Small Hydro Resource Mapping in Madagascar HYDROPOWER ATLAS: FINAL REPORT [ENGLISH VERSION] April 2017 This report was prepared by SHER Ingénieurs-Conseils s.a. in association with Mhylab, under contract to The World Bank. This is the final output from the Mapping and Geospatial Planning [Project ID: P145350]. This activity is funded and supported by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP), a multi-donor trust fund administered by The World Bank, under a global initiative on Renewable Energy Resource Mapping. Further details on the initiative can be obtained from the ESMAP website. The Final Report relating to the Hydropower Atlas for Madagascar summarizes the project and the results obtained. The Hydropower Atlas has been validated through field-based surveys and has been internally peer-reviewed. It will be published via uts - please refer to the corresponding country page. 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The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for non-commercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: +1-202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. Furthermore, the ESMAP Program Manager would appreciate receiving a copy of the publication that uses this publication for its source sent in care of the address above, or to esmap@worldbank.org. Hydro Atlas of Madagascar in association with Hydro Atlas of Madagascar - April 2017 - « The small hydropower potential of Madagascar is very important and still largely underexploited. Opportunities exist in all capacity ranges » This Atlas is made available by the World Bank, financed by ESMAP and prepared by SHER Ingénieurs-Conseils s.a. HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Table of Content Table of Content TABLE OF CONTENT ............................................................................................................................................................ I LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................................................II LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................................................................II MAPS ............................................................................................................................................................................... III ACRONYMS ...................................................................................................................................................................... IV UNITS .............................................................................................................................................................................. IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................................................................... V FOREWORD: MINISTER OF ENERGY .................................................................................................................................... VII FOREWORD: W ORLD BANK ............................................................................................................................................... VIII PREFACE ......................................................................................................................................................................... IX SECTION A. INTRODUCTION AND CONTEXT .........................................................................................................A.1 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................... A.3 1.1. General context of the ESMAP program .............................................................................................................................................. A.3 1.2. Study objectives, results and activities ............................................................................................................................................... A.3 1.3. Frame of the HydroAtlas of Madagascar ............................................................................................................................................. A-4 1.4. Hydropower basics ................................................................................................................................................................................ A.4 CHAPTER 2. GENERAL GEOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................... A.5 2.1. Topography : Altimetry and slopes ...................................................................................................................................................... A-5 2.2. Hydrography ........................................................................................................................................................................................... A-5 2.3. Geology ................................................................................................................................................................................................. A-10 2.4. Climate .................................................................................................................................................................................................. A-12 2.5. Land cover ............................................................................................................................................................................................ A-15 2.6. Protected areas .................................................................................................................................................................................... A-16 2.7. Erosion hazard ..................................................................................................................................................................................... A-20 CHAPTER 3. ENERGY SECTOR IN MADAGASCAR ............................................................................................................ A.23 3.1. General information ............................................................................................................................................................................. A.23 3.2. Energy mix and main production units ............................................................................................................................................. A-25 3.3. Electric networks ................................................................................................................................................................................. A-26 SECTION B. HYDROPOWER RESOURCE (1-20 MW) ..............................................................................................B.1 CHAPTER 4. METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH .................................................................................................................... B.2 4.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................................ B.2 4.2. Sites identified based on existing information ................................................................................................................................... B-2 4.3. New potential sites: contribution of SiteFinder .................................................................................................................................. B-2 4.4. Creation of a consoldated database .................................................................................................................................................... B-3 4.5. Promising hydropower sites for short term investment (1-20 MW) .................................................................................................. B-3 4.6. Reconnaissance study and field investigations ................................................................................................................................. B-4 4.7. Hydrological monitoring of six rivers .................................................................................................................................................. B-5 CHAPTER 5. SMALL HYDRO POTENTIAL IN MADAGASCAR (1-20 MW) ................................................................................B-6 5.1. Consolidated small hydro potential ..................................................................................................................................................... B-6 5.2. Contribution of small hydro to Madagascar's development ............................................................................................................. B.9 Page i ATLAS HYDROÉLECTRIQUE DE MADAGASCAR Charts and Tables List of Figures Figure 1. Reconnaissance of potential sites on the Namorona River (region of Vatovavy Fitovinany) ................................................................... A-3 Figure 2. Schematic layout of run-of-the-river hydropower. .................................................................................................................................... A.4 Figure 3. Landscape of the Central Highlands ....................................................................................................................................................... A-5 Figure 4. Satellite image of the tropical cyclone Ivan - 17th of February 2008 (Source: EUMETSAT/METOP). .................................................... A.12 Figure 5. Ranomafana National Park. .................................................................................................................................................................. A-16 Figure 6. Indri in the Andasibe Reserve. .............................................................................................................................................................. A-16 Figure 7. Landslide (lavaka) near Lake Alaotra .................................................................................................................................................... A-20 Figure 8. Population growth in Madagascar between 1950-2100 (Source : UN, World Population Prospects, The 2015 Revision) ...................... A-23 Figure 9. Energy mix in Madagascar .................................................................................................................................................................... A-25 Figure 10. Hydropower plant of Mandraka (24 MW) ............................................................................................................................................. A-25 Figure 11. Penstock of the Namorona hydropower station (5.6 MW).................................................................................................................... A-25 Figure 12.Hydropower plant of Andekaleka, on the Vohitra River ........................................................................................................................ A-26 Figure 13. Geographic Information System linked to HydroAtlas of Madagascar. .................................................................................................. B-2 Figure 14. Illustration of SiteFinder ........................................................................................................................................................................ B-2 Figure 15. Investigations of the surface geology. ................................................................................................................................................... B-4 Figure 16. Installation of a limnimetric scale on the Sandratsiona (region of Analanjirofo) with the Direction Générale de la Météorologie. ........... B-5 Figure 17. Daily average flows calculated on the Namorona (2015-2016). ............................................................................................................. B-5 Figure 18. Gauging of the Sandratsiona using the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP). ............................................................................... B-5 Figure 19. Consolidated small hydro potentiel per province and per region............................................................................................................ B-7 Figure 20. Distribution of the number of sites by region and potential capacity range. ........................................................................................... B-7 Figure 21. Medium term contribution of small hydro to Madagascar's development. .............................................................................................. B.9  List of Tables Table 1. Main agro-ecological regions of Madagascar (Oldeman, 1988) .............................................................................................................. A-12 Table 2 : Land cover classes of Madagascar. ...................................................................................................................................................... A-15 Table 3. Existing production plants (Source: ORE, juin 2014) .............................................................................................................................. A-25 Table 4. Existing hydropower plants (Source: ORE, juin 2014) ............................................................................................................................ A-26 Table 5. Location of the limnimetric stations ........................................................................................................................................................... B-5 Table 6. Hydropower potentiel (1-20MW) ............................................................................................................................................................... B-6 S UNRISE NEAR V OHIPENO ( REGION OF A NALANJIROFO ) Page ii HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Maps Maps Carte 1 Localisation de Madagascar……………………………………………………………………………………………… ..………………………. ………...vi Carte 2 Limites administratives……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……….A.2 Carte 3 Topographie : Altimétrie…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……….A.7 Carte 4 Topographie : Pentes………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……….A.8 Carte 5 Réseau hydrographique……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …….....A.9 Carte 6 Géologie………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………… ……...A.11 Carte 7 Pluviométrie………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……...A.14 Carte 8 Occupation du sol……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……...A.17 Carte 9 Image satellite………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……...A.18 Carte 10 Aires protégées……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……...A.19 Carte 11 Érosion : aléa potentiel………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……...A.21 Carte 12 Érosion : aléa effectif………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……...A.22 Carte 13 Population et réseau de transport………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……...A.24 Carte 14 Réseau électrique et unités de production existantes (carte générale)……………………………………………………………………….. ……...A.27 Carte 14-1 Réseau électrique et unités de production existantes (Nord de Madagascar) ……………………………………………………………….. ……...A.28 Carte 14-2 Réseau électrique et unités de production existantes (Centre de Madagascar)………………………………………………………………..……...A.29 Carte 14-3 Réseau électrique et unités de production existantes (Sud de Madagascar)………………………………………………………………….. ……...A.30 Carte 14-4 Réseau électrique et unités de production existantes (RIA)…………………………………………………………………………………….. ……...A.31 Carte 15 Potentiel de la petite hydrélectricité par province………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……...B.10 Carte 16 Potentiel de la petite hydrélectricité par région…………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……...B.11 Carte 16-1 Potentiel de la petite hydrélectricité par région : Diana………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……...B.12 Carte 16-2 Potentiel de la petite hydrélectricité par région : Sava…………………………………………………………………………………………… ……...B.13 Carte 16-3 Potentiel de la petite hydrélectricité par région : Sofia…………………………………………………………………………………………… ……...B.14 Carte 16-4 Potentiel de la petite hydrélectricité par région : Betsiboka……………………………………………………………………………………… ……...B.15 Carte 16-5 Potentiel de la petite hydrélectricité par région : Malaky………………………………………………………………………………………… ……...B.16 Carte 16-6 Potentiel de la petite hydrélectricité par région : Analanjirofo…………………………………………………………………………………… ……...B.17 Carte 16-7 Potentiel de la petite hydrélectricité par région : Alaotra-Mangoro…………………………………………………………………………….. ……...B.18 Carte 16-8 Potentiel de la petite hydrélectricité par région : Atsiranana…………………………………………………………………………………….. ……...B.19 Carte 16-9 Potentiel de la petite hydrélectricité par région : Analamanga………………………………………………………………………………….. ……...B.20 Carte 16-10 Potentiel de la petite hydrélectricité par région : Bongolava……………………………………………………………………………………. ……...B.21 Carte 16-11 Potentiel de la petite hydrélectricité par région : Itasy……………………………………………………………………………………………. ……...B.22 Carte 16-12 Potentiel de la petite hydrélectricité par région : Vakinankaratra………………………………………………………………………………. ……...B.23 Carte 16-13 Potentiel de la petite hydrélectricité par région : Amoron’i Mania………………………………………………………………………………. ……...B.24 Carte 16-14 Potentiel de la petite hydrélectricité par région : Vatovavy Fitovinany………………………………………………………………………….. ……...B.25 Carte 16-15 Potentiel de la petite hydrélectricité par région : Haute Matsiatra………………………………………………………………………………. ……...B.26 Carte 16-16 Potentiel de la petite hydrélectricité par région : Ihorombre……………………………………………………………………………………… ……...B.27 Carte 16-17 Potentiel de la petite hydrélectricité par région : Atsimo-Atsinana……………………………………………………………………………… ……...B.28 Carte 16-18 Potentiel de la petite hydrélectricité par région : Menabe……………………………………………………………………………………….. ……...B.29 Carte 16-19 Potentiel de la petite hydrélectricité par région : Atsimo Atsinana……………………………………………………………………………… ……...B.30 Carte 16-20 Potentiel de la petite hydrélectricité par région : Anosy…………………………………………………………………………………………. ……...B.31 Page iii HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Acronyms and Units Acronyms ADCP Acoustic Doppler Current ORSTOM Office de la recherche Profiler scientifique et technique outre- ADER Agence de Développement de mer l’Electrification Rurale ORE Office de Régulation de CCI Climate Change Initiative l’Électricité ENR ENergie Renouvelable RI Réseau Interconnecté ESA European Space Agency RIA Réseau Interconnecté (Agence spatiale Européenne) d’Antananarivo ESMAP Energy Sector Management RIF Réseau Interconnecté de Assistance Program Fianaratsoa FTM FOIBEN-TAOSARINTANIN'I RIT Réseau Interconnecté de MADAGASIKARA Toamasina GO Gasoil SAPM Système des Aires Protégées de Madagascar GRDC Global Runoff Data Centre SHER SHER Ingénieurs-Conseils HFO Heavy Fuel Oil (Fioul lourd) (Groupe Artelia) IRENA International Renewable SIG Système d’information Energy Agency géographique JIRAMA Jiro sy Rano Malagasy (Société SNAT Schéma National d'électricité et d'eau de d’Aménagement du Territoire Madagascar) SRTM Shuttle Radar Topography LCOE Levelized Cost Of Electricity Mission MEH Ministère de l’Énergie et des UN United Nations (Nations Unies) Hydrocarbures NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration Units Length Area 1 km = 1000 m 1 are = 100 m2 = 0.01 ha 1 mile = 1.56 km 1 ha = 10 000 m2 1 foot = 0.3048 m 1 km2 = 1 000 000 m2 = 100 ha 1 acre = 4047 m2 = 0.4047 ha Volume 1 dm3 = 1 litre = 0.001 m3 Capacity and energy 1 hm3 = 1 million m3 = 1 000 000 m3 = 0.001 km3 1 MW = 1 000 kW = 1 000 000 W 1 km3 = 1 milliard m3 1 GWh = 1 000 MWh = 1 000 000 kWh Page iv HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Acknowledgements Acknowledgements  This Atlas of the Hydropower Resource in Madagascar has been prepared by a consortium led by SHER Ingénieurs- Conseils (Belgium) in close collaboration with Mhylab (Switzerland) and Artelia Madagascar (Madagascar). The team was led by Gérard Chassard and Pierre Smits with contributions from Quentin Goor, Gérard Malengé, Serge Lala Rakotoson, Thomas Dubois, Faly Rabemanantsoa, Vincent Denis, Alice Vandenbussche, Jean René Ratsimbazafy, Sandy Ralambomanana, Flore Rabenjarison Bernard Rakotoaribeby and Damien Dubois.  The implementation of this study has been endorsed by the World Bank team led by Vonjy Rakotondramanana and Rikard Liden, as well as by the team from the Ministère de l'Energie et des Hydrocarbures and the related entities.  The results presented in this report are based on comprehensive data and information from a large number of stakeholders, whom we thank for their valuable knowledge and inputs. The main contributors were the Ministère de l'Energie et des Hydrocarbures, ORE, JIRAMA, ADER and the Direction Générale de la Météorologie.  This project has been made possible thanks to the support of the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP), administered by the World Bank and supported by 11 bilateral donors. S ITE SF204, ON THE F ARAONY RIVER (R EGION OF V ITOVAVY F ITOVINANY ) Page v HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Page vi HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Foreword: Minister of Energy Foreword: Minister of Energy  Madagascar has various types of renewable energy resources  There is no doubt that the MADAGASCAR HYDRO-ATLAS including hydropower. Hydropower plays a major role in will make a substantial contribution to achieving the goal of Madagascar because it depends mainly on the rainfall and an universal access to modern energy services. By focusing on appropriate topography which are widely encountered on the Small Hydro (1-20 MW), the ATLAS promotes the Big Island. A large part of the hydropower potentiel has so far development of projects that can be rapidly implemented, with not been fully exploited. This renewable energy source would easy phasing, a reasonable fundraising and contributing contribute significantly to Madagascar's energy supply, significantly to the electricity supply to the country as a whole, enabling our country, both insular and low-income, to create including rural areas. In the near future, the small hydro an endogenous development, which would liberate itself projects can be the main driving force behind this gradually from expensive imports of fossil fuels which are development. negative for the balance of payments and for our environment.  I deeply appreciate the assistance of the World Bank through  We try to achieve energy security through the New Energy the ESMAP program concerning the mapping of renewable Policy (NPE), which is part of the National Development Plan energies and the efforts of the staff from the Ministry and in Madagascar (PND 2015-2019), whose objectives for 2030 related organizations (ERO, JIRAMA and ADER). I am will be: "to provide access to sustainable energy for all and an particularly grateful to the work done by the engineering electricity access rate for households of 70%, to produce 85% consulting firm SHER-ARTELIA to carry out the planning of renewable energy electricity, of which 75% of hydraulic, 5% study and mapping of small hydro of which the HYDRO- of wind and 5% of solar energy". ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR is the visible part and the  For the future, the Government of the Republic of Madagascar outcome, as well as all other stakeholders involved in this aims to promote the development of low-carbon energy consultative process. sources, in particular hydropower. The use of its renewable, environmentally friendly energy resources, the access to modern and cleaner energy services will contribute to job creation, income generation and improvement of the livelihoods of the Malagasy communities, especially the women and children in rural areas. Therfore, we must commit ourselves to increasing access to modern energy benefiting all stakeholders: population, businesses, private sector, government, development partners, social institutions and local communities. Général Herilanto RAVELOHARISON Minister of Energy and Hydrocarbures Page vii HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Foreword: World Bank Foreword: World Bank  Madagascar does have a rich hydropower potential, still l'Office de Régulation de l’Electricité (ORE), l’Agence de largely underexploited. The development of small sites - Développement de l’Electrification Rurale (ADER), and defined as those with a hydropower capacity of 1 to 20 MW - JIRAMA. could transform the country's electricity landscape and  This Atlas is an essential tool in the planning process of the contribute to a rapid sustainable and inclusive growth. energy sector in Madagascar. Two additional studies have  This hydropower development would first of all allow more been launched to set up standard documents such as the families and small businesses, especially those in peri-urban energy purchase agreement, the concession agreement and and rural areas, to have access to electricity. These families a framework document for the management of environmental could improve their life quality but also their productivity. If and social aspects in order to facilitate the development of accompanied by a reduction in the current dependency on priority sites in collaboration with the private sector. These thermal power stations, this development would also lead to documents should enable the Ministère de l'Energie, JIRAMA a progressive improvement in the production structure of and ADER to speed up the implementation of the "Small JIRAMA and a reduction of its costs. This substitution of a Hydro" agenda through the launch of transparent and fossil energy by renewable energy would have an immediate competitive tenders and to benefit from the advantages of the financial gain for JIRAMA, its consumers, and the Malagasy private sector to develop this wonderful potential for the taxpayers who finance it. It would also have long term greatest number of citizens. environmental and health benefits.  It is a privilege for the World Bank to be involved in the  We are therefore pleased to present the Hydro-Atlas of production of this reference document, which is an integral Madagascar aiming to gather and freely share the part of our wider support of the development of the energy information on hydropower and thus contribute to its sector in Madagascar. We hope that this study will contribute development. to the fact that within a few years, the hydropower  This Atlas is the result of the project "Renewable Energy development will no longer be associated with the conditional Resource Mapping: Small Hydro in Madagascar", financed by but with the present. the ESMAP funding and managed by the World Bank. This study has been carried out by the engineering consulting firm SHER-ARTELIA with a strong involvement of all the Coralie Gevers stakeholders of the energy sector in Madagascar, in particular the Ministère de l'Energie et des Hydrocarbures, Country Manager, World Bank Page viii HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Preface Preface  The small hydropower potential of Madagascar is very  Madagascar's future energy development plans will need to important and still largely underexploited. Opportunities focus on a better articulation and planning of all energies exist in all capacity ranges. The development of this (renewable and thermal) to encourage the emergence of potential is however hampered by the size of the country, projects and the attractiveness for investments, whether the obsolescent state of the road network and tracks and public or private. Scenarios should address the the dispersion of the urban areas. Soil degradation - interconnection possibilities of the three existing networks erosion, gold and artisanal mining, lavaka - in some areas (RIA, RIF, RIT) and phase their development, in order to not (especially in the South, Midwest and West) is worrying and render obsolete the small hydropower sites that would may question the viability and even the feasibility of some become less or not competitive with the major hydraulic projects. This context of watershed degradation as interconnected projects. well as sediment management should be taken into account  In the light of a changing demand, the future development in all future hydropower projects, whether large or small. In plans will have to integrate all the known and studied general, any new development must be part of an hydropower sites distributed on the entire territory of Integrated Watershed Resources Management (IWRM) in Madagascar, the most promising sites selected in this order to preserve the natural water resources of study and the other renewable energy sources (solar, wind, Madagascar in a sustainable way. ...) which will constitute a complete project portfolio. In any  Small hydropower has the advantage of a faster case, the extension of the existing interconnected networks development (~ 2.5 to 4 years), a better progression in will have to be clearly defined and highlighted on the map in meeting the electricity demand and a more easily available order not to compromise the development of isolated and funding than for the large hydro. The latter requires a longer generally smaller and less competitive sites. development, significant funding and and may encounter  The possibility of hydropower cascade exploiting including severe socio-environmental constraints. Given the an upstream reservoir to allow the daily and interannual possibility of thermal substitution and the future increase in modulation should be analyzed in detail. This type of demand on the Interconnected Networks (RIA, RIT, RIF), projects generally allows to achieve scale economies these small hydro sites continue to be appealing, even in (access, lines, etc.) and to optimize the hydraulic case of a large site. infrastructures. . « The small hydropower potential of Madagascar is very important and still largely underexploited. Opportunities exist in all capacity ranges » R IVER M ARIMBONA , IN S OANIERANA I VONGO ( REGION OF A NALANJIROFO ) Page ix HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR SECTION A. INTRODUCTION AND CONTEXT  Introduction  General geography  Energy sector in Madagascar A NDRIAMANJAVONA WATERFALL ON THE N AMORONA RIVER Page A.1 ( REGION OF V ATOVAVY F ITOVINANY ) HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Introduction Page A.2 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Introduction Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1. GENERAL CONTEXT OF THE ESMAP PROGRAM  ESMAP (Energy Sector Management Assistance Program)  The present study "Renewable Energy Resource Mapping: is a technical assistance program administered by the Small Hydro Madagascar", is part of a technical assistance World Bank and supported by 11 bilateral donors. In project, funded by ESMAP, implemented by the World Bank January 2013, ESMAP has launched an initiative that will in Madagascar (the "Client"), which aims at supporting the support country-driven efforts to improve awareness about mapping resources and geospatial planning for small renewable energy resources (RE), implement appropriate hydropower. policy frameworks for RE development, and provide ‘open  It is conducted in close colaboration with the Ministère de access’ to resources and geospatial mapping data. l'Energie et des Hydrocarbures, l'Office de Régulation de  This initiative will also support the IRENA-Global Atlas by l’Electricité (ORE), Agence de Développement de improving the availability and quality of the data that can be l’Electrification Rurale (ADER) and JIRAMA. consulted through the interactive Atlas. 1.2. STUDY OBJECTIVES, RESULTS AND ACTIVITIES  The objectives of the present study "Renewable Energy  Activity 4 : Additional field investigations and final Resource Mapping: Small Hydro Madagascar" are the validation: update HydroAtlas of Madagascar, campaign following: of hydrological measurements in six rivers during one  The improvement of the quality and availability of information year, additional investigations in surface geology and about the hydropower resources in Madagascar; preparatory environmental study and the completion of  A detailed review and update of small hydropower potential two prefeasibility studies. with capacity range from 1 to 20 MW, and  All reports produced in the frame of this study are available  Recommendations about the implementation of small for download on the ESMAP website at hydropower in the framework of the energy sector planning. https://www.esmap.org.  The expected results from the study are: Figure 1. Reconnaissance of potential sites on the Namorona River (region of  Assembled data in a geographical database (GIS) ; Vatovavy Fitovinany)  A thematic atlas on hydropower in Madagascar with a particular emphasis on small hydro, and  Recommendations to develop the small hydropower sector in Madagascar.  The 3 phases of the ESMAP study are :  PHASE 1 : Preliminiary mapping of the resources based on spatial analysis and site visits ;  PHASE 2 : Field data collection campaign ;  PHASE 3 : Production of a validated Atlas of the resources combining spatial data and field measurements.  For Madagascar, these three phases have been broken down into 4 activities:  Activity 1 : Data collection and production of preliminary HydroAtlas with review and validation of small hydropower potential (1 - 20 MW) ;  Activity 2 : Integration of small hydropower development in the electrification planning (rural and interconnected) in Madagascar  Activity 3 : Prioritisation of small hydropower, site visits and validation workshop ; Page A.3 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Introduction 1.3. FRAME OF THE HYDROATLAS OF MADAGASCAR  This HydroAtlas of Madagascar is a document that by including new information collected in the field (site visits, contains all the information directly or indirectly related to hydrological measurements campaign) and updating the hydropower and collected during Phase 1 of this study. The contextual information. information has been compiled and processed in a  The Geographic Information System has been designed to Geographic Information System (GIS) and is presented meet the compatibility and standardization requirements as thematic maps, tables, graphs and various illustrations. defined in the terms of reference so that geographic data The HydroAtlas also includes the results of the prioritization can be easily published on the World Bank GIS platform. In of promising sites, as discussed during the pre-diagnosis addition, the consultant used the free of charge GIS phase and presented in the inception report of August 2014. software QuantumGIS for processing and publishing the  The information of this Atlas presents the hydropower geographic data, which makes it possible to disseminate potential of Madagascar including the new potential sites and transfer the data free of charge during the training identified by the consulting engineering firm sessions carried out under Activity 3. SHER/ARTELIA within the framework of this study, using  The present HydroAtlas of Madagascar focuses exclusively the SiteFinder tool as well as the existing hydropower sites. on potential sites in the range of capacities between 1 and The creation of the Atlas started with Activity 1 of the study. 20 MW. The Atlas has been finally updated at the end of Activity 4, 1.4. HYDROPOWER BASICS  Hydropower uses the difference in energy of a water body  Storage hydropower: In this type of project, the between two points at different heights. The height hydropower plant benefits from the regulating capacity difference is called the gross head and is expressed in of the reservoir to modulate the quantity of water meters (m). A hydropower project aims to recover this conveyed to the turbines and consequently its energy energy in order to generate electricity. In the absence of a production. This type of project therefore allows a hydropower project, this energy is dissipated in the natural production that can be modulated according to the course of the river through the internal and external friction energy demand on the network. In addition, if the which is responsible for the river bed erosion. storage capacity of the reservoir is sufficiently large, it  The production of hydropower results from the conversion can store the excess water during the wet season (or of the kinetic energy of moving water (in a river or a lake) year) to redistribute it during the dry season (year). This into mechanical energy by one or more hydraulic turbines. type of projects and its exploitation are therefore one of This mechanical energy is finally transformed into electrical the key elements in the strategies on adaptation to the energy by alternators. The conversion of energy is carried effects of climate change. out in a hydropower station which houses in particular the  Run-of-the-river hydropower: In this type of project, turbines and alternators. the hydropower plant is directly supplied by an intake or  The capacity of a hydropower plant P, expressed in MW, is diversion structure in the river and has only a very mainly a function of the gross head H (m) and the flow rate limited or zero storage capacity. In this case, the Q (m³.s-1) passing through the turbines according to the available capacity is mainly a function of the river flow. following equation:  In the context of this study focusing on small hydro, only run-of-the-river projects have been considered. P=ρxgxQxHxη Figure 2. Schematic layout of run-of-the-river hydropower. with ρ the water density (kg.m-³), g the accelaration of gravity (m.s-²) and η (-) the global efficiency of the conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy (product of the efficiency of the turbines, the alternator and the transformer).  The energy is the ability of a system to perform work while capacity expresses the energy transfer per unit of time. The energy corresponds to the capacity produced by a power plant for a certain period of time. For example, 1 MWh is the electrical energy produced by a 1 MW (1,000,000 W) power plant in one hour.  The hydropower is a renewable energy.  There are two big groups of hydropower project types : Page A-4 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR General geography Chapter 2. General geography 2.1. TOPOGRAPHY : ALTIMETRY AND SLOPES  The island of Madagascar is located in the South-West set of altimetric data is particularly well suited for the Indian Ocean, near East Africa, from which it is only delineation of hydrographic watersheds, the identification of separated by the 400 km wide Mozambique Channel (Carte river systems and the calculation of slopes. The altimetry of 1). Following a general direction NNE-SSW, it extends over Madagascar is shown in Carte 3. a length of 1600 km, from Cap d’Ambre (extreme North) to  The slope map (Carte 4) has been calculated based on the the Cap Sainte-Marie (extreme South), between 11°57' and numerical surface model described in the above paragraph 25°39' south. In its longest length, Madagascar is about 570 and highlights the important elevation changes. The East km. The meridian of 47° East of Greenwich divides the side of the Big Island flowing into the Indian Ocean is island into two roughly equal parts. Its area is about characterized by steeper slopes, sometimes higher than 590,000 km² which is equivalent to France, Belgium and the 35%. Indeed, on this side, the elevation gradient is very Netherlands combined. important, going from more than 2000m in the zone of the  What is immediately visible when considering a physical Central Highlands to zero along the coast on a distance of map of Madagascar, is the asymmetry of the island around sometimes less than 100km. This side is therefore its major axis. The western side gently spreads to the particularly favourable for hydropower development. Mozambique Channel, while the slope of the eastern side is Figure 3. Landscape of the Central Highlands very steep; the water divide is always on average less than 100 km from the Indian Ocean.  Madagascar can be divided into three main orographic units:  the Central Highlands with an altitude varying between 800m and 1500m and with a summit culminatig at 2876m (volcanic peak in the massif of Tsaratanana) ;  the Eastern side;  the sedimentary area of Northern West, West and South.  The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) used in the frame of this study is the « Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) 1 Arc-Second Global », published by NASA from 2014. These data have been acquired by the American Space Agency (NASA) through radar measurements from the space shuttle Endeavor in February 2000 and have a spatial resolution of 1 arc-second (about 30m at the equator). This 2.2. HYDROGRAPHY  The asymmetrical character of the relief of the island  Regimes of Tsaratanana : This massif, with its very rugged highlighted previously has a direct consequence on the terrain and location at equal distance to the Indian Ocean drainage pattern : the longest rivers will be those of the and the Mozambique Channel, gives birth to rivers with a western side while on the eastern side the shorter rivers will very characteristic longitudinal profile, with very steep have a very accentuated profile with many falls which are slopes in the upper part and slopes of a few percent at the sometimes very important (Carte 5). crossing of the coastal plains both on the western and  Based on the geomorphological and climatic characteristics eastern side. The main rivers are the Mahavavy of the that will influence more or less directly the surface water North, the Sambirano, the Maevarano, the Bemarivo and flow, the island of Madagascar can be divided into different the Lokoho. hydrological units for which a brief description is given  Regimes of the East side : With about 150 000km², it below starting from the North towards the South of the covers 25% of the area of Madagascar. It spreads out over island : more than 1200km, from Sambava to Taolagnaro and its  Regimes of the Northern side and the Amber Mountain: average width, from the ridge line to the sea, is equal to this volcanic massif is drained by small streams, flowing in about 100 km. In this narrow and very elongated rectangle, the congested beds with basalt blocks. The basins are very the rivers have rather small lengths with a very accentuated narrow and elongated; there is no significant affluent. The profile, sometimes showing a few calm, undeveloped main rivers are the Irodo, the Saharenana and the reaches separated by rapids and falls. The East side has Besokatra whose waters are used to supply the city of therefore a significant energy potential. The hydrographic Antsiranana. network of this side is very complex and has a very dense Page A.5 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR General geography river system. The main rivers are: the Maningory, the crystalline basement, while the smaller rivers of the Rianila, the Mangoro, the Mananjary and the Mananara. sedimentary cover have a more regular profile. The main  Regimes of the Western side and the Central Highlands: rivers are: the Sofia, the Betsiboka-Mahajamba, the This is the most extensive set. It covers nearly 365,000 Southern Mahavahy, the Manambolo, the Tsiribihina, the km2, or 61% of the area of Madagascar. There are two Mangoky and the Onilahy. series of basins: the great rivers which overflow largely on  Regimes of the South : They cover an area of 48 750 km the high plateaux and the coastal rivers which are ², which represents about 8% of the area of Madagascar, interwoven in the spaces between the basins of the great and are entirely south of the Tropic of Capricorn. The main rivers and whose springs are on the western edge of the rivers of the South are: the Mandrare, the Manambovo, the high plateaux. The longitudinal profiles of the major rivers Menarandra and the Linta. are characterized by a steep slope at the outlet of the « The topography and rainfall of the East side of Madagascar are particularly favourable for hydropower development » L IMNIMETRIC SCALE INSTALLED IN O CTOBER 2015 BY SHER I NGÉNIEURS -C ONSEILS ON THE B ESANA RIVER , REGION OF V ATOVAVY F ITOVINANY Page A.6 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR General geography Page A.7 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR General geography Page A.8 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR General geography Page A.9 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR General geography 2.3. GEOLOGY  Madagascar's geology presents an East-West asymmetry graphite and Vohibory systems. They are found in the caused by a tilt movement of the crystalline basement center of the island and mainly include schists, quartzites (substratum) towards the West and which has contributed to and cipolins. In summary, the ancient bedrock consists of : the extension of the sedimentary terrains in this part. This  firstly stratified metamorphic terrains (gneiss, leptinites, tectonic movement was accompanied by dislocations which stratoid granites, etc.), into which terrains in a less led to the formation of faults of meridian direction. advanced stage of metamorphism where the facies of  The Malagasy crystalline basement covering about two the original sediment (cipolins, limestones, schists and thirds of the island is the result of the metamorphism of quartzites, the latter with a thickness of up to 300 m, primitive sedimentary formations deposited in a witnessesing the erosion of the high crystalline chains) geosynclinal area following a major orogeny dated 2600 can be recongized, are incised ; million years ago (H. BESAIRIE, carte géologique de l’Atlas  then intrusions of different ages (Andringitra granites de Madagascar 1969). Four large systems have been among others), with the most recent corresponding to stratigraphically or zoneographically distinguished ; The two the great dislocations of the upper Cretaceous and the oldest are the Androyen and Antongil systems, then the volcanism of the end of the teritiary begin of the Graphite system and finally the Vohibory system. quaternery: acid (granites, microgranites) and basic  These formations are stratified and more or less violently (gabbros, basalts) deposits. folded following several metamorphic and tectonic  The sedimentary soils form a strip on the West coast of upheavals, the most recent of which seems to date from the island, but there are also a few small fragments on the 500 million years ago. On the one hand, these movements East coast. While the crystalline rocks are very folded, the have metamorphosed the Precambrian sediments, were sedimentary soils, on the contrary, have not undergone any accompanied by migmatizations and granitizations and, on significant orogenic action and have been regularly the other hand, fomed cracks in the bedrock which caused deposited. They present a very slight dip towards the sea. marine invasions and calcareous and sandy sediment deposits. These sediments taken up by regional uprisings  The geological map of Madagascar is presented in Carte 6 . have been metamorphosed resulting in the schisto-quartz- The data are from the Schéma National d’Aménagement du limestone series located in the stratigraphy between the Territoire (SNAT). M IGMATIC SCHISTS ON THE S AHATANDRA RIVER , NEAR TO F ANOVANA (REGION OF ALAOTRA -MANGORO ) Page A-10 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR General geography Page A-11 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR General geography 2.4. CLIMATE 2.4.1. Climate factors  Through its geographical position, Madagascar is subject to caused by the cyclones coming from the Indian Ocean or the influence of two major meteorological centers of action the Mozambique channel (FAO, 2003). that regulate the general conditions of atmospheric  The Island can be divided into five major agro-ecological circulation in the South-West of the Indian Ocean: the zone regions (OLDEMAN, 1988) which are presented in Table 1. of low intertropical pressure in the north and the ocean cell of high pressure which is almost permanently centered in the South of the Mascareignes (archipelago made up of Table 1. Main agro-ecological regions of Madagascar (Oldeman, 1988) Reunion Island, Mauritius and Rodrigues as well as several N UMBER OF WET % OF TOTAL AREA R EGIONS C OMMENTS small nearby islands). The mechanisms of the Malagasy DAYS PER YEAR OF THE ISLAND climate are also linked to the geographical elements: East Coast excluding the latitude and relief. The combination of these factors reveals East Coast More than 255 9 region of Tolagnaroin in a wide variety of climates within this small continent the south (ORSTOM, 1993). Between 165 and The highest areas of Highlands, humid 1  Madagascar is therefore subject to the unimodal tropical 255 Ankaratra climate characterized by alternating rainy (November- The Central Highlands and Between 110 and March) and dry seasons (April-October), the length of which Highlands 36 their West side at an 165 varies from one region to another. The altitude also altitude above 500m emphasizes the temperature variations. The dry season can The North-Ouest region thus be particularly cool in the highlands where, North-West Between 75 and 110 24 including also the area of sporadically, there can be even frost (regions of Antsirabe Lowlands Lake Alaotra and Ambatolampy). The East Coast is particularly well The South-West and watered (over 2000 mm of annual rainfall for eleven South-West and South region behind the months), while the southern part of the island is subjected to Less than 75 30 South, Lowlands line joining Maintirano to a long dry season accompanied most often by a low rainfall Ambovombe (275 mm in Tuléar). Madagascar suffers every year in the middle of the rainy season (January to March) from damage 2.4.2. Rainfall  Based on the rainfall data provided by the World Bank (time 2) The provinces of Antananarivo and Fianarantsoa in the series from 1900 to 2012, or 112 years), an average annual Tsaratanana region in the Highlands have a high rainfall of 1438mm on the territory of Madagascar can be altitude tropical climate (900 to 2 000 m): the rainfall is observed with a maximum of 1866mm for 1982 and a exceeding 1,500 mm/year with four or five dry months minimum of 1099mm for 1977. The spatial and temporal and the temperature of the coolest month is between distribution of the rainfall is however very irregular on the 10ºC and 15ºC. territory (Carte 7) and throughout the year. 3) The Mahajanga province and the northern part of the  Indeed, four climatic zones with different rainfall Toliary province in the western coastal region have a dry characteristics (FAO, 2016) can be distinguished: tropical climate: rainfall is less than 800 mm/year with 1) The province of Toamasina and a part of the Eastern eight dry months. province of Antsiranana have a humid tropical climate: 4) The southern part of the province of Toliary has a semi- the rainfall is above 1 500mm/year with one or two dry arid climate: rainfall is less than 400 mm/year with eight months and the temperature of the coolest month is dry months and the temperature of the coolest month is 15ºC. In the extreme East, an interannual average of 20ºC. over 3200 mm/year is even observed. 2.4.3. Cyclones  Because of its extreme physical environment (relief, Figure 4. Satellite image of the tropical cyclone Ivan - 17th of February 2008 latitude), strong natural events contribute to the daily life of (Source: EUMETSAT/METOP). the 23.5 million Malagasy people and, in a recurrent and seasonal way, disrupt their daily life. Together with flooding (following the incursion of the meteorological equator on the northern half of the island) and drought, the tropical cyclone is one of the major contributing factors to the most severe disasters (PEYRUSAUBES, 2012).  According to the Ministère de l’Intérieur et de la Décentralisation in Madagascar (BNGRC, 2016), the cyclones are the major threat to Madagascar with 65% of recorded disasters, an average of 250,000 people affected and 50 million US$ damage per event. Page A-12 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR General geography  Every year, an average of twelve low pressure systems is cyclone season is from November to April, the most observed in the South-West Indian Ocean (O. SOLER, powerful cyclones can be observed from January to March. 1997): nine at the very least are developing into a moderate  The last most intense cyclone season was in 2007-2008, tropical storm, four of which becoming a tropical cyclone. with a Category 4 tropical cyclone affecting directly Given its geographical configuration, Madagascar can be approximately 525,000 people and an estimated cost of found frequently on the trajectory of these powerful damages and losses of US$ 333 million. meteors. The North East, North West and South West territories are most affected by cyclone "landings". If the 2.4.4. El Niño  El Niño is a natural event characterized by the abnormal  In Madagascar, an extreme drought hit the southern part of warming of the sea surface temperatures in the central and the country in 2016, directly impacting agriculture and eastern regions along the equatorial line of the Pacific access to water, which led to severe problems for human Ocean. On average, it occurs every 2 to 7 years and can health and nutrition. Four districts in the south of the country last up to 18 months. El Niño has significant environmental recorded below-average rainfall that occured statistically and climate impacts on a global scale. In some areas this every 20 years before April 2016 and the rainfall recorded can lead to reduced rainfall and drought, while other areas since April 2016 in two districts arrived too late for the are subject to intensive rainfall and flooding. Climatologists harvest in June (UNICEF, 2016 ). The northern part of the have announced that the El Niño event 2015-2016 could be country has been in turn affected in turn by extreme rainfall, the most severe ever recorded (FAO, 2016). causing numerous floods. 2.4.5. Climate change  According to the Direction Générale de la Gestion threatened by global warming. Madagascar has been Financière du Personnel de l’Etat of Madagascar (DGFPPE, ranked third most affected country by extreme climate risks 2016), the country's rate of greenhouse gas (GHG) in the world. emission around the world is 0.2%. This percentage shows  This climate change makes Madagascar increasingly that its part is very small compared to that of China and that susceptible to natural disasters, such as cyclones or of the United States, which is at the top with 20% and 17%, drought, hampering development efforts. As a result, respectively. However, in the ranking of the countries most climate change could have a dramatic impact on agriculture, vulnerable to the consequences of global warming caused food security and infrastructure in the country where 93% of by these GHGs, Madagascar is in a critical position. the population live on less than US$ 3.10 per day (PPP)  At the Climate Summit which was preparing the Paris and where nearly 90% of the poor depend on agriculture for Agreement on September 23, 2014, the Journal Jeune their survival (World Bank, 2015). Afrique published a map of the fifteen areas in Africa most « Hydropower: a renewable energy whose development must contribute to strategies on adaptation to climate change » Page A.13 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR General geography Page A.14 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR General geography 2.5. LAND COVER  The land cover presented in Carte 8 is a result of the CCI Table 2 : Land cover classes of Madagascar. Land Cover (© ESA Climate Change Initiative - Land Cover A REA project 2016) which is a well-known source of land cover L AND COVER [ HA ] [%] information worldwide. These data are the result of the Grassland 22 205 124 37.4 integration of five years (2008-2012) of satellite images acquired by the European Space Agency (ESA) MERIS Shrubland 10 495 375 17.7 instrument (MEdium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer). Trees broadleaved, evergreen, closed and open canopies (>15%) 6 896 901 11.6  Based on the information extracted from these images and Cropland 6 361 279 10.7 the integration of data on rice fields (BD-500) and water Mosaic herbaceous (>50%) / trees and shrub (<50%) 3 882 378 6.5 bodies (SRTM Water Body Dataset), the land cover in Madagascar is defined through 18 Classes (Table 2). Mosaic trees and shrub (>50%) / herbaceous vegetation (<50%) 3 190 134 5.4  The grasslands and shrublands together represent a little Trees broadleaved deciduous, closed canopy (>40%) 1 404 328 2.4 more than 50% of the island's surface. Croplands, alone or Rice fields 1 241 377 2.1 in association, account for about 15% of the different land cover classes, with around 2% of rice fields. Forests also Mosaic cropland (>50%) / natural vegetation (<50%) 1 000 408 1.7 cover about 15% of the territory and mangroves about Trees, flooding area, saline water 861 824 1.4 1.4%. Urban areas and water bodies account for 0.8% of Trees broadleaved deciduous, closed and open canopies (>15%) 793 605 1.3 the island's surface. Mosaic natural vegetation (>50%) / cropland (<50%) 582 730 1.0  The spatial distribution of the land cover of the island mainly concerns a natural herbaceous vegetation which Water bodies 418 120 0.7 characterizes the western side whereas the eastern side Urban areas 33 805 0.1 presents mainly an agricultural and forest cover type Shrubland deciduous 32 604 0.1 resulting from the elevation gradients and the East-West asymmetry mentioned in the previous paragraphs. Sparse vegetation (trees, shrub, herbaceous vegetation) (<15%) 12 100 < 0.1  The general evolutionary trend leads to a deforestation in Herbaceous vegetation 1 464 < 0.1 favor of agriculture. Bare areas 698 < 0.1  The Landsat satellite image presented in Carte 9 clearly  shows the East-West asymmetry through the difference in vegetation cover. G OLD PANNING ON THE BESANA RIVER ( REGION OF V ATOVAVY F ITOVINANY ) Page A-15 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR General geography 2.6. PROTECTED AREAS  For more than a decade, the Malagasy government has Figure 5. Ranomafana National Park. decided to increase the protected areas in order to preserve the unique biodiversity that makes it world-famous and which is heavily threatened by human actions. In this regard, the Commission du Système des Aires Protégées of Madagascar (SAPM) was established following the Durban International Congress (2003) with the Ministère de l’Environnement, des Eaux et Forêts and the Ministère de l’Agriculture, de l’Elevage et de la Pêche, with the main objective of to conserve the overall biodiversity while contributing to the poverty reduction and the sustainable development of the country.  The SAPM consists of a full range of protected area management categories as well as a corresponding legal framework. The representativity of the existing protected areas, as well as the priority and potential sites, has been developed around a digital atlas whose data are presented in Carte10. Figure 6. Indri in the Andasibe Reserve.  Within the existing Protected Areas and Priority Sites (identified as the most important to become "Protected Areas"), the granting of new permits is prohibited. The Potential Sites have been identified but it is difficult to convert them into "Protected Areas". However, they will be taken into account in the planning process.  The protected areas are scattered troughout the territory of Madagascar with a higher density in the coastal part of the West side, in the East side and in the North of the island; They are less widespread in the Central Highlands. « The environmental impacts of small hydropower development are generally lower » Page A-16 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR General geography Page A.17 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR General geography Page A.18 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR General geography Page A.19 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR General geography 2.7. EROSION HAZARD  Given the general trend towards watershed degradation in  In turn, the actual erosion hazard, presented in Carte 12, tropical countries (deforestation, agricultural practices, describes the factual situation in terms of land detachment development of mining activities in rivers, etc.), appropriate taking into account the land cover. It is observed that measures must be implemented to manage or prevent areas with a potentially extreme erosion hazard, like the sediment transport in the rivers. The cost of sediment Diana and Sava regions of the North, present in fact a low management infrastructure and the energy shortages erosion hazard due to the presence of forests. This shows associated with desanding must be taken into account in the the positive impact of this cover type from a soil economic and financial analysis of hydropower projects. conservation point of view. The same is true upstream of the steep escarpment on the eastern side of the island,  There is little information available on sediment transport in which is dominated by a forest strip. However, on the rivers. In particular, sediment transport is in particular steep slopes of this escarpment, the erosion hazard has strongly linked to land cover conditions and the type of been classified as extreme because of the significant agriculture in the watershed as well as extreme rainfall presence of crops. The same situation can be observed in events. the North of the island where croplands dominate. The  Consequently, the erosion hazard mapping has been Anosy region, where the erosion hazard is potentially very carried out through an estimate of soil losses due to water high to extreme, is partly protected from erosion events by erosion. This is not at all a matter of estimating solid flow in the presence of forests, grasslands and herbaceous the river but about mapping the areas where erosion is cover. The Center and the Highlands, although taken up potentially important in order to be able to resolve by in mainly by grasslands or shrub, present a high erosion particular watershed management policies, through soil hazard due to a marked relief. In the South and South- West, the potentially low erosion hazard combined with a conservation measures. land cover dominated by grasslands and shrub vegetation  Two types of soil erosion hazards have been defined for generates a low effective erosion hazard. non-artificialised areas (croplands, grasslands, forests, savannas, etc.) and make it possible to understand the Figure 7. Landslide (lavaka) near Lake Alaotra extent of the problem in Madagascar:  The potential erosion hazard, as presented in Carte 11, reflects the erosion which is inherent to the physiographic properties of the environment (rainfall, soil type, topography), without taking into account the land cover or possible anti-erosion infrastructures. It is highest in the North in the Diana and Sava regions but also on the East coast and in the South-East in the Anosy region. This is mainly due to steep reliefs combined with heavy rainfall. There is also an extreme erosive hazard on the mountain ranges in other regions such as the Makay massif, for example. The Center and the Highlands are dominated by an erosion hazard classified as high with erosion hazard inclusions that can be very high and extreme. The South and South-West regions are potentially the least sensitive to erosion and are dominated by an erosion hazard classified mainly as low. Although the most erosion-prone soils can be found there, these are the areas with the least rainfall and the least significant relief. « Any new development must be part of an integrated watershed management plan in order to preserve the long term hydropower resource of Madagascar » Page A-20 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR General geography Page A.21 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR General geography Page A.22 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Energy sector in Madagascar Chapter 3. Energy sector in Madagascar 3.1. GENERAL INFORMATION  Madagascar has enormous resources of renewable energy  to encourage the use of renewable energies to gradually (hydro, solar, wind, biomass), but the global energy replace traditional energies. consumption is still very low. This energy consumption is  It should also be noted that wood is the main source of still dominated by fuelwood and its derivatives. Moreover, energy used by a high proportion of Malagasy households the country imports oil products and the energy cost is too for their daily needs (lighting, cooking, etc.), which high to contribute effectively towards the social and contributes to deforestation that is harmful to the economic development of the country. environment.  Today, very few people in Madagascar have access to  It is necessary to speed up the substitution of wood energy modern energy sources, and this seriously hampers the and access to electricity by thermal production with other development. In addition, those who do not have access sources such as butane gas, biomass (biofuel and biofuel), must use energy sources with a lower quality, inefficient, solar, wind and hydropower. and often polluting, for which they spend much more money than the privileged few who have access to the modern  With the liberalization of the electricity sector in 1999, the energy sources. The households that are not connected to government undertook a large number of structural reforms, the electricity network spend on average between 2 and 10 with the creations of ORE, ADER and FNE and times more for lighting levels that are significantly lower development programs such as the PIC project (Pôles than those that are connected. Intégrés de Croissance), which deserve some adaptations in order to prioritize private investments or public-private  Regarding the electricity, the infrastructure is insufficient partnerships. and a large part of the existing production and distribution facilities are obsolete and could no longer satisfy the current  Population dynamics is one of the key factors influencing growing demand. Some production facilities are saturated the future demand for energy and capacity. As illustrated in and are very vulnerable to weather conditions despite the Figure 8, the number of inhabitants of the Big Island will country's wealth of renewable energy resources but still increase from 24,235 million in 2015 (estimate) to 55,294 scarcely exploited. This situation is an obstacle for the million in 2050 (median projection). development of the country and a brake on the competitiveness of the exporting industries. In the Figure 8. Population growth in Madagascar between 1950-2100 (Source : UN, agricultural sector, the demand for electrical energy (electric World Population Prospects, The 2015 Revision) pumping station) is still insignificant.  The objectives of the energy sector of the Government of Madagascar are to continue the global programme of economic reform being implemented in order to accelerate economic growth through a dynamic approach and initiative for private investment. The inadequate basic economic infrastructure is hampering improvements to economic growth and poverty reduction. To address this inadequacy, particularly in the energy sector, the actions of the government must accelerate the increase of the population's access to energy by a policy centered on the participation of beneficiary communities and the private sector and focusing on the development of renewable energy sources. This should result in lower costs and higher productivity.  Because of the challenges and objectives for the energy sector in Madagascar as well as the integration in the struggle for the protection of the environment at global level, it is imperative to succeed in reconciling the pursuit of a powerful energy policy and the reduction of its negative impacts on the environment and health. The effort is, in fact, to promote solutions that are profitable for all and for the future generations.  This population is mainly distributed along the major roads and large cities (Carte 13).  These efforts include:  to promote the modern use of energy with energy- efficient equipment ; Page A.23 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Energy sector in Madagascar Page A-24 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Energy sector in Madagascar 3.2. ENERGY MIX AND MAIN PRODUCTION UNITS  Madagascar has an installed electricity production capacity Table 3. Existing production plants (Source: ORE, juin 2014) of 552 MW, of which 162 MW and 389 MW produced HYDROPOWER THERMAL POWER OTHER RE respectively by hydro and thermal power. The rest is REGION N OMINAL A VAILABLE N OMINAL A VAILABLE N OMINAL A VAILABLE produced by other renewable energy sources such as wind, [ K W] [ K W] [ K W] [ K W] [ K W] [ K W] solar and biomass (Figure 9). Alaotra Mangoro 24160 20150 6085 3203 130 - Amoron'i Mania 213 130 4359 1958 - - Figure 9. Energy mix in Madagascar Analamanga 14280 12358 132562 75312 6 6 Analanjirofo 2576 1000 6499 2630 - - Androy - - 1498 667 19 19 Anosy - - 5198 4195 305 5 Atsimo Andrefana 95 5 24151 7699 7 4 Atsimo Atsinanana - - 2364 1269 - - Atsinanana 97960 66420 51794 17636 - - Betsiboka 85 80 1414 624 - - Boeny - - 29758 16522 104 104 Bongolava - - 1452 977 - - Diana - - 61064 32227 82 82 Haute Matsiatra 6050 3840 6856 4190 1 - Ihorombe 20 15 3632 1270 81 80 Itasy 30 - - - 3 3 Melaky - - 1307 670 - - Menabe - - 5515 2935 - -  The distribution of the installed capacities (nominal capacity) and availability by source and region is described SAVA - - 15878 5581 - - in Table 1. It shows that thermal power dominates the Sofia - - 6037 2852 - - available energy mix in most regions of Madagascar except Vakinankaratra 16720 10890 16308 3082 6 - for the Alaotra-Mangoro regions, Atsinanana and Vatovavy Vakinankaratra where the country's main hydropower plants Fitovinany 60 50 5237 2134 - - are located. Other renewable energy sources are marginal, TOTAL [MW] 162.2 114.94 388.97 187.63 0.74 0.30 except in Itasy province where only a 3 kW solar group is Percentage of total 29.4% 37.9% 70.5% 62.0% 0.1% 0.1% currently operational. Figure 10. Hydropower plant of Mandraka (24 MW) Figure 11. Penstock of the Namorona hydropower station (5.6 MW)  In June 2014, the hydropower installed capacity was distributed among 11 major hydropower stations with an installed capacity ranging from 0.45 MW in Manandray in the province of Fianarantsoa to 91 MW in Andekaleka in the province of Toamasina. Page A-25 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Energy sector in Madagascar Table 4. Existing hydropower plants (Source: ORE, juin 2014) C APACITY A NNUAL  The operation of these plants is characterized by 125.6 N AME AVERAGE S TART MW (79.6%) run-of-the-river and only 32.2 MW (20.4%) with N ETWORK ( OPERATOR ) I NSTALLED ENERGY DATE a regulating capacity (reservoir). F IRM [MW] [MW] [GW H ] Manandona  In terms of management, 20.2 MW (12.8%) are owned by Total 1.6 1.0 5 RIA (JIRAMA) independent producers (Hydelec and HFF) and 137.6 MW Gr. 1 0.5 1930 (82.2%) are managed by JIRAMA. All these power plants Gr. 2 0.5 1930 Gr. 3 0.6 1960 are connected to the interconnected networks (RI), but the Antelomita 1 majority of the generated capacity is injected into the Total 4.1 4.0 21 RIA (JIRAMA) Antananarivo Interconnected Network: 145 MW (91.8%) are Gr. 1 1.4 1930 Gr. 2 1.4 1930 injected into the Antanarivo Interconnected Network (RIA), Gr. 3 1.4 1952 6.1 MW (3.9%) into the Fianarantsoa Interconnected Antelomita 2 Network (FIR) and 6.8 MW (4.3%) into the Toamasina Total 4.1 4.0 20 RIA (JIRAMA) Gr. 1 1.4 1952 Interconnected Network (RIT). It is also noted that the park Gr. 2 1.4 1953 is relatively old, with the oldest plants commissioned in the Gr. 3 1.4 1953 1930s. Mandraka Total 24.0 20.0 60 RIA (JIRAMA)  The location of all thermal and hydropower generation units Gr. 1 6.0 1956 at country level is presented on Carte14. The Northern, Gr. 2 6.0 1956 Gr. 3 6.0 1966 Central and South Areas of the Big Island are presented in Gr. 4 6.0 1972 detail on Cartes14-1, 14-2 et 14-3, respectively. A detailed Andekaleka view of the RIA is presented on Carte 14-4. Total 91.0 56.0 538 RIA (JIRAMA) Gr. 1 29.0 1982 Gr. 2 29.0 1982 Gr. 3 33.0 2012 Sahanivotry Figure 12.Hydropower plant of Andekaleka, on the Vohitra River Total 15.0 5.0 80 RIA IPP (HYDELEC) Gr. 1 5.0 2008 Gr. 2 5.0 2008 Gr. 3 5.0 2008 Tsiazompaniry Total 5.2 2.0 21 RIA IPP (HFF) Gr. 1 2.6 2010 Gr. 2 2.6 2010 Namorona Total 5.6 3.5 42 RIF (JIRAMA) Gr. 1 2.80 1980 Gr. 2 2.80 1980 Manandray Total 0.5 0.4 2 RIF (JIRAMA) Gr. 1 0.14 1932 Gr. 2 0.14 1932 Gr. 3 0.17 1963 Volobe Total 6.8 6.0 42 RIT (JIRAMA) Gr. 1 1.5 1931 Gr. 2 1.5 1931 Gr. 3 1.5 1955 Gr. 4 2.2 1977 TOTAL 157.8 101.9 830.6 - 3.3. ELECTRIC NETWORKS  Madagascar has three high voltage interconnected are operated by the national electricity company (JIRAMA). networks (RI), corresponding to approximately 60% of the The RI are illustrated in Carte 14. country's total load: the Antananarivo Interconnected  Madagascar also has isolated centers that are mainly Network (RIA), the Fianaratsoa Interconnected Network located in rural areas and supplied by thermal diesel units (FIR) and the Toamasina Interconnected Network (RIT). (GO). The latter are operated by JIRAMA or by private Seventy percent (70%) of the country's electricity operators. consumption is realized on the RIA (HQI, 2005). These RI Page A-26 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Energy sector in Madagascar Page A-27 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Energy sector in Madagascar Page A-28 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Energy sector in Madagascar Page A-29 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Energy sector in Madagascar Page A-30 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Energy sector in Madagascar Page A-31 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR SECTION B. HYDROPOWER RESOURCE (1-20 MW)  Methodological approach  Small hydro potential in Madagascar (1-20 MW) Page B.1 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Methodological approach Chapter 4. Methodological approach 4.1. INTRODUCTION  The present Atlas of hydropower resources focuses on  The HydroAtlas should be a dynamic and evolving tool potential hydropower sites in a range of capacities between that must be updated according to future development of 1 and 20 MW. the hydropower sector in Madagascar and the increasing  The study of the hydropower potential of Madagascar is availability of information (hydrological measurements, based on two main information sources: update of site surveys, etc).  the literature resuming different studies and lists ; Figure 13. Geographic Information System linked to HydroAtlas of Madagascar.  a spatial analysis tool allowing to identify river stretches with high hydropower potential based on the rainfall and topography. This tool, SiteFinder, has been developed by SHER Ingénieur-Conseils.  The development of the HydroAtlas, including the linked Geographic Information System, is an essential tool for the responsible Malagasy agencies in charge of the development planning of the energy sector (Figure 13). The HydroAtlas is indeed a unique tool that integrates all the information coming from the different institutions involved in the hydropower sector. It provides an overview of the sector in terms of existing assets and potential, allowing a better visualisation of the matching of supply and demand for the prioritisation of future project development. 4.2. SITES IDENTIFIED BASED ON EXISTING INFORMATION  A summary of the existing literature has been carried out  These lists, which have common sites, present through the analysis of several technical studies, strategic geographical coordinates and some technical information documents, master plans and lists from different institutions. such as installed capacity, gross height or design flow. The sources of information on potential sites were the  It is important to remember that the lists are often following: summaries of several documents. Most of the time, these  potential sites from the lists of the World Bank ; documents are not or not anymore available. Very often,  potential sites reported in the archives of the Ministère de there are significant errors on the positioning and/or l’Energie et des Hydrocarbures ; technical parameters, and it is not possible to trace the source or to correct them. There is also uncertainty about  potentiel sites from the lists of ADER ; the technical parameters, when they are mentioned, as we  potential sites mentioned by ORE ; generally do not have information on the assumptions used  potential sites described in different studies. to determine them. 4.3. NEW POTENTIAL SITES: CONTRIBUTION OF SITEFINDER  The purpose of the SiteFinder software is to detect natural Figure 14. Illustration of SiteFinder waterfalls or river stretches with a steep slope, associated with a flow, to highlight the potential river stretches for hydropower development through the calculation of a specific river flow.  The tool is mainly based on a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) and climatic and/or hydrological data.  SiteFinder enriched the database with 412 new potential hydropower sites that were not found in the analysed bibiliographic sources or databases. Page B.2 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Methodological approach 4.4. CREATION OF A CONSOLDATED DATABASE  All the 2000+ sites which have been identified from the  This analysis phase has allowed to eliminate duplicated and sources described above, were analyzed based on satellite inconsistent sites, for which no exploitable information was imagery, topographic and geological maps and regional available. hydrological studies in order to judge if the site is favourable  The result is a consolidated database containing 403 or not for a hydropower project. potential hydropower sites distributed on the Big Island.  This analysis allowed the evaluation/confirmation of the  Based on these elements, an estimate of the potential available gross head, the size of the watershed drained by capacity of each site was carried out, considering a design the site, the obvious development constraints due to the flow corresponding to the interannual median flow, which presence of villages, protected areas, military sites, etc. was estimated based on a regional hydrological study.  The geological maps gave a first indication on the nature of the rocks, the possible tectonic events and the presence of geological faults which could make the implementation of a hydropower project more complex. 4.5. PROMISING HYDROPOWER SITES FOR SHORT TERM INVESTMENT (1-20 MW)  A substantive work has been carried out to establish a  Environmental criteria : determination of common portfolio of hydropower projects that meet the criteria of the ownership with a protected area, the presence of Lavaka or study: the priority sites. This work was conducted in close an important sediment transport even in the dry season; consultation with the Ministère de l'Energie and related  Criterium of adequacy between energy supply and entities and with the World Bank experts. demand ;  This selection is the result of a complex spatial planning  Technical criteria : assessment of the geological risk and exercise, based on: the hydraulic and hydrological characteristics of the site.  Economic criteria: estimation of the Levelized Cost of  This selection of 17 sites constitutes the list of priority Energy (LCOE), including the costs related to the access sites for short term hydropower development in and evacuation lines of the produced energy; Madagascar. Page B-3 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Methodological approach 4.6. RECONNAISSANCE STUDY AND FIELD INVESTIGATIONS  The objective of this stage is to study, at the stage of  Geology ; Reconnaissance study, the most promising potential sites  Geotechnics ; for small hydro in Madagascar.  Environmental and social impacts ;  In total, 41 sites have been visited, from which 17 sites were  Topography. the subject of further investigations (surface geology, topography, hydrology and socio-environment).  The teams of the Ministère de l'Energie and related entities  Among these 17 sites for which further field investigations joined the Consultant's experts to the field during many site have been carried out, three (3) have been recommended visits. for the development of isolated rural areas and three (3)  The prospect teams have frequently worked in difficult other sites come from the potential sites studied previously conditions due to the difficulty of access to many sites. at a more or less advanced stage and/or foreseen in the These experts had to show endurance during the long hikes energy sector development plans by the Ministère de in addition to the sections by motorcycle, canoe, pirogue l'Energie. and accomodation under sometimes precarious conditions.  The technical investigations carried out include site visits by Figure 15. Investigations of the surface geology. experts in hydropower design, topographic surveys (based on the processing of ortho-photogrammetric images acquired by a light aircraft), characterization of the surface geology and the socio-economic environment as well as river gaugings.  The reconnaissance and field investigations took place between September 2014 and November 2016. They were carried out by teams of experienced engineers and technicians with a solid background in the following areas :  Hydropower design ;  Hydrology ;  Hydraulics ; O RTHOPHOTO OF M AHATSARA SITE , ON THE B ESANA R IVER, AND CONTOUR LINES (5 M EQUIDISTANCE ) Page B-4 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Methodological approach 4.7. HYDROLOGICAL MONITORING OF SIX RIVERS  The objective of this activity is to carry out a hydrological  The hydrological monitoring campaign covered one monitoring campaign of six rivers considered as priorities for hydrological year (12 months, from October 2015 to the small hydropower development in Madagascar. These October 2016) and provided : measures will substantially improve the hydrological  time series of water height at daily time step and knowledge of regions in Madagascar that have not been  preliminary rating curves for each site. measured in the past. The location of the stations is shown in Table 5 below and on Carte 5, page A-9.  An example of the flows recorded during the hydrological Table 5. Location of the limnimetric stations year 2015-2016 on the Namorona River at the Andriamanajavona waterfall is shown in Figure 17. The RIVER LONGITUDE LATITUDE WATERSHED AREA [KM²] seasonal dynamics of the river is clearly shown. (MAJOR WATERSHED) [DD] [DD] Besana 47.915 -21.03 124.9 (watershed of Mananjary) Sahatandra Figure 17. Daily average flows calculated on the Namorona (2015-2016). 48.533 -18.919 511.7 (watershed of Rianila) Namorona 47.597 -21.378 862.3 (watershed of Namorona) Manandriana 47.592 -20.876 250.2 (watershed of Mananjary) Marimbona 49.458 -16.92 1495.4 (watershed of Marimbona) Sandratsiona 42.212 -17.151 2389.3 (watershed of Maningory)  The hydrological monitoring campaign includes not only the acquisition and installation of water level measurement equipment, but also the determination of preliminary rating curves (relationship between measured water level and river flow) at each site, through gauging operations. Figure 16. Installation of a limnimetric scale on the Sandratsiona (region of Analanjirofo) with the Direction Générale de la Météorologie.  Finally, a capacity building for the Malagasy institutions benefiting from the project was carried out in the course of the project through specific training and participation in gauging and station maintenance missions. Figure 18. Gauging of the Sandratsiona using the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP).  « The set-up of a hydrological monitoring network for the rivers with high hydropower potential will allow to better understand the available water resources and thus promote the development of hydropower projects throughout the country » Page B-5 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Small hydro potential in Madagascar (1-20 MW) Chapter 5. Small hydro potential in Madagascar (1-20 MW) 5.1. CONSOLIDATED SMALL HYDRO POTENTIAL  The hydropower potential of Madagascar is important and Table 6. Hydropower potentiel (1-20MW) still largely underexploited. Opportunities exist in all capacity P ROVINCE R EGION P OTENTIEL [MW] ranges. Atsinanana 166.0  The analysis shows that Madagascar has a great small Toamasina Analanjirofo 158.4 hydro potential for private or government investments. Alaotra-Mangoro 98.9  Without technical or economic considerations and according Vatovavy Fitovinany 170.9 to the assumptions defined in the previous chapter, the Amoron'i mania 88.7 small hydro in Madagascar consists of more than 350 Fianarantsoa Haute matsiatra 48.1 potential sites from 1 to 20 MW with a cumulated Atsimo-Atsinana 29.3 capacity of approximately 1350 MW (Figure 19). Ihorombe 22.4  More than half of this potential is concentrated in the Sofia 155.4 provinces of Toamasina (31%) and Fianarantsoa (26%), whose favourable topographic and meteorological Betsiboka 59.8 Mahajanga characteristics were highlighted in Chapter 2. These two Melaky 33.1 provinces have a total potential of 582 MW. The provinces Boeny 0.0 of Mahajanga, Antananarivo, Antsiranana and Toliary Vakinankaratra 91.8 contribute respectively 18%, 15%, 7% and 3% to the small Analamanga 61.7 hydro potential. Antananarivo Bongolava 32.0  The spatial distribution of the smaal hydro potential is Itasy 16.6 presented in detail in Table 6 and illustrated in Figure 19. Sava 55.0 The spatial distribution of this potential by provinces is Antsiranana Diana 39.2 presented in Carte 15. The distribution by region is presented in Carte 16. Detailed maps for each of the areas Menabe 34.7 with hydropower potential are presented in Cartes 16-1 to Anosy 0.3 Toliary 16-20. These maps illustrate in detail the location of the Atsimo-Andrefana 0.3 potential hydropower sites and their locations. Androy 0.0  Figure 20, on the other hand, shows the distribution of the Total 1362.7 number of potential sites per region for different potential capacity ranges. « Without technical or economic considerations, the small hydro potential in Madagascar consists of more than 350 potential sites ranging from 1 to 20 MW with a cumulated capacity of approximately 1350 MW » Page B-6 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Small hydro potential in Madagascar (1-20 MW) Figure 19. Consolidated small hydro potentiel per province and per region. Figure 20. Distribution of the number of sites by region and potential capacity range. Page B-7 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Small hydro potential in Madagascar (1-20 MW) Page B-8 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Small hydro potential in Madagascar (1-20 MW) 5.2. CONTRIBUTION OF SMALL HYDRO TO MADAGASCAR'S DEVELOPMENT  As presented in the previous chapters, Madagascar's compares the energy mix in 2014 (in terms of available potential for small hydro development is important. capacity), as detailed in Chapter 3, and a medium term  Small hydropower has the advantage of a faster projection with the implementation of the 17 promising development (~ 2.5 to 4 years), a better progression in hydropower sites identified and selected for this study meeting the electricity demand and a more easily available (section 4.5). This figure considers that the sources of funding than for the large hydro. The latter requires a longer thermal production remain identical. The data on other development (6 to 10 years), significant funding and may renewable energies are not available. encounter severe socio-environmental constraints. Given  The contribution of these 17 promising sites is 176.55 MW, the possibility of thermal substitution and the future increase which represents an increase of 150% (from 114.9 MW to in demand on the Interconnected Networks (RIA, RIT, RIF), 231.5 MW) of the available hydropower resource. these small hydro sites continue to be appealing even when  These figures show the importance of small hydro a big site is developed. development to achieve the country's objectives in terms of  Figure 21 highlights the contribution of small hydropower in energy security and economic development. the energy development of Madagascar. This figure Figure 21. Medium term contribution of small hydro to Madagascar's development. « Small hydropower has the advantage of a faster development (~ 2.5 to 4 years), a better progression in meeting the electricity demand and a more easily available funding than for the large hydro » Page B.9 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Small hydro potential in Madagascar (1-20 MW) Page B.10 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Small hydro potential in Madagascar (1-20 MW) Page B.11 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Small hydro potential in Madagascar (1-20 MW) Page B.12 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Small hydro potential in Madagascar (1-20 MW) Page B.13 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Small hydro potential in Madagascar (1-20 MW) Page B.14 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Small hydro potential in Madagascar (1-20 MW) Page B.15 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Small hydro potential in Madagascar (1-20 MW) Page B.16 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Small hydro potential in Madagascar (1-20 MW) Page B.17 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Small hydro potential in Madagascar (1-20 MW) Page B.18 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Small hydro potential in Madagascar (1-20 MW) Page B.19 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Small hydro potential in Madagascar (1-20 MW) Page B.20 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Small hydro potential in Madagascar (1-20 MW) Page B.21 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Small hydro potential in Madagascar (1-20 MW) Page B.22 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Small hydro potential in Madagascar (1-20 MW) Page B.23 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Small hydro potential in Madagascar (1-20 MW) Page B.24 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Small hydro potential in Madagascar (1-20 MW) Page B.25 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Small hydro potential in Madagascar (1-20 MW) Page B.26 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Small hydro potential in Madagascar (1-20 MW) Page B.27 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Small hydro potential in Madagascar (1-20 MW) Page B.28 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Small hydro potential in Madagascar (1-20 MW) Page B.29 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Small hydro potential in Madagascar (1-20 MW) Page B.30 HYDRO-ATLAS OF MADAGASCAR Small hydro potential in Madagascar (1-20 MW) Page B.31 www.sher.be