SFG1692 V20 Federal Republic of Nigeria THE NIGERIA EROSION AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROJECT (NEWMAP) Final Report of Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Gapiona Flood Site in Benin - City, Edo State SUBMITTED TO THE FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, ABUJA March, 2017 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (Edo-NEWMAP) [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report ii Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (Edo-NEWMAP) TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ii List of Tables vi List of Figures viii List of Plates ix List of Acronyms and Abbreviations x Units of Measure xiii List of ESMP Preparers xiv Executive Summary xv CHAPTER ONE 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background Information on Proponent and Project 1 1.2 EIA and Project Objectives 1 1.3 Legal and Institutional Framework 3 1.3.1 Federal Policy, Legal, Regulatory and Administrative Frameworks 3 1.3.2 World Bank Safeguard Policies Triggered by NEWMAP Projects 5 1.3.3. International Conventions and Agreements 6 1.4 Institutional Framework 9 1.5 Structure of this ESMP Report 10 1.6 Maps of Project Location 12 CHAPTER TWO 13 PROJECT JUSTIFICATION 13 2.1 Value of the Project 13 2.2 Need for the Project 14 2.3 Project Envisaged Sustainability 15 2.3.1 Technical Sustainability 15 2.3.2 Economic Sustainability 15 2.3.3 Environmental Sustainability 15 2.3.4 Social Sustainability 16 2.4 Project Development Options 16 [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report iii Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (Edo-NEWMAP) 2.4.1 No-Action Alternative 16 2.4.2 Delayed-Action and Right-Away Action Alternatives 16 2.4.3 Use of Civil Works, Bioengineering and Technological Methods 17 2.5 Analysis of Alternatives 17 2.5.1 Site Alternatives 17 2.5.2 Technology Alternatives 17 CHAPTER THREE 20 PROJECT AND PROCESS DESCRIPTION 20 3.1 Input and Output of raw Materials 20 3.2 Technology Description 21 3.3 Equipment and Machines 22 3.4 Project Schedule 23 3.5 Waste Management Plan 24 3.6 Process Description of the Proposed Intervention 26 3.6.1 Land Acquisition Process 27 CHAPTER FOUR 28 BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 28 4.1 Location 28 4.2 Relief and Drainage 29 4.3 Soil & Geology 30 4.4 Climate and Meteorology 30 4.4.1 Rainfall 30 4.4.2 Temperature 32 4.4.3 Relative Humidity (RH) 33 4.4.4 Sunshine Hours 33 4.4.5 Wind Patterns and Speed 33 4.5 Environmental Quality Assessment 34 4.5.1 Geology 34 4.5.2 Soil Physico –Chemistry 35 4.5.3 Physico-chemical Properties of Groundwater Sample 37 4.5.4 Air Quality Assessment 40 [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report iv Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (Edo-NEWMAP) 4.5.5 Ambient Air Quality Measurement 41 4.6 Vegetation Study 41 4.7 Fauna / Wildlife Study 44 4.8 Protected Areas 45 4.9 Socio-Economic Characteristics and Public Consultations 45 4.9.1 Socio-Economic Assessment 45 4.9.2 Data Collection Methodology 46 4.9.3 Population Characteristics of the Project Area 48 4.9.4: Socio-Economic Characteristics of Respondents 48 4.9.5 Infrastructures within Project Communities 49 4.9.6 Housing Characteristics in the Project Area 51 4.9.7 Source of Energy 51 4.9.8 Communities’ Environmental Concerns (CECs) 52 4.9.9 Perception of the People about the Proposed Project 54 4.9.10 Public Consultations 54 CHAPTER FIVE 56 ASSOCIATED AND POTENTIAL IMPACTS 56 5.1 Project Associated Activities 56 5.2 Potential Impacts of the Proposed Project Activities 57 5.2.1 Positive Environmental Impacts of the Proposed Project Activities 57 5.2.2 Positive Social Impacts of the Proposed Project Activities 57 5.2.3 Potential Negative Environmental and Social Impacts of the Proposed Project Activities 58 CHAPTER SIX 65 MITIGATION MEASURES 65 6.1 Mitigation Measures for the Impacts Identified 65 6.1.1 Pre-Construction Phase 65 6.1.2 Construction Phase 65 6.1.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 65 [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report v Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (Edo-NEWMAP) CHAPTER SEVEN 76 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 76 7.1 Monitoring Schedule 76 7.2 Institutional Responsibilities and Accountabilities 91 7.2.1 Pre-Construction Phase 91 7.2.2 Construction Phase 92 7.2.3 Operational and Maintenance Phase 93 7.3 Training Programmes 95 7.4 Implementation Schedule 96 7.5 ESMP Budget 99 CHAPTER EIGHT 101 DECOMISSIONING AND ABANDONMENT PLAN 101 8.1 Description of Decommissioning Activities 101 CHAPTER NINE 102 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 102 REFERENCES 103 Appendix I: Questionnaire 106 Appendix II: Minutes of Public Consultation at Elema Palace 115 Appendix III: Attendance at the Town Hall Meeting 118 Appendix IV: List of People Met 121 Appendix V: Indicative Environmental Code of Conduct and Clauses for Contractors 125 Appendix VI: Photo 135 Appendix VII: Infrastructures and other Point of Interest within Proposed Project Communities 137 Appendix VIII: List of Major Roads within proposed Flood Intervention Site 140 [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report vi Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (Edo-NEWMAP) LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Relevant Federal/State Policies, Legislation, Regulations and Guidelines 3 Table 1.2: World Bank Safeguard Policies Triggered by Gapiona Flood Site Intervention Project 5 Table 1.3: International Conventions, Agreements and Protocols to which Nigeria is Signatory and Applicable to the Edo State NEWMAP in the Gapiona Flood Site 6 Table 1.4: Gap between National Legislations, Policies and Regulations and the World Bank Policies 8 Table 1.5: ESMP Report Outline 10 Table 2.1: Appraisal of the ‘No Action’ Alternative and Use of Civil Works 18 Table 3.1: Dimension of the Detention Ponds 20 Table 3.2: Dimensions and connectivity of the major system conduits 21 Table 3.3: Proposed Project Schedule and ESMP Process 23 Table 4.1: Description of Sampling Points for collection of Soil Samples 35 Table 4.2: Analysis of Soil Samples around the Proposed Project Area 37 Table 4.3: Physico-chemical Analysis of Water Samples in the Project Area 38 Table 4.4: Analysis of Metal in surface Water around the Project Area 40 Table 4.5: Noise Levels Measurement around the Project Area 40 Table 4.6: Air Quality Measurements in the Proposed Project Area 41 Table 4.7: The Vegetation covers of the Study Location 42 Table 4.8: Wildlife Encountered within the Proposed Project Environment and the Threat Status 44 Table 4.9: Questionnaires Administration and Public Consultation 47 Table 4.10: Population Estimation and Projection of Edo State 48 Table 4.11: Socio-economics of the Respondents in Proposed Project Communities 48 Table 5.1: Noise Emission Levels for Various Types of Construction Plant 60 Table 5.2: Potential Impacts of Disruption to Public Utilities 61 Table 6.1: Mitigation Measures for Pre-Construction Phase 67 Table 6.2: Mitigation Measures for the Environmental Impacts in the Construction Phase 68 Table 6.3: Mitigation Measures for the Biological Impacts in the Construction Phase 70 Table 6.4: Mitigation Measures for the Socio-Economic Impacts during Construction Phase 71 [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report vii Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (Edo-NEWMAP) Table 6.5: Mitigation Measures for the Public Health Impacts in the Construction Phase 73 Table 6.6: Mitigation Measures for Operation Phase 74 Table 7.1: Monitoring for Pre-Construction Phase during Project Implementation 77 Table 7.2: Monitoring for Mitigation Measures for the Environmental Impacts in the Construction Phase during Project Implementation 78 Table 7.3: Monitoring for Mitigation Measures for the Biological Impacts in the Construction Phase during Project Implementation 83 Table 7.4: Monitoring for Mitigation Measures for the Socio-economic Impacts during Construction Phase during Project Implementation 84 Table 7.5: Monitoring for Mitigation Measures for the Public Health Impacts in the Construction Phase during Project Implementation 86 Table 7.6: Monitoring for Operation Phase during the Project Implementation 88 Table 7.7: Institutional Capacity Strengthening Plan 96 Table 7.8: ESMP Implementation Schedule 97 Table 7.9: Cost Analysis of the Proposed Project ESMP Implementation 99 Table 7.10: Environment and Social Management Measures 100 [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report viii Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (Edo-NEWMAP) LIST OF FIGURES Fig 1.1: Gapiona Flood Intervention Site, Benin-City, Edo State, Nigeria 12 Fig 4.1: Gapiona Flood Intervention Site, Benin-City, Edo State, Nigeria 29 Fig 4.2: Mean Monthly Rainfall 31 Fig 4.3: Characteristics of Daily Temperature within the Project Area 32 Fig 4.4: Characteristics of Relative Humidity within the Project Area 33 Fig 4.5: Location of Ponds / Physico-chemical Sampling Point 36 Fig 4.6: POIs and Roads within the Project Site 50 Fig 4.7: Type of Materials in the Building and Tenure Systems 51 Fig 4.8: Source of Energy for Various Uses 52 Fig. 4.9 Current Environmental Concerns of the Flooding 53 [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report ix Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (Edo-NEWMAP) LIST OF PLATES Plate 4.1: Questionnaire Administration in different parts of the Study Area (a) Upper Adesuwa (b) Aghedo (c) Irhirhi Quarters (d) Abuja Quarters 47 Plate 4.2: Impact of Flood Hazard in different part of the Study Area 53 [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report x Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (Edo-NEWMAP) LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AIDS - Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome ARAR - Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements BAT - Best Available Technology BOD - Biochemical Oxygen Demand CBO - Community Based Organizations CITES - Convention on the Prevention of the international trade in Endangered Species COD - Chemical Oxygen Demand CSOs - Chief Security Officers DO - Dissolved Oxygen EA - Environmental Assessment EDSMEPU - Edo State Ministry of Environment and Public Utilities EDSWMB - Edo State Waste Management Board EES - Environmental and Social Specialists EHS - Environmental, Health and Safety EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment EO - Environmental Officer ESIA - Environmental and Social Impact Assessment EMS - Environmental Management System ESMF - Environmental and Social Management Framework ESMP - Environmental and Social Management Plan FEPA - Federal Environmental Protection Agency FGD - Focus Group Discussion FGN - Federal Government of Nigeria FI - Financial Intermediary FMEnv - Federal Ministry of Environment FPMU - Federal Project Management Unit FRN - Federal Republic of Nigeria FRSC - Federal Road Safety Commission GHGs - Greenhouse Gases GPS - Global Positioning System GRA - Government Reserved Area H2S - Hydrogen Sulphide [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report xi Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (Edo-NEWMAP) HIV - Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus HND - Higher National Diploma HSE - Health, Safety and Environment IDI - In-Depth Interviews ITCZ - Inter Tropical Continental Zone IUCN - International Union for Conservation of Nature KII - Key Informant Interviews ISO - International Standard Organization LGA - Local Government Area MDAs - Ministries, Departments and Agencies M&E - Monitoring and Evaluation MEPU - Ministry of Environment and Public Utilities MoU - Memorandum of Understanding MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet NAP - National Agricultural Policy ND - Not Detected NEWMAP - Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project NEP - National Policy of the Environment NESREA - National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency NIWA - Nigeria Inland Waterways Authority NPC - National Population Commission NS - Not Specified NTU - Nephelometric Turbidity Unit OND - Ordinary National Diploma OP - Operational Policies PAP - Project Affected Persons PEM - Project Environmental Management PMU - Project Management Unit POI - Point of Interest PPE - Personal Protective Equipment PVC - Poly vinyl chloride RAP - Resettlement Action Plan SO - Social Officer [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report xii Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (Edo-NEWMAP) SOP - Standard Operation Procedures SPM - Suspended Particulate Matter SPMU - State Project Management Unit STD - Sexually Transmitted Diseases TC - Tropical Continental TDS - Total Dissolved Solids TM - Tropical Maritime ToR - Terms of Reference TSS - Total Suspended Solids VOC - Volatile Organic Compounds WHO - World Health Organization [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report xiii Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (Edo-NEWMAP) UNITS OF MEASURE 0 C - degree Centigrade 0 F - degree Fahrenheit cfu - colony forming units CO2 - carbon dioxide dB - decibel g - gram Ha - Hectare hr - hour kg - kilogramme km - kilometer L - litre m - metre max - maximum mg - milligram ms-1 - metre per second AMSL - Above Mean Sea Level [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report xiv Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (Edo-NEWMAP) LIST OF ESMP PREPARERS Shakirudeen Odunuga (Ph.D.) Project Manager Ajijola Abiodun (M.Sc.) Socio-economic Specialist Adekunle Raji (M.Sc.) Baseline Data Gathering Gbolahan Badru (M.Sc.) Report writing James Ojeikhoa (B.Sc.) Data Collection [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report xv Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (Edo-NEWMAP) Executive Summary ES 1 Background The Edo State government has taken a bold step towards finding a lasting solution to the malaise of flooding ravaging different parts of the State. The Gapiona Flood site in Benin- City is one of the sites proposed for intervention by the Edo State NEWMAP. The proposed project is aimed at rehabilitating and managing the runoff being generated within the sub- watershed. Hence, the need to assess the impact of the proposed redevelopment plans on the environment and social life of the project area has become imperative. This further necessitates the development of the safeguard instrument referred to as the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) by the Edo State NEWMAP SPMU to ensure that environmental concerns are integrated into the proposed intervention at Gapiona flood site. ES 2 Description of the Proposed Intervention The solutions proposed to combat the perennial flooding include a major drainage system that has been designed for a 50-year return period rainfall event. In order to accommodate such magnitude of water flow in an area with a very flat topography, the use of available vacant land for detention ponding is proposed. This will greatly reduce the peak flow rates. A total of seven detention ponds are designed for Gapiona. Underground rectangular box culverts will be constructed between the detention ponds. The box culverts will generally follow the alignment of the streets in the densely built-up areas. However, downstream of Pond 5 the conduits are located in the lowest lying areas to ensure proper draining of flow and prevent overland flow and surface runoff into the already built up area. Specifically, there are eight different rectangular concrete culvert sections and dimensions and one trapezoidal open channel included in the major drainage system at Gapiona. There are nine conduits that connect the distinctive nodes with one another. The geometric layout resembles a Y shape with the two detention ponds 1 and 3 at the top of the Y shape. These two systems drain southwards and include four detention ponds before reaching the point where they merge. From there onwards there is a single conduit system through Gapiona and another three detention ponds. The route selection for the horizontal placement of the conduits was an interactive process taking the need to maintain gravity, while avoiding unnecessary demolition of structures into account. In the upstream area, in the vicinity of the four detention ponds the conduits are primarily in the streets but in certain areas must pass between buildings. The culvert alignment downstream of the junction follows the streets and then follows the moat to a position close to Detention Pond 5. Further downstream, the conduits primarily follow the low points on the vacant land. Where the conduits are located in the road reserves they have been positioned in the middle of the street. This is dictated by the size and depth of the conduits. ES 3 Rationale for the NEWMAP Intervention The socio-economic implications of the flooding on the Gapiona communities are numerous. Houses are regularly submerged and properties worth millions of naira are damaged. Children are prevented from going to school while access roads are cut off at the peak of [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report xvi Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (Edo-NEWMAP) flooding. Therefore, if the proposed intervention is carried out, the yearly colossal losses will be mitigated. Life and property will also be safe guarded. ES 4 Rationale for the ESMP The primary objective of the ESMP is to facilitate effective decision-making and to ensure that the implementation processes during the execution of the proposed project activities are sustainable. Some of the activities include construction, ensuring that civil and rehabilitation works are environmentally sound, encouraging community consultation and participation and enhancing social wellbeing. Specifically, the ESMP seeks to provide a clear process including action plans to integrate environmental and social considerations into the project. ES 5 Scope of the Work The objective of the consulting services is to prepare an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the flood hot spots in Gapiona in Benin City, Edo State NEWMAP intervention project site. The specific tasks are to:  Describe the biophysical and social environment including the existing status of the sub-watershed (Upper/Lower) and gullies;  Identify the potential environmental and social issues/risks associated with the intervention;  Draw on the feasibility and engineering report and site design, appropriate baseline indicators (for example, m3/sec of runoff collected in the sub-watershed during a heavy hour-long rainfall;  Develop a plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with construction and operation in the gully intervention in consultation with the relevant public and government agencies;  Identify feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels;  Develop a time-bound plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with the specific intervention in the designated sub-watershed management in consultation with the relevant public and government agencies;  Identify feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels;  Identify monitoring objectives and specifies the type of monitoring, with linkages to the impacts assessed and the mitigation measures described above;  Provide a specific description of institutional arrangements: the agencies responsible for carrying out the mitigation and monitoring measures (e.g., for operation, supervision, enforcement, monitoring of implementation, remedial action, financing, reporting, and staff training) and the contractual arrangements for assuring the performance of each implementing agency;  Define technical assistance programs that could strengthen environmental management capability in the agencies responsible for implementation;  Provide an implementation schedule for measures that must be carried out as part of the project, showing phasing and coordination with overall project implementation plans; and [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report xvii Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (Edo-NEWMAP)  Provide the expected capital and recurrent cost estimates and sources of funds for implementing the ESMP and inform accordingly the design consultants so that these costs are duly taken into consideration in the designs.  Register the ESMP with the environmental assessment (EA) departments at Federal and State levels; and  Disclose the finalized ESMP at National, State, LGA and Community levels. ES 6 Federal Policy, Legal, Regulatory and Administrative Frameworks S/N Policy Instrument Year Provision 1 National Policy on the 1989 revised This describes the both the conceptual and theoretical framework Environment 1991 and strategies for archiving sustainable development in Nigeria 2 National Erosion and 2005 This address the need to combat erosion in the country through the Flood Control Policy procedure outline in the National Action Plan for Flood and Erosion and Technical Guidelines. Legal/Regulatory Year Provision Instrument 1 Environmental Impact 1992 This provides guidelines for regulating the activities of development Assessment Act No. 86, (FMEnv) projects for which EIA is mandatory in Nigeria. The Act also stipulates the minimum content of an EIA as well as a schedule of projects that require mandatory EIAs 2 The National Guidelines 1991 These represent the basic instrument for monitoring and controlling and Standards for pollution in Nigeria Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria 3 National Guidelines on (1999) This establishes the requirements for an Environmental Management Environmental System (EMS) in all organizations/facilities in Nigeria Management Systems 4 National Air Quality 1991 This defines the levels of air pollutants that should not be exceeded Standard Decree No. 59 in order to protect public health. of 5 The National 2007 This makes provision for solid waste management and its Environmental administration and prescribes sanctions for offences or acts, which Standards and run contrary to proper and adequate waste disposal procedures and Regulations practices Enforcement Agency Act (NESREA Act) 6 Land Use Act of 1978 1978 This is the primary legal means to acquire land in the country. The Act vests all land comprised in the territory of each state in the Modified federation in the governor of the State and requires that such land 1990 shall be held in trust and administered for the use and common benefit of all Nigerians in accordance with the provisions of this Act [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report xviii Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (Edo-NEWMAP) 7 FEPA/ FMEnv. EIA 1995 These indicate the steps to be followed in the EIA process through Procedural guidelines project life cycle. 8 S115 National 1991 Regulate the collection, treatment, and disposal of solid and Environmental hazardous waste for municipal and industrial sources and give the Protection (The comprehensive list of chemicals and chemical waste by toxicity Management of Solid categories and Hazardous Wastes Regulations) 9 S19 National 1991 These are imposed restrictions on the release of toxic substances and Environmental requirements of Stipulated Monitoring of pollution to ensure that Protection (The NEP permissible limits are not exceeded. (Pollution Abatement in Industries and Facilities Generating Waste) Regulations) 10 S18 National 1991 This makes it mandatory for industrial facilities to install anti- Environmental pollution equipment. It also makes provision for further effluent Protection (National treatment, prescribe maximum limit of effluent parameters allowed Effluents Limitations for discharge, and spells out penalties for contravention. Regulation) 11 Public Health Law This deals with public health matters 12 Environmental This deal with the general environmental health and sanitation. Sanitation Edits, Law Implementation and enforcement in the state. and Enforcements 13 Workmen Component 1987 This provides for occupational health and safety Act Revised 2010 Edo State Policy & Regulatory Instruments 1 Edo State Ministry of They are responsible for waste management, flood and erosion Environment and Public control, forest depletion and degradation and general environmental Utilities (MEPU) and atmospheric pollution 2 Edo State Waste The compilation, transport, processing, recycling or disposal and Management Board monitoring of waste materials. (EDSWMB) 3 Edo State Ministry of Acquire value and allocate public real property for public projects Land, Housing & and gazettes such acquisitions by the State with the Ministry Survey 4 Edo State Ministry of  Co-ordinating the activities of Local Government Councils; Local Government  Resolving Local Government and Communal Boundary regulations Disputes;  Maintenance of Law and Order in Local Government Areas in collaboration with Law Enforcement Agencies; [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report xix Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (Edo-NEWMAP) ES 7 World Bank Safeguard Policies applicable to the Gapiona Flood Site rehabilitation project Safeguard Policies Triggered Triggered Applicability to project due How Project Address by by Gapiona to Policy Requirements NEWMAP Flood Site Yes No Yes No Environmental [x] [ ] [x] [ ] Civil works with site-specific ESMF prepared for Assessment (OP/BP impacts; construction of NEWMAP and site 4.01) detention pond and specific mitigation Underground rectangular box measures developed in the culverts to reduce the peak ESMP. flow rates and flooding. It also applies to the acquisition of land and resources for these activities that will lead to economic and potentially physical displacement. Natural Habitats [x] [ ] [x] [ ] Civil works with site-specific ESMF prepared for (OP/BP 4.04) impacts in creating Buffer NEWMAP and site Zone. The activities outlined specific mitigation intervention requires the measures developed in the significant conversion of areas ESMP. of natural habitats especially around ponds six and seven. Physical Cultural [x] [ ] [ X [ ] Civil works, including ESMF prepared for Resources (OP/BP ] excavations construction of NEWMAP and site 4.11) open and underground drainage specific mitigation will most likely not be able to measures developed in the avoid all cultural heritage sites ESMP. as well as presently unknown sites that can be expected to be found in historical city like Benin-City which is rich in cultural and historical values. Involuntary [x] [ ] [x] [ ] Restriction of access to sources RPF prepared for Resettlement (OP/BP of livelihood. The demolition NEWMAP and a 4.12) of structures. The proposed standalone RAP spells out activities will take place in site specific issues to be residential and farming areas. addressed and how [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report xx Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (Edo-NEWMAP) ES 8 International conventions, agreements and protocols to which Nigeria is signatory and applicable to the Edo State NEWMAP in the Gapiona flood site International Applicable Applicable to Applicability to project How project address issues conventions, to Gapiona due to raised agreements and NEWMAP Flood Site protocols Yes No Yes No Both the Vienna [x] [ ] [x] [ ] Civil works will extend to ESMF prepared for convention for the the forest area. There will NEWMAP and site specific protection of the be reduction in tree mitigation measures Ozone Layer and the taxonomy and biomass developed in the ESMP. Montreal protocol for leading to reduction in Provision of vegetation Control of Substances carbon sink and release of measures following that deplete the ozone ODS gasses. construction of the layer. engineering measures. Basel convention on [] [x] [ ] [x] ESMF and ESMP do not NA the prevention of trans- identify the use and or boundary movement of generation of hazardous hazardous wastes and wastes in the project their disposal. lifecycle. Convention on the [x] [ ] [ ] [X ] No endangered species(s) NA prevention of the of any kind was identified international trade in in the project area. endangered species (CITES). Convention on [x] [ ] [X ] [ ] Civil works may extend to ESMF prepared for Biodiversity. forest area. This will NEWMAP and site specific disturb biodiversity in the mitigation measures area. developed in the ESMP. Bioremediation measures incorporated into the design of project. Convention on climate [x] [ ] [x] [ ] Proposed activities will ESMF prepared for change. results in both systemic NEWMAP and site specific and cumulative mitigation measures environmental change developed in the ESMP. thereby contributing to Bioremediation measures sustained increase in incorporated into the design temperature. of project Convention on [x] [ ] [x] [ ] Proposed activities may Bioremediation measures Desertification. result in deforestation. incorporated into the design of project. Convention on [ ] [X] [ ] [X] No organic pollutant will NA Persistent Organic be used for activities Pollutants. designed for the proposed project during it lifecycle. World Health [x] [ ] [x] [ ] Proposed activities may be ESMF prepared for Organization (WHO) injurious to man and the NEWMAP and site specific Health and Safety environment mitigation measures [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report xxi Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (Edo-NEWMAP) Component of EIA, developed in the ESMP. 1987. ES 9 Institutional Framework The various MDAs involved in the implementation of the NEWMAP project include those responsible for planning, economic and finance, works, agriculture, water resources, forests, transport, power, emergency response, as well as those focused on climate and hydrological information or watershed/ basin regulation. The investments for Gapiona flood Site in Benin City, Edo State is being made through the Edo State NEWMAP. However, the Edo State government has the primary responsibility for land management and land allocations of the project site. The Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) is the lead implementing agency for NEWMAP. The Federal Project Management Unit (FPMU) headed by a Federal Coordinator hosted by FMEnv is responsible for the overall coordination. The Edo State Project Management Unit (Edo-SPMU) headed by the State Coordinator and hosted by the Edo State Ministry of Environment and Public Utilities (MEPU) is responsible for the coordination in Edo State, thus, this ministry is directly responsible for coordinating the activities of the Gapiona flood Site intervention, including the implementation of this ESMP. Both the federal and state levels coordinating units have environmental officers responsible for the mainstreaming of environmental issues into the NEWMAP subprojects. The Edo State environmental officer is directly responsible for coordinating the implementation of this Gapiona flood Site ESMP on behalf of the State Project Coordinator. At the community level, the Gapiona flood Site Monitoring Committee will effectively participate in ensuring full compliance during subproject implementation including civil work activities. ES 10 Biophysical Environment An assessment of the biophysical environment of the study area covers the general climate and meteorology, air quality and noise level, water and soil quality, geology, ecosystem, vegetation and flora and fauna resources. Most parameters measured were in conformity with local and international standards and mitigation measures were proposed where the environment will be affected. None of the plant species recorded is in the vulnerable category of the IUCN. ES 11 Socio-Economic Characteristics The gender characteristics of the respondents is (53%) male than female (47%) female. About (60%) of the respondents fall within the active age group 18-45 years. The respondents are mainly of the Bini ethnic extraction (44%) and predominantly Christians (90%). About 79.0% of the respondents have a definite form of formal education, basically up to secondary school level and most are married 68%. The occupation of the respondents includes trading (26.0%) self-employed (25%). Civil servant (22%) artisans (14%), daily labourers (4%) and unemployed (9%) among others. Average household size in the area is 6 persons. The income structure of the respondents showed that most of them (48.0%) earn less than N40,000 a month. 96% of the respondents noted that they have been negatively impacted by the [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report xxii Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (Edo-NEWMAP) persistent flood incidents in the area. The have suffered economic loss one way or the other due to their inability to access or operate their means of livelihood (64%) during flooding. Other impacts include damage to household personal belonging (16%) and damage to building property (15%) among others. Most of the respondents especially around ponds 1 to 3 claimed to have a prior-knowledge of the NEWMAP project. This they indicated is mainly through community sensitization and landlord association meetings. The respondents in the last 4 ponds, however, indicated their obliviousness about the project. ES 12 Public Consultations and Concerns The submissions, concerns and expectations of the communities during the construction and operation phases of the proposed intervention at Gapiona flood site works include:  With regard to the proposed intervention, expectations of the people during the construction and operation phases include:  Employment of the locals during the construction and operation phases of the project;  Adequate compensation to people whose properties will be loss owing to the intervention, especially along the channel of the intervention project;  With regard to the impact of the potential intervention project on the community, the respondents noted that the temporary potential adverse impact of the subproject should not stop the intervention project;  No specific cultural or social issues is envisaged to trigger or disrupt the implementation of the subproject. If, however, any of such arises it would be treated in such a way that it will not jeopardise the successful execution of the subproject;  There are shrines within the project site but these are located within the compounds of the residents. Specifically, palm trees are revered in the community and are thus symbols of their shrines based on their longevity. Their removal if they would be affected by the project alignment would be treated in such a way that it will not jeopardise the successful execution of the subproject  The community members are ready to give their best advice, skills and other required assistance to the contractor during the subproject intervention. Specifically: o The landlords are ready to accommodate those coming for the project in their buildings at a reasonable rate; o The youth are ready to render their service; o The women are ready to render cutlery services to the camp; Members of the communities assured the ESMP consultant of their total cooperation with the Edo NEWMAP, contractors and other consultants. They promised adequate security and protection of lives, properties and equipment during the construction and operation phases. ES 13 Positive Social Impacts of the Proposed Project Activities  Rehabilitation of degraded lands and their conversion into productive land  Public Safety (Safety of lives and properties)  Employment Opportunities [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report xxiii Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (Edo-NEWMAP)  Increase Value for Structural and Landed Properties Positive Environmental Impacts of the Proposed Project Activities  Minimization of Flood Activities  Rehabilitation of degraded lands (Flood Affected Lands) and their conversion into productive land  Reduction of disaster risks in the project area Negative Environmental and Social Impacts  Displacement of land properties and source of livelihoods including displacement of schools.  Expectations of improvement in livelihood  Proposed project induced adverse developments  Loss of flora and fauna  Potential noise impact during construction phase  Surface and ground water pollution  Disruption to public utilities  Disruption of public access to properties and compounds  Occupational health and safety issues [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report xxiv Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (Edo-NEWMAP) ES 14 Analysis of Alternatives Criteria Alternatives Options to be considered No Action Delayed Right Away Biological Civil works Technological Action Action works alone alone Option (Biological & the construction of Hard Structures) General This will not This will not This will be the The The The rehabilitation Safeguard of benefit the benefit the right step to remediation of implementatio of degraded Environment concerned concerned safeguard the the biological n of this environment and Human stakeholders stakeholders environment and life forms will proposed coupled with Health and and human wellbeing lead to project will remediation of the (General community community from further improvement of lead to biological life form protection residents residents. degradation life, properties improvement will lead to mechanisms) considering The damage will be secured, of life. improvement of the observed may become lives saved, Properties will life. Properties will level of catastrophic resources be secured, be secured, lives destruction and the level recovered, lives saved, saved, resources the flood has of human transportation resources recovered, had on the and material facilities recovered, transportation area. Private losses may enhanced and transportation facilities enhanced properties be well general facilities and general and public beyond restoration of enhanced and restoration of infrastructure repair. livelihood. It general livelihood. It will s as revealed The delay will benefit the restoration of benefit the Project during the action may Project livelihood. It Affected People town hall be caused by Affected People will benefit the and the residents. meeting have the and the Project been restiveness residents. Affected severely in the area, People and the affected., delay due to residents. Other bureaucratic negative processes impacts are that may land delay the degradation, mobilisation loss of of the agricultural contractor. fields and produce. Adopting this alternative will not benefit Project Affected People and the environment in general. [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report xxv Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (Edo-NEWMAP) Short-Term No-Action Delayed This will be The timeline for The timeline The timeline for Usefulness alternative action will immediate the biological for the civil the civil and does not add contribute derivable benefits works is long work is long biological works any specific nothing to and a sustained term. term. are long term. input to the short – term long term benefit stated usefulness. will be achieved. criteria. Long-Term This option Already This option The biological The Civil The combination of Effectiveness does not incurred perfectively meet works alone works alone the Civil and and meet the damages both the long-term will provide a will provide Biological works Permanence long-term may and short-term long-term long-term use will provide long- effectiveness obliterate effectiveness and effectiveness for the term effectiveness and the gains permanence for the watershed but for the watershed permanence from long- criteria. watershed but may not be criteria. term may not be sustainable effectiveness sustainable without the without the civil biological works. works ES 15 Environmental and Social Mitigation Measures Environmental and Social Mitigation Measures were prepared for all the identified potential impacts during pre-construction, construction and operational phases. ES 16 Training Programmes S/N Capacity Needs Participants Subject Resource Duratio Cost (USS Person n $) 1 Personnel require PMU Training In-depth Remote 4 days 20,000 appreciation of WB’s, PC, Environment consideration of sensing and seminar Federal/State and safeguards the mitigation environmental environmental policies, as specialist, Project measures science well as, an application of engineer and Social proffered by the specialist these policies in safeguards ESMP. Satellite implementing the World specialist. The Image Bank support for Gapiona estimated number of interpretation of flood control. participant is ten the Gapiona (10) persons watershed imagery for critical assessment of changes overtime 2 NEWMAP institutional Community General Remote 1 day 15,000 arrangement target Gapiona Flood site environmental sensing and worksh audience responsible for monitoring awareness seminar environmental op site monitoring and liaise committee that will include science between community and members. The ecological and specialist the Edo State NEWMAP estimated number of social science and contractors participant is principles, as it Twenty Five (25) affects Gapiona persons. Flood site. Mitigation measures proffered in the ESMP. Total 35,000 [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report xxvi Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (Edo-NEWMAP) ES 17 ESMP Implementation Schedule S/N Mitigation Mitigation Timeline (Monthly) measures for: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21th 22th 23th 24th 1. Pre- construction phase i. Land Acquisition ii. Community sensitivity of the project 2. Construction phase 1. Environmental impacts 2. Biological impacts 3. Socioeconomic impacts 4. Public health 3. Operation and maintenance [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report xxvii Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (Edo-NEWMAP) phase Air quality, noise and vibration, water quality, traffic & transportation, and health and safety [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report xxviii Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) ES 18 ESMP Costing and Cost Analysis S/N ESMP Activities Cost Estimate ($) Mitigation Measures 1 Pre-construction Phase 7,000 2 Construction Phase Environmental Impacts 15,700 Biological Impacts 9,550 Socioeconomic Impacts 7,850 Public Health Impacts 6,350 Sub-Total 39,450 3 Operation Phase 10,955 Total for Mitigation Measures 57,405 Monitoring (Mitigation Measures) 4 Pre-construction Phase 4,500 5 Construction Phase Environmental Impacts 16,100 Biological Impacts 7,500 Socioeconomic Impacts 12,000 Public Health Impacts 11,700 Sub-Total 47,650 6 Operation Phase 16,850 Total for Monitoring 68, 650 7 Institutional Capacity Reinforcement Programme Edo State NEWMAP including the purchase of satellite imageries 20,000 over time. Community 15,000 Total for Institutional Capacity 35,000 Grand Total 161,050 ES 18 ESMP Disclosures After review and clearance by the World Bank, the ESMP will be disclosed at the FMEnv, Edo State Ministry of Environment and Public Utility and host LGA offices as well as the World Bank Info Shop. The purpose will be to inform stakeholders about the project activities; impacts anticipated and proposed environmental management actions as well as to obtained the certificate of conformity from the Federal Ministry of Environment. [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report xxix Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Information on Proponent and Project A recent assessment of the environmental situation in Nigeria confirms that the problem of flooding and gully erosion is multi-scaled and multi-scoped. Indeed, the problem traverses political delineations and aggregations like wards, communities, local governments, cities, states and the federal level. The extent of the danger and threat posed by the resultant land degradation has, thus, led the federal government of Nigeria to seek support from international development partners to halt the malaise. The support is sought through an eight-year project titled, “The Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project" (NEWMAP), financed by the World Bank, Global Environment Facility, the Special Climate Change Fund, and the Government of Nigeria. The project, which initially targeted 7 states, namely Anambra, Abia, Cross River, Edo, Enugu, Ebonyi, and Imo have recently been up scaled to six additional states including Plateau, Kogi, Kano, Delta, Oyo and Gombe. As one of the beneficiaries, Edo State has taken a bold step towards finding a lasting solution to the dehumanizing flooding malaise in the State through interventions in prioritized flood and gully erosion sites, which calls for an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) to assess the potential Environment and Social Impacts of the proposed intervention project by NEWMAP. This report, to this end, presents the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) of Gapiona Flood Site in Benin-City, Edo State under the Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP). The assessment is site-specific, consisting of a documented set of mitigation, monitoring, and institutional actions to be taken before and during implementation. The goal of this assessment is to eliminate adverse environmental and social impacts, offset them, or reduce them to acceptable levels. It also includes the measures needed to implement these actions and address the adequacy of the monitoring and institutional arrangements for the upper and lower watersheds in the proposed intervention site. 1.2 EIA and Project Objectives The major developmental objective of the ESMP is to facilitate an effective decision-making and to ensure that during project implementation, the activities during project implementation [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 1 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) are environmentally-friendly, ensuring that civil and rehabilitation works are environmentally sound, encourage community consultation and participation, enhance social wellbeing in ways that are generally sustainable. Specifically, the ESMP seeks to provide a clear process, including action plans to integrate environmental and social considerations into the NEWMAP. The specific objectives of the ESMP are to:  Ensure the project is carried out in accordance with contemporary sustainable development tenets;  Provide a structure/strategy for the integration of social and environmental consideration at all stages of the project planning, design, execution and operation of various sub-projects;  Ensure an overall positive social and environmental impacts of sub-projects and avoid/minimize, and manage any potential adverse impacts;  Establish clear procedures and methodologies for incorporating environmental management requirements including stakeholder engagement in the implementation of the project and all sub projects;  Provide guidelines to roles and responsibilities, and outline the reporting procedures for managing and monitoring environmental and social concerns of the proposed projects;  Determine the training, capacity building and technical assistance needed to successfully implement the provisions of the ESMP;  Comply with regulatory and policy requirements (local and international) that are applicable to the programme and sub projects;  To assess the potential environmental and social impacts of the sub-projects (rehabilitation, extensions of or new constructions, livelihood adaptation, etc.), whether positive or negative, and propose measures and plans to reduce or mitigate adverse environmental impacts and enhance the positive impacts of the project;  To identify potential environmental policies, legal and institutional framework pertaining to the project;  Identify modalities for estimating and budgeting the costs for the implementation of the environmental Management Plan for the projects and [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 2 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP)  To ascertain the agencies responsible for the implementation of the project’s Environmental Management Plans and the project Monitoring & Evaluation (M&E). In seeking to implement the proposed NEWMAP project, it is mandatory on the government of Nigeria to take into cognisance relevant state-owned laws, where the project will be executed. Also, the government will have to comply with all national and international environmental requirements in order to meet legal obligations and to ensure a sustainable project. 1.3 Legal and Institutional Framework 1.3.1 Federal Policy, Legal, Regulatory and Administrative Frameworks A number of national and local environmental guidelines are applicable to the operations of the NEWMAP. Brief discussions of these are provided in Table 1.1: Table 1.1: Relevant Federal/State Policies, Legislation, Regulations and Guidelines S/N Policy Instrument Year Provision 1 National Policy on the 1989 revised This describes both the conceptual and theoretical framework and Environment 1991 strategies for archiving sustainable development in Nigeria 2 National Erosion and 2005 This addresses the need to combat erosion in the country through Flood Control Policy the procedure outline in the National Action Plan for Flood and Erosion and Technical Guidelines. Legal/Regulatory Year Provision Instrument 1 Environmental Impact 1992 This provides guidelines for regulating the activities of Assessment Act No. 86, (FMEnv) development projects for which EIA is mandatory in Nigeria. The Act also stipulates the minimum content of an EIA as well as a schedule of projects that require mandatory EIAs 2 The National Guidelines 1991 These represent the basic instrument for monitoring and controlling and Standards for pollution in Nigeria Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria 3 National Guidelines on (1999) This establishes the requirements for an Environmental Environmental Management System (EMS) in all organizations/facilities in Nigeria Management Systems 4 National Air Quality 1991 This defines the levels of air pollutants that should not be exceeded Standard Decree No. 59 in order to protect public health. of [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 3 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) 5 The National 2007 This makes provision for solid waste management and its Environmental administration and prescribes sanctions for offences or acts, which Standards and run contrary to proper and adequate waste disposal procedures and Regulations practices Enforcement Agency Act (NESREA Act) 6 Land Use Act 1978 This is the primary legal means to acquire land in the country. The Act vests all land in the territory of each state in the federation in Modified the governor of the State and requires that such land shall be held in 1990 trust and administered for the use and common benefit of all Nigerians in accordance with the provisions of this Act 7 Endangered Species Act 1985 This provides for conservation and management of wild life in Nigeria and the protection of some of her endangered species from extinction as a result of over exploitation. 8 FEPA/ FMEnv. EIA 1995 These indicate the steps to be followed in the EIA process through Procedural guidelines project life cycle. 9 S115 National 1991 Regulate the collection, treatment, and disposal of solid and Environmental hazardous waste for municipal and industrial sources and give the Protection (The comprehensive list of chemicals and chemical waste by toxicity Management of Solid categories and Hazardous Wastes Regulations) 10 S19 National 1991 These are imposed restrictions on the release of toxic substances Environmental and requirements of Stipulated Monitoring of pollution to ensure Protection (The NEP that permissible limits are not exceeded during and after the project. (Pollution Abatement in Industries and Facilities Generating Waste) Regulations) 11 S18 National 1991 This makes it mandatory for industrial facilities to install anti- Environmental pollution equipment. It also makes provision for further effluent Protection (National treatment, prescribe maximum limit of effluent parameters allowed Effluents Limitations for discharge, and spells out penalties for contravention. Regulation) 12 Public Health Law This deals with public health matters 13 Environmental This deal with the general environmental health and sanitation. Sanitation Edits, Law Implementation and enforcement in the state. and Enforcements 14 Workmen Component 1987 Revised This provides for occupational health and safety Act 2010 Edo State Policy & regulatory Instrument 1 Edo State Ministry of This Ministry are responsible for waste management, flood and Environment and Public erosion control, forest depletion and degradation and general [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 4 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) Utilities (MEPU) environmental and atmospheric pollution 2 Edo State Waste This is responsible for the compilation, transport, processing, Management Board recycling or disposal and monitoring of waste materials. (EDSWMB) 3 Edo State Ministry of Acquire value and allocate public real property for public projects Land, Housing & and gazettes such acquisitions by the State with the Ministry Survey 4 Edo State Ministry of  Co-ordinating the activities of Local Government Councils; Local Government  Resolving Local Government and Communal Boundary regulations Disputes;  Maintenance of Law and Order in Local Government Areas in collaboration with Law Enforcement Agencies; 1.3.2 World Bank Safeguard Policies Triggered by NEWMAP Projects The World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies are cornerstones of the Bank’s support to sustainable poverty reduction. The main objective of these policies is to prevent and mitigate undue harms to people and their respective environment in the developmental processes. These policies also provide guidelines for the Bank and borrower staffs in the identification, preparation, and implementation of programs and projects. Table 1.2 provides the World Bank policies triggered by NEWMAP and those triggered by the specific project site. Table 1.2: World Bank Safeguard Policies Triggered by Gapiona Flood Site Intervention Project Safeguard Policies Triggered Applicability to project due How Project Address by Gapiona to Policy Requirements Flood Site Yes No Environmental [x] [ ] Civil works with site-specific ESMF prepared for Assessment (OP/BP impacts; construction of NEWMAP and site- 4.01) detention ponding and specific mitigation Underground rectangular box measures developed in the culverts to reduce the peak ESMP. flow rates and flooding. It also applies to the acquisition of land and resources for these activities which will lead to economic and potentially physical displacement. Physical Cultural [ X [ ] Civil works, including ESMF prepared for Resources (OP/BP ] excavations construction of NEWMAP and site 4.11) open and underground drainage specific mitigation will most likely not be able to measures developed in the [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 5 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) Safeguard Policies Triggered Applicability to project due How Project Address by Gapiona to Policy Requirements Flood Site Yes No avoid all cultural heritage sites ESMP. as well as presently unknown sites that can be expected to be found in historical city like Benin-City which is rich in cultural and historical values. Involuntary [x] [ ] Restriction of access to sources RPF prepared for Resettlement (OP/BP of livelihood. The demolition NEWMAP and a 4.12) of structures. The proposed standalone RAP spells out activities will take place in site specific issues to be residential and farming areas. addressed and how Indigenous Peoples [ ] [x] The people in the area are by NA (OP/BP 4.36) the World Bank not considered as indigenous peoples. NB: Where there is a gap of conflict between the National Law and World Bank OP 4.12, the higher standard shall prevail which in this case is the World Bank Policy 1.3.3. International Conventions and Agreements Several international regulations, protocols, treaties and conventions have been signed by countries of the World which are aimed at halting environmental degradation and thus protecting human health against possible adverse effects. Nigeria subscribes to a number of these International Regulations and Conventions relating to Environmental Protection. Table 1.3 shows some of the international conventions, agreements and protocols to which Nigeria is signatory and applicable to the Edo State NEWMAP in the Gapiona flood site. Table 1.3: International Conventions, Agreements and Protocols to which Nigeria is Signatory and Applicable to the Edo State NEWMAP in the Gapiona Flood Site International Applicable Applicable to Applicability to project How project address issues conventions, to Gapiona due to raised agreements and NEWMAP Flood Site protocols Yes No Yes No Both the Vienna [x] [ ] [x] [ ] Civil works will extend to ESMF prepared for convention for the forest area. There will be NEWMAP and site specific protection of the reduction in tree taxonomy mitigation measures Ozone Layer and the and biomass leading to developed in the ESMP. Montreal protocol for reduction in carbon sink Provision of vegetation Control of Substances and release of ODS gasses. measures following that deplete the ozone construction of the layer. engineering measures. Basel convention on [] [x] [ ] [x] ESMF and ESMP do not NA [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 6 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) International Applicable Applicable to Applicability to project How project address issues conventions, to Gapiona due to raised agreements and NEWMAP Flood Site protocols Yes No Yes No the prevention of trans- identify the use and or boundary movement of generation of hazardous hazardous wastes and wastes in the project their disposal. lifecycle. Convention on the [x] [ ] [ ] [X ] No endangered species(s) NA prevention of the of any kind was identified international trade in in the project area. endangered species (CITES). Convention on [x] [ ] [X ] [ ] Civil works may extend to ESMF prepared for Biodiversity. forest area. This will NEWMAP and site specific disturb biodiversity in the mitigation measures area. developed in the ESMP. Bioremediation measures incorporated into the design of project. Convention on climate [x] [ ] [x] [ ] Proposed activities will ESMF prepared for change. results in both systemic NEWMAP and site specific and cumulative mitigation measures environmental change developed in the ESMP. thereby contributing to Bioremediation measures sustained increase in incorporated into the design temperature. of project Convention on [x] [ ] [x] [ ] Proposed activities may Bioremediation measures Desertification. result in deforestation. incorporated into the design of project. Convention on [ ] [X] [ ] [X] No organic pollutant will NA Persistent Organic be used for activities Pollutants. design for the proposed project during it lifecycle. World Health [x] [ ] [x] [ ] Proposed activities may be ESMF prepared for Organization (WHO) injurious to man and the NEWMAP and site specific Health and Safety environment mitigation measures Component of EIA, developed in the ESMP. 1987. [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 7 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) Table 1.4: Gap between National Legislations, Policies and Regulations and the World Bank Policies Category Nigerian Law World Bank OP 4.12 Measures to Filling the Gaps Minimization of No requirement to consider Involuntary resettlement Design of footprints of project-related resettlement all options of project should be avoided where activities, will be undertaken so as to design in order to minimize feasible, or minimized, minimize resettlement. the need for resettlement or exploring all viable alternative displacement project designs Information and It is lawful to revoke or PAPs are required to be PAPs shall be meaningfully consulted Consultation acquire land by the meaningfully consulted and and engaged in the resettlement governor after issuance of participate in the resettlement process notice. No consultation is process required. Timing of The law is silent on timing This requires that Compensation and resettlement Compensation of payment compensation implementation implementation to take place before will take precedence before construction or displacement construction or displacement Livelihood Makes no proscription on It requires that vulnerable Livelihood restoration measures will restoration livelihood restoration PAPs have to be rehabilitated be put in place for vulnerable PAPs measures Grievance The land use and allocation This requires that a grievance A grievance redress committee (GRC) Process committee appointed by the redress mechanism be set shall be established early and existing Governor is vexed with all early constituting the local redress process shall be disputes/grievances and representative of PAPs and, considered to address issues of project compensation matters prefers local redress induced grievances. PAPs or their mechanism. The law court is representatives shall be members of the last resort when available the GRC. mechanism or outcome is unsatisfactory to PAP Community land Compensation in cash to Land for land compensation or Land for land compensation or any with customary the community, chief or any other in-kind other in-kind compensation agreed to right leader of the community compensation agreed to with with the community for the benefit of the the community community Agricultural land Entitled to alternative Land for land compensation Land for land compensation agricultural land1 Fallow land No compensation Land for land compensation Land for land compensation Statutory and Cash compensation equal Recommends land-for-land Recommends land-for-land customary right to the rent paid by the compensation or other form of compensation or other form of Land Owners occupier during the year in compensation at full compensation at full replacement cost. which the right of replacement cost. occupancy was revoked 1 Nigerian Land Use Act 1978, (2004 LFN) [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 8 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) Category Nigerian Law World Bank OP 4.12 Measures to Filling the Gaps Land Tenants They are entitled to Are entitled to some form of Are entitled to some form of compensation based upon compensation whatever the compensation whatever the legal the amount of rights they legal recognition of their recognition of their occupancy. hold upon land. occupancy. Squatters These are not entitled to These are to be provided with Are to be provided resettlement compensation for land, but resettlement assistance in assistance in addition to compensation are entitled to addition to compensation for for affected assets; but no compensation for crops. affected assets; but no compensation for land compensation for land Owners of Cash compensation based Entitled to in-kind Entitled to in-kind compensation or “Non- on market value of the compensation or cash cash compensation at full replacement permanent” building (that means compensation at full cost including labour and relocation Buildings depreciation is allowed) replacement cost including expenses, prior to displacement. labour and relocation expenses, prior to displacement. Owners of Resettlement in any other Entitled to in-kind They are entitled to in-kind “Permanent” place by way of reasonable compensation or cash compensation or cash compensation at buildings, alternative accommodation compensation at full full replacement cost including labour installations or Cash Compensation replacement cost including and relocation expenses, prior to based on market value. labour and relocation displacement. expenses, prior to displacement. 1.4 Institutional Framework NEWMAP involves many federal and state ministries, departments and agencies (MDAs), local governments, communities, and the civil society. This is because effective implementation of projects requires inter-ministerial coordination, collaboration, and information sharing at all levels of government. Thus, each component, sub-component and activity is to be implemented through relevant federal and state MDAs. The various MDAs include those responsible for planning, economy and finance, works, agriculture, water resources, forests, transport, power, emergency response, as well as those focused on climate and hydrological information or watershed/ basin regulation. The investments for Gapiona flood Site in Benin City, Edo State is being made through the Edo NEWMAP. However, the Edo State government has the primary responsibility for land management and land allocations of the project site. The Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) is the lead implementing agency for NEWMAP. The Federal Project Management Unit (FPMU) headed by a Federal Coordinator hosted by FMEnv is responsible for the overall coordination. The Edo State Project [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 9 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) Management Unit (Edo-SPMU) headed by the State Coordinator and hosted by the Edo State Ministry of Environment and Public Utilities (MEPU) is responsible for the coordination in Edo State, thus, he is directly responsible for coordinating activities of the Gapiona flood Site intervention, including the implementation of this ESMP. Both the federal and state levels coordinating units have environmental officers responsible for the mainstreaming of environmental issues into the NEWMAP sub-projects. The Edo State environmental officer is directly responsible for coordinating the implementation of this Gapiona flood Site ESMP on behalf of the State Project Coordinator. At the community level, the Gapiona flood Site Monitoring Committee will effectively participate in ensuring full compliance during project implementation including civil work activities. 1.5 Structure of this ESMP Report An outline of the contents of the main volume of the ESMP report is provided below. The structure follows the proposed structure included within the Scoping Report and is in line with guidance provided by the FMEnv. Table 1.5: ESMP Report Outline  PRELIMINARY PAGES  Table of contents: Chapters and their titles  List of maps, illustrations and figures  List of tables  List of acronyms  EIA preparers  Executive Summary  Acknowledgement  CHAPTER ONE- INTRODUCTION * Background information on Proponent and Project * EIA and Project Objectives * Legal and Administrative Framework * Structure of Report * Maps of project location [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 10 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP)  CHAPTER TWO – PROJECT JUSTIFICATION * Value of project * Need for the Project * Envisaged Sustainability * Project Options * Alternatives  CHAPTER THREE – PROJECT AND PROCESS DESCRIPTION * Input and Output of raw materials * Technological description * List of equipment * Project schedule * Waste management * Process description  CHAPTER FOUR – DESCRIPTION OF EXISTING ENVIRONMENT * Sampling design * QA/QC Measures * Baseline data acquisition results * Discussion of results * Vegetation and Wildlife composition (Abundance and Status) * Socio Economic Study  CHAPTER FIVE – ASSOCIATED AND POTENTIAL IMPACTS * Impact significance and quantification * Risk Assessment Matrix * Leopold Matrix distribution of Potential Impacts on project activities/phases * Impact characterization * Cumulative Impacts  CHAPTER SIX – MITIGATION MEASURES * Mitigation measures for the Impacts Identified * Residual Impacts and their significance [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 11 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP)  CHAPTER SEVEN – ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN * Monitoring Schedule * Audit Schedule * Budget  CHAPTER EIGHT – DECOMISSIONING AND ABANDONMENT PLAN * Remediation plan  CHAPTER NINE – CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 1.6 Maps of Project Location Fig 1.1: Gapiona Flood Intervention Site, Benin-City, Edo State, Nigeria [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 12 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) CHAPTER TWO PROJECT JUSTIFICATION 2.1 Value of the Project The environmental and socio-economic implications of the flooding on the communities in Gapiona Flood site catchment are numerous. Houses are regularly submerged and properties worth millions of naira are often damaged. Access roads are cut off at the peak of flooding. If the flooding and erosion problem is properly addressed and appropriate flood control structures are introduced, the yearly colossal losses will be mitigated. Life and property will also be safeguarded. The pressure on the natural environment exacerbated by an increased urbanization of the city due to its historical and state capital status has led to increased housing structures that have increased the concrete area over the drainage area of the city. This is irrespective of the already poor drainage conditions of the area owing to its geology and soil types. A combination of these has rapidly encroached on marginal lands along the slopes and even valleys of the drainage area of the major rivers in the landscape. These are already threatening if not drastically destroying the drainage channels of these rivers and their tributaries. Human activities like waste and refuse dumping into the drainage basins have further aggravated the drainage of the surface water in the area. The particles of the erosion are transported downslope into the drainage streams and rivers adding to the sediment loads, which cumulatively affect the water flow in the drainage, stream and rivers. During heavy downpours, excessive runoff is generated as a result of low infiltration triggered by the high concrete area. The need for the proposed project in Gapiona Flood site catchment of Benin City cannot be over-emphasized as different aspects of the socioeconomic lives of the area will be restored and enhanced in some quarters. Access to community facilities and infrastructures will be enhanced while the entire ecological landscape will be restored and redesigned in such a way that the sustainability of the environment will be enhanced. Also, the anthropogenic activities of the area will be properly re-organized. Specifically, the proposed intervention project aims to tackle the flooding problem in the area by: • draining the two large low lying areas which has no natural drainage because the topography is a sunken area without any natural drainage • creating a backbone drainage system which will drain the flow through Gapiona [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 13 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) • attenuating flows in the drainage system to minimise the dimensions of the underground drainage system • rehabilitating the damaged rural streets 2.2 Need for the Project Benin City is in need of an urgent infrastructure upgrade to improve the living conditions of the people. This is more so as the severe flooding and erosion problems being experienced is negatively affecting the quality of lives of the people of the city. The flooding and erosion problem are mainly attributed to the gently sloping nature of the land at an elevation of 80m to 110m above sea level leaving most of the city poorly drained and many areas subjected to frequent flooding and erosion, the flooding and erosion problem in some parts of the city are attributed to the hardening of surfaces associated with development, increased runoff, limited infiltration rates and obstructions in the natural drainage systems and moats. Physical developments also appear to have taken place in many parts of the city without the provision of the necessary major drainage infrastructure or consideration of the impacts of development on surrounding areas where most of the existing drainage systems are as old as 20 to 30 years. These systems include both surface drainage and sub-surface drainage systems but are limited in capacity and extent and do not cater for runoff from the expanded areas of the city and changes to the characteristics of the surface environment. The level of siltation and debris accumulation in these systems aggravates the flooding problems with damage or destruction of existing roads due to poor drainage are clearly evident. The drainage problems observed generally include those where existing surface drainage channels cannot cope with floods due to an accumulation of debris, silt and lack of maintenance; recently developed areas have limited local drainage infrastructure and are unable to function due to the absence of an overall major drainage network; some natural drainage routes and parts of the historical moat system have been blocked by development or have become choked with debris and vegetation; development has taken place in flood prone areas; storm water outlets have not been provided with adequate energy dissipation or erosion control features; the condition of the underground systems could not be evaluated, but it is evident that some sections of these systems are not currently operational. All of these are applicable to both major and minor drainage systems; due to the restricted drainage capacity of existing systems, extensive flooding occurs even during periods of relatively low intensity rainfall. The flooding results in ponding of water on the roads and [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 14 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) sidewalks, flooding of low lying areas and erosion of the sandy in-situ materials. These observations indicate a lack of overall master planning, too little control of development, a backlog of storm water infrastructure provision and inadequate maintenance of existing systems. The need therefore arises for the preparation of a Flood intervention project for GAPIONA to reduce flooding and allow road improvements and development to proceed thereby improving the lives of the people. 2.3 Project Envisaged Sustainability 2.3.1 Technical Sustainability The design, construction and operation of the project will be handled by properly trained and experienced personnel in accordance with pre-established standards and procedures. To ensure further technical sustainability of the project, the specific measures to be taken shall include but not necessarily limited to the following:  A Constructability review shall be conducted at the Front-End Engineering Design stage, involving both the proponent and Building Contractor, to establish that the design as prepared meets the conditions of best internationally recognized standards and the geological conditions of the project area for safe construction.  An Operations Assurance Review shall be conducted to establish that, the design as prepared meets Operational requirements. This review shall include addressing operability and maintenance issues.  Sustained training and re-training of the project employees and those of the servicing contractors. 2.3.2 Economic Sustainability The proposed storm water / gully erosion intervention project shall be funded by the World Bank and Edo State Government under the supervision of the Edo State NEWMAP. The Project will provide employment opportunities for support the local communities. 2.3.3 Environmental Sustainability All the Project facilities shall be designed and constructed to keep environmental impacts at the minimum and acceptable levels. All operations shall be carried out in conformity with all relevant international and local environmental regulations and standards. Handling, storage [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 15 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) and disposal of wastes shall be in accordance with the applicable local and international regulatory requirements. 2.3.4 Social Sustainability Adequate stakeholder consultation has been carried out throughout the ESMP process to assist in ensuring that all the identified stakeholders have had the opportunity to make an input into the Project planning process. This has also assisted in laying a good foundation for building long term relationships with the stakeholders. The Edo State NEWMAP shall ensure that the stakeholder consultation process is sustained throughout the lifespan of the Project. 2.4 Project Development Options 2.4.1 No-Action Alternative The assumption on this alternative is based on the impression that there will be no alteration to the existing condition at the Gapiona flood site. Particularly, the prevailing flooding area will be left untouched, unaddressed and without any civil works or any engineering construction works. The flood plains and the flood expansion at Gapiona will be left to persist without any attempt at addressing the environmental challenge. Consequently, the conditions at the flood site and its watershed will worsen resulting in destruction of houses, roads and road infrastructures, public facilities, educational facilities etc. The situation may worsen to the extent of damaging existing federal roads such as Airport road. With the no-action alternative, annual loss of income, impaired access, unsafe status of lives and properties will increase; and thus, flooding will persist unchecked and uncontrolled. Other environmental and social unfavourable impacts such as reduction of existing road capacity, exposure to risk and dangers from the high currents of floodwaters, high cost of transportation, destruction of soil, exposure of flora and fauna to devastating imprints of erosion, loss of land and landed properties, and likely surface and groundwater pollution will be strengthened. Basically, the current conditions will be left without any improved efforts. Due to these numerous effects, the no-action alternative is not recommended for this project. 2.4.2 Delayed-Action and Right-Away Action Alternatives The delayed-action alternative and right-away action alternatives anticipated the rehabilitation of the flood induced damage at Gapiona but the earlier action adopts a delayed tactic which will result into further damages and degradation of the watershed. Inflation and [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 16 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) other economic forces may cause monumental changes in the cost of materials thereby increasing the financial burden of the rehabilitation. The later (right-away action) ensure immediate attention to address the issues and benefit from both short-term and long-term effectiveness. 2.4.3 Use of Civil Works, Bioengineering and Technological Methods For the anticipated rehabilitation of flood induced damage at Gapiona, all the elements of the watershed cum the environmental and social components should be considered. This approach will ensure that relevant components of the natural and human environment under the threat and risk of destruction such as soil, public infrastructure, social and community infrastructures and facilities will be secured in the affected communities. The procedure for the rehabilitation works and associated enhancements will involve intensive civil works across the broad spectrum of the affected and high-risk areas. Consequently, construction works, bioengineering and technological approaches will be adopted in restoring and enhancing affected areas as envisioned according to the goals of the NEWMAP. Adverse impacts of these activities will be highly reduced in such a way that the benefits outweigh the demerits as necessary. In short, the merits of the Civil Works, Bioengineering and Technological Alternative outweigh the No-Action Alternative and it is, thus, recommended. The two alternatives are presented in Table 2.1. As shown in Table 2.1, it can be summarised that the Civil Work alternative is better than No-Action even though the cost implication of the former would be much more than for the latter. The Civil Work, bioengineering and technological alternative will provide the solution that NEWMAP sought while the No-Action alternative will undoubtedly aggravate the problem being experienced in the area. 2.5 Analysis of Alternatives 2.5.1 Site Alternatives The proposed project is site-specific. The intervention project has been triggered as a result of the poor conditions of the project area. 2.5.2 Technology Alternatives It is the goal of the Edo State NEWMAP to ensure that the design and operation of the proposed project is compatible with the project area. For the anticipated restoration and [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 17 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) rehabilitation of the entire project area, all elements of the catchment cum the environmental and social components shall be considered. This approach will ensure that germane components of the natural and human environment such as soil, public infrastructure, social and community infrastructures and facilities are improved and redeveloped in the areas concerned. The mechanics of such rehabilitation works and associated enhancements will involve intensive civil works across the broad spectrum of the affected and high-risk areas. Thus, physical construction works and biotechnological approaches will be adopted in restoring and enhancing affected areas as envisioned by the Edo State NEWMAP. Adverse impacts of these activities will be highly minimized to the extent that the benefits will be manageable and will outweigh the demerits. Table 2.1: Appraisal of the ‘No Action’ Alternative and Use of Civil Works Criteria No Action Delayed Right Away Biological Civil works The Civil works Action Action works alone alone (Biological & the construction of Hard Structures) General This will not This will not This will be The The The rehabilitation Safeguard of benefit the benefit the the right step remediation of implementatio of degraded Environment concerned concerned to safeguard the biological n of this environment and Human stakeholders and stakeholders the life forms will proposed coupled with Health community and environment lead to project will remediation of the (General residents community and human improvement of lead to biological life form protection considering the residents. wellbeing life, properties improvement will lead to mechanisms) observed level The damage from further will be secured, of life. improvement of of destruction may become degradation lives saved, Properties will life. Properties will the flood has had catastrophic resources be secured, be secured, lives on the area. and the level recovered, lives saved, saved, resources Private of human transportation resources recovered, properties and and material facilities recovered, transportation public losses may enhanced and transportation facilities enhanced infrastructures be well general facilities and general have been beyond restoration of enhanced and restoration of severely affected repair. livelihood. It general livelihood. It will and this has led will benefit the restoration of benefit the Project to loss of lives Project livelihood. It Affected People and landed Affected People will benefit the and the residents. properties, land and the Project degradation, loss residents. Affected of agricultural People and the fields and residents. produce, etc. Adopting this alternative will not benefit Project Affected People and the [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 18 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) environment in general. Short-Term No-Action Delayed This will be The timeline for The timeline The timeline for Usefulness alternative does action will immediate the biological for the civil the civil and not add any contribute derivable works is long work is long biological works specific input to nothing to benefits and a term. term. are long term. the stated short – term sustained long Nevertheless, Nevertheless, Nevertheless, the criteria. usefulness. term benefit the benefits the benefits benefits derivable will be derivable are derivable are are still better than achieved. still better than still better than a No-Action and a No-Action a No-Action Delayed-Action and Delayed- and Delayed- alternatives Action Action alternatives. alternatives Long-Term This option does Already This option The biological The Civil The combination of Effectiveness not meet the incurred perfectively works alone works alone the Civil and and long-term damages meet both the will provide will provide Biological works Permanence effectiveness may long-term and long-term long-term use will provide long- and permanence obliterate short-term effectiveness for the term effectiveness criteria. the gains effectiveness for the watershed but for the watershed from long- and watershed but may not be term permanence may not be sustainable effectiveness criteria. sustainable without the without the civil biological works. works [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 19 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) CHAPTER THREE PROJECT AND PROCESS DESCRIPTION 3.1 Input and Output of raw Materials There are eight different rectangular concrete culvert sections and dimensions and one trapezoidal open channel included in the major drainage system at Gapiona (Table 3.1). There are nine conduits which connect the distinctive nodes with one another. The geometric layout resembles a Y shape with the two detention ponds 1 and 3 at the top of the Y shape. These two systems drain southwards and include four detention ponds before reaching the point where they merge. From there onwards there is a single conduit system through Gapiona and another three detention ponds. The route selection for the horizontal placement of the conduits was an interactive process taking the need to maintain gravity, while avoiding unnecessary demolition of structures into account. In the upstream area, in the vicinity of the four detention ponds the conduits are primarily in the streets but in certain areas must pass between buildings. The culvert alignment downstream of the junction follows the streets and then follows the moat to a position close to Detention Pond 5. Further downstream the conduits primarily follow the low points on the vacant land. Where the conduits are located in the road reserves they have been positioned in the middle of the street. This is demanded by the size and depth of the conduits. The Table 3.1 and 3.2 give details of the detention ponds and box-culverts and channels along the major drainage system. Table 3.1: Dimension of the Detention Ponds Number Starting point Surface area (Ha) Storage Volume (m3) SU1 As indicated 3.5 98,000 SU2 As indicated 0.7 31,000 SU3 As indicated 1.4 22,000 SU4 As indicated 1.2 20,000 SU5 As indicated 4.1 124,000 SU6 As indicated 2.8 79,000 SU7 As indicated 3.3 129,000 Total 503,000 [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 20 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) Table 3.2: Dimensions and connectivity of the major system conduits Number Starting point Ending point Length (m) Type and size C1 SU3 SU4 777 Box culvert 1.5Hx2.0W C2 SU1 SU2 894 Box culvert 2.0Hx4.0W C3 SU2 J1 760 Box culvert 2.5Hx4.0W C4 SU4 J1 179 Box culvert 1.5Hx2.5W C5 J1 J2 340 Box culvert 3.0Hx4.0W C6 J2 SU5 378 Box culvert 3.0Hx4.0W C7 SU5 SU6 1425 Box culvert 2.5Hx5.0W C8 SU6 SU7 1764 Box culvert 3.0Hx5.0W C9 J3 O1 1000 Trapezoidal Channel 8.0 Base; 3.0 Depth; 20.0 Top width 3.2 Technology Description The detention ponds at Gapiona have the following general features: • Side slopes: The side slopes of the ponds are 1:3 with the exception of storage unit 3 where the side slopes are 1:2.5. The flat slopes are required to ensure the slope stability of the pond embankments. The floors of the ponds are ±0.5 m below the invert level of the outlet. This wet pond design allows for maximum infiltration and creates a buffer for potential silt deposition. • The entire pond is planted with the allowable grasses. • The toe of embankment around the sides of the pond may need to be lined with riprap if the soil conditions that are found during construction differ from those found during the geotechnical investigations. If required, this rip-rap will protect the sides from sliding during the rapid draw-down of pond water levels. The height of the rip-rap will be half the height of the 1:50 year flood level. • The cut and fill quantities indicate that the ponds are mostly below the ground. The volumes of excavation, when compared to the storage capacities, also indicate the efficiency of the selection of the sites. • The spillways are designed for the 1:50 year recurrence interval inflow into the pond. [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 21 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) 3.3 Equipment and Machines  Clearing and Grubbing Equipment o D8 Bulldozer o D6 Bulldozer o Pay loader  Excavating Equipment o Track excavator o Pneumatic excavator o Back Hoe  Cart Away Equipment o Articulated dump trucks o 20 tonnes tipper o 10 tonnes tipper  Grading Equipment o Grader  Compacting Equipment o Double drawn compactor o Pneumatic compactor o Single draw o Mini compactor o Hand compactor o Plate compactor  Road Paving Equipment o Asphalt paver  Concrete Casting Equipment o Ready-Mix Concrete Truck o Poka vibrator o Concrete pump  Others o Power generating plant o Asphalt cutter o Filing machine [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 22 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) o Jack hammer o Water tanker 3.4 Project Schedule Construction activities will involve site preparation activities and the actual construction of the drainages. A temporary construction camp will be built adjacent to the project site. The civil engineering activities will involve the use of low, medium and heavy-duty equipment including but not limited to Loader, Water Pumping Machines, Grader, Vibration Roller, Bulldozer, Generator, Impact Drill, Mixer, Concrete Pump, Pneumatic Hammer. A provisional schedule for Project lifecycle is outlined in Table 3.3. Table 3.3: Proposed Project Schedule and ESMP Process Activity Approximate Date Scoping Q4 2016 Authority Review of Scoping Report Q4 2016 – Q1 2017 TOR Approval Q1 2017 Specialist Field Surveys Q2 – Q3 2017 ESMP Report Drafting Q2 2017 Submission of Final Draft ESMP Report Q3 2017 Authority Review,\Provisional Approval Q1 – Q3 2017 EPC Contractor Negotiations Q2 - Q3 2017 Final Updates Q3 - Q4 2017 Final Review and Approval by Authorities Q1 2018 Site preparation Q1 2018 Submission of Final ESMP Report Q1 2018 Construction period Q1 2018 – Q4 2019 Testing and Commissioning Q1 2018 – Q1 2019 Operation Q2 2019 Decommissioning 2069 Please note: This schedule is approximate and is based on information and planning available at the compilation of the ESMP Report [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 23 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) Specifically, the proposed intervention project aims to tackle the flooding problem in the area by: • draining the two-large low-lying areas which has no natural drainage because the topography is a sunken area without any natural drainage • creating a backbone drainage system which will drain the flow through Gapiona • attenuating in the drainage system to minimise the dimensions of the underground drainage system • rehabilitating the damaged rural streets 3.5 Waste Management Plan The primary purpose of the Waste Management Plan is to ensure that wastes (solid/liquid) are minimized and any wastes that are generated are properly managed and disposed to avoid damage to the environment. This process can be expressed as follows:  Minimize waste production as much as possible;  If waste is produced, reuse or recycle that waste as much as possible;  If reuse or recycling is not possible, the waste should be treated, neutralized, or transformed into inert materials; and  If this is not possible, the waste must be disposed in a way not harmful to the environment or to human beings. The following summarizes important elements of a Waste Management Plan:  The plan must establish the responsibility for waste management and appoint an overall Waste Management Supervisor, who must be fully trained in the implementation of the Waste Management Plan;  The Edo State Ministry of Environment and Public utilities must develop a list of all wastes generated at the different facilities with estimated quantities of each on a monthly basis or other time interval, particularly Hazardous Wastes if any;  The Edo State Ministry of Environment must provide well labeled storage bins for the different categories of waste in specially designed plastic or metal bins so that each type of waste can be treated or disposed of as necessary; [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 24 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP)  Hazardous Wastes must be properly disposed based on their specific properties as noted in Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) and may not be disposed with non- hazardous wastes;  Waste should be segregated at the point source;  Hazardous Waste at the project area is expected to be primarily composed of the following: o empty chemical substances containers; o empty petrochemical substances containers (e.g. oil, grease, lubricants); o used lubricants; and o used towels soaked with oil and grease or lubricants;  Hazardous Wastes cannot be mixed unless specifically noted in the plan;  The Edo State Ministry of Environment and Public Utilities through Edo State Waste Management Board must establish a list of accredited waste disposal contractors and obtain a Certificate of Accreditation from each to ensure that they are operating legally;  The Edo State Ministry of Environment and Public Utilities must have accredited waste disposal contractors for the following items and activities: o used engine oil recycling contractor/facility; o lead and lead battery recycling contractor (also other heavy metal pollutants); o tire and rubber recycling contractor; o plastic recycling contractor, particularly for plastic containers which must be rinsed prior to disposal (note – do not burn PVC in open air because dioxins and furans can be generated); o used batteries (not car and equipment batteries) and e-waste (electronic waste) recycling/exporting contractor; o Hazardous Waste incineration contractor (for incineration at high temperatures in specially constructed incinerators); and o domestic waste collection contractor;  The Edo State Ministry of Environment and Public Utilities must track all hazardous waste disposal activities using an appropriate Waste Manifest Form and all completed forms shall be kept for record purposes; [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 25 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP)  The Edo State Ministry of Environment and Public Utilities should periodically (e.g. every six months) reconcile its estimated disposal quantities with the waste manifests and other records of actual wastes generated, and investigate any significant discrepancies;  The Waste Management Supervisor must ensure that periodic inspections are conducted of waste management practices to ensure compliance with this plan. 3.6 Process Description of the Proposed Intervention The solutions proposed to combat the perennial flooding include a major drainage system which has been designed for a 50-year return period rainfall event. In order to accommodate such magnitude of flow in an area with a very flat topography, the use of available vacant land for detention ponding is proposed. This will greatly reduce the peak flow rates. A total of seven detention ponds are designed for Gapiona (Fig 3.1). Underground rectangular box culverts will be provided between the detention ponds. The box culverts will generally follow the alignment of the streets in the densely built-up areas. Downstream of Pond 5 the conduits are located in the lowest lying areas. Specifically, the proposed intervention project aims to tackle the flooding problem in the area by: • draining the two large low lying areas which has no natural drainage because the topography is a sunken area without any natural drainage • creating a backbone drainage system which will drain the flow through Gapiona • attenuating flows in the drainage system to minimise the dimensions of the underground drainage system • rehabilitating the damaged rural streets There are eight different rectangular concrete culvert sections and dimensions and one trapezoidal open channel included in the major drainage system at Gapiona (Table 1.2). There are nine conduits which connect the distinctive nodes with one another. The geometric layout resembles a Y shape with the two detention ponds 1 and 3 at the top of the Y shape. These two systems drain southwards and include four detention ponds before reaching the point where they merge. From there onwards there is a single conduit system through Gapiona and another three detention ponds. The route selection for the horizontal placement of the conduits was an interactive process taking the need to maintain gravity, while avoiding unnecessary demolition of structures into account. In the upstream area, in the vicinity of the [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 26 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) four detention ponds the conduits are primarily in the streets but in certain areas must pass between buildings. The culvert alignment downstream of the junction follows the streets and then follows the moat to a position close to Detention Pond 5. Further downstream the conduits primarily follow the low points on the vacant land. Where the conduits are located in the road reserves they have been positioned in the middle of the street. This is demanded by the size and depth of the conduits. 3.6.1 Land Acquisition Process The Gapiona Flood site intervention project will need land acquisition process because the project’s engineering design shows that it essentially needs land for the detention ponds while the drainage passes through existing roads (underground drains). In addition, a few number of properties will be affected especially those in the right of way which might be affected by the movement of construction machineries. These are basically kiosks and make shift structures as well as structures. [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 27 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) CHAPTER FOUR BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT The description of the existing biophysical environmental conditions of the project area draws on a number of primary and secondary data sources. Primary data source includes a one-season field sampling through environmental baseline survey conducted in February 2017. Laboratory analyses of environmental media samples (such as soil, groundwater, etc.) were carried out at the University of Lagos, Chemistry Department Laboratory. Secondary data sources (desktop studies/literature review) include research studies, maps, textbooks, and published literature relevant to the project area. The biophysical environment baseline information pertinent to the proposed intervention project area includes: a. Location b. Relief and drainage; c. Soil and geology; d. Climate; e. Air Quality; f. Hydrology of the Area; g. Type of Vegetation; and h. Wildlife and biodiversity 4.1 Location The proposed intervention site is located in Benin city, Edo State, Nigeria. Traversing two LGAs (Ikpoba-Okha and Oredo), the project site lies within latitude 6o15’0 and 6o19’30” and longitude 5o35’0” and 5o37’50”. It covers a catchment area of about 14.8 km2; with the project catchment area to the north of the power line servitude being approximately 6.7 km 2 while the area to the south of the power line servitude that could also be drained towards the natural watercourse amounts to an additional 8.1km2. [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 28 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) Fig 4.1: Gapiona Flood Intervention Site, Benin-City, Edo State, Nigeria 4.2 Relief and Drainage The ground surface of the project site is relatively flat with slopes ranging from 0.3% to 3.0%. The catchment includes two low-lying “trapped low” areas. Although very flat, the general slope of the land is from north to south. The elevation at the highest point of the catchment is approximately 82 m MSL, while the elevation at the lowest point on the power line servitude is at about 52 m MSL. The ground level at the location of the trapped lows is about 63m MSL. The catchment includes several low-lying areas that may be described as “trapped lows”. Trapped lows are area’s where storm water runoff or other surface water collects and is unable to drain away i.e. the water is effectively trapped. These trapped lows are present both on the west and to the east of Gapiona Road. Water that accumulates in these areas remains on the surface until it dissipates through infiltration into the ground, evaporation or is absorbed by vegetation. A natural drainage feature however exists. The Ogba River is located to the west of the Gapiona catchment and would appear to be conveniently close for the purpose of receiving storm water discharge from the Gapiona area. [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 29 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) Unfortunately, this is not possible because of the presence of a 10m high ridge between the low-lying areas of Gapiona and the Ogba River valley. The Benin historical moat traverses some parts of the project site. Even though the moat provides an opportunity to serve as drainage corridors, the position and route of the moat in the Gapiona catchment are unsuitable for this purpose. 4.3 Soil & Geology The surface lithology of the study area is underlain by coastal alluvium mangrove and fresh water swamp. It is of recent deposits and is predominantly composed of sand with intercalations of silt and clays. In addition, its composition includes the Holocene sediments with mangrove and woody swamps. The sediments are typically sandy, silty and pebbly; loose and poorly sorted. Both confined and partially confined aquifers with a moderate yield are available at varying depths. The soil is dark reddish brown at the top. It can be described as sandy loam and has a tendency to be eroded by weathering agent mostly by water. 4.4 Climate and Meteorology The climate of Edo State is characteristic of the humid tropics, with seasonal winds. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Edo State (including the Study Area) is situated in the Tropical/mega thermal climate. More specifically the Study Area is primarily located in the Tropical Monsoon (Am) climate but straddles the Tropical Wet and Dry climate (Aw) climate, an area where rainfall is a key climatic variable. The two key air masses are the dry Tropical Continental (TC) air mass originating from the Sahara in the north, and the moist Tropical Maritime from the Atlantic Ocean in the south. The two air masses are separated by an Inter-Tropical Discontinuity (ITD) zone. This zone is characterized by high levels of rainfall which move north and south with the seasonal movements of the sun. 4.4.1 Rainfall Rain falls for about 9 months in every year in Benin-City and its surroundings. Low probability values (less than 4%) for all time of the day classify late November to mid- February as the dry months in the area. The rainy season begins from March and ends in November. The double peak features found generally in the southern part of the country is clearly observable, thus, little dry season is experienced around August. Also, the [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 30 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) predominance of inland thunderstorms associated with rainfall is quite obvious in the area. From June to October, the probability of rainfall at any hour of the day is quite substantial. On the average, however, rainfalls is more than 9 (i.e. > 30%) of the days in every month of March to October and with just less than 5 (i.e. > 16%) days between November and February. Overall, a total of about 2006.60 mm of rain is recorded. This gives an average of 167.22mm per month. The minimum rainfall amount (25.4mm) is received in the months of January, February and December while the maximum rainfall amount (330.2mm) is received in the month of July. Of the total amount, about 1930.4mm (96.20%) is recorded during the wet season (March to November) while only 76.2mm (3.8%) is recorded in the dry season (December to February). Figure 3.2 shows the mean monthly rainfall for the area. The wet season rainfall is mostly torrential and is a mixture of short and long durations with high intensity. The rainy season is characterized by flooding and erosion owing to the short duration high intensity rainfalls. The rainy season (March-November) is double maxima, with the highest peak occuring during March – July and separated from the lower peak by the August little dry season. The little dry window has in recent time become less predictable. It may come early between late July and early August or a little late between late August and early September. Rainfall regime is the pattern of rainfall distribution over the seasons and is determined by the two major air masses dominating the area: the moist tropical maritime (TM) with its associated westerlies and the dry tropical continental air mass (TC) with its associated easterlies. The movement of the ITCZ, a quasi-stationary boundary that separates the TC from the TM, further modifies the process. The latitudinal position of the town further explains why the TM blows over the area for a longer period, thus explaining the lengthy rainy season. [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 31 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) Mean Monthly Rainfall 350 300 250 Rainfall mm 200 150 100 50 0 Fig 4.2: Mean Monthly Rainfall Source: NIMET, 2011 (20 years Average; 1990-2010) 4.4.2 Temperature The temperature of the proposed intervention project area is extracted from that of the Benin City and Edo State in general. The temperature is relatively high and stable all over the year, although, with a considerable variation over the wet and dry season. The overall annual average daily temperature is about 27.99 oC. On the average the minimum daily temperature is about 26.38 oC while the maximum daily temperature is about 29.54 oC. The harmattan season coincides with the period when the north-east trade wind crosses the Sahara Desert into the West African region between December and January. The graphic presentation of the temperature characteristics of the proposed project area is shown in Figure 4.3 below. [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 32 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) Figure 4.3: Characteristics of Daily Temperature within the Project Area Source: NIMET, 2011 (20 years Average; 1990-2010) [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 33 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) 4.4.3 Relative Humidity (RH) The entire state is characterized by a relatively high RH as a result of the prevailing TM air mass blowing over the environment almost all the year round. Overall, an average of 91.25% and 68.67% are recorded at 10:00hrs and 16:00hrs local time. Further assessment shows that highest values are recorded in the early mornings. The lowest value of 59% in the region is recorded in February. During the dry season, values between 60% and 75% are common, owing to the influences of the Dry Tropical Continental air mass that prevails over the region at this period. Figure 4.4 shows the characteristics of relative humidity of the project area. 100 90 80 70 Percentage 60 50 40 10:00Hrs 30 20 16:00Hrs 10 0 Months Figure 4.4: Characteristics of Relative Humidity within the Project Area Source: NIMET, 2011 (20 years Average; 1990-2010) 4.4.4 Sunshine Hours A general assessment of the sunshine hours for Benin City (NIMET, 2010) revealed that the lowest sunshine hours (2.59-3.01 h) are at the peak of the rainy season (July and August) while the brightest months occur in November. Total annual sunshine hours are about 57 hours per month, representing an average of about 5 hours of bright sky per day. 4.4.5 Wind Patterns and Speed The wind pattern in the area follows the migratory ITCZ. Thus, it is mainly southwesterly during the rainy season and northeasterly during the dry season. In general, the southwesterly swell is prevalent. The wind speed varies between 2 and 5 knots for most of the year with an [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 34 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) average speed of about 5 knots. Incidences of severe storms are more frequent with some rare occasion coming as high as 55 – 60 knots. These are frequently associated with thunder and lightning more than at any other time during the rainy season. In view of the potential impacts of the proposed activities of the intervention Project, care must be taken during construction and operation phases to ensure that the appropriate technology is used and cleanup of the waste from constructions activities must be immediately carried out. Proper temporary drainage within and around the project area shall be constructed to ensure that runoff from heavy rainfall are properly channeled. 4.5 Environmental Quality Assessment Soil samples collected and analyzed at randomly selected locations around the project area to depths of 0-15cm are presented in Table 4.2. Vegetation studies carried out on the soil by detailed observation of the flora and associate fauna species were also presented. Plants were identified to the species level using standard tests. The main aims were to record the structure and characteristics of the ecosystem, and fauna characteristics of the project area before intervention. 4.5.1 Geology The study area is located within the Niger-Delta Basin and Benin formation. This is also present along with Edo State which is geologically characterized by deposits laid during the tertiary and cretaceous periods (Alile, Molindo and Nwachokor, 2007). The Benin formation has been created from weathered sedimentary rock (Aziegbe, 2006). The Niger Delta Basin is one of the sedimentary basins in Nigeria that derives from weathered and eroded materials of Precambrian basement complex rocks of the South-Western part of Nigeria. The Benin formation comprises unconsolidated iron oxide-rich sands with alternating beds of shale, clay and sandy clay. The sands range from fine to medium and in some places demonstrate coal lignite streaks and wood fragments. The formation is covered with loose brownish sand (quaternary drift) varying in thickness and is about 800 m thick; almost all of which is water bearing with water level varying from about 20 m to 52 m. It is generally believed to be highly permeable, porous and prolific in water yield. The aquifer yields range from 28.4 m3 hr-1 at Iyanomo (south of the City), 125 m3 hr-1at Uselu (central part) to 208 m3 hr-1 at Ogba (northern part) with a draw down ranging from 4.8 m at Iyanomo, 1.8 m at Uselu to 6.7 m at Ogba due to the estimated rainfall for Benin City of over 2,000 mm per annum (Erah, [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 35 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) Akujieze and Oteze, 2002). The upper layer of the Benin formation is composed of iron rich red earth derived from iron-stained fragmented parent rock and derives from the Oligocene era. 4.5.2 Soil Physico –Chemistry All seven soil samples were randomly taken at one depth intervals (0 - 15cm of topsoil) using a stainless-steel auger. The soil samples were then stored in plastic buckets, and homogenised before sub-sampling. The sub-soil samples were subsequently stored on ice (below 4 ºC) and transported. The seven (7) sample locations are specifically around the proposed detention ponds. The soil samples were analysed according to their physico-chemical, heavy metals, oil and grease, hydrocarbons, and microbiological properties. The soil test was carried out in UNILAG Central Laboratories, University of Lagos Akoka, Lagos. The laboratory is accredited to carry out Environmental Quality Monitoring. The soil sampling locations and map is presented in Table 4.1 and Figure 4.5 while the results of the physico-chemical and heavy metal analysis are shown on Tables 4.2. Table 4.1: Description of Sampling Points for collection of Soil Samples Samples X-Coordinates Y-Coordinates Pond 1 6o18’18.095 5o36’27.984 Pond 2 6o17’49.271 5o36’28.635 Pond 3 6o18’12.869 5o35’58.451 Pond 4 6o17’45.966 5o36’02.530 Pond 5 6o17’19.925 5o36’01.377 Pond 6 6o16’39.730 5o36’40.385 Pond 7 6o15’38.902 5o35’20.957 [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 36 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) Fig 4.5: Location of Ponds / Physico-chemical Sampling Point [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 37 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) Table 4.2: Analysis of Soil Samples around the Proposed Project Area (February, 2017) Sample 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 NESREA Limit Phosphate, mg/kg 46.4 22.94 17.53 16.5 26.55 7.22 13.4 Copper, mg/kg 0.84 11.5 12.7 10.4 13.1 2.57 6.44 Nickel, mg/kg 4.79 11.62 5.31 6.73 8.94 4.15 2.68 Cadmium, mg/kg ˂0.03 1.43 0.92 ˂0.03 0.47 ˂0.03 ˂0.03 Lead, mg/kg ˂0.03 9.9 ˂0.03 ˂0.03 ˂0.03 ˂0.03 ˂0.03 pH (in 0.01 M CaCl2) 5.31 6.83 6.52 7.14 7.53 6.74 6.46 Conductivity µS/cm 214 2,354 428 1,926 2,140 642 856 Total organic carbon, % 0.42 1.07 1.22 1.08 1.07 0.78 0.79 Total petroleum hydrocarbon ND ND ND ND ND ND ND (wet basis), mg/kg Nitrate-N, mg/kg 74.8 230.2 254.4 302.9 267.1 226.1 239.5 Total N, mg/kg 1,256 3,239 3,684 3,274 3,234 2,342 2,382 Sulphate, mg/kg 154.3 116.8 201.5 188.8 168.4 177.6 185.9 Pb (mg/kg) 28.6 ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.164 Cu (mg/kg) 1.4 5.2 3.6 4.6 4.1 3.9 2.4 100 Zn (mg/kg) 190 ND 205 120 210 202 170 421 Cr (mg/kg) 27.1 56.2 33.2 47.3 17.8 36.7 31.5 100 Cd (mg/kg) ND 0.5 ND ND 0.5 ND 0.6 3 The pH of the soil samples fluctuates between 5.3 and 7.5, i.e. slightly acidic in some locations Oil and grease were not detected in any of the soil samples. The baseline heavy metal content of the soils was; Lead, 0.03 to 9.9 mg/kg; Copper 0.84 to 14.9 mg/kg, Zinc ranges between not detected (ND) in some locations and 210 mg/kg. Chromium 16.2 to 47.3 mg/kg and Cadmium ND to 0.6mg/kg. The concentration levels of all the heavy metals in the soil samples were low when compared with the national and international standards. The marginal high level of lead could probably be attributed to contamination from storm runoff and human activities. 4.5.3 Physico-chemical Properties of Groundwater Sample This assessment focuses on the groundwater quality. This becomes necessary in order to examine additional future hazards the project may pose either during construction or project operational stage. [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 38 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) In situ field analysis measurements of pH, conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Salinity, Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and temperature were taken using handheld in situ water sampling meter (Extech DO 700 meter) at the various sampling locations. Other analysis was conducted on the samples at the UNILAG Central Laboratories, University of Lagos Akoka, Lagos. The laboratory is accredited to carry out Environmental Quality Monitoring. The results of the physico-chemical, microbiological and heavy metal analysis of the ground water samples are presented in Table 4.3. A physical observation of the water shows that the water samples are clean and had no odour. The water samples had a range of pH 6.9 to 7.9. The values are within the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) limits for potable water. The levels of chloride, hardness, alkalinity, oil and grease are all within the FMEnv limits. All the water samples had a DO higher than 2.0mg/LO2, but the BOD was elevated, values were 16.7 to 27.8mg/LO2. The total dissolved solids (TDS) and TS were within the FMEnv limits for potable water but the TSS had a range of 50 mg/L to 190 mg/L. The sulphate all fall within the FMEnv limits for potable water. The slightly coloured of some locations (sample 2 and 4) was due to the nature of the soil which is slightly reddish. Table 4.3: Physico-chemical Analysis of Water Samples in the Project Area (February, 2017) Sample 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 FMEnv WHO Limit Limit Colour Clear Slightly Clear Slightly Clear Clear Clear Not coloured coloured mentioned Odour Odourless Odourless Odourless Odourless Odourless Odourless Odourless Not mentioned Ph 6.9 7.3 7.6 7.9 7.8 7.3 7.9 6-9 6.5–8.5 Conductivity 3762 2528 2497 2639 2282 2765 2845 Not (µS/cm) mentioned Acidity 1.3 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.6 Not mentioned Alkalinity 28 43.2 49.1 43.2 49.1 56 44 Not (mgCaCO3/L) mentioned Cl- (mgCl/L) 5.2 12.9 7.6 10.2 2.4 25 34 250 Not mentioned Hardness (mg 152 28 43 33 47 53 67 200 200 mg/l CaCO3/L) Oil and ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 10 Not grease (g/l) mentioned DO (mgO2/L) 6.2 6.6 7.1 6.8 7.6 7.9 6.7 >2 Not mentioned BOD 16.7 22.2 27.8 26.1 25.8 26.7 23.8 0 Not (mgO2/L) mentioned [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 39 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) Sample 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 FMEnv WHO Limit Limit COD 1254 1478 1624 1238 1624 1418 1524 Not (mgO2/L) mentioned TDS (mg/L) 150 300 140 230 140 340 150 500 >1000 mg/l TS (mg/L) 200 400 300 350 300 408 370 2000 Not mentioned TSS (mg/L) 50 100 160 120 160 40 190 30 Not mentioned Nitrates 1.9 0.6 5.2 0.6 5.6 0.5 15 20 Not (mg/L) mentioned Phosphates ND 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.6 <5 Not (mg/l) mentioned Sulphate ND 20.5 8.7 27.5 8.3 27.5 7.8 250 500 mg/l (mg/l) Total 1.30x102 2.30x102 2.60x102 2.10x102 2.50x102 2.10x102 2.50x102 Not bacterial mentioned count (cfu/ml) 200C Total 1.10x102 1.4X102 1.80x102 1.5X102 1.30x102 1.7X102 1.60x102 100 Not bacterial mentioned count (cfu/ml) 370C Total 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Not Fungi/Yeast mentioned count (cfu/ml) 200C Total 0.00 0.00 1.00x101 0.00 1.00x101 0.00 1.00x101 Not Coliform mentioned count (cfu/ml) 370C The results of the heterotrophic bacterial population in the water samples 1 to 9 incubated at 22oC and 37oC were in the range of 1.10 x 102 – 2.5 x 102 cfu/ml. The results showed that the total bacterial count marginally exceeded the maximum recommended limit of 100 colonies/ml at 220C and 20 colonies/ml at 370C. There were no coliform and fungi/yeast in all the samples. However, samples 3 gave a total heterotrophic bacteria population of 1.8 – 2.5 x 102cfu/ml. Bacillus spp and Escherichia coli were isolated from the samples. Samples 1 and 2 may be suitable for drinking after boiling or filtration. Overall, the water samples within the watershed are fit for potable use albeit with treatment if required for drinking. The result of the analysis of metal in water around the project area is outlined in table 4.4. As shown, all the samples except Iron exceeds the Federal Ministry of Environment limit. [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 40 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) Table 4.4: Analysis of Metal in surface Water around the Project Area (February, 2017) Sample 2 3 4 5 6 7 FMnEV WHO Limit 1 Limit Ca (mg/kg) ND 19.8 23.4 22.1 26.8 20.6 250 mg/l 22.6 Cd (mg/kg) ND ND ND ND 0.2 ND 0.003mg/l ND Cu (mg/kg) ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.1 2mg/l ND Cr(mg/kg) ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.05 0.05 mg/l ND Fe (mg/kg) 1.3 0.2 0.5 0.4 1.2 0.2 0.3 No 0.6 guidelines Na (mg/kg) 17.0 18.0 15.0 15.0 15.3 16.7 200 mg/l 16.0 Pb (mg/kg) ND 0.2 ND ND 0.05 0.01 mg/l ND ND ND Zn (mg/kg) 1.4 2.1 1.8 2.1 1.1 1.4 5.06 3 mg/l 1.6 4.5.4 Air Quality Assessment The measurement of ambient noise levels was recorded using an Extech Integrating Sound Level Meter (model number 407780). A total of seven sampling locations were selected which are sampling location in close vicinity to the detention ponds. The air quality assessment is imperative since atmospheric pollutants are transported, dispersed and deposited by wind and turbulence which are always present. The assessment was done to avoid influence from any local source that may cause elevated concentration which is not representative of the area. The air quality parameters analysed here is the noise. A noise level smart sensor digital level meter measured at different points ranged from 27 to 60 dBA. All the noise values fall within the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMnEv) limits of 90dBA for an 8-hour working period. The mean noise level at different points is shown on Table 4.5. It is anticipated that at the construction phase, the project activities may lead to increase in the environmental noise levels. Once the noise level is higher than 90dBA, it is required that ear muffs be worn by workers to ensure their safety. Table 4.5: Noise Levels Measurement around the Project Area (February, 2017) S/N X Coordinate Y Coordinate Noise (dBA) 1. 6o18’18.095 5o36’27.984 27 2. 6o17’49.271 5o36’28.635 38 o o 3. 6 18’12.869 5 35’58.451 32 o o 4. 6 17’45.966 5 36’02.530 46 5. 6o17’19.925 5o36’01.377 60 o o 6. 6 16’39.730 5 36’40.385 32 7. 6o15’38.902 5o35’20.957 29 [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 41 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) 4.5.5 Ambient Air Quality Measurement In situ air quality measurements were taken at seven locations in and around the study area and at sampling locations in close vicinity to the proposed detention ponds. Air quality measurements were taken using handheld instruments Greywolf Air Quality Meters (Toxic gases and Particulate). The levels of the air quality parameter measured are shown in Table 3.6. With the exception of carbon monoxide level in sample 2, the levels of sulphur (iv) oxide (SO2), NO2 and Carbon monoxide measured around the proposed project area were ND (not detected). The level of carbon monoxide in sample 2 is within the Federal Ministry of Environment’s prescribed limit for the gaseous emissions in the environment. When SO2 is present above the threshold levels, it causes respiratory problems. CO emission is usually caused by incomplete combustion of fuels. The levels of suspended particulate matters range from 35 to 96µgm-3, and the values are below the threshold limits. Table 4.6: Air Quality Measurements in the Proposed Project Area (February, 2017) S/N X Coordinates Y Coordinates CO ppm SO2 ppm NO2 Suspended ppm particulate matter ug/m3 1 6o18’18.095 5o36’27.984 ND ND ND 87 o o 2 6 17’49.271 5 36’28.635 6 ND ND 46.1 o o 3 6 18’12.869 5 35’58.451 ND ND ND 96 4 6o17’45.966 5o36’02.530 ND ND ND 67 o o 5 6 17’19.925 5 36’01.377 ND ND ND 49 6 6o16’39.730 5o36’40.385 ND ND ND 71 o o 7 6 15’38.902 5 35’20.957 ND ND ND 56 4.6 Vegetation Study The identification of species was conducted both in situ and ex situ. Representative samples of plant species were collected and prepared as standard herbarium species, to serve as a record of the vegetative composition of the area and identification of those species not identified in the field. A combination of line and belt transect were used for the rapid assessment of the vegetation types. The belt transects used a 10 m by 5 m plot size. The sampling included locations at the proposed Project site of the detention ponds which were mostly vacant or abandoned. [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 42 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) Except around pond 6 and 7, the vegetation of the watershed has given way to human development especially housing for residential purpose. The remaining vegetated areas are in the secondary succession rainforest with a mix of few forest flora, which grow on flat ground or in vacant or abandoned land. The area is a community of regenerating secondary plants, which has been left to fallow with some pockets of functional and abandoned farmlands where Cassava (Manihot esculenta), Maize (Zea mays), white yam (Dioscorea esculenta), vegetables, pepper (Capsicum spp.) and fruits such as Mango (Mangifera indica) and Oranges (Citrus spp.) are being cultivated or left for economic purpose. The most important naturally occurring useful plants are locust bean plant (Parkia biglobosa), economic timbers such as Afzelia sp., paper plant (Gmelina plant) and Daniella oliverii (Butter plant), Lophira lanceolata (Iron wood). Details of findings of vegetation cover are presented in Table 4.7. None of the plant species recorded is in the vulnerable category of the IUCN. Table 4.7: The Vegetation covers of the Study Location S/N Species Name Habit Uses 1 Acacia nilotica Herb Medicinal 2 Adansonia digitate Tree Medicinal 3 Ageratum conyzoides Herb Medicinal 4 Albizzia zygia Tree Aesthetic 5 Alstonea congensis Tree Medicinal 6 Anacardium occidentale Tree Food 7 Aspilia Africana Herb Medicinal 8 Asystasia gangetica Herb Medicinal 9 Azadirachta indica Tree Medicinal 10 Boerhavia diffusa Herb Medicinal/Food 11 Bougainvillea spectabilis Shrub Aesthetic 12 Calotropis procera Shrub Medicinal 13 Capsicum frutescence Herb Medicinal 14 Carica papaya Tree Medicinal/Food 15 Chromolaena odorata Herb Medicinal 16 Cochlospermum planchonii. Shrub Medicinal 17 Cocos nucifera Tree Food [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 43 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) S/N Species Name Habit Uses 18 Corchorus olitorius Herb Food 19 Crotolaria retusa Herb Medicinal 20 Croton lobatus Herb Medicinal 21 Daniella oliverii Tree Commerce 22 Delonix regia Tree Medicinal 23 Dioscorea rotundata Herb Food 24 Elaeis guineensis Tree Food 25 Emilia coccinea Herb Medicinal 26 Euphorbia heterophylla Herb Medicinal 27 Euphorbia hirta Herb Medicinal 28 Euphorbia hyssopifolia Herb Medicinal 29 Ficus sp. Tree Medicinal 30 Gossypium arboretum Shrub Medicinal 31 Gmelina arborea Tree Commerce 32 Gomphrena celosiodes Herb Medicinal 33 Hyptis suaveolens Herb Medicinal 34 Imperata cylindrical Grass Medicinal 35 Jatropha curcas Shrub Medicinal 36 Mangifera indica Tree Food 37 Manihot esculenta Shrub Food 38 Moringa oliverii Tree Medicinal 39 Mucuna sloaeni Herb Medicinal 40 Musa parasidiaca Tree Food 41 Panicum maximum Grass Medicinal 42 Parquetina nigrescens Herb Medicinal 43 Pennisetum pennisetum Grass Medicinal 44 Phyllanthus amarus Herb Medicinal 45 Physalis angulate Herb Medicinal 46 Piliostigma thoningii Shrub Medicinal 47 Psidium guajava Tree Medicinal [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 44 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) S/N Species Name Habit Uses 48 Ricinus communis Shrub Medicinal 49 Senna obtusifolia Shrub Medicinal 50 Senna siamea Tree Medicinal 51 Sida acuta Herb Medicinal 52 Spigelia anthelmia Herb Medicinal 53 Synedrella nodiflora Herb Medicinal 54 Talinum triangulare Herb Medicinal 55 Thevetia peruviana Shrub Aesthetic 56 Trema orientalis Tree Medicinal 57 Tridax procumbens Herb Medicinal 58 Vernonia amygdalina Shrub Food 59 Vernonia cinerea Herb Medicinal 60 Vigna unguiculata Herb Food 61 Walthera indica Shrub Medicinal 62 Zea mays Grass Food 4.7 Fauna / Wildlife Study Fauna study was based on interviews with the community members to find out the animals that can be found in the area. Sound recording, sighting and track monitoring were other methods employed for birds and animals that live within and around the proposed project area. Urbanization have resulted in serious alteration of the ecological status of the environment and for ease of reference and brevity, only names of animals that are regularly hunted in recent times are presented. Those that had probably lived there in the past are excluded. Table 4.8 presents animals around the proposed project area. Table 4.8: Wildlife Encountered within the Proposed Project Environment and the Threat Status Scientific Name Common name /Vernacular IUCN threat status Cricetaomys gambianus Giant rat Not listed Xerus erythropus Ground squirrel Not listed Thryonomys swinderianus Greater can rat Not listed Naja Melanoleuca Black Cobra Not listed [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 45 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) Scientific Name Common name /Vernacular IUCN threat status N. nigricolis spitting cobra Not listed Echis Carinatus carpet viper Not listed Bitis arietans Puff adder Not listed Other reptiles Snakes, Lizards etc. Not Listed The wildlife in the area has been significantly hunted by man and so their number has greatly reduced. Excessive hunting and widespread urbanization and farming activities by the people were given as the major reasons. A close observation of the environment revealed that a process of progressive disappearance of larger and valuable species has occurred for several decades. The presence of rodents like bush rats, snakes and the ground squirrels was noted especially around pond 6 and 7. Some of the wildlife that are likely to be present in the study area includes; giant rat (Cricetaomys gambianus), ground squirrel (Xerus erythropus) and greater cane rat (Thryonomys swinderianus) and snakes of different kinds. 4.8 Protected Areas There are no protected areas in close vicinity to the study area or that will be directly affected by the development of the project. Specifically, the closest natural forest is the Sakpoba Forest Reserve which is located about 28 km to the project site. 4.9 Socio-Economic Characteristics and Public Consultations The socio-economic assessment of the proposed Gapiona intervention project in Benin-City, Edo State covers a wide range of diverse but interconnected aspects and variables relating to the Project Affected Persons (PAPs) and other stake holders. The variables sourced for include: demographic, economic, public and social services. 4.9.1 Socio-Economic Assessment The socio-economic assessment is anticipated to:  Assess the prevailing socioeconomic conditions in the study site.  Provide a socio-economic baseline status characterizing the existing state of the study site.  Assist in identifying the main areas of social and economic concerns;  Analyze the impacts of the prevailing environmental conditions on the socio- economic structure of the study site [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 46 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) The socio-economic assessment was carried out through the administration of structured questionnaires for households, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), for stakeholders and in-depth interviews. Generally, a blend of investigative methods that includes the following, were used to acquire the socio-economic data. This include:  Review of secondary data;  Reconnaissance survey to identify all communities that will be directly or indirectly affected and to alert the communities’ leaders and residents on the proposed project;  In-depth interviews with community leaders of the identified communities (traditional leaders, women leaders, religious leaders and youth leaders);  Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with stakeholder and project affected communities;  Field observations by the consultant;  Democratic tools like FGDs, Community mapping, and Paired needs ranking and case studies formulation; and  Structured questionnaire to collect baseline information and the perception of the PAPs on the intervention. Simple random sampling was used for the administration of the questionnaire. The administration was done in such a way that the required number of questionnaires was actually returned in the community. Population estimation was based on the combinations of questionnaire survey and projection from 1991/2006 census figures by the National Population Commission (NPC). In all, a total number of 400 questionnaires were administered and all were returned. Plate 4.1a-d shows the research assistants on the field. A sample of the questionnaire administered, minute and photographs of the meetings held, the attendance at the meetings and the contacts of persons met can be found in appendixes. 4.9.2 Data Collection Methodology The sampling of stakeholders for engagement and data collection (as shown in Table 4.1) is based on the following criteria:  Adequate representation from the relevant social groups in the study location;  Inclusion of groups and individuals with different population characteristics/socio- economic status;  Participation of those with access to relevant information;  Evidence of different types of livelihood activities; and [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 47 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP)  Inclusion of males and females where possible. Table 4.9: Questionnaires Administration and Public Consultation Categories of Stakeholders Sampled Questionnaire Questionnaire FGD IDI Community Administered Returned Meeting Direct Project Affected Persons (PAPs) 130 130 1 2 Key Stakeholders 100 100 1 2 Other members of the community 170 170 Total 400 400 2 2 2 a b c d Plate 4.1: Questionnaire Administration in different parts of the Study Area (a) Upper Adesuwa (b) Aghedo (c) Irhirhi Quarters (d) Abuja Quarters [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 48 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) 4.9.3 Population Characteristics of the Project Area An estimate of population for Edo State and Ikpoba-Okha and Oredo LGAs are presented in Table 4.2. The figures are adapted from the 2006 population census and an estimates population by the National Bureau of Statistics for 2011. Table 4.10: Population Estimation and Projection of Edo State Location Year Population Figures Edo State 2006 3,233,366 2011 3,700,706 Ikpoba-Okha LGA 2006 372,080 2011 425,859 Oredo LGA 2006 374,515 2011 428,646 Source: National Bureau Statistics, 2012 4.9.4: Socio-Economic Characteristics of Respondents Key socio-economic variables were identified from the surveys and are presented in Table 4.3. The variables considered include gender, age, ethnic group, literacy and communication, marital status, occupation, average family size, residency, income, social infrastructures (health and water provision) as well as prior knowledge of the project and resettlement plans. Table 4.11: Socio-economics of the Respondents in Proposed Project Communities S/N Socio-Economic Socio-Economic Findings Indicator Gapiona 1 Gender There are more male (53%) than female (47%) respondents. 2 Age Age groups of between 18-45 years constitute the highest proportion of the respondents with 60%. 46–65 age group constitutes 28% while 66 years and above are about 10%. This simply shows that there is likelihood of many youth PAPs. 3 Ethnic group The respondents in the community are mainly of the Bini ethnic extraction (44%). The Binis are followed by a mixture of other minority ethnic groups within and outside Edo state (36%). The remaining respondents are the Igbo and Yoruba with some pockets of migrant from Northern Nigeria. These points to the metropolitan nature of the area. 4 Religion Most of the respondents are Christians (90%). A few others however belong to the Islamic religion (10%). However, the present of shrines and cultural dresses shows strong belief in traditional religion amongst the people. 4 Literacy level/Language(s) About 79.0% of the respondents in this settlement have a definite form of spoken formal education, basically up to secondary school level, hence they can read and write in English and local Language. Table 4.4 contain amongst other things, list of educational infrastructures within the watershed including their status and functionality. [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 49 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) 5 Marital Status Most of the respondents are married 68% while 24.0% are single. The divorce/separated make up 5.0% of the respondents. 6 Occupation The occupation of the respondents include; Traders (26.0%) self-employed (25%). Civil servant (22%) artisans (14%), daily labourers (4%) and unemployed (9%) among others 7 Size of the Family Average household size of respondents in is 6 persons. There are few outliers of more than 10 household size 8 Length of residence/ Most of the respondents (50%) have lived in the area for more than 10 years Residential Status and most of them are permanent residents (86%) 9 Income Level of The income structure of the respondents showed that most of them (48.0%) respondents. earn less than N40,000 a month. These are basically self-employed, artisans and unemployed individual. 12% of respondents earn between 50,000 and 100,000. 10 Impact of flood in the 96% of the respondents noted that they have been negatively impacted by the community persistent flood incidents in the area. The hazard they indicated mainly leads to economic loss due to their inability to access or operate their means of livelihood (64%). Other impacts include damage to household personal belonging (16%) and damage to building property (15%) among others 11 Health Status Most respondents claimed to be healthy. Common household diseases, however, are malaria; Typhoid and whooping cough which are treated in the private hospitals and by applying tradition and home remedy medicine. No government hospital can be found within the community. The health facilities/infrastructures including their status and functionality are outlined in table 4.4. About 20% of the respondents claimed they attend orthodox hospitals while 60% claimed that in addition to using the convectional health facilities, they equally seek medical care from traditional health practitioners. The traditional health practitioners in the area are not publicly advertised. Most of the respondents indicated that their health status are affected by the flood. 13 Ethno-cultural In terms of ethnic homogeneity, most of the respondents in this settlement Dynamics/resilience (80.0%) reckoned that the settlement is historically homogenous but heterogeneous in terms of population and cultural diversity. There are no records of ethnic clashes or crises in the community with Bini being the predominant ethnic group. Specifically, the project site is covered by different quarters among which are:  Elema  Ekhaguere  Irhirhi  Oko, etc Each of these quarters is controlled by a traditional chief who reports to the Oba of Benin. 14 Change in the Standard of 42.0% of the respondents in this community claimed to have better living Living of the Project standard while about 58% indicated a downturn in their living standard Affected Persons especially due to current economic challenges of the country. 15 Awareness of the Proposed Most of the respondents especially around ponds 1 to 3 claimed to have a Project prior-knowledge of the NEWMAP project. This they indicated is mainly through community sensitization and landlord association meetings. Most of Respondents in the last 4 ponds however indicated their obliviousness about the project. 4.9.5 Infrastructures within Project Communities This section describes the major infrastructures and other points of interest (POI) including schools, health facilities, markets, community centres, small and medium scales business enterprises within the project site. Therein, the status, address and geographical location [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 50 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) (coordinates) are outlined (Annexure VII). Annexure (VIII) on its part however shows the road infrastructures and their status. Most of the roads are un-tarred and the flooding situation has contributed to their deplorable conditions. The POIs and the roads are shown in Fig 4.6 [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 51 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) o Fig 4.6: POIs and Roads within the Project Site [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 52 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) 4.9.6 Housing Characteristics in the Project Area Figure 4.7 shows the housing characteristics based on materials used for building within the study area. This measure is an indication of the standard of living. 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Others Asbestos Others Others Others Others Others Earthen Concretes Water Closet Cement block 1-2 Rooms 3-4 Rooms Owned Rented Occupied for free Owned Rented Occupied for free Plastered Mud Corrugated roofing Aluminium Tiles Tiles Pit Latrine Pier latrine None Wall Roofing Floor Materials Number of Toilet Facility Tenure of Tenure of Land Materials Rooms Housing Fig 4.7: Type of Materials in the Building and Tenure Systems Source: Fieldwork, 2017 As shown in Fig 4.7, most of buildings in the project communities are made of cement block (93.0%) and plastered mud (6.0%). Roofing materials are made of corrugated roofing (55.0%) and aluminum (39.0%) while the floors are made up of concretes (77.0%) and tiles (18.0%) materials. The toilet facilities in the communities comprise of water closest (84.0%) and pit latrine (12.0%). Most of the buildings contain more than two rooms (38.0%) and are mostly rented (58%) by the in-scope households. 4.9.7 Source of Energy Availability and utilization of energy for domestic and commercial usage is mainly of two areas i.e. lighting and cooking. Undoubtedly, energy is a key household service necessary for socioeconomic assessment. Table 4.8 shows the source of energy used for lighting and cooking by the residents of the proposed project area. In all, most of the residents rely on PHCN (56.0%), followed by Generator (35.0%) among others. The main source of energy for cooking in the project area based on ranking and choice is detailed in Fig. 4.8. [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 53 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) 60 56 50 50 40 28 30 18 16 20 11 10 11 10 5 3 0 0 0 0 0 Energy Source Energy Source Fig 4.8: Source of Energy for Various Uses Source: Fieldwork, 2017 4.9.8 Communities’ Environmental Concerns (CECs) Despite the fact that the communities embraced the commencement of the proposed project, some environmental and socio-economic concerns were raised. This include among others the following:  That Flooding has come be an annual hazard in the project area;  The impact of the flood is multi-faceted among which are; o Destruction of buildings and roads o Abrupt disruption to school calendars o Severe impact on real estate with lots of empty completed buildings and uncompleted developments o Difficulty in accessing own property especially during the rainy season  Threats to the safety of all residents of all ages especially children and the aged persons/elders;  Massive damage to lives and property especially during peak of rain in rainy season;  Several palliative measures have been tried but the flooding intensity requires a holistic which is beyond the powers of the residents; Accordingly, Fig. 4.9 presents the adverse environmental impacts of the regular flood occurrence by the Project Affected Persons and Communities (PAPC). [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 54 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) 35 32 30 25 20 15 13 11 10 9 10 6 3 4 5 2 0 0 Fig. 4.9 Current Environmental Concerns of the Flooding Source: Fieldwork, 2017 Without doubt, the flood activities along the project watershed have had much impact on the generality of the livelihood, lifestyle and the environment of the entire area. However, flood induced loss of property is the most obvious negative impact (32.0%). This is followed by bad land (13.0%), destruction of public infrastructure (10.0%), flood induced surface water and groundwater pollution, poor drainage (6.0%), environmental degradation (4.0%) and soil infertility (3.0%). The major concern expressed by the residents of the project area is related to air, surface water, groundwater and noise pollution (33.0%) and degraded land (29.0%). Other concerns include development of soil infertility (27.0%) and environmental degradation (21.0%). Plate 4.2: Impact of Flood Hazard in different part of the Study Area [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 55 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) 4.9.9 Perception of the People about the Proposed Project Questionnaires were used to screen the respondents on their perceptions of the proposed intervention project. Awareness about the NEWMAP intervention project is high in the communities especially around the first three ponds as the respondents concur that through the local Gapiona flood site monitoring committee provide consistent and continuous information about the project. They agreed that information have been disseminated to virtually all concerned stakeholders about the proposed intervention project activities on the Gapiona flood problem. Respondents around the last four ponds however appear not to have been well sensitized as most do not know about the proposed project. With regards to the potential negative impact of the proposed project, members of the community affirmed that the community is diplomatic and the proposed intervention project would not necessarily stimulate any form of youth restiveness as the case maybe. 4.9.10 Public Consultations The submissions and concerns raised during the town hall meeting include:  Genuineness of the Project  When will the contractor move to site?  Will the drains be covered?  Where will the construction camp be?  The procedure for the engagement of the youth Concerns  The neglect of qualified and available workforce in the area during construction and operation will potentially cause conflict  The involvement of the youth and other members of the community in the implementation of the project will engender ownership and protection of the project.  The Safety of the project corridor  The breeding of mosquito in the detention ponds Community expectations during construction and operation phases  With regard to the proposed intervention, expectations of the people during the construction and operation phases include:  Employment of the locals during the construction and operation phases of the project; and [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 56 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP)  Adequate compensation to people whose properties will be loss owing to the intervention, especially along the channel of the intervention project. Impacts from community perspective With regard to the impact of the potential intervention project on the community, the respondents noted that the temporary potential adverse impact of the project should not stop the intervention project. Sociocultural Concerns by the community  No specific cultural or social issues is envisaged to trigger or disrupt the implementation of the project. If, however, any of such arises it would be treated in such a way that it would not jeopardise the successful execution of the project; and  There are shrines within the project site but these are located within the compounds of the residents. Specifically, palm trees are revered in the community and are thus symbols of their shrines based on their longevity. Their removal if they would be affected by the project alignment would be treated in such a way that it will not jeopardise the successful execution of the project. Willingness of Community to provide support for the project The community members are ready to give their best advice, skills and other required assistance to the contractor in the intervention project. Specifically: o The landlords are ready to accommodate those coming for the project in their buildings at a reasonable rate; o The youth are ready render their service; and o The women are ready to render cutlery services to the camp. Community members assured of their total cooperation with the Edo NEWMAP, contractors and other consultants. They also assured the ESMP consultant of adequate security and protection of lives, properties and equipment during construction and operation phases. See Appendix 4 for pictures of town hall meeting held at various places where all stakeholders (youth, women, elders etc.) were present. [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 57 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) CHAPTER FIVE ASSOCIATED AND POTENTIAL IMPACTS 5.1 Project Associated Activities The construction and operation of the proposed Gapiona Flood Intervention Project and associated activities will include the following: Installation/pre-construction phase.  Awarding of the contract;  Surveying of the site;  Site clearing;  Construction of access roads;  Assembly of heavy machinery and equipment; Construction  Bulldozing, grading and compaction of soil;  Clearing and excavation of detention ponds;  Disposal of vegetation and excavation spoils;  Soil excavation; and  Laying of concrete drains and box culverts Operation  operation of drainage;  routine maintenance;  security of facilities.  regular inspection;  desiltation and clearance of drains & manholes;  desilting Detention ponds;  repair of damaged engineering structure;  cleaning of retention pond to prevent mosquitoes;  training of operators;  maintenance of equipment used; and  sanitation and waste management system. [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 58 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) 5.2 Potential Impacts of the Proposed Project Activities 5.2.1 Positive Environmental Impacts of the Proposed Project Activities The positive impacts captured will cover the periods of construction and operation phases of the project. Based on the socioeconomic profile of residents of the area, construction works will reduce the unpleasant experience of the residents to the barest minimum. The essential positive impacts of the project are listed as follows.  Rehabilitation of degraded lands and their conversion into productive land: The land degraded by flood which has inhibit developments and effective utilization for various uses will be rehabilitated and the land resource can be put to more effective use.  Increased Value for Structural and Landed Properties: The execution of the project will increase the value of both structural and land properties along the hitherto flood prone area. It should be understood that substantial part of the watershed is located in the middle of GRA, Benin City. Other part of the watershed is undergoing serious urbanization process and the project will further enhance the economic value of structural and landed properties in the area.  Securing Public infrastructures The different roads within the catchment which connect the axis to the rest of Benin City and other parts of Edo State will be salvaged from the eroding effect of the fast- flowing flood velocity which has always led to flooding and erosion disaster owing to the loose nature of the soil. Once the area is salvaged from flood the lifespan of the road (Central, Ogiesoba, Gapiona, Nosa Osagie, Obariase, Igbinosa, Frank Omoh among others) will increase. With the proposed development, the major road and other local roads under the threat of the erosive power of the fast-flowing floodwaters of the Gapioma Flood site will be saved. Consequently, this will retain and enhance the mobility and connectivity merits that the roads provide to the communities. Hospitals, primary and secondary school buildings and facilities, markets and community halls will be secured from the destructive powers of the flood in the area. 5.2.2 Positive Social Impacts of the Proposed Project Activities  Public Safety: The proposed project will in no small measure increase civil safety in the area with respect to safety of properties and human lives, which have been [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 59 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) hitherto at the risk of the flooding. Safety of lives particularly during the epic flooding in rainy season will be reduced and the potential landed properties at the risk will diminish. As gathered from the field study, restriction of movement of schoolchildren whenever it rains as a result of high current of floodwaters running will also be reduced.  Employment Opportunities: Provision of employment opportunity to the project affected communities is an essential positive impact. The project will create significant temporary employment for construction workers, equipment maintenance and support staff. While a small number of senior project managers may come from elsewhere in Nigeria, the majority of project staff are expected to be recruited locally from the affected communities. There will be economic opportunities for local people (petit traders, food vendors and other artisans especially during construction. 5.2.3 Potential Negative Environmental and Social Impacts of the Proposed Project Activities For the proposed project, the potential negative impacts have been identified on the basis of whether they will occur during the pre-construction, construction or operation phase in the subsequent sections. This is to facilitate the implementation of the mitigation measures that are outlined in the Environmental and Social Management plan (ESMP). 5.2.3.1 Pre-Construction Phase Negative Environmental Impacts  Proposed Project Induced Development: With the proposed civil work, the hitherto Gapiona Flood site will increase in popularity. The extent to which development becomes a positive or negative impact will be determined by the effectiveness of the planning framework. With an ineffective framework, the overall impact would be substantially negative. Negative Social Impacts  Displacement of Landed Properties and source of livelihoods: The proposed development will lead to the displacement of land properties at the risk of flooding, particularly along the corridor of the proposed channel development. A resettlement action plan based on the World Bank OP 4.12 is being developed to address these issues. [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 60 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP)  Expectations of Improvement in Livelihood: The proposed project raises the hope of better infrastructure provision to the communities and anticipation of general improvement, with a rise in economic activities as a result of civil work activities and potential employment opportunities offered by the project activities. This perception has an adverse impact on the project as residents may develop overwhelming expectation for the project. 5.2.3.2 Construction Phase A decisive requirement at the construction phase is the creation of the buffer zone and right of way. Vegetation will be cleared from the flood site; large drains will be constructed and other related constructions will be carried out. From the activities during the construction phase, environment will be disturbed and affected. Broadly speaking, the key potential negative impacts are: Negative Environmental Impacts  Potential Impacts on Flora and Fauna: Plant and animal life irrespective of size and extent of living footprints will be negatively impacted. Birds and climbing animals as well as life forms attached to the soil of the project area will also be affected. Animals in high densities that have built adaptation mechanisms and those living naturally in the area will be directly and indirectly displaced from their natural habitats. Thus, a mitigation strategy is required.  Potential Impact on Biodiversity and Loss of Habitat: The level of civil work anticipated at the construction site will not cause significant effects on the generality of the biodiversity of the project area / catchment. Since the site does affect trees and other biological life forms, tree and bush clearance will be limited to channel alignment. The cleared vegetation will be recovered by planting small trees and plants. The construction works will not harm any major bird or animal migration routes.  Soil/Land Excavation and Construction of Camp Sites: The nature of the flood area will require some form of land excavations and other land clearance. This could stimulate further land degradation if defectively managed or executed. Thus, the activities should be done with respect to engineering best practices. Depots and working camps should be located in such a way that they can either be used for other purposes after the time of construction. [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 61 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP)  Potential Noise Impact: At the construction phase, permissible or acceptable human noise levels can be temporarily exceeded due to the operations of lorries and equipment in the working zone of the flood site. Noise abatement measures will be taken in the zones crossing the residential areas, including adequate work scheduling. The scheduling should also be designed to incorporate every form of social activities that might be affected in order to reduce any form of infringement. Typical noise emissions for plant and equipment likely to be deployed are listed in with typical international standards in Table 5.1. Table 5.1: Noise Emission Levels for Various Types of Construction Plant Distance between Plant and Observer Typical International Standard Type of Plant 5m 20 m 50 m Day Night Loader 90 78 70 75 55 Grader 90 78 70 75 55 Vibration Roller 86 74 66 75 55 Bulldozer 86 74 66 75 55 Generator 98 86 78 75 55 Impact Drill 87 75 67 75 55 Concrete Mixer 91 79 71 70 55 Concrete Pump 85 70 62 70 55 Pneumatic 84 86 78 75 55 Hammer Figures in dB (A)  Potential Impacts on Water and Water Resources: This is critical to the project area. The watershed structure of the flood area shows an interconnected drainage pattern, which links to River Ogba further down the basin. Hence, a point source of water pollution from the construction activities could lead to a severe impact on the surface and groundwater water resources of the area. Sources of waste-related point source and non-point pollution of water bodies could include: wastewater containing high suspended solids; oil residues and industrial fluids from washing of plant and vehicles that would spill into nearby water body and seep into groundwater; spill of fuel oil around fuel storage tanks that would seep into groundwater and nearby stream and waste oil, grease and de-greasing solvents from vehicle and plant servicing. Negative Social Impact  Disruption to Communication Routes: The excavation of trenches and installation of concretes along the main roads within the Benin City will result in considerable [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 62 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) and unavoidable delays in traffic flows. Beginning from the time of construction till its completion, the overall impact upon the communities would be characterized by difficulty of accessibility to free traffic flow. The impact on vehicular movement will generally be confined to increased journey time and other costs associated with delays, particularly during morning and afternoon peak periods, which in the majority of cases may cause minor inconveniences. Some of the roads which would be affected include Central road, Ogiesoba avenue, Gapiona avenue, Nosa Osagie street, Obariase street, Igbinosa street, Frank Omoh street among others.  Disruption to Public Utilities: During fitting of new infrastructure, it would be very easy to damage existing service cables and electrical lines or temporarily interrupt supplies to consumers. The levels of likely impacts arising from disruption damage to public utilities are summarized in Table 5.2.  Disruption of Public Access: Besides, the general disruption of communications, civil works of the flood affected area might result in the temporary loss of access to other areas as work progresses past individual property entrances. This will be most severe when crossing roads and in front of the public building and emergency service centres as the case maybe. Some public buildings that would be affected include Oba Ewuare Grammar School, Ekhaguere Primary School and Ugbor Police station among others.  Workers’ Safety: Generally, construction sites are inherently unsafe and for those employed on the project the risks are varied and omnipresent. Safety issues are for that reason crucial to all workers to maintain the principle of “safety first” in the execution of dedicated responsibilities. It is of utmost expectation that the inherent dangers would have been communicated to all site workers concerning with the best safety practices imbibed and followed strictly during construction works. Table 5.2: Potential Impacts of Disruption to Public Utilities Utility Nature of Impact Severity High Voltage Interruption of Supply Severe production loss and public inconvenience Electricity Personal Injury Likely death of operator Cables Cost of Repair/Delay to Works Very severe Medium Voltage Interruption of Supply Severe production loss and public inconvenience Electricity Personal Injury Probable death of or serious injury to operator Cables Cost of Repair/Delay to Works Severe [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 63 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) Utility Nature of Impact Severity Low Voltage Interruption of Supply Localised but severe public inconvenience Electricity Personal Injury Possible serious injury to operator Cables Cost of Repair/Delay to Works Minor production loss. Short public inconvenience Local Water Interruption of Supply Localised but significant public inconvenience Networks Personal Injury Unlikely Cost of Repair/Delay to Works Minor Telecom Cables Interruption of Supply Extreme disruption to national and international telecommunications Personal Injury Unlikely Cost of Repair/Delay to Works Very Severe 5.2.2.3 Operations Phase Negative Environmental Impacts During the operations phases, there are series of activities that will impact on the environment across diverse scales. These activities include; desilting and clearance of drains and manholes, desilting detention ponds, repair of damaged engineering structure, cleaning of retention pond to prevent mosquitoes, training of operators, maintenance of equipment used, sanitation and waste management system. Operational activities could stimulate issues such as air quality impairment, noise and vibration, water quality, traffic and transportation, occupational health and safety issues among others.  Air Quality: The operational phase is also expected to bring about air quality issues which will arise due to increased vehicular traffic in the project area. Dust particles and other potentially injurious particles will be released to the environment which could prevent visibility and affect the general environmental. These might be noticed by the residents or even traced with the hospital records close to the project area. It therefore becomes imperative to put a consistent structure to check the air quality of the project during this phase.  Traffic, Noise and Vibration: The operation phase of the project will attract heavy traffic thus, the number of vehicles will increase and the facilities that will be used for the maintenance of the structures put in place will also generate noise in the area. This may not be beyond residential permissible limits of 90 ɖB for an 8-hour working period as established by FMEnv.  Water Quality Issues: Water quality issues could occur from runoff from the roadways that crisscross the communities, community solid wastes, and agricultural [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 64 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) wastes. The activities could raise water quality issues. It is therefore imperative to ensure that measures such as pH levels, turbidity, water colour and other physical and chemical measures (BOD and COD) are examined from time to time.  Occupational Health and Safety: Workers and other contractor staff members might be exposed to accidents at this stage. Thus, proper safety measures must be put in place while first aid materials must be made available. The contractor should conduct a risk-based assessment of all operations tasks, and provide apt safety measures. Also, the contractor should register with government hospital or certified private hospital with solid logistics for emergency situation. Negative Social Impacts The proposed project area is located within a residential area with adjoining land uses like farmland. The local populace is mainly engaged in small-scale agriculture sold at local markets. Hence, there will likely be large negative impacts owing to dense population, the farmlands and economic trees in the watershed.  Cultural Impacts: Watershed alignment would not necessarily cause damage to historical, archeological and cultural sites in the project site. This notwithstanding the Edo State NEWMAP office will consult widely, in conjunction with the Flood Site Monitoring Committee, to monitor the operations of the contractors throughout the works period to ensure that buildings and any other archaeologically valuable are not destroyed.  Immigration of New Comers: New comers from within and outside the state in the search of employment opportunity will occur, with possible implication to generate negative social behaviours (including the expansion of sex immorality, drug use, alcohol abuse, insecurity, banditry, theft, STD, HIV/AIDS, etc.)  Impact on Settlements and Community Facilities: Most of the impact on social lives will occur during the construction period. Favourable impacts include temporary markets for goods and services, including sources of employment for certain tasks (culinary services, etc.) during construction. Some of the recreation requirements of the work force are likely to cause negative impacts. Use of alcohol among the working crew may affect the local population negatively through increased violence [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 65 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) and abuse of local women. There will also be an increased risk for the spreading of sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV/AIDS in the project area.  Impact on Ambient Air and Traffic: The air emissions from machinery will be minor and they will have negligible impact on ambient air quality. Major access roads at Gapiona communities are usually impaired during the rainy season. Thus, road signs and other road safety measures as well as traffic diversion signs will be used to properly direct traffic to ensure safety and proper movement of vehicles plying the road. At the operation phase, vehicular traffic and general road transportation will increase in the area leading to possible traffic logjam at specific road junctions.  Solid Waste Management: There will be solid waste generated from the excavation works. Some of the excavated soil could be reused as backfill while the rest will be disposed of to the designated areas. Solid topsoil wastes from the sites will be the main form of solid waste. Other solid wastes will include metallic pieces, wooden planks, and stone debris. All the wastes will be disposed of according to the legislation guiding.  Health Issues: In this instance, the contractor remains the only responsible party to ensure that his or her workers are provided with the required health facilities. The facilities could either be put in place before the construction work commences or arrangement could be done such that the personnel working could get facilities from neighbouring communities.  Gender Issues: In order to care for women’s concerns, it was gathered during the field survey that the livelihood of the women folk will be adversely impacted by the project. It is therefore paramount to provide training for the women in alternative skills for survival. In addition, some also requested that they should be permitted to offer culinary services to construction workers during the construction phase.  Safety Issues: At the construction phase, the work will involve the use of sharp objects, noisy machineries and dusty environment.  Other Social Impacts: The project area is located within a purely residential area with a mixture of religious, commercial and educational facilities (primary and secondary schools). The local populaces are mainly traders, artisans and retirees. Therefore, there is the likelihood of considerable negative impacts that are due to; dense [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 66 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) population in the route corridor, traffic, temporary stalls and related private properties and institutions. CHAPTER SIX MITIGATION MEASURES 6.1 Mitigation Measures for the Impacts Identified 6.1.1 Pre-Construction Phase At this phase, the mitigation measures are provided to resolve the identified potential adverse impacts of the project prior to the commencement of civil works. The phase covers the preliminary works that predates the construction and developmental works. The two critical issues of cogent significance at this phase, as discussed below, are: land acquisition and community perception of the project.  Land Acquisition: It is critical to acquire land, particularly along the alignment of the proposed project watershed affected by flooding. This will cover the legally binding right-of-way for civil construction features such as large drains along the channel of the project and the detention ponds. To mitigate this activity, comprehensive actions must be taken (Table 6.1), as well as in the RAP.  Community Perception of the Project: It is highly important to manage the divergent perceptions of the host communities about the authenticity of the proposed NEWMAP intervention project, which could be based on the perceived laidback attitude to project by officials or previous experience in the community. In order to resolve such challenge, there are relevant steps to be taken as mitigation measures to checkmate any doubt about the legitimacy and authenticity of the project. These measures are shown in Table 6.1. 6.1.2 Construction Phase Civil work is anticipated to have various environmental and social impacts; such impacts are expected to traverse different aspects of the environmental and socio-cultural components of the project area. As required, several governmental MDAs (State Ministries, Departments and Agencies) will be involved in mitigation process. Table 6.2-6.5 shows mitigation measures to various impacts during construction phase. [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 67 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) 6.1.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase During the operation phase, air quality issues, noise and vibration, water quality issues, traffic and transportation, health and safety issues will surface. This will arise due to project activities that include: desilting and clearance of drains & manholes, desilting detention ponds, repair of damaged engineering structure, cleaning of retention ponds to prevent mosquitoes, training of operators, maintenance of equipment used, sanitation and waste management systems. For each of these, the specific mitigation measures, thus designed to separately curb the identified adverse impacts are outlined in Table 6.6. [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 68 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) Table 6.1: Mitigation Measures for Pre-Construction Phase S/N Project Activities Potential Environmental Mitigation Measures Responsibility Cost (USD $) and Social Impact 1 Land acquisition for Conflict from the members The RAP should outline the framework for Gapiona Flood Site Monitoring 0 the intervention of the community to vacate mitigation measures. Committee & RAP project areas allocated for the Implementation committee project 2 Public Awareness Pessimistic Community 1. Proper awareness/sensitization of the host Edo State NEWMAP-PMU 7,000 perception can disrupt the community on the project proposed project activities 2. Executive members of the local monitoring committee should be contacted to act as local information dissemination 3. The community should be engaged using English and Igbo languages to cover all areas as much as possible. 4. Prospects and challenges of the project should be discussed to find a common ground for resolving emerging issues. 5. Posters, notices and signboards should be erected at strategic and vantage points to pass information to local people as necessary 6. Ensure full involvement of community during preparation and implementation. Sub-Total 7,000 [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 69 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) Table 6.2: Mitigation Measures for the Environmental Impacts in the Construction Phase S/N Proposed Potential Mitigation measures Responsibility Surveillance Cost ($) Project Environmental and and control Activities social impact 1 Excavating, Channel / River Bank 1.Heavy duty machinery and filling material should be about contractor Site Engineer 1,350 filling, Failure and river 30m away from the channel  scooping of courses siltation 2.Vibration induced machines should be avoided earth material 3.Lower the overhand before using excavator with a boom of and other at least 25 meters Related 4.excavated material should be removed within 24 hourss activities 2 Rock material cave in 1.Heavy duty machinery and filling material should be about contractor Site Engineer 1,050 30m away from the channel  2.Avoid Machines that can cause vibration 3.Use manual efforts to reduce overburden 4. Ensure filling materials are compacted. 3 Mudflow 1. Possibly limit civil work to dry season contractor Site Engineer 950 2.Proper re-channelization of runoff before actual work  3.Temporary shoulder must be hydrologically stable to avoid washed away 4.Temporary ballast and wicker work put in place 4 Soil impacts on 1.Erosion control measures should be implemented. contractor Site Engineer 2,250 activities such as 2.Planting of trees should be encouraged  excavating, grading, 3.Localised environmental designs should be implemented. leveling, compacting etc. 5 In situ waste 1.Designated sites should be selected for waste management contractor Site Engineer 1,500 management 2.Measures to ensure waste is properly handled should be  encouraged 3.Cover of waste collection materials 4. Construction waste could be recycled and reuse, this option should be prioritized 6 Land use Conflicts 1.RAP report should be properly followed. Edo State Ministry of Site Engineer 1,100 2.World Bank safeguard policy should be implemented Land and Survey based on the land use issues. [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 70 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) 7 Channelization of 1.Ensure free flow of storm water in drains to ease contractor Site Engineer 1,250 flood waters construction activities. 2.Where necessary, divert water to safe environment could be utilized 3.Watershed and bioengineering techniques should be implemented. 8 Topographic 1.The construction works should be done according to local contractor Site Engineer 900 alterations and other relief and hydrology  civil works for 2.Old drainage systems should be maintained and new ones remediation purposes prioritized. 3.Ensure that site-specific plans are designed with respect to local topography. 9 Air Quality Issues 1.Use of breathing protection masks and routing water contractor Site Engineer 1,300 (Dust) sprinkling to curtail dust  2.Use of dust suppression method to minimize airborne particulate matter 3. Provide PPE as necessary 4.Reduce travel distances by placing constructions campsites close to work areas. 5.International standards for exhaust emission should adequately comply with 10 Water Quality 1.Mobile toilet facilities should be provided and be properly contractor Site Engineer 2,000 Concerns maintained  2.Ensure provision of proper storage facilities to foil leak into the water streams. 4.Development and implementation of proper Waste Management Plans (WMPs) 11 Air Quality (Noise) If possible, construction activities should be limited to day contractor Site Engineer 1,050 time  12 Increased Siltation Ensure stipulated water flow and safe environment designs contractor Site Engineer 1,000 and runoff are adhered to and the high flow of water during rain should  be controlled using the stipulated construction guidelines pollution. Sub-total 15,700 [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 71 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) Table 6.3: Mitigation Measures for the Biological Impacts in the Construction Phase S/N Proposed Project Environmental and Mitigation Measures Responsibility Surveillance and Cost ($) Activities Social Impacts control 1 Clearing of Forest 1. 1.Identify Site of Special Scientific Interest. Impact on flora and contractor Site Engineer 5,500 fauna 2.Co-operate with relevant MDAs at both federal and  state levels such as the Federal Department of Livestock, Privately-owned wildlife conservation parks, Zoos and Zoological departments of Universities, for the housing of possible animals that may be relocated in this phase 2 Impact on Wildlife 1. Ensure that all the necessary World Bank safeguard contractor Site Engineer 4,050  policies on wild animals and their related habitats are addressed and strictly adhered to such policies include OP 4.04 and OP 4.36 on Natural Resources and Forestry respectively. Sub-total 9,550 [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 72 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) Table 6.4: Mitigation Measures for the Socio-Economic Impacts during Construction Phase S/N Proposed Project Potential Mitigation measures Responsibility Surveillance and Cost ($) Activities Environmental and control social impacts 1 Mobility of Traffic andThe contractor should liaise with state transportation Contractor Site Engineer 2,000 machineries and transportation and traffic maintenance agency as well as Federal materials Impact Government agencies such as the Federal Road Safety Commission (FRSC) throughout the construction phase to ensure that traffic safety is maintained and ensured during the period. 2 Accidents and Road 1. All workers should be sensitized and monitored on the Contractor Site Engineer 1,050 Crashes the need to keep the first rule of civil and construction works which is “Safety First”. 2. Contractor should conduct a risk-based assessment of all construction tasks and provide appropriate safety measures 3 Employment 1.Ensure that individuals from the project community contractor Site Engineer 1,050 Opportunities are given priority to improve any socioeconomic rife from local youths. 2.The campsite for workers should be located remotely away from the community to enhance the progress the civil work 3. Workers should be prohibited from patronizing 4 Human prostitutes 1. and the World Bank OPuse of alcohol 4.12 should and be drugs. applied for this Edo State Site Engineer 900 displacements issue on the affected areas NEWMAP- 2.All issues of resettlement / compensation are being PMU addressed in RAP [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 73 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) S/N Proposed Project Potential Mitigation measures Responsibility Surveillance and Cost ($) Activities Environmental and control social impacts 4 Kidnapping 1. Enhance security by law enforcement agents such Edo State Site Supervisor 900 police, civil defense and the military. NEWMAP- PMU 6 Aesthetics 1. Proper use of engineering practice should be contractor Site Engineer 1,950 adopted with the best available construction technology which recognizes the need to keep local aesthetics and an engineering expert in the field of aesthetics should be employed as part of the team Sub-Total 7,850 [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 74 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) Table 6.5: Mitigation Measures for the Public Health Impacts in the Construction Phase S/N Proposed Project Environmental and Mitigation Measures Responsibility Surveillance and Cost ($) Activities Social Impacts control 1 Increased Sexual HIV/AIDS and STDs 1.HIV/AIDS and STD awareness programme should contractor Site Engineer 2,350 activities by be prioritized immigrants 2. Other activities should include treating other sexually transmitted diseases, distributing condoms, and providing counselling, screening, and support services for employees. 3. Medical examinations on general health issues should be performed on new employees and repeated regularly throughout the term of employment. 4. Workers should be prohibited from patronizing prostitutes and the use of alcohol and drugs. 2 Wastewater Water-borne Good sanitation including hygienic water supply and contractor Site Engineer 2,000 pollution of diseases proper waste disposal at its operation and residential domestic Water accommodations during the phase of the project Usage 3 Breeding of Malaria Issues Government programmes to improve existing contractor Site Engineer 2,000 mosquito from medical and health services in the local communities open ditches should be supported as much as possible. This includes Mosquito control programmes such as the distribution of insecticide treated nets to affected community members. Sub-Total 6,350 [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 75 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) Table 6.6: Mitigation Measures for Operation Phase S/N Proposed Project Activities Environmental and Mitigation measures Responsibility Surveillance Cost ($) Social Impacts and control 1  Routine maintenance; and General maintenance 1. Maintenance operations should be designed contractor/Edo Site Engineer 1,105  Security of facilities. operations according to environmental safety guidelines of State  Regular inspection, the Edo State Environmental Protection Agency NEWMAP-  desilting and clearance of drains and Federal Ministry of Environment. PMU & manholes, 3.  desilting Detention ponds,  Repair of damaged engineering structure,  Cleaning of retention pond to prevent mosquitoes,  training of operators,  maintenance of equipment used, sanitation and waste management system 2 Air quality Air quality Issues 1. Periodic checks on ambient environmental contractor/Edo Site Engineer 2,000 quality particularly air; vehicles road worthiness State should be prioritized and regular checks on the NEWMAP- nature of the road should be conducted with PMU respect to air quality parameters. 3 Noise and vibration Noise and vibration Speed limits signboards should be placed at contractor/Edo Site Engineer 650 Issues strategic locations along the major roads for the State use of motorists and road users. NEWMAP- The local road transportation officials should be PMU empowered to checkmate the activities of careless motorists. 4 Water quality Water Quality issues Ensure waste dumps are not situated close to the contractor/Edo Site Engineer 2,200 project area to avoid water pollution cases. State Wastewater and sewage should be channelled NEWMAP- according to safety guidelines. PMU 3. 5 Traffic and transport Traffic and Ensure free flow of traffic and traffic officials Site engineer 2,250 [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 76 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) S/N Proposed Project Activities Environmental and Mitigation measures Responsibility Surveillance Cost ($) Social Impacts and control transportation Issues are strategically positioned at specific junctions and/or to provide safety guidelines and ensure free flow contractor of traffic within the project area. 6 Health and Safety Health and safety Maintenance workers are expected to imbibe the contractor/Edo Site Engineer 2,050 Issues workplace safety rules via proper sensitization State procedures prior to maintenance works. Ensure NEWMAP- that workers utilize safety tools such as safety PMU boots, safety helmets, and other essential safety wears on-site, first aid tools are provided for minor injuries which are to be treated prior to being forwarded to a medical center for proper treatment, health, Safety and Environment (HSE) officer is available prior to and during operations works. 7 Sand Mining in rehabilitated Sand Mining in 1. Ensure Mining is not done in the rehabilitated contractor/Edo Site Engineer 700 channel. rehabilitated channel State channel. 2. NEWMAP- PMU Sub-total 3. 10,955 Total for the implementation of the 4. Mitigation measures [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 77 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) CHAPTER SEVEN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN The subsequent sections of this chapter provide a framework for the content of the EMPs envisioned for the Gapiona Flood site project. As the project progresses through civil and related construction works, these ESP provisions will be expanded to include specific procedures to guide implementation by Edo State NEWMAP PMU; Edo State Ministry of Environment and Public Utilities personnel and contractors, and to provide for periodic updating when and where necessary. 7.1 Monitoring Schedule  Pre-Construction Phase At this phase, the measures are provided to resolve that the activities that needed to be done for the smooth running of the project are done before proper civil work commence. Table 7.1 shows monitoring activities for pre-construction phase.  Construction Phase As mentioned in the section on mitigation measures, civil work is anticipated to have various environmental and social impacts; such impacts are expected to traverse different aspects of the environmental and socio-cultural components of the project area. The mitigation measures for the identified impacts have been stated. Therefore, both project implementation and mitigation measures implementation need to be monitored. Table 7.2-7.5 shows monitoring for both project implementation and mitigation measures to various impacts during construction phase.  Operation and Maintenance Phase Table 7.6 shows the monitoring activities for environmental and social issues identified and for which mitigation measures have been proffered. [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 78 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) Table 7.1: Monitoring for Pre-Construction Phase during Project Implementation S/N Project Potential Monitoring Monitoring Frequency Responsibility Cost Implementation Environmental Indicators (USD $) Activities and Social Impact Project Mitigation Project Mitigation Surveillance Implementatio Measures Implementat measures and control n ion 1 Land acquisition Conflict from the As indicated in As As indicated in All issues Edo State Gapiona Flood Site Engineer 0 for the members of the the RAP report indicated in the RAP report should be NEWMAP- Site Monitoring intervention community to the RAP settled before PMU Committee & project vacate areas report the starting of RAP allocated for the civil works Implementation project committee 2 Public Pessimistic Before Proper Periodically 1. Edo State Site Engineer 2,000 Awareness Community commencement awareness/s 1. Number of during the Community NEWMAP- perception can of the civil ensitization public pre- Based PMU disrupt the Works and of the host awareness construction, Organisations proposed project during civil community campaign, construction 2. Gapiona activities works. on the 2. Number of and Flood Site project adverts placed Operational Monitoring in the media phases. Committee. 3. Complaints 3. Edo made by the NEWMAP project affected focal NGO. community members 3 Clearing of Impact on flora Before 1. 1. Identify 1. Area cleared Daily during contractor Edo State Site Engineer 2,500 Forest and fauna commencement design right outside the clearance for NEWMAP- of the civil of way. flood installation PMU; Works 2. Restrict remediation and along the Edo State clearance corridor. right of way. Ministry of to the right 2. Extent of Environment of way area cleared for and Public installation Utility; NESREA Sub-Total 4,500 [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 79 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) Table 7.2: Monitoring for Mitigation Measures for the Environmental Impacts in the Construction Phase during Project Implementation S/N Proposed Potential Monitoring Monitoring Frequency Responsibility Cost ($) Project Environmenta Project Mitigation Indicators Project Mitigation Surveillance Activities l and social Implementation Measures Implementatio Measures and control impact n 1 Excavating, Channel / River 1. Sighting 1. Sighting  Every day contractor  Edo State Site Engineer 1,350 filling, Bank Failure  1.Distance of during the  NEWMAP; scooping of Observation Observation. heavy duty constructio Edo State earth During 4. Distance machines from the n phase Ministry of material and implementation of measurements channel during Environment other civil works using tape rule. civil works Related  2 Overhead activities position of excavator with boom of at least 25 meters.  3. Vibration level of machinery during civil works. 2 Rock material 1. Sighting 1. Sighting  1.Location of Every day contractor  Edo Site Engineer 1,050 cave in heavy duty during the  NEWMAP; Observation Observation. machines during constructio Edo State During 4. Distance civil works n phase Ministry of implementation of measurements  2 Overhead Environment civil works using tape rule. position of and Public excavator with Utility boom of at least 25 meters.  3. Vibration level of machinery during civil works. 3 Mudflow 1. Sighting 1. Sighting  1. Number of solid  Every day contractor  Edo Site Engineer 1,050 waste disposal bins during the  NEWMAP; Observation Observation and cabins constructio Edo State [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 80 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) available. n phase Ministry of  2. Physical Environment presence of and Public objects, fly rock Utility etc. deposited along the courses of rivers.  3.Runoff paths are re-channelized before construction  4 Soil impacts on Visual estimate Visual  estimate  1. Number of trees Every day contractor  Edo Site Engineer 1,000 activities such during and after during and after planted. during the  NEWMAP; as excavating, implementation of implementation of  2. Area of constructio Edo State grading, civil works civil works vegetated lawns n phase Ministry of leveling, created Environment compacting etc.  2.Number of and Public Community Utility complaints on soil/land degradation  5 In situ waste Visual estimate Visual  estimate 1. Availability of  Every day contractor  Edo Site Engineer 1,000 management during and after during and after waste management during the  NEWMAP; implementation of implementation of plan for the entire constructio Edo State civil works civil works project cycle n phase Ministry of  2. Number of Environment waste bins and Public available. Utility  3. Availability of designated waste disposal vehicle.  2. System in practice to manage degradable waste  3. Number of [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 81 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) complaints received from the community member over the improper waste disposal  4. Cleanliness of the specific work sites 6 Land use As stated in the 1.RAP report As stated in the Three ; Edo State Edo State Site Engineer 1,100 Conflicts RAP report should be properly RAP report months Ministry of NEWMAP- followed. before Land and PMU 2.World Bank actual Survey safeguard policy constructio should be n implemented based on the land use issues. 7 Channelization 1. Sighting 1. Sighting 1.Number of flow  This should contractor Edo State Site Engineer 1,000 of flood waters obstruction be set NEWMAP- Observation. Observation. material identified before the PMU; along the channel starting of Edo State 2. Direction of civil work Ministry of flow during civil on the flood Environment work. site. and Public Utility 8 Topographic Visual Estimate/ Visual Estimate/  1. Height of bank  Before contractor Edo State Site Engineer 1,100 alterations and Observation during Observation stabilization to the  actual civil NEWMAP- other civil implementation of local relief work on the PMU; works for civil works  2. Depth and area flood site Edo State remediation extent of Ministry of purposes excavation. Environment  3. Number and and Public area extent of cut Utility and fill  4. Terraced areas (extent) [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 82 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) 9 Air Quality In-Situ 1. In-Situ 1. Suspended  Daily check contractor Edo State Site Engineer 2,200 Issues (Dust) Measurement Measurement Particulates (TSP, for  NEWMAP- during 2.Visual PM10, or smaller), adherence PMU; implementation of Observation  SO2, NOx, CO, to safety Edo State civil works 3.Water sprinkled THC concerns Ministry of records..  2. Number of time Environment water is sprinkle and Public on daily bases Utility during construction  3. Level of airborne particulate matter during construction  4. Number of PPE provided   5. Number of time routine maintenance was done on equipment and machinery6. Number of community complaints received.  [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 83 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) 10 Water Quality In-Situ/ Laboratory In-Situ  1. Number of  Weekly contractor Edo State Site Engineer 2,100 Concerns Measurements Measurements mobile toilet during the  NEWMAP- provided constructio PMU; Observation Observation  2. Type of storage n phase of Edo State facility provided the project Ministry of  3. Regular Environment cleaning of and Public workshop for Utility maintenance. 4 Water Quality (pH, TDS, TSS, BOD, COD, Turbidity, THC,  heavy metals) measurement  11 Air Quality In-Situ In-Situ  1. Noise level in  Daily Edo State Site Engineer 2,150 (Noise) Measurement Measurement dB. during the NEWMAP-  2. Number of constructio PMU; register register complaints n exercises Edo State . Maintenance received from the Ministry of records Observation community Environment  3. Number of time and Public Observation heavy duties were Utility maintained 12 Increased In-Situ In-Situ  1.water level in Weekly and contractor Edo State Site Engineer 1,000 Siltation and Measurement Measurement channels during more  NEWMAP- runoff construction frequently PMU Observation Observation  2. Physical during wet presence of season objects, fly rock etc. deposited along the courses of rivers  3. Number of acceptable [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 84 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) erosion/flood control measures Sub-total 16,100 Table 7.3: Monitoring for Mitigation Measures for the Biological Impacts in the Construction Phase during Project Implementation S/N Proposed Potential Monitoring Monitoring Frequency Responsibility Cost Project Environmental Project Mitigation Indicators Project Mitigation Surveillance (USD $) Activities and social Implementation Measures Implementation Measures and control impact 1 Clearing of Impact on flora Visual 1. Area cleared Daily during contractor Edo State Site 5,000 Forest and fauna Observation Observation outside the flood construction NEWMAP- Engineer remediation phase PMU; Visual Estimate corridor. Edo State Visual Estimate of Cover 2. Extent of area Ministry of of Cover cleared for Environment installation. and Public 3. Number of Utility; trees planted and NESREA area extent of lawns developed 2 Impact on 1. Number and Site Contractor; Edo Site 2,500 Wildlife Observation Observation extent of engineer and State Engineer protected/conserv /or NEWMAP- Estimate Estimate ed area developed contractor PMU; Federal 2. of Cover 3. of Cover 2. Number of tree  NEWMAP and planted Other relevant Ministries Sub-total 7,500 [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 85 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) Table 7.4: Monitoring for Mitigation Measures for the Socioeconomic Impacts during Construction Phase during Project Implementation S/N Proposed Potential Monitoring Monitoring Frequency Implementation Cost ($) Project Environment Project Mitigation Indicator Project Mitigation Surveillance Activities al and social Implementatio Measures Implement Measures and control impacts n ation 1 Mobility of Traffic and Visual Visual 1. Number of road Every day the Edo State Site Engineer 2,500 machineries transportation Observation Observation signs and traffic during the Contractor NEWMAP- and Impacts Complaint officials present. constructio PMU; Edo materials Register 3. Number of n phase State community Ministry of complaints received Transport on traffic issues 2 Accidents and Visual Visual 1. Number of road Every day the Edo State Site Engineer 2,550 Road Crashes Inspection Inspection signs the corridor of during the Contractor NEWMAP- movement. constructio PMU; Edo 2. Number of traffic n phase State Incident officials present Ministry of Reports during construction. Transport 3.. Number of and sensitization and Environment awareness campaign conducted 3. Number of Complaints made by the project affected community members [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 86 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) 3 Employment Employment Employment 1. Availability of a Every day contractor Edo State Site Engineer 2,050 Opportunities records records functional unit during the NEWMAP- monitoring constructio PMU; Edo compliance status n phase State 2. Availability of staff Ministry of job descriptions Transport recruitments and and engagement. Environment 3. Number of local people employed at as both skilled and unskilled workers. 4 Human As spelt out in As spelt out in 1. No. of PAPs As spelt out contractor Edo State Site Engineer 2,600 displacement the RAP report the RAP report 2. Amount of in the RAP NEWMAP- compensation paid report PMU 3. No. of PAPs Edo State (requiring involuntary Ministries of resettlement) Land survey 5 Aesthetics Visual Visual 1. 1. Number of Regularly contractor Edo State Site Engineer 2,300 Inspection Inspection ornamental trees during the NEWMAP- planted constructio PMU 2. 2. Area extent of n phase Edo State garden and parks Ministries of provided. Land, Physical Planning Sub-Total 12,000 [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 87 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) Table 7.5: Monitoring for Mitigation Measures for the Public Health Impacts in the Construction Phase during Project Implementation S/N Proposed Monitoring Monitoring Responsibility Project Activities Project Mitigation Indicators Project Mitigation Surveillance Implementation Measures Implementation Measures and control 1 Sexual HIV/AIDS Visual Inspection Visual 1. Number of HIV/AIDS Constantly contractor Edo State Site Engineer 3,800 Activities and STDs Inspection and STDs awareness during the NEWMAP- provided (training & construction PMU; Edo Incident Reports awareness) phase on State Ministry 2. Preventive measures weekly basis. of Health introduced Incident 3. No of community Reports complaints received. 4. No. of people affected by HIV and or STD 2 Domestic Water- Visual Inspection Visual 1. Availability of waste Daily during the contractor Edo State Site Engineer 3,550 Water Usage borne Inspection management plan for civil work NEWMAP- diseases perusal by the contractor activities ()? PMU; Edo Incident Reports 2. System in practice to State Ministry manage waste and water of Health borne diseases Incident 3. Cleanliness of the Reports specific work sites [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 88 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) 3 Malaria Malaria Visual Inspection Visual 1. Number of health Regularly right contractor Edo State Site Engineer 4,350 Issues Inspection awareness campaign through the NEWMAP- provided (training & construction PMU; Edo awareness) phase State Ministry 2. Preventive measures of Health Incident Reports introduced 3. Number of complaints received from Incident Community Reports 4. No. of workers affected by malaria & Sub-Total other vector/water borne 11,700 diseases from hospital records. [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 89 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) Table 7.6: Monitoring for Operation Phase during the Project Implementation S/N Proposed Project Environmental Monitoring Monitoring Frequency Monitoring Cost Activities and Social Project Mitigation Indicators Project Mitigation Surveillance ($) Impacts Implementation Measures Implementation Measures and control 1  Operation of General Visual Visual 1. Number of Quarterly during Environmental Edo State Site 2,500 drainage; maintenance Inspection Inspection maintenance the operation Officer, Edo Ministries of Engineer  Routine operations conducted per phase of the PMU and Environment maintenance; and Maintenance Year. project Environmental , Forestry &  Security of Reports Maintenance officer Edo Transport facilities. Reports State  Regular Ministries: inspection, Environment  desilting and clearance of drains & manholes,  desilting Detention ponds,  Repair of damaged engineering structure,  Cleaning of retention pond to prevent mosquitoes,  training of operators,  maintenance of equipment used sanitation and waste management system [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 90 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) 2 Air quality Air quality In-Situ In-Situ  1. Noise level in Weekly Environmental Edo State Site 2,450 Issues Measurement Measurement db during throughout the Officer, Edo Ministries: Engineer Operation. operation phase PMU and Environment Complaint Complaint  2. Number of time of the project. Environmental & Forestry register register water is sprinkle officer Edo on daily bases State Visual during dry season Ministries: Observation Visual  3. Level of Environment Observation airborne particulate matter  4. Number of community complaints received. 3 Noise and vibration Noise and In-Situ In-Situ  1. Noise level in Weekly Environmental Edo State Site 2,050 vibration Issues Measurement Measurement dB during throughout the Officer, Edo Ministries of Engineer construction. operation phase PMU and Environment  2. Number of of the project Environmental , Forestry & Complaint Complaint community officer Edo Transport register register complaints State received. Ministries:  Environment 4 Water quality Water Quality In-Situ Visual  1. Number of Weekly Environmental Edo State Site 2,600 issues Measurement Sighting mobile toilet throughout the Officer, Edo Ministries: Engineer provided operation phase PMU and Environment Visual Sighting  2. Type of storage Environmental , Forestry Complaint facility provided. officer Edo register  3. Location of State dumpsite. Ministries: Environment [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 91 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) 5 Traffic and transport Traffic and Visual Visual 1. Number of Daily for traffic Edo State Edo State Site 2,650 transportation Observation Observation traffic warders officers and Relevant Relevant Engineer Issues available quarterly for Ministries: Ministries: Complaint Complaint 2.Number of awareness Transport Transport Register Register awareness campaign. Works and Works and Training and campaign throughout the Infrastructure Infrastructure awareness conducted on operation phase campaign safety and driving records issues 3. No of complaints received from the Community 6 Health and Safety Health and Visual Visual 1. No. of Quarterly Edo State Site 2,500 safety Issues Inspection Inspection complaints about throughout the contractors Relevant Engineer pollution due to operation phase Ministries: Incident operations of the project Transport Incident Reports Reports 2. Number of Works and workers with Infrastructure Safety talk PPEs records and 1. 3.Number of reports FRSC and police present in the area. 2. 4 Number of safety talk and awareness conducted. 7 Sand Mining in Sand Mining in Visual sighting 5. Visual sighting 1. Number of truck Weekly Environmental Edo State Site Engineer 2,100 rehabilitated channel. rehabilitated load of sand Officer, Edo Relevant channel. evacuated from the PMU and Ministries: channel. Environmental Transport officer Edo State Works and Ministries: Infrastructure Environment Sub-total 6. Site 16,85 Engineer 0 [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 92 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) 7.2 Institutional Responsibilities and Accountabilities Roles and responsibilities and adequate institutional arrangements are vital to the efficient execution of the environmental and social safeguard measures outlined in the ESMP. Thus, details of institutional arrangements and the roles and responsibilities of the diverse institutions in the implementation of the ESMP are discussed. 7.2.1 Pre-Construction Phase 7.2.1.1 Key Agencies Main Agencies with major roles in the implementation of the ESMP during the pre- construction phase are:  The Consultants;  The Federal NEWMAP-PMU;  The Edo State NEWMAP-PMU;  Edo State Ministries, Departments and Agencies (Health and Environment, Information, Land, Finance, Physical Planning and Urban Development, and Agriculture);  Community Based Organisations;  The Gapiona Flood Site Monitoring Committee; and  The World Bank. 7.2.1.2 Role of the Involved Agencies The key duty for monitoring of the ESMP lies with the Engineer and the Ministry of Health and Environment while the implementation of and reporting on the ESMP lies with the Contractor. At the initial stage, ground works and preparatory meetings and consultations are being conducted with the Gapiona Flood Site Monitoring Committee, Community Based Organisations (CBOs) as well as members of the concerned communities in the area. The contractor must liaise with the Edo State NEWMAP-PMU on issues raised in order to unearth a balance in responding to the issues to meet international safeguard polices of the World Bank. These concerns should be communicated to apt Edo State Ministries with their respective departments and agencies (MDAs) for prompt action on issues raised. [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 93 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) 7.2.1.3 Reporting and Follow-Up Gapiona Flood Site Monitoring Committee through its secretary should forward the details of the meetings held to the Edo State NEWMAP-PMU. This is to enhance a feedback, reporting and follow-up mechanisms for the issues raised and the respective means of their implementations. Any issues raised should be forwarded together with the contributions of the Edo State NEWMAP who would have reviewed the comments within the scope of the project and their suitability to World Bank needs. The Contractor must ensure the observed comments and notes are implemented strictly as agreed and the feedback relayed to the Edo State NEWMAP-PMU. This process continues through a chain of reporting-feedback, follow-up and response mechanism until the pre-construction phase is completed. 7.2.2 Construction Phase 7.2.2.1 Key Agencies Major Agencies with roles in the implementation of the ESMP during construction works are:  The Engineer/monitoring firm;  The Contractor;  Edo State NEWMAP-PMU;  Federal NEWMAP-PMU;  Edo State Ministries, Departments and Agencies (Works and Infrastructure, Health and Environment, Agriculture and Forestry);  Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv), NESREA; and  World Bank. In addition to the key agencies, the Edo State Government through the MDAs will also have a role in general oversight of ESMP implementation. 7.2.2.2 Role of Concerned Agencies The key responsibility for monitoring and reporting on the implementation of the ESMP lies with the site Engineer and contractors. Through its Environmental and Social Specialist (ESS) the contractor will be responsible for regular supervision and reporting on ESMP implementation. The Engineer’s ESS will have access to a team of experts in different fields (water, soil, social consultant etc) in order to ensure sufficient capacity to oversee implementation of ESMP. [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 94 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) The implementation of the ESMP will be managed by the Edo State NEWMAP-PMU through the Environment Officers and (EO) who will be primarily responsible for the daily inspection and monitoring of the ESMP implementation. The Edo State Ministries of Works and Infrastructure, Health and Environment, Agriculture and Forestry should monitor the ESMP implementation using the fundamentals of the internal mechanisms and policies as established by laws guiding their operations. These institutions may conduct site visits with representatives of Federal NEWMAP-PMU. The reports of the findings should be forwarded to the World Bank. The Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) and NESREA should also send Environment Officers and officials monitoring the ESMP project under the Federal NEWMAP approved projects to observe the level of implementation of the provisions of the ESMP compliance. At the local level, the Edo State Ministries of Environment can also pay visits to the project site to observe and monitor the level of compliance to the provisions of the ESMP. 7.2.2.3 Reporting and Follow-Up Follow-up process is duty-based. The Environmental and Social Specialists (ESS) of the Engineer/ Monitoring Firm must prepare and document and report incidents monthly, reports that would be submitted to the Edo State NEWMAP project coordinator for comments, observations, and recommendations. Afterward, the Edo State NEWMAP-PMU would send feedback to the Engineer through the consultant(s)/PMU Environmental Officer or directly when urgent act is required. In core, checking and reporting on the implementation of follow- up action will also be part of the duties of the ESS. The Contractor and Site Engineer should submit monthly reports on the implementation of the ESMP to the Edo State NEWMAP-PMU. The ESS officers who will advise the project management unit should vet this report. In case of any discrepancy on environmental issues, the project coordinator should convene Project Environmental Management (PEM) meeting to discuss the way forward. 7.2.3 Operational and Maintenance Phase It should be stated that the mitigation and monitoring activities are not the sole responsibility of the Edo State NEWMAP or Federal NEWMAP during the operational phase. The Edo State NEWMAP and the Federal NEMWAP as the managing entity of the rehabilitated Gapiona Flood site has the responsibility to consider these measures, and to bring these to the [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 95 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) attention of other government agencies especially the state ministry of health and environment for proper action. 7.2.3.1 Key Agencies At the operational phase, the main institutions, which Edo State NEWMAP will collaborate with include:  Health and Environment;  Forestry;  Transport;  Works and Infrastructure; and  Police. Also the Local government administrative council during the operational phase should have a role in general oversight of ESMP implementation and in ESMP up-dating. 7.2.3.2 Role of Concerned Agencies The duties of the institutions that have a role in the process of the operation of the Gapiona Flood monitoring are stated as follows.  The Monitoring and Supervision Unit of the Edo State Ministry of Health and Environment should conduct constant visits to the site to check and confirm the flood site is operated and maintained. Monitoring activities should be conducted within the legal and administrative capacity of the Ministry of Health and Environment through their respective departments, and agencies.  Edo State Department of Forestry should conduct constant inspections for compliance with afforestation plans, which should be in concordance with international standards.  The Ministry of Transport should check the nature of vehicular traffic and road transportation pattern in the area with respect to transportation safety and vehicular controls.  The Ministry of Works and Infrastructure will conduct normal checks on the nature of infrastructure given within the duration of the project and the period of assessment.  Police should ensure that crime and criminal activities are reduced to the barest minimum in order to avoid wrong attachment of such events to the proposed project activities. [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 96 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) 7.2.3.3 Institutional and Implementation Actions for the ESMP at the Local Level At this level, the NEWMAP ESMF vests the overall implementation of the ESMP on the Site Monitoring Committee. The Gapiona Flood Site Monitoring Committee has already been constituted by the Edo State NEWMAP and so the committee forms a critical mass of source of information and community liaison during the field activity for the preparation of this ESMP. The committee has several sub-committees including the women wing and environmental sub-committee. Conversely, considering the various background of the committee members and the need for adequate knowledge on the environmental procedure of the project, the committee and sub- committee members would need further capacity building on environmental and social issues on the implementation of the ESMP at all, the stages of the implementation. Consequently, capacity strengthening and sensitization of the Gapiona Flood Site Monitoring Committee and the Environmental sub-committee members is critical to successful implementation of this ESMP. The content of the training should include but not limit to (i) Role of community during construction and post contraction (ii) Sustainable practice to ensure flood stabilization and, (iii) Implementation of the ESMP at the local level. 7.3 Training Programmes The Edo State NEWMAP will develop, implement, and track training programmes at PMU and community levels. Table 7.7 describes the institutional capacity strengthening plan, which should be followed at the PMU and community levels. [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 97 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) Table 7.7: Institutional Capacity Strengthening Plan S/N Capacity Needs Participants Subject Resource Duratio Cost (USS Person n $) 1 Personnel require PMU Training In-depth Remote 4 days 20,000 appreciation of WB’s, PC, Environment considerate of the sensing and seminar Federal/State and safeguards mitigation environmental environmental policies, as specialist, Project measures science well as, an application of engineer and Social proffered by the specialist these policies in safeguards ESMP. Satellite implementing the World specialist. The Image Bank support for Gapiona estimated number of interpretation of flood control. participant is Ten the Gapiona (10) persons watershed imagery for critical assessment of changes overtime 2 NEWMAP institutional Community General Remote 1 day 15,000 arrangement target Gapiona Flood site environmental sensing and worksh audience responsible for monitoring awareness seminar environmental op site monitoring and liaise committee that will include science between community and members. The ecological and specialist the Edo State NEWMAP estimated number of social science and contractors participant is principles, as it Twenty Five (25) affects Gapiona persons. Flood site. Mitigation measures proffered in the ESMP. Total 35,000 7.4 Implementation Schedule An implementation schedule gives a clear-cut direction on the timeline for the implementation of the stipulated mitigation measures. It is anticipated that each of the stated measures should be time-based for suitable implementation and appropriate monitoring. Table 7.8 documents the schedule for the mitigation measures with respective time lapse. [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 98 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) Table 7.8: ESMP Implementation Schedule Mitigation Mitigation Timeline (Monthly) S/N measures for: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21th 22th 23th 24th 1. Pre- construction phase i. Land Acquisition ii. Community sensitivity of the project 2. Construction phase 1. Environmental impacts 2. Biological impacts 3. Socioeconomic impacts 4. Public health 3. Operation and maintenance [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 99 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) phase Air quality, noise and vibration, water quality, traffic & transportation, and health and safety [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 100 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) 7.5 ESMP Budget The cost analysis illustrated here is structured to ensure that each of the identified mitigation measures is successful and proficiently implemented. It is designed exclusively for each of the activities identified for each of the phases of the Gapiona Flood Rehabilitation project as shown in Tables 6.1 to 6.6. Hence, it covers the preconstruction, the construction and the operation phases’ mitigation measures as essential. Therefore, the cost is designed for a global spread across the stated measures. Table 7.9 illustrates the synoptic details of the ESMP costing for the Gapiona Flood Rehabilitation project with estimation U.S. Dollar. However, if there is no need for a contractor different from the one who has won the bid, the mitigation measures should be included directly in the construction contract. Table 7.9: Cost Analysis of the Proposed Project ESMP Implementation S/N ESMP Activities Cost Estimate ($) Mitigation Measures 1 Pre-construction Phase 7,000 2 Construction Phase Environmental Impacts 15,700 Biological Impacts 9,550 Socioeconomic Impacts 7,850 Public Health Impacts 6,350 Sub-Total 39,450 3 Operation Phase 10,955 Total for Mitigation Measures 57,405 Monitoring (Implementation and Mitigation Measures) 4 Pre-construction Phase 4,500 5 Construction Phase Environmental Impacts 16,100 Biological Impacts 7,500 Socioeconomic Impacts 12,000 Public Health Impacts 11,700 Sub-Total 47,300 6 Operation Phase 16,850 Total for Monitoring 68, 650 7 Institutional Capacity Reinforcement Programme Edo State NEWMAP including the purchase of satellite imageries 20,000 [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 101 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) over time. Community 15,000 Total for Institutional Capacity 35,000 Grand Total 161,050 ESMP Disclosures After review and clearance by the World Bank, the ESMP will be disclosed at the FMEnv, SME and host LGA offices as well as at the World Bank website. The purpose will be to inform stakeholders about the project activities, impacts, anticipated and proposed environmental management actions as well as to obtained the certificate of conformity from the Federal Ministry of Environment Table 7.10: Environment and Social Management Measures Activities Situation within Timeline for the Project Cycle preparation Waste Management Plan Pre-Construction 1 Week Erosion and Sedimentation Pre-Construction 1 Week Management Plan Employment, Training, and Awareness Pre-Construction and 2 Weeks Management Plan Construction Phases Water Management Plan Pre-Construction 1 Week Air Quality Management Plan Pre-Construction, 3 Weeks Construction and Operation Phases Emergency Response and Incident Pre-Construction 1 Week Management Plan Cultural Heritage Management Plan Pre-Construction 1 Week Traffic and Vehicle Management Plan Pre-Construction and 2 Weeks Construction Phases Social Investment Plan Pre-Construction 1 Week Health, Safety, and Security Pre-Construction 1 Week Management Plan Community Health & Safety Plan Pre-Construction 1 Week Stakeholders’ Engagement Plan Pre-Construction and 3 Weeks Construction Phases TOTAL CHAPTER EIGHT [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 102 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) DECOMISSIONING AND ABANDONMENT PLAN 8.1 Description of Decommissioning Activities The proposed project has a lifespan of 50 years. There is currently no agreement in place which defines what will happen to the facility at the end of its lifecycle, but it is anticipated that the project site would have been improved to provide a better drainage facility for the catchment. A site closure and restoration plan will be developed prior to initiation of decommissioning activities. All infrastructure (including the concrete drainages, iron rods and box culverts) will be dismantled and removed. Materials removed will be recycled where possible and disposed of at licensed disposal sites. The Edo State NEWMAP will reuse or recycle the bulk of the dismantled and excavated materials. Other components of the drainage will also be recycled wherever possible. The services of expert and registered waste contractors will then be used to dispose of the smaller (non-reusable or non-recyclable) scrap in registered waste disposal facilities. The following activities are expected:  tender process and awarding of contract for decommissioning and demolition;  removal and disposal of hazardous materials;  disassembling equipment and structures;  removal of ancillary facilities and reusable components;  demolition of slaps and breaking up for removal; and re-construction of new drains that will take care of changes including climate change and urbanization coefficient. [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 103 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) CHAPTER NINE CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION This Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) has provided a distinct operational guide including action plans to incorporate environmental and social considerations into the proposed flood rehabilitation project at the Gapiona Flood Site located in between Ikpoba- Okha and Oredo Local Government Areas (LGAs), Edo State located in Nigeria. The study assessed the basic biophysical and social baseline information of the proposed intervention site, identified susceptible environmental parameters, which may be positively and or negatively impacted upon at the different identified phases of the project development, and presented the necessary mitigation measures for such identified impacts. Since the development objective of Edo NEWMAP project is to restore flood induced damage and to reduce longer-term flood vulnerability in targeted areas, this ESMP designed for the proposed Gapiona intervention, also adequately provides the guidelines for achieving the Edo NEWMAP objectives without compromising the tangible and intangible human and environmental values within the proposed project area. The ESMP study has established that most residents in the area are self-employed and civil servants. Throughout the data assembly process, participants generally appraised their living standard and socioeconomic status as “average”, which is typical of a semi-urban environment. An assessment of the ground state of affairs illustrates that the nature and extent of the development of flooding has increased the vulnerability of lives and properties within the watershed. The proposed intervention works will therefore positively impact on human lives, flora and the general environment. Likewise, the residents of the communities within the catchment have also thankfully expressed their desires for the intervention, by calling for better drainage system and access road to enhance their socio-economic lives. Hence, the proposed flood intervention project is a welcome development to the affected communities. Finally, to achieve the objective of the proposed project at all phases of project implementation, the mitigation measures provided in this ESMP report should be adhered to. [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 104 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) REFERENCES Adato, M., and R. Meinzen-Dick. 2007. Agricultural Research, Livelihoods, and Poverty. Studies of Economic and Social Impacts in Six Countries. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press for IFPRI (International Food Policy Research Institute). Adger, W.N.; Brown, K.; Fairbrass, J.; Jordan, A.; Paavola, J.; Rosendo, S.; Seyfang, G. (2003): Governance for Sustainability: towards a 'thick' analysis of environmental Decision making. In: Environment and Planning A. vol. 35, pp. 1095-1110. American Public Health Association (1995): Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater 19th ed. Ashekoya, T. (2009): Summary of the report on the assessment of gully erosion in affected areas in Southern States of Nigeria. Available at www.frcn.radionigeria.net Abuja. Awosika, L. F., and Ibe, A. C., (1994). Geomorphic features of the Gulf of Guinea shelf and littoral drift dynamics. In Proc. International symposium on the results of the first IOCEA cruise in the Gulf of Guinea, 17-20 May 1994. Awosika, L. F., Ibe, A. C. and Ibe, C. E. (1993). Anthropogenic Activities affecting sediment load balance along the West Africa Coastline. In Coastlines of Western Africa, Coastlines of the world series. Pub. Americans Society of Civil Engineers N.Y., 1993, pp 26-35. Bell, G. (2000): Geological Hazards. McGraw- Hill Publishers, New York, Berkes, F. (2007): Understanding Uncertainty and Reducing Vulnerability: Lessons from Resilience Thinking. In: Natural Hazards. vol. 41, pp. 283-295. Biermann, M (2009): The Role of Local NGOs in Anticipating and Responding to Climate Change. Prepared for Munich Re Foundation and United Nations University Institute for Environment and Human Security co-organized “2009 Summer Academy on Social Vulnerability: Tipping Points in Humanitarian Crises”26 July-1 August, Munich, Germany. Bilsborrow, R.E.(2009): “Issues of uncertainty and data requirements” In: Laczko, F. and Aghazarm, C.(Eds.) Migration, environment and climate change: Assessing the evidence. IOM, Geneva . pp.77-107. [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 105 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) Dessauvagie, T.F.J., 1972. Geological history of the Benue valley and adjacent areas. In T.F.J. Dessauvagie and A.J. Whiteman (eds.) African Geology, University of Ibadan Press, pg. 187-206 Egboka, B. C. E.; Nwankwor, G. I. (1985): The hydrogeological and geotechnical parameters as agents for gully type erosion in the Rain-Forest Belt of Nigeria. In: Journal of African Earth Sciences, vol. 3, No. 4, 47-425. Fabricius, C.; Folke, C.; Cundill, G.; Schultz, L. (2007): Powerless Spectators, Coping Actors, and Adaptive Co-managers: A Synthesis of the Role of Communities in Ecosystem Management. In: Ecology and Society. vol. 12, no.1, pp. 29-44. FEPA (1991): National Environmental Protection (effluent Limitation) Regulations. Federal Environmental Protection Agency, Nigeria. Hayman, P., Marchant, J. & Prater, T. (1986). Shorebirds: An Identification Guide to Waders of the World. Helm, London. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3970/is_200401/ai_n9353848/pg_1 Huq, S.; Reid, H. (2007): Community-based adaptation: a vital approach to the threat climate change poses to the poor. International Institute for Environment and Development, London, UK. Igbokwe, et al. (2008): Mapping and Monitoring the Impact of Gully Erosion in Southeastern Nigeria with Satellite Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Science. In: Intl. Archives of Photog. Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences.vol. 37, Part B, pp. 865-71, Beijing. China. Isiuwa, S.(2008): Disasters affect Nigeria’s Growth. Leadership Newspapers. October 30, p.17. Keane, D.(2004): Environmental causes and consequences of migration: A search for the meaning of environmental refugees.In:Georgetown International Environmental Law Review.Available at Mackworth-Praed, C.W., & Grant, C.H.B. (1970-1973). African Handbook of Bird Series, Series III. Birds of West Central and Western Africa. 2 Vols. Longman, London. Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC)(2009): Climate changed: people displaced. Report No.3 Nwajide, S.C. and Hoque, M. (1979): Gullying processes in south-eastern Nigeria. In:The Nigerian Field Journal. 44(2), 64-74 [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 106 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) Ofoegbu, C.O., 1984. Interpretation of aeromagnetic anomalies over the lower and middle Benue trough, Nigeria. Journal of Mining and Geology vol. 30 No. 2 pg. 211-217. Ofomata, G.E.K. (1985): Soil erosion in Nigeria: the views of a geomorphologist. University of Nigeria Inaugural Lecture Series No.7. Ofomata, G.E.K.(2002): Soils and soil erosion. In: Ofomata, G.E.K(Ed): A survey of the Igbo nation. Africana First Publishers Ltd, Onitsha. pp 99-116. Olaniyan, C. I. O. (1975): An introduction to West Africa Animal Ecology. 2nd ed. Heinemann Educational Books Ltd. London and Ibadan Omatsola, M.E. and Adegoke, O.S., 1981. The tectonic evolution of cretaceous stratigraphy of the Dahomey basin. Journal Min. Geol. Vol. 18 pg. 130-137. Thompson, B. W. (1975): Africa; The climatic background – Studies in the development of African resources. Oxford University Press. Ibadan Udo, R. K. (1971): Geographic Regions of Nigeria. Heinemann Publishers, Ibadan. United States Geological Survey (USGS) (2010): Landslides-facts United States Department of Agriculture and National Resources Conservation Services (1998): Keys to Soil Taxonomy. 7th Edition. United States Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 107 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) APPENDIX I ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) QUESTIONNAIRE USED FOR GAPIONA FLOOD INTERVENTION PROJECT Dear Respondent, Thank you for taking the time to complete the following survey. The purpose of this survey is to gain valuable insight on proposed GAPIONA Flood intervention Project. This provides you the opportunity to contribute to the environmental and social components of the project implementation. NOTE: Please read each question carefully. Your answers are completely confidential and will be included only in summaries where individual answers cannot be identified. Unless otherwise instructed, please tick appropriate answer category that best describes your opinion. It will take approximately 20 minutes to complete this questionnaire. Settlement/Community: ………………………… State…………………../L.G.A: …….…………………… Survey Location: (a) Major Urban (b) Other Urban (c) Rural SECTION A: Household data 1. Gender of Respondent: (a) Male (b) Female 2. Age: (a) Below 18 yrs (b) 18-45 yrs (c) 46-65 yrs (d) Above 66 yrs 3. Marital Status: (a) Single (b) Married (d) Divorced/Separated (e) Widowed 4. Occupation: (a) Famer (b) Daily Labourer (c) Trading & Shop Keeping (d) Artisans (e) Employed (salary) (f) Self Employed (g) Social Support (h) unemployed (i) Others specify…………………… [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 108 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) 5. Residential Status: (a) Permanent Resident (b) Back Home (Returnee) (c) Non Resident, Visiting 6. Ethnic Group: (a) Bini (b) Ishan (c) Afemai (d)Yoruba (e) others ………. 7. Religion: (a) Islam (b) Christianity (c) Traditional 8. Relationship to Household Head (HH): (a) Self (b) Spouse (c) Child (d) Parent (e) Other, specify 9. Size of the HH…………………………… No. of Adults (Above 18) Men Women No. of Children (below 18) Boys Girls 10. How long have you been living in this area? (a) 0-2 yrs (b) 3-5 yrs (c) 6-9 yrs (d) 10 yrs and Above 11. If non-resident, please state your actual location: ……………. (Location/LGA/State) 12. Education: (a) No formal education (b) Primary School (c) Secondary School (d) Tertiary (Excluding University) (e) University Graduate (f) University Post Graduate Education of young household member 12.1 Does anyone in your household currently A Yes b No attend school (If no, skip to 2) 12.2. What level of education are they? (Place School Category Number name) A Primary b Junior High C Senior High/ Tech/ Voc d Post-Secondary 12.3. How long does it take to get to school? A <5 mins b 5-15 mins C 15-30 mins d 30-60 mins [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 109 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) (Note response to each school accessed) E 60+ mins 12.4. What method of transport is used to get to A Foot b Bicycle school? C Mini bus d Taxi E Private Car f Okada G Tri-cycle (Note response to each school accessed) 13. Are you in anyway affected by the Flood intervention project (a) yes (b) no 14. If question 11 is yes, how (a) damage to Agric/farmland (b) Damage to building property (c) loss of landed / Building property (d) Damage to household utensils/personal belonging (e) economic loss due to inability to access or operate means of livelihoods (f) others specify… 15. Does the flood prevent children from going to school? (a) Yes (b) No 16. If question 15 is yes, how regular is the occurrence? (a) Often (b) frequently (c) rarely * Often - once every one to two weeks, Frequently-Most days during raining season, Rarely-Few times in a season (raining season) SECTION B: Health Status 1. Is your present state of health affected in any way by flood? (a) Yes (b) No 2. If yes, in what way? (a) Skin diseases (b) Cough (c) Catarrh (d) Malaria (e)Water-borne diseases (f) Other, Specify…………………… 3. Does the prevalence / occurrence of the disease(s) become severe during flood periods (a) Yes (b) No 4. How do you manage your health conditions when sick? (a) Attend hospital/clinic (b) Buys drugs from nearby chemist (c) Traditional medicine (d) None (e) Others Specify…………………………. [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 110 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) 5. If you do attend hospital/clinic, when last did you visit one? (a) last six months (b) last one year (c) last five years (d) more than five years ago (e) Never visited one. Please tick one or more of the under-mentioned ailment/sickness, you suffer from most accordingly? Degree Degree /Ailment Always Sparingly Seldom Never /Ailment Always Sparingly Seldom Never Whooping Rheumatism Tuberculosis Cough Rashes Asthma Eczema Dysentery Ringworm Diarrhoea Eye pains Cholera Cataract Pile Glaucoma Hypertension Typhoid Congestive fever health problem Malaria Pneumonia Epilepsy Sexually Sickle cell transmitted diseases anemia 6. Do you think your health condition will be affected by the proposed intervention at Flood project site? (a) Yes (b) No 7. If yes, how? (a) Contamination of ground water (b) Contamination of surface water (c) Provide breading site for disease vectors (d) Noise/air pollution (e) Others, specify……………………………… 8. Please suggest how this can be averted during construction and implementation………………………………………………………………………… [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 111 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) SECTION C. Standard of Living / Socio-Economic Activities 1. Assets 1.1 Do you have any of the following items Item Quantity Item Quantity a. radio / tape recorder k. beds b. television l. furniture set c. DVD player m. fan d. telephone (land line) n. computer e. mobile phone o. generator f. stove p. mosquito nets g. fridge q. insect screens h. hunting trap r. other (specify) 1.2 What sort of transport does your family own? Item Quantity Item Quantity a. bicycle f. car b. motorcycle/okada g. truck c. canoe h. taxi d. boat i. bus e. tri-cycle j. other (specify) 1.3 What mode of transport do you frequently use Item Quantity Item Quantity a. bicycle f. car b. motorcycle/okada g. truck c. canoe h. taxi d. boat i. bus e. tri-cycle j. other (specify) 1.4 What sort of housing does your household live in? a. Construction material - Walls Plastered mud c. Number of rooms 1-2 Cement blocks 3-4 Other (specify) Other (specify) b. Construction material - roofing Corrugated roofing d. Other structures on plot Animal Pen Aluminium Granary Asbestos Shops Tile Kiosks Other (specify) Other (specify) e. Construction material - floor Earthen Concretes Tiles Other (specify) f. Toilet Facility Pit latrine Water closet Toilet facility outside dwelling [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 112 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) Pier latrine Other (specify) None g. Tenure of housing Owned Rented Occupied rent free Other h. Tenure of land Owned Rented Occupied rent free Lease hold Others specify 2. Indicate your household refuse disposal for solid waste? (Multiple options) (a) Depositing refuse at backyard of the house (b) Dumping in water body (c) Dumping in community refuse/garbage pit/dumpsite (d) Burning after gathering together (e) Waste collector (f) Other specify……… 2.0 Household Services 2.1 Rank in order of availability and usability the source(s) of lighting for the household? (please use 1, 2,in hierarchical order with 1 indicating the most available and used source) (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) PHCN Generator Lantern Palm Oil Torchlight Wood Kerosene Candle Gas Lamp Battery 2.2 Using the method in 2.1, indicate major source of energy for cooking? (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) Fire Coal Kerosene Electricity Animal Gas Crop Others dropping Residue/saw Wood dust 3.0 Sources of Water for drinking for cooking for bathing and washing a. Well Yes No Yes No Yes No b. Borehole Yes No Yes No Yes No c. Water pump Yes No Yes No Yes No d. Community tap Yes No Yes No Yes No e. Piped water outside Yes No Yes No Yes No dwelling [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 113 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) f. River Yes No Yes No Yes No h. Rain harvesting Yes No Yes No Yes No i. Water vendor Yes No Yes No Yes No j. Tanked water Yes No Yes No Yes No k. Other (specify) Yes No Yes No Yes No 4.0 Income State your main income per N month 4.1 Remittances 1. Does anyone in the family who lives elsewhere send money to you? 1 Yes 2 No 2. If yes, how much (per month) N 5. Other Income 1. Do you have other income streams Yes No 2. If yes, please specify the amount? N 6. Total Income 1 What is the total household monthly income (all activities)? N 7. In your opinion, how has the standard of living of your household changed over the previous three years? (a) Same (b) Better (c) Worse 8. Is the option in 7 propelled by the flooding problem (a) Yes (b) No 9. If 8 is yes, do you think the proposed intervention will improve the situation? (a) Yes (b) No 10. If 9 is yes specify how the project will improve the situation ……………………… 11. How do you ensure gender equity in the community? (a) Women are elected in public office (b) Females are given equal opportunity and access to education and employment (c) Quotas on genders are ensures in leadership of community based organizations (d) Others specify………………………... SECTION D: Resources/ Cultural Property 1. Please indicate the environmental problems which your settlement/community currently experiences and whose cause can be linked to Flood? (a) Soil infertility (b) [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 114 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) Poor drainage system (c) Bad road (d) Bad lands (e) environmental degradation (f) Degraded land (i) Destruction of infrastructures (j) Others (specify) …………………………... 2. Do you think the proposed intervention project will affect any valued resource/cultural/archaeological property in your area? (a) Yes (b) No 3. If yes mention the name(s) of the valued resource/cultural/archaeological property ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………… 4. How will valued resource/cultural/archaeological property be affected? (a) Displacement of such valued cultural properties (b) Vandalisation of sacred items/locations (c) Possible theft of sacred/archaeological items (d) Others, specify: …………………………… SECTION E: Intervention Project Activities Impact Evaluation 1. Are you aware of the proposed intervention by NEWMAP (a) Yes (b) No If yes, from which source (a) Community meetings (b) Media (TV, Radio, Newspaper, Internet) (c) Others specify……………………………. 2. Please indicate the environmental problems which your settlement/community would likely experience and whose cause can be linked to the proposed intervention project during construction? (a) Soil infertility (b) Poor drainage system (c) Bad road (d) Low visibility (e) Erosion Problems (f) Flooding (g) Environmental degradation (g) Destruction of infrastructures (h) encroachment of land properties (i) Pollution (air, surface water, ground water, noise) (j) Others (specify) …………………. 3. Please indicate the environmental problems which your settlement/community would likely experience and whose cause can be linked to the proposed intervention project during operation? (a) Soil infertility [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 115 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) (b) Poor drainage system (c) Bad road (d) Low visibility (e) Erosion Problems (f) Flooding (g) Environmental degradation (h) Destruction of infrastructures (i) encroachment of land properties (j) Pollution (air, surface water, ground water, noise) (k) Others (specify) ………… 4. Do you think the project can cause restiveness in your community? (a) Yes (b) No 5. If 4 is yes, how will the proposed intervention result in restiveness? (a) Disrespect of norms and culture by contractors (b) loss of farmland / Property (c) Possible theft of sacred/archaeological items (d) local people not employed during construction (e) Others, specify: ………… 5. How will the proposed intervention project impact on your livelihood and environment? Positive impacts Negative impacts (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) 6. Can you name some of the animals and other habitat at the flood site that may be affected by the proposed intervention project? ……………………………………… 7. What do you expect from the activities of Edo State Government intervention? (a) employment of Locals during construction (b) compensation for those whose properties will be affected (c) capacity building for maintenance during implementation (d) community input into final engineering design (e) Others please specify………………………. 8. Are there any other issue(s) of concern as regards the intervention project in your area? please specify ……………………...……………………………………………… [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 116 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 117 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) APPENDIX II: Minutes of Public Consultation at Elema Palace Items Description Name of Stakeholder General Stakeholder Public Consultation : Date: 25/2/2017 Venue: Elema’s Palace, GRA, Edo State. Language of Pidgin-English, English Communication: Participants present ESMP consultants Elema Community Association members Gapiona Flood Intervention Site Monitoring Committee members Community Members Opening Remarks The youth leader and the prince of Elema chiefdom introduced the consultants and briefly explained the reasons for their visit and its relationship with the proposed intervention project. He further sensitized the community members about the intervention project and emphasized the need for their cooperation. There was a general introduction of community members among which are:  Community elders  Youth leader  Women leader ESMP Consultant’s The ESMP consultant explained in details the need for the ESMP in Remarks and Queries preparation for the project execution. He also emphasised the need for public consultation which is designed to elicit from the residents their perception about the proposed project. He thanked the members of the communities for their cooperation and solicited that this should be extended to other consultants and contractors coming. He thereafter asked them the following questions:  The history of flooding in the area  The impact of the flooding on the social and economic status of the area  The knowledge of NEWMAP and the proposed intervention  Perception of the communities of the proposed implementation of [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 118 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) the proposed intervention project  Social and Cultural issues that may trigger conflicts that will disrupt the intervention project  Assistance the communities were ready to give to consultants and contractors  Suggestions on environmental sustainability and social inclusiveness Community Response  The Liaison officer of the site committee (Mr Osazee Omoruyi) further said that The communities Gapiona flood intervention project is yearning for the project.  He highlights the benefits of the intervention project among which is that it will stop the: o Destruction of building and threat to lives o Destruction of roads and the difficulty of connectivity o Suspension of school activities whenever it rain o Mass exodus of residents to other parts of Benin city due to the flood hazards o Recurrent fall in the value of real estate in the area  With reference to their knowledge of NEWMAP and the proposed intervention project, most of them indicated their awareness and wished it sees the light of the day.  With regards to the impact of the proposed intervention project on the community, they noted that the temporary potential adverse impact of the project should not stop the intervention project.  Specific cultural or social issues that can trigger or disrupt the implementation of the project were mentioned among which is the sexual relationship with married women. When any of such however arise they would be treated in such a way as they do not jeopardise the successful execution of the project.  The community members are ready to give their best advice, skills and other required assistance to the contractor in the intervention project.  Specifically: o The landlords are ready to accommodate those coming for the project in their buildings at a reasonable rate o The youth are ready render their service since most of them are artisans o The women are ready to render cutlery services to the camp [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 119 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) Queries and Concerns Queries  Genuineness of the Project  When the contractor will move to site?  Will the drains be covered?  Where will the camp be?  The procedure for the engagement of the youth Concerns  The neglect of qualified and available workforce in the area during construction and operation will potentially cause conflict  The involvement of the youth and other members of the community in the implementation of the project will engender ownership and protection of the project.  The Safety of the project corridor  The breeding of mosquito in the detention ponds Closing Remark The consultant thanked all those present for their response. He promised to report their concerns in the ESMP report. [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 120 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) Appendix III: Attendance at the Town Hall Meeting [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 121 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 122 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 123 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) APPENDIX IV: LIST OF PEOPLE MET S/N Name Gender Position Phone Number Locality/Street/Quarters 1 Chief Nosahare M Elema 08078312114 Elema Palace Edion 2 Mr Ben Igor M Member, Site 08037076101 Ighiwiyisi Committee 3 Mr Daniel M Member, Site 07034600698 Obariase Omoregbe Committee 4 Mrs Anita Ogunbor F Member, Site 08033483631 Oba Ewuare Junior Grammar Committee School 5 High Priest Lucky M Member, Site 08036768612 Abuja Quarters Efeise Obanor Committee 6 Barr John Ighodaro M Member, Site 08038932619 Omonuwa Estate Committee 7 Rev Mike Uti M Member, Site 08034247293 Omonuwa Estate Committee 8 Rev Uche M Member, Site 07036373333 Omonuwa Estate Nwaezeorah Committee 9 Eng Jolly Isokpehi M Member, Site 08034227491 Omonuwa Estate Committee 10 Chief S.A. M Chairman, 08034730521 Upper Adesuwa Ogbomo Elema Community Association 11 Pastor Edward M Community 08110738649 Madam Edo Street Ekung Onobo Member 12 Mrs. Rebecca F Community 08035034729 Elema Quarters Edugie Ighodaro Member 13 Mrs. F. F Community 08053622025 Elema Quarters Eghianrawa Member 14 Mr. Chinasa M Community 08056243239 Aroko Estate Novosu Member 15 Mrs. Nana F Community 07053122307 Aroko Estate Member 16 Mr. Aghedo Bright M Community 07016544670 Aghedo Street Member 17 Mr. Johnson Bello M Community 08057271093 Aghedo Street Member 18 Mr. Odionwere M Community 08099021393 Ighiwiyisi Street Member 19 Mrs. Rebecca F Community 07030852123 Elema Quarters Etimi Member 20 Mr. Clifford Ighile M Community 08154637396 Aruogba Community Member 21 Mrs. Ivbie F Community 09051129662 Ogunmwenyin Road, Member Aruogba [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 124 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) 22 Mr. Lugard Ekuase M Community 07055796587 Edo Street, Irhirhi Member Community 23 Mr. Ken M Community 07052216830 Irhirhi Community Member 24 Mrs. Eribo Queen F Community 08054428676 Etiabefe Street, Abuja Member Quarters 25 Mr. Adebo M Community 08062521824 Abuja Quarters Member 26 Mr Orhewere M Community 08023384623 Abuja Quarters David Member 27 Mrs. Glory F Community 08073533604 Etiabefe Street, Abuja Member Quarters 28 Miss Jessica F Community 0813348983 Abuja Quarters Member 29 Mr. Amadasun M Community 08188067902 Amadasun Street Member 30 Pastor Micheal M Community 08067576630 Ighiwiyisi Street Awoleye Member 31 Mr. Ebido Dickson M Community 08052485160 Agbontean Street Member 32 Mr. Evans M Community 08181053079 Oyaide Avenue, Aghedo Member 33 Mrs. Dora F Community 08084014714 Oyaide Avenue, Aghedo Osayemwen Member 34 Mrs. F Community 08023321574 Upper Adesua, Elema Notiemwomwen Member Quarters 35 Mrs. Rosemary F Community 07058744882 Omoruyi Odjugo Street, Ogiugo Member Elema Quarters 36 Mr. Okon M Community 09096801581 Upper Adesua, Elema Member Quarters 37 Mr. Edefe Precious M Community 09069991533 Aghedo Street Member 38 Mr. Edet Chris M Community 08187061356 Upper Adesua, Elema Member Quarters 39 Mrs Helen Elema F Princess Elema 08128556911 Upper Adesua, Elema Chiefdom Quarters 40 Mr. Christopher M Community 08134957831 Prince Omo Oghagbon Member Avenue 41 Mrs J.E. Odiahi F Community 08023368407 Oba Ewuare Senior Grammar Member School 42 Mrs. Abutu F Community 08050860366 Upper Adesua, Elema Member Quarters 43 Mr. Christian M Community 08146337199 Ogbeide Crscent Member 44 Mr. Lawan M Community 08024213110 Ogbeide Crscent Braimoh Member [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 125 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) 45 Mrs Alice Micheal F Community 08056756258 Gapiona, Elema Quarters Member 46 Mr. Joel M Community 08076418478 Prince Omo Oghagbon Member Avenue 47 S.O.J Fashion M Community 07032128401 Obaware Street Member 48 Pastor Isaac Esene M Community 08035003351 Gapiona, Elema Quarters Member 49 Mrs. Imuebi F Community 07059747718 Elema Quarters Member 50 Mrs. Glory F Community 08189160509 Elema Quarters Dominic Member 51 Pastor Edward M Community 08110738649 Upper Adesua, Elema Onobo Member Quarters 52 Miss. Johana F Community 09094474430 Upper Adesua, Elema Friday Member Quarters 53 Mrs. Okonoboh F Community 08173411256 Elema Quarters Member 54 Mr Goodluck M Community 08051865983 Obariase Street Member 55 Mrs. Elizabeth F Community 09063690259 Obariase Street Member 56 Mr. Igho M Community 07035967461 Obariase Street Member 57 Mr. Robert Ekuase M Community 08058769620 Dominion Street, Irhirhi Member Community 58 Divine Glamour M Community 07061389021 Edo Street, Irhirhi Member Community 59 Mr. Sylvester M Community 08168120226 Edo Street, Irhirhi Ogenwonye Member Community 60 Mrs. Omorowa F Community 08091729793 Edo Street, Irhirhi Member Community 61 Mr. Eddy Imasuen M Community 08036855095 Edo Street, Irhirhi Member Community 62 Mrs. Victoria F Community 08053643662 Edo Street, Irhirhi Ediuserhi Member Community 63 Mr. S.K Adedokun M Community 08120892340 Aruogba Community Member 64 Mrs Ubani F Community 08135954637 Edo Street, Irhirhi Osinachi Member Community 65 Chief Ohumu M Community 08035678039 Aruogba Community Monday Member 66 Mr Ken Enadegha M Community 07030855916 Ewuare Senior Grammar Member School 67 Mrs Osayi F Community 08037915435 Head Teacher, Ekhaguere Member Primary School [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 126 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) 68 Mr Efosa M Community 08033721030 Ekhaguere Quarters Ekhaguere Member 69 Chief Osula M Community 08036743877 Ekhaguere Quarters Member 70 Mr Fancis Ikenuo M Community 08033750782 Ekhaguere Quarters Member 71 Mrs. Precious F Community 081094925518 Ekhaguare Street, Elema Nnamdi Member Quarters 72 Mr. Enwang Peter M Community 08025429268 Aghedo Member 73 Mr. Friday Joseph M Community 08058479736 Elema Quarters Member 74 Mrs. Queen Peter F Community 08057852689 Obariase Street Member 75 Mrs. Shade Diyerin F Community 08055875300 Aghedo Member 76 Mr. Udoh John M Community 08054666074 Elema Quarters Friday Member 77 Mrs. Rabecca Atim F Community 07030852123 Gapiona/Elema Quarters Member 78 Mr. Unyime M Community 08079096922 Enakhe Aghedo Street, Elema Archibong Member Quarters 79 Mr. Omoregie Ona M Community 07034600698 Obariase Street Daniel Member 80 Mr. Gbadamashi M Community 08039291683 Obariase Street Duro Member 81 Mr Osazee M Community 08057042396 Upper Adesuwa Omoruyi Member 82 Prince Owens M Prince, Elema 08183779380 Elema Quarters Elema Chiefdom 83 Mr Dele Ade M Community 08186639620 Elema Quarters Member 84 Mr Charles Igiebor M Community 08058814319 Elema Quarters Member 85 Mr Aghedo M Community 08056222192 Aghedo Street Diamond Member 86 Mr Osaratin Elema M Prince, Elema 08099021393 Aghedo Street Chiefdom [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 127 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) APPENDIX V: Indicative Environmental Code of Conduct and Clauses for Contractors General 1. In addition to these general conditions, the Contractor shall comply with any specific Environmental Management Plan (EMP) in the Gapiona Flood Site Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP). The Contractor shall inform himself about such an EMP, and prepare his work strategy and plan to fully take into account relevant provisions of that EMP. If the Contractor fails to implement the approved EMP after written instruction by the Supervising Environmental Officer (EO) to fulfill his obligation within the requested time, the Owner reserves the right to arrange through the EO for execution of the missing action by a third party on account of the Contractor. 2. Notwithstanding the Contractor’s obligation under the above clause, the Contractor shall implement all measures necessary to avoid undesirable adverse environmental and social impacts wherever possible, restore work sites to acceptable standards, and abide by any environmental performance requirements specified in an EMP. In general, these measures shall include but not be limited to: (a) Minimize the effect of dust on the surrounding environment resulting from earth mixing sites, asphalt mixing sites, dispersing coal ashes, vibrating equipment, temporary access infrastructure such as roads, etc. to ensure safety, health and the protection of workers and communities living in the vicinity dust producing activities. (b) Ensure that noise levels emanating from machinery, vehicles and noisy construction activities (e.g. excavation, blasting) are kept at a minimum for the safety, health and protection of workers within the vicinity of high noise levels and nearby communities. (c) Ensure that existing water flow regimes in rivers, streams and other natural or irrigation channels is maintained and/or re-established where they are disrupted due to works being carried out. (d) Prevent bitumen, oils, lubricants and waste water used or produced during the execution of works from entering into rivers, streams, irrigation channels and other natural water bodies/reservoirs, and also ensure that stagnant water in uncovered burrow pits is treated in the best way to avoid creating possible breeding grounds for mosquitoes. (e) Prevent and minimize the impacts of quarrying, earth burrowing, piling and building of temporary construction camps and access infrastructure such as roads on the biophysical environment including protected areas and arable lands; local communities and their settlements. In as much as possible restore/rehabilitate all sites to acceptable standards. (f) Upon discovery of ancient heritage, relics or anything that might or believed to be of archaeological or historical importance during the execution of works, immediately report such findings to the SE so that the appropriate authorities may be expeditiously contacted for fulfilment of the measures aimed at protecting such historical or archaeological resources. (g) Discourage construction workers from engaging in the exploitation of natural resources such as hunting, fishing, collection of forest products or any other activity that might have a [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 128 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) APPENDIX V: Indicative Environmental Code of Conduct and Clauses for Contractors negative impact on the social and economic welfare of the local communities. (h) Implement soil erosion control measures in order to avoid surface run off and prevents siltation, etc. (i) Ensure that garbage, sanitation and drinking water facilities are provided in construction workers camps. (j) Ensure that, in as much as possible, local materials are used to avoid importation of foreign material and long distance transportation. (k) Ensure public safety, and meet traffic safety requirements for the operation of work to avoid accidents. 3. The Contractor shall indicate the period within which he/she shall maintain status on site after completion of civil works to ensure that significant adverse impacts arising from such works have been appropriately addressed. 4. The Contractor shall adhere to the proposed activity implementation schedule and the monitoring plan / strategy to ensure effective feedback of monitoring information to project management so that impact management can be implemented properly, and if necessary, adapt to changing and unforeseen conditions. 5. Besides the regular inspection of the sites by the Edo State NEWMAP and other supervising agencies for adherence to the contract conditions and specifications, the Owner may appoint an Inspector to oversee the compliance with these environmental conditions and any proposed mitigation measures. State environmental authorities may carry out similar inspection duties. In all cases, as directed by the EO, the Contractor shall comply with directives from such inspectors to implement measures required to ensure the adequacy rehabilitation measures carried out on the bio-physical environment and compensation for socio-economic disruption resulting from implementation of any works. Worksite/Campsite Waste Management 6. All vessels (drums, containers, bags, etc.) containing oil/fuel/surfacing materials and other hazardous chemicals shall be bonded in order to contain spillage. All waste containers, litter and any other waste generated during the construction shall be collected and disposed-off at designated disposal sites in line with applicable government waste management regulations. 7. All drainage and effluent from storage areas, workshops and camp sites shall be captured and treated before being discharged into the drainage system in line with applicable government water pollution control regulations. 8. Used oil from maintenance shall be collected and disposed-off appropriately at designated sites or be re-used or sold for re-use locally. 9. Entry of runoff to the site shall be restricted by constructing diversion channels or holding structures such as banks, drains, dams, etc. to reduce the potential of soil erosion and water pollution. [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 129 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) APPENDIX V: Indicative Environmental Code of Conduct and Clauses for Contractors 10. Construction waste shall not be left in stockpiles along the infrastructure such as road, but removed and reused or disposed of on a daily basis. 11. If disposal sites for clean spoil are necessary, they shall be located in areas, approved by the SE, of low land use value and where they will not result in material being easily washed into drainage channels. Whenever possible, spoil materials should be placed in low-lying areas and should be compacted and planted with species indigenous to the locality. Material Excavation and Deposit 12. The Contractor shall obtain appropriate licenses/permits from relevant authorities to operate quarries or burrow areas. 13. The location of quarries and burrow areas shall be subject to approval by relevant local and national authorities, including traditional authorities if the land on which the quarry or burrow areas fall in traditional land. 14. New extraction sites: a) Shall not be located in the vicinity of settlement areas, cultural sites, wetlands or any other valued ecosystem component, or on high or steep ground or in areas of high scenic value, and shall not be located less than 1km from such areas. b) Shall not be located adjacent to stream channels wherever possible to avoid siltation of river channels. Where they are located near water sources, burrow pits and perimeter drains shall surround quarry sites. c) Shall not be located in archaeological areas. Excavations in the vicinity of such areas shall proceed with great care and shall be done in the presence of government authorities having a mandate for their protection. d) Shall not be located in forest reserves. However, where there are no other alternatives, permission shall be obtained from the appropriate authorities and an environmental impact study shall be conducted. e) Shall be easily rehabilitated. Areas with minimal vegetation cover such as flat and bare ground, or areas covered with grass only or covered with shrubs less than 1.5m in height, are preferred. f) Shall have clearly demarcated and marked boundaries to minimize vegetation clearing. 15. Vegetation clearing shall be restricted to the area required for safe operation of construction work. Vegetation clearing shall not be done more than two months in advance of operations. 16. Stockpile areas shall be located in areas where trees can act as buffers to prevent dust pollution. Perimeter drains shall be built around stockpile areas. Sediment and other pollutant traps shall be located at drainage exits from workings. 17. The Contractor shall deposit any excess material in accordance with the principles of the general conditions, and any applicable EMP, in areas approved by local authorities and/or the SE. [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 130 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) APPENDIX V: Indicative Environmental Code of Conduct and Clauses for Contractors 18. Areas for depositing hazardous materials such as contaminated liquid and solid materials shall be approved by the SE and appropriate local and/or national authorities before the commencement of work. Use of existing, approved sites shall be preferred over the establishment of new sites. Rehabilitation and Soil Erosion Prevention 19. To the extent practicable, the Contractor shall rehabilitate the site progressively so that the rate of rehabilitation is similar to the rate of construction. 20. Always remove and retain topsoil for subsequent rehabilitation. Soils shall not be stripped when they are wet as this can lead to soil compaction and loss of structure. 21. Topsoil shall not be stored in large heaps. Low mounds of no more than 1 to 2m high are recommended. 22. Re-vegetate stockpiles to protect the soil from erosion, discourage weeds and maintain an active population of beneficial soil microbes. 23. Locate stockpiles where they will not be disturbed by future construction activities. 24. To the extent practicable, reinstate natural drainage patterns where they have been altered or impaired. 25. Remove toxic materials and dispose of them in designated sites. Backfill excavated areas with soils or overburden that is free of foreign material that could pollute groundwater and soil. 26. Identify potentially toxic overburden and screen with suitable material to prevent mobilization of toxins. 27. Ensure reshaped land is formed so as to be inherently stable, adequately drained and suitable for the desired long-term land use, and allow natural regeneration of vegetation. 28. Minimize the long-term visual impact by creating landforms that are compatible with the adjacent landscape. 29. Minimize erosion by wind and water both during and after the process of reinstatement. 30. Compacted surfaces shall be deep ripped to relieve compaction unless subsurface conditions dictate otherwise. 31. Revegetate with plant species that will control erosion, provide vegetative diversity and, through succession, contribute to a resilient ecosystem. The choice of plant species for rehabilitation shall be done in consultation with local research institutions, forest department and the local people. Water Resources Management 32. The Contractor shall at all costs avoid conflicting with water demands of local [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 131 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) APPENDIX V: Indicative Environmental Code of Conduct and Clauses for Contractors communities. 33. Abstraction of both surface and underground water shall only be done with the consultation of the local community and after obtaining a permit from the relevant Water Authority. 34. Abstraction of water from wetlands shall be avoided. Where necessary, authority has to be obtained from relevant authorities. 35. Temporary damming of streams and rivers shall be done in such a way avoids disrupting water supplies to communities downstream, and maintains the ecological balance of the river system. 36. No construction water containing spoils or site effluent, especially cement and oil, shall be allowed to flow into natural water drainage courses. 37. Wash water from washing out of equipment shall not be discharged into water courses or infrastructure such as road drains. 38. Site spoils and temporary stockpiles shall be located away from the drainage system, and surface run off shall be directed away from stockpiles to prevent erosion. Traffic Management 39. Location of access infrastructure such as roads/detours shall be done in consultation with the local community especially in important or sensitive environments. Access infrastructure such as roads shall not traverse wetland areas. 40. Upon the completion of civil works, all access infrastructure such as roads shall be ripped and rehabilitated. 41. Access infrastructure such as roads shall be sprinkled with water at least five times a day in settled areas, and three times in unsettled areas, to suppress dust emissions. Blasting 42. Blasting activities shall not take place less than 2km from settlement areas, cultural sites, or wetlands without the permission of the SE. 43. Blasting activities shall be done during working hours, and local communities shall be consulted on the proposed blasting times. 44. Noise levels reaching the communities from blasting activities shall not exceed 90 decibels. Disposal of Unusable Elements 45. Unusable materials and construction elements such as electro-mechanical equipment, pipes, accessories and demolished structures will be disposed of in a manner approved by the SE. The Contractor has to agree with the SE which elements are to be surrendered to the Client’s [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 132 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) APPENDIX V: Indicative Environmental Code of Conduct and Clauses for Contractors premises, which will be recycled or reused, and which will be disposed of at approved landfill sites. 46. As far as possible, abandoned pipelines shall remain in place. Where for any reason no alternative alignment for the new pipeline is possible, the old pipes shall be safely removed and stored at a safe place to be agreed upon with the SE and the local authorities concerned. 47. AC-pipes as well as broken parts thereof have to be treated as hazardous material and disposed of as specified above. 48. Unsuitable and demolished elements shall be dismantled to a size fitting on ordinary trucks for transport. Health and Safety 49. In advance of the construction work, the Contractor shall mount an awareness and hygiene campaign. Workers and local residents shall be sensitized on health risks particularly of AIDS. 50. Adequate infrastructure such as road signs to warn pedestrians and motorists of construction activities, diversions, etc. shall be provided at appropriate points. 51. Construction vehicles shall not exceed maximum speed limit of 40km per hour. Repair of Private Property 52. Should the Contractor, deliberately or accidentally, damage private property, he shall repair the property to the owner’s satisfaction and at his own cost. For each repair, the Contractor shall obtain from the owner a certificate that the damage has been made good satisfactorily in order to indemnify the Client from subsequent claims. 53. In cases where compensation for inconveniences, damage of crops etc. are claimed by the owner, the Client has to be informed by the Contractor through the SE. This compensation is in general settled under the responsibility of the Client before signing the Contract. In unforeseeable cases, the respective administrative entities of the Client will take care of compensation. Contractor’s Environment, Health and Safety Management Plan (EHS-MP) 54. Within 6 weeks of signing the Contract, the Contractor shall prepare an EHS-MP to ensure the adequate management of the health, safety, environmental and social aspects of the works, including implementation of the requirements of these general conditions and any specific requirements of an EMP for the works. The Contractor’s EHS-MP will serve two main purposes:  For the Contractor, for internal purposes, to ensure that all measures are in place for adequate EHS management, and as an operational manual for his staff.  For the Client, supported where necessary by a SE, to ensure that the Contractor is fully [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 133 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) APPENDIX V: Indicative Environmental Code of Conduct and Clauses for Contractors prepared for the adequate management of the EHS aspects of the project, and as a basis for monitoring of the Contractor’s EHS performance. 55. The Contractor’s EHS-MP shall provide at least:  a description of procedures and methods for complying with these general environmental management conditions, and any specific conditions specified in an EMP;  a description of specific mitigation measures that will be implemented in order to minimize adverse impacts;  a description of all planned monitoring activities (e.g. sediment discharges from burrow areas) and the reporting thereof; and  the internal organizational, management and reporting mechanisms put in place for such. 56. The Contractor’s EHS-MP will be reviewed and approved by the Client before start of the works. This review should demonstrate if the Contractor’s EHS-MP covers all of the identified impacts, and has defined appropriate measures to counteract any potential impacts. EHS Reporting 57. The Contractor shall prepare bi-weekly progress reports to the SE on compliance with these general conditions, the project EMP if any, and his own EHS-MP. An example format for a Contractor EHS report is portrayed in Annex 6. It is expected that the Contractor’s reports will include information on:  EHS management actions/measures taken, including approvals sought from local or national authorities;  Problems encountered in relation to EHS aspects (incidents, including delays, cost consequences, etc. as a result thereof);  Lack of compliance with contract requirements on the part of the Contractor;  Changes of assumptions, conditions, measures, designs and actual works in relation to EHS aspects; and  Observations, concerns raised and/or decisions taken with regard to EHS management during site meetings. 58. It is advisable that reporting of significant EHS incidents be done “as soon as practicable”. Such incident reporting shall therefore be done individually. Also, it is advisable that the Contractor keep his own records on health, safety and welfare of persons, and damage to property. It is advisable to include such records, as well as copies of incident reports, as Annexes to the bi-weekly reports. A sample format for an incident notification is shown below. Details of EHS performance will be reported to the [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 134 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) APPENDIX V: Indicative Environmental Code of Conduct and Clauses for Contractors Client through the SE’s reports to the Client. Training of Contractor’s Personnel 59. The Contractor shall provide sufficient training to his own personnel to ensure that they are all aware of the relevant aspects of these general conditions, any project EMP, and his own EHS-MP, and are able to fulfil their expected roles and functions. Specific training should be provided to those employees that have particular responsibilities associated with the implementation of the EHS-MP. General topics should be:  EHS in general (working procedures);  emergency procedures; and  social and cultural aspects (awareness raising on social issues). Cost of Compliance 60. It is expected that compliance with these conditions is already part of standard good workmanship and state of art as generally required under this Contract. The item “Compliance with Environmental Management Conditions” in the Bill of Quantities covers this cost. No other payments will be made to the Contractor for compliance with any request to avoid and/or mitigate an avoidable EHS impact. 3. Example Format: EHS Report Contract: Period of reporting: EHS Management Actions/Measures: Summarize EHS management actions/measures taken during period of reporting, including planning and management activities (e.g. risk and impact assessments), EHS training, specific design and work measures taken, etc. EHS incidents: [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 135 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) APPENDIX V: Indicative Environmental Code of Conduct and Clauses for Contractors Report on any problems encountered in relation to EHS aspects, including its consequences (delays, costs) and corrective measures taken. Include relevant incident reports. EHS compliance: Report on compliance with Contract EHS conditions, including any cases of non-compliance. Changes: Report on any changes of assumptions, conditions, measures, designs and actual works in relation to EHS aspects. Concerns and observations: Report on any observations, concerns raised and/or decisions taken with regard to EHS management during site meetings and visits. Signature (Name, Title Date): Contractor Representative EHS Incident Notification Provide within 24 hrs to the Supervising Engineer Originators Reference No:......................................................................................................... Date of Incident:................................................................. Time:........................ Location of incident:................................................................................................................... Name of Person(s) involved:....................................................................................................... [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 136 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) APPENDIX V: Indicative Environmental Code of Conduct and Clauses for Contractors Employing Company:.................................................................................................................... Type of Incident:............................................................................................................................ Description of Incident: Where, when, what, how, who, operation in progress at the time (only factual) Immediate Action: Immediate remedial action and actions taken to prevent reoccurrence or escalation Signature (Name, Title, Date):..................................................................................................... Contractor Representative Appendix VI: Photo [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 137 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) FGD with the Gapiona Site Committee KII with the Principal Oba Ewuare Senior Grammar School Town hall Meeting at Elama Quarters [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 138 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) Town Hall Meeting at Ekhaguere Quarters [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 139 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) Appendix VII: Infrastructures and other Point of Interest within Proposed Project Communities S/N Name Landuse Latitude Longitude Address Remark 1 Elema Palace Palace 6.307069 5.604019 Adesuwa Road Community 2 The Church of the Latter Religious 6.307686 5.605463 Adesuwa Road Private & Day-Saints Centre Functional 3 Jemila Hotel Hospitality 6.308617 5.604144 Giwa Amu Road Private & Functional 4 Royal Life International Religious 6.307228 5.605052 Adesuwa Road Private & Christian Christ Centre Functional 5 Victorious Rainbow Religious 6.306665 5.607064 Omoruyi Oguigo Private & Assembly Centre str. Functional 6 The Food Stop Restaurant Hospitality 6.305155 5.611089 Amede Avenue Private & Functional 7 Church of God Mission Religious 6.303279 5.61197 Faith Avenue Private & International Church Centre Functional (CGMI) Faith Arena 8 Word of Faith College Educational 6.302598 5.611448 Faith Avenue Private & Centre Functional 9 Alice Hotel and Holiday Hospitality 6.303694 5.610348 Immereze Str Private & Resort Functional 10 Red Velvet Hotel Hospitality 6.301026 5.611932 Faith Drive Private & Functional 11 Training Academy Educational 6.306388 5.610655 Isibor Street Private & Centre Functional 12 Princess Zuma Medical Health Facility 6.302616 5.614049 Adesuwa Road Private & Centre Functional 13 Iyekogba Grammar School Educational 6.2745 5.5876 College Road Government Centre 14 RCCG Religious 6.309637 5.60883 Akhionbare Street Private & Centre Functional 15 Wesley Hotel Hospitality 6.30849 5.610617 Upper Adesuwa Private & Road Functional 16 Oreste Medical Centre Hospitality 6.309212 5.608377 Bob Oshodin Str Private & Functional 17 Word of Faith School Educational 6.303067 5.611425 Faith Avenue Private & Centre Functional 18 Uyi Grand Hotel and Suites Hospitality 6.303495 5.615287 Osagiede Str Private & Functional 19 Boston Hotel Hospitality 6.304356 5.615119 Oguigo Lane Private & Functional 20 Royal regent Hotel Hospitality 6.302661 5.618348 Adesuwa Road Private & Functional 21 Deeper Life Bible Church Religious 6.301682 5.613617 Akpofa Street Private & Centre Functional 22 City of Heaven Church Religious 6.294766 5.609136 Okundia Street Private & Centre Functional 23 Margaret Idahosa Hostel Hospitality 6.285102 5.602544 Agbonabare lane Private & Functional 24 All Nations Male Hostel Hostel 6.285046 5.603103 Ighile Str Private & Functional [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 140 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) 25 Clase Alta Hostel Hostel 6.296243 5.591105 Airport Road Private & Functional 26 Zenox Drycleaners Dry Cleaners 6.293056 5.590358 lrIrhirhi Road Private & Functional 27 Ogba Zoo & Natural Park Zoo 6.289659 5.584779 Airport Road Government 28 RCCG Kings Court Parish Religious 6.290089 5.595597 Obadan Uduehi Private & Centre Aven Irhiri Qrt Functional Stree 29 Elohim Chapel Religious 6.288741 5.599151 First Power Line Private & Centre Functional 30 Pond 5 Retention 6.288241 5.599549 First Power Line Private and Pond Vacant 31 lrIrhirhi Primary School Educational 6.282999 5.588407 lrIrhirhi Road Government Centre 32 Edo State Minimum Security 6.295444 5.593964 Off Airport Road, Government Security Prison Benin city 33 Nigerian Prison Staff Educational 6.294141 5.59489 Off Airport Road, Government School Centre Benin city 34 Oba Ewuare Grammar Educational 6.296466 5.601215 College School Government School Centre Road 35 Christian Brethren Ministry Religious 6.295214 5.601858 Ije Ln Private & Centre Functional 36 GT Bank Financial 6.298378 5.602128 Central Road Private & Service Functional 37 PB Guest House Hospitality 6.301246 5.598153 Oko Central Road Private & Functional 38 Hackney Hotel Hospitality 6.301633 5.596597 Oyaide Str Private & Functional 39 Greater Tomorrow Sec. Educational 6.300947 5.605137 Reuben Agho Str. Private & School Centre Functional 40 Adesuwa Grammar Sch. Educational 6.300215 5.618754 Aiyanyo Aigbekaen Government Centre Aven 41 Ugbor Police Station Security 6.296788 5.611317 2nd Ugbor Road Government 42 Sweet B Inn Hospitality 6.296095 5.609669 Ogbowe Avenue Private & Functional 43 St. Peters Catholic Church Religious 6.292237 5.606156 Private & Centre Functional 44 Eldorado Hotel and Suites Hospitality 6.286289 5.602449 Nneka Str Private & Functional 45 House on the Rock Benin Hospitality 6.273212 5.609597 Ugbor Village Road Private & Functional 46 VOE Oil Filling Station Filling Station 6.31085 5.597309 Airport Road Private & Functional 47 Emmanuel Foundation Educational 6.307682 5.597352 Private & Education Centre Centre Functional 48 Ogba Palace Palace 6.272606 5.586546 Palace Road Community 49 Ebo Secondary School Educational 6.274438 5.587493 School Road Government Centre 50 Ikay Fish Pond Fish pond 6.271022 5.592162 Ikay Fish Pond Private & Road Functional 51 Iyakoya Housing Estate Estate 6.275712 5.584177 Ebo/ Irhiriri Road Government 52 Well Spring University Educational 6.280787 5.585801 Ebo/ Irhiriri Road Private & Centre Functional 53 NNPC Filling Station Filling Station 6.29553 5.589788 Airport Road Private & [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 141 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) Functional 54 Edo State National Government 6.293307 5.587468 Airport Road Government Electoral Commission Office 55 Irhirhi Market Market 6.283833 5.587902 Irhirhi Market Road Community 56 Fedrica Hotel Hospitality 6.304825 5.600625 Oteze Street Private & Functional 57 Rifil Hospital Health Facility 6.301155 5.60246 Gapiona Street Private & Functional 58 Spring Gate Hotel Hospitality 6.293044 5.617137 Christ Ehimen Private & Street Functional [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 142 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) Appendix VIII: List of Major Roads within proposed Flood Intervention Site S/N Road Infrastructures Type Status 1 BIU road Single lane Tarred 2 Frank Omo Street Single lane Tarred 3 George Igbinidu Street Single lane Tarred 4 Godwin Ovuworie Single lane Tarred 5 Ugiokwo Street Single lane Tarred 6 Emuze Street Single lane Tarred 7 Omoma Street Double lane Tarred 8 Ekhaguere Pry School Single lane Tarred road 9 Obariase Street Single lane Tarred 10 Ogbeide Crescent Single lane Un-tarred 11 Madam Egbe Avenue Single lane Tarred 12 Osamudiame Street Single lane Un-tarred 13 Edo Street Single lane Un-tarred 14 Powerline road Single lane Tarred 15 Ame Owe Street Single lane Un-tarred 16 Ogesie Street Single lane Un-tarred 17 Aghedo Street Single lane Un-tarred 18 Odigie Street Single lane Un-tarred 19 Oyaide Street Single lane Un-tarred 20 Ogiesoba Avenue Single lane Un-tarred 21 Osa Close Single lane Un-tarred 22 Godwin Omonuwa Street Single lane Un-tarred 23 Landosa Street Single lane Un-tarred 24 Osadiaye Street Single lane Un-tarred 25 Edeigbe Avenue Single lane Tarred 26 Upper Adesuwa Single lane Tarred 27 Okundia Street Single lane Tarred 28 Osagha Street Single lane Tarred 29 Araraume Crescent Single lane Tarred 30 Amadi Street Single lane Untarred 31 Omagbemi Street Single lane Untarred 32 Imuwahen Street Single lane Tarred 33 Richard Abeke Avenue Single lane Untarred 34 Igbinosa Street Single lane Untarred 35 Church road Single lane Untarred 36 Godwin Edosa Single lane Untarred 37 Gapiona Avenue Single lane Tarred 38 Ehigutor Avenue Single lane Untarred 39 Bakery road Single lane Untarred 40 Chemist road Single lane Untarred 41 Oko central road Single lane Tarred 42 Obanor Street Single lane Untarred 43 Oba Ovorhamubon Single lane Untarred [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 143 Edo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) 44 Ossasuyi Street Single lane Untarred 45 Church road Single lane Untarred 46 Sy Eke Drive Single lane Untarred 47 Frank Omoh street Single lane Untarred 48 Mordi Street Single lane Untarred 49 Ogbede Ihama Avenue Single lane Untarred [NEWMAP] Gapiona Flood ESMP Report 144