TOGO SPEA REPORT – JUNE 2017 STAKEHOLDER AND POLITICAL ECONOMY ANALYSIS FOR TOGO TOGO SPEA REPORT June 2017 Client: The World Bank Prepared by: Aninver InfraPPP Partners S.L. Stakeholder and Political Economy Analysis for Togo 1 TOGO SPEA REPORT – JUNE 2017 DISCLAIMER This document has been prepared by Aninver InfraPPP Partners S.L. (“AIP”) for the World Bank (“WB”). This document does not necessarily reflect the views of the Bank. Information provided by the WB and third parties may have been used in the preparation of this document, but was not independently verified by AIP. The document may be provided to third parties for informational purposes only and shall not be relied upon by third parties as a specific professional advice or recommendation. Neither AIP nor its affiliates or related entities shall be responsible for any loss whatsoever sustained by any party who relies on any information included in this document. Stakeholder and Political Economy Analysis for Togo 2 TOGO SPEA REPORT – JUNE 2017 ACRONYMS AfDB African Development Bank AGBO –ZEGUE Togolese Association for the Conservation of Nature AGR Income Generating Activities (Activités Génératrices de Revenus) AIP Aninver InfraPPP Partners S.L. / the consultants ANGE National Agency of Environmental Management ANPC National Civil Protection Agency AVOTODE Togolese Association of Volunteers for the Development CGILE Integrated Management Center of Coastal and Environment CR Red Cross CSO Civil Society Organizations EBID ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development ECOWAS Economic Community Of West African States ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan FAO Food and Agriculture Organization GEF Global Environment Facility GIZ German Society for International Cooperation HCM High Council for the Sea IFC International Finance Corporation INROS Inros-Lackner AG (private firm) ISDB Islamic Development Bank LCT Lomé Container Terminal MERF Ministry for the Environment and Forest Resources NGO Non-Governmental Organizations MAEH Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Water MCIPST Ministry of Commerce, Industry, Private Sector Promotion and Tourism MSC Mediterranean Shipping Company MUHCV Ministry of Urban Development, Housing and Living Environment NAPA National Adaptation Programmes of Action OCDI Charity Organization for Integral Development OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development ONAEM National Agency Responsible for Marine State Action OPIQ Overseas Private Investment Corporation OTR Officie Togolais des Recettes PAL Port Authority of Lomé PEA Political Economy Analysis P&C Prefectures Lacs and Golfe and Communes Aného and Lomé R&D Research and Development SAZOF Free Trade Zone Administration Company SCAPE Strategy for Accelerated Growth and Employment Promotion SNPT New Phosphates Company of Togo SPEA Stakeholders and Political Economy Analysis TA Technical Assistance TIL Terminal Investment Limited ToR Terms of Reference TT Togo Terminal UEMOA West Africa Economic and Monetary Union UFC Union of the Forces for the Change UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Program UNFCCC United Nations Framework convention on Climate Change UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization UNIR Union for the Republic USAID United States Agency for International Development Stakeholder and Political Economy Analysis for Togo 3 TOGO SPEA REPORT – JUNE 2017 WACA West Africa Coastal Areas Project WASCAL West African Science Service Center on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use WB World Bank XOF West African CFA franc Stakeholder and Political Economy Analysis for Togo 4 TOGO SPEA REPORT – JUNE 2017 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Identification of key stakeholders – Togo ...................................................................................... 16 Figure 2. Stakeholders map – Togo ............................................................................................................. 17 Figure 3. Main challenges related to Coastal Management in Togo ............................................................. 19 Figure 4. List of main actions to combat coastal erosion and flooding in Togo and stakeholders involved .. 21 Figure 5. Key points of Togo’s coast ............................................................................................................ 22 Stakeholder and Political Economy Analysis for Togo 5 TOGO SPEA REPORT – JUNE 2017 CONTENT 1. Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................ 7 2. Introduction...................................................................................................................................... 8 3. Togo: macroeconomics ................................................................................................................... 8 4. Political situation.............................................................................................................................. 9 5. Stakeholders analysis ................................................................................................................... 10 6. Main challenges, barriers and governance issues......................................................................... 18 7. Potential investments related to coastal protection ....................................................................... 21 8. Conclusions and recommendations .............................................................................................. 23 Appendix 1. List of participants in the workshop of July 18, 2016 (Lomé) ........................................................ 24 Appendix 2. List of participants in the workshop of September 27, 2016 (Lomé) ............................................. 25 Bibliography...................................................................................................................................................... 27 Stakeholder and Political Economy Analysis for Togo 6 TOGO SPEA REPORT – JUNE 2017 1. Executive Summary 1.1. The World Bank awarded the contract to perform the “Stakeholders and Political Economy Analysis for Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Togo and Benin”, to Aninver InfraPPP Partners S.L. The contract was signed on June 10, 2016 and the start date set for that same day. 1.2. The study covers three main issues: (i) Stakeholders’ identification: main stakeholders related to coastal erosion and flooding in each country (distinguishing actors within the private sector, public sector, civil society, research and education, and donor community), who are the key stakeholders and map them to have a better understanding of the “playing field” in each country; (ii) Political economy analysis: understand which are the main challenges related to the problem in each country, the barriers to coordination, the agents of change and potential actions needed; and (iii) potential investments associated to coastal protection for each country. This document is the Final Report summarizing the main findings, conclusions and recommendations of the study and was improved and completed based on the feedback from the different participants in the study (a national workshop was held at Lomé to consult on these findings, conclusions and recommendations – see Appendix 2). 1.3. Togo’s macroeconomic situation is improving, the country’s economy has grown steadily during the last five years and the inflation has been particularly low during the period. Togo has a very centralized government at national level and local government still has a limited relevance. Civil Society Organizations are extensively present in Togo, with as many as 2,000 entities operating in the country. The environment is very present in the political agenda and the society is aware of protecting the biodiversity and ecosystems. 1.4. This study identifies, based on a series of interviews and field visits, the stakeholders related to the problem of coastal erosion and flooding in Togo. The key stakeholders are then identified according to their levels of legitimacy, resources and interconnections, and all the actors are mapped in a visual graph, marking those with higher influence in relation to the issue at stake. The key stakeholders are: 1.5.1. Government: Ministry for the Environment and Forest Resources (MERF), Autonomous Port of Lomé (PAL), High Council for the Sea (HCM), Free Trade Zone Administration Company (SAZOF), the New Phosphate Company of Togo (SNPT) and the Ministry of Urban Development, Housing and Living Environment (MUHCV). 1.5.2. Private Sector: Lomé Container Terminal (LCT) and Togo terminal (TT). 1.5.3. Civil Society: Togolese Association of Volunteers for the Development (AVOTODE) and Togolese Association for the Conservation of Nature (AGBO-ZEGUE). 1.5.4. Research and education: Integrated Management Center of Coastal and Environment (CGILE; part of the University of Lomé). 1.5.5. NGOs and technical and financial partners: German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ), World Bank Group (WB) and West Africa Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA) 1.5. The main challenges that the country faces related to coastal protection are: (i) lack of coastal protection infrastructure along the coast; (ii) improve conservation of biodiversity and ecosystems; (iii) absence of funding for coastal protection measures and coordination and (iv) need of developing new of income generating activities for coast residents and businesses. 1.6. The main barriers to carry out efficient and integrated coastal management measures in Togo are the following: (i) lack of coordination in the governmental actions performed to combat coastal erosion; (ii) absence of specific resources dedicated to coordination; (iii) implementation capabilities in different organizations and institutions need to improve; (iv) lack of integrated and standard information shared by the key actors; and (v) personal interests of politicians faced against public service interests. 1.7. Considering the list of main actions needed and the potential investments to combat coastal erosion and flooding in Togo, the study concludes on the following recommendations: 1.7.1. Reinforce the capabilities to implement actions of the High Council for the Sea; integrating research results for decision making and initiatives to protect biodiversity. 1.7.2. Strengthen the capabilities and reach of the Integrated Management Center of Coastal and Environment of the University of Lomé (CGILE). 1.7.3. Collaborate with the central government, especially the MERF, in developing integrated initiatives for coastal protection; including dealing with the Port and state-owned companies (SAZOF, SNPT). 1.7.4. Support Togolese NGOs to invest in public awareness and sensitization campaigns, and develop new income generating activities for local communities and businesses affected for coastal erosion. Stakeholder and Political Economy Analysis for Togo 7 TOGO SPEA REPORT – JUNE 2017 1.7.5. Help to build implementation capabilities in local governments of coastal villages, especially in sanitation, environmental issues and urban planning. 2. Introduction 2.1. The World Bank awarded the contract to perform the “Stakeholders and Political Economy Analysis for Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Togo and Benin”, to Aninver InfraPPP Partners S.L. The contract was signed on June 10, 2016 and the start date set for that same day. During the last weeks, the consultants did some field trips, performed interviews to key stakeholders, compiled data and examined the existing literature related to both Political Economy Analysis and coastal issues in Western Africa. This report is part of the final set of deliverables 1 of the study (SPEA reports for Ghana, Togo, Benin and Côte d’Ivoire). Methodological aspects 2.2. The methodology for the four SPEA reports was defined in the Inception Report of the assignment. Basically, the report covers three main issues: - Stakeholders’ identification: main stakeholders related to coastal erosion and flooding in each country, distinguishing private sector, public sector and civil society actors, who are the key stakeholders and map them to have a better understanding of the “playing field” in each country. - Political economy analysis: understand which are the main challenges related to the problem in each country, the barriers to coordination, the agents of change and potential actions needed. - Additionally, the reports will cover potential investments associated to coastal protection for each country. 2.3. In order to ensure that knowledge and experience is leveraged at national level, the consultants travelled to Togo twice in July 2016. In the first mission (July 10-12) several meetings and field trips to coastal areas were organized with the local World Bank team and the Togolese Ministry of Environment and Forest Resource (MERF). In the second trip, the consultants attended a workshop in Lomé organized with the collaboration of the Secretary General of the MERF, where they could interview many stakeholders and collect many valuable opinions through the standard questionnaire. This first workshop took place on July 18. 2.4. The team completed and validated the main findings and conclusions of this report, in a second national workshop held in Lomé on September 27th 2016. 20 participants attended this workshop that was very useful to collect new views, refine the findings and preliminary conclusions and overall complete and validate the consultants’ work. With this feedback and the client’s comments, the consultants prepared this final version of the report in English and French. After finishing the four SPEA reports, the consultants prepared a regional report for Western Africa aggregating the findings and extracting conclusions and recommendations at that regional level. 2.5. The final edition of all the reports of the assignment has been prepared in June 2017, after receiving the final comments from the different stakeholders. Since all the field work took place during 2016, there could have happened changes, appointments or the creation of new governmental bodies that are not completely reflected in the final version of the reports. 3. Togo: macroeconomics 3.1. The Togolese Republic is a presidential constitutional democracy located in West Africa, with a population of 7.3 million 2. Togo’s neighbors include: Ghana in the West, Benin in the East and Burkina Faso in the North. West African CFA franc (XOF) is the official currency and French the official language. 3.2. The Togolese economy has grown steadily during the last years. GDP growth was 4.0% in 2013, 5.9% in 2014 and 5.5% in 2015. The industrial and the service sectors were the major contributors to the GDP growth. In agriculture, growth was much more volatile between 0% in 2013, to 14% in 2014. It is also important to consider the contribution of OTR (Office Togolais des Recettes) for ensuring public revenues from different activities, including those related to the shipping industry, that contributes to the country’s economy growth. 1 The first deliverable of the study was the Inception Report 2 Source for GDP (historical and projections), population and exports data: www.data.worldbank.org and Ghana country profile – World Bank. Stakeholder and Political Economy Analysis for Togo 8 TOGO SPEA REPORT – JUNE 2017 3.3. The inflation in Togo has been particularly low during the last years. Inflation rate in the country averaged 0.81% 3 during the 2001 - 2016 period, reaching a maximum of 15.83% in August of 2008 and a minimum of - 26.77% in May of 2010. Low inflation can be explained through the behavior of food prices and reductions in retail fuel prices. It is expected to increase to 2.5% in 2017, remaining stable afterwards. 3.4. According to the World Bank’s Doing Business 2015 report, Togo is among the top 10 of world economies that have most improved their business environment. The country has moved 15 positions up the business environment ranking but it still 149th in the world. The time needed to legally set up a business has strongly decreased: from 38 days in 2012 to 19 in 2013, and 10 in 2014 and 2015 4. 3.5. Top exports in Togo are: crops such as coffee, cocoa, maize and cotton, cement and clinker, and phosphates. The top export destinations are: Burkina Faso, China, France, Germany, Niger and Ghana. 3.6. Togo current account deficit grew from 7.5% of GDP in 2012 5 to 12.8% of GDP in 2014, primarily as a result of higher imports linked to the development of the transportation network and the relative underperformance of exports due to equipment constraints that slowed down phosphate exploitation and operational accidents and strikes that interrupted the production of cement and clinker. Additionally, economic slowdown and large depreciation in the currencies of key trading partners have also affected the country exports. It is expected that the current account deficit remains around 11% in the medium term, and below 10% in the long term. 3.7. Togolese GDP is projected to keep growing at good pace: 6.0% in 2016, 5.0% in 2017 and 5.5% in 2018 as government investment in infrastructure continues. Public investment increased to 9.7% of GDP in 2015, continuing the growing during 2013 (8.3%) and 2014 (9.1%). In the future, public investment is expected to be around 9% of the GDP. 3.8. In late 2010, Togo reached the completion point of the HIPC Initiative and was granted debt relief from several multilateral and bilateral lenders. These facts dropped the ratio of external debt to GDP from 53.9% in 2009 6 to 19.9% in 2010. Since then, it has grown, reaching 26.9% in 2014. About 51% of the total debt belong to multilateral lenders and the remaining 49% belongs to bilateral and commercial lenders. 4. Political situation 4.1. Togo (officially the “Republique Togolaise”) gained full independence from France in April 1960. During years, Togo has struggled to build a stable country and economy, with some progress achieved in the last years. 4.2. After the first democratic presidential elections held in 1961 and different military interventions, a new government was established. Through one-party government system the same president ruled as head of state for 38 years, until he died in 2005. In April 2005, he won the presidential elections and the elections were followed by civil protests. 4.3. The president and his party has won all the elections since then: the first free parliamentary elections in 2007, the presidential elections of 2010, the parliamentary elections of 2013 and the latest presidential election held in 2015. The wining party was originally denominated RPT or “Rassemblement du People Togolais”, and changed its name to UNIR (“Union Pour la République”) in 2012. 4.4. Latest elections have been peaceful and recognized as credible by the international community. In the current electoral system, the rural, less-populated North provides more members of parliament than the more populated and developed South. Voter turnout declined in the last elections showing some disappointment of population: 66% in parliamentary elections of 2013 (vs 85% in 2007) and 61% in presidential elections of 2015 (vs 65% in 2010). 4.5. The unicameral National Assembly is Togo’s legislative body. It has a total of 91 members who are elected in a party list proportional representation system and serve five-year terms. After the 2013 parliamentary election, there are five political forces represented in the Togo’s parliament 7: • UNIR (former RPT), gained 62 out of 91 seats in 2013’s parliamentary elections. 3 Trading Economics: http://www.tradingeconomics.com/togo/inflation-cpi. 4 AfDB, OECD, UNDP. African Economic Outlook, Togo. 2016. 5 International Monetary fund, IMF Country Report No. 15/309, Togo November 2015 6 International Monetary fund, Staff report for the 2015 article iv consultation—debt sustainability analysis, Togo October 2015 7 Electoral information taken from www.wikipedia.org and www.freedomhouse.com Stakeholder and Political Economy Analysis for Togo 9 TOGO SPEA REPORT – JUNE 2017 • CST (Collectif Sauvons le Togo), 19 seats. This alliance was established in 2012 by several smaller parties, including the ANC (Alliance Nationale pour le Changement), which was formed by the previous leader of the UFC youth and the main opposition political leader. • Rainbow Alliance, 6 seats. • UFC (Union des Forces du Changement), 3 seats. 4.6. Local government in Togo has still to be developed. Local elections, though stated in the Constitution and agreed with the European Union in 2004, have been continuously postponed since 1987. Therefore, the government in Togo is strongly centralized at national level with few power or resources still allocated to the local administrative system. 4.7. Some reports have seen corruption as a problem in the Togolese state, as in other African states 8. Freedom of press is guaranteed by law and religious freedom is constitutionally protected and generally respected. Islam and Christianity are recognized as official religions, and other religious groups register as associations. 4.8. Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) are extensively present in Togo’s daily life, with as many as 2,000 organizations operating in the country8. The government supports the development of NGOs in order to influence non-partisan political expression and also foster their federation (there are different federations of NGOs in Togo, such as the UONGTO or the FONTGO). 4.9. Togo’s government exerts high levels of political influence, affecting the business climate (many regulatory burdens), the development of a more effective judiciary power and the right enforcement of laws and contracts. The land tenure system is complex, with traditional and modern law systems coexisting and competing. 5. Stakeholders analysis 5.1. Throughout our research, we identified the different stakeholders related to coastal erosion and flooding in Togo. The stakeholders are grouped as: public sector, private sector, civil society, research and education, and donors. Over this list, the study signals the key stakeholders, and finally map them in a more visual scheme. Local population, not being considered as a stakeholder in itself (apart from CSOs representing local communities), are the true victims of coastal erosion and must occupy a very relevant position in any further plan or action. They need to be taken into account for any initiative that will be carried out in relation to coastal protection. Public sector 5.2. The public sector stakeholders identified are the following: 5.2.1. Ministry for the Environment and Forest Resources (“Ministère de l'Environnement et des Ressources Forestières” - MERF): the ministry in charge of developing legislation and policies related to the environment, forest and wildlife. It was created by decree No. 88-87 of 9 May 1988, later by decree No. 2001-203 of 19 November 2001, the organization changed its name MERF. MERF is currently participating in REDD+ 9, which is a financial mechanism of payments of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) with the purpose of reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. 5.2.2. Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Water (“Ministere de l'Agriculture, de l'ELevage et de l'Hydraulique” – MAEH): the ministry that implements the state policy in the areas of agriculture, livestock, fisheries and, water resources. Of them, the fisheries sector is one of the most affected for the coastal erosion. The ministry aims to strengthen food and nutritional security, and improve the population’s access to clean water and adequate sanitation. 5.2.3. Ministry of Commerce, Industry, Private Sector Promotion and Tourism (“Ministere du Commerce, de l'Industrie, de la Promotion du Secteur privé el du Tourisme” – MCIPST): this ministry is responsible to establish a legal, institutional and operational framework, to enable distribution, 8 Bertelsmann Stiftung. Bertelsmann Stiftung’s Transformation Index (BTI), Togo Country Report, 2016. 9 GIZ’s web site https://www.giz.de/en/worldwide/31415.html Stakeholder and Political Economy Analysis for Togo 10 TOGO SPEA REPORT – JUNE 2017 import and export, to meet consumer needs, to contribute to the competitiveness of the country’s companies and to reduce the poverty. The ministry is in charge of tourism, which is one of the sectors able to create new income generation activities for the communities affected by coastal erosion. 5.2.4. Ministry of Urban Development, Housing and Living Environment (“Ministere de l'Urbanisme, de l'Habitat et du Cadre de vie” – MUHCV): the ministry that implements the government’s urban planning policy. Since the number of people living on the coast is increasing, the ministry responsible for urban planning is essential to prevent damages in these areas. The ministry is also responsible to establishes new locations for the population and buildings affected. During the second workshop, representatives of this ministry remarked the relevance of the work done up to date updating cadastral information on coastal areas and the fact that many people affected do not wish to leave the affected areas. The ministry is working on improving the property and land registry across the country through a new management scheme but they declared that land management is still an issue. Within this Ministry, the “Agence Nationale d’Assainissement et de Salubrité Publique (ANASAP)” was mentioned during the latest workshop as one of the relevant agencies. This agency is the public authority in permanent charge of the issue of public health. In May 2016, the Agency ventured into a simulation of a flood management called "Togbossi 2016" in the Lakes prefecture. 5.2.5. National Agency of Environmental Management (“Agence Nationale de Gestion de L’Environnement” - ANGE): structure of the MERF, ANGE supports the implementation of the national environmental policy. Created in 2011, the agency is able to play a key role between the public and the private sector to carry out the county’s environmental policy. The agency supports, among others, the development of environmental impact studies and the establishment and management of the environmental information system. Additionally, it gives technical support to local authorities, community organizations and NGOs. 5.2.6. National Civil Protection Agency (“Agence Nationale de Protection Civile” – ANPC) is under the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection. The agency was created in February 2017 for coordinating the actions of all structures involved in the field of civil protection and for serving as a single contact point for mobilizing resources from humanitarian and development partners. 5.2.7. Autonomous Port of Lomé (“Port Autonome de Lomé” - PAL): the port authority was created on 7 April 1967. The authority manages the port of Lomé, which was inaugurated in 1968. The port handles up to 80% of the international trade of Togo and plays a very relevant role for the international trade of landlocked countries such as Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger. In 2015, PAL and Lomé Container Terminal along with several Togolese agencies, worked on a report related to the coastal erosion at the East side of the port of Lomé. The coastal erosion has already destroyed, among other key infrastructure, buildings and roads, in the East area of the port of Lomé. 5.2.8. High Council for the Sea (“Haut Conseil pour la Mer” – HCM). Through the decree No. 2014-113/PR of April 30th, 2014, and due to the continuing threats faced by the coastal areas of the country, the Togolese authorities have set up a “Haut Conseil pour la Mer”, which is under ONAEM, an organization established in 2014 to reinforce and coordinate the public administration’s actions to preserve the maritime interest of the country. HCM coordinates the State’s action to combat coastal erosion, a phenomenon that continues to grow in all coastal states of West Africa. The High Council for the Sea is chaired by the Head of State and is responsible for defining the strategic direction of the Togo Maritime Policy. The first session of the HCM was held on September 18, 2014 under the chairmanship of Togo’s President in Lomé. The agency’s priorities are, among others: protection of the marine environment, promotion of research and education, and boost international cooperation. The agency counts on the support of some donor countries, like France and the council meets every three months. There was some discussion during the second workshop on the relevance of HCM or ONAEM as key stakeholder for the coastal erosion and flooding issues but finally HCM was identified as one of the most relevant stakeholders and truly a differential public agency when compared with other countries in the set of the study. Stakeholder and Political Economy Analysis for Togo 11 TOGO SPEA REPORT – JUNE 2017 5.2.9. Free Trade Zone Administration Company (“Société d’Administration des Zones Franches” - SAZOF): it is an entity established in 1989 with the support of cooperation agencies such as United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIQ) and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). SAZOF was created to manage the Togo Free Zone. It is located right by the port, although it also has business in other parts of the country, and its mission is the promotion and expansion of export oriented activities in the country, which are quite related to the Togo’s port system. So far, the zone has 64 companies 10 operating there. This large industrial space next to the coast line represents a big risk for the country when considering coastal erosion and climate change effects. 5.2.10. New Phosphate Company of Togo (SNPT) is a state-owned firm based in Kpémé and founded in May 2007, although the company became fully operational in August 2008. The company operates under the Togo’s Ministry of Mines and Energy. SNPT is focused on the extraction, processing and marketing of phosphate. The company owns an offshore wharf at Kpémé, east of Lomé, where it operates a phosphate plant right by the sea. The facility processes phosphates from the mines of Hahotoé and Kpogamé and generates 2.5 million tons per year 11 of material that needs to be treated. This stakeholder is relevant given the location of the plant by the sea, and the sea pollution problems that phosphate production causes. 5.2.11. Prefectures of Lacs and Golfe and Communes of Aného and Lomé. The two prefectures are located in the coast of Togo. The commune of Lomé is located in the Golfe prefecture. Aneho, which is located in the coast between the Atlantic Ocean and the Lake Togo, just in the border with Benin, belongs to the Lacs prefecture. Although local governments have a limited weight in Togo, these four stakeholders were mentioned during the research. Private sector 5.3. The private sector stakeholders identified are the following: 5.3.1. Lomé Container Terminal (LCT): a special purpose vehicle (SPV) set up to handle a 35-year concession awarded in December 2008. The concession includes the development and operation of a container terminal at the port of Lomé. The private terminal, currently in construction and financed by the International Finance Corporation (IFC), is owned by Terminal Investment Limited (TIL) and China Merchants Holding International (CMHI). 5.3.2. Togo Terminal: it is a Bolloré Group subsidiary which was awarded the concession of a container terminal of the Port of Lomé for a period of 35 years. The firm is currently carrying out the modernization and expansion of the terminal, which was recently upgraded with a new quayside. The construction of this terminal and LCT received complaints regarding the acceleration of the coastal erosion down drift to the East of the port of Lomé 12. 5.3.3. INROS Lackner: it is a German advisory firm that provides technical advisory services in the areas of structural, hydraulic, transportation, and civil engineering. The company has been working for several years supporting the development of the port of Lomé. In 2015 Inros Lackner Togo was created. The firm was responsible for the development of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) 13 as well as the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the Lomé Container Terminal project. 5.3.4. ENI: is an Italian oil and gas multinational headquartered in Rome. In October 2010, the firm was awarded an exploration license for Togo’s blocks 1 and 2, which are located in the zone called "Bassin du 10 SAZOF’s web site, list of active companies. 11 Ocean Data and Information Network for Africa (ODINAFRICA). African Oceans and Coasts 2001 12 Bolloré´s’s web site http://www.bollore-africa-logistics.com/en/ports-and-terminals/container-terminals/port-of-lome- togo.htmll 13 CAO assessment report, Complaint regarding IFC Investment in Lome Container Terminal (Project # 29197) – August 2015 Stakeholder and Political Economy Analysis for Togo 12 TOGO SPEA REPORT – JUNE 2017 Dahomey.". This license contract was signed by ENI's chief executive and the Togolese Mines and Energy Minister. 5.3.5. OMA is present in the country since 2010 through OMA Togo, which is located in the port zone of Lomé. The company provides several oil & gas and offshore related services which are, among others: provision of platform support vessels and assistance with local content matters in the oil & gas industry including the joint venture incorporation process, licensing and permit acquisition and registration with all relevant authorities. Civil society 5.4. The civil society stakeholders identified are the following: 5.4.1. Togolese Association of Volunteers for the Development (“Association des Volontaires Togolais pour le Développement” - AVOTODE): it is a local ONG that aims to improve the living conditions of the coastal communities located in the Southeast Togo. Their main areas of intervention are: microfinance, crafts, agriculture, and health 5.4.2. Togolese Association for the Conservation of Nature (“L’Association Togolaise pour la Conservation de la Nature” - AGBO–ZEGUE), is a non-profit organization established on 18 July 2001 in Lomé. AGBO-ZEGUE's mission is to provide scientific and technical support to decision makers and local communities involved in the conservation of endangered species as well as fragile ecosystems and especially protected areas. 5.4.3. Charity Organization for Integral Development (“Organisation de la Charité pour un Développement Intégral” - OCDI) was created by the Episcopal Conference of Togo and the social charity service of the Catholic Church in Togo. This organization was recognized by the state in October 1967. Today, OCDI focus on investing in the areas of health, education, rural development, rural water supply and the promotion of women 5.4.4. Red Cross of Togo (“Croix-Rouge” – CR): Red Cross was established in Togo in 1958 due to a population movement in the repatriation of Ghanaian, Beninese and Togolese communities to Côte d'Ivoire. At that time the institution hosted Togolese citizens returning to their respective localities, and assisted them. A committee was formed and food distribution centers have been established in the country. The goal of Red Cross Togo is to prevent and alleviate suffering of local communities affected by, among others, natural disasters. Research and education 5.5. In Togo two stakeholders were identified in the education and research community: 5.5.1. Integrated Management Center of Coastal and Environment (“Centre de Gestion Intégrée du Littoral et de l’Environnement” - CGILE): it is a research center of the University of Lomé that houses the National Oceanographic Data Centre. The institution collects data on the marine and coastal environment from observation, networks or statistical surveys in Togo. The center studies, among others, the rising sea levels to have a better understanding of the impacts, including coastal erosion and salt water intrusion in groundwater, lagoons and alluvial plains. 5.5.2. West African Science Service Center on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use (WASCAL) of the University of Lomé, was launched in 2010 WASCAL is a regional program funded by Germany and in Togo it is represented by MRPCCHS (Master Research Program on Climate Change and Human Security). The center provides science-based advice to policymakers and stakeholders on climate change impacts, mitigation, and adaptation measures Technical and financial partners 14 14 The name of this category was changed (previously «Donors community») as suggested in the discussions with stakeholders Stakeholder and Political Economy Analysis for Togo 13 TOGO SPEA REPORT – JUNE 2017 5.6. The main stakeholders identified in this category are the following: 5.6.1. United Nations system (UN): UN is very active in Togo through several programs: UNCDF, UNDP and UNEP among others. Mrs. Khardiata Lo N'Diaye is the Resident Coordinator of the United Nations system in Togo and Country Representative for UNDP. UNDP has been very active in Togo during the last years sponsoring climate change-related initiatives such as the “Elaboration of the National Program of Adaptation for Climate Change (NAPA)”. A mangroves rehabilitation program was also led by UN. UNEP, through the Global Environment Facility (GEF) supported the preparation of Togo’s update reports to UNFCCC. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the specialized agency of the UN that leads international efforts to defeat hunger, has a program in Togo related to climate change interventions to generate new sources of revenues in affected areas. Togo has been a member of the United Nations since 1960. UN supports the country through programs for training people, institutional capacity building and technology transfer, among others. Togo’s president attended the United Nations Climate conference in Paris, and the president appealed at that event to assist Togo fighting against coastal erosion. 5.6.2. German Cooperation Agency (“Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit” - GIZ): GIZ began working and opened an office in the capital Lomé, in early 2013 and has set up local programme offices in the cities of Kpalimé, Tsévié and Sokodé. It currently has a total of 26 international and 100 local staff working in the country. GIZ was among the 10 participants that attended the XIV World Forestry Congress in Togo. GIZ is supporting the Togolese government in the implementation and monitoring of its national strategy for growth and job creation, in demographic dynamics and adaptation to the climate change and in forest rehabilitation programs and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Finally, GIZ works in the field of biodiversity conservation along the border river, Mono. These activities are funded by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Construction and Nuclear Safety. 5.6.3. West Africa Economic and Monetary Union (“Union Économique et Monétaire Ouest - Africaine” - UEMOA): an organization of eight, mainly francophone West African states within the ECOWAS (that is dominated otherwise by Anglo-phone heavyweights like Nigeria and Ghana). It was established to promote economic integration among countries that share the CFA franc as a common currency and created by a treaty signed at Dakar, Senegal, on 10 January 1994. Their objectives include achieving greater economic competitiveness, through open markets, in addition to the rationalization and harmonization of the legal environment, macro-economic and fiscal policies. UEMOA also finances development projects in its state members. In March 2016, UEMOA and the AfDB, among others, started discussions related to develop new coastal protection infrastructure. 5.6.4. Islamic Development Bank (ISDB): the Islamic Development Bank is an international financial institution established in pursuance of the Declaration of Intent issued by the Conference of Finance Ministers of Muslim Countries held in December 1973, and was formally opened on 20 October 1975. The purpose of the Bank is to foster the economic development and social progress of member countries and Muslim communities individually as well as jointly in accordance with the principles of Shari'ah i.e., Islamic Law. In January this year, ISDB and Togo signed three funding agreements worth 194 million U.S. dollars to develop a road project which will enable Burkina Faso to have direct access to the port of Lomé 5.6.5. African Development Bank (AfDB): the AfDB is a multilateral development finance institution established to contribute to the economic development and social progress of African countries. The AfDB Group was founded in 1964 and currently comprises three different entities: the African Development Bank, the African Development Fund and the Nigeria Trust Fund. AfDB provides financial resources to African governments and private companies investing the Regional Member Countries. The Bank is headquartered in Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire) and governed by a Board of Executive Directors and a Board of Governors, both made up of representatives of its member countries. The voting power corresponds 60% to African or “regional” countries and 40% to “non-regional” member countries Stakeholder and Political Economy Analysis for Togo 14 TOGO SPEA REPORT – JUNE 2017 (“donors”). The President of the Bank is Mr. Akinwumi Ayodeji Adesina, elected on September 2015, and a Nigerian citizen. The overarching objective of the bank is to support the economic development and social progress of the country members. The bank’s 2013 – 20120 strategy will focus on two objectives to improve the quality of Africa’s growth: inclusive growth and the transition to green growth. In Togo, the AFDB, thought the Africa Climate Change Fund (ACCF) provided in May this year US$0.8 million to, among others, promote integrate climate resilience trough a project that comprises the climate-proofed study of the Abidjan-Lagos Coastal Corridor road between Togo and Benin. The AfDB is in advanced conversations with the Government of Togo to finance specific coastal protection works in the country. 5.6.6. ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development (EBID): is the financial institution established by the 15 Member States of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). EBID aims to foster the emergence of an economically strong, West Africa with a fully integrated economic system. The bank has two funding areas, one focused on the promotion of the private sector and the other focused on the development of the public sector. The bank finances projects related to, among others, transport, environment and natural resources. 5.6.7. World Bank (WB): is a global partnership fighting poverty worldwide through sustainable solutions. Togo joined this organization on August 1, 1962. At the moment, the World Bank portfolio for Togo has 15 active projects, representing a total volume of finance of approximately US$196 million. In 2016, the World Bank and West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU), with financial support from the Nordic Development Fund, began the implementation of erosion and adaptation project in the coastal areas of West Africa under the Technical Assistance Programme to the management of West Africa's coast (WACA - West Africa coastal Areas) including Togo, Ghana, Côte d’Ivoire and Benin. Key stakeholders 5.7. To assess which are the main stakeholders related to the problem of coastal erosion and flooding in Togo we followed a combined approach of asking the interviewees and our own assessment based on the following key questions 15: 5.7.1. Legitimacy: does the actor hold an influential position with strong legitimacy? 5.7.2. Resources: does the actor dispose of specific material and immaterial resources that allow him to shape the issue at stake? 5.7.3. Network: is the actor well interconnected with other influential actors? 5.7.4. Overall, is the actor a key stakeholder related to the issue at stake? The results of this assessment are shown in Figure 1. These should be the change agents to consider for designing and implementing effective actions in Togo related to this problem. 15 We followed for sections 5.7 and 5.8 (partially) the ideas and graphic figures from the Federal Department of Foreign Affairs, Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation. East Asia Division, Focal Point and Network, Political Economy and Development PED Network, tool 1: stakeholder analysis (2011). Stakeholder and Political Economy Analysis for Togo 15 TOGO SPEA REPORT – JUNE 2017 Figure 1. Identification of key stakeholders – Togo Stakeholder and Political Economy Analysis for Togo 16 TOGO SPEA REPORT – JUNE 2017 Mapping of stakeholders 5.8. The visual representation of the stakeholders in Togo, which are the key stakeholders and those with estimated stronger influence in relation to coastal erosion and flooding are shown in Figure 2. Figure 2. Stakeholders map – Togo Stakeholder and Political Economy Analysis for Togo 17 TOGO SPEA REPORT – JUNE 2017 6. Main challenges, barriers and governance issues Context 6.1. Based on our analysis, there are some key aspects that frame the problem of coastal erosion and flooding in Togo: 6.1.1. Given Togo’s political system, ethnic links and informal relationships strongly matter in political administration. The insignificant role of local governance, with few decentralized processes or resources, force most of the actors willing to intervene in the country to go through the central government to make any impact. 6.1.2. As in other neighbor countries, acting close to local communities, getting locals’ perspectives and ensuring buy-in is key in any future intervention. In Togo, the importance of civil society organizations to gain the local perspective and work with the communities is very high in our view. 6.1.3. The main victims of coastal erosion are local communities and small business located in the coastal areas. At the same time, these collectivities should be the most benefited from future interventions to combat coastal erosion. Currently, the citizens affected by coastal erosion in Togo are not well organized. During the second workshop the participants discussed on the role of the people affected but it was agreed that they could be beneficiaries but no stakeholders as such if not properly represented. In the specific case of Togo, some participants commented that local communities were acting by themselves, and that these collectivities needed to be better organized and represented. 6.1.4. The environment seems to be in the political agenda. The MERF is well organized and through our interviews and field visits we contrasted their serious commitment to solve the problem. We consider Togo to be at the spearhead of coastal protection issues in the region. 6.1.5. In Togo, there are environmental laws and coordination bodies for coastal issues (e.g. “Haute Conseil pour la Mer” for political coordination and the CGILE for R&D coordination on coastal issues). Sand mining for example is forbidden by law but we checked in our field visits that sand from the beach was used in many new construction sites. Law enforcement needs to be improved, although the team was informed that the creation of an environmental police is under way. During the second workshop, the idea of following up on the environmental protection measures proposed in the Environmental Impact Assessment or studies was raised and discussed. Other interesting contributions mentioned the need of studying and analyzing past interventions to define lessons learnt on coastal protection. 6.1.6. Given the limited length of Togo’s coastline (50 km), border relations with neighbor countries in reference to coastal issues gain especial relevance. With Benin, there have been several meetings at the highest political level, and the two countries have set ground for coordinated action on coastal issues. With Ghana, the conversations are not as advanced but the Togolese government officials recognized the relevance of establishing this coordination as well. The border stretch of Aneho (Togo) - Grand Popo (Benin) is one of the most affected sections by coastal erosion in the region, and a good example of how urgent and necessary is regional coordination in these matters. 6.1.7. The country started a “clean city operation” in all the country, on the first Saturday of every month. Population, workers and the military cleaned all public areas with evident results in Lomé. The program is now being re-assessed in order to not duplicate cleaning efforts. The country is also passing a regulation forbidding the use of non-biodegradable plastic bags. In our view, the environmental conscience and attitude in Togo is a key fact to leverage in any further intervention. 6.1.8. Past human intervention in Togo (enlargement of Lomé’s container terminals, hydroelectric dam in Mono River, and especially the Akossombo dam in Ghana) is believed to have caused an impact on coastal erosion, through altering the sediments flow 16. The central government is now really aware of these impacts and is directing funds from other infrastructure investments to protect the coast. Challenges 6.2. The main challenges related to coastal erosion and flooding in Togo, based on our investigation are: 16 Based on our discussions with MERF and other stakeholders Stakeholder and Political Economy Analysis for Togo 18 TOGO SPEA REPORT – JUNE 2017 6.2.1. One of the most commented challenged has been the low concentration of protection infrastructure along the country’s coastal area. This affects the capacity of the coast to resist erosion caused by, among others, rising sea level and weather inclemency. The country has developed several infrastructure projects at the coast, including new container terminals at the port of Lomé carries out by Lomé Container Terminal and Togo Terminal. This kind of investment should be linked to the development of specific measures to protect the degradation of the coastal line in the areas surrounded the new infrastructure, especially when these areas, such as the east of the port of Lomé, have a high risk of damage. In Kpémé, a town located approximately 30 kilometers east of Lomé, the phenomenon of coastal erosion is very advanced. 6.2.2. The consultants have find that poor conservation of biodiversity and ecosystems in a key challenge related to the coastal Erosion in Togo. Although the environment is in the political agenda, the country has several ecosystems that need to be preserved. As an example, several studies have confirmed that estuarine ecosystems with intact mangroves have a sediment accretion while areas cleared of mangroves had sediment erosion 17. 6.2.3. Lack of funding of institutions, government organizations and local communities is a clear challenge in Togo. The country has not enough funding to carry out specific measures to protect the coast from erosion and to support local communities affected for the loss of land. Furthermore, there are not enough funding to help business, such as hotels that have been destroyed and damaged due to coastal erosion. As an example, the University of Lomé has developed studies that propose several measures that are not able to be implemented. 6.2.4. Need of implementing new income generating activities, AGR by its French acronym “Activités Génératrices de Revenus”, is the fourth identified challenge that the country faces in terms of coastal erosion. Local communities along with local business have difficulties to find alternative options to generate income when the zones where they are located narrow or even disappear. Lack of AGR decrease the adaptation capacity of local residents to alterations along the coast caused by the erosion and natural disasters including floods which are increasing in frequency and intensity due to climate change. Several villages along the country’s coast are endangered due to erosion is swallowing between 5 to 10 meters of the coastline per year. 6.3. The challenges as mentioned in the questionnaires by the interviewees are shown in the following figure: Figure 3. Main challenges related to Coastal Management in Togo 17 Portland State University, The Erosion of Coastal Sediment and Regeneration of Rhizophora mangle Following Anthropogenic Disturbance on Turneffe Atoll, 2015. Stakeholder and Political Economy Analysis for Togo 19 TOGO SPEA REPORT – JUNE 2017 Barriers to coordination 6.4. Based on our research the main barriers to effective coastal protection actions in Togo mentioned (in this order) are: 6.4.1. Overall there is a clear perception of lack of coordination in the actions performed to combat coastal erosion in Togo. Conflicts of competence among the different ministries, non-harmonized governmental programs or lack of synergies among the interventions were mentioned by the interviewees. Although Togo is a country that is already answering this challenge, in practice the centralization of government is not necessarily resulting in a more coordinated action. 6.4.2. The absence of dedicated resources (including funding) is another clear barrier and was the second most mentioned factor. Organizations frequently lack resources and funds to coordinate and implement the planned activities. 6.4.3. The lack of implementation capabilities in different organizations and institutions is hampering the execution of some planned interventions. Weak institutions with limited human and technical capabilities would need to reinforce their resources to be able to execute. By contrast with Togo, in other analyzed countries the lack of planning capabilities seemed more relevant. 6.4.4. As in Ghana, the lack of integrated information and this data being shared by all the stakeholders is also a barrier to coastal protection. Answers also referred to relevant and successful experiences in coastal protection in the country not being shared among the stakeholders. Information not only refers to research but also basic information that allow to increase awareness among population. 6.4.5. Other barriers mentioned included: not clear prioritization criteria for governmental actions, absence of strategic planning related to coastal issues, border conflicts with neighbor countries (referring to the already mentioned need of collaboration in the border with Benin and Ghana, section 6.1.5), low level of decentralization, the need of specific training on coastal issues and a lack of specific policies on relocation of people affected by coastal erosion. Actions needed 6.5. Our research investigated what actions are needed from the different stakeholders in order to mitigate coastal erosion and flooding in Togo in a more coordinated way. Figure 4 collects the different proposed actions and which stakeholders should be involved in each. Stakeholder and Political Economy Analysis for Togo 20 TOGO SPEA REPORT – JUNE 2017 Figure 4. List of main actions to combat coastal erosion and flooding in Togo and stakeholders involved 7. Potential investments related to coastal protection 7.1. The approach of Togo’s government to coastal protection has been incorporated into the 2013 – 2017 SCAPE (“Stratégie de croissance accélérer et de promotion de l’emploi”). The government aims to implement several measures to solve coastal problems including coastal erosion, population pressure and industrial pollution. The measures are the following: develop and implement a coastal development plan, monitoring the coast line and set up an information system, develop an integrated coastal management framework, fight against erosion and its effects and fight against sea pollution. 7.2. The coast is protected by breakwaters and groynes for 12 km between Kpeme- Gumukope and Aneho. In the town of Aneho the World Bank financed several construction programs, including a two-lane road with street lights that runs through the town to the border with Benin, a system of culverts to dispose of storm water and the construction of a second bridge. The infrastructure connecting Lomé-Cotonou is now much more efficient. Stakeholder and Political Economy Analysis for Togo 21 TOGO SPEA REPORT – JUNE 2017 Figure 5. Key points of Togo’s coast 7.3. Togo has attracted investment from international companies and donors that have developed several terminals at the port of Lomé, which is located 7 km from the city center. The development of the port area has caused coastal erosion down drift to the East (sediment streams run from West to East in the Guinea Gulf). Togo’s Lomé Container Terminal (LCT) started full operations for large vessels in early 2015. LCT is owned by Mediterranean Shipping Company (MSC), China Merchant Holding International and China Development Bank. The private terminal is operated by Terminal Investment Limited (TIL). OPEC Fund and the International Finance Corporation (IFC) are among the project financiers. Additionally, Togo Terminal, subsidiary of Bolloré Africa Logistics was awarded the concession of other container terminals at the port of Lomé. The company has carried out several investments to modernize and extend the port facilities. The relevance of the role of the port and their private partners for the coastal erosion problem in Togo is well known, and future investments should recognize this importance. 7.4. According to the MERF, the government is moving resources from some roads projects to coastal protection and they are in a process to mobilize more international funds for sea defenses. There are some roads already affected by the sea erosion. Coordination with Benin is a key aspect in mobilizing and allocating new funds, since the border area is one of the most affected zones. The narrow stretch of Beninese land between the border with Togo and Grand Popo is a high-risk area, largely affected by any intervention executed in Togo. In 2014 both Presidents met for the first time to coordinate actions regarding coastal erosion and since then, several technical meetings have taken place. Benin is especially complaining about actions in Togo and both countries have agreed to search for funding for coastal protection in a coordinated manner. 7.5. Based on our research the most commented types of investments related to coastal erosion in Togo were the following: • Hard engineering works – there are still areas close to Lomé and close to the phosphates processing plant (Kpémé) that need protection • Measures to preserve and restore biodiversity and ecosystems in coastal areas • Research activities: standardization of data and information sharing Stakeholder and Political Economy Analysis for Togo 22 TOGO SPEA REPORT – JUNE 2017 • Support new activities that generate revenue for the local population and businesses (“Activités Génératrices de Revenus”, or AGR) such as tourism development • Capacity building measures and awareness campaigns for local communities • Information and early warning systems • Integrated management and investment plans for governmental action 8. Conclusions and recommendations 8.1. Togo’s macroeconomic situation is improving, the country’s economy has grown steadily during the last five years and the inflation has been particularly low during the period. Togo has a centralized government at national level, local government has no relevance in practice. Civil Society Organizations are extensively present in Togo, with as many as 2,000 entities operating in the country. The environment is very present in the political agenda and the society is aware of protecting the biodiversity and ecosystems. 8.2. This study identifies, based on a series of interviews and field visits, the stakeholders related to the problem of coastal erosion and flooding in Togo. The key stakeholders are then identified according to their levels of legitimacy, resources and interconnections, and all the actors are mapped in a visual graph, marking those with higher influence in relation to the issue at stake. 8.3. The main challenges that the country faces related to coastal protection are: (i) lack of coastal protection infrastructure along the coast; (ii) improve conservation of biodiversity and ecosystems; (iii) absence of funding for coastal protection measures and coordination and (iv) need of developing new of income generating activities for coast residents and businesses. 8.4. The main barriers to carry out efficient and integrated coastal management measures in Togo are the following: (i) lack of coordination in the governmental actions performed to combat coastal erosion; (ii) absence of specific resources dedicated to coordination; (iii) implementation capabilities in different organizations and institutions need to improve; (iv) lack of integrated and standard information shared by the key actors; and (v) personal interests of politicians faced against public service interests. 8.5. Considering the list of main actions needed and the potential investments to combat coastal erosion and flooding in Togo, the study concludes on the following recommendations: 8.5.1. Reinforce the capabilities to implement actions of the High Council for the Sea; integrate within their scope of activities how research can be applied to make better governmental decisions and the design and execution of measures to protect biodiversity and restore coastal ecosystems. 8.5.2. Strengthen the Integrated Management Center of Coastal and Environment of the University of Lomé (CGILE), to improve coordinated research, standardize information, ensure that all the available materials are adequately shared and used for making better decisions on coastal issues and develop early warning systems. 8.5.3. Collaborate with the central government, especially the MERF, in developing integrated management, mobilization and investment plans, capacity building programs, support the development of new policies and regulatory frameworks to protect the coast, and finance coastal protection and sanitation infrastructure plans. This collaboration should include dealing with the Port and state-owned companies (SAZOF, SNPT). 8.5.4. Support Togolese NGOs to invest in public awareness and sensitization campaigns, and develop new income generating activities for local communities and businesses affected for coastal erosion. 8.5.5. Contribute to the decentralization process helping to build implementation capabilities in local governments of coastal villages, especially in sanitation, environmental issues (reforesting) and urban planning (e.g. including construction setback in urban planning exercises). Stakeholder and Political Economy Analysis for Togo 23 TOGO SPEA REPORT – JUNE 2017 Appendix 1. List of participants in the workshop of July 18, 2016 (Lomé) Name Position Institution Contact Chef projects Adaptation de la Zone +228 90 38 58 74, Tchannibi Bakatimbe MERF Cotière aux Changements Climatique bakatimbe@gmail.com 90 02 04 11 Kokou Kouami Professeur Université de Lomé Université de Lomé kokoukouami@hotmail.com Walker Maurice Directeur Executif ONG AHD Aného 91 57 42 63 // 22 47 94 30 Directeur de la Gestion des 90 18 92 22 Adjamani Kokou MASPFA Catastrophes adjamani@gmail.com 90 02 82 12 Tchakei Essowavana Juriste Institutionnel Projet WACA essotchak@yahoo.fr 92 55 66 04 Kpotor Komlan Consultant en Environnement Banque Mondiale kkpotor@worldbank.org 90 02 68 08 Sama Boundjouw SG MERF raymsama@yahoo.fr Commadant de compagnie incendie et Lieutenant Hon Kou Corps des Sapeurs 92 72 80 10 secours, Chef bureau de prévention des Komi Elikem Pompiers hhelikemk@yahoo.fr risques. 90 09 96 56 Dawoussou Yaovi Directeur de l’APCV MUHCV rendawoussou@yahoo.fr Adessou Kossivi 90 08 47 38 Coordonnateur Régional GNDR Nevreme adessou.kossivi@gndr.org Tchala Matiyou Environnementaliste MERF/DE 90 96 10 48 tchamati2@yahoo.fr 90 02 48 43 Adjei-Toure Issabou Forestier MERF/DE derman63@yahoo.fr Kpidiba K. 90 32 59 15 Gestionnaire des aires protégées DRF/MERF Bonaventure kpidibaados@yahoo.fr Ingénieur Génie Civil, conseiller Eusebio César ENCONTRA encotra@yahoo.fr technique du DG 90 04 04 59 Nawanou A. Moussa Administrateur Civil MAIDCL nawanoua5@yahoo.fr Soulemane Abdel Environnementaliste DE/MERF 90 12 07 12 Guidi Ayawa Chef section CIG, Point focal 90 22 59 34 DIC/MPD Meduwodzi Gestion des catastrophes guidivic03@yahoo.fr Mme Ovalmeida- Direction Technique Port Chef de service étude et développement jojoblez@yahoo.fr Bilabina Autonome de Lomé Laogbessi T. T. Chef Division Climatologique DG MN (Météo) laogbess@yahoo.fr Egbessem Amadou A. Kadri Chargé des étdudes SAZOF amakadri@yahoo.fr Mawoekpo.kpetemey@inros- Kpetemey Mawoèkpo Ingénieur Génie Civil INROS LACKNER lackner.net Madjanabou Assistante du directeur de la protection MSPC 90 73 68 96 Essoyoméwé civile Akakpo Bimessi Océanographe Haut Conseil Pour la Mer 90 77 69 31 Komlan 91 92 31 87 Bokodjin Bernard Sociologue NADDAF bokodjin@gmail.com Wilson-Bahun Kpotiri Géographe ONG Agbo-Zegue 90 36 53 09 Attora Matombéna Environnementaliste ST/RRC MERF 90 34 85 49 Okangny Dédé Coordinatrice HSSE LCT 98 84 42 87 Ministère de la sécurité et de Ouro Salim Rahim Directeur adjoint de la protection civile 90 01 06 74 la protection civile Secrétariat technique plateforme nationale de akibode@gmail.com Point focal national ONU/SIPC réduction des risques de 90 02 25 28 catastrophes. Stakeholder and Political Economy Analysis for Togo 24 TOGO SPEA REPORT – JUNE 2017 Appendix 2. List of participants in the workshop of September 27, 2016 (Lomé) No NOM ET PPRENOMS INSTITUTION FONCTION TEL. EMAIL Direction générale de Damorou 1 l’aménagement du Charge de études 91937363 josuedamorou@yahoo.fr Suanetiebone territoire Sécrétrice National MAB Bonaventure K. Direction de Ress. 2 (comité) - UNESCO charge 90325915 kpidibaados@yahoo.fr Kpidiba Forestières / MERF du dossier AMP Direction de Sociologues charge 3 Tchaya T. Nandja l'environnement 90060645 momdjaivona@yahoo.fr d'études (Project WACA) Direction de Soulename Abolel- 4 l'environnement Adjoint au point focal 90120712 soulena@yahoo.fr eramion (Project WACA) Responsable 5 Sonhaye K. Ghaitte SNPT 90084738 joseh_sonhaye@yahoo.fr environnement Adessou Kossivi Global Network for adessou.kossivi@yahoo.or 6 Coordonnateur Régional 90084738 Nevaeme disaster reduction g 7 ChuChla Reng Golfocean IRD Treusire 95062824 reng.chuchla@ind.fr Mambré / Golfocean 8 F. Seuge Tomety Golfocean IRD 92392737 Sertome1@hotmil.fr assistant rechercheur a IRD Océanographe Physiven, 9 Dimoune D. Minto Association Golfocea 90085184 dimounes@yahoo.fr membre de Golfocea NADDAF (Nuvelho Bokodjin A. Dodji 91923187 / 10 Alt.Pv Dev. Durable en Coordinateur bokodjin@gmail.fr Bernand 98124210 Afrique) Direction de 11 Essobiyou T. Kohoga Directeur 9002135 assobiyou@hotmail.com l'environnement 12 Koffi Hounkpe Banque Nationale Co-Chargé WALA 90021296 Pehounkpe@worldbank.org Direction de 13 Bakatimbe Tchannibi Point Focal WACA 90385874 bakatimbeot@yahoo.fr l'environnement 14 Kolani Mila MEF Economiste - Gestionnaire 90991834 aymarmila@gmail.com Stakeholder and Political Economy Analysis for Togo 25 TOGO SPEA REPORT – JUNE 2017 Ministère de Danoussou Yaovi Directeur Pette CT 15 Urbanisme, Habitat et 90099656 reudauvoussou@yahoo.fr Zovodu ANASAP du Cadre de Vida 0034 miguelmartin@infrapppworl 16 Miguel Martin Aninver InfraPPP Consultant 635486329 d.com 0034 jm@aninver.com / 17 Jose de la Maza Aninver InfraPPP Consultant 639906348 as@infrapppworld.com Consultant en 00228 18 Kpotor Komlan Banque Nationale kkpotor@worldbank.org Environnement 92556604 Secrétariat Technique 19 Attora Matombena Reduction Risques de Environnementaliste 90348549 matattora@gmail.com Catastrophe / MERF 20 Yaya Seydodou STRRE / MERF Environnementaliste 90172005 yasahagus@gmail.com Stakeholder and Political Economy Analysis for Togo 26 TOGO SPEA REPORT – JUNE 2017 Bibliography AfDB, OECD, UNDP. 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The Ocean Data and Information Network for Africa - International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange programme (IODE) of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO (IOC). UEMOA. Coastal Management Scheme, Regional Shoreline Monitoring Study and drawing up of a management Scheme for the West African Coastal Area. UEMOA and IUCN. 2010. World Bank’s website: Togo – Overview. http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/togo/overview World Bank Data: http://data.worldbank.org/country/togo, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=TG END OF THE DOCUMENT Stakeholder and Political Economy Analysis for Togo 27