A brief summary of the sampling methods is presented here. All the field sampling methods employed were in line with the recommended methods by the Federal Ministry of Environment (FEPA, 1991) and ASTM E1903-97 Standard Guide for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase II Environmental Site Assessment Process (ASTM 2005). Sampling stations were designed and adequately well distributed to properly cover the study area. 3-1 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Field Sampling Methods Climate and Meteorological Parameters Data on the prevailing climatic conditions of the study area were obtained from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET). Soil Soil investigation and sampling were carried out within the surroundings of the gully head, and its upper and lower slope areas. At each soil sampling location, representative soil samples were collected to depths of 200-cm. To ensure the collection of representative soil samples, at least three core soil samples taken within 2–5 m radius of the sampling location were composited/bulked in a plastic bucket, and thoroughly homogenized before sub-sampling for laboratory analysis. Laboratory Method The grain size distribution (i.e. percentage constituents of sand, silt and clay) of the soil samples was determined by the Hydrometer method of Bouyoucos (1951) as modified by Page et al. (1996). The field sampling and laboratory analyses were conducted in line with the applicable local and international standards and protocols, and appropriate Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) measures were taken in accordance with standard operating procedure (SOP) and analytical procedure. 3.3 OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT STATE Edo State with its administrative headquarter in Benin City was created out of former Bendel state in August 27, 1991 by the then regime of General Ibrahim Babangida. The state is one of the thirty-six (36) states in Nigeria. Edo state is located in the South- South geopolitical zone of the country and it is bounded in the north and east by Kogi State, in the south by Delta State and in the west by Ondo State ( Figure 3.1). The State occupies an area of about 17,802 km². Apart from Benin City (capital of the ancient Benin kingdom), which provides administrative and industrial functions, some other 3-2 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report major towns in the state include Ubiaja, Auchi, Ekpoma and Uromi. There are several other settlements within the state. Figure 3.1: Map of Nigeria Showing Edo State Generally, it is a low-lying area except in the north where it is marked by undulating hills. Thus, the combinations of topography, climate condition, soil condition and unregulated land use have brought about high numbers of gullies in the State. The State has over 123 gully sites and this makes it one of the states with the highest numbers of gully erosion sites in Nigeria. The Ewu gully erosion site is one the gully erosion sites that have been identified in Edo State. Administratively, Ewu community is located in Esan Central Local Government Area, Edo State (Figure 3.2). Agbede bounds Ewu in the north, in the southeast by Irrua, and southwest by Ekpoma. Natives also pronounce Ewu Elu. Ewu settlement comprises the villages and towns of EguareEwu, Ehanlen-Ewu, Ihenwen-Ewu, Uzogholo-Ewu, Ukhiodo-Ewu, IdunweleEwu, Eko-Ojeme, Oghodogbor, and Ukpeko Ori. The community is located about 99km north east of Benin (Capita of Edo State), 82.0km north of Agbor, and 30km south of Auchi town. Some of the major towns in the immediate vicinity of the Ewu community include Irrua, Uromi, Opoji, Ekpoma, Akahia and Ukhun among others. The coordinate of the gully head is Latitude 6.246908 and Longitude 6.803197 and it is within the community. The gully erosion site is 1.6 km 3-3 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report using the shortest route and 2.85 km using the longer route off the Auchi-Benin road. Ewu Monastery is a major Faith Based Institution in the community. The gully erosion site originates from the Ewu community and moves northward. Presently, there are buildings to the southern, eastern and western parts of the gully head. However, the northern section is mainly fallow vegetation and farmland. Figure 3.2: Administrative Map of Edo State Showing Ewu Community 3.3.1 Physical Environment of Edo State Climate and Meteorology The climate of Edo State, as in other parts of Nigeria is driven by the seasonal oscillations of the Inter-tropical Discontinuity Zone (ITDZ) movement. ITDZ separates two principally different air masses: Atlantic equatorial hot and humid tropical maritime air mass, and tropical warm and dry air mass of the Sahara desert. The north – south oscillation of ITDZ determines the seasonal variations in the weather and climatic conditions in Nigeria, where the two principal seasons are rainy and dry. Temperature and Sunshine The temperature characteristics observed in Edo State correspond to what is typically obtained in most part of the middle belt of Nigeria. Temperature here is moderated by the effect of the two dominant wind systems in the country. Maximum temperatures 3-4 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report typically range between 280C and 340C (Table 3.1). The higher values are recorded in the dry months between December and March, which also coincide with periods of high sunshine. Mean sunshine hours per month vary from 53 hours in July (the wettest month) to 176 hours in January (the driest month). The low sunshine hours in the region are associated with the thick cloud cover that prevails in this climatic belt for most of the year. Table 3.1: Mean Monthly Maximum Temperatures in Edo State Location Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Benin 33.08 34.7 33.1 32.8 31.8 29.9 28.5 28.42 29.4 30.24 31.9 31.7 Source: NIMET, Oshodi Historical Data 2000 - 2014 Rainfall The hydrological cycle depends fundamentally on the inter-relationship between the circulation of the ocean and the atmosphere. Water is withdrawn from the oceans into the atmosphere by the process of evaporation, which is dependent on factors such as air/sea temperatures, wind strength and humidity. In addition, there is usually a dry spell on rainfall distribution annually. Rainfall in Edo State is generally high, due to the relative proximity to the coast. Rain falls all through the year with the peak between June and October and the highest number of rain days also occurred within the same period. However, the lowest amount of rainfall occurs in the month of December, while the lowest rain days are recorded in February. The mean monthly rainfall in Benin synoptic station is shown in Table 3.2. Total annual rainfall is typically in excess of 2,500mm. Table 3.2: Mean Monthly Rainfall (mm) in Edo State Rainfall (mm) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Benin 43.5 56.7 125.6 200.3 285.6 230.8 383 278 398 254.7 101.4 45 Source: NIMET, Oshodi Historical Data 2000 - 2014 3-5 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Relative Humidity The relative humidity (RH) in Edo State is high. The highest relative humidity in the morning (0900 hrs.) is about 84.0% and this often occurs in July, while the lowest is obtained in January with a value of about 59.0%. Table 3.3 show that RH increases gradually from January through to September when it reaches its peak and after which it starts to decline until January. Typically, there is a direct correlation between rainfall and humidity, such that the lower humidity values coincide with the periods of low rainfall (December to March), while the higher values occur in the peak of the rains, between June and October. The RH record is higher for 0900hrs than for 1500hrs throughout the months. Table 3.3: Mean Monthly Relative Humidity in Edo State Rel. Humidity (%) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Benin 59 59 64 66 69 76 84 79 85 75 68 57 Source: NIMET, Oshodi Historical Data 2000 - 2014 Wind System The climatic conditions of the state are influenced by two wind systems related to a global passat system; south-westerly (SW) and the north-easterly (NE). The former (SW) is due to the influence of the Atlantic Ocean air mass, and reversed passat system of the southern hemisphere, while the latter (NE) arises from the passat system of the northern hemisphere blowing from the Sahara desert. The SW winds, which predominate from April to August, have a speed range of 5.7 to 9.0 knots (mean 7.4 ± 1.4 knots), but over the annual cycle, the overall mean is 5.7 ± 2.2 knots, and this corresponds to light breeze on the Beaufort scale. Gentle and moderate breezes occur mostly from June to September. Air Quality and Noise Levels No specific air quality sampling was undertaken for this ESMP. Thus, the information presented here is taken from previous studies around Edo State, including a recent EIA for proposed MTN BTS Stations around Edo State (2015). 3-6 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report The summary of air quality and noise measurements around Edo State is presented in Table 3.4. At present, air quality is being increasingly assessed against legally adopted standards, as shown in Table 3.5. Table 3.4: Summary of Air Quality and Noise Measurements around Edo State Values Suspended Noise CO NO2 SO2 THC H2S NH3 Particulate Level 3 Matter (µg/m ) dB(A) (PPM) Minimum 25 40 0.1 ND ND ND ND ND Maximum 74 84 2.5 ND ND ND ND ND Mean 49.5 51 1.5 ND ND ND ND ND Source: MTN Base Station EIA (2015); ND = not detected Table 3.5: Nigerian ambient air quality standard Air Pollutants Limits 250 (g/m ) 3 Particulates SO2 0.1 (ppm) 160 (g/m ) 3 Non-methane Hydrocarbon 11-4 (g/m ) or 10 (ppm) 3 CO NOX 0.04-0.06 (ppm) Photochemical Oxidant 0.06 (ppm) Source: FMEnv, 1991 In Nigeria, the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) has adopted the standards of WHO and other developed countries as the national interim standards for gaseous emissions against which air quality parameters monitored are compared in order to ascertain its “cleanliness”. Total suspended particulates in ambient air around Edo State were generally low ranging between 25µg/m3 and 74µg/m3. This is far below the FMEnv limit of 250 µg/m3 and is probably reflective of the fact that the data presented here were collected in the rainy season. Typically, rainfall contributes substantially to scrubbing the atmosphere of suspended particulates through wet deposition. 3-7 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report When compared with the air quality standards of Jain et al. (1976), shown in Table 3.6, it can be seen that air quality in the state is of high quality. Table 3.6: Air Quality Classification Based on TSP Values Range of TSP Values (g/m ) 3 Class of Air Quality 0 – 75 High Quality 76 – 230 Moderate Quality 231 – 600 Poor Quality Source: Jain, et. al (1976) Noise level ranged between a low of 40dB(A) and a high of 84dB(A), with mean values at 51dB(A). To a large extent, high noise emissions arose from anthropogenic activities such as vehicular movement, generators, trading activities and even music blaring either from religious houses or from Music Recording Stores. In general, noise levels in the state complied with the 8-hr exposure limit of 90dB(A) set by the FMEnv. Topography of Edo State Some areas in the southern fringes of Edo State are swampy mangrove forests with numerous creeks and rivers dissecting the land area. In the southwest, there are sandy plains with many rivers and streams. This portion, which is the Benin Lowlands, has a few hills and the land is drained by the lkpoba, Orhionmwon and Osse Rivers. Going northwards is the Esan Plateau, which is an extension of the plateaux and ranges that are found in the far north areas of the state. They are mainly sandstone plateaux whose heights range from 200 to 300 metres above sea level. There is a gradual fail into the Orle and Niger Valleys from the north and south, while the landmass in the south and west descends gradually to the Benin Lowlands. A river that cut a ridge in the sandstone sub-strata of the Northern and Esan Plateaux formed the Orle Valley, which runs from the west to east. The Owan and Orle rivers drain the area. The Northern Plateau has ranges that are between 180 and 300 meters of basement rock. Granite peaks are found at random, sometimes rising above 600 meters. The southern portion of this plateau is mainly sandstone. 3-8 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report 3.3.2 Biological Environment of Edo State Vegetation Vegetation is a general term for the plant life of a region; it refers to the ground cover provided by plants. It is a general term, without specific reference to particular taxa, life forms, structure, spatial extent, or any other specific botanical or geographic characteristics. It is broader than the term flora, which refers exclusively to species composition. Perhaps the closest synonym is plant community, but vegetation can, and often does, refer to a wider range of spatial scales than that term does, including scales as large as the global. Primeval redwood forests, coastal mangrove stands, sphagnum bogs, desert soil crusts, roadside weed patches, wheat fields, cultivated gardens and lawns; all are encompassed by the term vegetation, rainforest, mangrove forest and rich biodiversity. Vegetation in Edo state consists of mangrove swamps, freshwater swamps, rainforests and savanna grasslands. The mangroves and freshwater swamps occur in the southern end of the state, especially around its frontier with Delta State, where the water bodies get periodic inflow of saltwater from proximity to the sea and saline creeks flow. The savanna grasslands however occur in the northern reaches of the state, around Okpella and Igarra, which have frontiers with Kogi State. Wildlife As is typical of any area with such a wide range of vegetation, wildlife also varies greatly in species composition and abundance. Generally however, wildlife in Edo state consists of mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians. Many parts of the state have been substantially modified by human activities, such that only very few original forests remain, and by extension, wildlife species composition and abundance have been seriously modified. The forest zones host large mammals such as Mona monkeys, Duikers, Warthogs, etc. Swamps play host to reptiles such as Crocodiles, Swamp Turtles, Monitor lizards and Buffaloes, while the savanna grasslands play host to rodents such as Grass cutters, 3-9 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Porcupines, Snakes, etc. Avian species, because of their mobility, are ubiquitous across the state, and range from birds of the waterside such as Pelicans, Hammerkops, Egrets and Herons to birds of the gardens such as Doves, Wild Pigeons, Robins and Weaverbirds. 3.3.3 Site Specific Environmental Baseline Information on Ewu Gully Site Here, specific environmental information on the project location around Ewu is presented. Information presented here is based on site-specific data collection and laboratory analyses carried out for this ESMP report. Physical Environment of Ewu Erosion Gully Site Land Use Land use/cover in the Ewu and adjourning communities can be described as a mixture of human settlements and bush fallow occasionally interspaced by forest ( Figure 3.2). There are no large industries in Ewu community except the Flour Mill. Elsewhere, there are numerous cottage industries most especially those devoted to palm kernel crushing and subsequent extraction of its oil. Palm oil extraction cottage industries were also observed during the field data collection. Agriculture is the dominant occupation of the people (male) while females engage in sales of daily needs and agricultural produce. Food and cash crops production are the primary human activities. Banana, plantain, maize, yam, cocoyam, cassava and a number of fruits and vegetables are the main food crops while oil palm constitutes the major cash crop. Fruits produced in the area include mangoes, pawpaw, pineapples, guava and oranges. Individual farm holdings range between 0.1 ha and about 1.0 ha for the food crops but extend up to 2.0 ha for cash crops, depending on the crops and its proximity to settlements. Forest cover is the prominent land cover in the immediate vicinity of the community (Figure 3.3). The floristic composition of the vegetation ranges from the typical forests with dense canopies and a discontinuous multi-storey system. The undergrowth consists mostly of shrubs, epiphytes and grasses. The complex tropical forest species rise up to 20 m high in some areas. Large proportions of the vegetal cover, especially 3-10 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report towards the forest peripherals and close to settlements are under encroachments for subsistence agriculture, cash crop plantation and physical construction activities. The dominant vegetation species include Anthocleista; Bridelia; and Elaeis guineensis, among others. The most common grasses prominent within the area include: Andropogon; Ctenium newtonii; Imperata cylindrical; and Loudetia arundinacea. Shrubs, herbs and climbers particularly Alchornea, Combretum, and Chromolaena odorata are very common, particularly on fallow lands. Figure 3.3: Gully Erosion Site in the Ewu Town Geology, Geotechnical and Soil Type at Ewu According to the published 1:2,000,000 Geological Map of Nigeria (see Fig. 3.4: Geological Survey of Nigeria, 1994), the site is underlain by Imo Clay-Shale Group lithology consisting of clay and shale with limestone intercalations of the Ewekoro Formation. The presence of clays was confirmed by the Atterberg test results. A 3-11 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report geotechnical investigation was conducted on 14 March 2016 at the Ewu Erosion Gully Site Edo State, Nigeria, where six soil samples were taken and tested in the laboratory. The laboratory results indicated that the site is underlain by clayey sands and are classified as ‘SC’ by the unified soil classification system (USCS). Figure 3.4: General geological map of Nigeria (Geological Survey of Nigeria, 1994) By 24th February 2017, field soil investigation and sampling of the surface 200-cm soil depth at the lower and upper ridges of the gully erosion site in Ewu was carried out. Following the particle size (grain size) analysis of the six soil samples collected using Dutch Soil Auger (see Tables 3.7 & 3.8), results indicated predominance of fine to medium sized sand particles in the surface (0 – 200cm) substratum at Ewu site. No evidence of lithologic discontinuity was observed as the formation, as observed from the gully-exposed surface, shows uniform lithology. Soils within and around the Ewu gully site are highly ferruginized, commonly brownish to reddish in colour, and often with ochric epipedon (i.e. light coloured surface soil horizon). In addition, the soils are highly weathered, well sorted, well drained, and high in sand content, with low content of clay and silt. Tables 3.7 and 3.8 show the grain size distribution of the soils as at 24th of February 2017. From the various soil samples collected at various locations in the area, the sand particles ranged from a minimum of 76% sand to 82% sand. The implication of this high sand content is that the soils in all parts of the area are sandy, porous and hence would be readily permeable to aqueous materials and or contaminants. 3-12 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report The pattern of distribution of the various soil particles (i.e. sand, silt and clay) within the subsoil horizons in soils of the area was not significantly different from those of the surface soil horizons, thus further justifying the absence of lithologic discontinuity. Table 3.7: Typical Grain Size Distribution of the Surface 2-m Depth of Soils within and around the Gully Erosion Site in Ewu, as at 24th February, 2017 Soil Sampling Genetic Grain Size Distribution (%) of the Soils Depth (cm) Horizon Sand Silt Clay Texture 0–20 A 78 3 19 SL 20 – 60 AB 76 3 21 SCL 60 – 120 B 76 3 21 SCL 120 – 200 B 76 5 19 SCL SL = Sandy loam; SCL = Sandy clay loam Table 3.8: Average Composition of the Grain Size Distribution (%) of Soils within and around the Gully Erosion Site in Ewu, Edo State (24th February, 2017) Statistics 0 – 100cm 100 – 200 cm (n = 6) Sand Silt Clay Sand Silt Clay Min 77 3 13 76 5 9 Max 82 5 18 80 12 15 Mean. 80.75 3.25 16.00 78.4 10.6 10.7 Std 1.75 1.28 2.27 1.3 1.6 1.4 Geo-morphologically, very long gentle slopes, with slopes not steeper than 3 - 4%, characterize the study area. The very long slope length of the drainage catchments and the loose, incoherent, sandy nature of the soil, along with the hardened surface soils occasioned by human influence readily predispose the soils to intensive water erosion that could lead to gully formation in the downstream part of the study area. These factors indeed enhanced the development of gully at site in Ewu. Ewu gully site as observed from a cut section (Plate 3.1) is generally marked by top reddish earth, and often pebbly horizons, 16.7 cm – 31.0 cm thick, composed of ferruginized sandstone or literalized clay sand that mark the Paleo-Coastal Environment of Paleocene-Pleistocene Age. 3-13 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Plate 3.1: Deep Profile obtained from a cut section in Ehanlen community, Ewu (6.80148oN, 6.24710oE; Scale: Pen 15.5 cm long) Geomorphology and Landscape The topography dips towards the gully from Eguare and Ehanlen communities at the western and eastern part of Ewu town respectively with elevation ranging from 1012 ft. (337.3m) to 1042 ft (347.3m) above sea level (Figure 3.5). The gully aligns with northwest – southeast trending riparian zone in the area (Figure 3.6), which has been invaded with buildings. These suggest discharge from the road drainage from both Eguare and Ehanlen communities’ end of the town as well as increased peak flows resulting from encroachment of the riparian zone might have probably enhanced the development of the gully. The conceptual model of the gully site as shown in Figure 3.6 suggests the area of influence to be about 10 – 20 m away from the edge of the gully head eastward and westward. This is however subject to engineering properties and integrity of the soils. Figure 3.5: Digital Elevation model of the topography around Ewu gully head 3-14 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Figure 3.6: Conceptual model of Ewu gully head (the main and adjoining roads are in black and red colour respectively; shelters are in yellow; the riparian zone is as represented by green trees; and the area of influence is as delineated by purple arc) 3-15 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Surface and Groundwater Hydrology There were neither hand dug wells nor surface water as at the time of field visit on February 23 through 25, 2017 but a water borehole (Plate 3.2). The major source of water is through rain harvest (Plate 3.3) suggesting the water table is very deep and scarcity of potable water in the area especially during dry season. This is exemplified by reasonably large number of people fetching water from the only bore hole as at the time of field visit in February 2017. Discussions with Ewu residents indicated that the ground water table is very deep and is several order of magnitude below the gully bottom thus lending further credence to the postulation that the gully was caused rather by surface flow and not subsurface flow. The groundwater flow pattern and hence groundwater recharge and discharge area could not be delineated. Hence, the localized watershed of the gully could not be determined and as such the development of the gully cannot be attributed to subsurface flow but rather run-off and surface flow. However, both local run-off and surface flow in the area could not have mustered such a very high energy to cause a gully head of depth of such high magnitude and lateral extent except there are contributions from external sources. It is on this premise that the watershed catchments of the gully at Ewu have been conceived as rather from the neighbor-hood. Specifically, areas on a relatively topographically higher altitude (enclosed in red oval in Figure 3.6), which could provide the run-off with high kinetic energy originated from high potential energy as a result of the altitude and hence high flow velocity. This is as corroborated by the material balance around the gully head (Figure 3.6) suggesting in-flows to Ewu gully head as: In-flow 1 The in-flow 1 is the discharge from the road drainage and peak flows from Ehanlen community end of the town. The flow is enhanced by relatively east – west dipping topography (Figure 3.7) with estimated slope of 0.63o (estimated hydraulic gradient of 0.011) towards the gully head. -16 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report In-flow 2 The in-flow 2 is provided by northwest – southeast trending riparian zone and could be attributed to peak flows, which could occur during flooding of the reserve watercourse. In-flow 3 The in-flow 3 is the discharge from the road drainage and peak flows from Egware community end of the town. The flows are collected probably from the run-offs due to urbanization in the neighbor-hood, specifically, at southwestern part and favoured by west-east dipping topography (Figure 3.7) with estimated slope of 2.72o suggesting a hydraulic gradient of 0.047. Figure 3.7: Water shed catchment of the gully head at Ewu and material balance around the gully showing inflows. o o Plate 3.2: Water borehole at Ewu (6.80144 N, 6.24689 E) -17 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Plate 3.3: Typical Rainwater Harvest Facility at Ewu Biological Environment of Ewu Erosion Gully Site Vegetation As part of the field studies for this ESMP, observations on the vegetal composition and situation around the intervention site at Ewu were recorded. Generally, the project site and immediate surrounding consists of oil palm dominated secondary forests and a mosaic of forest, farmland and buildings. Within and around the buildings close to, or verging the gully sites, there are fruit trees like mangoes, cashew, oranges, etc., as well as shrubs and forbs like Goat weed, Siam weed, etc. Several smallholding farms were also observed around the homesteads, with cassava, cocoyams and plantains/bananas being the most common crops planted. Table 3.9 presents an overview of the vegetation species observed within and around the Ewu project site, while Plates 3.4 to 3.7 show some of the vegetation observed in the course of the field studies for this ESMP. Table 3.9: Vegetation Species around the Project Site Scientific Name Common English Name Habit 1. Anthocleistavogelii Cabbage tree Tree 2. Anthostemaaubryanum Tree 3. Asystasiagagentica Herb 4. Azadirachtaindica Neem Plant Tree 5. Panicum spp 6. Calamusdecratus Rattan palm Climber 7. Commelinabenghalensis Wandering Jew Herb -18 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Scientific Name Common English Name Habit 8. Chromolaenaodorata Siam Weed herb 9. Dissotiserecta Herb 10. Elaeisguineensis Oil palm Tree 11. Parinariexcelsa Tree 12. Dinophorasphennerioides Shrub 13. Sacoglottisgabonensis Tree 14. Caalotropisprocera Shrub 15. Chrysobalanusicaco Shrub 16. Cleistopholis patens Tree 17. Aframomum sp. Grain of paradise Herb 18. Cocusnucifera Tree 19. Mangiferaindica Tree 20. Carica papaya Paw paw Tree 21. Musa spp Plantain and banana Tree 22. Alchorneacordifolia Christmas tree Shrub 23. Alstoniaboonei Stool wood Tree 24. Halleaciliata Abura Tree 25. Ipomoea mauritiana Climber 26. Lycopodiumcernum Climber 27. Palisotahirsuta Herb 28. Uapacaheudelotii Tree 29. Raphiahookeri Wine palm Tree 30. Nephrolepis sp. Herb 31. Scleriasp Razor grass Herb 32. Syzygiumguineensis Tree 33. Tetraceraalnifolia Climber 34. Parkiabiglobosa Locust bean tree Tree 35. Adansoniadigitata Tree Source: Fieldwork (February, 2017) -19 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Plates 3.4 to 3.7: Vegetation/Land Cover Types Observed Around Project Site in Ewu In terms of biomass productivity, the productivity of the area, as assessed during field studies for this project were found to range between 250g/m 2 and 375g/m2. These values are relatively low, compared to values recorded from previous studies around the state. However, the low records are attributed to the fact that this field study was undertaken in the dry season, when general productivity is impaired due to unfavourable climatic and edaphic factors. It is expected that productivity will be much higher in the rainy season. The values recorded however agree with Al-Mufti et al. (1976) for areas with similar conditions. Wildlife and Endangered Species Based on field observations and literature information, three main groups of wildlife occur in the area. These are: Mammals, birds and reptiles. Table 3.10 presents a list of mammals, reported in the project area. Table 3.10: List of Mammals in the Study Area Common Name Biological Name Status Mona Monkey Cecopithecusmona Common White-bellied Pangolin Manistricuspis Common Black-bellied Pangolin Manistetradactyla Common Red-legged Sun Squirrel Heliosciurusrufobrachium Uncommon Fire-footed Tree-Squirrel Funisciuruspyrrhopus Common Cape Clawless Otter (“Bush dog”) Aonyxcapensis Uncommon Blotched Genet (“Bush cat”) Genettatigrina “ Marsh Mongoose (“Fox”) Atilaxpaludinosus Uncommon Sitatunga (“Antelope”) Tragelaphusspekei Common -20 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Brush-tailed porcupine Alterurusafricanus Common Bush pig (warthog) C. sylviculton Common Grass cutter Thyronomysswindeianous Common African palm squirrel Epixerusebii Common Fruit bat Eidolon heluum Common Giant Rat Cricetomygambianus Very common Grimm’s Duiker Sylvicarpagrimmi common Red River Hog Potamocherusporcus uncommon Various birds were seen in the project area during fieldwork, but were too far off to be clearly captured with the Camera taken to the field. However, these birds ranged from those of the waterside such as kingfishers, egrets and herons, to garden and forest species such as the doves and weaverbirds. Their number and variety suggests that the avian population of the area is very rich and near pristine. Table 3.11 presents a list of birds observed during the fieldwork exercise while Plates 3.8 and 3.9 show some of the birds caught on camera. Table 3.11: List of Birds in the Study Area Common Name Biological Name Cattle Egret Ardeola ibis Palm-nut Vulture Gypohieraxangolensis Black Kite Milvusmigrans Kittlitz’s Sand Plover Charadriuspecaurius Common Tern Sterna hirundo Common Sandpiper Actitishypoleucos Red-eyed Dove Streptopeliasemitorquata Blue-breasted Kingfisher Halcyon malimbicus Pied Kingfisher Cerylerudis Square-tailed Rough-winged Swallow Psalidoprocnenitens Plain-backed Pipit Anthusleucophyrs Carmelite Sunbird Nectariniafuliginosa Olive-bellied Sunbird Nectariniachloropygia Common Bulbul Pycnonotusbarbaetus Grey-headed Sparrow Passer griseus Village Weaver Ploceuscucculatus Pied (white collared) crow Corvustorquatus -21 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Plates 3.8 and 3.9: Some birds observed during fieldwork The reptilian fauna consist of turtles, crocodiles, snakes and lizards. Dangerous snakes found in the project area include pythons, mambas and spitting cobras ( Table 3.12). Table 3.12: List of Reptiles in the Study Areas Biological Name Common Name Trionyxtriunguis African Soft-shelled Turtle Kinixyserosa Serrate Hinge-backed Tortoise Pelusiosniger Black Swamp Turtle Crocodilusniloticus Nile Crocodile Osteolemustetraspis Dwarf Crocodile (“Alligator”) Varanusniloticus Nile Monitor Lizard (“Iguana”) Python sebae African Python Dasypeltisfasciata Egg-eating Snake Dendroaspisjamesoni Green Mamba Najanigricollis Spitting Cobra Chameleogracilis Common Chameleon Dicroglossusoccipitalis Bullfrog (“Jumping Chicken”) Source: Fieldwork (February, 2017) 3.4 PROPOSED INTERVENTION PROJECT 3.4.1 Detailed Description of the Erosion Gully Site at Ewu Ewu is located about halfway between Benin City and Auchi, just north of the Benin City – Auchi road in Esan Central Local Government area of Edo State. A massive gully has developed near the lower part of Ewu town where the main road crosses the drainage line (Plate 3.10). The gully is very deeply incised and becomes shallower towards the -22 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report outlet, The gully developed along northwest – southeast trending riparian zone, intercepts and destroys the road linking Eguare and Ehanlen communities and partly destroyed a building (Plate 3.11). Some other buildings located southward of the gully head and along the riparian zone are severely threatened by the gully erosion. The length of the gully is about 1000 m. It steadily decreases in depth from an initial depth of approximately 14 m at the gully head at the road in the town, to 8 m approximately 500 m downstream. It’s eventually daylights approximately 700 m downstream. The streambed is relatively steep for a section downstream of where the gully daylights. Further head cut is located in the gully bed some 300m downstream of the gully head. It is likely that this head cut is migrating upstream towards the current gully head, which could cause additional instability in the current gully head area if it is not stabilised (Figure 3.8). Various buildings are under threat upstream of and around the gully head. The further advancement of the gully needs to be stopped and drainage master plan for the community developed to prevent further damage and loss of lives. Plate 3.10. A section of the Gully in Ewu, Esan Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria -23 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Plate 3.11: Gully at Ewu showing some affected Houses and Tarred Road as at March 2017 Figure 3.8: Satellite imagery of Gully Erosion Site at Ewu Town. -24 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report 3.4.2 Factors that Enhanced the Emergence of the Gully Erosion at Ewu The road entering Ewu settlement from the west side of the Benin –Auchi Road contains large drainage channels on each side. These channels collect and channel flows to the gully head from the western part of the catchment. The gully developed as a result of the road drainage, which collects flows from across the catchment and concentrates them to the gully site, together with an increase in hardened surfaces in the catchment due mainly to anthropogenic influence which results in increased peak flows. The catchment that drains to the gully at Ewu is approximately 2.4 km 2 in size determined by means of a GIS. Part of the catchment area consists of wild forest and bush; a part is cultivated and a part urbanized. Of the total catchment, approximately 40% is undeveloped, while the rest (approximately 60%) lies within a developed area. Approximately 20% of the catchment consists of hardened surfaces such as roads, roofs or compacted earth where infiltration of water into the soil is very low. The eastern side of the catchment is bordered by the Benin –Auchi road, which contains a large side drain that cuts off some flows and redirects them away from Ewu into an adjacent catchment. A road in Ewu settlement also directs flows into the catchment of the gully. Peak flows were determined to be approximately 37 m 3/s at the gully head, increasing to approximately 48 m3/s at the end of the gully, and taking additional inflows from the sides into account. 3.4.3 Topographical Survey of the Ewu Esan Central Gully The surveys of existing stormwater infrastructure and erosion gullies included the following: • The gully invert and rim (main gully and sub-gullies, locally referred to as “fingers”) from the start point (inlet) to the discharge point (outlet); • The gully surveys indicate the nature of the stage of gully development (i.e. whether V- or U-shaped) and where local slope stabilization may be needed to prevent damage to assets, etc. near the gully rim; • The determination of the existing road / carriageway / stormwater infrastructure centerlines and edges; -25 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report • Fixing the infrastructure alignment by using a combination of traversing and tacheometry with total stations and GPS used for the control of directions and bearings; • Cross section surveys of roadways at intervals not exceeding 20 m and not less than 15 m outside the existing right of way (ROW), if applicable; • The establishment of benchmarks in permanent concrete posts (at 500 m intervals). All benchmarks were plotted and referenced regarding X, Y and Z values on the drawings. Secondary beacons, as required, will also be installed; • The positions and levels of cross drainage structures, drainage channels and larger drainage structures such as culverts; • The details of all utilities and services, trees with a girth larger than 0.3 m, buildings, huts, fencing, etc. within the ROW, if applicable; and • The outline of critical structures located near erosion gullies that need to be protected against loss or damage. The above information was used to generate digital terrain models (DTMs), on which the proposed design was based. 3.4.4 Analysis of Project Intervention Alternatives and Options The proposed remedial measures of the gully at Ewu include: modification of the drainage system into consisting of various intakes upstream of the gully head, a short diversion around the gully head, chute and energy dissipator and gully stabilization. In addition, the gully head will be filled and the affected portion of the Main Road will be reconstructed. This will however further require: Management of storm water within the catchment area above the gully so as to reduce the peak flow quantity and mitigate the impacts of development within the catchment; Safe routing of the storm water that caused the gully to form through or around the problem area in such a way that it does not cause any further erosion; Dissipation of energy of the water once inside the gully; Stabilization of the gully side slopes and handling of local runoff so as to improve public safety and prevent further erosion of the surfaces of the slopes; Protection of the base of the side slopes from being undermined; and prevention of the base of the gully from eroding. In this section, the environmental implication and management of the options considered are appraised, discussed and more environmentally friendly option and cost effective option selected. -26 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report 3.4.5 Alternative and options considered for the intervention (Including reason for their rejection) (i) Alternative 1: Routing the storm water into the gully The goal here is to prevent further damage and erosion in the gully while routing the storm water into the gully from the upstream catchment along a new route or safely into and down the gully. The available options proposed to overcome this challenge are: Option 1: Divert flow in a channel away from or around the gully head. Flow could be routed either back into the gully at a point downstream, or into a neighbouring stream (which could include erosion protection of the receiving stream if this was found to be necessary). This option will usually allow construction of the outfall on firm, in-situ material. It will also allow construction to take place in dry conditions while run-off continues to flow into the gully. Once completed, flows may then be diverted into the new channel allowing rehabilitation of the gully head to take place. This option could result to creation of new erosion channels and could be more costly as there will be need to dredge the receiving stream to accommodate the storm water as well as constructing new channels. It is therefore rejected. Option 2: Direct routing of flow into the gully at the head of the gully. Since the gully head is often dangerously close to buildings or roads, this option will usually require some filling of the gully head prior to construction of the new outfall channel. Since option 1 also requires rehabilitation of gully head; option 2 could be less expensive and not likely result to new erosion channels. Option 2 is therefore accepted and could be more effective using stepped-baffle chute (Plate 3.12), which is capable of enhancing energy dissipation through reduction in the flow velocities as water enters the downstream channel. The spikes included also prevent undue acceleration of the flow as it passes down the chute. -27 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Plate 3.12: Stepped baffle chute (ii) Alternative 2: Dissipating the energy at the base of the gully The stepped baffle option design chosen will ensure the energy of water as it falls has been well dissipated before it gets to the base of the gully. Based thereon; no stilling base will be required save the leveling should be well aligned to achieve a gentle horizontal stream bed gradient to protect the base of the side slopes from being undermined or incised as well as prevented aggradation or degradation from taken place. (iii) Alternative 3: Stabilizing the side slopes of the gully After construction has been completed or in certain situations, when construction is still on going, the slopes of the gullies will need to be protected against further erosion from local influences, such as rain falling on the soil surface, local runoff and even the action of people and animals passing over the slopes. The options for slope stabilization include (US EPA): Option 1: Temporary seeding Temporary seeding is presumably employed as a temporary measure to prevent or control the danger of erosion prior to construction work. The practice uses fast growing grasses or other suitable species, which are seeded as soon as practicably possible after disturbance has taken place. Temporary seeding is only practical in wet climates and all the sites in Edo State should present no problems for temporary seeding if it is required. -28 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report A permanent and effective option rather than a temporary option, which could be an extra cost to the project, is preferred. Temporary seeding option is a temporary measure and possibly of no benefit since construction will start in earnest. Option 2: Mulching Mulching is a temporary soil stabilization or erosion control practice where materials such as grass, hay, woodchips, wood fibers, straw or gravel are placed on a surface. Mulch tends to stabilize the surface of the soil and reduce the speed of runoff. It does not require subsequent removal at a later stage because it breaks down naturally. It is cheap and can be used in conjunction with seeding for a permanent soil stabilization solution. The US EPA recommends areas steeper than 2:1 or areas where runoff is flowing across the area are mulched when seeding is undertaken. Since Mulching is used in conjunction with temporary seeding, the rejection of Temporary seeding option implies rejection of mulching option. Option 3: Geotextiles A geotextile is a porous fabric manufactured for use in construction. Some geotextiles are biodegradable while others are not. When used alone geotextiles can be used as matting over the soil surface. They can also be used on recently planted slopes to protect seedlings until they become established. The use of geotextiles is also rejected on the premise of rejection of Temporary seeding option. Option 4: Chemical stabilization Chemical stabilization of soils is a temporary erosion control practice. Materials made of vinyl, asphalt or rubber is sprayed on to the surface of the soil to hold it in place. Chemical stabilization can be used as an alternative to temporary seeding practices and can provide immediate, effective and inexpensive erosion control. Chemical stabilization can cause impervious surfaces, which in turn can lead to increased runoff downstream. It can also cause harmful impacts on water quality if not used correctly. It is usually more expensive than vegetative cover. -29 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report The use of chemical stabilization will defeat the purpose behind safe dropping of waters into the gully because the resultant impervious surface will further enhance the flowing velocity, which could lead to incision, aggravation and degradation. Furthermore, the chemical used could be a source of pollutant to aquatic organisms downstream or at point of discharge. Chemical stabilization option is therefore rejected. Option 5: Permanent seeding and planting Permanent seeding is probably the most suitable soil stabilization alternative at the NEWMAP sites because of the high rainfall and warm climate, where plants grow very fast and do not need constant attention after they have established. Vegetation reduces runoff velocities, holds the soil together, provides habitat for wildlife and is aesthetically pleasing. It is also cheap. It is important to select appropriate species that are preferably indigenous and non-invasive. Timing of planting in Edo State is probably less of an issue than in many other parts of the world, but the soils may need conditioning prior to planting. Topsoil needs to be imported and established where planting is desired if topsoil does not already exist in these areas, or where mulching and fertilizer alone cannot sufficiently improve soil quality. Permanent seeding and planting could be effective in controlling and preventing the erosion as well as aesthetically pleasing. However, the imported topsoil could be washed away during a heavy downpour and may require replacement and hence additional cost to ensure survival of the seed. Furthermore, the imported soils are not localized and may require maintenance and hence an extra cost. The importation of the topsoil could also require foreign exchange and be expensive. The permanent seeding option is therefore rejected. Option 6: Sod stabilization Sod stabilization can be used when seeding may not be immediately effective enough. Grass or other vegetation sods are laid down on the soil in a pattern that covers the entire area. Sodding is more expensive than seeding. -30 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Since Sodding is more expensive than seeding, it is rejected on the same premise as permanent seeding and planting option. Option 7: Soil retaining measures Soil retaining measures include structures or vegetative stabilization practices used to hold the soil firmly to its original place or confine it within the site boundary. Examples include reinforced soil retaining systems and stream bank protection using shrubs and reeds. Soil retaining measures are used when other methods are not practical (such as vegetation), and can be expensive. The roots of the shrubs could be invasive and cause further havoc. Soil retaining measures is also expensive. It is therefore rejected. Option 8: Re-grading of the slope The slope can be graded back to a stable slope and can have additional benefits such as making it safer for people and animals. Slope re-grading option is acceptable because it is more a re-conditioning option. (iv) Alternative 4: Stabilizing the base of the side slopes The bases of the gully slopes are particularly vulnerable to erosion due to the erosive effect of water flowing in the base of the gully. The flow could undercut the side slopes by incision, resulting in slip surfaces developing and subsequent collapse of the slopes. Various options available for the protection of the base of the side slopes are: Option 1: Vegetated rock walls Vegetated rock walls (Figure 3.9) prevent surface erosion and shallow mass movement of the slope by stabilizing and protecting the base of the slope and are discussed by the United States Department of Agriculture, 2007). It can provide edge habitats and reduce the need to grade back the banks. They are not designed to resist earth pressure and are most applicable in high-energy streams with narrow riparian corridors, a very similar situation to the gullies. -31 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report The presence of habitat at the edge makes the walls susceptible to collapse as a result of activities of the anticipated increased population of the habitat. Specifically, the roots of the plants could penetrate the space between the rocks thereby increasing the sizes of the pore spaces and hence enhance infiltration and aeration. The environment of the habitat will therefore become non-anoxic favourable to the growth of the roots of the plants as well as accelerated oxidation process that could to reduction in strength of the intervening rock mass. Vegetated rock walls option is therefore rejected. Option 2: Sloping bench A sloping bench can be provided behind the wall to serve as a transition slope on which vegetation can be planted. Tamped earth is placed behind the wall and also in places between the rocks as they are placed. Live branch cuttings can be placed in interstices of the rock wall as it is constructed, with the butt ends of the branches extending into the backfill behind the wall. The roots of the planted vegetation could be invasive, penetrate the base of the wall and result to eventual collapse of the wall. Sloping bench option is therefore rejected. Other options that may be considered include the use of coconut fibers rolls, gabions, reno-mattresses, riprap or cement stabilized sandbags. However, a riprap option is acceptable, as it would prevent incision by flowing water at the base of the wall by reducing the flow velocity thus preventing further erosion. (v) Alternative 5: Stabilizing the floor of the gully After the water has been routed safely into the gullies, the water will then need to be safely routed down the gullies without causing further erosion. The stabilization of the Floor of the gully can be achieved by re-grading the gully bed to a stable gradient -32 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Figure 3.9: Vegetated rock walls (Grade control structures) employing concrete drop structures, gabion drop structures, sheet pile structures, rock structures built out of riprap (Figure 3.10) or articulated concrete block systems (Figure 3.11) as well as continuous lining of channel using either Rip-rap, Reno-mattress or articulated concrete blocks. Rock chute grade control structure with riprap channel lining is the preferred option for stabilizing the floor of the gully. The combination will ensure flow on the floor of the gully to be laminar and incapable of causing aggradation thus preventing further erosion and safe routing to the point of discharge. Figure 3.10: Typical rock chute grade control structure (Adapted from USDA, 2007) -33 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Figure 3.11: Articulated concrete block system (Adapted from USDA, 2007) 3.4.6 Proposed Intervention Project in Eguaren-Ewu Gully Site The components of intervention project planned for this gully site are as follow: Watershed Management: Storm water flows to be managed so that they do not cause unwanted erosion problems. By routing storm water around fields, contour ploughing, planting crops and minimizing the clearing of natural forest and bush that hold the soils and reduce peak flows effectively. Proper watershed management to include managing the peak flows in the catchment through maintaining natural watercourses and wetland areas that currently attenuate flows naturally. Controlled Conveyance of Flows Into or Around the Gully: Various options for conveyance of flows into or around the gully were investigated as part of the Concept Design Study. It was found that diverting most of the flow around the gully head would be the most practical solution. This will allow for the construction of diversion channels, discharge chutes and stilling basins to occur in relative safety, away from the gully head, while the flow continues to be discharged into the gully head during construction. Backfill and Reinstatement of the Gully Head Upstream of the Bypass Confluence: The gully head upstream of the bypass channel confluence will be backfilled and reinstated, while the road that collapsed as a result of the gully erosion will be reconstructed. The geotechnical design includes consideration of slope stability and soil erosion. Backfill material will be stabilized in the gully head to provide a suitable foundation for the reconstruction of the road. -34 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Use of Suitable Grass and Tree Species to Stabilize the Soils: It is proposed that extensive use is also to be made of vegetation to improve the soil’s resilience to erosion. The grass species to be planted are Vetiveria zizanioides and Pueraria sp. as approved by NEWMAP. The tree species is Acacia sp. -35 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report CHAPTER FOUR SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS AND CONSULTATION WITH STAKEHOLDERS 4.1 Socio-economic Assessment This chapter focuses on the socioeconomic characteristics of Ewu residents such as the existing livelihood opportunities, existing community structures, income and gender characteristics to mention few. In addition, issues of consultation with the community and anticipated environmental impacts of the gully erosion intervention project activities as envisaged by the residents were also discussed. 4.2 Methodology 4.2.1 Data Collection Approaches The assessment of the gully erosion sites in the Eguare-Ewu and Ehanlen-Ewu communities was conducted between 10th and 14th February 2017. The assessment was with a view to having first-hand information on the gully erosion that has almost separated these two adjourning communities. In addition, the assessment was also with a view to obtaining socio-economic baseline information on the two communities straddling the gully site. The socio-economic baseline information also assessed and documented the social risks associated with the rehabilitation and restoration of the gully erosion site. Furthermore, existing livelihoods opportunities, income, gender characteristics, age profile, health, transport access, existing community structures were also investigated. In addition, existing formal and informal grievance redress mechanisms in the communities were also investigated. A reconnaissance visit to the site provided opportunities to obtain both still and motion pictures of the gullies. The present land use/cover around the gullies was also captured. Some of the local efforts at arresting the gullies’ expansion were observed and recorded, while the effects of the gully development on nearby buildings (such as cracks and exposure of building foundations) were captured. 1 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report A major part of the socio-economic survey was the community consultation held in February 2017 at Eguare-Ewu community. The consultation was held at the palace of the paramount ruler. The consultation was with a view to sensitising the community on the government’s plan to address the challenges posed by the gully through the rehabilitation of the damaged road infrastructure as a consequence of the gully erosion. In attendance at the consultation were the paramount ruler, council of elders and chiefs, women and youth groups. Various community development associations (youth, women and development) were also in attendance. Apart from intimating the community on the preparedness of the government to address the gully erosion challenges, the consultation provided opportunity to understand cultural issues that may affect the proposed project. In addition, community organizations and conflict resolution mechanisms in the community were also discussed. The residents also raised issues of compensation. Key informant interviews were also held with some residents most especially, those that live close to the gully site. Essentially, the interviews were to obtain information on their perception of the cause(s) of the gullies and the various challenges they have encountered as a result of their proximity to the gully site. Finally, questionnaire administration was used in complementing the information obtained from the community (Annex). A systematic random sampling was used in administering the questionnaire to household heads in the immediate corridors of the gullies. A total of 83 questionnaires were administered with more emphasis placed on the neighbourhood around the gully head where the gully appeared to be devastating. The sample size was purposively selected and based on the closeness to the gully site. The consultation provided the community perspective, while the questionnaire administration in the immediate vicinity of the gully. Though the respondents indicated that they have filled some in the recent past, nevertheless, were willing to fill the questionnaire after repeated assurance that government is ready to address their plight. 2 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report 4.2.2 Socio-Economic Data Analysis Questionnaires obtained during the field survey were analysed using IBM SPSS (V22). Questionnaires were serially numbered and coded appropriately before being entered into the SPSS spreadsheet. Thereafter, variables were defined including missing values. Frequency tables of responses were generated and these tables form the basis of description of the socioeconomic baseline characteristics of Ewu community. In addition, graphs were used to reinforce the visual impression of variables. 4.3 Socio-Economic Analytical Results 4.3.1 History and Governance Ewu is the second largest town after Irrua in Esan Central Local Government Area Council (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewu). The monarchy of Ewu was organized by Oba Ewuare, at about 1460 (Common Era) and was associated with Bini princes and warriors who made it their garrison in their quest to subjugate cotton and fabrics producing Esan tribes, especially the powerful Uzea kingdom. Prior to the coming of Oba Ewuare in the mid-15th century, the Ewu community was organized and governed by an ancient geruntocracy where a council of the oldest people called Edion administered the various villages that constituted Ewu, independently. But Oba Ewuare of imperial Benin Kingdom overturned the system of administration he met in his conquest of Esanland and enthroned some of his princes as viceroys in its place, and the Benin general Ozaine became a viceroy of the Oba in Ewu and first Onojie of Ewu kingdom. These princes of Benin Empire checked the frequent rebellion and insubordination of the ancient, powerful Uzea and Uromi kingdoms in Esanland, and co- opted the Esan kingdoms into the then fast-expanding Benin Empire. Notwithstanding the occupation of Ewu in about 1460 by Benin Empire, Ewu people have various accounts of oral tradition, which trace their pre-existence to time immemorial. In all the accounts of origin, it is generally accepted that the people of Ehanlen were the aboriginals in the ancient land of Ewu. It is also believed that the people of Idunwele were migrant farm settlers and hunters from Emaudo in Ekpoma. It is believed that the people from Benin Kingdom were settled at Ihenmwen and Ukhiodo, especially among 3 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report the families that occupy the area of Ewu known as Idumigun quarters. The people are believed to have originated from Igun in Benin City. The Ewu kingdom is ruled by the Ojeifo dynasty, which traces its roots via Ekpebua to Ozaine, the first Onoje of Ewu, who was a viceroy of the Oba Ewuare of Benin. The aboriginal peoples of Ewu are the Ehanlen people and other settlers came from Igun and Ugbekun Quarters of Benin kingdom during the occupation of Ewu by the Benin imperialists. These settlers settled at Ihenwen at the quarters known as Idumigun. Later nomads and emigrants came from Emaudo in Ekpoma and settled in the areas known as Idunwele and Eko. Other waves of Benin emigrants fled from the tyranny of Oba Ewuare to Ewu and settled at Uzogholo, Idunwele and Ehanlen (Ref: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewu). 4.3.2 Demographic Characteristics Data on population distribution in Ewu town is not available from the National Population Commission (NPC), Nigeria. Nevertheless, we have used the state and local government population to characterize the demographic pattern that might likely emerge in the community. Based on the 1991 population figure from the National Population Commission, Edo State had a population of 2,172,005 in 1991 comprising of 1,147,746 Males and 1,185,980 Females and this increased to 3,233,366 comprising of 1,633,946 Males and 1,599,420 Females in 2006 (Table 4.1). Hence there was a 48.87% increase in the population over a 15-year period. At annual growth rate of 3.18%, Edo state is expected to have a population of 3,285,209 in 2007, 3,373,909 in 2008, and 3,465,005 in 2009 and 4,294,727 in 2021. The cosmopolitan nature of Edo state may have been responsible for the slightly higher percentage of female population in the 1991 figure, but this changed in 2006, as there were more males than females in the state. Therefore, with an area extent of 17,802km2 and a population of 3,233,366, the state has a population density of 181.63 persons per square kilometer. 4 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Table 4.1: Population Distribution in the Edo State and Esan Central Local Government Area of the State (Source: Annual Abstract of Statistics, 2012) LGA Name 1991 Population 2006 Population Male Female Total Male Female Total Edo State 1,085,156 1,086,849 2,172,005 1,633,946 1,599,420 3,233,36 6 Esan 53,646 56,518 110,164 53,017 52,225 105,242 Central LGA Similarly, the population of Esan Central Local Government decreased from 110,164 comprising of 53,646 Males and 56,518 Females in 1991 to 105,242 comprising of 53,017 Males and 52,225 Females in 2006 and a project population of 120,450 in 2011 (Table 4.1). The population of the LGA declined by 4.47% between 1991 and 2006, while it is expected to increase by 2.74% between 2006 and 2011. Female population in 1991 dominated the population, while there were more males in 2006. The age group between 15-64 years dominated the population in 2006 accounting for about 60,604 of the entire population. With an area estimate of 253 km 2 and a population of 120,450 in 2011, the LGA has a population density of 476.1 person/km 2 in 2011. 4.3.3 Sex Composition The sex composition of respondents obtained from the questionnaire survey in the community showed that there were more males than females. Males accounted for 50.4% while females accounted for the remaining 49.6% of the sampled population. The margin between male and female population is not too wide, although, it is still in conformity with the contemporary state and local government population trend as observed in the 2006 population census. The higher percentages of male population could be due to the agrarian nature of the local economy. 5 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Percent , Male , 50.4 Pe rce Percent , Male nt Female , 49.6 Female Gender Figure 4.1: Gender Distribution among Respondents 4.3.4 Age Composition The age characteristics of Ewu community obtained through questionnaire survey showed that 1 (one) out of every 4 (four) respondents age between 20 and 44 years, while 37.0% age between 45 and 59 years. In addition, 28.0% of the respondents age between 60 and 75 years while the remaining 10.0% indicated that they are more than 75 years. This category, together with those below the age of 20 years, constituted the dependent population. Expectedly, the youth accounted for 62% of the sampled respondents. This is an indication of the availability of able-bodied people that can provide labour needed during the construction phase of the project. 45-59 Years, 37 20-44 Years 60-75 45-59 Years 20-44 Years, 28 60-75 Years Years, 25 Pe rc Greater than 75 en Years Greater t than 75 Years, 10 Age Categories Figure 4.2: Age Categories among Sampled Respondents 6 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report 4.3.5 Marital Status The percentage of the respondents surveyed in the community who indicated that they are married was 62.7%, those who were single accounted for 27.6%, widow (7.6%), and separated/divorced (1.8%). The larger percentage of those that are married may be indicative of possible potential for population increase (Figure 4.3). Married, 62.7 Married Single Pe Widow rc Single, Divorce en 27.6 t Widow, 7.9 Divorce, 1.8 Marital Status Figure 4.3: Marital Status among Respondents in Ewu Community 4.3.6 Religion Ewu has three major religions: Ebor, Islam and Christianity. Islam was introduced in the early 20th century. Ewu is home to the St. Benedict Monastery, a monastery of the Roman Catholic Church. It is home to an advanced theological seminary owned by the Assemblies of God Church, Nigeria, known as the Nigerian Advanced School of Theology (NAST). Consequently, there are more Christians compared to Moslems although the gap is becoming narrower. Also, there are few shrines in the community as well (Plate 4.1). According to the information gathered during our stakeholder engagement with the community, a shrine was said to be located within the corridor of the gully. However, due to the importance of the proposed intervention projects to the community, they are ready to relocate the shrine for ease access for the proposed projects. 7 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Plate 4.1: Shrine on the Outskirt of Ewu town 4.3.7 Ethnic Composition The community is almost ethnically homogenous as 94.8% indicated that they are Esan. Other ethnic groups noted included Hausa (2.1%), Yoruba (1.7%) and Igbo (1.4%) (Figure 4.4) People from other ethnic origins are mostly traders and artisans. The implication of this is that the social stratification, issue of compensation (if any) and resettlement plan should take cognisance of the culture and tradition of the Esan people most especially those relating to land allocation. Esan, 94.8 Pe Esan rc Hausa en t Yoruba Igbo Hausa, 2.1 Yoruba, 1.7 Igbo, 1.4 Ethnic Groups Figure 4.4: Ethnic Composition in the Study Area 8 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report 4.4. Analysis of Existing Livelihoods Opportunities 4.4.1 Educational Status Educational attainment in Ewu community shows that the level of education is comparatively high as more than 50% of the respondents indicated that they have at least primary school leaving certificate. This shows that almost all the residents are educated. The educational attainment based on the questionnaire survey shows that 35.6% have tertiary (Colleges of Education, Polytechnic or University) educational certificates, while about 54.2% indicated that they have secondary school leaving certificates, while 9.6% claimed that they have only primary school leaving certificate. Less than 1.0% (0.6%) has no formal education (Figure 4.5). This educational level is therefore very high when compared with other parts of the country and even other LGAs in the State. It was noticed that the majority of respondents who indicated that they have secondary school leaving certificates are respondents that are under the age of 25 years and the implication of this is that they can still pursue higher education. In addition, gender variations exist in educational attainment between male and female with male having higher educational attainment compared to females. The foregoing therefore shows that majority of the respondents in the proposed project area are well educated. Therefore, education-wise, there are enough human resources that can be employed during the project construction. However, it is imperative that the occupational structure should also be examined. This is with a view to understanding the various carrier pathways that exist in the neighbourhood. Secondary, 54.2 Tertiary Secondary Tertiary, Pe 35.6 Primary rc en No Formal t Education Primary, 9.6 No Formal Education, 0.6 Educational Status Figure 4.5: Educational Status among the Sampled Respondents 9 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report 4.4.2 Occupation, Income and Unemployment Characteristics Comprehensive information on occupational characteristics of residents of Ewu town was obtained through questionnaire administration. Figure 4.6 contains the results of the occupational assessment conducted in the town. Occupational structure in Ewu community shows diversities of careers among respondents. These diversities are expected in view of the educational attainment of most of the respondents sampled in the study area. Expectedly, those that are engaged in agriculture dominate the occupational spectrum and allied areas (35.6%) and those who are engaged in professional and technical jobs including various artisans accounting for 12.1% followed. The number of small-scale industries was also sighted (Plate 4.2-4.4). Respondents who engage in transportation accounts for 11.7%. Agriculture and Forestry, 35.6 Pe rc Professional and Transportation, en Administration Technical , Sales , 12.1 Clerical and Workers, Students and Manufacturing 11.7 t 8.3 Related, 7.2 10.1 Apprentices, 9.3 Service and Processing , Industry, 2.1 2.3 Others, 1.3 Professional and Technical Administration Clerical and Related Sales Workers Service Industry Agriculture and Forestry Transportation Manufacturing and Processing Students and Apprentices Others Occupation Figure 4.6: Occupational Characteristics in Ewu Town 10 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Plate 4.2: Garri Processing Machine in the Community Plate 4.3: Extraction of Black oil from Palm Kernel for Soap Making Plate 4.4: Palm Kernel Crushing Machine 11 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Unemployment and under-employment are parts of the major challenges confronting most of the States in Nigeria. Unemployment has been identified as a major cause and catalyst of social vices in the society. It also has a very strong linkage with poverty. A relatively large number of the youths indicated that they are not employed or at best underemployed presently and therefore are looking forward to whatever benefits they can derive from the engineering and subsequent remediation of the erosion ravaged site. With regards to the distribution of income in this area, it is expected that income distribution pattern should be relatively low based on the predominant agrarian economy. The survey of income shows that 43.2% of the respondents claimed that they earn less than N200, 000 annually, 37.5% earn between N201, 000- N400, 000 annually, while the remaining 19.3% earn well over N401, 000 thousand per annum (Figure 4.7). Generally, the neighbourhood can be described as a low-income neighbourhood with medium residential density. Less than Between Less than N200,00 N200,00, 43.2 N201,000- N400,000, 37.5 Between N201,000- N400,000 More than N401,000 Pe More than rc N401,000, en 19.3 t Income Group Figure 4.7: Income Distribution among the Sampled Respondents 4.4.3 Tenancy Pattern Tenancy in Ewu town as in other parts of Nigeria was classified into four categories. The percentage of persons that indicated living in owner occupier building was 52.6%, 26.7% 12 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report indicated that they live in a rented building, while 15.9% indicated that they live in a subsidised rented building, and 4.7% indicated that they are not paying rent where they live (Figure 4.8). Nominal/ Free, 4.7, Owner Occupier Subsidize 5% d Rent, Owner 15.9, 16% Normal Rent Normal Occupier , Rent, 52.6, 52% Nominal/ 26.7, 27% Subsidized Rent Free Figure 4.8: Type of Housing Ownership in Ewu Town 4.5 Housing Characteristics The housing characteristic provides information basically on the type of housing units, floor materials, wall materials and roof material in communities such as the Ewu community. With respect to the type of housing, more than 70% were houses on a separate stand, 14.67% were let in house (Figure 4.9 and Plate 4.5). Outside of the town, most especially going toward Auchi-Benin road, there were isolated traditional huts. The percentage that lived in informal/improvised dwelling was marginal. This comprises of dwelling made of shed. 13 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Semi-detachedRooms/Let in Informal/ImprOthers, 0.32, House, 5.22, House, 14.67, ovised 0% 5% Flat in 15% Dwelling, 0.5, Block of 1% Flats, 4.48, 4% House on a Separate Stand/Yard, 70.29, 70% Traditional/Hu t Structure, 4.52, 5% Figure 4.9: Housing Types in Ewu Community Plate 4.5: Semi-Detached Buildings in the Vicinity of the Gully Erosion Site Floor materials used in these buildings include earth/mud/mud brick (16.88%), wood/bamboo (1.76%) cement/concrete (76.86%), ceramic/Mable tiles etc. ( Figure 4.10) Thus, majority of the household used concrete floor, although some put carpet or rug on such concrete to make it look decent. In some of the houses visited, the sitting room was tilled while concrete flooring was used in other rooms in the building. 14 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Ceramic/Mab Vinyl Tiles, Other, Earth/Mud/ le Tiles 0.95, 1% 0.17, Mud Bricks, Terrazzo, 0% 16.88, 17% 3.38, 3% Wood/Bambo o, 1.76, 2% Cement/ Concrete, 76.86, 77% Figure 4.10: Floor Materials Used in Buildings Cement is the most dominant wall material (58.98%) used in most of the houses and this is followed by mud (37.39%) (Plate 4.6). Other type of wall materials accounted for less than 5.0%. The use of mud/reed is still common in Ewu community perhaps because of the abundance of red soil (clay). It is also common to notice some of the residents in the outskirt of the town most especially towards the Auchi-Benin road still used zinc as their wall material. Although, most of the makeshift shops in the town used metal/iron as their wall material (Figure 4.11). It should be noted that the use of wood/Bamboo and metal/Zinc sheet as wall materials is common where the dwelling place is temporal, or where the owner is not buoyant enough to afford a decent wall material. Cement/Blo cks/Bricks, 78.98 Pe rc en t Mud/Reed, 17.39 Cement/Blo Wood/Bam cks/Bricks, Metal/Zinc boo, 2.29 0.54 Sheet, 1.35 Type of Wall Materials Used in Building Figure 4.11: Type of Wall Materials Used in Building 15 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Plate 4.6: Mud and Block Materials Used in Building Construction in the Vicinity of the Gully Erosion Site The roof material also used varied from house to house. The use of corrugated metal/Zinc sheet appeared to be the most dominant and this was followed by the use of slate/asbestos (16.20%). The percentage that used roofing tiles was 2.68% and this is common in newer buildings in the town (Plate 4.7). Thatch/palm leaves/raffia were sighted outskirt of the town although they are few (Figure 4.12). Most of the people that use Cement/Concrete are those who are still hopeful of putting another structure on their building. Ty pe of Ro Other, 0.42 ofi Roofing Tiles, ng 2.68 Ma Cement/Conc ter rete, 10.59 Bu ial Slate/ ild s Asbestos, 16.2 in Corrugated Us Metal/Zinc g ed Sheet, 59.39 on Earth/Mud/M ud Bricks, 2.1 Wood/Bambo o, 4.89 Thatch/Palm Leaves/Raffia , Percent 3.72 Figure 4.12: Type of Roof Materials Used on Building 16 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Plate 4.7: Long Span Aluminum Used in the Ewu Town Hall 4.6 Amenities and Facilities in the Community 4.6.1 Sources of Energy: Energy used mainly in lighting houses is derived from electricity. Electricity is obtained from the national electricity grid of the Electricity Distribution Company (Plate 4.8). Apart from lighting house, electricity is used to power household electrical appliances that make life more comfortable for the people. Kerosene, a bye product of crude oil refining is used by many households for cooking, although its scarcity and escalated cost has forced residents to switch to alternatives such as charcoal and firewood. Charcoal is sometimes imported from the southwestern and northern part of the country while firewood is obtained from nearby forest. It was gathered that residents travelled as much as 2-km from the community to get firewood used in cooking although some fetch firewood from their farm. Plate 4.8: Low Tension Electricity Line in Ewu Town 17 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report 4.6.2 Sources of Domestic Water: Three types of water points were observed in Ewu community and these are the Tap water, Borehole and unimproved water points. The Eguare-Ewu community has one tap water point and two boreholes. Ehanlen-Ewu community on the other hand has three tap water points and five borehole water points randomly distributed in the community. The Uzogholo Ewu has one borehole water point and one tap water point. Some of the water points do not produce enough water for the people and this has resulted in a situation where residents congregate around the functional and productive borehole water points in the town. Two of the tap water points in Ehanlen-Ewu are within 200meters from the gully erosion site. During the rainy season, residents depend on rainwater for their household domestic chores. To this end, virtually all houses have a rainwater harvest device, which is used to harvest and store water during the rainy season (Plate 4.9). Drinking water essentially is obtained from borehole provided either by private individuals or government (Plate 4.10). Residents complained that the productivity of the boreholes in the community is very low; hence children and adult alike que to obtain drinking water. The situation is more precarious during the dry season when there is acute water scarcity. About 1 (one) out of every 4 (four) residents indicated that they use water from stream most especially during the rainy season. Scarcity of potable water may have been responsible for regular typhoid fever and other water related diseases reported in the community. Plate 4.9: Rain Water Harvesting in Ewu Town 18 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Plate 4.10: Private Borehole Water Providing Water for the Residents of Ewu Town 4.6.3 Medical and Health Facilities: There is one Primary Health Facility and two private health care facilities in Ewu community. Primary Health Care Facility, Ewu, is the only government health care facility in the community. Tessy Maternity and Messiah Medical Centre were the two privately owned medical facilities in the community. Tessy Maternity is the closest to the Ewu gully erosion site as the facility is within 500-meters corridor of the gully. 4.6.4 Educational Facilities: There are three public primary schools in Ewu and these are Eguare Primary School, Ehanlen Primary School, and Uzogholo Primary School, while there are two public secondary schools, viz: Ewu Grammar School Junior and Ewu Grammar School Senior. In addition, there are two private schools; Covenant Nursery/Primary School, Ewu and Alhidayah International School. All these schools are located within the metropolis and the closest school within 500-meters to the gully site are the Covenant Nursery/Primary School followed by Eguare Primary School. 4.6.5 Waste Management Methods: Waste management approach by communities determines their vulnerability to diseases. It is an indication of their level of hygiene, which may be rooted in sociocultural and behavioural practices, and moderated by income. Respondents who indicated that they deposit waste in their backyard where they ultimately burn were 58.3%, while those who indicated that they deposit along the drainage gutter ( Plate 19 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report 4.11) so that rainwater will wash it away were 30.3% and 12.4% stated that they deposit it in the gully because they were attempting to fill the gully and that the waste would eventually be washed away by the flood water (Figure 4.13 and Plate 4.12). W as te De Deposited in po Gully, 12.4 sit io Series1, n Drainage M Gutter, 30.3 et ho Series1, ds Burning, 58.3 Percent Figure 4.13: Waste Deposition Methods Plate 4.11: Waste Deposition in Drainage Channels Plate 4.12: Waste Deposition in the Gully Erosion Site 20 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report 4.7 Environmental Concern in the Community Four major environmental concerns of the community identified during the consultation meeting are (a) irregular rainfall (b) excessive rainfall (c) soil loss and degradation, and (d) excessive heat. It was noted during the consultation that rainfall patterns have become highly irregular and unpredictable in recent time. This to a large extent has affected their agricultural practices. This challenge could be linked to the global climate change issue. Furthermore, when the rain comes, it is always in excess leading to issue of flooding and subsequent widening of the gully site in the community. Also, the excessive rainfall is also responsible for soil loss and degradation of soil quality leading to low agricultural yield. Prolonged dry season and excessive sunshine in dry season combined to produce excessive heat. Some of the respondents indicated that the increasing number of children with chicken pox could be linked to their exposure to excessive heat, while a number of adults indicated inability to sleep at night due to excessive heat. Some of the adults indicated that they sleep outside of their house to get enough fresh air at night. However, this has increased the vulnerability to mosquito bites and subsequent malaria fever. 4.7.1 Perceived Environmental Impacts of the Gully Erosion The consequences of the gully erosion to the community revealed that destruction of road infrastructure, alteration of the aesthetic beauty of the town, break in social relation, increased cost of commuting, land degradation, fear of property and humans being swept away by the flood water, and fear of falling into the gully are some of their concerns over the existence of the gully. One of the major concerns, which have been raised by the community people over the existence of the gully site in their community, is the effect of the gully on a major road in the community. The road has caved-in thereby making commuting between one part of the town and another difficult. Consequently, this has reduced social interaction between one part and another within the Ewu community (Plate 4.13). In addition, it has raised the cost of transportation because some of the residents claimed they now pay more than 50% of what they used to pay for transportation because of the destruction to the road. The gully and 21 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report associated flood downstream is also threatening the road that leads to the Ewu Monastery (Plate 4.14). The widening of the gully head is also a major concern to the community people because large amount of soil is washed away every year. Rill erosion is also noticed downstream of the gully heads and this rill erosion is taking place in areas devoted to agricultural use. Consequently, the residents in the community have observed low agricultural yields and destruction of farmland and produce. It should be noted that there is another developing gully about 300-meters from the main gully head in the Ewu town and this is moving backward towards the town ( Plate 4.15 and Plate 4.16). This new gully is developing in an area completely devoted to agriculture. Residents in the vicinity of the gully hardly sleep anytime it rains in the town because of the fear that their house may cave into the gully. There are relics of washed away and abandoned buildings in and near the gully heads. Some of the youths also claimed that nightlife has been reduced to zero because of the fear of falling into the gully. Therefore, the cost of the gully site to residents of Ewu community is too much for them to bear and that is why they have been calling on government at various levels over the years to come to their aid and assist with rehabilitating the gully site to ensure safety of lives and properties in the communities. Plate 4.13: Ewu Gully Erosion Head 22 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Plate 4.14: Ewu Monastery Road Devastated by Growing Gully Erosion Plate 4.15: Secondary Gully Erosion Site Close to Ewu Monastery Road Plate 4.16: Secondary Gully Erosion Site Close to Ewu Monastery Road 23 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report 4.8. Assessment of Existing Formal and Informal Grievances Redress Mechanism Grievance Redress Mechanisms (GRMs) are defined as organizational systems and resources established by national government agencies (or, as appropriate, by regional municipal agencies or local traditional institutions) to receive and address concerns about the impact of their policies, programs and operations on external stakeholders. The stakeholder input handled through these systems and procedures may be called “grievances,” “complaint,” “feedback,” or any other functionally equivalent term. GRMs act, as recourse for situations in which, despite proactive stakeholder engagement, some stakeholders have a concern about a project or program’s potential impacts on them. GRMs can therefore be seen as part of institutional framework to redress perceived injustice or marginalization arising from project implementation. GRMs are intended to be accessible, collaborative, expeditious and effective in resolving concerns through dialogue, joint fact-finding, negotiation, and problem solving. They are generally designed to be the “first line” of response to stakeholder concerns that have not been prevented by proactive stakeholder engagement. GRMs are intended to complement, not replace, formal legal channels for managing grievances (e.g., the court system, organizational audit mechanisms, etc.). Stakeholders always have the option to use other, more formal alternatives, including legal remedies. It is important to emphasize that national GRMs are not intended to replace the judiciary or other forms of legal recourse. The existence of a GRM should not prevent citizens or communities from pursuing their rights and interests in any other national or local forum, and citizens should not be required to use GRMs before seeking redress through the courts, administrative law procedures, or other formal dispute resolution mechanisms. Based on the foregoing, it is clear that there is no existing formal institutional frameworks specifically setup to handle grievances that might arise from the gully erosion rehabilitation project in the community. Public Complaint Commission (PCC) perhaps is the only formal agency saddled with such responsibility. The agency has its presence in virtually all the state capitals in Nigeria. Complaints about the project can 24 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report therefore be lodged at their office in Benin, Edo State. This office appears to be the closest to the project site. In conjunction with stakeholders, the Edo state NEWMAP nevertheless will develop and implement a Grievance Redress Mechanisms (GRM) that will include the following: i. Anyone may contact the NEWMAP, in person, by mail, or by telephone to submit a grievance; ii. Contacts about grievances may be initiated by the affected person, through an agreed local liaison committee or through the Ewu community; iii. All complaints will be documented by Edo State NEWMAP and tracked to resolution, and information on the status will be available to the person making the complaint; iv. The Edo State NEWMAP will investigate the complaint and determine the response including, if applicable, proposed actions; v. The Edo State NEWMAP will inform the person making the complaint, either verbally or in writing; vi. Prior to rehabilitation of the Ewu gully erosion site, Edo State NEWMAP will work with stakeholders to develop arbitration system for resolving complaints; vii. The grievance mechanism will inform complainants of their options if the complaint cannot be resolved; viii. The Edo State NEWMAP will strive to investigate and resolve complaints promptly; ix. There will be no cost to the person presenting the complaint; x. All complaints will be treated with appropriate confidentiality; xi. Complaints will be investigated and resolved without retribution to the complainant or other persons; and, xii. Project personnel, especially those who have contact with the public, will be briefed/trained about the grievance procedure, including whom to contact within the Edo State NEWMAP or the Edo State Government about a complaint. 25 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Ewu traditional council has been identified as the only informal grievance redress mechanism that can be employed by residents in Ewu community. Over the years, the council has amicably resolved grievances among warring factions, families and individuals in the community. The achievement was made possible because of the high regard accorded traditional institution in the community. The council is made up of the paramount ruler and council of chief. Perceived grievances arising from the gully erosion project implementation can be reported to the council. During the stakeholder engagement, the council assured that any grievance (as long as it is not criminal and is within the purview of the council) reported to them would be amicably settled. Anticipated grievances that may arise during the gully erosion project and which might be amicably resolved include trespasses on land, property and farmland by the contractor and during the payment of compensation for those to be involuntarily relocated away from the gully head area to a safer location. 4.8.1 Stakeholder Engagement Plan The Edo State NEWMAP has been implementing its Stakeholder Engagement Plan since the project inception in the state and it includes the following: i. Identification of Project stakeholders; ii. Summary of past consultation efforts; iii. Planned consultation efforts to prepare for construction activities; iv. Stakeholder engagement during construction; v. Stakeholder engagement during operations; vi. Resources for stakeholder engagement; vii. Monitoring and reporting on stakeholder engagement; and viii. Formation of the Ewu gully erosion site monitoring committees 4.8.2 Consultations with relevant stakeholders Community consultation with residents of Ewu community on the gully erosion site rehabilitation was with a view to informing them about government readiness to intervene in the project. In addition, it serves to secure community buy-in on the project 26 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report while at the same time identifying issues that could generate grievances between the community and the contractor during the construction activity. Consultation on the gully erosion was held at Ewu palace and in attendance were various community groups and individuals (See Plate 4.17 - 4.22 for the stakeholder engagements held at Ewu community and Appendix 1.0 for list of individuals in attendance). The project team leader introduced the project to the community and thereafter, questions and the team entertained concerns. Plate 4.17 -4.22: View of the stakeholder engagement held at Ewu community 27 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report It was gathered that the erosion started about 17 years ago as small rill erosion but has since become a massive gully in the community. Topography of the gully site was identified as being responsible for the emergence of the gully and it was sustained by vegetation clearance. Residents have attempted to reduce the effect of associated flood through the use of sand bags as embankment around their houses, however, while the initiative helped to reduce the amount of floodwater that entered their house, it did not reduce the widening of the gully. Digging of small retention ponds and clearing of drainage channel and opening up of new drainage channels were among the efforts embarked upon to reduce the volume and speed of storm water entering into the gully site. It was reported that the Senate Committee of the National Assembly on work had visited the community in the past to assess the extent of damages occasioned by the gully. Some of the untoward consequences of the gully erosion were that: i. Some of the residents had been carried away by the flood water and later found dead; ii. Some died when their house collapsed during the flood water; iii. Some have equally lost domestic animals to the rampaging flood; iv. Not less than 10 houses had been destroyed by the flood water, while a number of building had suffered structural defects as a result of the flood and gully erosion (Plate 4.23 & 4.24); v. The flood has increased the cost of communication between Ehanlen and Idunwele; vi. It has also increased the distance and cost of travelling to the community market; vii. It has affected the social relationship between Ehanlen and Idunwele; and viii. Human portage has become the order of the day as people carry loads on their head because no vehicle would ply the road in the town. 28 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Plates 4.23: Eroded Building Foundation Consequent upon the Flood Plate 4.24: Structurally Affected House Close to the Gully Head in Ewu Town It was also reported that: i. There are few shrines located along the corridor of the gully route but the community is willing to relocate those shrines because the rehabilitation of the gully takes precedence over and above everything else. ii. Issues of compensation for properties that are likely to be affected during construction phase should be properly discussed ahead of the construction to forestall conflict; iii. The community frowns at stealing and would not want any of the contractor staff to trespass into resident’s farmland; 29 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report iv. The community has not witnessed any major conflict in the last 20 years. Neither communal nor ethno-religious conflict has been experienced in the community; v. The project would not in any way impinge on the cultural values of the residents; vi. The contractor should employ sizeable number of the residents for its various activities; vii. The communities assured of their cooperation with the Edo state NEWMAP, contractors and consultants. They promised adequate security / protection of lives, properties and equipment during construction and other related activities; and viii. Towards a successful implementation of the NEWMAP project, the community has setup various committees to assist the contractor that would be handling the construction work. 4.8.3 Anticipated Impacts of the Gully Erosion Intervention Project Residents in Ewu community are quite aware of the government’s intention to assist them in addressing the challenges posed by the gully erosion. During the questionnaire administration and consultations, residents claimed that they have been seeing different kinds of people coming to inspect the gully site and that they have helped in conducting them around the community so that they will have a first-hand view of the challenge posed by the gully. Virtually all the adults in the community seem to be aware of NEWMAP intervention as they often ask strangers they see whether they are in the community because of the NEWMAP project. Based on the consultations held with the residents, their expectation is very high although some of them are sceptical whether government will address the problem immediately or deferred it till another time when money would be available. They however pleaded that in view of risks posed by the gully to lives and properties, government should urgently rise to their aid to address the problem of the gully immediately. As part of the community preparation, various committees have been inaugurated to interface with the consultant that would handle the intervention project at the gully site. 30 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report The committee meets regularly to educate residents on what government is doing or planning to do to address the gully issue in the community. Hence, the intervention project implementation might not likely face any challenge because it is a top priority need in the community. Some of the issues that the residents think could engender crisis included; violation of customs and tradition of the community, none engagement of the community people during the construction phase of the project, improper handling of issues relating to compensation and theft of agricultural produce by project amongst others. It was gathered during the community consultation and key informant interview with the paramount ruler of Ewu town, that, although, there are shrines close to the gully downstream, nevertheless, the community is willing to relocate the shrines to another location. The community is committed to the rehabilitation of the gully and therefore, not wanting anything to disturb the project. It was also noted that since there would always be community people with the contractor, the contractor would be adequately guided on the local cultures and taboos. The community people would also be happy if they are engaged in the rehabilitation work. It was noticed that there are able-bodied men that can provide labour for different aspects of the construction during the implementation phase and operational phase of the project. Another issue of concern relates to compensation and modalities for allocation of compensation among the project affected people (PAP). The issue of what to pay, and who to be pay, as well as how much to be paid were extensively discussed during the consultations. It was clear that if the issue of compensation is not properly addressed, it could result in conflict between residents and the NEWMAP. Being an agricultural society, the residents in Ewu community frown at theft of their produce. They therefore encourage construction workers to adhere strictly to their rules of engagement during their work in the community. 31 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report CHAPTER FIVE ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL ADVERSE IMPACTS AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 5.1 Introduction This chapter presents in a succinct and precise manner, the identified impacts of the proposed NEWMAP gully erosion site rehabilitation intervention project in Ewu Esan Central LGA of Edo State, Nigeria. The associated and potential impacts of the NEWMAP intervention in Ewu was identified based on the interaction of specific project activities with the biophysical and social characteristics of the project environment as well as the health/safety requirements of the Ewu community and the construction workers. Details of the methodology adopted for impact analysis; the associated and potential impacts of the project; the residual impacts identified; mitigation measures for the amelioration of the identified impacts and the broad beneficial impacts of the proposed NEWMAP intervention are presented herein. 5.2 Associated and Potential Impacts Determination The impact assessment methodology approach utilized followed a four-step approach which consists of: Step One: The first step is a detailed description of the Ewu project area prior to implementation of the proposed gully erosion site rehabilitation. Based on this, the impact analysis focus on all components, which are anticipated to affected or modified by the project; Step Two: General Screening of potential impacts: The aim of the screening is to identify as exhaustively as possible all impacts, beneficial or detrimental which can reasonably result from the gully erosion site rehabilitation project implementation. A matrix approach is utilized, crossing all the parameters of the social and biophysical environment with each project activity involved in project, during the site clearing and 1 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report preparation, construction, operation and maintenance, and decommissioning phases. The impact identification and prediction approach utilizes elements of various impact identification and prediction methods such as checklists, matrices and flowcharts. To effectively perform these general screening of potential environmental impacts of the projects, the following approach was followed: Identification and description of project phases, associated activities and their possible interaction with the components of the environment Preliminary identification of potential impacts on environmental components Screening for impact importance, elimination of activity environment interactions producing no effect on selection of focus impacts for further assessments Step Three: Impact Analysis and Elaboration of Corrective Measures: On the basis of the screening stage, the main impacts were analyzed, in order to quantify them, whenever possible and to elaborate specific measures to cancel, reduce or compensate the most detrimental ones. This step was performed by performing the following tasks: 2 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Detailed assessment of selected focus impacts in terms of:  Nature – positive or negative, direct or indirect impact;  Magnitude – qualitative and quantitative  Areal extent – qualitative and quantitative  Frequency  Resource sensitivity  Duration including reversibility  Cumulative effects Final assessment and assignment of overall impact significance levels based on the result of the previous step and application of objective impact severity criteria and likelihood, and identification of impact mitigation measures Step Four: On conclusion of the impact analysis, the details of the positive and negative effects of the proposed developments on the environment are outlined and appropriate solutions or mitigation measures to minimize any undesirable effects resulting from the proposed project intervention. 5.2.1 Project Activities and Affected Environmental Media The analysis of project impacts of the Ewu gully erosion site rehabilitation project involves the identification of environmental media that could be potentially affected by all project activities in the four phases of the project viz. 1. Pre-construction Phase; 2. Construction Phase; 3. Operation and Maintenance Phase; and 4. Decommissioning Phase. For the purpose of impact identification, the respective project activities to be undertaken for each phase of the project include: 3 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Table 5.1: Project activities in the four phases of the proposed Intervention Project in Ewu S/No Project Phase Project Activities 1 Pre-construction  Land Acquisition and demolition of existing buildings  Contractor’s Site Clearing and Preparation Activities and Logistics; General clearing and preparation of the project site for gully erosion site engineering solution construction works • Surveying and setting out of the new storm water drainage infrastructure (Culverts); • Utilization of existing access roads to the proposed project site; • Construction of sheds and equipment lay down areas for the storage of materials;  Transportation of equipment, materials and workers to the project site 2 Construction  Construction of drainage conduits upstream of the gully head to contain and direct overland flows into the new diversion culverts;  Demolition of two existing buildings to make way for the construction of the main bypass culvert;  Construction of gully bypass system, a 2.5m by 1.5m closed box diversion drainage culverts to collect and direct storm water flows from existing roadside channels and overland flows into a Chute (drop down structure)  Construction of a Baffled Chute to the bottom of the gully (a drainage infrastructure for discharging storm water into the gully downstream of the gully head);  Construction of Stilling Basin;  Filling of the gully head  Reshaping of the gully as an earth channel by a cut-and-fill civil works whereby the earth removed from the gully sides slopes is used to compact the gully floor.  Placement and positioning of nine (9) regularly spaced gabion drop structures over every 500m of the gully channel to reduce the longitudinal gradient to 0.05% (with a 2m drop) and slow down the flow velocity to 1.4m/s to prevent further incidence of erosion  Erosion protection of the banks by cutting and sloping the sides of the gully banks to a gradient of 1:2  Use of gully bank soil materials to fill the gully bed a few meters and the to fill the gully head  Re-construction of the damaged road;  Reconstruction of all associated road drainage infrastructure  Reshaping the gully and installation of erosion protection facilities to enable safe conveyance of storm water downstream of the gully head;  Transportation of Heavy Equipment, Construction Materials and Workers to the Project Site;  Operation of Heavy Construction Equipment;  Fuel Storage and Dispensing to Heavy Equipment and Vehicles. 3 Operation and  Utilization and operation of the rehabilitated gully erosion site channel and; Maintenance  Maintenance of the drainage infrastructure of the Ewu gully erosion site  Monitoring of the Ewu gully erosion infrastructure to ensure full functionality 4 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report S/No Project Phase Project Activities 4 Decommissioning  Dismantling and Removal of Equipment; and Vehicles  Restoration of the Project Site to its natural state and  Waste Management. 5.3 Associated and Potential Environmental and Social Impacts The potential environmental and social impacts of the proposed project are as shown in Table 5.2 5 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Table 5.2: The potential environmental and social impacts of the project PROJECT PHASE PROJECT ACTIVITY AFFECTED ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECT IMPACT AND/OR /SOCIAL COMPONENT Pre-Construction: General clearing and preparation of Socio-economics  Increased employment project site for gully erosion site opportunities for the local rehabilitation and construction works communities Socio-economics  Interference with day-to-day community activities resulting in conflicts and complaints Pre-Construction Land Acquisition and demolition of Socio-economics  Conflict over loss of land and existing buildings resettlement benefits if payment is restricted to owners of the two buildings to be demolished for the construction of the diversion culvert Socio-economics  Conflict between the NEWMAP project and the resident community over relocation benefits due to those families whose buildings, land, and lives of loved ones were lost to the gully erosion at Ewu Esan Central Pre-Construction Physical presence of construction workers Soil  Contamination of soil and on the Ewu Gully erosion intervention downstream water resources of the project site and environ project area from indiscriminate disposal of untreated sewage 6 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Pre-Construction Contractor’s site preparation operations Socio-economics  Increased employment opportunities for the local communities Pre-Construction: Transportation of equipment, materials Air Quality  Ambient air quality deterioration and workers to the project site from airborne dust particulates, fugitive emissions, exhaust of equipment/automobiles Noise Levels  Noise and vibration from vehicular movement Transportation/infrastructure  Traffic congestion and increased risk of occurrence of traffic accidents and injuries Construction Construction of sheds, equipment lay Air Quality  Increase in ambient noise levels down areas, temporary office and sanitary and vibration facilities etc. Construction Construction of drainage conduits Socio-economics  Increase in employment upstream of the gully head and other opportunities and engagement of associated road drainage infrastructure community labour Socio-economics  Social and cultural structure interference and complaints; Community/Public Health  Marginal increase in population within the settlements in close proximity to the project site will lead to an increase in negative vices such as prostitution (commercial sex work) and crime which would affect social and cultural systems 7 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report through a negative value system; Socio-economics  Conflicts between the project and the community as well as the pressure of the influx of potential job seekers into the project area and associated risks; Socio-economics  New wealth among the youth would threaten the existing authority structure; Construction Disruption and encroachment into Socio-economics  Conflict over loss of agricultural agricultural lands in close proximity to the lands due to gully erosion gully erosion rehabilitation civil works downstream of the gully head in Ewu Esan Central community Transportation of equipment, materials Soil and Groundwater  Accidental release of fuels, oils, and worker to project site chemicals, hazardous materials etc., to ground in the construction laydown area during delivery of materials and equipment to project site Construction Construction of 2.5m by 1.5m gully Socio-economics  Conflict over loss of land and bypass closed box diversion drainage resettlement benefits for demolition culverts of two existing buildings obstruction the construction of the diversion culvert Socio-economics  Conflict between the NEWMAP 8 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report project and the resident community over relocation benefits due to those families whose buildings, land, and lives of loved ones were lost to the gully erosion at Ewu Esan Central Socio-economics  Disruption of community activities and movement around the gully head Construction Construction of Baffle Chute to the bottom Soil and Erosion  Risk of chute failure by flow of the gully undermining gully head, overtopping or bypassing. The failure occurs when storm runoff fails to enter the baffle chute properly especially when the runoff leaks and flow bypassing occur at the chute entrance Soil and erosion;  Occurrence of risks associated with Health and Safety; large storm events that exceeds the design capacity of the Chute Socio-economics Soil and Agriculture  Loss of fertile top soil for infertile sub-surface soil that would not enhance vegetation establishment Socio-economics; health and safety  Risk of loss of life and damage of the proposed gully drainage infrastructure 9 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Construction Construction of Stilling Basin Soil and Agriculture  Loss of agricultural lands and increase in the exposure of erodible soil Soil and Agriculture  Loss of valuable topsoil that the could be used for seeding vegetation Health and Safety  Workers exposure to risk of falls into excavated pit and occurrence of accident or injuries Socio-economics;  Risk of stilling basin failure and Health and Safety occurrence of flooding, overtopping resulting in stilling basing sweep out and downstream channel erosion Construction Filling and reclamation of the gully head Health and Safety  Occurrence of accident and safety risk incidents Health and Safety  Waste handling and disposal Water Quality  Increase in turbidity and sediment load in downstream receiving water bodies Construction Reshaping of the gully channel by cutting Soil and Erosion  Increase in the amount of disturbed areas created by earthmovers used earth from gully side slopes to fill the gully in reshaping the gully side slopes channel floor Water Quality  Contamination of downstream receiving water bodies by fertilizers, and pesticides as well as creation 10 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report of excessive bare soils by herbicides if used for the establishment of the recommended plant species seeded to control soil erosion Soil and Erosion  Exacerbated gully erosion channel bed undermined and washing away of fill materials resulting in increased sediment load in receiving water bodies downstream Increase in the amount of disturbed areas Soil and Erosion  Risk of erosion of exposed gully created by earthmovers used in reshaping side slopes and erosion of ground the gully side slopes area above the gully channel divide Soil and Agriculture  Loss of fertile top soil that could be used for seeding vegetation Soil and Erosion  Occurrence of bank erosion along reshaped gully channel slopes Construction Placement of Gabion Drop Structures in Soil and Erosion;  Disturbance of unnecessary large gully channel to reduce longitudinal Vegetation and Wildlife land areas for transportation of gradient to 0.05% materials and heavy earthmovers Construction Erosion protection of gully banks by Soil and Agriculture  Loss of fertile top soil which could cutting and sloping the sides of the gully be used for seeding vegetation bank to a 1:2 gradient Health and Safety  Risk of occurrence of accident or injury 11 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Construction Reconstruction of damaged road Air Quality  Ambient air quality deterioration from airborne dust particulates, fugitive emissions, exhaust of equipment/automobiles Noise Level  Noise and vibration from vehicular movement Construction Reshaping the gully and installation of Water Quality  Water quality deterioration erosion protection facilities to enable safe  Health and Safety Risk of hearing impairment from conveyance of storm water downstream increased noise and vibrations of gully head Vegetation and Wildlife  Loss of wildlife Soil and Agriculture  Loss of valuable topsoil that could be used for seeding vegetation Construction Transportation of heavy equipment, Air Quality  Ambient air quality deterioration construction materials and workers to the from airborne dust particulates, project site fugitive emissions, exhaust of equipment/automobiles Noise Level  Noise and vibration from vehicular movement Transportation and Infrastructure  Traffic congestion and increased risk of occurrence of traffic accidents and injuries 12 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Soil and Groundwater  Accidental release of fuels, oils, chemicals, hazardous materials etc., to ground in the construction laydown area during delivery of materials to project site Operation Utilization of the rehabilitated gully site Socio-economics;  Risk of failure of the gully erosion and installed storm water drainage Infrastructure installed drainage infrastructure to infrastructure safely route storms of 1 in 50 years Soil and Erosion;  Risks from debris and sediment Flooding and Infrastructure accumulation in the drainage channels in upstream catchment area of the gully head, Diversion Culvert, Baffle Chute, Gabion Drop Structures and Stilling Basin resulting in performance failure of the drainage infrastructure Infrastructure  Risk of undermining and occurrence of scouring in the Baffle Chute could result in deteriorating performance of the structure 13 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Operation Maintenance of the gully drainage Soil and Erosion  Risk of failure of the gully infrastructure Health and Safety intervention from poor maintenance of the drainage infrastructure to achieve the desired project objectives such as (Creation of new gullies within the channel; breeding of vectors in the settling basin, undermining of the drainage infrastructure and scouring of the drainage structure, etc.) Soil and Erosion  Disruption of the side slopes during routine maintenance of the gully channels Decommissioning Dismantling and removal of civil Air Quality  Ambient air quality deterioration engineering equipment from airborne dust particulates, fugitive emissions, exhaust of equipment/automobiles Noise levels  Noise and vibration from vehicular movement Decommissioning Waste handling and disposal Waste Management  Solid Waste generation, handling and disposal Health and Safety  Poor housekeeping and environmental sanitation Decommissioning Transportation of solid waste, equipment Transportation and Infrastructure  Traffic congestion and increased and workers out of the project site. risk of occurrence of traffic accidents and injuries 14 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Air Quality  Ambient air quality deterioration from airborne dust particulates, fugitive emissions, exhaust of equipment/automobiles Noise Levels  Noise and vibration from vehicular movement 15 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report 5.3.1 Positive Impacts of Pre-construction and Construction Phase The bulk of the positive impacts expected from this project are as a result of employment and income generation during various stages of project execution as well as improved aesthetics and living conditions due to the restoration of affected gully site at Ewu, such that they can become useful over time, in addition to prevention of further loss of houses, lives and property. The sites, as they currently exist, constitute various hazards. The various intervention projects are also expected to generate several jobs at the different phase of the intervention projects. For instance, site clearing will require the employment of local labour, who will work on various stages of the project. During construction, a lot of the local population, especially the traders and food vendors may witness increased patronage, as construction workers are likely to patronize them for food items, clothing and other domestic use items. This will lead to some form of prosperity and increased cash flow for the local communities. In addition, the rehabilitation project will eventually lead to de-flooding and prevention of flooding, such that the hazard, as it currently exits, will be ameliorated, or completely eliminated. In spite of these positive impacts however, there are some potential and associated negative impacts. These are discussed in the next sub-section of the report. 5.3.2 Negative Impacts Pre-Construction Phase This phase of the project includes activities such as designs, site preparation activities, land Acquisition and demolition of existing buildings, Physical presence of construction workers on the Ewu Gully erosion intervention project site and environ and project implementation strategies. Given the various activities involved at this phase of the intervention project, some impacts are anticipated at this phase and these include: 16 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report • Displacement of People: Prior to the construction activities, the people located within the delineated area of influence around the gully head/site for the proposed intervention project will have to be displaced thereby forcing them to relocate to a different location within the community. Based thereon, these areas will have to be acquired by the Edo State NEWMAP-SPMU employing the state policy on land acquisition as well as recognizing and respect the mutual agreement with the affected landowners. • Emotional disturbance: The people displaced will already have an emotional attachment to their properties and as such may be reluctant if not outright rejection to move to a new location in anticipation of non-payment of compensation commensurate with demolished buildings, workshops/shades destroyed farmlands/economic trees along the project site either being underpaid or neglected. These could result to ill health and apathy towards Government and the projects. • Possible Kidnap of Workers: If project workers are not properly integrated into the community, there could be issues of kidnap and other forms of conflict, which could lead to unplanned expenses and/or disruption of project schedule. • Impact on Ambient air quality: During the site preparation activities, there is bound to be transportation of equipment, materials and workers. These activities could lead to ambient air quality deterioration from airborne dust particulates, fugitive emissions, exhaust of equipment/automobiles; • Increased pressure on road traffic volume and other existing infrastructure: As a result of influx of people, road traffic might be disrupted during mobilization of personnel and equipment to site. These disruptions and increase in volume of traffic as well as current poor and terrible condition of Auchi – Benin road could cause traffic jams and enhance the risk of accidents. The influx will also put more pressure on the already deficient physical, social and economic institutional infrastructure. For instance, power and telecommunications cables crossing roads in and to the project area could be disrupted and destructed. Furthermore, 17 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report the thin asphalt pavement overlay of the main road within Ewu community may not be able to withstand the anticipated volume and loads of the traffic. Construction Phase During construction activities, vegetation and other materials within the gully site at Ewu will be cleared, and the entire site will generally prepared for project activities. Cleared materials will most likely be added to fill materials. In addition, fill materials will be brought from offsite locations to make up the required volume that will be required for the reclamation activity, in addition to the construction of proper drainage channels. Other construction activities include construction of drainage conduits upstream of the gully head and other associated road drainage infrastructure etc. At this phase, the various machinery, vehicles and equipment will generate emissions and noise. Human presence within and around the site will increase significantly, and there will be a number of critical negative impacts on the environment. Some of these impacts are summarized below: • Impact on Ambient air quality: Emission of noxious gases from the exhaust of trucks, automated cranes etc. moved to the project site may pose negative health impacts to project workers who will have to inhale them on a continuous basis, as well as residents of Ewu community, especially those located downwind of the project site. In addition, mobilisation of equipment to site may increase the average noise level from the current background levels. This could contribute towards the impairment or hearing among project workers as well as residents of community. • Impact on Vegetation: The process of mechanical clearing of vegetation could lead to the introduction of exotic species of plants, which could out-compete native species leading to an alteration of species composition and abundance in the general vicinity of the project area. Such as altering the natural vegetal structure from tropical rain forest to open stretch woodland or shrub land within the high-rainfall forest zone. 18 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report • Impact on Hydrogeology: During construction phase, the hydrogeological significant and critical concern in the area is the contamination of groundwater as a result of improper discharge and/or storage as well as leakage of waste oil generated by the construction equipment, effluents from sewage tanks inclusive; • Impact on Soil: During the construction of still basin and Baffle Chute to the bottom of the gully, there is likely the loss of fertile top soil for infertile sub-surface soil that would not enhance vegetation establishment and loss of valuable topsoil that the could be used for seeding vegetation; • Impact on Downstream water bodies: During filling and reclamation of the gully head and reshaping of the gully channel by cutting earth from gully side slopes to fill the gully channel floor, there will be increase in turbidity and sediment load in downstream receiving water bodies. In addition, the contamination of downstream receiving water bodies could occur by fertilizers, and pesticides as well as creation of excessive bare soils by herbicides if used for the establishment of the recommended plant species seeded to control soil erosion; • Impact on Wildlife: The reshaping of the gully and installation of erosion protection facilities to enable safe conveyance of storm water downstream of gully head could lead to loss of wildlife; • Impact on transportation: Increased vehicular traffic in the area during this period may lead to traffic congestion and the associated physiological stress on commuters and residents of Ewu community, who will have to spend longer periods travelling from one point to the other. • Impact on Waste Management: Solid wastes especially iron cuts and fragments generated during construction. This will pose a problem in terms of waste handling; • Impact on Lifestyle and Moral Disposition: The influx of a largely youthful, sexually active people, many of who are likely to be single is anticipated to increase the potential for casual sex and the transmission of STIs. This is because commercial sex workers often constitute a significant proportion of camp followers for the project of this magnitude. Other social pathological conditions 19 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report such as increase in crime rate, fraud, prostitution; drug and alcohol abuse, etc. will be on the increase. Operation Phase During operational phase, the proposed intervention project would have been completed. However, these intervention projects are to be maintained in order to increase the life span of the intervention project. To achieve this, the following activities will be carried out, namely utilization of the rehabilitated gully site and installed storm water drainage infrastructure and the maintenance of the gully drainage infrastructure. These activities are likely to have some negative impacts and these are: • Risk of failure of the gully erosion installed drainage infrastructure to safely route storms of 1 in 50 years; • Risks from debris and sediment accumulation in the drainage channels in upstream catchment area of the gully head, Diversion Culvert, Baffle Chute, Gabion Drop Structures and Stilling Basin resulting in performance failure of the drainage infrastructure; • Risk of undermining and occurrence of scouring in the Baffle Chute that could result in deteriorating performance of the structure; • Disruption of the side slopes during routine maintenance of the gully channels. Decommissioning Phase During this phase of the proposed project, all structures within the project location shall be dismantled and disposed of in an environmentally friendly manner. This process may cause minor negative impacts on the environment, some of which include: • Impact on Ambient air quality and Noise level: During the decommissioning of the intervention projects, several demolitions and dismantling of still basin to mention will occur. These activities could lead to ambient air quality deterioration from airborne dust particulates, fugitive emissions, and exhaust of equipment/automobiles. In addition, the activities could lead to noise level increase and vibrations from vehicular movement and equipment. 20 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report • Impact on Solid Waste Generation: Solid wastes especially iron cuts, cement bricks and fragments generated during demolition. This will pose a problem in terms of waste handling; • Impact on traffic movement: The decommissioning activities could lead to traffic congestion and increased risk of occurrence of traffic accidents and injuries. 5.3.3 Residual and Cumulative Impacts Residual impacts are those that remain even after implementing recommended mitigation measures. Cumulative Impacts, on the other hand, are those that occur in addition to existing impacts. For instance, when a construction project is to happen close to a quarry that is already emitting particulates into the ambient air, then the particulate impact is cumulative. If, on the other hand, an impact is rated major, but applying mitigation measures can reduce the significance to minor, then the minor impact is the residual impact. For the current project, no major impacts were identified. The application of mitigation measures, as recommended in a later part of this chapter will effectively reduce the moderate impacts to minor residual impacts, while the minor impacts are completely eliminated 9no residual impact) or leave only negligible impacts. In terms of cumulative impacts, no cumulative impacts are expected from the planned project activities. 5.4 Analyses of Project Options and Alternatives For any project, there are usually a series of options and alternatives that can be considered during the planning stage of the proposed project. In the selection process, due consideration is usually given to:  The cost effectiveness,  Environmental performance,  The suitability for the particular project area. 21 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report The options typically considered for a development project, based on several premises, including environmental, social and economic considerations include:  The “No project” option;  Delayed project option; and  Implement project option When a decision has been made to implement the project, then several alternatives can be considered. Such alternatives include: alternative locations, alternative materials; alternative sources and delivery methods, as well as alternative project technology. This sub-section of the report considers the various options and alternatives considered for the current project, with a highlight of the pros and cons of each alternative and option. 5.4.1 Project Options A number of options were considered for this project, including the following: No project option; delay project option, and implement project option. An overview of the considerations for each option is presented below 5.4.1.1 No Project Option The no-action or no-project option indicates that the project activities will not be undertaken. This option will mean that the site will remain as they currently are. The implication is that the site will continue to pose threat to life and property, especially those houses on the verges of the gullies. In addition, it would mean that all the expenses that have been committed to for the project, including engineering design, feasibility studies and even this ESMP would be wasted and inconsequential. Thus, the no project option is regarded as unattractive and eliminated from further consideration. 5.4.1.2 Delayed Project Option The delay project option implies postponing the project activities until a later date. Such options are usually adopted when prevailing conditions are unfavourable to project implementation, such as during a war, when host communities are deeply resentful of 22 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report the project, or if the economics of the project are unacceptable or unattractive, then a delay may be feasible. But none of these conditions are applicable, on the contrary, both the economics and the political environment are favourably disposed towards the project. The implication, therefore of delaying the project will mean that all processes that have been put in place for the project design and implementation, contractors and/or workers that have been mobilised for this project will have to be demobilised. Also, because of the inflationary trends in the Nigerian economy, such a delay may result in unanticipated increases in project costs, leading to a non-feasibility of the project. These, and other related problems make it unattractive to adopt the delayed project option. 5.4.1.3 Implement Project Option For this option, the project will be implemented as planned. This option is most attractive in the sense that it ensures that project activities can be implemented in a timely fashion, without the risk of variation in project cost. It also ensures that the possibility of further loss of property, especially those close to the gully as well as possible lost of lives would be completely avoided and thus ameliorated. This option is clearly desirable. However, even for this option, a number of alternatives were considered. In the next sub-section, an overview of the alternatives considered under this option is discussed. 5.4.2 Project Alternatives 5.4.2.1 Alternative Location Normally, the site in which a project is to be located can be determined by a number of factors, including availability of land, suitability of the land for the purpose, accessibility, etc. In the case of this project, the issue of alternative location is not applicable, since the essence of the project is restoration, there would be no point in restoring an unaffected site. Therefore, alternative location is not feasible for this project. 23 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report 5.4.2.2 Alternative Technology The technology alternatives consideration for this project is primarily in terms of control of flows. As indicated in the detailed design document, the key issues under consideration are: Divert runoff from the upstream catchment; and Collect flows from the existing storm water infrastructure and overland flow at the gully head and construct infrastructure to safely route the flows downstream in the gully. • Option A: Divert runoff from the upstream catchment to a detention pond and then convey the reduced peak flow to the gully at a safe entry point from where the flow will flow down the gully. 
 • Option B: Collect flows from the existing storm water infrastructure and overland flow at the gully head and construct infrastructure to safely route the flows downstream in the gully. 
 A detailed description of the two options (Option A and Option B) is given in the Conceptual Design Report. The analysis showed that without attenuation, the peak flows are large and will require large conduits. A detention pond would significantly reduce the flood peaks and therefore the size of the stormwater infrastructure downstream. Reduced peak flows would also result in lower flows in the downstream river, thus reducing the risk of further erosion in those areas. 
 However, it was found that the cost of constructing Option B was significantly lower than for Option A. It was therefore recommended that Option B be adopted, bearing in mind that a detention pond could be added in the future, should the need for attenuation of flows be required due to further hardening of surfaces. 
 5.4.3 Summary
 In summary, the currently selected project option and alternative is the most optimal, which allows the project to be successfully implemented in relative safety and at reasonable costs. Thus, this is highly recommended for implementation. 24 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report CHAPTER SIX ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 6.1 Overview The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the NEWMAP rehabilitation of Ewu gully erosion site identifies the procedures, methods and measures that will be used to mitigate, control and minimize the environmental and social impacts of the construction and operation project activities associated with the project. The ESMP is a project management strategy designed to ensure that all the impact mitigation measures recommended for implementation in the NEWMAP gully rehabilitation project are effectively implemented and complied with during the construction and operation phases of the project. The primary goal is to assure that all the identified environmental and social project impacts of the NEWMAP gully erosion rehabilitation project activities are actually mitigated, minimized, avoided or eliminated. This chapter presents the specific objectives the ESMP shall achieve, the mitigation measures recommended to address the adverse project impacts, the institutional responsibilities and accountabilities, the capacity building requirements, the mechanism for resolving community conflicts and disagreements related to the project in line with the ESMF, RPF, RAP, and Project Implementation Manual, the Environmental Monitoring Plan indicating the suitable monitoring indicators for the project and the costs of implementation of the ESMP. In order for the ESMP to address the environmental and social issues that would arise from the implementation of the civil engineering works and gully erosion control infrastructure development, this ESMP shall achieve the following specific objectives:  Ensure that all social and environmental considerations that assure compliance with sustainable development tenets are incorporated at all phases of the gully erosion intervention project;  Proactively initiate strategies to identify any sign of environmental stress, deterioration or degradation within the Ewu watershed arising from the gully erosion site rehabilitation civil engineering works by scientific investigation of 1 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report specific environmental monitoring parameters and comparing them to established background values stipulated by regulatory agencies;  Provide assurance that the environmental impact mitigation measures recommended for implementation during the project phases are adequate for effective amelioration of the project impacts and indicate whether the respective impact monitoring parameters investigated are within the stipulated environmental limits of regulatory agencies;  Provide early warning of environmental damage so that actions may be taken during the implementation of the NEWMAP intervention project to reduce such harmful impacts;  Ensure that regulatory standards for pollutants are not exceeded;  Assure adequate stakeholder engagement and consultation in the implementation of the NEWMAP gully erosion rehabilitation project;  Verify the compliance of the project Contractors and NEWMAP Edo SPMU with regulatory requirements and the Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan proposed in this ESMP;  Establish and explicitly indicate the roles and responsibilities of all pertinent stakeholders in the implementation of the proposed Edo State NEWMAP ESMP at Ewu gully watersheds;  Establish the required reporting procedures, the appropriate line of communication of complaints and for managing and monitoring the environmental and social concerns of the gully erosion rehabilitation intervention project;  Ensure that all the impact mitigation measures recommended for the NEWMPA gully erosion site rehabilitation intervention project works are effectively implemented;  Ensure that all project contractors and relevant stakeholders comply with the recommended impact mitigation measures in the proposed ESMP and other relevant regulatory requirements; 2 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report  Determine the training, capacity building and technical assistance needed to successfully implement the provisions of the Ewu, Edo State NEWMAP ESMP;  Verify NEWMAP’s compliance with the recommended Environmental and Social Management Plan; and  Estimate the cost and budget for the implementation of the Ewu, Edo State NEWMAP gully erosion rehabilitation project. 6.2 Mitigation Measures for the Identified Impacts Mitigation measures are options that can be used to either completely eliminate or minimize identified significant negative impacts of a development project to levels that can be acceptable. The traditional approach to design and operations is to ensure compliance with the applicable safety codes and standards during design. However, compliance with regulations, codes and standards may not be sufficient to achieve an appropriate level of Health Safety and Environmental (HSE) performance in design. Design codes are generic and applicable to facilities in a number of geographical areas that face a wide range of technical challenges unique, to the project. The design of the proposed project is based on the strictest of international codes and best practices. The mitigation measures discussed here are therefore designed to reduce, avoid or eliminate the negative project impacts to acceptable levels and as much as possible enhance the positive project impacts. The usual practice is to ensure the implementation of these measures as part of the overall operational plans and procedures that will be used by the Edo State Project Management Unit of NEWMAP and its Contractors. For ease of comprehension, the mitigation measures are presented in relation to specific impacts expected to be caused by specific project activities. The mitigation measures outlined in Table 6.1 constitute the impact mitigation measures the Project Contractor will comply with and implement under the supervision and monitoring of NEWMAP Edo State Project Management Unit (SPMU) and the Federal Ministry of Environment. 3 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Table 6.1: Mitigation measures recommended for the Potential and associated impacts of Ewu Gully Erosion site rehabilitation Project IMPACT PROJECT PROJECT ACTIVITY PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES ID PHASE 1 Pre-Construction: General clearing and preparation of Increased employment opportunities The Contractor shall: project site for gully erosion site for the local communities  Utilize available workforce from the rehabilitation and construction works communities Interference with day-to-day Edo State Government shall: community activities resulting in  Consult regularly with the conflicts and complaints communities (i.e. before, during and after site clearance)  Demarcate boundaries of acquired location. 2 Pre-Construction Land Acquisition and demolition of Conflict over loss of land and Edo State Government shall: existing buildings resettlement benefits if payment is  Consult regularly with the restricted to owners of buildings to be communities (i.e. before, during demolished for the construction of the and after site clearance) diversion culvert  Carry out adequate enumeration of project affected people, property and economic trees within the land area to be acquired for the project Conflict between the NEWMAP Edo State Government shall: project and the resident community  Develop a sound implementable over relocation benefits due to those Resettlement Action Plan for the families whose buildings, land, and Ewu project lives of loved ones were lost to the  Ensure that adequate gully erosion at Ewu compensation shall be paid to project affected people in consultation with various stakeholders to avoid conflicts that may arise if payments are made to wrong claimants. 6-4 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report IMPACT PROJECT PROJECT ACTIVITY PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES ID PHASE 3 Pre-Construction Disruption and encroachment into Conflict over loss of agricultural lands  Consult extensively with the agricultural lands in close proximity to due to gully erosion rehabilitation civil communities on land acquisition the gully erosion works downstream of the gully head and payment of relocation benefits in Ewu Develop a sound implementable community Resettlement Action Plan for the Ewu Erosion Gully site project  EDO State government shall reach agreement with regard to ways and means of resettlement of any forced displacement and relocation of any existing land use and ownership on the proposed land take and respect those commitments; Edo State Government shall negotiate, if necessary, for the acquisition of land or the right of passage and provide for adequate compensation; 4 Pre-Construction Physical presence of construction Contamination of soil and Site Engineer (SE) ensure that: workers on the Ewu Gully erosion downstream water resources of the  Contractors provide adequate intervention project site and environ project area from indiscriminate sanitary facilities for their site disposal of untreated sewage workers;  Open air defecation is sternly discouraged among the project workers 5 Pre-Construction Contractor’s site preparation Increased employment opportunities SE ensure that Contractors operations for the local communities  Utilize available workforce from the communities 6-5 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report IMPACT PROJECT PROJECT ACTIVITY PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES ID PHASE 6 Pre-Construction: Transportation of equipment, materials Ambient air quality deterioration from SE shall ensure the: and workers to the project site airborne dust particulates, fugitive emissions, exhaust of  Use of equipment with high equipment/automobiles combustion efficiency for the project activities  Use of dust suppressants on the project site Noise and vibration from vehicular SE shall: movement  Ensure that Contractors provide Ear protective devices to the project workers at the site clearing stage;  Ensure the use of the ear protective devices at site by project workers and visitors;  Ensure that Contractors Install acoustic mufflers on large equipment where necessary to limit noise levels at fence line 6-6 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report IMPACT PROJECT PROJECT ACTIVITY PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES ID PHASE Traffic congestion and increased risk SE and Contractors shall: of occurrence of traffic accidents and  Avoid impeding traffic and traffic injuries disruption around the project site by:  Adjusting work schedules not to disturb traffic;  Establishing an adequate system of road signs and detour;  Notifying communities of pending work scope, duration and location  Avoid blocking public access roads;  Complying with road bearing capacity and repairing damage caused to roads during and at the end of the work;  Circumventing access roads to gathering places in Ewu and neighbouring communities 7 Construction Construction of sheds, equipment lay Increase in ambient noise levels and SE shall ensure that: down areas, temporary office and vibration  Ear protective device is provided to sanitary facilities etc. workers at the site clearing stage;  Use of the protective devices provided is enforced  Install acoustic mufflers on large equipment where necessary to limit noise levels at fence line 8 Construction Construction of drainage conduits Increase in employment opportunities SE shall ensure that: upstream of the gully head and other and engagement of  Utilization of available workforce in associated road drainage infrastructure community labour the communities is ensured 6-7 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report IMPACT PROJECT PROJECT ACTIVITY PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES ID PHASE Social and cultural structure  SE and interference and complaints; Contractors shall obtain all necessary authorizations and permits prior to the execution of the work through consultation with relevant authorities Marginal increase in population within  SE and Contractors shall develop and the settlements in close proximity to provide a work schedule that will the project site will lead to an avoid disturbing the traditional and increase in negative vices such as religious life of communities; prostitution (commercial sex work) and crime which would affect social and cultural systems through a negative value system; Conflicts between the project and the SE and Contractors shall: community as well as the pressure of  Establish a communication the influx of potential job seekers into program to inform communities of the project area and associated risks; ongoing work and establish appropriate measures to minimize the disturbance caused by the work;  Implement the Influx Management Plan to address all socio-cultural issues, especially the preservation of social and cultural structures of the local communities;  Periodically conduct STD and HIV/AIDs and general safe sex awareness campaigns as control measure for the transmission of the disease;  Regularly distribute HIV/AIDS awareness communication 6-8 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report IMPACT PROJECT PROJECT ACTIVITY PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES ID PHASE materials;  Implement labour hiring programs away from construction sites to reduce the presence of “camp followers”, prostitutes, drug dealers/users and other potential HIV/AIDS carriers. 6-9 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report New wealth among the youth would  SE and threaten the existing authority Contractors shall ensure that a structure; percentage and certain category of jobs are reserved for the female gender in the resident communities;  SE and Contractors shall arrange initial contact with local contractors to maximize opportunities for local procurement  SE and Contractors shall carry out extensive consultation with community leadership on the projects. The extent of consultation shall be determined by the complexity and the severity of the identified project impacts;  Establish working relationships between SE, contractors, private security, surrounding communities, and local law enforcement agency to quickly disburse unauthorized personnel from work locations, camp sites if any, and surrounding communities;  SE and Contractors shall guarantee access to private property and safety of residents and passer-by during the IMPACT PROJECT PROJECT ACTIVITY PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES ID PHASE course of work by enacting the appropriate measures 6-10 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report 9 Transportation of equipment, materials Accidental release of fuels, oils, SE shall: and worker to project site chemicals, hazardous materials etc.,  Establish appropriate protocols for to ground in the construction laydown materials delivery and handling to area during delivery of materials and ensure there are no spills; equipment to project site  Ensure that the contractor HSE plan addresses the prevention and containment of oil spills, chemicals and hazardous materials releases during all phases of the project;  Ensure that storage and handling of hazardous materials are in accordance with approved hazardous materials management plan  Maintain transportation vehicles, heavy civil engineering machinery and construction equipment in good working order so as to avoid exhaust emissions as well as oil and fuel leaks  Any oil/chemical spill should be reported to FMEnv and Edo State Environmental Protection Agency 10 Construction Construction of 2.5m by 1.5m gully Conflict over loss of land and  Consult regularly with the communities bypass closed box diversion drainage resettlement benefits for demolition of (i.e. before, during and culverts two existing buildings obstructing the after site clearance construction of the diversion culvert Conflict between contractor  Develop a sound implementable personnel and the resident Resettlement Action Plan for the community over relocation benefits Ewu NEWMAP project due to those families whose buildings, land, and lives of loved ones were lost to the gully erosion at Ewu Esan. Disruption of community activities  NEWMAP-Edo SPMU and 6-11 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report IMPACT PROJECT PROJECT ACTIVITY PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES ID PHASE and movement around the gully head Contractors shall obtain all necessary authorizations and permits prior to the execution of the work through consultation with relevant authorities;  SE Project Management Unit (SPMU) and Contractors shall develop and provide a work schedule that will avoid disturbing the traditional and religious life of communities;  SE and Contractors shall establish a communication program to inform communities of ongoing work and establish appropriate measures to minimize the disturbance caused by the work 11 Construction Construction of Baffle Chute to the Risk of chute failure by flow SE shall ensure that: bottom of the gully undermining gully head, overtopping  Specialist is engaged to supervise or bypassing. The failure occurs the construction of the Chute to when storm runoff fails to enter the avoid the potential by undermining, baffle chute properly especially when overtopping or bypassing the runoff leaks and flow bypassing occur at the chute entrance Occurrence of risks associated with SE shall ensure that: large storm events that exceeds the  Capacity of the Chute to handle the design capacity of the Chute conveyance of a large runoff event that exceeds storms of 1 in 50 years recurrence interval shall be assessed 6-12 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Loss of fertile top soil for infertile SE shall ensure that: subsurface soil that would not  During the construction of Chutes, enhance vegetation establishment topsoil shall be removed and stockpiled before shaping the gully Head. On completion, the topsoil shall be spread to a depth of 150mm over the face and sides of the chute Risk of loss of life and damage of the SE shall ensure that: proposed gully drainage  Chute shall be constructed on firm infrastructure excavated soil rather than on the fill  Storm water leaving the chute and outlet structure flows freely without causing undesirable ponding or scour 12 Construction Construction of Stilling Basin Loss of agricultural lands and SE shall ensure that: increase in the exposure of erodible  Staged earthworks approach shall be soil adopted by working in staged sections to ensure no more than a specified area of soil is disturbed or exposed at any point in time Loss of valuable topsoil that the could  Non-dispersive topsoil shall be be used for seeding vegetation stockpiled to be used as final cover soil after the gully head has been filled to encourage vegetation growth and establishment 6-13 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Workers exposure to risk of falls into  Gully remediation intervention shall excavated pit and occurrence of be performed during the dry accident or injuries season when there is no flow of storm water from the catchment area above the gully head;  SE shall ensure that excavation and fill operations are conducted in compliance with all HSE measures in manners that do not endanger lives and properties. Risk of stilling basin failure and  SE shall ensure the stilling occurrence of flooding, overtopping basin is designed to the correct resulting in stilling basing sweep out capacity to handle the intended and downstream channel erosion purpose in the management of a 1 in 50 years storm flows 6-14 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report 13 Construction Filling and reclamation of the gully head Occurrence of accident and safety risk SE shall: incidents  Undertake all earthmoving activities in steep sided gullies where undercut has occurred with great care, observance of safety measures and use of appropriate PPE  Develop and ensure implementation of HSE Plan  Use earthmoving equipment with strict adherence to all recommended safety procedures  All construction equipment, earthmovers and demolition equipment shall be located, guarded, shielded to prevent contact with the public  Stockpile non-dispersive topsoil to be used as final cover soil after the gully head has been filled to encourage vegetation growth and establishment 14 Waste handling and disposal SE shall:  Ensure adequate sanitary facilities are provided during the construction and operation phases of the project;  Ensure that good housekeeping is maintained on the project site and all areas used;  Ensure that all areas of the project 6-15 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report site used by the public is properly maintained and are free from debris, solid waste litter, equipment, materials;  Ensure that Solid waste management is addressed in Contractor’s HSE Plan; and  Ensure that the Contractor develops and implements a Solid Waste Management Plan approved by FMEnv in compliance with appropriate World Bank Safeguard Policies Increase in turbidity and sediment SE shall: load in downstream receiving water  Ensure that storm water flows from bodies upstream catchment of the gully head are safely diverted away from the gully head; and  Ensure that the Ewu gully rehabilitation project is carried out during the dry season to prevent mobilization of sediment into downstream receiving water bodies 15 Construction Reshaping of the gully channel by Increase in the amount of disturbed SE shall: cutting earth from gully side slopes to areas created by earthmovers used  Ensure that storm water flows have fill the gully channel floor in reshaping the gully side slopes been completely diverted above the gully head before this project activity Contamination of downstream SE shall receiving water bodies by fertilizers,  If necessary, authorize the use of and pesticides as well as creation of selective herbicides with caution and excessive bare soils by herbicides if precision to avoid excessive creation used for the establishment of the of large areas of bare soil and only recommended plant species seeded use herbicide selected by a specialist to control soil erosion to maintain the desired plant species Exacerbated gully erosion channel SE shall ensure that: bed undermined and washing away  The shaping of the gully walls is 6-16 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report IMPACT PROJECT PROJECT ACTIVITY PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES ID PHASE of fill materials resulting in increased carried out only in the dry season sediment load in receiving water after the gully head has been bodies downstream established with a structure such as a Chute to prevent washing away of the fill material Increase in the amount of disturbed Risk of erosion of exposed gully side SE shall ensure that Contractors: areas created by earthmovers used in slopes and erosion of ground area  Stabilize cut and fill slopes with reshaping the gully side slopes above the gully channel divide vegetative contour or anchored rock;  Develop nurseries for the recommended plant species to serve as sustainable plant source for gully erosion side slope stabilization throughout the life span of the infrastructure Loss of fertile top soil that could be SE shall ensure that Contractors: used for seeding vegetation  Stockpile non-dispersive topsoil with its leaf litter and organic matter, and use as final cover soil after the gully head has been filled to encourage vegetation growth and establishment 6-17 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Occurrence of bank erosion along SE shall: reshaped gully channel slopes  Ensure that Contractors carry out placement and anchorage of the earth materials cut from the gully sides properly;  Ensure that the soil materials used to fill the gully bed are well compacted in dry no flow conditions;  Ensure that Contractors Plant or seed the recommended plant species in close growing positions immediately after placement of gully fill materials to serve as vegetative IMPACT PROJECT PHASE PROJECT ACTIVITY PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES ID buffer strips to reduce the erosion of soil particles;  Ensure that Contractors Perform the entire civil work of reshaping the gully sides/banks and the filling of the channel bed and gully head as one operation 16 Construction Placement of Gabion Drop Disturbance of unnecessary large SE shall ensure that Contractors: Structures in gully channel to land areas for transportation of  Disturb as little ground area as reduce longitudinal gradient to materials and heavy earthmovers possible and stabilize 0.05% disturbed areas immediately to ensure soil loss is prevented from such locations 6-18 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report IMPACT PROJECT PHASE PROJECT ACTIVITY PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES ID 17 Construction Erosion protection of gully Loss of fertile top soil which could be SE shall ensure that Contractors: banks by cutting and sloping used for seeding vegetation  Conserve topsoil with leaf litter the sides of the gully bank to a and organic materials in 1:2 gradient stockpiles and use this material as cover soil in the filled gully head and the stabilized bank slopes of the channel to promote the growth of local native vegetation Risk of occurrence of accident or SE shall: injury  Ensure that the Ewu gully erosion rehabilitation project is carried out before the rainy season; Ensure that Contractors Plant the appropriate vegetation along the edge of the top of the edge of the top of the slope to serve as a protective buffer for the slope faces. The greenbelt would serve provide a buffer between the slop face and resident structures in residential areas 18 Construction Reconstruction of damaged Ambient air quality deterioration from SE shall ensure that Contractors: road airborne dust particulates, fugitive  Use equipment with high emissions, exhaust of combustion efficiency. equipment/automobiles  Use dust suppressants on the project site 6-19 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report IMPACT PROJECT PHASE PROJECT ACTIVITY PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES ID Noise and vibration from vehicular SE shall ensure that Contractors: movement  Provide Ear protective device to project workers at the site clearing stage;  Install acoustic mufflers on large equipment where necessary to limit noise levels at fence line 19 Construction Reshaping the gully and Water quality deterioration SE shall ensure that: installation of erosion  Gully reshaping and drainage protection facilities to enable infrastructure installations are safe conveyance of storm done during dry season water downstream of gully  Appropriate sediment control head measures and devices are used by the Contractors to prevent the mobilization of sediment in suspended solids into downstream water bodies Risk of hearing impairment from SE shall ensure that: increased noise and vibrations  Contractors provide Ear protective devices to project workers at the site clearing stage;  Contractors Install acoustic mufflers on large equipment where necessary to limit noise levels at fence line Loss of wildlife SE shall ensure that Contractors:  Establish a consistent route for 6-20 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report IMPACT PROJECT PHASE PROJECT ACTIVITY PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES ID construction equipment and materials to access the gully rehabilitation site and ensure adjoining areas are left undisturbed to provide opportunity for wildlife to migrate to unaffected areas; Loss of valuable topsoil that could be SE shall ensure that Contractors: used for seeding vegetation  Remove topsoil and store upstream within close proximity to the gully head in stockpiles out of reach of any form of channel flows;  Stockpile non-dispersive topsoil to be used as final cover soil after the gully head has been filled to encourage vegetation growth and establishment 20 Construction Transportation of heavy Ambient air quality deterioration from SE shall ensure that Contractors: equipment, construction airborne dust particulates, fugitive  Use equipment with high materials and workers to the emissions, exhaust of combustion efficiency. project site equipment/automobiles  Use dust suppressants on the project site Noise and vibration from vehicular SE shall ensure that Contractors: movement  Provide Ear protective device to workers at the site clearing stage;  Install acoustic mufflers on large equipment where necessary to limit noise levels at fence line 6-21 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report IMPACT PROJECT PHASE PROJECT ACTIVITY PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES ID Traffic congestion and increased risk SE and Contractors shall avoid of occurrence of traffic accidents and impeding traffic and traffic injuries disruption around the project site by:  Adjusting work schedules so as not to disturb traffic;  Establishing an adequate system of road signs and detour;  Notifying communities of pending work scope, duration and location  Avoid blocking public access roads;  Using road signs to notify work in progress;  Complying with road bearing capacity and repairing damage caused to roads during and at the end of the work;  Circumventing access roads to gathering places in Ewu and neighbouring communities 6-22 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report IMPACT PROJECT PHASE PROJECT ACTIVITY PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES ID Accidental release of fuels, oils, SE shall ensure that Contractors: chemicals, hazardous materials etc.,  Establish appropriate to ground in the construction protocols for materials laydown area during delivery of delivery and handling to materials to project site ensure there are no spills;  Develop HSE plan to address prevention and containment of oil spills, chemicals and hazardous materials releases during all phases of the project;  Store and handle hazardous materials according to approved hazardous materials management plan  Ensure that all high risk areas that are potential sources of release of chemical contaminants such as: fuel and chemical storage areas; refueling areas; material stockpile areas; vehicle and equipment washing areas are located away from the gully erosion channel;  Situate fuel, oils and chemicals storage facilities on an impervious 6-23 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report IMPACT PROJECT PHASE PROJECT ACTIVITY PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES ID base within a bund capable to contain at least 110% of the volume stored,  Maintain transportation vehicles and machinery in good working order so as to avoid exhaust emissions as well as oil and fuel leaks  Report any oil/chemical spill to FMEnv and Edo State Ministry of Environment 21 Operation Utilization of the rehabilitated Risk of failure of the gully erosion SE shall: gully site and installed storm installed drainage infrastructure to  Ensure that the design basis water drainage infrastructure safely route storms of 1 in 50 years and specifications of the proposed Edo State NEWMAP gully erosion rehabilitation project is accurately followed and achieved during the construction implementation Risks from debris and sediment SE shall ensure that Contractors: accumulation in the drainage  Develop and implement on a channels in upstream catchment regular basis, a systematic area of the gully head, Diversion Ewu Esan Central Gully Culvert, Baffle Chute, Gabion Drop Erosion Channel and Structures and Stilling Basin Drainage Infrastructure resulting in performance failure of the Management Plan to remove drainage infrastructure sediments, debris, solid waste materials and aquatic plants from the channel, prevent the incidence of undercutting and scouring of the drainage infrastructure 6-24 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report IMPACT PROJECT PHASE PROJECT ACTIVITY PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES ID Risk of undermining and occurrence SE shall ensure that: of scouring in the Baffle Chute could  Scouring of the infrastructure result in deteriorating performance of and accumulation of the structure sediment, litter and vegetation in drainage infrastructure are some of the factors that can cause under- functioning of the infrastructure. To effectively and regularly monitor the operation and functionality of the gully erosion control devices by a dedicated Contractor Representative in collaboration with a Project Manager/Site Engineer from Edo State Project Monitoring Unit, a five-year maintenance contract should be added to the contractor’s existing contract 22 Operation Maintenance of the gully Risk of failure of the gully Site Engineer shall ensure that drainage infrastructure intervention from poor maintenance Contractors: of the drainage infrastructure to  Develop and implement on a achieve the desired project regular basis, a systematic objectives such as (Creation of new Ewu Esan Central Gully gullies within the channel; breeding Erosion Channel and of vectors in the settling basin, Drainage Infrastructure undermining of the drainage Management Plan to remove infrastructure and scouring sediments, debris, solid of the drainage structure, etc.) waste materials and aquatic plants from the channel, 6-25 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report IMPACT PROJECT PHASE PROJECT ACTIVITY PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES ID prevent the incidence of undercutting and scouring of the drainage infrastructure  Conduct site inspection and monitoring as follows:  Inspect erosion and sediment control devices installed at Ewu golly erosion intervention site within 24 hours of every rainfall or storm event; The erosion, sediment and drainage control devices inspection should be by a person qualified and certified to perform this role. He could be a project manage, site supervisor, or engineer working in Edo State SPIM unit of NEWMAP.  The Ewu gully erosion control infrastructure inspection and monitoring to: Ensure that the Ewu Gully Erosion Channel and Drainage Infrastructure Management Plan is appropriate for the gully erosion site and 6-26 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report IMPACT PROJECT PHASE PROJECT ACTIVITY PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES ID is being implemented efficiently;  Ensure the erosion - sediment control and drainage infrastructure are properly maintained Disruption of the side slopes during Site Engineer shall: routine maintenance of the gully channels Ensure special precautions are taken by Contractors when using backhoe to remove aquatic plants or sediment from the channel during maintenance. Ensure that the earthmover with vented slotted or cross-drilled bucket that allow water to seep out is used for maintenance operations. Once a bucketful of sediment or aquatic vegetation is picked up, the bucket should be raised to allow most of the water to drain out over the gully channel or stilling basin. Then the earthmover\s boom should be swung far from the gully channel bank so that water remaining in the spoil removed will flow away from the gully channel to prevent the erosion of the banks. 6-27 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report IMPACT PROJECT PHASE PROJECT ACTIVITY PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES ID 23 Decommissioning Dismantling and removal of Ambient air quality deterioration from NEWMAP-Edo SPMU shall ensure civil engineering equipment airborne dust particulates, fugitive that Contractors: emissions, exhaust of  Use equipment with high equipment/automobiles combustion efficiency.  Use dust suppressants on the project site Noise and vibration from vehicular Site Engineer shall ensure that movement Contractors:  Provide Ear protective devices to project workers at the site clearing stage;  Install acoustic mufflers on large equipment where necessary to limit noise levels at fence line 24 Decommissioning Waste handling and Solid Waste generation, handling and NEWMAP-Edo SPMU shall disposal disposal ensure that:  Solid waste management is addressed in Contractor HSE Plan Poor housekeeping and Site Engineer shall environmental sanitation  Ensure the Contractor develops and implements a Solid Waste Management Plan approved by NEWMAP and FMEnv in compliance with appropriate World Bank Safeguard Policies 6-28 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report IMPACT PROJECT PHASE PROJECT ACTIVITY PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES ID 25 Decommissioning Transportation of solid waste, Traffic congestion and increased risk Site Engineer and Contractors equipment and workers out of of occurrence of traffic accidents and shall avoid impeding traffic and the project site. injuries traffic disruption around the project site by:  Adjusting work schedules so as not to disturb traffic;  Establishing an adequate system of road signs and detour;  Notifying communities of pending work scope, duration and location  Avoid blocking public access roads;  Circumventing access roads to gathering places in Ewu and neighbouring communities Ambient air quality deterioration from Site Engineer shall airborne dust particulates, fugitive emissions, exhaust of  Ensure that Contractors Use equipment/automobiles equipment with high combustion efficiency.  Ensure Contractors Use dust suppressants on the project site Noise and vibration from vehicular Site Engineer shall ensure that movement  Contractors provide Ear protective device to workers at the site clearing stage;  Contractors Install acoustic mufflers on large equipment where necessary to limit noise levels at fence line 6-29 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report 6.3 Institutional Arrangement and capacity for ESMP and Monitoring Plan The roles, responsibilities and institutional arrangements for the implementation of the mitigation measures and the monitoring activities outlined in the Ewu NEWMAP ESMP are presented in this section. NEWMAP involves many Federal and State Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs), Local Governments, Communities and Civil Societies. These in addition to the private sector and independent Consultants constitute the stakeholders. Effective implementation of the NEWMAP intervention project requires the participation of inter-ministerial and inter-State coordination, collaboration, and information sharing. The MDAs responsible for planning, the economy and finance, works, water resources, agriculture, power, transportation, forestry, emergency response, climate and meteorology, hydrological information and river basin development all have roles and responsibilities in the NEWMAP intervention. It is imperative that all stakeholders involved in the implementation of the NEWMAP intervention projects to explicitly understand their roles and responsibilities. Edo State NEWMAP finances the Ewu gully erosion site rehabilitation while Edo State Government is primarily responsible for land management and land allocations requirement of the project. The Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) is the lead implementing Agency for NEWMAP. The Federal Project Management Unit (FPMU) headed by a Federal Project Coordinator hosted by FMEnv is responsible for the overall coordination of NEWMAP interventions at the national level. The Edo State Project Management Unit (Edo SPMU) headed by the State Project Coordinator hosted by the Edo State Ministry of Environment and Public Utility is responsible for coordinating activities of the Ewu gully erosion NEWMAP intervention project and the required implementation of the proposed ESMP. Environmental Officers are provided for the NEWMAP intervention from both the Federal and State Coordinating Units with responsibility for mainstreaming environmental issues into the NEWMAP project interventions. Edo State Environmental Officer is responsible for coordinating the implementation of the Ewu gully erosion site ESMP on behalf of the State Project Coordinator. At the community level, an Ewu Gully Erosion Site Monitoring Committee 6-30 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report will be established to participate on ensuring full compliance with all cooperative alliances during the implementation of the gully rehabilitation construction works project activities. An explicit understanding of the roles and responsibilities of all stakeholders and the establishment of sound institutional arrangements is highly essential for the implementation of the proposed Ewu NEWMAP ESMP. The execution of the environmental and social safeguard measures recommended requires the involvement of relevant Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) at Federal and State administrative levels, public and private sectors, Community Associations and Community Based Organizations (CBOs), community based committees, and the Development Partners (World Bank). The specific institutional arrangements, the roles and responsibilities of the stakeholders involved in the implementation of the ESMP during the pre-construction, construction, and operation and maintenance project phases are presented as follows. Pre-Construction Phase The stakeholders with roles in the implementation of the ESMP during the preconstruction phase consists of:  The Federal NEWMAP Project Monitoring Unit (PMU);  Edo State NEWMAP-PMU;  Edo State Ministries, Departments and Agencies in Environment, Water Resources Management, Information, Health, Lands, Finance, Physical Planning and Urban Development; Agriculture,  Community Based Organizations in Ewu;  Ewu Gully Erosion Site Committee and   The World Bank.  The Global Environment Facility and  The Special Climate Change Fund 6-31 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Roles of Agencies and Stakeholders Involved in the ESMP Implementation Monitoring of the implementation of the ESMP during the pre-construction phase:  Site Engineer;  Federal Ministry of Environment  Edo State Ministry of Environment  Edo State Ministry of Health Implementation and Reporting of the ESMP:  The Construction Contractor (Service Provider/Contractor) Pre-construction Community Engagement and Consultation Meetings:  Ewu Gully Erosion Site Committee;  Community Associations in Ewu;  Ewu Based Community Based Associations. and  Concerned members of the Ewu Community in the area Liaising with NEWMAP-PMU and Edo SPMU on issues raised during the Community Engagement and Consultation in order to satisfy international safeguard policies of the World Bank shall be the sole responsibility of:  The Construction Contractor and  The Independent Environmental Consultant Communication of the concerns of the resident communities to the appropriate Edo State Ministries and their respective Departments and Agencies (MDAs) for prompt actions on the issues raised shall be the sole responsibility of:  Edo State Project Monitoring Unit (Edo SPMU) Responsibility for Reporting and Follow-Up Submission of Community Meetings held at the local level on the project to Edo NEWMAP SPMU shall be the sole responsibility of the appointed Secretary of the following community groups: 6-32 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report  Ewu Gully Erosion Site Committee;  Community Associations in Ewu;  Ewu Based Community Based Associations, and   Concerned members of the Ewu Community in the area The Community Secretary shall perform all follow-up actions to ensure feedback, prompt reporting and sound follow-up mechanisms are in place for the issues raised and monitor their implementation. Issues raised shall be forwarded with the recommendations of Edo State NEWMAP based on the outcome of their review of the comments raised within the scope of the project and compliance with the World Bank requirements to Federal NEMAP-PMU and the World Bank. The Construction Contractor shall ensure that the comments are promptly implemented as agreed with the communities and feedback should be communicated to Edo State NEWMAP-PMU. This cycle of community engagement/consultation – reporting – feedback – follow-ups – response mechanism actions shall continue until the completion of the pre-construction phase of the proposed Ewu NEWMAP intervention. Construction Phase Stakeholders responsible for ESMP implementation during the Construction Phase are:  The Independent Environmental Consulting Firm;  The Construction Contractor and any other relevant Service Provider Contractor;  Edo State NEWMAP-PMU;  Federal NEWMAP-PMU;  Edo State Ministries, Departments, and Agencies (Works and Infrastructure, Environment, Water Resources, Health, Agriculture and Forestry, and Physical Planning and Urban Development)  Environmental Officers of Federal NEWMAP-PMU;  Environmental Officers of Edo State NEWMAP-PMU;  Federal Ministry of Environment  NESREA; 6-33 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report  World Bank. Roles of the stakeholders during the Construction Phase implementation of the ESMP is as follows: NEWMAP Edo State Project Management Unit’s (SPMU) Environmental and Safeguard Officer Responsible for the provision of feedbacks to the Project Coordinate of Edo SPMU on the implementation of the ESMP and other environmental issues. He shall be responsible for carrying out the supervision, control and monitoring of the implementation of the ESMP and the NEWMAP gully erosion intervention project. The Edo NEWMAP SPMU Environmental Officer shall perform daily inspection of the gully erosion rehabilitation intervention works and monitor the implementation of the ESMP. Independent Environmental Consultancy Firm’s Environmental Supervisor and Safeguard Specialist (Site Engineer) The sole responsibility for the implementation of the ESMP during the Construction Phase shall be vested upon the appointed contractor. However, the NEWMAP Edo SPMU will also appoint an independent environmental consultant to carry out periodic compliance monitoring activities. Construction Contractors’ Environmental Safeguards Officer The Contractor shall appoint an Environmental Safeguards officer who will be present on site weekly to ensure the implementation of the ESMP during the construction phase. The Environmental Safeguards Officer shall be responsible for:  monitoring and reporting on weekly basis to Edo State NEWMAP-PMU the ESMP implementation activities being carried out on site;  provision of adequate support, information and logistics requirements for the independent environmental consultant, who will be appointed to undertake periodic compliance monitoring around the site.  regular supervision and reporting of the ESMP implementation to Edo State PMU 6-34 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Edo State MDAs Edo State MDAs, especially the Ministries of Environment, Works and Infrastructure, Health, Agriculture and Forestry should monitor the ESMP implementation to ensure that the internal mechanisms, policies, established laws of the State are complied with in the Ewu gully erosion site rehabilitation works. The MDAs shall carry out periodic site visits with the representatives of Federal NEWMAP SPMU and Edo State NEWMAP SPMU during the construction phase implementation of the ESMP. The report of their findings should be submitted to the World Bank. Federal Ministry of Environment, NESREA and Edo State Ministry of Environment Environmental Officers from Federal Ministry of Environment and NESREA as well as Officials of Federal NEWMAP shall periodically visit the project site to observe the level of implementation of the ESMP and the compliance of the Construction Contractors with the recommended mitigation measures. Reporting and Follow-Up during the Construction Phase The responsibility for ESMP reporting belongs to the independent Environmental Consulting Firm’s representative (Environmental Supervisor / Safeguard Specialist) who shall prepare weekly Environmental Compliance Monitoring Reports and Quarterly Environmental Impact Monitoring (Environmental Auditing) Reports for submission to Edo State NEWMAP-PMU Project Coordinator for review, comments, observations, recommendations and approval. Thereafter the review of the ESMP implementation documentations, the Edo State NEWMAP-PMU will send feedback to the Site Engineer and the Construction Contractor Environmental Officer when urgent action is required in cases on non-compliance to mitigation measures or there was an occurrence of spillage of hazardous chemicals or petrochemical spillage or any other safety incidence. The Environmental Supervisor from the independent Environmental Consultancy Firm and the Construction Contractor’s Environmental Officer shall be responsible for checking 6-35 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report and reporting on the implementation of all follow-up actions during the construction phase. Furthermore, the Construction Contractor’s Environmental Officer and the Site Engineer shall submit monthly reports on the implementation of the ESMP to Edo State NEWMAP-PMU Project Coordinator. The Edo State NEWMAP-PMU’s Environmental Officer shall advise the SPMU Project Coordinator after thorough review of the ESMP Report. In the advent of any non-compliance or discrepancy on any environmental or social issue, the Edo SPMU Project Coordinator shall convene a Project Environmental Management (PEM) meeting to discuss the way forward on the issue. Operation and Maintenance Phase The responsibility for the implementation recommendations of the ESMP during the operation and maintenance phase of the Ewu gully erosion site drainage infrastructure belongs to the relevant Edo State MDAs such as the Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Water Resources, Ministry of Physical Planning and Urban Development. These MDAs of Edo State shall work in collaboration on behalf of Edo State Government to ensure relevant Project Officers are transferred to the Edo State NEWMAP Office to supervise the operations, daily inspection and monitoring the operations of the drainage infrastructure and maintenance works during the operation phase. Edo State NEWMAP SPMU framework will have to be transferred to the Edo State Government composed of government officials and professionals that will handle the day-to-day operations of the gully erosion site infrastructure, maintenance operations and implementation of the requirements of the ESMP at the operation and maintenance phase. Key MDAs in Edo State Government During the operation and maintenance phase, the major ministries the Edo State NEEWMAP will absorb include:  Edo State Ministry of Environment; 6-36 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report  Edo State Ministry of Water Resources;  Ministry of Works and Infrastructure  Edo State Ministry of Transportation  Edo State Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry  NIMET  NEMA  Nigerian Police;  Ministry of Health and  The Ewu Esan Central Local Government Administrative Council Roles of the Relevant MDAs The roles of the respective ministries and their professionals / specialists in the operation and maintenance of the Ewu Gully Erosion site drainage infrastructure are as follows:  Edo State Ministry of Health and their relevant departments and agencies should carry out regular site visits to the rehabilitated gully erosion site and channel to check and confirm that the operation and maintenance of the infrastructure is adequate and does not constitute any threat to public health.  The Ministry of Environment should conduct regular inspection to the gully erosion infrastructure to ensure its functionality, the adequacy of its maintenance, the status quo of the different storm water drainage infrastructure to ensure there is no form of performance failure and to ensure prompt remedial actions is taken in case of any occurrence of performance failure.  Edo State Ministry of Transportation shall be responsible for checking the status of vehicular traffic and road transportation in the area to ensure safety and ensure adequate road detours and signs are in place to protect vehicular accidents around the gully erosion channel.  Edo State Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry shall conduct periodic inspections to ensure compliance with Watershed Management Plans for the establishment 6-37 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report of vegetation cover in the upstream watershed areas of the gully head and the channel stabilization downstream of the gully head.  Nigerian Police shall ensure that crime and criminal activities are monitored and minimized as much as possible to prevent the association of such activities with the operation of the gully erosion infrastructure;  NEMA shall be responsible for all emergency response requirements in case of any incidence of performance failure in advent of the arrival of flood greater than the anticipated 1 in 50 year recurrence interval.  NIMET shall be responsible for provision of climatic alerts on the occurrence of heavy rainfall events during the operation phase of the rehabilitated gully erosion site. Responsibility for the Implementation of the ESMP at the Local Level The responsibilities of the local government in the implementation of the ESMP during the operation and maintenance phase includes:  Provision of oversight function across the LGAs for ESMP compliance  Participate in awareness campaign for the effective operation of the Ewu gully erosion drainage infrastructure amongst the various relevant grass root interest groups to ensure people does not dump refuse and solid waste into the gully drainage channel  Organize, coordinate and ensuring safe use of volunteers in a response action, and actually identifying where these volunteers can best render services effectively and  Providing wide support assistance helpful in the effective operation of the drainage infrastructure and ensure that implementation of the operation and maintenance phase ESMP mitigation measures 6-38 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Responsibility for Financing the Implementation of the ESMP at all the Project Phases The financing of the ESMP during the pre-construction and construction phases shall be the responsibility of Federal NEWMAP under the financial previsions made available for the project in Edo State by the World Bank and the other financial institutions. However, upon the completion of the rehabilitation construction phase, during the operation and maintenance phase, the financial responsibility for ESMP financing shall be given to the Edo State Government and any assistance available from development partners on the project. The Edo NEWMAP SPMU during the operation phase shall consist of NEWMAP Staffs and relevant Edo State MDAs Government Officials. This new Edo State NEWMAP structure shall be responsible for the supervision of the operation of the infrastructure, the enforcement of all ESMP measures, monitoring of the performance of the drainage infrastructure, initiation and implementation of remedial actions, reporting and staff training as required. The details of the institutional arrangements, and the roles and responsibilities of the pertinent stakeholders in the implementation of the ESMP are as shown in Table 6.2 below. Table 6.2: Roles and responsibilities of the key stakeholders in the implementation of the ESMP S/No. KEY STAKEHOLDER RESPONSIBILITIES NEWMAP Federal Project • Overall coordination of the implementation of a multi-sectorial Management Unit NEWMAP in seven Nigerian States • Establishment of the development objectives to be achieved by the NEWMAP intervention • NEWMAP Federal Project Support Unit (FPSU) manage the coordination and provision of program support to State counterpart Agencies 6-39 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report S/No. KEY STAKEHOLDER RESPONSIBILITIES NEWMAP Edo State Project Project Coordinator of Edo SPMU is responsible for the Management Unit (SPMU) implementation of the ESMP and ensures compliance with the Project Coordinator requirements of the environmental and social impact mitigation measures. The Project Coordinator of Edo SPMU should perform the following roles and responsibilities:  Overall management of the Project Contractor and ensure compliance with recommended impact mitigation measures and the requirements of the ESMP  Liaise with FMEnv and the World Bank to coordinate the preparation and implementation of the ESMP  Enforce the integration of the recommended environmental and social impact mitigation measures and requirement for the implementation of the ESMP in the tender documents and contract award documents  Supervise and monitor the implementation of the mitigation measures in the ESMP and take adequate steps  Compilation and submission of periodic ESMP reports to the World Bank 6-40 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report S/No. KEY STAKEHOLDER RESPONSIBILITIES NEWMAP Edo State Project Management The Environmental and Safeguard Officer of Edo SPMU shall be Unit (SPMU) responsible for the provision of feedbacks to the Project Officer Environmental and SafeguardCoordinate of Edo SPMU on the implementation of the ESMP and other environmental issues. He shall be responsible for carrying out the supervision, control and monitoring of the implementation of the ESMP and the NEWMAP gully erosion intervention project. He shall also be responsible for the following  Review all Environmental Assessment and Social Assessment documents prepared by Consultants and ensure adequacy under the World Bank policies including OP4.01;  Ensure that the project design and specifications adequately conform with the recommendations of the ESMP  Coordinate application, follow up processing and obtain requisite clearances required for the project on behalf of the Contractor if required;  Develop, organize and deliver training programs for the Project Implementation Unit (PIU) staffs, the Contractors and others involved in the implementation of the NEWMAP intervention in collaboration with the Project Management Unit (PMU);  Review and approve the Contractor’s Implementation Plan for the impact mitigation measures as documented in the ESMP and any other supplementary environmental studies that may need to be carried out by the PIU;  Liaise with the Contractor on the implementation of the ESMP / RAP  Liaise with various Federal and State Government agencies on environmental, resettlement and other regulatory matters  Interact consistently with NGOs and CBOs that are involved in the project;  Establish dialogue with the resident communities in Ewu to ensure that the environmental concerns and suggestions are incorporated in the implementation of the NEWMAP gully erosion rehabilitation  Review the performance of the project through an assessment of the periodic environmental monitoring reports; provide a summary report to the Project Coordinator, and initiate follow-up actions;  Provide support and assistance to the Government Agencies and the World Bank in their efforts at supervising the implementation of the ESMP and the NEWMAP intervention Federal Ministry of • Perform the role of the lead environmental regulator Environment, EIA Department overseeing the compliance of the Contractor with the ESMP and NESREA mitigation requirements, granting consent on the ESMP implementation, supervision and monitoring of the gully erosion rehabilitation implementation; • Lead role in the provision of advice on screening, scoping, review of draft ESMP report in liaison with State Ministry of Environment; receiving comments from stakeholders, public 6-41 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report S/No. KEY STAKEHOLDER RESPONSIBILITIES hearing of the project proposals, and convening a technical decision making panel, project categorization for EA, applicable standards, environmental and social liability investigations, monitoring and evaluation process and criteria; • Provision of approval, required clearance and other environmental clearance for the ESMP in association with State Ministry of Environment • Review environmental monitoring reports • Ensure corrective actions are taken to mitigate significant environmental and social impacts • Conduct periodic site visits to investigate and verify the nature and occurrence of the identified impacts Federal Ministry of The Department of Erosion, Flood and Coastal Zone Environment, Department of Management is the implementing authority for the NEWMAP Erosion, Flood and Coastal gully erosion intervention with the following responsibilities: Zone Management Coordinate all policies, programs and actions of NEWMAP across the States in Nigeria; Ensure smooth and efficient implementation of the project’s various technical programs; Cooperate with relevant stakeholders through a Steering Committee that provides guidance on the technical aspects of all project activities of the gully erosion rehabilitation; Maintain and manage all fields effectively and efficiently for the projects Edo State Ministry of • Oversee the implementation of the ESMP, compliance with the Environment. recommended mitigation measures, at State level. • Ensure that all the project activities involved in the gully erosion site rehabilitation comply with the Edo State environmental laws and requirements • Perform regular compliance monitoring and periodic inspection of all the stages and phases of the NEWMAP intervention in Ewu gully erosion site State Government MDAs • Compliance overseer at State Level; (Ministry of Lands, Surveys • Other MDAs come in as and when relevant areas or resources and Urban Development etc.) under their jurisdiction or management are likely to be affected • Compliance overseer at State level on matters of land allocation, compensation and other resettlement issues • They participate in the EA processes and in project decision- making that helps prevent or minimize impacts and to mitigate them. These institutions could be required to issue consent or approval for an aspect of the project, allow an area to be included in a project, or allow impact to a certain extent or impose restrictions on conditions, monitoring responsibilities or supervisory oversight 6-42 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report S/No. KEY STAKEHOLDER RESPONSIBILITIES Site Manager • Ensure minimum land areas are disturbed and all land disturbance activities are conducted in accordance with relevant legislations; • Minimize on-site erosion and control sediment in accordance with the site Erosion and Sediment Control Plan; • Communicate the content of any changes made to the Site Erosion and Sediment Control Plan to all employees and Contractors; • Inspect the operations of the erosion and sediment control devices installed in the Ewu gully erosion channel and initiate repairs or maintenance as required; • Instruct employees and contractors in the purpose and operation of erosion and sediment control devices and the need to maintain them in proper working condition at all times; Provide adequate onsite waste collection bins and ensue proper solid waste handling and disposal that eliminates waste littering and creation of environmental nuisance Site Engineers/Supervisor Provide oversight function during construction and decommission Service Provider/Contractor Compliance with Bills of Quantities specifications in procurement of materials and construction Esan Central Local • Provide over sight function across subproject in LGAs for Government ESMP compliance • Liaising with the PMU to verify the adequacy of resettlement location and provide approval for such sites, providing additional resettlement area if the designated locations are not adequate, provide necessary infrastructure in relocated areas, engage and encourage carrying out comprehensive and practical awareness campaign for the proposed project, amongst the various relevant grassroots interest groups Community Development Ensure community participation by mobilizing, sensitizing Associations (CDAs) community members Community Based • Assisting in their own respective ways to ensure effective Organizations / CSOs response actions. Conducting scientific researches alongside government groups to evolve and devise sustainable environmental strategies and rehabilitation techniques; • Organize, coordinate and ensuring safe use of volunteers in a response action, and actually identifying where these volunteers can best render services effectively and • Providing wide support assistance helpful in management planning, institutional / governance issues and other livelihood related matter, project impacts and mitigation measures, and awareness campaign Resident Community • Participation in community engagement and consultations; Representatives • Communication of grievances and complaints on the project • Identify issues that could derail the project; and • Support project impact mitigation measures implementation and compliance requirements • Participate in awareness campaigns on the NEWMAP intervention 6-43 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report S/No. KEY STAKEHOLDER RESPONSIBILITIES The World Bank The World Bank shall perform the following roles: • Ensure that the Safeguard Policies of the World Bank are complied with in the implementation of the ESMP; • Recommend additional measures for strengthening the ESMP and implementation performance; • Carry out the final review, clearance and approval of the ESMP • Ensure that environmental safeguards are complied with during World Bank supervision mission The Construction Contractor • For day-to-day onsite implementation of the ESMP and coordination of all environmental and safety related activities of the Company, the Contractor shall appoint:  An Environmental Officer;  Site Engineer and  An Independent Consultant • The Environmental Officer or Representative of the Contractor shall be responsible for performing the following: Development of a sound Environmental Management Plan for the proposed gully erosion rehabilitation project; Ensure that all construction site staff including all subcontractors comply with the requirements of the ESMP; Supervise the implementation of all the mitigation measures and preparation of the required monitoring reports; Perform regular inspection of the Ewu gully erosion site to ensure adherence to all relevant environmental management actions specified by the ESMP; Preparation of work plans for environmental management in line with the ESMP; Provide inputs into the regular environmental report to be compiled by the Environmental Safeguard Officer (ESO); Maintain adequate records of environmental and safety incidence as well as corrective and preventive actions taken; Ensure that any changes made during the construction process that may have a significant environmental and social impact are communicated to the ESO on time and managed accordingly; Ensure ESO is adequately informed about the Contractor’s monitoring results 6-44 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report S/No. KEY STAKEHOLDER RESPONSIBILITIES Independent Environmental • Coordinate the implementation of the requirements of the EMP Consultant during the phases of the project; • Coordinate the environmental monitoring activities at the field level; • Communicate the results of monitoring and auditing inspections to appropriate offices through submission of reports, summaries of reports, periodic formal and informal reports as appropriate; • Communicate with the HSE Manager regarding emerging environmental and social matters and concerns; • Conduct independent monitoring and auditing to ensure compliance with the requirements of this EMP and Contr actor’s HSE plan and other site-specific plans; • Review EMP compliance monitoring reports and conduct site visits/inspections; • Collaborate with the EIA Consultant regarding environmental and social concerns and conducting stakeholders consultation; • Advise the Contractor field personnel concerning environmental and social issues and the implementation of the environmental and social regulatory requirements • Compile a comprehensive report on the implementation of this EMP for submission to the regulatory agencies and other relevant stakeholders. Contractual Arrangement for Assuring the Performance of each Implementing Agency Schedule of Monitoring is mostly ongoing and on daily basis as indicated in Table 6.2. But the Environmental Impact Monitoring (Environmental Auditing) shall be performed on quarterly basis for effective monitoring of the profile of the impact mitigation and occurrence if predicted project impacts actually occur. . 6.4 Capacity Building and Training Plan Giving consideration to the composition of stakeholders in public and private sector, the resident communities, community based organizations and the development partners that will perform key roles and responsibilities in the implementation of the proposed NEWMAP gully erosion rehabilitation and the ESMP, capacity building and training of the relevant stakeholders is imperative. Capacity building training is essential for ensuring that the ESMP requirements are implemented. To this end, the relevant training and capacity building programs have been identified and recommended to NEWMAP Edo SPMU and other stakeholders as pre-requisite for effective 6-45 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report implementation of the Ewu gully erosion site rehabilitation project and the recommended ESMP: The training will enhance their capability to function effectively and perform their roles on the project. They will be aware of the environmental and social policy and safeguards regulating their areas of responsibilities; the potential adverse environmental and social impacts of various project activities; their roles and responsibilities in the achievement of conformance with the policy and procedures, and with the requirements of this ESMP. The World Bank procedure ensures that any person performing tasks on a World Bank financed project that have the potential to cause significant adverse environmental or social impact identified should have the requisite competence on the basis of appropriate education, training or experience. NEWMAP personnel having responsibility of performing site inspections will receive training on how to do so with the help of external resources. Consequently, Edo State NEWMAP will develop and institute training for SPMU, community and other relevant stakeholders with defined roles and responsibilities on the project that will raise their awareness and competence in the following areas:  The environmental and social impacts that could arise from the project activities;  The necessity of conforming to the requirements of the NEWMAP Ewu ESMP in order to avoid or reduce the identified project impacts; and  The roles and responsibilities that NEMAP personnel must assume to achieve the desired ESMP Conformity and impact compliance  Safeguard training for the entire SPMU on World Bank safeguard policy triggered by the NEWMAP;  GIS Analysis and Image Processing training for the Safeguard Officers to enhance their capability to interpret gully erosion site imagery that will be delivered along with the ESMP as contained in the TOR;  Training of SPMU on emergency response procedures for handling emergency incidence during phases of the NEWMAP gully erosion intervention. 6-46 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report The training of Contractor personnel and workforce shall be designed to enhance their awareness of the various aspects of the ESMP in relations to their roles and responsibilities in its implementation. The training will be specified, as requirement Contactor personnel must fulfill to fully qualify to possess full work permit to participate in the project and a requirement of contract for the Contractor. Moreover, related specific training shall be provided to workers with responsibilities related to the implementation of the ESMP. The Contractor personnel training shall include but not limited to:  Training on environmental management, monitoring and conservation, project impact mitigation and Environmental and Social Management Plan implementation;  Induction Courses on Environmental Management and Safety Management;  Safety Briefing and the relevance of Daily Tool Box Talks The capacity building training program proposed for the implementation of the ESMP is as shown in Table 6.3. 6-47 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Table 6.3: Capacity Building Training Program Proposed for the Ewu Gully Site Restoration CAPACITY BUILDING DESCRIPTION OF COURSE CONTENT REQUIRED PARTICIPANTS DURATION COST TRAINING MODULE (Naira) Module One: Basic Environmental Awareness Training:  Edo State NEWMAP Staff; 3 Days N 6,550, 000:00 Sensitization and (a) Definition of key words such as Environment, Environmental  The Principal Contractor; Induction Training Management, Protection and Conservation; Environmental  Site Personnel of the Principal Awareness; Environmental and Social Management Plan; Contractor; NEWMAP Gully Erosion Site Remediation; Integrated  Host Community Watershed Management; etc. Representatives and the (b) The Potential Impacts and hazards of the interaction of gully General Public erosion site rehabilitation project activities with biophysical and social components of the environment; (c) Need for impact mitigation for protection of the environment and livelihood of the host communities; (d) Training on Ewu NEWMAP rehabilitation Environmental and Social Management Plan and its implementation (e) Safety induction course; (f) Emergency and spill response preparedness and drill; (g) Social responsibility during the construction phase and the modalities for community communication, interaction and relations; (h) Basic First Aid Training and In-depth Training for selected personnel; (i) The importance of Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) as a safety measure in occupational safety; (j) The Permit to Work System (k) Environmental and Safety Awareness Training Module Two: Training on  Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Process in Nigeria FMEnv Staff; Edo SPMU 2 Days N2, 950, 000:00 Environmental and  The NEWMAP Project Environmental and Social Impacts Officials; Edo State Ministry of Social Management Plan  The Impact Control and Mitigation Measures for the Ewu Environment Officer; Officials of Implementation NEWMAP Intervention; relevant MDAs; Local  Ewu NEWMAP ESMP; Government Officers; NGOs and  ESMP Implementation Approach, CBOs; Principal Contractor  Environmental Impact Monitoring Personnel;  Mitigation Measures Compliance Monitoring  ESMP Communications and Reporting Module Three: Training  Primer on Construction Best Management Practices and HSE FMEnv Staff; Edo SPMU 2 Days N2,950,000:00 on Construction HSE  Health and Safety Hazards in Gully Officials; Edo State Ministry of Erosion Drainage Environment Officer; Officials of Infrastructure Construction Works relevant MDAs; Local  Incidence, Causation, Investigation and Reporting Government Officers; NGOs and  Excavation Safety CBOs; Principal Contractor  Construction Site Inspection Personnel; Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report CAPACITY BUILDING DESCRIPTION OF COURSE CONTENT REQUIRED PARTICIPANTS DURATION COST TRAINING MODULE (Naira)  Personal Protection Equipment Module Four: Integrated Integrated Watershed Management in Gully FMEnv Staff; Edo 3 Days N6, 050,000:00 Watershed Management Erosion Site Rehabilitation: SPMU Officials; Edo Approach in NEWMAP  Primer on Integrated Watershed Management; State Ministry of Environment Intervention  Watershed Delineation in ArcHydro - ArcGIS 10.3 Officer; Officials of relevant  Gully Erosion Drainage Infrastructure in NEWMAP intervention MDAs; Local  Gully Erosion Slope Stabilization and Erosion Control Using Government Officers; NGOs and Vegetation CBOs; Principal Contractor  Erosion and Sediment Control - A Field Guide for Construction Personnel; Site Managers  Dispute Resolution Mechanism Total Cost of Training N18,500,000.00 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report NOTES ON COSTING FOR CAPACITY BUILDING It has been assumed that the capacity building trainings will be undertaken by a team of 4 consultants for module 1, 2 consultants for module 2, 4 consultants for module 3 and 4 consultants for module 4. The costs for each training module will typically consist of consultants’ costs and costs of participation by regulators (SPMU and State Ministry of Environment). A breakdown of the costs is presented below: MODULE 1: • Honorarium for Consultants N800,000.00 • Per diem for consultants and training secretariat (Assuming 10 people for 3 days each @N75, 000/day) N2, 250,000.00 Transportation costs for training team N250, 000.00 Cost of venue (including lunch and tea breaks each day) N1, 500,000.00 Course materials and certificates N250, 000.00 Cost of participation by Regulators N1, 500,000.00 Total cost for module 1 N6, 550,000.00 MODULE 2: • Honorarium for Consultants N400, 000.00 • Per diem for consultants and training secretariat (Assuming 6 people for 2 days each @N75, 000/day) N900, 000.00 Transportation costs for training team N250, 000.00 Cost of venue (including lunch and tea breaks) N500, 000.00 Course materials and certificates N150, 000.00 Cost of participation by Regulators N750, 000.00 Total cost for module 2 N2, 950,000.00 MODULE 3: • Honorarium for Consultants N400, 000.00 • Per diem for consultants and training secretariat 6-50 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report (assume 6 people for 2 days each @N75, 000/day) N900, 000.00 Transportation costs for training team N250, 000.00 Cost of venue (including lunch and tea breaks) N500, 000.00 Course materials and certificates N150, 000.00 Cost of participation by Regulators N750, 000.00 Total cost for module 3 N2, 950,000.00 MODULE 4: Honorarium for Consultants N800, 000.00 • Per diem for consultants and training secretariat (Assuming 10 people for 3 days each @N75, 000/day) N2, 250,000.00 • Transportation costs for training team N250, 000.00 • Cost of venue (including lunch and tea breaks) N1, 000,000.00 • Course materials and certificates N250, 000.00 • Cost of participation by Regulators N1, 500,000.00 • Total cost for module 4 N6, 050,000.00 The total costs for the 4 modules come to N18, 500,000.00. Converting this to US$ at an official rate of US$1: N350, this gives US$52,857.00 for the 4 modules. 6.5 Grievance Redress Mechanism The grievance redress mechanism allows NEWMAP project affected persons or the general public to file complaints and receive adequate and timely response from NEWMAP SPMU. Land acquisition is an inevitable issue in the project that may raise grievances from within the communities. The grievance address mechanism that shall be utilized on the Ewu NEWMAP gully erosion site rehabilitation shall be consistent with the Grievance Redress Mechanism outlined in the NEWMAP Environmental and Social Framework document. 6.6 Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan This section presents the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) and the 6-51 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Environmental Monitoring Plan proposed for the implementation during the preconstruction, construction, operation and maintenance and decommissioning phases of the proposed NEWMAP gully erosion site rehabilitation intervention project in Ewu Edo State. The implementation approach for the proposed ESMP involves the performance of two types of monitoring that constitutes surveillance and monitoring techniques that shall be used to detect if any negative impact has occurred during the life cycle of the project. The approach offers a quantitative estimate of the magnitude of the identified environmental and social impacts. The proposed monitoring will provide information on the occurrence of the identified impacts. The monitoring explicitly indicates the specific monitoring indicators that shall be investigated; the sampling location and the frequency of monitoring that shall be performed. The two monitoring that will be undertaken consists of: (a) Environmental Auditing (Environmental impact monitoring), and (b) Environmental and social impact mitigation compliance monitoring. The environmental impact monitoring involves sample collection as well as laboratory analysis. The field plan and parameters to be monitored are detailed below. 6.6.1 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) The ESMP is presented in Table 6.4 depicting the details of the mitigation measures recommended for the amelioration of the adverse environmental and social impacts of specific project activities constituting the gully erosion site rehabilitation intervention; the impact monitoring indicators or parameters to be measured, the frequency of monitoring, the stakeholders responsible for monitoring implementation; the type of monitoring that shall be performed and the cost implication of the implementation and monitoring of the impact mitigation measures. 6-52 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Table 6.4: Environmental and Social Management Plan for Ewu Esan Central Central Gully Erosion Site Rehabilitation S/No PROJECT PHASE PROJECT PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY COST ACTIVITY Indicators Frequency Implementation Monitoring 1 Pre-Construction Land Acquisition Conflict over loss of land NEWMAP shall Number of Once before • Contractor • Edo 1,500,000 and demolition and resettlement  Consult regularly with consultation held; commencement • Site Manager; State of existing benefits if payment is the communities (i.e. of pre- • Site Engineer NEWMAP buildings restricted to owners of before, during and construction • SPMU FMEnv after site clearance) Sighting of • World buildings to be works, say 3 Project the demolished for the  Develop and weeks before Coordinator Bank construction of the implement the following: Construction provisions of the  Number of diversion culvert starts Resettlement Action consultation held Plan before  Minutes of mobilization to project meetings held; site  Report of  carry out adequate implementation enumeration of project of RAP with affected people, signatures property and economic showing trees within the land community area to be acquired for participation the project Compliance with RAP provisions Conflict between the NEWMAP shall Number of Once before • Contractor • Edo 0 NEWMAP project and Consultation held; commencement • Site Manager; State the resident community  Develop a of pre- • Site Engineer NEWMAP over relocation benefits sound Sighting of construction • SPMU FMEnv due to those families works, say three Project • World Implementable the whose buildings, land, (3) Coordinator Bank Resettlement Action following: and lives of loved ones Plan for the Ewu  Number of months before were lost to the gully NEWMAP project consultation held Construction erosion at Ewu  Ensure that adequate  Minutes of starts compensation shall be meetings held; paid to project affected  Report of people in consultation implementation with various of RAP with stakeholders to avoid signatures conflicts that may arise showing if payments are made community to wrong claimants. participation  Compliance with RAP provisions 6-53 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report S/No PROJECT PHASE PROJECT PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY COST ACTIVITY Indicators Frequency Implementation Monitoring 2 Pre- General site Increased employment NEWMAP shall Daily observation of Daily • Contractor • FMEnv 0 Construction: clearing and opportunities for the  Utilize available employment records • Site Manager; • Edo State preparation of local communities workforce from the • Site Engineer Ministry of communities • SPMU Environment Project project site Coordinator Edo State NEWMAP Interference with day- NEWMAP shall Sighting of Once before • Contractor • Esan Central 0 today community  Consult regularly with the commencement • Site Manager; Local Govt.; activities resulting in the communities (i.e. following: t of pre- • Site Engineer • CDAs conflicts and before, during and  Number of construction • SPMU / complaints after site clearance) consultation held works, say Project CBOs  Demarcate boundaries  Minutes of three (3) Coordinator • Community of acquired location. meetings held; months before Rep. Construction • Edo State starts NEWMAP FMEnv • World Bank Total costs for Item N1, 300,000.00 1-2 6-54 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report S/No PROJECT PHASE PROJECT PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY COST ACTIVITY Indicators Frequency Implementation Monitoring Pre-Construction Disruption Conflict over loss of NEWMAP shall Sighting of Once every two • Contractor • Edo 0 and agricultural lands due to  Consult extensively the months • Site Manager; State encroachment gully rehabilitation civil with the communities following: • Site Engineer NEWMAP into agricultural works downstream of on land acquisition  Number of • SPMU FMEnv lands in close the gully and payment of consultation held Project • World proximity to the head in Ewu relocation benefits  Minutes of Coordinator Bank Community  Develop a meetings held; gully erosion sound  Report of implementable implementation Resettlement Action of RAP with Plan for the Ewu signatures NEWMAP project showing  NEWMAP-Edo SPMU community shall reach agreement participation with regard to ways and means of resettlement of any Compliance with forced displacement RAP provisions and relocation of any existing land use and ownership on the proposed land take and respect those commitments;  NEWMAP-Edo SPMU and Contractors shall negotiate, if necessary, for the acquisition of land or the right of passage and provide for adequate compensation; 4 Pre-Construction Physical Contamination of soil NEWMAP shall ensure that: Adequacy of Ongoing or Contractor Edo State 0 presence of and downstream water sanitary facilities Daily • Site Manager; NEWMAP; construction resources of the project  Contractors are to available on site • Site Engineer Edo State workers on the area from indiscriminate provide adequate • SPMU Project Ministry of Ewu Gully disposal of untreated sanitary facilities for Coordinator Environment; erosion sewage their site workers; intervention  Open air defecation project site and is sternly discouraged environ among the project workers 6-55 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report S/No PROJECT PHASE PROJECT PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY COST ACTIVITY Indicators Frequency Implementation Monitoring 5 Pre- Transportation of Ambient air quality NEWMAP shall ensure that In-situ • Independent Edo State Construction: equipment, deterioration from Environmental materials airborne dust measurement of Consultant Ministry of  Use of equipment • Contractor and particulates, fugitive with high combustion workers to the emissions, exhaust of ambient air quality • Site Manager; Environment efficiency for the project site equipment/automobiles project activities. • Site Engineer parameters: • SPMU Project  Premob equipment FMEnv and automobiles Coordinator before usage • CO, NOx, SOx  Use of dust VOC and suppressants by Particulate spraying water Matter, SPM, ground surface of the THC, VOC, CH4; project site Vehicle exhaust measurement; • Records of maintenance for all machinery, equipment and vehicles. Noise and vibration from NEWMAP shall Ambient noise and Ongoing • Contractor FMEnv vehicular movement  Ensure that vibration level • Independent Edo SME contractors provide monitoring; Environmental ESO NEWMAP ear protective Consultant devices to the project Daily workers at the site Comparison of clearing stage; ambient noise level  Ensure the use of the to regulatory limit of ear protective 90dB(A) devices at site by project Daily Observation of workers and visitors large equipment operating onsite  Ensure that contractors install Examine the acoustic mufflers on number of large equipment complaints in the where necessary to limit noise levels at fence 6-56 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report S/No PROJECT PHASE PROJECT PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY COST ACTIVITY Indicators Frequency Implementation Monitoring line complaint register Sight the records of equipment maintenance Traffic congestion and NEWMAP-Edo SPMU and Daily observation of Ongoing • Contractor FMEnv State increased risk of Contractors shall traffic volume and • Site Manager; Edo of occurrence of traffic -avoid impeding traffic and level of congestion • Site Engineer Ministry accidents and injuries traffic disruption around the • NEWMAP-Edo Environment project site by: SPMU  Adjusting work • SPMU schedules not to disturb Project traffic; Coordinator  Establishing an adequate system of road signs and detour;  Notifying communities of pending work scope, duration and location  Avoid blocking public access roads;  Complying with road bearing capacity and repairing damage caused to roads during and at the end of the work;  Circumventing access roads to gathering places in Ewu and neighbouring communities 6-57 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report S/No PROJECT PHASE PROJECT PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY COST ACTIVITY Indicators Frequency Implementation Monitoring 6 Construction Construction Increase in ambient noise NEWMAP-Edo SPMU shall Ambient noise and Ongoing • Contractor FMEnv of levels and ensure that: vibration • Independent Edo State sheds, vibration  Ear protective device is level Environmental Ministry of equipment provided to workers at monitoring Consultant Environment lay the site clearing stage; Ongoing down areas,  Use of the protective devices provided is Daily Observation temporary office enforced of large equipment and sanitary onsite facilities etc.  Install acoustic mufflers on large equipment where necessary to limit noise levels at fence line 7 Construction Construction of Increase in employment NEWMAP-Edo SPMU shall Daily observation of Ongoing • Contractor • FMEnv 0 drainage opportunities and ensure that: employment records • Site Manager; • Edo State conduits engagement of  Utilization of available • Site Engineer Ministry upstream of the community labour workforce in • SPMU of gully head and communities is Project Environment other associated enforced Coordinator • Edo State road NEWMAP drainag Social and cultural  NEWMAP-Edo SPMU Sighting and visual Ongoing as • Contractor • Edo State 0 e structure interference and Contractors shall observation of the deemed • Site Manager; NEWMAP infrastructure and complaints; obtain all necessary following: necessary • Site Engineer • Edo State authorizations and  Number during the • SPMU Ministry of permits prior to the of construction Project Environment; execution of the work consultation held works Coordinator FMEnv through consultation  Minutes of with relevant authorities meetings held  Contractor should  Complaint establish and put in Register place a public  Compilation complaint unit and a of complaint register the authorization public can easily and permit given access. by recognized leaders of the resident community 6-58 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report S/No PROJECT PHASE PROJECT PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY COST ACTIVITY Indicators Frequency Implementation Monitoring Marginal increase in  NEWMAP-Edo State Sighting and visual Once before NEWMAP-Edo  Environment population within the Project Management observation of start of SPMU; and al and Safety settlements in close Unit (SPMU) and  NEWMAP construction Contractors Officer proximity to the project Contractors shall gully works Local Government NEWMAP site will lead to an develop and provide a erosion increase in negative work schedule that will rehabilitation avoid disturbing the work schedule vices such as traditional and religious submitted to the prostitution (commercial life of communities; community sex work) and crime  Provide education and  The register of which would affect social awareness programs, the number of and cultural systems guidance and workers through a negative value counseling on educated on system; HIV/AIDS and HIV/AIDS and other STDs other STDs  Provide condoms to construction workers Conflicts between the NEWMAP-Edo SPMU and Sighting and visual Monthly NEWMAP-Edo Environmental 0 project and the Contractors shall: observation of the SPMU; Contractors and Safety community as well as  establish a following: Local Government; Officer the pressure of the influx communication  Evidence of the Resident Community NEWMAP of potential job seekers program to inform Communication Leaders; into the project area and communities of process 6-59 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report S/No PROJECT PHASE PROJECT PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY COST ACTIVITY Indicators Frequency Implementation Monitoring associated risks; ongoing work and established by establish appropriate Contractor with measures to minimize the community the disturbance  The Influx caused by the work; Management  NEWMAP-Edo SPMU Plan developed and Contractors by SPMU should develop and  Number implement the Influx of Management Plan to consultation held address all  The register of sociocultural issues, the number of especially the workers preservation of social educated on and cultural structures HIV/AIDS and of the local other STDs communities;  Samples of the  NEWMAP-Edo SPMU HIV/AIDS and Contractors shall awareness periodically conduct communication STD and HIV/AIDs materials and general safe sex distributed and awareness campaigns record of as control measure for workers that the transmission of the have collected disease; the document  Regularly distribute  Record of labour HIV/AIDS awareness hiring and the communication location of hiring materials; away from the  Implement labour site hiring programs away from construction sites to reduce the presence of “camp followers”, prostitutes, drug dealers/users and other potential HIV/AIDS carriers. 6-60 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report S/No PROJECT PHASE PROJECT PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY COST ACTIVITY Indicators Frequency Implementation Monitoring New wealth among the  NEWMAP-Edo SPMU Sighting and visual Monthly for NEWMAP-Edo Environmental 0 youth would threaten the and Contractors shall observation of the three SPMU; and Safety existing authority ensure that a following: consecutive Contractor; Officer structure; percentage and certain  Evidence of the months after Local Government; NEWMAP category of jobs are number commencement Resident Community reserved for the female of female t of construction Leaders; gender in the resident workers works communities; compared  NNEWMAP-Edo to male employed by Contractor 6-61 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report S/No PROJECT PHASE PROJECT PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY COST ACTIVITY Indicators Frequency Implementation Monitoring SPMU and  Record of Contractors shall contractual arrange initial contact arrangements with local contractors reached with the to maximize local contractors opportunities for local  Number procurement of  NEWMAP-Edo SPMU consultation and Contractors shall held on the carry out extensive project and consultation with record of community leadership minutes on the projects. The collected with extent of consultation signatures of shall be determined by the community the complexity and the leaders and severity of the pictures taken identified project with date impacts;  The record of the  Establish working cooperative relationships between alliance NEWMAP-Edo SPMU, established contractors, private between security, surrounding NEWMAP-Edo communities, and local SPMU, law enforcement contractors, agency to quickly private security, disburse unauthorized surrounding personnel from work communities, locations, camp sites if and local law any, and surrounding enforcement communities; agency  NEWMAP-Edo SPMU regarding and Contractors shall security and guarantee access to safety on the private property and project environ safety of residents and  Samples of the passer-by during the HIV/AIDS course of work by awareness enacting the communication appropriate measures materials distributed and record of workers that have collected the document  Record of labour hiring and the location 6-62 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report S/No PROJECT PROJECT PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY COST PHASE ACTIVITY Indicators Frequency Implementation Monitoring of hiring away from the site 8 Transportation of and Soil contamination from NEWMAP shall Soil quality Quarterly Contractor Environmental equipment, accidental release of  Establish appropriate sampling, visual and Safety materials worker fuels, oils, chemicals, protocols for materials inspection, in-situ / Officer to project site hazardous materials delivery and handling lab measurements NEWMAP; etc., to ground in the to ensure there are no of soil physico- FMEnv; construction laydown spills; chemistry (pH, SME;  Ensure that Nitrates, Heavy area during delivery of World Bank the Metals, etc) materials and equipment to project site contractor HSE plan to addresses the Evidence of prevention and Contractor’s containment of oil compliance with spills, chemicals and HSE Plan, Protocol hazardous materials for material releases during all delivery and phases of the project; handling to prevent  Ensure that storage occurrence of any and handling of form of spillages; hazardous materials are in accordance with approved hazardous Records of materials management incidence of plan leakages of oil and  Maintain transportation fuels vehicles, heavy civil engineering machinery Evidence of oil and and construction fuel leakage or equipment in good spillage like oil working order so as to sheen on topsoil avoid exhaust emissions as well as oil and fuel leaks Sighting and  Any oil/chemical spill Inspection of the should be reported to storage facility for FMEnv and Edo State hazardous Environmental materials, fuel, Protection Agency Photographs of storage facility taken with dates 6-63 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report 9 Construction Construction Conflict over loss of  Consult regularly with the Sighting of Once every two • Contractor • Edo of 2.5m agricultural land and communities (i.e. the months • Site Manager; State by 1.5m gully resettlement benefits for before, during and after following: • Site Engineer NEWMAP bypass demolition of existing site clearance  Number of • SPMU FMEnv closed box buildings obstructing the consultation held Project • World diversion construction of the  Minutes of Coordinator Bank drainage culverts diversion culvert meetings held;  Report of implementation of RAP with signatures showing community participation Compliance with RAP provisions 6-64 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Disruption of community  NEWMAP-Edo SPMU Sighting and visual Ongoing as • Contractor • Edo State activities and movement and Contractors shall observation of the deemed • Site Manager; NEWMAP around the gully head obtain all necessary following: necessary • Site Engineer • Edo State authorizations and  Number during the • SPMU Project Ministry of permits prior to the of construction Coordinator Environment; execution of the work consultation held works FMEnv through consultation  Minutes of with relevant meetings held authorities;  Complaint  NEWMAP-Edo State Register Project Management  Compilation Unit (SPMU) and of Contractors shall authorization develop and provide a and permit given work schedule that will by avoid disturbing the recognized traditional and leaders of the religious life of resident communities; community  NEWMAP-Edo SPMU  Evidence of the and Contractors shall work schedule of establish a the project communication provided by the program to inform Contractor communities of showing ongoing work and appropriate establish appropriate measures to measures to minimize minimize the the disturbance disturbance of caused by the work the livelihood, movement, and traditional / religious life of the community 10 Construction Construction of Risk of chute failure by NEWMAP –Edo SPMU Site inspection of Daily during the Site Engineer; Site Edo State Baffle Chute to flow undermining gully shall ensure the construction of installation of Manager; Contractor SPMU Project the bottom of the head, overtopping or  Specialist is engaged to the baffle chute to the baffle Coordinator gully bypassing. The failure supervise the ensure compliance chutes occurs when storm construction of the with design basis 6-65 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report S/No PROJECT PROJECT PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY COST PHASE ACTIVITY Indicators Frequency Implementation Monitoring runoff fails to enter the Chute to avoid the and specifications baffle chute properly potential by especially when the undermining, or runoff leaks and flow overtopping bypassing occur at the bypassing chute entrance Occurrence of risks NEWMAP –Edo SPMU shall Conformity of the Daily during the Site Engineer; Site Edo State associated with large ensure: onsite installed installation of Manager; Contractor SPMU Project storm events that  Capacity of the Chute to baffle chutes with the baffle chute Coordinator exceeds the design handle the the design capacity of the Chute conveyance of a large specification in the runoff event that Detail Design exceeds storms of 1 in Report D3-Ewu 50 years recurrence interval shall be Site inspection and assessed onsite visual observation Loss of fertile top soil for NEWMAP –Edo SPMU shall Site supervision and Daily during Site Engineer; Site Edo State infertile sub-surface soil ensure: visual construction of Manager; Contractor SPMU Project that would not enhance  During the construction observation; baffle chute Coordinator vegetation of Chutes, topsoil shall establishment be removed and Number of stockpiled before stockpile of topsoil shaping the gully awaiting reuse as head. On completion gully head filling of the filling the topsoil material shall be spread to a depth of 150mm over the face and sides of the chute 6-66 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report S/No PROJECT PROJECT PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY COST PHASE ACTIVITY Indicators Frequency Implementation Monitoring Risk of loss of life and NEWMAP –Edo SPMU shall Site inspection of Daily during Site Engineer; Site Edo State damage of the proposed ensure: the positioning of and after Manager; Contractor SPMU Project gully drainage  Chute shall be the baffle chute to construction as Coordinator infrastructure constructed on firm ensure compliance much as excavated soil rather with design possible than on the fill Specifications  Ensure that storm water leaving the chute and outlet structure flows freely without causing undesirable ponding or scour 11 Construction Construction of Loss of agricultural NEWMAP –Edo SPMU Site inspection and Daily during the Site Engineer; Site Edo State Stilling Basin lands and increase in shall ensure that: inventory of the construction of Manager; Contractor SPMU Project the exposure of erodible  Staged earthworks coverage area of the stilling Coordinator soil approach shall be the disturbed and basin adopted by working in exposed soil; staged sections to Inventory of the size ensure no more than a of agricultural specified area of soil is land disturbed disturbed or exposed at any point in time Sighting of the complaint record relating to loss or disruption or destruction of agricultural land use Loss of valuable topsoil Routine site Daily during the Site Engineer; Site Edo State that the could be used  Non-dispersive topsoil inspection of the construction of Manager; Contractor SPMU Project for seeding vegetation shall be stockpile to be location of stilling basin Coordinator used as final cover soil stockpile of topsoil; after the gully head has been filled to The number of encourage vegetation stockpiled topsoil growth and used for seeding establishment plants 6-67 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report S/No PROJECT PROJECT PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY COST PHASE ACTIVITY Indicators Frequency Implementation Monitoring Workers exposure to risk  Gully remediation Contractor’s Daily during the Site Engineer; Site Edo State of falls into excavated pit intervention shall be compliance with construction of Manager; Contractor SPMU Project and occurrence of performed during the HSE Plan and stilling basin Coordinator accident dry season when there Design or injuries is no flow of storm Specifications; water from the catchment area above Warning Signs; the gully head;  NEWMAP shall ensure that excavation and fill Number of operations are Accident incidents; conducted in compliance with all HSE measures in manners that do not endanger lives and properties. Risk of stilling basin  NEWMAP shall ensure Site inspection by a Daily during the Construction Design Edo State failure and occurrence of the stilling basin is Construction construction of Engineer of au SPMU Project flooding, overtopping designed to Design Engineer of the Stilling recon; Site Coordinator resulting in stilling the correct capacity to au recon during the Basin Manager; basing sweep out and handle the intended construction of the Contractor’s downstream channel purpose in the stilling basin to Site erosion management of a 1 in ensure all the Engineer 50 years storm flows specifications in the Detail Design Report: D3 – Ewu are met 6-68 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report S/No PROJECT PROJECT PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY COST PHASE ACTIVITY Indicators Frequency Implementation Monitoring 12 Construction Filling and Occurrence of accident NEWMAP shall: Check the HSE Daily HSE Manager of the ESO-NEWMAP reclamation of and safety risk incidents  Contractor’s HSE Plan Statistics in the Contractor; SME; FMEnv; the gully head should be developed HSE Report; Site Manage and and implemented Engineer  Undertake all Number of earthmoving activities Accidents and in steep sided gullies Injuries; where undercut has occurred with great care, observance of Evaluate the safety measures and worker\s use of use of appropriate PPE PPE  Develop and ensure Carry out Routine implementation of Inspection on the HSE plan project site  Use earthmoving equipment with strict adherence to all recommended safety procedures  All construction equipment, earthmovers and demolition equipment shall be located, guarded, shielded to prevent contact with the public  Stockpile non- dispersive topsoil to be used as final cover soil after the gully head has been filled to encourage vegetation growth and establishment 6-69 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report S/No PROJECT PROJECT PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY COST PHASE ACTIVITY Indicators Frequency Implementation Monitoring 13 Waste handling and NEWMAP shall: Visual Observation Weekly Contractor Site NEWMAP disposal  Ensure adequate of the general Manager; ESO; sanitary facilities area environmental provided during the sanitation of the site Contractor HSE SME; FMEnv construction and Manager operation phases of World Bank the project;  Ensure that good housekeeping is Site inspection for maintained on the the adequacy and project site and all placement of areas used; sanitary facilities  Ensure that all areas and solid waste of the project site used storage bins onsite by the public is properly maintained and are free from debris, solid waste litter, equipment, Sighting the Waste materials; Tracking Logbook  Ensure that solid waste management is addressed in Contractor’s HSE Review the Project Plan; and Waste  Ensure the Contractor develops and Management Plan implements a Solid and Contractor’s Waste Management HSE Plan to assess Plan approved by the compliance of NEWMAP and FMEnv the contractor in compliance with appropriate World Bank Safeguard Policies 6-70 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report S/No PROJECT PROJECT PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY COST PHASE ACTIVITY Indicators Frequency Implementation Monitoring Increase in turbidity and NEWMAP shall In-situ Monthly Independent NEWMAP sediment load in  Develop and measurement and Environmental ESO; downstream receiving implement a Storm lab analyses of Consultant; SME water bodies Water Management water quality Contractor; FMEnv; Plan parameters: (pH, World Bank  Ensure that storm TDS, TSS, BOD5, water flows from COD, Turbidity, upstream catchment of THC Heavy the gully head are Metals) safely diverted away from the gully head; Site investigation and and visual  Ensure that the Ewu observation gully rehabilitation project is carried out Check Contractor’s during the dry season compliance with to prevent mobilization Storm Water of sediment into Management Plan downstream receiving water bodies 14 Construction Reshaping of the Contamination of NEWMAP shall In-situ Monthly Independent NEWMAP gully channel by downstream receiving  If necessary, authorize measurement and Environmental ESO; cutting earth water bodies by the use of selective lab analyses of Consultant; SME from gully side fertilizers, and pesticides herbicides with caution water quality Contractor; FMEnv; slopes to fill the as well as creation of and precision to avoid parameters: (pH, World Bank gully channel excessive bare soils by excessive creation of TDS, TSS, BOD5, floor herbicides if used for the large areas of bare soil COD, Turbidity, establishment of the and only use herbicide THC Heavy recommended plant selected by a specialist Metals) species seeded to to maintain the desired control soil erosion plant species Site investigation and visual observation Check Contractor’s compliance with Storm Water Management Plan 6-71 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report S/No PROJECT PROJECT PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY COST PHASE ACTIVITY Indicators Frequency Implementation Monitoring Exacerbated gully NEWMAP shall ensure that: In-situ Monthly Independent NEWMAP erosion channel bed  the shaping of the gully measurement and Environmental ESO; undermined and walls is carried out only lab analyses of Consultant; SME washing away of fill in the dry season after water quality Contractor; FMEnv; materials resulting in the gully head has been parameters: (pH, World Bank increased sediment load established with a TDS, TSS, BOD5, in receiving water bodies structure such as a COD, Turbidity, downstream Chute to prevent THC Heavy washing away of fill Metals) materials; Site investigation and visual observation Check Contractor’s compliance with Storm Water Management Plan Increase in the Risk of erosion of NEWMAP-Edo SPMU shall Site inspection and Daily during the Site Engineer; Site Edo State amount of exposed gully side ensure that Contractors: visual observation slope Manager; Contractor SPMU Project disturbed areas slopes and erosion of  Stabilize cut and fill to find if side slopes stabilization Coordinator created by ground area above the slopes with vegetative are seeded with the with the earthmovers gully channel divide contour or anchored recommended plant seeding of the used in rock species; recommended reshaping the  Develop nurseries for plant species; gully side slopes the recommended plant The number of species to serve as nurseries sustainable plant source developed for gully erosion side slope stabilization throughout the life span The level of seeding of the infrastructure of the side slope achieved 6-72 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report S/No PROJECT PROJECT PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY COST PHASE ACTIVITY Indicators Frequency Implementation Monitoring Loss of fertile top soil that NEWMAP-Edo SPMU shall Sighting and visual Daily during the Site Engineer; Site Edo State could be used for ensure that Contractors observation of the slope Manager; Contractor SPMU Project seeding vegetation  Stockpile non-dispersive number of stockpile stabilization Coordinator topsoil with its leaf litter of non-dispersive with the and organic matter, and topsoil use for filling seeding of the use as final cover soil the gully head recommended after the gully head has plant species; been filled to encourage Sight the daily vegetation growth and logbook of establishment stockpiled topsoil  Keep daily log of stockpile of topsoil scooped from the gully sides Occurrence of bank NEWMAP-Edo SPMU shall: Sighting and visual Daily; Site Engineer; Site Edo State erosion along reshaped  Ensure that Contractors observation of the Manager; Contractor SPMU Project gully channel slopes carry out the placement gully channel side Coordinator and anchorage of the slopes and the earth materials cut from channel bed for the gully sides are done signs of poor properly; compaction of soil  Ensure that the soil materials; materials used to fill the gully bed are well Visual observation compacted in dry no flow of the positioning of conditions; the plant species  Ensure that Contractors vegetative buffer plant or seed the use for soil erosion 6-73 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report S/No PROJECT PROJECT PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY COST PHASE ACTIVITY Indicators Frequency Implementation Monitoring recommended plant prevention species in close growing positions immediately Visual observation after placement of gully of the sequence of fill materials to serve as performance of vegetative buffer strips gully side reshaping to reduce the erosion of and the soil particles; filling /  Ensure that Contractors compaction of the perform the entire civil channel bed work of reshaping the gully sides/banks and the filling of the channel bed and gully head as one operation 15 Construction Placement Disturbance of NEWMAP-Edo SPMU shall Daily observation of Daily Site Engineer; Site Edo State 0 of unnecessary large land ensure that Contractors: ground area Manager; Contractor SPMU Project Gabion Drop areas for transportation  Disturb as little ground disturbed during Coordinator Structures of materials and heavy area as possible and transportation of in gully earthmovers stabilize disturbed gabion drop channel to areas immediately to structures for reduce ensure soil loss is placement longitudinal prevented from such gradient to locations 0.05% 16 Construction Erosion Loss of fertile top soil NEWMAP-Edo SPMU shall Sighting and visual Daily and Site Engineer; Site Edo State 0 protection which could be used for ensure that Contractors observation of ongoing Manager; Contractor SPMU Project of gully seeding vegetation  Conserve topsoil with its stockpiles of Coordinator banks by cutting leaf litter and organic topsoil, how they and materials in stockpiles are used in the sloping the sides and used this material project as final of the gully bank as cover soil in the filled cover soil for to a 1:2 gradient gully head and the seeding plant stabilized bank slopes species of the channel to recommended promote the growth of local native vegetation Sighting of the picture gallery documented with date on the project 6-74 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report S/No PROJECT PROJECT PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY COST PHASE ACTIVITY Indicators Frequency Implementation Monitoring Risk of occurrence of NEWMAP-Edo SPMU shall : Careful Once at the Site Engineer; Site Edo State 0 accident or injury  Ensure that the Ewu documentation of commencement Manager; Contractor SPMU Project gully erosion the date and t of the Ewu Coordinator rehabilitation is carried season when the NEWMAP out before the rainy Ewu NEWMAP intervention season project started  Ensure that Contractors plant the appropriate vegetation along the edge of the top of the edge of the top of the slope to serve as a protective buffer for the slope faces. The greenbelt would serve provide a buffer between the slop face and resident structures in residential areas 17 Construction Reconstruction Ambient air quality NEWMAP-Edo SPMU shall Ambient air quality Monthly • Contractor Edo State of damaged road deterioration from • Site Manager; airborne dust ensure that Contractors: monitoring for the • Site Engineer Ministry of particulates, fugitive • SPMU Project emissions, exhaust of following Coordinator Environment  Use equipment with high equipment/automobiles combustion parameter: efficiency; CO, NOx, SOx VOC  Use dust suppressants and Particulate on the project site Daily Matter, SPM, THC, VOC, CH4 6-75 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report S/No PROJECT PROJECT PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY COST PHASE ACTIVITY Indicators Frequency Implementation Monitoring Noise and vibration from NEWMAP-Edo SPMU shall Ambient noise and Ongoing • Contractor FMEnv 0 vehicular movement ensure that Contractors vibration • Independent Edo State  Provide ear protective level Environmental Ministry of device to project monitoring Consultant Environment workers at the site clearing stage; Ongoing Daily Observation of large equipment  Install acoustic mufflers onsite on large equipment where necessary to limit noise levels at fence line 18 Construction Reshaping the Water quality NEWMAP-Edo SPMU shall Careful Once at Site Engineer; Site Edo State 0 gully and deterioration ensure that: documentation of the Manager; Contractor SPMU Project installation of  Gully reshaping and the date and commencement Coordinator erosion drainage infrastructure season when the t of the Ewu protection installations are done Ewu NEWMAP NEWMAP intervention facilities to during dry season project started enable safe  Appropriate sediment conveyance of control measures and Visual observation storm water devices are used by the Extensive daily of the construction site inspection downstream of contractors to prevent of the stilling basin, gully head the mobilization of and supervision gabion drop sediment in suspended by a qualified structures and solids into downstream and experienced baffle chutes to water bodies Construction ensure their Engineer during placement is the construction compliant with the and placement design basis and of the gully specifications in the erosion control Detail Design infrastructure Report: D3 - Ewu 6-76 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report S/No PROJECT PROJECT PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY COST PHASE ACTIVITY Indicators Frequency Implementation Monitoring Risk of hearing NEWMAP-Edo SPMU shall Ambient noise and Ongoing • Contractor FMEnv impairment from ensure that: vibration • Independent Edo State increased noise and  Contractor provide ear level Environmental Ministry of vibrations protective device to monitoring Consultant Environment project workers at the Ongoing site clearing stage; Daily Observation of large equipment  Contractors install onsite acoustic mufflers on large equipment where necessary to limit noise levels at fence line Loss of wildlife NEWMAP-Edo SPMU shall Sighting and Daily Site Engineer; Site Edo State ensure that Contractors: visual observation observation Manager; Contractor SPMU Project  Establish a consistent of the Right-of throughout Coordinator route for construction Way selected for the gully equipment and the construction erosion materials to access of access road for rehabilitation the gully rehabilitation transportation of and placement site and ensure materials to the of adjoining areas are gully channel. draina left undisturbed to ge and provide opportunity sediment Careful for wildlife to migrate control to unaffected areas; observation of the extent existing infrastructure in the roads are used gully without disturbing channel and farmlands existing side slopes vegetal cover 6-77 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report S/No PROJECT PROJECT PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY COST PHASE ACTIVITY Indicators Frequency Implementation Monitoring Loss of valuable topsoil NEWMAP-Edo SPMU shall Daily observation of Daily • Contractor Edo State that could be used for ensure that Contractors: the placement of observation and • Site Manager; seeding vegetation  Remove topsoil and stockpiles of topsoil documentation • Site Engineer Ministry of store upstream within and how they are with photo • SPMU Project close proximity to the finally used in the gallery and Coordinator Environment gully head in stockpiles Ewu gully erosion video recording out of reach of any form site rehabilitation if necessary of channel flows ;  Stockpile non- dispersive topsoil to be used as final cover soil after the gully head has been filled to encourage vegetation growth and establishment. 19 Construction Transportation of Ambient air quality NEWMAP-Edo SPMU shall Ambient air quality Monthly • Contractor Edo State heavy deterioration from • Site Manager; equipment, airborne dust ensure that Contractors: monitoring for: • Site Engineer Ministry of construction particulates, fugitive • SPMU Project materials and emissions, exhaust of Coordinator Environment  Use equipment with CO, NOx, SOx VOC workers to the equipment/automobiles high combustion project site efficiency; and Particulate Matter, SPM, THC,  Use dust suppressants VOC, CH4 on the project site Daily 6-78 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report S/No PROJECT PROJECT PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY COST PHASE ACTIVITY Indicators Frequency Implementation Monitoring Noise and vibration from NEWMAP-Edo SPMU shall Ambient noise and Ongoing • Contractor FMEnv vehicular movement ensure that Contractors: vibration level • Independent Edo SME  Provide ear protective monitoring; Environmental ESO NEWMAP device to project Consultant workers at the site Daily Comparison of clearing stage; ambient noise level  Install acoustic to regulatory limit mufflers on large of 90dB(A) equipment where necessary to limit noise levels at fence Daily Observation line of large equipment operating onsite Examine the number of complaints in the complaint register Sight the records of equipment maintenance 6-79 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report S/No PROJECT PROJECT PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY COST PHASE ACTIVITY Indicators Frequency Implementation Monitoring Traffic congestion risk and of  NEWMAP-Edo SPMU Daily observation of Ongoing • Contractor FMEnv State increased of traffic and Contractors shall traffic volume and • Site Manager; Edo of occurrence avoid impeding traffic level of congestion • Site Engineer Ministry accidents and and traffic disruption • NEWMAP-Edo Environment injuries around the project site SPMU by: • SPMU  Adjusting work Project schedules so as not to Coordinator disturb traffic;  Establishing an adequate system of road signs and detour;  Notifying communities of pending work scope, duration and location  Avoid blocking public access roads;  Using road signs to notify work in progress;  Complying with road bearing capacity and repairing damage caused to roads during and at the end of the work;  Circumventing access roads to gathering places in Ewu and neighbouring communities Accidental release of NEWMAP-Edo SPMU shall Visual observation Daily • Contractor FMEnv fuels, oils, chemicals, ensure that Contractors: and site inspection • Site Manager; Edo State hazardous materials  Establish appropriate for evidence of • Site Engineer Ministry of etc., to ground in the protocols for materials spillage of fuels, • NEWMAP-Edo Environment construction laydown delivery and handling oils, chemicals, SPMU area during delivery of to ensure there are no hazardous • SPMU materials to project site spills; materials etc., to Project  Develop HSE plan to ground in the Coordinator address prevention construction 6-80 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report S/No PROJECT PROJECT PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY COST PHASE ACTIVITY Indicators Frequency Implementation Monitoring and containment of oil laydown area spills, chemicals and hazardous materials releases during all Review the oil and phases of the project; chemical spillage  Store and handle incidence report hazardous materials according to approved Site inspection of hazardous materials the storage facility management plan used for fuel and  Ensure that all high other chemicals on risk areas that are the project site, potential sources of whether bond release of chemical containment wall is contaminants such as: used or not fuel and chemical storage areas; refueling areas; Inspect the Spill material stockpile Prevention and areas; vehicle and Control Plan for equipment washing assessment of areas are located compliance away from the gully erosion channel; Site inspection at  Situate fuel, oils and the location chemicals storage demarcated for the facilities on an storage and impervious base within laydown of a bund capable to machinery and contain at least 110% heavy vehicles of the volume stored,  Maintain transportation vehicles and machinery in good working order so as to avoid exhaust emissions as well as oil and fuel leaks  Report any oil/chemical spill should be reported to FMEnv and Edo State Ministry of Environment 6-81 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report S/No PROJECT PROJECT PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY COST PHASE ACTIVITY Indicators Frequency Implementation Monitoring 20 Operation Utilization of the Risk of failure of the NEWMAP-Edo SPMU shall: Daily site Daily during the • Contractor Edo State rehabilitated gully erosion installed  Ensure that the design inspection, operation and • Site Manager; gully site and drainage infrastructure basis and supervision and maintenance • Site Engineer Ministry of installed storm to safely route storms of specifications of the monitoring by an phase of the • SPMU Project 6-82 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report S/No PROJECT PROJECT PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY COST PHASE ACTIVITY Indicators Frequency Implementation Monitoring water drainage 1 in 50 years proposed Edo State experience drainage and Coordinator Environment infrastructure NEWMAP gully construction sediment control erosion rehabilitation engineer during the infrastructure project is accurately construction phase followed and achieved of the during the construction gully implementation drainage and sediment control infrastructure installation to ensure that the design specifications are achieved Daily inspection of the drainage and sediment control infrastructure to ensure sound functionality and check for any form of scouring or undermining of any of the structures installed Inspection of the infrastructure within 24 hours of occurrence of any major storm or rainfall event to assess the integrity of the infrastructure and functionality Sighting and review of weekly reports on the status of the infrastructure 6-83 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report S/No PROJECT PROJECT PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY COST PHASE ACTIVITY Indicators Frequency Implementation Monitoring especially during the wet season as well as during the dry season 6-84 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report S/No PROJECT PROJECT PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY COST PHASE ACTIVITY Indicators Frequency Implementation Monitoring Risks from debris and NEWMAP-Edo SPMU shall Daily inspection of Daily inspection • Contractor Edo State sediment accumulation ensure that Contractors: the drainage and during the • Site Manager; in the drainage channels  Develop and implement sediment control operation • Site Engineer Ministry of in upstream catchment on a regular basis, a infrastructure to and • SPMU Project area of the gully head, systematic Ewu Esan ensure sound maintenance Coordinator Environment Diversion Culvert, Baffle Central functionality and phase of the Chute, Gabion Drop Central Gully Erosion check for any form drainage and Structures and Stilling Channel and Drainage of scouring or sediment control Basin resulting in Infrastructure undermining of any infrastructure performance failure of Management Plan to of the structures the drainage remove sediments, installed infrastructure debris, solid waste materials and aquatic Inspection of the plants from the infrastructure within channel, prevent the 24 hours of incidence of occurrence of any undercutting and major storm or scouring of the rainfall event to drainage infrastructure assess the integrity and functionality of the infrastructure Visual observation to determine if there is any placement of debris or sediment accumulation in the gully erosion control infrastructure Sighting and review of weekly reports on the status of the infrastructure especially during the wet season as well as during the dry season 6-85 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Risk of undermining and NEWMAP-Edo SPMU shall Daily inspection of Daily inspection • Contractor Edo State occurrence of scouring ensure that Contractors: the drainage and during the • Site Manager; in the Baffle Chute could  Scouring of the sediment control operation • Site Engineer Ministry of result in deteriorating infrastructure and infrastructure to and • SPMU Project performance of the accumulation of ensure sound maintenance Coordinator Environment structure sediment, litter and functionality and phase of the vegetation in drainage check for any form drainage and sediment 6-86 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report S/No PROJECT PROJECT PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY COST PHASE ACTIVITY Indicators Frequency Implementation Monitoring infrastructure are of scouring or control some of the factors undermining of any infrastructure that can cause of the structures underfunctioning of the installed infrastructure To effectively and Inspection of the regularly monitor the infrastructure within operation and 24 hours of functionality of the occurrence of any gully erosion control major storm or devices by a dedicated rainfall event to Contractor assess the integrity Representative in and functionality of collaboration with a the infrastructure Project Manager/Site Engineer from Edo State Project Visual observation Monitoring Unit, a five- to determine if there year maintenance is any placement of contract should be debris or sediment added to the accumulation in the contractor’s existing gully erosion control contract infrastructure Sighting and review of weekly reports on the status of the infrastructure especially during the wet season as well as during the dry season 6-87 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report S/No PROJECT PROJECT PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY COST PHASE ACTIVITY Indicators Frequency Implementation Monitoring 21 Operation Maintenance of Risk of failure of the NEWMAP-Edo SPMU shall Daily inspection of Daily inspection • Contractor Edo State the gully gully intervention from ensure that Contractors: the drainage and during the • Site Manager; drainage poor maintenance of the  Develop and implement sediment control operation • Site Engineer Ministry of infrastructure drainage infrastructure on a regular basis, a infrastructure to and • SPMU Project to achieve the desired systematic Ewu Esan ensure sound maintenance Coordinator Environment project objectives such Central functionality and phase of the as (Creation of new Central Gully Erosion check for any form drainage and gullies within the Channel and Drainage of scouring or sediment control channel; breeding of Infrastructure undermining of any infrastructure vectors in the settling Management Plan to of the structures basin, undermining of remove sediments, installed the drainage debris, solid waste infrastructure and materials and aquatic Inspection of the scouring of the drainage plants from the infrastructure within 6-88 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report S/No PROJECT PROJECT PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY COST PHASE ACTIVITY Indicators Frequency Implementation Monitoring structure, etc.) channel, prevent the 24 hours of incidence of occurrence of any undercutting and major storm or scouring of the rainfall event to drainage infrastructure assess the integrity  Conduct site inspection and functionality of and monitoring as the infrastructure follows:  Inspect erosion Visual observation and sediment to determine if there control devices is any placement of installed at Ewu debris or sediment golly erosion accumulation in the intervention site gully erosion control within 24 hours of infrastructure every rainfall or storm event;  The erosion, Sighting and review sediment and of weekly reports drainage control on the status of the devices infrastructure inspection should especially during be by a person the wet season as qualified and well as during the certified to dry season perform this role. He could be a project manage, site supervisor, or engineer working in Edo State SPIM unit of NEWMAP.  The Ewu gully erosion control infrastructure inspection and monitoring to: Ensure that the Ewu Esan Central Central Gully Erosion Channel and Drainage 6-89 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report S/No PROJECT PROJECT PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY COST PHASE ACTIVITY Indicators Frequency Implementation Monitoring Infrastructure Management Plan is appropriate for the gully erosion site and is being implemented efficiently; Ensure the erosion - sediment control and drainage infrastructure are properly maintained. 6-90 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report Disruption of the side NEWMAP-Edo SPMU shall: Visual observation Daily inspection • Contractor Edo State slopes during routine  Ensure special to determine if there during the • Site Manager; maintenance of the gully precautions are is any form of operation • Site Engineer Ministry of channels taken by disruption or crack and • SPMU Project Contractors when in the gully side maintenance Coordinator Environment using backhoe to slope phase of the remove aquatic drainage and plants or sediment Inspection of the sediment control from the channel during state of infrastructure maintenance; establishment  Ensure that the of the earthmover with seeded plant vented slotted or species cross-drilled recommended bucket that allow for water to seep out slope stabilization is used for maintenance operations. Once a bucketful of Sighting and review sediment or of weekly reports aquatic vegetation on the status of the is picked up, the infrastructure bucket should be raised to allow most of the water to drain out over the gully channel 6-91 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report S/No PROJECT PROJECT PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY COST PHASE ACTIVITY Indicators Frequency Implementation Monitoring or stilling basin. Then the earthmover\s boom should be swung far from the gully channel bank so that water remaining in the spoil removed will flow away from the gully channel to prevent the erosion of the banks. 22 Decommissionin Dismantling and Ambient air quality NEWMAP-Edo SPMU shall Ambient air quality Monthly • Contractor Edo State g removal of civil deterioration from • Site Manager; engineering airborne dust ensure that Contractors: monitoring for: • Site Engineer Ministry of equipment particulates, fugitive • SPMU Project emissions, exhaust of Coordinator Environment  Use equipment with CO, NOx, SOx VOC equipment/automobiles high combustion efficiency. and Particulate Matter, SPM, THC,  Use dust suppressants VOC, CH4 on the project site Daily 6-92 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report S/No PROJECT PROJECT PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY COST PHASE ACTIVITY Indicators Frequency Implementation Monitoring Noise and vibration from NEWMAP-Edo SPMU shall Ambient noise and Ongoing • Contractor FMEnv vehicular movement ensure that Contractors: vibration • Independent Edo State  Provide ear protective level Environmental Ministry of device to project monitoring Consultant Environment workers at the site clearing stage; Ongoing Daily Observation of large equipment  Install acoustic mufflers onsite on large equipment where necessary to limit noise levels at fence line 23 Decommissioning Waste handling Solid Waste generation, NEWMAP-Edo SPMU shall Visual Observation Weekly Contractor Site NEWMAP and disposal handling and disposal ensure that: of the general Manager; ESO; problem environmental  Solid waste sanitation of the site SME; FMEnv management should be addressed in Contractor World Bank HSE Plan;  Implement the Waste Management Plan; Sighting the Waste  Promote waste reuse Tracking Logbook and recycling;  Private Waste Collection Participant Accredited by the Review the Project appropriate Solid Waste Waste Management Authority Management Plan in Edo State. and assess the compliance of the contractor 6-93 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report S/No PROJECT PROJECT PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY COST PHASE ACTIVITY Indicators Frequency Implementation Monitoring Poor housekeeping and NEWMAP-Edo SPMU shall: Visual Observation Weekly Contractor Site NEWMAP environmental sanitation  Ensure the Contractor of the general Manager; ESO; develops and environmental implements a Solid sanitation of the site SME; FMEnv Waste Management Plan approved by Sighting the Waste World Bank NEWMAP and FMEnv Tracking Logbook in compliance with appropriate World Bank Review the Project Safeguard Policies. Waste Management Plan and assess the compliance of the contractor 24 Decommissioning Transportation of Traffic congestion and NEWMAP-Edo SPMU and Daily observation of Ongoing • Contractor FMEnv solid waste, increased risk of Contractors shall avoid traffic volume and • Site Manager; Edo State equipment and occurrence of traffic impeding traffic and traffic level of congestion • Site Engineer Ministry of workers out of accidents and injuries disruption around the project • NEWMAP-Edo Environment the project site. site by: SPMU  Adjusting work schedules • SPMU so as not to disturb Project traffic; Coordinator  Establishing an adequate system of road signs and detour;  Notifying communities of pending work scope, duration and location  Avoid blocking public access roads;  Circumventing access roads to gathering places in Ewu and neighbouring communities 6-94 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Final Report S/No PROJECT PROJECT PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY COST PHASE ACTIVITY Indicators Frequency Implementation Monitoring Ambient air quality NEWMAP-Edo SPMU shall: Ambient air quality Monthly • Contractor Edo State deterioration from • Site Manager; airborne dust monitoring for: • Site Engineer Ministry of  Ensure that particulates, fugitive • SPMU Project Contractors use Environment emissions, exhaust of CO, NOx, SOx VOC Coordinator equipment with high equipment/automobiles combustion efficiency;  Ensure Contractors and Particulate use dust suppressants on the project site. Matter, SPM, THC, VOC, CH4 Daily Noise and vibration from NEWMAP-Edo SPMU shall Ambient noise and Ongoing • Contractor FMEnv vehicular movement ensure that Contractors vibration • Independent Edo State  Contractors provide level Environmental Ministry of ear protective device monitoring Consultant Environment to project workers at Ongoing the site clearing stage; Daily Observation of large equipment  Contractors install onsite acoustic mufflers on large equipment where necessary to limit noise levels at fence line Cost for Items N28,000,000.00 524 6-95 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguaren Ewu, Edo State Final Report NOTES ON COSTING ABOVE: NOTES ON COSTING ABOVE: 1. Items 1 and 2 on the table above can be covered with a single monitoring visit. Thus, the assumption is that 2 representatives each from the SPMU, the State Ministry of Environment as well as 2 community representatives (2 from each community) will be involved in the monitoring visit. The costs provided here include: per diem for project personnel from SPMU and the State Ministry of Environment, logistics costs (transportation, etc.). Transportation is put at N300, 000.00, per diem for the 4 personnel (2 each from the SPMU and the State Ministry of Environment) is put at N75, 000 /person for 2 days, equalling N600, 000.00. In addition, provision is made for allowances for community representative’s @N25, 000/person (N100, 000.00). Entertainment of guests at consultation meetings and gifts for community heads is put at N300, 000.00 (N150, 000/community). This gives a total of N1, 300,000.00. At an exchange rate of US$1: N350, this comes to US$3,714.00 2. Impact mitigation and compliance monitoring are covered in items 3-17 in the table above. Generally, two sets of costs are covered here: The cost of impact mitigation monitoring, and compliance monitoring. Impact mitigation monitoring will be carried out by, a third party (independent) consultant, to be appointed by the SPMU. Monitoring will be carried out during pre- construction, construction and first 3 years of operations. There will be two monitoring visits during the pre-construction and construction phases, while there will be two monitoring visits per annum for the first 3 years of operation. Altogether, there will be eight monitoring visits. For each monitoring visit, a team of the consultants will work in conjunction with representation from the SPMU, State Ministry of Environment and the project contractors. The cost of each monitoring will consist of N2, 500,000.00 for consultant’s costs, and N1, 000,000.00 for regulatory (SPMU and State Ministry of Environment costs). Thus, the total costs for items 5-24 as highlighted above, comes to N28, 000,000.00 (Twenty-eight million naira only). Converted to US$ at an exchange rate of US$1: N350, this comes to US$80,000.00. 3. The participation of SPMU and the State Ministry of Environment is what comprises to monitoring and evaluation aspect of this project A summary of the costs for each of the components is also presented in the Table below: 96 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguaren Ewu, Edo State Final Report S/N PROJECT PHASE AND ACTIVITIES COSTS (N) Pre-construction monitoring 1,300,000.00 Construction Monitoring (2 times @ N3,500 each time) 7,000,000.00 Each time contractor will be paid N2,500,000 while the SPMU and other agencies will require N1,000,000 fr their involvement/participation Operations Monitoring (6 times over a c-year period @ N3,500 each time) 21,000,000.00 Each time contractor will be paid N2,500,000 while the SPMU and other agencies will require N1,000,000 fr their involvement/participation Decommissioning Monitoring (one off) 3,500,000.00 Contractor will be paid N2,500,000 while the SPMU and other agencies will require N1,000,000 fr their involvement/participation Grand Total 32,800,000.00 6.6.2 Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation 6.6.2.1 Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation The Monitoring and Evaluation proposed for implementation in the ESMP for the Ewu NEWMAP gully erosion intervention is designed to monitor specific indicators of the biophysical and social environments for the achievement of the following objectives:  Proactively initiate strategies to identify any sign of environmental stress, deterioration or degradation within the Ewu watershed arising from the gully erosion site rehabilitation civil engineering works by scientific investigation of specific environmental monitoring parameters and comparing them to established background values stipulated by regulatory agencies;  Provide assurance that the environmental impact mitigation measures recommended for implementation during the project phases are adequate for effective amelioration of the project impacts and indicate whether the respective impact monitoring parameters investigated are within the stipulated environmental limits of regulatory agencies;  Provide early warning of environmental damage so that actions may be taken during the implementation of the NEWMAP intervention to reduce such harmful impacts;  Ensure that regulatory standards for pollutants are not exceeded;  Assure adequate stakeholder engagement and consultation in the implementation of the NEWMAP gully erosion rehabilitation project; and 97 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguaren Ewu, Edo State Final Report  Verify the compliance of the project Contractors and NEWMAP Edo SPMU with regulatory requirements and the Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan proposed in this ESMP. Consequently, the overall monitoring proposed for the Ewu NEWMAP intervention sets out to determine the effectiveness of the environmental and social impact mitigation measures in minimizing, ameliorating or preventing the occurrence of the project impacts. This will enable NEWMAP to establish that the mitigation measures adequately and benignly reduced the project impacts. To this end, the environmental and social indicators that shall be mainstreamed into the overall monitoring and evaluation process for the Ewu NEWMAP intervention are as shown in Table 6.5, on the Environmental, Social and Health Impact Indicators. Table 6.5: Environmental, Social and Health Components and Impact Indicators Components Impact Indicators Biophysical Geology Changes to geology, geomorphology, topography Soil Changes to physical and chemical properties and soil ecology Surface Water Changes to water quality indices, (physicochemical properties, hydrocarbons, metals); Vegetation Changes in vegetal cover due to excessive land disturbance during movement and operation of heavy equipment and vehicles; Changes to vegetation population, health, species abundance and diversity and impact on endangered and economic species, etc. Wildlife Changes to wildlife assemblages, impact on endangered and economic species Air Emissions of NOx, SOx, PM, CO, VOC, greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, and N2O), ozone and changes to ground level concentrations of pollutants Vibration and Noise Change in ambient noise or vibration levels at sensitive receptors Aesthetics Physical presence of drainage and erosion control infrastructures, Social Population Changes in population indices, total population, gender ratio, age distribution Infrastructure Improvement or pressure on existing urban/rural infrastructure including waste handling facilities Macro and Micro economy Change in macro and micro economy, employment, standard of living, occupation Social and Cultural Structure Disruption in local authority and governance structure; change in social behaviors; intra and inter-ethnic clashes; Physical and Economic Permanent physical displacement from residence as a result of project land Displacement take, or activities; permanent or temporary displacement from land or water based livelihood activities; partial or whole severance from social and cultural networks 98 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguaren Ewu, Edo State Final Report Components Impact Indicators Cultural and Archaeological Physical disturbance of shrines, burial grounds, archaeological resources or resources other desecration Transportation Alteration in means of transportation or ability to move efficiently Health Determinants Pollution Related Health Effects Increase in concentration of, and exposure to air pollutants of concern (NOx, SOx, VOC, CO, PM), contamination of surface waters and potable ground water, increased vibration and noise beyond regulatory limits, increased night time light beyond acceptable limits. Communicable and Non Change in incidence of communicable and non-communicable diseases or Communicable Diseases disease causing factors Morbidity and Mortality Changes in health of workers and of general public, change in security of the area Health Care/Recreational Changes in availability of and access to health care and recreational facilities Facilities Psychosocial factors Drug use/abuse, communal violence, crime, suicide, depression and prostitution; changing expectations of quality of life Fertility Changes to fertility levels, changes in birth rates Accidents/Fires/Explosions Changes to rate of occurrence and severity of accidents/fires/explosions Upon completion of the field data collection, sampling and monitoring of selected parameters guided by appropriate Instrumentation, Standard Operating Procedures and Quality Control and Quality Assurance, laboratory analysis of field samples shall be performed. The evaluation of the resulting scientific data shall be based on the comparison of monitoring data with baseline data and recommended regulatory background standards to determine if the Ewu NEWMAP intervention has resulted in any form of environmental damage, stress, deterioration or degradation within the Ewu watershed or exacerbation of the background values of specific monitoring parameters considered. 6.6.2.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan The proposed environmental monitoring plan shall provide the platform for measuring the effectiveness of the proposed impact mitigation measures and the means for evaluating environmental performance of the NEWMAP Gully Erosion Remediation intervention in Ewu Esan Central, Edo State. The monitoring plan intends to document, track and report temporal changes in specific environmental monitoring parameters that could be associated with the proposed construction and installation of the drainage and erosion control infrastructure in the Ewu gully erosion site. In principle, positive or 99 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguaren Ewu, Edo State Final Report negative changes are expected in the environmental monitoring parameters over time, both in magnitude and direction, which would result in either positive or negative consequences. Hence the monitoring plan proposed herein seeks to identify the variations in the monitoring parameters engendered by the construction project activities and also the nature of the consequences of such changes whether beneficial or detrimental. Visual inspections, field note writing, photograph records, environmental sampling, and in-situ measurements of environmental monitoring parameters for soil, water and air quality samples etc., are all the methods that will be employed during the monitoring and inspection activities. Thus, the empirical sampling during environmental impact monitoring and qualitative analysis shall be distinct from the non-empirical monitoring and visual inspection activities (qualitative monitoring) for mitigation measure compliance. The outcome will clearly show the effectiveness of the impact mitigation measure implemented and lead to the evolution of more efficient control measures that will guarantee the environmental sustainability of the project throughout its lifecycle. 6.6.2.3 Implementation Approach for the Environmental Monitoring The two types of environmental monitoring will be undertaken in the process of implementation of this ESMP consists of: 1) Impact Mitigation Compliance Monitoring; The mitigation measure-monitoring component of the ESMP shall focus mainly on monitoring the compliance of the Principal Contractor and NEWMAP Edo SPMU with the impact mitigation measures recommended for implementation during the site preparation and construction phase project. The inspection activities to be performed is the non-empirical monitoring or qualitative monitoring involving visual inspection and documentation through photography and regular self-reported inspection and monitoring activities conducted by the Contractor and an Independent Environmental 100 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguaren Ewu, Edo State Final Report Consultant under the supervision of NEWMAP Edo Sate SPMU, FMEnv and Edo SME on daily basis to ensure compliance with the recommended mitigation measures. The Contractor’s Site Manager must make the results of these inspections and monitoring activities available to NEWMAP Edo SPMU’s Project Coordinator on a weekly basis. 2) Environmental Impact Monitoring The Environmental Impact Monitoring process shall involve on-site investigation of the project area, adoption of scientific methodologies for key indicators of environmental and social impacts of the site preparation and construction project activities and laboratory analyses. In all cases, standard methods approved by the regulatory bodies (Federal Ministry of Environment, NESREA and World Bank) shall be followed. Adequate quality control and quality assurance measures shall be taken at every stage of the ESMP implementation. Data obtained shall be subjected to relevant statistical analyses to show general trends and the extent of spatial variations in the parameters The environmental impact monitoring component shall adopt scientific methodologies and standard operation procedures to monitor and capture, among other things, the occurrence of predicted and fresh unpredicted environmental impacts as well as effectiveness of the impact mitigation measures adopted. The field sampling and collection of environmental data shall cover the following areas: • Environmental Characterisation ; Air Quality Studies ; Noise and Vibration Studies ; Water (Surface water and Groundwater) Quality Studies ; Vegetation and Wildlife Studies (Ecology) ; Soil Studies ; Sewage and Wastewater Management ; Solid Waste Management ; Landscape and Visual Effect/Aesthetics • Socio-economics Survey; This survey will cover Ewu Esan Central community in the project area. The survey will focus on issues and concerns of the Ewu community and address other socio-economic issues that could result in Community strive and conflict with NEWMAP Edo SPMU and the site preparation and construction project activities. 101 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguaren Ewu, Edo State Final Report • Occupational Safety and Public Health Studies The environmental monitoring plan proposed for the Ewu Esan Central NEWMAP gully erosion site rehabilitation ESMP is as stated in Table 6.6 below. Table 6.6: Environmental components, monitoring parameters and frequency of monitoring for the project S/N Environmental Empirical Parameters Target Regulatory (FMEnv) Monitoring Frequency and Component /Non-Empirical Standards/Limits Responsible Parties Observations 1 Air Quality Combustion efficiency CO2 NS Once in the first month and then once Air Quality: midway, and once at the end.  Ambient Air Quality within Ewu Community CO Daily average of daily values 1 Two air quality sampling per day for 4 upstream of the Gully hour:10 ppm stations for 2 field visits at 2 days per Head visit (32 Samples)  Ambient Air Quality TSP Daily average of daily values 1 within Ewu Gully hour:250µ/m3 Channel downstream of the Gully Head at 3 locations: (C lose to the NOX Daily average of hourly values: gully head; midway of the whole gully channel 0.04 - 0.05 ppm (75 -113 µ/m3) and farthest reach of the channel close to the SO2 Daily average of hourly values: receiving water body) 0.1 ppm (260 µ/m3) THC 5 µ/m3 CH4 5 µ/m3 VOC 160 µ/m3 Noise 8 Hours Exposure limit: 90.0dB Noise monitoring 2 times in four (4) locations per day in 2 field visits 2 Water Quality: Temperature pH, < 8.5 Once at the beginning of construction works and once at the end Salinity NS Water quality samples should be collected from the receiving water body TDS 500 mg/l downstream of the gully head and groundwater TSS 500 mg/l wells close to the project site Turbidity 5 mg/l Conductivity NS Calcium 10/l0mg Magnesium 5 mg/l Iron 0.2 mg/l 102 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguaren Ewu, Edo State Final Report S/N Environmental Empirical Parameters Target Regulatory (FMEnv) Monitoring Frequency and Component /Non-Empirical Standards/Limits Responsible Parties Observations Manganese 0.2 mg/l Copper NS Aluminium 0.5 mg/l DO NS BOD NS TOC NS THC NS TPH NS NO3, 10 mg/l PO4 NS Chloride, 250 mg/l Sulphate 250 mg/l S/N Environmental Empirical Parameters Target Regulatory (FMEnv) Monitoring Frequency and Component /Non-Empirical Standards/Limits Responsible Parties Observations Bicarbonate NS Organic Matter NS Grain size/Textures, Soil Three times at the beginning, midway and the end of construction works Physico-Chemistry; TOC; 3 Soil Heavy Metals Microbiology: NS Monitoring will cover Once before site clearing and vegetation health status, and preparation re-instatement criteria; survey and verify the presence of any endangered or protected plant species 4 Vegetation and disturbed areas within the project site before site clearance and preparation Not Required Employment status during Three times at the beginning, midway construction works, public and the end of construction works complaint and community 5 Socio-economics relations Not Required 103 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguaren Ewu, Edo State Final Report S/N Environmental Empirical Parameters Target Regulatory (FMEnv) Monitoring Frequency and Component /Non-Empirical Standards/Limits Responsible Parties Observations Waste handling and disposal Weekly 6 Waste Management Practices Not Required Sewage and Wastewater Sewage disposal and Once in the first month and then once Management wastewater treatment midway, and once at the end. 7 /management practices Not Required Landscape , Visual Monitoring will cover changes Once in the first month and then once Effect/Aesthetics in topography, soil erosion, midway, and once at the end. trenching activities and general compliance with 8 applicable mitigation measures Not Required Transportation Alteration in means of Once in the first month and then once transportation or ability to midway, and once at the end. move efficiently Not Required General Compliance Monitor on weekly basis for Monitor general compliance of contractor Monitoring to check three day per week with all required mitigation measures compliance with including Waste Handling. mitigation measures Not Required Note: NS = Not Specified 6.7 ESMP Budget and Schedule of Work 6.7.1 ESMP Budget The implementation of the mitigation compliance monitoring and the environmental /social impact monitoring recommended in this ESMP will inevitably require adequate funding. The cost implication for the implementation of the ESMP has been estimated and it’s presented in this section. As indicated above, there ar e two key components of the ESMP that require funding. These are: Capacity Building costs, and Impact Mitigation and Compliance Monitoring Costs. The total cost for the implementation and monitoring, as well as the Capacity Building Activities add up to US$ 132,857.The details of the cost estimation is as shown in Table 6.7 104 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguaren Ewu, Edo State Final Report Table 6.7: Summarized Cost estimates for the implementation of the Ewu NEWMAP ESMP S/No ESMP Supervisory/Participating Implementation Estimated Budget Implementation Stakeholder Stakeholder US Dollars Naira Activity 1 Capacity Building  Edo State NEWMAP Independent 52,857.00 18,500,000.00 Costs Staff; Consultant  The Principal Contractor;  Site Personnel of the Principal Contractor;  Host Community Representatives 2 Impact Mitigation Edo SPMU NEWMAP; Independent 80,000.00 28,000,000.00 and Compliance SME; FMEnv; NESREA; Environmental Monitoring FRSC; Edo State Waste Consultant Management Authority; appointed by Edo Nigerian Police; World SPMU - NEWMAP Bank Total 132,857 46,500,000.00 6.7.2 Schedule of Work for ESMP Implementation The tasks to be performed in the ESMP is integrated in the overall construction work schedule as shown in Table 6.8 105 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguaren Ewu, Edo State Draft Report Table 6.8: ESMP Implementation Schedule of Work S/No Activity Responsible Stakeholder for Monitoring and Pre- Construction Operation Evaluation Construction ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (Months) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Contract Award and Formal Disclosure of ESMP NEWMAP Inclusion of Environmental and Social Management NEWMAP Requirements in the Bid Documents Inclusion of ESMP in Contract Documents NEWMAP Review and Approval of Contractor’s ESMP FMEnv and SME Implementation of the RAP NEWMAP ESMP Capacity Building and Training Program Contractor; NEWMAP; SME; FMEnv Implementation ESMP: Mitigation Measures Contractor; Independent Environmental Consultant Compliance Monitoring Environmental Auditing: Environmental and Social Contractor; Independent Environmental Consultant Impact Monitoring Aspect of ESMP Implementation Supervision of ESMP Implementation NEWMAP ESMP Implementation Report Compilation Contractor; Independent Environmental Consultant; NEWMAP; SME; FMEnv CONSTRUCTION Competitive Bidding for Contract Contractor Contract Award and Signing NEWMAP Preparation and Submission of Construction Schedule Contractor Contractor Mobilizes to Site* Contractor Finalizing Size Layout Plan Construction Contractor Site Clearing Contractor Installation of Equipment and Drainage/Erosion Control Contractor Infrastructures Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguaren Ewu, Edo State Draft Report S/No Activity Responsible Stakeholder for Monitoring and Pre- Construction Operation Evaluation Construction ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (Months) Excavation, Borrowing, Filling, Contractor Backfilling and Compaction Civil Engineering Works Contractor Transportation of Construction Materials Contractor Operation of Gully Site Drainage and Erosion Control Contractor Infrastructure Installations Gully Erosion Site Stabilization with Vegetation Seeding Contractor Maintenance of Erosion Control Structures Contractor Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguaren Ewu, Edo State Draft Report *Construction works cannot begin until the RAP is implemented 6.8 Contractual Award Measures The implementation of the recommended impact mitigation measures is a mandatory obligation of the Principal Contractor. For this reason, it is pertinent that the mitigation measures as described in this ESMP should be incorporated in the tender document with appropriate flexibility given to the Contractor to modify these mitigation measures to suite site characteristics. Consequently, the Contractor shall be legally committed to comply with all the requirements of the mitigation measures as indicated in this ESMP. To enhance the compliance of the Contractor, the mitigation measures should be translated into a suite of environmental and social specifications that are included in the contract award document. This will ensure that the obligations and commitment to implement the recommended mitigation measures are clearly communicated to the Contractor. It should be explicitly stated in the tender documents that non-inclusion of the mitigation measures in the Contractor’s proposal would lead to a disqualification of the proponent. Furthermore, the Contractor should demonstrate his understanding of the need for the implementation of an ESMP in the proposed NEWMAP gully erosion rehabilitation intervention project. Hence, the contract to be drawn with the successful bidder should contain the environmental management measures as the regulatory requirements to be complied with. Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguaren Ewu, Edo State Draft Report CHAPTER SEVEN SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION This Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) has provided an effective approach for the implementation of the proposed intervention projects for the Ewu gully erosion site in Esan Central Local Government Area in Edo State. The ESMP also provided the action plans for the environmental and safeguards consideration. In addition to the various biophysical and anticipated project impact evaluations, Generally, for problems such as erosion and flooding, proactive measures are substantially preferable to reactive measures, therefore basic preventive measures and watershed management activities are required. As indicated earlier, soil in Ewu area are easily eroded, therefore preventive management is required. Basically, the following are necessary: • Storm water flows need to be managed so that they do not cause unwanted erosion problems, like the gully that has formed. Bad landuse practices in the catchment can lead to the erosion of soil from fields, which will then cause sedimentation of the channels downstream. This sedimentation leads to flooding in the areas downstream due to the reduced capacity of the downstream channels. Thus, settlement basins, which reduces sediment load in runoff need to be provided around the area, thus reducing the chances of gullies developing • Erosion can be reduced by routing storm water around fields, contour ploughing, planting crops and minimizing the clearing of natural forest and bush that hold the soils and reduce peak flows effectively. • Proper watershed management will include managing the peak flows in the catchment through maintaining natural watercourses and wetland areas that currently attenuate flows naturally. Thus the planning of future development needs to include the protection of these natural features. • Where required, peak flows can be further reduced through the construction of detention ponds. These ponds are constructed to compensate for the unnatural 1 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguaren Ewu, Edo State Draft Report increase in hardened areas, such as roofs and roads. Corridors and areas should be reserved for future and existing watercourses and detention facilities to prevent future flooding problems on properties that are currently undeveloped, but may be developed in the future. • It is very useful and practical to use vegetation to improve the soil’s resilience to erosion. The grass species to be planted are Vetiveria zizanioides and Pueraria sp. as approved by NEWMAP. The tree species is Acacia sp. This species, which has a wide distribution, can be a tree or a shrub. It is also used as a pioneer species in land rehabilitation, as it is very resilient and able to tolerate extreme temperatures and rainfall. In addition to the foregoing, the following environmental and safety considerations are recommended in the course of Implementation of the Proposed Intervention Project in Eguare-Ewu Communities: 1. To arrest further damage to life and properties within the area of influence of the proposed intervention project in Ewu Community, there would be need to relocate the inhabitants of the houses bordering the gully head. The alternative to their relocation to safe distance is to carry out “Resettlement Action Plan – RAP” for the people and their livelihood. Following well-coordinated RAP program, the project-affected people would need to be adequately compensated. This is envisaged to create conducive project implementation environment, ensure the safety of the project workmen and at the same time engendering the cooperation of the project affected people and indeed that of the entire Ewu community residents. 2. Within the mid-reach and lower end of the gully on both sides are crops/plants of economic, medicinal and cultural values. Proper enumeration and appropriate costing of these plants are desirable to ensure the payment of commensurate compensation prior to the commencement of the intervention project. These crops form part of the livelihood of the project affected people and therefore, the 2 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguaren Ewu, Edo State Draft Report loss of the peoples’ livelihood to the project implementation would need to be carefully compensated for to enhance conducive project implementation environment, guarantee the safety of the project workmen and gain the support of the project affected people and indeed that of the entire Ewu community residents. 3. Engagement of Locals (skilled and unskilled), especially the youths cutting across the gender divides, as workmen for the intervention project is a panacea for peaceful, hitch free and successful intervention project implementation in the community. This is envisaged to encourage residents’ support for the project and a means of economic empowerment/improvement to the community especially during the construction phase of the intervention project. 4. As much as it is possible and provided the desired goods and or services meet up the required standards meant for the intervention project’s implementation, sourcing and procurement of some of the materials and services required at the intervention project’s site during the intervention project’s construction should be sourced and procured locally to further improve and or bring about economic empowerment of the locals. This will further ensure greater support for the project by the residents. Thus the safety of life and properties of the project’s facilities would further be enhanced. 5. During the construction phase of the intervention project, significant increase is envisaged in traffic density into and out of Ewu community especially along the route leading into and out of the gully site. Adequate traffic planning and management arrangement should be put in place to reduce the possibility of road traffic accidents. The use of appropriate traffic warning signs, caution signs and related speed regulatory measures are required. The project drivers need to be carefully trained on defensive, safe and cautious driving to avoid accidents. 6. There is need to hire and retain at the intervention project site, particularly during the project construction phase, a competent and certified Health, Safety and Environmental (HSE) manager, who will ensure the safety of workmen, project’s 3 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguaren Ewu, Edo State Draft Report sub-contractors and visitors to the project’s site at all time. He is expected to maintain the log of project’s workers on daily basis, keep records of injury, near - misses, man-hour utilized for the project, maintain First Aid Box at the project site that are well stocked of necessary medicals and also be in constant touch with the Retainer Clinic secured for emergency cases that may arise from time to time especially during the project construction phase. 7. Daily safety pet-talk (also called tool box discussion) should also be regularly held prior to the commencement of daily project activities with all the project workers on the need to ensure their safety, those of the project affected people and the project’s contractors/sub-contractors and visitors alike. It is the duty of the site HSE Manager to arrange and present the daily safety briefing prior to the commencement of daily project activities. 8. The project construction site should be very carefully condoned off with conspicuous caution tape to warn non-project workers. This is necessary to reduce work site accidents, falls and related hazards. 9. The project campsite needs to be adequately secured with gate properly manned to ensure that non-authorized individuals are not allowed into the camp site. 10. Project construction works should be restricted to daylight so as not to disturb the residents through significant increase in the ambient noise and vibration levels that may emanate from the project construction activities. This is more so that the project site is located within built up area of the community. 11. A Manual detailing what should be done and what should not be done within the project camp site and at the project construction site should be prepared and made readily available to all the project workers, the sub-contractors and the visitors to the project site. 12. A clearly identified Mustering Station or Point should be created especially during the construction phase of the project. The appropriate use of the mustering point should be made known to all the project workers. 4 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguaren Ewu, Edo State Draft Report While Edo State and the SPMU have existing capability for environmental management, it is obvious that there is a need for capacity building, especially in terms of project monitoring and evaluation, as well as preventive/proactive environmental management. Thus, in addition to the recommended training in the ESMP section of this report, there is a need to make provision for additional capacity building for personnel of State Ministry of Environment and the SPMU environmental management unit. This will enhance their capability to manage the current project, as well as others that may emanate. In addition, the ability to undertake preventive environmental management can be enhanced through these. If the ESMP and the general conclusion above are carefully implemented, it is envisaged that the pre-construction, construction, and commissioning phases of the planned intervention project will be devoid of accidents, while the possible project impacts will be greatly reduced. The successful implementation of the intervention project could then be envisaged. 5 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Draft Final Report REFERENCES Afegbua, U.K., Uwazuruonye, J. and Jafaru B. 2016. Investigating the Causes and Impacts of Gully Erosion in Auchi, Nigeria. Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International 4(4): 1-13. Bettis III, E. A., 1983. Gully Erosion of Western Iowa. The Lowa Department of Natural Resources, Iowa Geological and Water Survey, 1983. Brice, J.C., 1966. Erosion and Deposition in thin the Loess-Mantled great plain, Medicine Creek Drainage Basin, Nebraska. Washington Dept. of the Interior Geological Survey Professional Papers, 352-H. El-Swaify, S. A., Dangler, E. W. and Armstrong, C. L., 1982. Soil Erosion by Water in the Tropics, University of Hawaii/HITAHR-CTAHR Research and Extension Series 24, 173. El-Swaify, S. A., 1990. Research needs and applications to reduce erosion and sedimentation in the tropics, IAH-AISH Publication, No. 192, 3-13. Gavett, S. H. and koren, H. S (2001). The role of particulate matter in exacerbation of atopic asthma. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 124(1-3):109-12. Graf, W. L., 1983. The Arroyo problem-palaehydrology and palaeohydraulics in the short term. In: K. J. Gregory (ed). Background to palaeohydrology: A perspective (Chihester, Wiley), 279-302. Hilborn, D., 1985. Gully Erosion Control, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, 1985. Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Draft Final Report Igbokwe, J. I., Akinyede, J. O., Dang, B., Alaga, T., Ono, M. N., Nnodu, V. C. and Anike, L. O., 2008. Mapping and Monitoring of the Impact of Gully Erosion in Southeastern Nigeria with Satellite Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System, The International Archives of the R-1 Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. Vol. XXXVII. Part B8. Beijing 2008. Pope C. A. 2000). Particulate Matter-Mortality Exposure-Response Relations and Threshold. Amer J Epidemiol. 152 (5): 407-412 Monkhouse, F. J. and Small, J., 1978. A Dictionary of the Natural Environment, London: Arnold Short, K.C. and Stauble, A.J. (1967) Outline of the Geology of Onitsha, Owerri and Benue Provinces. Geological Survey of Nigeria, Bulletin No. 21. United States Department of Agriculture. (2007). National Engineering Handbook Part 654, Stream Restoration Design. Washington D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Whiteman, A.J. (1982) Nigeria: Its Petroleum Geology, Resources and Potential, 1 & 2. Graham and Trtman Ltd., London, 26-110. Wikipedia (2017), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esan_Central, March 2017 R-2 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Draft Final Report ANNEXES ANNEX 1 LIST OF ATTENDANCE AT THE STAKEHOLDERS ENGAGEMENT HELD AT EGUARE EWU COMMUNITY A1 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Draft Final Report A2 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Draft Final Report A3 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Draft Final Report ANNEX 2 PICTORIAL EVIDENCE OF EXISTING FEATURES AND THE FIELDWORK ACTIVITIES AND SOCIOECONOMIC QUESTIONNAIRE USED AT EGUARE EWU GULLY EROSION SITE A4 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Draft Final Report A5 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Draft Final Report A6 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Draft Final Report A7 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Draft Final Report A8 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Draft Final Report QUESTIONNAIRE ON THE SOCIO –ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF EGUARE EWU GULLY SITE Introduction: This questionnaire seeks to investigate the socio-economic characteristics and impact of gully erosion sites on residents of Eguare Ewu community. (A) PERSONAL INFORMATION 1. Name of Town/Village……………………………………………………….... 2. Name of LGA……………………………………………………………………. 3. Age of respondents: below21;________21 - 40;____41 – 60; more than 60_____ 4. Ethnic origin……………………………………………………………………….. 5. Religion affiliation (a)Christians (b)Moslems (c)Traditionalist (d)Others 6. Sex: Male…………… Female…………………………………………… 7. Educational Status (a)No formal education (b) Primary (c)Secondary (d)Tertiary 8. Total No. of people in household: Male…………. Female……………Total………….. 9. Proximity of house to gully erosion site (in meters) ……………………………………….. 10. Name the major cultural festivals observed in this community……………………………… 11. Name the cultural sites of importance to this community…………………………………… 12. Primary occupation…………………………………………………………………………. 13. Secondary occupation…………………………………………………………………… 14. What is your estimated monthly income (N): (a) Less than N 20,000; (b) N 21,000-50,000 (c) N 51,000 to 100,000 (d) More than N 100,000 A9 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Draft Final Report 15. Which of the following types of houses is common in this community (Enumerator to note)? (a) Earth block/Thatch (b) Earth block/Zinc (c) Cement block/Zinc (d)Cement block/Asbestos (e) Timber Wall/Thatch (f) Timber Wall/Zinc 16. Sources of water supply? (a)Rain, (b) River (c) Well (d) Pipe borne (e) borehole (f) others 17. How is solid waste disposed? (a) Burning (b) Burying (c) Dumping (d) Throwing in running/stagnant water (e) Others…………………………. 18. How is human waste disposed off? (a) Pit latrine (b) Defecation into water channels (c) Defecation into surrounding bushes (d) Pail systems (e) Toilet (f) VIP-ventilate latrine (g) Any other (specify)…………………………… 19. What is the most common disease in this community……………………… 20. Where do people suffering from various disease normally go for cure? (a) Churches (b)Alfa (c) Native doctors (d) Dispensary/Health centre/Hospital (e) Self medication (f) Others 21. Type of House (a) Bungalow (b) Blocks of Flat (c) Duplex (d) Huts (e)Others……... 22. No of Rooms in the House………………………………………… 23. Type of roofing materials used in the house (a) Thatch (b) Iron Sheet (c) Asbestos (d) Long Span Aluminum (e) Tile (f) Others (specify) …………………………. 24. Type of Building Materials Used in the house (a) Thatch/Bamboo (b) Mud (c) Cement (d) Burnt Brick (e) Wood (f) Others Specify………………………… 25. Type of Toilet (a) None (b) Pit (c) Bucket (d) Hand flush (e) Others…………………. 26. Are you aware of this project? Yes ( ) No ( ) 27. If yes, what are the sources of information--------------------------------------------- 28. If no, interviewer should tell the respondent about the project A10 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Erosion Gully Site at Eguare Ewu, Edo State Draft Final Report 29. How do you think this project will benefit this community? Item Very Minimal Minimal Great Don’t Know Increase in in-migration Increased income Job opportunities New/ Improved Facilities (road, schools etc) Improvement in living standards Changes in style of dressing Improved social life Thanks for your assistance. A11