A g r i c u lt u r e g l o b A l P r A c t i c e N o t e A G R I C U LT U R E G L O B A L P R A C T I C E N O T E Indicators for Assessing Policy and Institutional Frameworks for Climate Public Disclosure Authorized Smart Agriculture Ademola Braimoh, Maurice Rawlins, Yuxuan Zhao, and Wisambi Loundu Agriculture accounts for 40 percent of the land area and 70 percent of the freshwater resources that humans use, and 24 percent of human-induced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The scale of global emissions from agriculture and land-use change is in- creasing due to population growth, growing consumption of meat and dairy products, and the rising use of nitrogen fertilizers,1 among other factors. Projections indicate that emissions from human activities other than agriculture and land-use change could increase from 54 gigatons (Gt) of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-eq) to roughly 70 Gt CO2-eq by 2050. To avoid dangerous global warming in which the global temperature rises above 2 degree Celsius relative to preindustrial eras, global GHG emissions by 2050 need to fall to roughly 21–22 Gt CO2-eq. Under business-as-usual practices, agriculture would contribute roughly 70 percent of these total emissions by mid- century. This implies that agriculture will need to cut its current emissions by two-thirds Public Disclosure Authorized while simultaneously increasing food production. In addition to its role as a contributor to climate 9.5 billion people by 2050, and agricultural demand change, agriculture, with its direct reliance on natural for water may increase by 30 percent by 2030. The resources, is also the sector of the economy that is proportion of the human population that resides the most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. in water-stressed or water-scarce areas is likely to The human population is projected to increase to increase from about 18 percent currently to 44 percent by 2050. The increased risks associated with higher 1 High levels of nitrogen fertilizer use in China and India that both frequencies of drought, flooding, and heat stress will account for 52 percent of global fertilizer GHG emissions are contributing to other environmental problems, including deteriorat- have significant impacts on agricultural production ing water quality and soil acidification. Conversely, fertilizer use is systems, resulting in lower yields, rising food prices, grossly inadequate for sustainable crop production in Sub-Saharan and increased GHG emissions. For every degree Celsius Africa. See World Bank (2016). Greenhouse gas Mitigation Opportu- nities in Agricultural Landscapes. Report No 106605-GLB the temperature warms, crop yields are at risk of Indicators for Assessing Policy and Institutional Frameworks for Climate Smart Agriculture — September 2017 Dasan Bobo / World Bank declining by 5 percent, leading to further insecurity for smart agriculture (CSA) serves as a useful framework the 815 million people already food insecure. for formulating policies that build on the synergies of these multiple priorities with the ultimate objective Agriculture is also the most vital sector of the economy of increasing productivity in an environmentally and for food security, and employs some 2.6 billion people socially sustainable way, strengthening farmers’ worldwide. More than any other sector in developing resilience, and reducing agriculture’s contribution countries, growth in the agricultural sector is associ- to climate change by reducing GHG emissions and ated with poverty reduction. The growth in gross sequestering carbon. domestic product (GDP) that takes place in agriculture is at least twice as effective in reducing poverty as One of the most urgent priority action areas for CSA the growth that takes place in other sectors, and is building evidence and assessment tools for CSA its significance to poverty rates increases roughly in implementation. Current evidence base is inadequate proportion to the size of its role in the larger economy. to support effective decision making, as it is often In the largely agriculture-based economies of the difficult to quantify and track progress toward developing world, where poverty rates are the highest implementation over time and largely inaccessible and the largest ratios of poor people live in rural areas, to decision makers at both national and local levels. its significance is the greatest. The set of CSA Policy Indicators developed by the World Bank2 assesses the enabling environment, that Agriculture therefore serves as a priority sector for ad- is, policy and institutional frameworks, and services dressing a range of development objectives including and infrastructure, within a country supporting the food security, poverty reduction, and climate change. implementation of CSA. The indicators quantitatively The unique attributes of the sector presents unique challenges for practitioners to prioritize these multiple 2 For details, see World Bank (2016). Climate Smart Agriculture objectives in a balanced and coherent fashion. Climate Indicators. Report No 105162-GLB. 2 | Indicators for Assessing Policy and Institutional Frameworks for Climate Smart Agriculture — September 2017 Visual News Associates / World Bank capture the readiness of national governments, the (i) To what extent are the policies, frameworks, effectiveness of institutions, and the availability of the economic structure, social structure, and gover- enabling mechanisms to implement CSA. nance structure conducive for supporting CSA implementation? In other words, the first theme, The index is derived from 14 indicators (comprised of Readiness Mechanism refers to the capacity of 31 sub-indicators) clustered into three broad themes: countries to plan and deliver adaptation and Readiness Mechanism, Services and Infrastructure, and mitigation programs in ways that are catalytic Coordination Mechanism aligned with the triple wins and fully integrated with national agricultural of productivity, resilience, and mitigation to gauge the development priorities. It also measures the progress of countries in implementing CSA. The CSA country’s capacity to leverage investments for Policy Index Scores for each theme were calculated climate action and incentivize adoption of new using a simple average of the indicators. Binary scoring technologies. was used for qualitative sub-indicators, and quantitative (ii) Are necessary services and infrastructure in place scores were normalized between 0 and 1 for a total to support CSA implementation? The second potential score of 100 percent. A composite CSA Policy theme, Services and Infrastructure measures Index was derived from a simple average of 14 indica- the country’s institutional capacity to mainstream tors. Further details of the derivatives of the index can CSA. be found in Table 1 and the CSA Indicators Report. (iii) Can a country effectively mobilize and coordinate The utility of the CSA Policy Index stems from the abil- across its various ministries and stakeholders to ity for policy makers to use the index to identify gaps support CSA implementation? The third theme, and to assess the full potential to support implementa- Coordination Mechanism assesses collaboration for tion. The three themes are intended to help policy disaster risk management and coordination among makers and other practitioners gauge: the sectors involved in CSA. Indicators for Assessing Policy and Institutional Frameworks for Climate Smart Agriculture — September 2017 | 3 Table 1: Derivatives of the CSA Policy Index Theme Indicator Detail Rationale Agricultural adapta- Three sub-indicators measuring integration tion policy of adaptation in national agriculture policy and strategies to support implementation and monitoring of programming To assess enabling environ- ment for supporting CSA Agricultural Three sub-indicators measuring integration of implementation mitigation policy mitigation in national agriculture policy and Readiness strategies to support implementation and Mechanism monitoring of programming Economic readiness Calculated from the “ease of doing business index” To measure country’s capacity Governance Calculated from “World Governance Indicators” to leverage investments for readiness climate action and incentivize Social readiness Calculated from Millennium Development Goal adoption of new technologies Indicators and World Development Indicators Extension services Two sub-indicators that assess capacity of national extension services to provide producers with relevant information for dealing with im- pacts of climate change and evidence of national programs to disseminate such information Agricultural R&D Two sub-indicators measuring integration in CSA focused research in national agricultural R&D and evidence of allocation in agriculture research budget focused on climate change Rural Access Index Proportion of rural population which has To measure institutional adequate access to transport system capacity to operationalize Social safety nets Identified in agriculture policies and national and mainstream CSA Services and strategies as resilience mechanism Infrastructure National GHG Two sub-indicators that assess evidence of inventory system national GHG inventory system which include emissions from agriculture sector National agricul­ Six sub-indicators that identify policies and tural risk manage- guidelines for agricultural risk management ment systems systems including grain stock reserves, standards for warehouse receipts, agricultural insurance, and crop and livestock prices Adaptive capacity Calculated from University of Notre Dame To measure country’s expo- Global Adaptation Index vulnerability indicator sure, sensitivity and ability to adapt to negative impacts of climate change Disaster risk Three sub-indicators that assess integration of management disaster risk management planning in national coordination agricultural policies, or conversely how the To assess country’s ability policies integrate measures to address disaster to mobilize and coordinate Coordination risk in agriculture sector across various ministries and Mechanism stakeholders to support CSA Multi-sectoral Four sub-indicators that measure extent that implementation coordination national agriculture policies promote or enable multi-sectoral coordination across sectors 4 | Indicators for Assessing Policy and Institutional Frameworks for Climate Smart Agriculture — September 2017 The results of test application of CSA Policy Index yield DIFFERENCES BETWEEN REGIONS compelling evidence for adoption of climate-smart policies: Key findings of the CSA Policy Indicator themes in a regional assessment (Figure 1) reveal that: 1. Adopting CSA policies leads to positive gains in sustainably increasing agricultural production. • Countries performed the lowest in Readiness Mechanism across all regional groups except ECA. A key contribution Cereal yields are predicted to increase 47 kg/ha for to the low Readiness Mechanism scores stemmed from every 1 percent increase in the CSA Policy Index. the lack of monitoring and implementation systems to 2. Adopting CSA policies leads to significant gains in support adaptation and mitigation policies. combating undernourishment. The proportion of • LAC outperformed other regional groups in Services undernourished population is predicted to decrease and Infrastructure to operationalize CSA. Analysis of by 0.4 percent for every 1 percent increase in the the top and bottom performers in this region reveals, among other things, that a strong commitment from the CSA Policy Index. government is as important as services for creating an 3. Adopting CSA policies helps reduce GHG intensity in enabling environment for CSA. Chile, Mexico, and Brazil various agricultural products. A 1 percent increase in are among the highest performers in the LAC region. the CSA Policy Index is predicted to: decrease GHG Through a combination of well-defined legal and institu- intensity of milk by 0.11 kg CO2–eq/kg; decrease tional frameworks, strong political will3 and evidence of a GHG intensity of chicken by 0.11 kg CO2–eq/kg; multi-sectorial and interdisciplinary approach to address- ing climate change that is well integrated in national and decrease GHG intensity of paddy rice by policies and strategies, these countries have created a 0.02 kg CO2–eq/kg. strong, enabling environment for CSA. • SA and LAC regions emerged as top performers for Country assessments of the CSA Policy Index were Coordination Mechanism to support CSA. Countries in performed on 88 countries comprising 32 countries SA performed highest for their capacity to mobilize and in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), 22 in Latin America and mainstream disaster risk reduction across sectors. Caribbean (LAC), 12 in Europe and Central Asia (ECA), 9 in East Asia and Pacific (EAP), 8 in Middle East and 3 For example, Mexico is the only country to have submitted five North Africa (MENA), and 5 in South Asia (SA). national communications to the United Nations Framework Conven- tion on Climate Change (UNFCCC). FIGURE 1: Regional Scores across the 3 Themes 100 90 80 70 60 Percent 50 Services and Infrastructure Services and Infrastructure Services and Infrastructure Services and Infrastructure Services and Infrastructure Services and Infrastructure Coordination Mechanism Coordination Mechanism Coordination Mechanism Coordination Mechanism Coordination Mechanism Coordination Mechanism 40 Readiness Mechanism Readiness Mechanism Readiness Mechanism Readiness Mechanism Readiness Mechanism Readiness Mechanism 30 20 10 0 SSA LAC ECA EAP MENA SA Indicators for Assessing Policy and Institutional Frameworks for Climate Smart Agriculture — September 2017 | 5 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN INCOME resilience and low-carbon development. The high performers also apply a collaborative multi-sectorial GROUPS approach to addressing climate change that is well Performance on the Readiness Mechanism, and integrated into national strategies and policies. Services and Infrastructure indicator themes is Although the level of economic development in a positively correlated with a higher level of per capita country appears to be a strong determinant of its Gross National Income (GNI) (Figure 2). Middle- ability to provide strong legal frameworks to support income countries (MICs) with strong agricultural services and infrastructure for CSA implementation, export markets (Chile, Brazil, Mexico, and South a commitment from the government—­ demonstrated Africa) emerged as the highest performers for the through national climate change policies and indicators. These are supported by services and strategies—is as important as services for creating infrastructure such as market information systems, an enabling environment for CSA. For example, agriculture crop insurance, warehouse receipts Madagascar emerged among the top performers systems, and early warning systems for weather in SSA. The country has built strong institutional and pest management that are critical for well- frameworks through regional arrangements supported functioning markets. The countries are better able by the Indian Ocean Islands to integrate adaptation to leverage investments for capacity for adoption strategies and disaster risk response to climate change of new technologies, and are better equipped in national policies and other strategies. Furthermore, to implement CSA through delivery of necessary some low-income economies are capable of offering services, technologies and programs that enable programs such as conditional cash transfers, public CSA. This entails significant public investments in works programs, seeds and tools distribution programs research and development (R&D) and agricultural that assist in CSA implementation. risk management systems for accelerating climate FIGURE 2: Scores on the 3 Themes across Income Groups 100 90 80 70 60 Percent 50 Services and Infrastructure Services and Infrastructure Services and Infrastructure 40 Coordination Mechanism Coordination Mechanism Coordination Mechanism Readiness Mechanism Readiness Mechanism Readiness Mechanism 30 20 10 0 Low Lower middle Upper middle (per capita GNI Յ $1,045) (per capita GNI $1,045–$4,125) (per capita GNI $4,125–$12,736) 6 | Indicators for Assessing Policy and Institutional Frameworks for Climate Smart Agriculture — September 2017 Deep dive into performance and Infrastructure, and 75 percent below average for Coordination Mechanism. Seven out of 12 ECA on the themes and the CSA countries (58 percent) in the sample scored below Policy Index global average for both Service and Infrastructure Table 2 shows the scores and rankings for countries on and Coordination Mechanism, and 33 percent scored the 3 themes and the CSA Policy Index. The CSA Policy below global average for Readiness Mechanism. Index scores are also shown in Figure 3. SSA has the Some 22 out of 56 MICs (39 percent) scored below largest number of countries in the sample scoring be- global average Readiness Mechanism, 50 percent low the global average for Readiness Mechanism (19 scored below global average for Services and Infra- out of 32 or 59 percent) Services and Infrastructure structure, and 48 percent below global average for (63 percent), and Coordination Mechanism (34 per- Coordination Mechanism. This suggests that MICs also cent). Five out of eight MENA countries (63 percent) have specific challenges related to leveraging invest- in the sample scored below global average Readiness ments for climate action, promoting adoption of new Mechanism, 88 percent below average for Service Table 2: Country Scores and Rankings by Theme and CSA Policy Index4 Readiness Services and Coordination CSA Policy Mechanism Infrastructure Mechanism Index   (%) Rank (%) Rank (%) Rank (%) Rank Algeria 34.3 79 48.9 68 33.3 75 41.5 83 Argentina 54.1 51 74.2 26 100 1 70.7 24 Azerbaijan 60.3 37 43.2 75 41.7 70 49.1 62 Bangladesh 60.8 34 74.3 25 100 1 73.1 20 Belarus 50.1 57 37.7 83 16.7 87 39.1 84 Benin 48.5 59 62.4 44 100 1 62.8 35 Bolivia 59.5 38 72.6 28 100 1 71.9 22 Botswana 50.2 56 62.4 43 16.7 87 51.5 60 Brazil 64.7 19 88.4 3 87.5 16 79.8 5 Bulgaria 75.3 3 74.4 23 29.2 77 68.3 29 Burkina Faso 40.2 72 64.4 37 70.8 40 56.7 52 Burundi 44.6 66 41.4 79 75.0 30 47.3 68 Cambodia 55.3 49 62.6 42 75.0 30 61.8 39 Cameroon 46.3 64 56.5 56 87.5 16 57.3 51 Central African 38.6 74 32.7 87 41.7 70 36.3 87 Republic Chad 34.2 80 46.9 71 70.8 40 45.8 73 Chile 78.6 2 89.2 2 100 1 87.0 1 China 63.5 22 81.9 11 100 1 77.9 9 Colombia 67.8 12 86.4 6 75.0 30 78.1 8 Comoros 57.2 47 35.2 85 70.8 40 48.2 65 Congo, Dem. Rep. 53.4 52 33.9 86 54.2 62 43.8 79 Congo, Rep. 29.3 83 42.4 78 50.0 67 38.8 85 Costa Rica 70.2 7 82.7 10 87.5 16 78.9 6 (continues) 4 Below global average scores are indicated in red. Indicators for Assessing Policy and Institutional Frameworks for Climate Smart Agriculture — September 2017 | 7 Table 2: Continued Readiness Services and Coordination CSA Policy Mechanism Infrastructure Mechanism Index   (%) Rank (%) Rank (%) Rank (%) Rank Côte d’Ivoire 37.1 76 54.7 62 29.2 77 44.8 76 Czech Republic 79.6 1 86.1 7 87.5 16 84.0 2 Djibouti 40.5 71 48.5 69 58.3 57 47.0 69 Dominican Republic 64.7 18 78.3 19 100 1 76.6 13 Ecuador 62.1 28 85.5 8 87.5 16 77.4 10 Egypt, Arab Rep. 58.1 44 80.6 13 70.8 40 71.2 23 El Salvador 64.4 20 80.4 15 87.5 16 75.7 15 Equatorial Guinea 35.2 78 40.8 80 25.0 85 36.6 86 Ethiopia 46.4 63 57.6 53 87.5 16 57.9 49 Gabon 23.0 87 52.3 64 70.8 40 44.5 77 Ghana 67.9 10 55.0 60 100 1 66.0 33 Grenada 54.8 50 71.1 32 87.5 16 67.6 31 Guatemala 49.9 58 79.9 16 83.3 28 69.7 26 Guinea 57.2 48 31.8 88 70.8 40 46.5 72 Guyana 63.7 21 62.1 45 58.3 57 62.1 37 Haiti 27.4 85 58.8 49 29.2 77 43.3 80 Honduras 59.4 39 76.9 21 66.7 52 69.2 27 Hungary 64.9 17 56.9 54 70.8 40 61.7 41 India 63.3 23 84.0 9 100 1 78.9 7 Indonesia 65.1 16 53.2 63 70.8 40 60.0 47 Iran, Islamic Rep. 57.6 46 47.6 70 70.8 40 55.0 56 Kenya 58.7 42 59.8 47 54.2 62 58.6 48 Lao PDR 42.4 68 42.5 77 45.8 69 43.0 81 Madagascar 58.5 43 72.2 30 75.0 30 67.7 30 Malawi 52.1 54 69.8 33 54.2 62 61.2 44 Malaysia 42.6 67 56.5 55 29.2 77 47.7 67 Mali 61.2 31 63.6 39 75.0 30 64.4 34 Mexico 67.9 11 86.4 5 100 1 81.7 4 Morocco 66.5 14 59.8 46 58.3 57 62.0 38 Mozambique 60.6 35 55.6 57 83.3 28 61.4 42 Nepal 28.9 84 55.2 59 87.5 16 50.4 61 Nicaragua 62.6 26 80.4 14 100 1 76.8 11 Niger 59.1 41 55.5 58 87.5 16 61.4 43 Nigeria 58.0 45 79.7 17 70.8 40 70.7 25 Pakistan 60.9 33 58.6 51 75.0 30 61.8 40 Panama 69.0 8 69.7 34 54.2 62 67.3 32 Papua New Guinea 59.4 40 42.8 76 29.2 77 46.8 71 Paraguay 62.6 25 75.2 22 100 1 74.3 18 Peru 68.3 9 72.5 29 100 1 74.9 17 Philippines 37.7 75 68.3 35 62.5 53 56.6 53 (continues) 8 | Indicators for Assessing Policy and Institutional Frameworks for Climate Smart Agriculture — September 2017 Table 2: Continued Readiness Services and Coordination CSA Policy Mechanism Infrastructure Mechanism Index   (%) Rank (%) Rank (%) Rank (%) Rank Poland 73.9 4 91.9 1 75.0 30 83.1 3 Romania 73.7 5 63.6 38 75.0 30 68.9 28 Russian Federation 60.4 36 35.3 84 41.7 70 45.2 74 Rwanda 67.3 13 73.6 27 87.5 16 73.3 19 Senegal 61.6 29 52.2 65 87.5 16 60.6 45 Slovak Republic 71.2 6 63.1 40 37.5 73 62.3 36 South Africa 61.5 30 80.9 12 100 1 76.7 12 Sri Lanka 26.6 86 62.9 41 29.2 77 45.2 75 St. Lucia 38.9 73 74.3 24 62.5 53 60.0 46 Sudan 20.1 88 38.4 82 29.2 77 30.6 88 Syrian Arab 52.1 53 58.5 52 50.0 67 55.0 57 Republic Tajikistan 40.7 70 58.7 50 29.2 77 48.0 66 Tanzania 62.2 27 78.2 20 100 1 75.6 16 Thailand 46.5 62 52.1 66 62.5 53 51.6 58 Togo 46.7 61 46.6 72 58.3 57 48.3 64 Tunisia 36.1 77 46.4 73 58.3 57 44.4 78 Turkey 32.5 81 59.7 48 70.8 40 51.6 59 Uganda 46.8 60 38.9 81 75.0 30 46.9 70 Ukraine 50.6 55 54.7 61 25.0 85 49.0 63 Uruguay 61.0 32 88.2 4 70.8 40 76.0 14 Venezuela, RB 46.1 65 67.8 36 33.3 75 55.1 55 Vietnam 66.2 15 50.5 67 62.5 53 57.8 50 Yemen, Rep. 31.8 82 45.5 74 54.2 62 41.8 82 Zambia 63.0 24 78.8 18 75.0 30 72.6 21 Zimbabwe 41.7 69 71.9 31 37.5 73 56.2 54 Global Average 53.8   62.4   67.3   60.1   Indicators for Assessing Policy and Institutional Frameworks for Climate Smart Agriculture — September 2017 | 9 FIGURE 3: CSA Policy Index (percent) technologies, providing enabling services, and building to development and has incorporated adaptation robust institutions for CSA. strategies for CSA. Some 43 out of 88 countries (49 percent) scored below the global average of 60.1 percent on the CONCLUSION CSA Policy Index. Two countries are from SA; three The World Bank Group has set out two goals—to are from LAC; six are from each of ECA and MENA; end extreme poverty by 2030 and to promote shared seven are from EAP; and out of 32 SSA countries in prosperity—that are aligned to support the Sustainable the sample, 19 (59 percent) scored below the global Development Goals (SDGs). Yet the projected increase average. Petroleum based economies such as Algeria, in extreme weather events will likely threaten the Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and Russia are amongst objective of sustainably eradicating poverty. Although the lowest performers on the CSA Policy Index. developing countries are most vulnerable to extreme Due to heavy reliance on petroleum revenues, the climate-related shocks, adopting climate-smart agricultural sector in these countries remains critically practices, developing enabling polices and institutions, underdeveloped. The lack of diversification of the and mobilizing financing will enable countries to adapt economy and underdevelopment of the agriculture and contribute to climate change mitigation. sector contribute to weak institutional mechanisms for supporting CSA implementation. In many cases, The policy indicators described in this note are used these countries also lack National Adaptation for evaluating the extent to which countries have Programs of Action that drive CSA implementation. A adopted climate-smart policies. They enable policy noteworthy exception is Nigeria who has established makers and other users to compare how a country’s policies recognizing climate change as a threat enabling environment for CSA is changing over time. 10 | Indicators for Assessing Policy and Institutional Frameworks for Climate Smart Agriculture — September 2017 Gabriella Izzi / World Bank They are also useful in identifying gaps in supporting not provide an aspirational number for supporting CSA implementation and in developing benchmarks CSA implementation. It is also worth noting that the for reform. The indicators can also be used individually, index does not cover the full range of policies and allowing users to compare single indicators across services for CSA implementation in any country. In countries or across time, identify strengths and weak- developing reforms to support CSA implementation, nesses, and prioritize specific areas for intervention. In policy makers should also consider context-specific this regard, the CSA Policy Index represents a useful measures to assess the quality of services, and the tool for initiating or furthering policy dialogue and performance of coordination and institutional mecha- planning how to adequately and efficiently deal with nisms to support implementation. climate change in the agricultural sector. Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) offer Although the index represents a useful tool for identi- opportunities to better understand countries’ plans fying policies and institutional arrangements that are for addressing climate change and the kind of support critical for enabling CSA, it currently does not measure they may require for implementing the plans and the performance or quality of various policy measures, transitioning to climate-smart development pathways. services, and coordination mechanism to support Although agriculture, in the context of adaptation implementation. For example, a country may have and/or mitigation, is well represented in Parties’ NDCs agro-meteorological services or programs for building communicated to the United Nations Framework farmers’ resilience to climate change; however, the Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), detailed index does not assess the efficacy of the program or analysis indicates that there is much attention to the extent to which farmers can access agro-weather conventional agricultural practices that can be advisories and adopt new practices and technologies climate-smart (e.g., crop, soil, water and livestock recommended by the agro-meteorological programs. management), but less to the enabling services and Furthermore, although the index assigns a composite frameworks that can facilitate adoption of these score for each country based on the institutional practices. There is a need to boost financial support to arrangements for enabling CSA interventions, it does strengthen policies and institutions for CSA. Specific Indicators for Assessing Policy and Institutional Frameworks for Climate Smart Agriculture — September 2017 | 11 Dasan Bobo / World Bank activities that should be supported include support for exchange; promote the mainstreaming of adaptation policy development and identify options to overcome and mitigation measures into broader public policy, CSA adoption barriers; promote greater coherence, expenditure and planning frameworks at national, coordination, and integration between sectors dealing subnational and local levels; and strengthen technical with climate change, agriculture and food security; and institutional capacity to implement CSA. strengthen south-south knowledge transfer and This note is based on the World Bank Climate Smart Agriculture Indicators Report No 105162-GLB prepared under the guidance and supervision of Mark Cackler and Preeti Ahuja, and the overall direction of Juergen Voegele and Ethel Sennhauser. The report benefitted from comments from Willem Jansen, Marc Sadler, Rob Townsend, George Ledec, Svetlana Edmeades, Tobias Baedeker, Bruce Campbell, Christine Negra, and Ephraim Nkonya. We also acknowledge the inputs from Holger Kray, Mona Sur, Edward Bresnyan, Kerri Platais, Maria Ana de Rijk, Xiaoyue Hou, Julia Navarro and Elizabeth Minchew. 12 | Indicators for Assessing Policy and Institutional Frameworks for Climate Smart Agriculture — September 2017