Rural Development
Indicators
Handbook
22346 1
March 2000
From the World Develo 7*ai= f Indicators
U URADEVELOPMENT
T H EWOR L D B A N K
Rural Development
Indicators
Handbook
from the World Development Indicators
March 2000
1
Copyright 2000 by the International Bank
for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK
1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A.
All rights reserved
Manufactured in the United States of America
First printing March 2000
2
Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..............................4
PREFACE ..............................5
DATA NOTES ............................. 6
REGIONAL TABLES
WORLD .......................8
EAST ASIA AND THE PACIFIC ....................... 9
EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA.... . 1 0
LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN ................... 11
MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA ...................... 12
SOUTH ASIA .................... 13
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA ............................... 14
INCOME GROUP TABLES
LOW INCOME .16
MIDDLE INCOME ......................E 17
LOWER MIDDLE INCOME .................18
UPPER MIDDLE INCOME .......................19
LOW AND MIDDLE INCOME .............. 20
HIGH INCOME ............. f i ... 21
COUNTRY TABLES ............................. 24-229
(IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER)
TECHNICAL NOTES ON THE RURAL SCORE CARD ................ 231
HOW THE RURAL SCORE CARD IS COMPUTED .................... 232
HOW TO USE THE RURAL SCORE CARD ............................ 232
NEXT STEPS ..... . 233
DEFINITIONS ..... 235
3
Acknowledgement
The Rural Development Indicators Handbook is based
mainly on the World Development Indicators 2000. Defin-
ing, gathering and disseminating international statistics is a
collective effort of many people and organizations. The indi-
cators presented in the World Development Indicators are
the fruit of decades of work at many levels, from the field-
workers who administer censuses and household surveys
to the committees and working parties of the national and
international statistical agencies that develop the nomen-
clature, classifications, and standards fundamental to inter-
national statistical system. Nongovernmental organizations
have also made important contributions. We are indebted
to the WDI network of partners, as detailed in the World
Development Indicators 2000, particularly the FAO, ILO,
WHO, as well as the International Institution for Applied
System Analysis.
4
Preface
Rural Development: From Vision to Action (World Bank,
1997) spells out a broad strategy for developing the rural
economy and improving the well-being of people living in
rural areas. The strategy identifies poverty reduction, widely-
shared growth, food security, and sustainable natural re-
source management as the four primary development goals
that countries can use as signposts to measure their
progress towards sustained rural development.
While Vision to Action recognized the importance of sys-
tematic monitoring to track rural development progress, it
did not provide a built in framework for such an exercise.
The problem is that effective monitoring requires quality
data; however, the debate on defining appropriate indica-
tors across sectors has not yet been resolved. In addition,
where consensus has been reached on particular indica-
tors, quality data sets are not widely available in the Bank's
client countries. As a result, it is difficult to develop a com-
mon approach to monitoring and evaluating progress within
a country and across several countries.
To address this deficiency, the Rural Development Depart-
ment (RDV), working with the Development Economics
Data Group (DECDG), is developing a Rural Integrative
Data System (RIDS). The first step in this effort is the Rural
Development Indicators Handbook. This Handbook iden-
tifies a broad set of rural indicators - some from the
DECDG databases and the World Development Indicators,
others not yet readily available. In addition to the broad set
of rural indicators, the Handbook presents data for com-
puting the Rural Score Card, a composite indicator that
can be used to assess an overall progress in achieving
rural well-being (poverty reduction) for a country.
To facilitate the evolution of quality and consistency of a
world wide rural data system, the Rural Family of the World
Bank and DECDG will collaborate with client countries and
other development agencies.
Robert L. Thompson
Director of Rural Development
World Bank
5
Data notes
The data are mainly from the World Development Indica-
tors 2000. The cut off date for the data in this book book is
February 1, 2000 and further changes to the WDI data are
not reflected here.
Growth rates are proportional changes from the previous
year unless otherwise noted.
Regional aggregates include data for low- and middle-in-
come economies only. The aggregates are shown only if
data are available for 66% of the economies in the regional
or income group.
Figures in italics indicate data for years or periods other than
those specified.
Symbols used:
means that data are not available or that aggre-
gates cannot be calculated because of missing
data.
0 or 0.0 means zero or less than half the unit shown.
$ means current U.S. dollars.
* means that the rural breakdown of the indicator is
needed for monitoring rural development and well-
being, but in the absence of that data, the national
aggregates are shown. The goal is to have the
rural/urban breakdown for such indicators in future
editions.
Data are shown for countries with population greater than
30,000 or less if they are members of the World Bank. The
term country (used interchangeably with economy) does not
imply political independence or official recognition by the
World Bank but refers to any territories for which the au-
thorities report separate social or economic statistics.
6
Regional Tables
7
W~d
1EE0 1990 1993
PpuiUon (rrilliors) 4430.2 5254.5 5697.1
GDP($rrillioins) 10,960,147 21,418.190 2B,736,978
(,P per capita, Alas med (U[i $) 2,530 4,583 4,890
Rura popJetion(%'Octal) 60 56 54
Ufe epectaiany 61 65 67
uface area (1,O 5sq. eln)
Fpuiatr teion t th poerty lire (%ruraf)
Icrtality rae, irfaIt (pacr 1,0I live brthis) 90 63 54
Safe ater, rural % of rurai popia9on vath aocess)
Saitatil, rural (%do rurai populaticr wth armes)
dmo4 enroilrrrent, prirnny (% Sgry)' 97 1013 10
S3do enrolrrinal, pirriray. rrae (%gross)* 104 106 109
Smnoo enroilnre, priay, ferrrde (%gross)- 90 97 102
er capita dietary eresgy sqiy (aines)ac.
Malnutritin p terre (%of chdlren -der 5)-
Youth ilifteracy rate, (%orf ferare 15-24)^ 30 23 19
Illiteacyrate, aiitfewde re(%offernael15 )' 46 38 32
Agr. (MP(vatreadle), ¶Jci6grath(1 9809) 22
Agr. GDP, a.gr vor as %d tota lPI wrvke
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker, annual goath (1980-9E)
Rura rat errnony- nt
Ertioyees, agr. ferraie (%of tota laor force).
Enpioyees, services.I feIae (%of totai labn force)
-agr. GDP rna-Fagr. woker (gpeople)
Cerea yieid (klogram per hectare)
Food produtio irdex (19991 = 100)
Livestocks pdction irdex (1989-91 =100)
Agr. exoorts as aercent d fg. vaJre adcded
PL-en d agr5 producxton sdd in dohestic artiet.
Akess to finerte system per ray hoursehold
Grossdorestic savings ($ rnillions)e 2,798,823 4,907,049 69578042
Agr. -ee per pgm. wkr ($) fr
Ruai labDr force (%da toca laor force)
Labor tore, ferraie (%of Iota labor fore) 39 40 41
Food price indrex (1995=100).
Road narrnaized incdex' 114
Rnds paed0 39 43
Telexnm serairnes (pmr 1,0 preopie)y 78 100 146
Fados (per 1,000 people)* 305 398 418
Edelc Pmwer consption per capta (kWM) 1,590 1,928 2,093
EWdyreerrpsy(ers41,000Jpmie)o 102 104
xrber d porst Offices (njra)...
Tao wedhes (per 1,00 people)'
Fbtertidly arabie larnd ruraJ p5p4taion (ha)
Freshraer wthdraAals for agr./ agr GDP (cm milion $)
FreshAnater witxaws for a pm. (%o total)
Anr def oresration 19390 95 (% dange)
CroprardiV potenrtialy (ra-nnrprah) araide land (94.
Irrigated land as %cropiand
C tisated lar with coxerbvation teddoogies ('/ _
Rscae decentraization (siane cf lorai gnt egpefiture).
W. of faws organizatin snro. oga rruney grMs..
Locai govt. pdr oentrai govt- qperdrg.
Locrd tax reveue' loca govt. sperdirg
8
East Asia & Pacific
1980 1990 1998
Population (milions) 1397.8 1640.8 18171
GDP ($ m4itons) 503,584 925,765 1,693,340
GNP per capita, Allas method (Us $) 330 570 990
Rural population (%of total) 78 70 66
Life expectancy 66 67 69
Surface area (1,000 sq. km)
F eWll4fhD
Population below the poverty line (%/ rural)
Morality rate, intant (per 1,000 live births) 55 40 35
Safe water, rural (% of rural population with aocess) . 82
Sanitation, rurai (% of rural population wrth access) .. 13
School enrollment, pmary(%gross)* 111 120 119
School enrollment, primary. mae (% gross)+ 116 125 12t
School enrollmem, prirtmary, female (%gross) 103 117 121
Per capita cdetary energy supply (calodes).
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children under 5)* .. 19 20
Youth illiteracy rate, (0- of female t5-24)* 15 8 5
Illiteracy rate. adult female (0-of female 15-)* 43 29 22
owmm Iwtn gsmt Eonoaw
Agr. GDP (value added), annua growth (1980-98) 3.9
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker as % of total GDP/ worker
Agr. GDP! agr. worker, annual growth (1980-98)
Rura non-farm employment
Employees, agr.. female (% of total labor force)
Employees, services, female (% of total tabor force)
Non-agr. GDP/ non-agr worker ($/people)
Cerea yield (klograms per hectare)
Food production index (1 989-91 = 100)
Livestock production index (1989-91 = 100)
Qtwlvnwrof Mtdbs1
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added
Percent of agr. production sold in donestic market
Access to finance system per rural household .. .. .
Gross domestic savings ($ millions) 180.974 324,972 652.482
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($1
Rural labor force (%/o of total labor force)
Labor force, female (% of total labor force) 43 44 44
Food prioce index (1995=100)
Roads, nomialized ndex.
Roads paved (0-P . 24 17
Telephone manlines (per 1,000 people)* 5 16 70
Radios (per 1,000 people)* 123 292 302
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)* 250 465 771
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)* 50
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)
9bAwdm mveom of M 0tb Now nst Basam
Potentially arable land/ rural population (ha)
Freshwater withdrawals for agr.! agr GDP (cm' million $)
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (- of total)
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (%change)
Cropland/ potentially (non-marginal) arabe land (0/-)
Irrigated land as % cropland
Culfivated land with Coenervaton technologies (0-)
Fiscal decentralziation (share ot local govt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organizations no of community groups
Local govt. spending! central povt. spending
Local tax revenue! local govt. spending
9
Eurone & Central Asia
1980 1990 19f8
Population (millions) 425.8 466.3 474.7
GDP ($ millions) 1,244,474 1,003,000
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) 2.510 2.200
Rural population (34 of total) 41 37 34
if e expectancy 68 69 69
Surface area (1,000 sq. url)
Population below the povery line () rural)
Mortaliy rate, infant (per 1,200 live births) 41 28 22
Safe water, rural (% of rural popuiation with access)
Sanitation, rural (% of rura population with access) ..
School enrollment, primary (%gross)' 99 99 100
School enrolment, primary, rnale () gross)* 100 100 1tO
School enrolment, prriary. female (%gross)* 99 99 99
Per capita dietary energy supply (calonis)^
Maanutntion prevalence (% of children unrder 5)'
Youth iliterary rate, (34 of female 15-24)' 4 3 2
Illiteracy rate, adult female (% of female 15+)' 8 6 5
Apr. GOP (vafue artded), annual growth (1980-99)
Agr. GDP/agworker as°4of tota GDP,worker
Agr. GDP agr. worker. annual growth )1980-98)
Rural tnonfarm employment
Employees, agr. femaie (1 of rotal sabor force) 26
Employees, senvices, female (% of total labor force) 43
Non-agr. GDP/ non-agr. worker ($/people)
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare)
Food production index )1989-91 - 10O)
ivestockproduction odex 1(989-91 100)
Agr. exports as percent of agr. vaue adderd
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Grossdornestic satrgs($ illionsi 347,050 202,147
Agr. wage per agr worker ($)
RurPl labor force (% of total labor force)
Labor force, femae (% of tota labor force) 47 46 46
Food price inlex (t995-100)
Roads, normalized rlesW' 127
Roads paved (341' 74 87
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)' 64 125 200
Radios (per 1,000 peopie)* 385 442
Electnc poemr consumption per capita (sWih' 3,183 3 853 2,692
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 peope),' - 01 102
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)'
PotentialIy arable lart rual popation (ha)
Freshwater wthdrawals for agr./ agr. GDP (cmnt mi lion $)
Freshwater wrthdrawals for agr. (% of totau)
Annual deforestation t990-95 (% change)
Croplard' potentiahIy (non-marginal) arable land (%)
Irrigated land as % crop(anct
Cutivatetd lanrd Wth conservation technologies (
Fisca decentralization (share of local govt expenditure)
No. of farmers orgarnizations' no. f oommunity groups
Local povt. sPrending central gout spending
Local tax revenuei local gour. spending
10
Latin America & Caribbean
1980 1990 1998
Population (millions) 360.3 438.9 501.7
GDP ($ millions) 787,863 1,149,080 2,028,359
GNP per capta, Alas method (US 2,110 2,250 3,860
Rural populason (% of total) 35 29 25
Life expectanry 65 68 70
Surface area (1,000 sq. km)
ftR Wfbllu
Populaton below the poverty line (% rural
Mortality rate, infant (per 1.000 live Nirths( 61 41 31
Safe water, rural (% of rural population with access)
Sanitation. rural l% of rura population with access)
Scool enrolIment, prnary (e6 gross)* 105 105 113
School enrollment. primary, made (%grossp* 106
Scrhool enrollment, primary, female (%gross)* 103
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)*
talnutrition preva ence (% ot children under 5) -.
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female 15-247* 11 8 6
Illiteracy rate, adult female (%of female 15+)* 23 17 13
IMwPMAwmt t RMttnww:
Agr. GDP (value adced), annus growth (1980-98) 21
Agr. GDP, agr. worker as % of total GDP! worker
Agr GDP/ agr worker, annuao groAth (1980-98)
Rural non-farm erployment
Employees, agr.. female (%of tota lasor force) .. 8 13
Errloyees, services, female 1% of total labor force) .. 74 74
Non-agr GDPi non-agr worker ($/people)
Cereal yield (hilograrns per hectare)
Food prodrLction midex (1989-91 = 1001.
Livestock production index (1989-91 - 100)
Agr. exports as percent of agr value added
Peroent of agr. production sold a domestic naket
Access to tinance system per rural household .
Gross dorrestic savings ($ millions7' 193,175 260,472 400.414
Agr wage per agr worker ($)
Rural lanor force (% of total labor force)
Lalzor force, female (% of total labor force) 28 33 34
Food proe index (1995=103)
iri of AtcSbMty wd cOnmtmltn :
Roads, norralized indexo . 115
Ronds paved (%l' 22 26
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)' 41 64 123
Radios (per 1,000 peope)* 260 353 420
Electic power corsumption per capita (kWy' 854 1.131 1,402
Daily newspapers (per 1.000 people)7 76 76 71
Numier of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 peoplel'
WSWee Ibwugnt Of i to flfwl bo Wa
Potentia ly aralle land rura population (ha)
Freshw zer wAthdrawals for agr./ agr. GDP (cm/ million $)
Freshwater withdrawals for agr (% of tota)
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (%change)
Cropland' potential y (non-marginal) arable land (%/()
Irngated land as % croplanrd
Cultivated and vith conservatbon technologies (%/()
Policy art If Slh*tlamFe
Fiscal decentrnization (share of local govt expenditure)
No. of farmers organ zations no of community groups
Local govt. spending central govt. speriding
Local tax revenue'ocaJ govt spending
11
Middle East & North Africa
1980 1990 1998
Population (millions) 174.0 237.8 285.7
GDP ($ millions) 409,860 427838 583,374
GNP per capita Atlas method (US $) 2,040 1,720 2,030
Rural population (%of total) 52 46 43
Life expectancy 59 65 68
Surface area (1,000 sq. km)
Population below the poverty line (% rural)
Mortality rate infant (per 1,000 live births) 95 60 45
Sate water, rural (% of rural population With access) 42
Sanitation, rural (% of rural population with access)
School enrollment, primary (% gross)* 87 97 95
School enrollment, primary, male (%gross)* 98 105 102
School enrollment. primary. female (%gross)* 73 90 88
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)' -
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children under 5)'
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female 15 24)' 53 37 25
Illiteracy rate, adult female (% of female 15,)* 72 59 48
t11F0v.98n-bthe'l-Enw i -xs rr - S a f rz a '' ' -e' t - f rf rtf rf t t
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98) 4.2
Agr. GDP agr. worker as % of total GDP/ worker ..
Agr GDP! agr. worker. annual growth (1980-98)
Rural non-farm employment
Employees. agr., femarea % Df total aor force) 47 54
Employees, services, female (% of total labor force) 40 35
Non-agr. GDP non-agr. worker ($/people) . 35
CereaJ yield (kilograms per hectare)
Food production index (1989391 = 100)
Livestock producton index (1989-91 -100)
rNtfcpmfl iofS Ib j 0 <$ sSte0-fwrf>9>tr<>
0><95rj>S>S- jj-rjt steNsM Sj<<-Uj)S)DESt S jj)\j')000) CUggAiSS;000 WgjllyeS50SP000500j
Population below the poverty line (% rural)
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 115 101 92
Safe water, rural (% of rural population with access) - -
Sanitation, rural (% of rural population with access) ..
School enrollment, pr mary (% gross)' 81 76 78
School enrollment, primary, male (% gross)' 88 83 S5
School enrollment, primary, female (% gross)* 67 68 71
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)'
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children under 5)' ..
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female 15-24)' 56 40 28
Illiteracy rate, adult femae (%of female 15+)' 72 60 49
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1 980-98) 2.3
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker as % of total GDPR worker
Agr. GDP agr. worker, annua growth (1980 98) -0.6
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr., female (% of total labor foroe) 74 69
Employees, services, female (% of total labor force) 22 27
Non-agr. GDP/ non-agr. worker ($/people)
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare)
Food production index (1989-91 =100)
Livestock production index (1989-91 = 100)
Agr. exports as perrent of agr value added
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household -
Gross domestic savings ($ millions)* 75,339 53,384 50,207
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force (% ot total labor force)
Labor force, female (% of total labor force) 42 42 42
Food price index (1995-100)
Roads, normalized indexs . 118
Roads paved (%4)* 17 15
Telephone mainlines (per t 000 people)' 8 10 14
Radios (per 1,000 people)' t11 169 198
Electric power consumption per capita (kVAh)* 428 446 446
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)' 13 11 72
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)'
Swb> 0 I I0 it i ii$ t- I i- jI lt 0 I( tQ i; Iu fl I $< I
Fiscal decentra zation (share of local govt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organ zationsi no. of commun ty groups
Local govt spendingl central govt. spending
Local tax revenue/ local govt. spending
66
Conao. Dem. ReD.
1980 1990 1998
Populat on (mi lions) 27 0 37 4 48 2
GDP($ m lions) 14,922 9.348 6,964
GNP per capita. Atlas method (US $) 620 220 110
Rural population I% of total) 71 72 70
Life expectancy 49 52 51
Surface area (1,000 sq. km) 2,345 2.345 2,345
Rural Wellbeing
Populat on below the poverty line (% rural)
Mortality rate. infant (per 1,000 live births) 112 96 90
Safe water, rural (It of rural population wth access) 23
Sanitation, rural (% of rural popilatron with access) . 4
School enrollment primary (° gross)* 92 70 72
School enrollment, primary. male (% gross)' 108 8t 86
School enrollment, primary. female (% gross)* 77 60 59
Per cap ta dietary energy supply Ica ories)' 2,070 2,100 1,950
Mainutrition prevalence (% of children under 5)' . 34
Youth literacy rate, (% of female 15-24)' 62 42 28
Illiteracy rate, adult female (% ot female 15+)' 79 66 53
mptrovmnt in the RALw Economy
Agr. GDP (value added), annua growth It 980-98) 2 7
Agr GDP/ agr worker as % of tota GDP worker 35 44 90
Agr GDP; agr. worker. annual growth (1 980-981 0 2
Rural non-farm employment
Employees. agr., female (% ot tota labor torce) 84 81
Employees. services, female I% of total labor force) 12 14
Non-agr GDP/ non-agr. worker ($/people) 3,273 1,277 365
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 799 800 789
Food production index t 989-9t = to o) 72 101 95
Livestock production index (989-91 = 100) 77 tOt 104
Dtevepmt of Markels
Agr. exports as percent of agr value added 3 8 5.0 2 7
Percent ot agr production sold n domest c market
Access to f nance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ millions)' 1,511 874 548
Agr. wage per agr worker ($)
Rital sabor force (% of totas labor force) 72 68 64
Labor force, female (% ot total labor torce) 45 44 43
Food price index (1995=1 0)
Imoement dt Accesslflly end Communwton
Roads. normalized ndexs
Roads paved (If)'
Telephone maniines (per t,000 peoplel' 1 1 0
Radios (per 1,000 people)' 193 207 375
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)' 147 122 120
Daily newspapers (per 1.000 people)' 2 2 3
Number ot post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1.000 peop e)'
SustaInable Mangewret of tie Natural Resource Base
Potentially arable land/ rural population (ha) 21
Freshwater wthdrawals for agr I agr GDP (cm/ mi lion $) 1 2
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of tota) .. 23
Annual deforestat on 1990-95 (% change)
Cropland/ potentially (non-marginal) arable land (%) . . 11
Irrigated land as%ucropland 0.1 01 0.t
Cultivated land with conservation techno ogies I%)
Poficy and Institutional Framework
Fiscal decentralization (share ot loca govt. expend ture)
No of tarmers organizations/ no of community groups
Local govt. spending/ central govt spending
Local tax tevenue; local govt. spending
67
Concgo ReD.
1980 1990 1998
Population (millions) 1.7 2.2 2.8
GDP ($ millions) 1,706 2,799 1,961
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) 880 960 680
Rural population (% of total) 59 47 39
Life expectancy 50 49 48
Surface area (1,000 sq. km) 342 342 342
Population below the poverty line I% rural)
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 olve births) 89 88 90
Safe water, rura I% of rura population with access) .
Sanitation, rural (%/O of rural population with access) . . 4
School enrollment, primary (%gross)* 141 133 u14
School enrol ment, primary, male (% gross)* 148 141 120
School enrollment, primary, femae (%gross)* 135 124 109
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)* 2,220 2,190 2,140
Malnutrition prevalence (/ of children jnder 5)*
Youth illiteracy rate (% of female 15-24)* 27 10 4
Illiieracy rate, adult female (% of female 15-)* 62 42 29
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98) 21
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker as % of total GDPi worker 20 26 27
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker, annual growth (1980-98) 1.1
Rural non farm employment
Employees, agr, temale (% of total labor force) 81 69
Employees, services, female (% of total labor force) 17 27
Non agr. GDP, non-agr. worker ($/people) 5,107 5,134 2,636
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 845 756 687
Food production index (1989-9 - 1 00) 80 101 112
Livestock production index (1989-91 = 100) 79 101 124
Devefoiip,nflotMa rk:wi t*ij i gX i j r : gg re 0-
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added 5.8 4.1 6.8
Percent of agr production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ m lions)* 608 666 517
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force1 58 49 42
Labor force, female (% of total labor force) 42 43 43
Food price index (1995-100) 42 67 107
lmrvetft t A9e ftIity r wflgir OopwPwtlcetlon ttStiV z ,t
Roads, normalized index' 125
Roads paved (%)' 10 10
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)' 5 7 8
Radios (per 1.000 people)* 60 112 124
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)* 94 254 197
Daily newspapers (per t 000 people)* 2 8 8
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per t ,000 people)*'-. --
SusiitpIttSiaRbgnomnntE*1w*ftu jre jffj,l Reow Basejffifffi00ff-ig
Potentially arable land/ rura population (ha) 8.8
Freshwater withdrawals for agr./ agr. GDP (cml million $) 0.2
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total) .. .. 11
Annual deforestation t 990-95 (% change) 0e2
Croplanri potent ally (non marginal) arable land (%) 2
Irrigated and as% cropland 0.6 0.5 0.5
Cultivated and with conservation technologies (-)
SPolicy a d 8 i!af: lnstltultotw Ramowork jijuii,iiiiiiiii i )i t
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt expenditure)
No. of farmers organizations/ no. of community groups
Local govt spendingi central govt spending
Local tax revenue/ local govt. spending
68
Costa Rica
1980 1990 1998
Population (m llons) 2.3 3.0 3.5
GOP I$ millions) 4,831 5,713 10,479
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $i 2,030 1.820 2,770
Rural population (% of total) 57 54 53
Life expectancy 73 75 77
Surface area (1,000 sq. km) 51 51 5t
Rural WeIll-be;
Population below the poverty line (% rural)
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 19 t5 13
Safe water, rural (% of rural population with access) .. 99
Sanitation, rural (% of rural population with access) . .. 95
School enrollment, primary (%gross)' 105 101 t04
School enrollment, pr mary, male (UO grossl) t 06 101 104
School enrollment. pr mary, temale (% gross) t 04 100 103
Per capita dietary energy supply (caloriesl) 2.630 2.780 2.820
Malnutrition prevalence (%k of children under 5)' 6 . 5
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female 1 5-24)^ 3 2 2
Illiteracy rate, adult female (% of female 15-)' 9 6 5
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98) 3.4
Agr. GDPI agr worker as % of total GDP; worker 51 61 72
Agr. GOP; agr. worker. annual growth (1980-98) 2.5
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr., female (% of total labor force) 6 6 6
Employees, services, female (% of total labor force) 74 69 76
Non-agr. GDP, non-agr. worker ($/people) 7.696 5,603 7,343
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 2,924 2,736 3,198
Food production index (1989-91 = 100) 72 101 129
Livestock production index 1989-91 =100) 76 99 t18
Agr exports as percent of agr. value added 94.4 94.2 111.3
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domest c savings ($ mili Onsri 784 1.174 2,812
Agr. wage per agr worker ($)
Rural labor force (7k of tota labor force) 35 26 21
Labor force, female (% of total labor force) 21 28 31
Food price noex s1995=100) 5 48 156
hIW nVM Olf Aoftasiblill9ty e i COMWntt n
Roads. normalized index* . 247
Roads paved (%)' 15 21
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)' 69 101 172
Radios (per 1,000 people)* 201 279 271
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)* 860 1,111 1,353
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)' 110 102 94
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1.000 people)* . 14 15
fSa _iltow i,nr4 t of Omw Na6w Reosourct Ease
Potentially arable land rural population (ha) .. . 0.3
Freshwater withdrawals for agr.l agr. GDP (cm/ million $) . 44.2
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total) 89
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change) 3.0
Cropland/ potentially (non-marginal) arable land (%) . 84
Irrigated land as %cropland 12.1 23.1 25,0
Cultivated land with conservabon technologies J1/o)
Poliey arafIsffl FrnWWk
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt expenditure)
No. of farmers organizations no. of community groups
Local govt. spending! central govt spending
Local tax revenue/ local govt. spending
69
C6te d'lvoire
1980 1990 1998
Population (mil ons) 82 11t6 145
GDP($ millions) 10175 10,796 11,005
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $i 140 800 700
Rural populat on (% of total) 65 60 55
Life expectancy 49 50 46
Surface area (1,000 sq. km) 322 322 322
Populat on below the poverty I ne (I rural)
Mortalty rate, intart (per 1,000 live births, 108 95 88
Safe water, rural I,r, of rural population w th access) 10 . 81
Sanitation rural (% of rural popu ation with access) 20 51
ScOooi enrollment, primary (% gross)' 75 67 71
Scnool enrollment, primary, male (% gross)' 90 79 82
School enrollment, primary, fema e (% gross)' 60 56 61
Per capita dietary energy supp y (calories)' 2.830 2,510 2.440
Ma nutrit on prevalence I% of children under 5)* 24
Youtn iliteracy rate, (% of female 15-24)* 76 59 44
Illiteracy rate, adult female (% of female 15b)' 87 77 64
Agr GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98) 1 8
Agr GDP, agr. worker as % of total GDPR worker 40 54 51
Agr GDP, agr. worker. annual growt (1980 98) 0.Q
Rural non farm employment
Employees agr1, emate (% of total labor force) 75 72
Employees, senvices, female (%. of tota laboi force) 20 22
Non-agr. GDP non-agr worker ($/people) 6,535 4.141 2.982
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 927 885 1139
Food production index (1989-91 =tOO) 70 rt1 127
Livestock production ndex (1989-91 =100i 76 101 126
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added 77 4 46 0 73.6
Percent of agr. productron sold n domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ m llions)' 2,071 1.216 2.701
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural abor force (% of total labor force) 65 60 51
Labor force, female (°.h of total labor torce( 32 32 33
Food price ndex (1995=100)
Impovmeti ofu Aceatitt in Camtmct on Xifi tt|; 00tttQft;0
Roads, normalized ndex' 84
Roads paved (%(' 9 10
Telephone mainlines (pert ,000 people)' 5 6 12
Radios (per 1,000 peope)' 122 145 164
Electric power consumpt on per capita (kWh)' 192 158 181
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people' 1t0 8 17
Number of post oftices (rura
Two wneelers (per ,000 people)'
5NSut lalneh e Ue ltme8 f tglhe Ntural Resourcetiase i0 ;)i ;
Potentially arable landc rural population (ha) 1.4
Freshwater withdrawals tor agr.i agr. GDP (cm, million $) 4.3
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total) 607
Annual detorestation 1990 95 1 change) 0.6
Crop and/ potentially (non-marginal) arable land (°..) 63
Irrigatedland as 7 cropland 1.0 11 1.0
Cultivated land with conservation technologies (°c
Pc4gftc,ad Iftsluttwfoiut Jrlmewo* 0 ; ;t 0 0t j0 00 ;i3)t0 t; 30
Fiscal decentralization (share of socat govt. expenditurei
No of farmers organizations, no of community groups
Local govt. spendingi central govt spending
Loca tax revenue oca govt. spend ng
70
Croatia
1980 1990 1998
Populat on (millions) 46 4.8 4 5
GDP ($ millions) 13.370 21,752
GNP per capita. Atlas method lUS 5. 4.620
Rural population (% of total) 50 46 43
life expectancy 70 72 73
Surface area (1,000 sq kni) . 57 57
Ruraf Wel-11beinto
Population below the poverty line 1% rural)
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live birns) 21 11 8
Safe water, rural (% of rural population w th access) . 41
Sanitation, rural (% of rura population with access) 28 26
Schoo enrollment, primary (% gross)' 105 85 87
Schoo enrollment, primary male (%gross), 105 85 88
School enrollment, primary. female (% grosslf 104 84 87
Per capita dietary energy supply Ica ories) . 2,270
Malnutrition prevalence I% of children under 5)' I
Youth ifliteracy rate, I% of female 15-24)* 1 0 0
lllileracy rate. adult female (% of female 15+7) 9 5 3
Improvement In tff Rural uEonwmY
Agr GDP (va ue added). annua growth (1980-98)
Agr. GDP/ agr worker as % of total GDP/ worker .. 93 73
Agr GDP' agr. worker, annual growth (1980-98)
Rural non-farm employment
Employees. agr, female 1% of fotal labor force) .. 3 3
Employees. services, temale I% of total labor force) 61 63
Non agr. GDP! non-agr. worker ($/peop e) 4.901 r0,562
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 3,975 4,673
Food production index (1989-91 = 1001 66 60
Livestock production index (1989-91 = 100) 59 37
DevtlopentOf Makets
Agr. exports as percent of agr. va ue added 39.7 28 5
Percent of agr. production sod in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ millionsi' . 267 3,079
Agr wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force I% of total labor force) .. 14 10
Labor force, female (0+ of total labor force) 40 43 44
Food price index (1995=t00) .. 0 115
ImprveMenrt of Accessifhty and ComunuIcation
Roads, normalized index*
Roads paved (0+)'
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)' 83 172 348
Radios (per 1 000 people)' 240 228 336
Electric power oonsumption per capita (kWh)' 2,765 2,429
Daily newspapers (per r .000 people)' 49 115
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)*
Sustlallrt. Abragemft Of mh Muatraf fResource Base
Potentially arable landc rural populalien (ha) 1.5
Freshwater withdrawals for agr / agr. GDP (cm.' million $)
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. I% of total)
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change) 0.0
Cropland, potent ally (non-marginal) arable land (0+) . .. 46
Irrigated land as 0+ cropland .. 0.2 0.2
Cultivated land w th ccnservat on technologies (%)
PE%i ends Intlttiorkx Framfor-
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govet expenditure)
No. of farmers organ)zationsi no of communily groups
Local govt. spending/ central govt spending
Local tax revenue/ local govt. spending
71
Cuba
1980 1990 1998
Population (millions) 9.7 10.6 11.1
GDP ($ millions)
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $)
Rural population (% of total) 32 26 25
Lite expectancy 74 75 76
Surtace area (1,000 sq. km) 111 111 1lt
Rur Fal w t fl i i-g ikgi -ti Xiii:tbdini ;000i$l 0i0i it ;;0 ; ;
Population below the poverty line (% rural)
Mortality rate, infant (per t,000 live births) 20 1t 7
Sate water, rura (% of rural population with access) 85
Sanitation, rural (% of rural population with access) 51
School enrolrme, primary (% gross) 106 98 106
School enrollment, primary, male (% gross)' 109 99 108
School enrollment, primary, temate (% gross)* t03 96 104
Per capita dietary energy supply (Ca ories)' 2,930 3,080 22350
Malnutrition prevalence 1% of children under 5) . - .
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female 15-24)* 2 1 0
Illiteracy rate, adult female (% of female 15,)' 8 5 4
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1980 98)
Agr. GDPi agr. worker as % of total GDP worker
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker, annual growth (t 980-981
Rura non-farm employment
Employees, agr., female (% of total labor force) 10 8
Empioyees, services, lemale (% of total labor force) 68 71
Non-agr. GDPR non-agr. worker ($/people)
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 2,547 2.342 1,972
Food production index (1989-91 = 100) 86 103 61
Livestock production index (I 989-91 = 100) 95 106 63
Agr exports as percent of agr. value added
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ millions. .
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force) 24 18 15
Labor force. female (% of total labor force) 31 36 39
Food price index (1995=1 00)
hoprOwniWJ-it of;;Sifii00; A-So;0aib#Ilif;anci Cwtmmcato
Roadsn norma ized index'
Roads paved (%)+ 51 49
Telephone mainlines (per 1.000 people)* 24 31 35
Radios (per 1,000 people) 300 341 353
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)* 823 1,125 1.044
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)' 5 78 118
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)* 19 16
Sualal BiubIM t*gmst o ht4et!wM i;.s itrce Base 00i0itX r t0ii ; 0 j ; l;$
Potentially arable land rura population (ha) .. . 1.7
Freshwater wthdrawals for agr./ agr. GDP (cm/ mill on $)
Freshwater withdrawals for agr (% of total) 89
AnnuaL deforestation 1990-95 (% change) 1.2
Cropland potentially (non-marginal) arable land (%) . .. 102
Irrigated and as % cropland 229 22,5 20.4
Cultivated land with conservation technologies (°O
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt expendrture)
No of farmers organizations/no. o0 community groups
Local govt. spending' central govt. spending
Local tax revenue' local govt. spending
72
cvDrus
1980 1990 1998
Population Imilions) 0.6 0.7 0.8
GDP ($ m Illons) 2.154 5,592 8,994
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US S) 3,590 8,110 1 1,920
Rural population 1% of total) 54 49 44
Lfeexpectancy 75 77 78
Surface area (1,000 sq. km) 9 9 9
FRural W004)efg
Population below the poverty line (% rural)
Mortally rate, infant (per 1,000 yve births) 18 11 8
Safe water, rural (% of rural population with access) 100 99 99
San tation, rural (% of rura population with access) 100 100 100
Schoo enrollment, primary (% gross)* 104 105 too
School enrollment, primary. male (% gross)* 105 105 100
School enrollment, primary, female (°h gross)* 103 105 100
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)* 2,930 3,470 3.670
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children under Sf' .
Youth lliteracy rate. (% of female 15-24)' 1 0 0
Illiteracy rate, adult female (% of female 15+)' 15 9 5
Improve.rnto the Rutaf Ecoomy
Agr GDP (value added) annual growth (1980-98)
Agr. GDPi agr. worker as % of total GDP! worker 37 St 45
Agr. GDP/ agr worker, annual growth (1980-98)
Rural non-farm employment
Employees. agr., female (% of total labor force) 27 16 10
Employees, services, female (% of total labor force) 43 59 71
Non-agr GDP,non-agr. worker ($ipeople) 9.142 18,603 22,623
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 1,939 1.886 1,432
Food production ndex (1989-91 = 100) 83 103 108
Livestock production index l1989-91 = 100) 56 101 139
Devretmpnert of mf.ets
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added 101.8 78.2 111.2
Percent of agr production sold n domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ m llions)* 431 1,199 1.650
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of total abor force) 26 14 9
Labor force. female (% of total abor force) 34 38 39
Food price index 11995=100) . 78 113
mepven of Acoessatfblit aid Comf mtcef.fo
Roads, nommalized index'
Roads paved (%)'h 60 59
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)* 106 428 585
Radios (per 1,000 people)* 258 357 459
Electr c power consumption per capita (kWh)* 1,494 2,630 3,190
Dally newspapers (per 1.000 people)' 128 115 114
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1.000 people)* 75 61
Sustariable Mwnagettieni of the Nf.ra8 Resource Base
Potentially arable land/ rural population (ha) 0.2
Freshwater wthdrawals for agr / agr. GDP (cm. million $) t .7
Freshwater withdrawals for agr I% of total)
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change)
Cropland" potentially (non-marginal) arable land (%) . . 205
Irrigated land as%cropland 17.9 22.9 276
Cult vated land with conservation techno ogies (1/6)
Pofcfy and tfisaftutfonal Ftramearw k
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt expenditure)
No. of farmers organizations/ no. of community groups
Local govt spending/ central govt spending
Local tax revenue/ ocal govt spending
73
Czech ReDublic
1980 1990 1998
Population (millions) 10.2 10.4 10.3
GDP ($ millions) 29,123 34.880 56,379
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) . 3,600 5.150
Rural population (% of total) 25 25 25
Life expectancy 70 72 75
Surface area (1,000 sq. km) , 79
Population below the poverty line (% rural)
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 16 11 5
Sate water, rural (% of rural population with access)
Sanitat on, rural (% ot rural population with access)
School enro Iment, pr mary (% gross)' 96 96 104
School enrollment, primary, male (% gross)' 95 96 105
School enrollment. pr mary, temale (% gross)* 96 97 103
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)* 3,360 3,520 3,100
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children under 5)' . I
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female 15-24)'
Illiteracy rate, adult female (% of female 15+)'
Itnp~owa1ItrIn tit5? .;;E80tli ;
Agr. GDP (value added) annual growth (1 980-98)
Agr GDP, agr. worker as % of total GDP! worker 48
Agr. GDP agr. worker, annual growth (1980 98)
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr, temale (% of totas labor force) 1t 10 4
Employees, services, female (% of tota labor force) 50 54 66
Non-agr. GDP non-agr worker ($/people) . .. 10.379
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) .. 4.091
Food production index (1989-91 = 100) . 82
Livestock production index (1 989-91 = 1 00) 79
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added 572
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ millions)' 9,692 16,074
Agr wage per agr worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force) 9
Labor force, female (% of total abor force) 47 47 47
Food price index (1995-100) . 43 118
Roads, normalized ndexs'
Roads paved (%)' . t00 t00
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)' 115 158 364
Radios (per 1,000 people)' 768 803
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)' 3,701 4 649 4,817
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)' 772 254
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)' . 113 107
Potentially arable land, rura population (ha) . . 1.0
Freshwater withdrawals for agr./ agr. GDP (cm/ mill on$i .. 0.1
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total) . 2
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change) 0.0
Cropland/ potentially (non-marginal) arable land (%) . 94
Irrigated and as % cropland 0 7
Cultivated land with conservation technologies (%)
Fiscal decentralization (share ot local govt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organizations/ no. of community groups
Local govt spending/ central govt. spending
Local tax revenue/ loca govt spend ng
74
Denmark
1980 1990 1998
Populaton (millions) 51 5.1 5.3
GDP ($ mitions) 67,791 133,361 174,870
GNP per capita. Atlas method (US $1 14,420 23,480 33.040
Rural population (% of total) 16 15 15
Life expectancy 74 75 76
Surface area 11,000 sq. km) 43 43 43
Rural WeiI-tsit1g
Population below the poverty I ne I% rural)
Mortality rate, infant (per 1.000 live births) 8 8 5
Safe water, rural (% ot rural population wth access)
Sanitation, rural (% of rural population with access) .. 100 100
School enrollment, primary (%gross)* 96 98 102
School enrollment, pr.mary, male (% gross)' 96 98 102
Schoo enrollment, primary, female (% gross) 95 98 101
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)* 3,440 3.650 3,720
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children under 5)* .. ..
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female 1 5-24)
Illiteracy rate, adult female (% of female 15+)* .. .
tmpIrNWWB In itt. Rut Economy.;
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98) 22
Agr GDP/ agr worker as % of total GDP/ worker 67 66 75
Agr GDR, agr. worker, annual growth (1980-98) 4.5
Rura non-farm employment
Employees, agr.. female (% of total labor force) 4 3 2
Employees, services, female (% of total labor force) 80 81 83
Non-agr GDUR non-agr. worker ($/people) 25,566 46,782 62,678
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 3,892 6,118 6,134
Food productior index (1989-91 = tO0) 83 102 103
Livestock production index (1989-91 = 100) 96 100 113
vioevent toM ttei.
Agr exports as percent of agr. va ue added 156 0 169.3 157.3
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ millons)' t3,398 33,647 40,795
Agr wage per agr worker ($)
Rura labor force I% of total labor iorce) 7 6 4
Labor torce, female (%5 of total labor force) 44 46 46
Food price Index 11995=100) 56 93 107
inwmvanento oAcf asatWinXd an .
Roads, normalized index* ., ,, 96
Roads paved (%)* 100 100
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)* 434 567 660
Radios per 1,000 people) 927 1,022 1,141
Electr c power consumpton per capita (kWh)* 4,222 5,650 6.027
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)* 366 352 309
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 peopel* 9 10
su nabte Matugeeun of" Maitni Rnctmn9as
Potentially arable land/ rural population (ha) 3.1
Freshwater withdrawals for agr./ agr. GDP (cm/ million $) 0.3
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total) .. .. 43
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change) 0 0
Cropland' potential y (non-marginal) arable land (%) .. 100
Irrigated land as /5 cropland 14.7 16 7 20.1
Cultivated land with conservation technoiogies (%)
FoRy and ihtAbuI Fmnwork
Fiscal decentral zation (share of local govt expenditure)
No. of farmers organizations no. of community groups
Local govt spending/ oentra govt. spending
Local tax revenue/ iocal govt. spending
75
Diibouti
1980t 1990t 1998
Population (ml lions) 0.3 0.5 0.6
GDP ($ millions) , 425 500
GNP per capnta. Atlas method US $)
Rural population (% of total) 26 20 17
Life expectancy 44 48 50
Surface area (1,000 sq. km) 23 23 23
Population below the poverty line (% rural)
Mortality rate infant (pert1.000 1ve irths) 136 118 106
Safe water, rural (% of rural population with access) 20 14
Sanitation, rural (% ox rural population w t access) 20 50
School enroilment. primary (% gross)* 37 36 39
School enrollment, primary, male (% grossn* 46 45 45
School enrollment, primary, female (% gross)* 32 32 33
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)' 1,900 1,650 1,810
Malnutrition preva ence (% of children under 5)* 23
Youth illteracy rate, (% of female 1 5-24)' 54 36 23
Illiteracy rate, adult female (% of female 15+)- 74 60 49
Agr GDP (value added), annual growth (t 980-98)
Agr. GDPI agr. worker as %/ of total GDPJ worker
Agr. GDP agr. worker, annual growth (1980 98)
Rura non-farm employment
Employees, agt., female (% of total labot torce)
Employees, services, fema e (% of total labor force)
Non-agr. GDP! non agr. worker ($/people)
Cereal yield (kilograms per fnectare) 2,500 1,667 1,625
Food production index (1989-91 100) 54 108 86
Livestock production index (1989 9t = 100) 52 109 84
Agr. exports as percent of agr. vale added . 70.8 30.0
Percent of agr. production sold in domestc market . ..
Access to finance system per rural household'
Gross domestic savings ($ millions) , 47 3,
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($) . ..
Rural labor torce (% ot total laotr force1
Labor torce. fema e (% of total labor force)
Food price index (1995-1 00)
lm roQe0en flU AccesIbihl an C r rr:mjn. caU -
Roads, normalized index
Roads paved (%)' - 13 13
Telephone ma n nes (per 1,000 people)' 9 11 13
Radios (per 1,000 people) 75 79 84
Electr c power consumption per capita (kWh) .7 . 8.
Daily newspapers (per 1 .000 people)'
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)'
S Wif Mati,ent of t Nu ;escun 0
Potentially arable landi rural population (ha)
Freshwater withdrawals lor agr./ agr GDP (cm/ million $)
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. % of total)
Annua detorestation t 990 95 (% change)
Cropland, potentialy (non marginal) arable land (%l
Irrigated land as ° cropland
Cultivated land with conservation techrno ogles (%..
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organ zations/ no. of community groups
Local govt. spending, central govt. spending
Local tax revenue/ local govt. spending
76
Dominica
1980 1990 1998
Population (m lions) 0.1 0.1 0.1
GDP ($ millions) 59 E66 250
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) 800 2,260 3,150
Rural population (% of total) 37 32 30
Life expectancy 71 73 76
Surface area (1,000 sq. km) 1 1 1
RwS We-bag
Population below the poverty line (% rura)
Mortality rate infant (per 1.000 live b rths) 13 18 15
Safe water, rura (% of rura population with access)
Sanitation, rural (% of rural population with access)
School enrollment, primary (% gross)*
School enrollment, primary, male (% gross)'
School enrollment, primary, female I% gross)*
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)* 2,260 3,000 2.990
Malnutr tion prevalence (% of children under 5)'
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female 15-24)*
Illiteracy rate, adult female (% of female 15+).
Impoovent In the frSt Economy
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1 980-98) 1.0
Agr GDP/ agr worker as % of total GDP/ worker
Agr. GDR' agr worker, annual growth 1980-98)
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr, female (% of total labor force) 13
Employees, services, female (% of total labor force) 71
Non-agr GDP! non-agr. worker ($/people)
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 1,438 1,364 1,308
Food production index 11989-91 = 100) 52 100 90
Livestock production index (1989-91 = 100) 57 100 105
Deve4pment of Mattats
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added 71 2 104 7 53.6
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings I$ millions)' -12 25 51
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force)
Labor force, female (% of total labor force)
Food price Index (1995=1 001
hn11 vamet oaf Aceaslsity and Com t
Roads, normalized indexn
Roads paved (/n)' . 46 50
Telephone mainlines (per 1.000 people)' 16 164 252
Radios (per 1,000 people)' 419 592 613
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)*
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)'
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)'
Sustutnable Manament of th. aitral fiesower Base
Potentially arable land/ rural populat on (ha) 2 2
Freshwater withdrawals for agr.l agr. GDP (cmi million $) 0.0
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of totalu
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change)
Cropland potentially (non-marginal) arable land (%) 32
Irrigated land as an cropland
Cultivated land w th conservation technologies (%)
Policy and Instliltltnal Framework
Fiscal decentralizalion (share of local govt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organizations/ no. of community groups
Loca govt. spending! central govt. spending
Local tax revenue' local govt spending
77
Dominican ReDublic
1980 1990 1998
Population (milois) 5.7 7.1 8.3
GDP ($ mill ions) 6,631 7.074 15,853
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) 1,170 870 1,770
Rural population (% of total) 50 42 36
Life expectancy 64 69 71
Surface area (1,000 sq. km) 49 49 49
Population below the poverty line (% rural) 30
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 76 51 40
Safe water, rural (% of rural population with access) 67
Sanitation, rura (% of rural population with access) . . 63
School enrollment, primary (% gross)' 118 97 94
School enrollment, primary, male (% gross)' 120 96 94
School enrol ment, primary, female (% gross)' t23 97 94
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)' 2,270 2,250 2,320
Malnutr tion prevalence l% of children under 5)' 10 6
Youthi literacy rate, (% of female 15-24)' 17 12 9
Illiteracy rate, adult female I% of female 15+)' 27 21 17
Agr GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98) 1.2
Agr. GDP agr. worker as % of tota GDP/ worker 62 54 64
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker, annual growth (1980-98) 1.5
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr., female (% ot total labor force) 11 9
Employees, services, female (%of total labor force) 73 68
Non-agr. GDP/ non-agr. worker ($/people) 3,732 2,846 4,815
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 3,005 3,996 3,581
Food production ndex 11989-91 = 100) 85 98 104
Livestock production index (1989-91 = 100) 70 99 122
Agr exports as percent of agr. value added 369 38.1 24.2
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ millions)' 1 018 1.081 2.682
Agr. wage per agr worker ($) $. .
Rural abor force (% of tota labor force) 32 25 18
Labor force, female (% of total labor force) 25 27 30
Food price index (1995=100) 6 53 112
Roads, normalized index' 124
Roads paved (%)' 45 49
Telephone mainlines (per 1.000 people)' 19 48 93
Radios (per 1,000 people)> 158 169 178
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)' 433 437 620
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people) 39 32 52
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)' 12
Potentially arable land,' rural population (ha) . . 0.2
Freshwater withdrawals for agr.i agr. GDP (cm/ million $) 46.6
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total) 49
Annual deforestation t 990-95 (% change) 1 6
Gropland' potentially (non-marginal) arable land (%) 254
Irrgated land as%cropland 11.6 15.0 173
Cultivated land with conservation technologies I%)
potkitant%JnatftL& MWenewmk
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organizations' no. of community groups
Local govt. spend ng, centra govt. spending
Local tax revenue/ local govt. spending
78
Ecuador
1980 1990 1998
Population (m Ilions) 8.0 10.3 12.2
GDP l$ millions) 11.733 10.686 18,360
GNP per capita. Atlas method (US $) 1.370 980 1,520
Rural popu ation (% of total) 53 45 37
Life expectancy 63 68 70
Surtace area (1.000 sq km) 284 284 284
Rt.a WON-Wtln
Population below the poventy life 1% rural) . . 47
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 74 45 32
Safe water, rural (% of rural population with access) 37 55
San tation, rural (% of rurar population with acoess) . 34
School enrollment, primary (% gross)' 118 117 127
School enrollment, primary, mate (% gross)' 119 124 134
School enrollmenl, primary, female (% gross)' 116 122 119
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)' 2,270 2,390 2,470
Malnutr tion preva ence (% of children under 5)'
Youth ill teracy rate, (% of female 15-24)' 9 5 4
Itliteracy rate, adult female (% of female 15+)' 22 15 11
nwrmemet In fte Rurat Loonomy
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth 11980-98) 41
Agr. GDP! agr worker as % of total GDP/ worker 30 40 48
Agr. GDP/ agr worker, annual growth (I 980-98) 2 8
Rural non-farm employment
Employees. agr., female (% of total labor force) 22 1 2
Employees, services, fema e 1% of total labor force) 63 78 83
Non-agr. GDP; non-agr. worker ($/people) 6,730 3,838 4,712
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 1,640 1,724 1,684
Food producton index (1989-91 = 100) 79 100 134
Livestock production Index (1 989-91 = 100) 72 100 150
Deveopnent of Markets
Agr. exports as percent of agr. va ue added 312 55.1 81.3
Percent of agr production sold in domestic market
Access to f nance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ millions)* 3,036 2,444 3,541
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($)
Rura labor force (% of tota labor force) 40 33 27
Labor force, female (% of total labor force) 20 25 27
Food price index (1995=1 00) 0 20 234
tpovemes of 0 AcceslbIlty and Crndt
Roads, normalized ndex' 123
Roads paved (%)* 13 17
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)* 29 48 78
Racios (per 1,000 people)' 305 325 419
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)' 361 467 611
Da y newspapers (per 1,000 people)' 70 80 70
Nurber of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)* 2 2
Sur,staitn e Mtaneteet foff the Natural Resou es
Potentially arable land/ rural popu at on (ha) 0 6
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. agr GDP (cm/ m lion $) 75 9
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total) 90
Annual deforestation 1990-95 1% change) 1 6
Cropland/ potentially Inon-marginal) arable land (ol - 113
Irrigated and as % crop and 20 3 9 9 8 3
Cultivated land with conservation technologies (%)
Pciicy and trtstiutonat FRamiet
Fiscal decentratizabon (share of ocal govt expenditure)
No of farmers organizations/ no of community groups
Local govt. spendingi central govt spending
LoGa tax revenue/ local govt. spending
79
Earli Arab Rep.
1980 1990 1998
Population (m lions) 40.9 52.4 61.4
GDP S millions) 22,912 43,130 82,710
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US 5) 520 810 1,290
Rural population (% of total) 56 56 55
Life expectancy 56 63 67
Surface area (1 000 sq. km) 1,001 1,001 1,001
Population below the poverty ine (% rural) . 23
Mortal ty rate, irfant (per 1,000 live birnhs) 120 69 49
Safe water, rural (% of rural population with access) 61 50
Sanitation. rural (% of rural popu ation with access) . 5
School enrollment. primary )% gross)' 73 94 101
School enrollment, primary male (% gross)' 84 tO1 108
Schoo enrollment, primary, female (% gross)' 61 86 94
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)' 2,920 3,150 3.280
Malnulr tion prevalence (% of chi dren under 5)' . t0 12
Youth ill teracy rate, (% of female 15-24)' 61 49 40
Illiteracy rate, adult female (% of female 15+)' 75 66 58
Agr. GDP (va ue added), annual growth ( t980-98) 2.8
Agr. GDP! agr worker as % of total GDPi worker 30 46 47
Agr. GDP! agr worker, annual growth (1 980 98) 3.0
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr., 'emale ('/. of total labor force) t0 52 43
Employees, services, female (% of total labor force) 76 38 48
Non-agr. GDPi non-agr. worker ($,people) 2.880 2,997 4,289
Cereal yed (kilograms per hectare) 4,094 5,703 6,618
Food production index( 989-91 = 100) 68 102 t41
Livestock production index (1989-91 1 t00) 66 99 t57
Oeroelopmem itl of ets
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added 13 9 5 4 3 5
Percent of agr. product on sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ millions)' 3,474 6,964 13,055
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force) 57 40 35
Labor force, fema e (% of total labor force) 27 27 30
Foodpriceindex(t995=100) 11 61 116
Imprveaen o btAccsIbltynd Gonitt11t icStlon t0ij t4 tl 0 |0 000i$f ;S;$;0 0ttl
Roads normalized index' . 176
Roads paved (%)' 72 78
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 peopie)' 10 30 60
Radios (per 1,000 people)' 137 319 324
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)' 380 697 803
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)' 42 46 40
Number of post olfices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)* . 6 7
Sutaalbtefianeglemet f* the t I4aurl easorcet 9 -s;sa 0 lii, a WC ff;i ;SSi0 ;A
Potentially arable and/ rural population (ha) 0.0
Freshwater w thdrawa s for agr.l agr. GDP (cm/ mi ion $) 57.4
Freshwater withdrawa s for agr. (% of rota) 86
Annual deforestat on 1990-95 (% change) 0.0
Crop and potentially (ion marginal) arable land (%) . 20,488
Irrigated land as /, cropland 100.0 100 0 100.0
Cultivated land with conservation techno ogies (%)
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt. expenditure)
No of farmers organizations, no. of community groups
Local govt. spending/ centra govt spending
Local tax revenue oca govt. spending
80
El Salvador
1980 1990 1998
Population (millions) 4.6 51 6.1
GDP I$ millions) 3,574 4.807 11 870
GNP per capita, Atlas method IUS $) 760 930 1.850
Rural population (% of total) 58 56 54
Life expectancy 57 66 69
Surface area (1.000 sq. km) 21 21 21
Rural WelfwA.na
Population below the poverty line (% rural) .. 56
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 84 46 31
Safe water. rural (% of rural population with access) . .. 37
Sanitation, rural 1% of rural population with access) . . 59
Schoot enroilment, primary )% gross)' 75 81 97
School enrollment, primary, male (% gross)' 75 81 97
School enrollment, primary, female (% gross)' 75 82 96
Per Scpia dietary energy supply (calor en)* 2.320 2.490 2.570
Malnutrition prevalenoe rg of ch1itdren usnoer 52' .. tS 1t
Yours illiteracy rate, f% ot female 1 5-24ne 24 17 13
Illiteracy rate, adItt femte (%of female 15-4)* 39 31 25
liter te tfee (Furi feoma3 1 -
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98) 04
Agr. GDPi agr worker as % of total GDP/ worker 87 47 40
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker. annual growth (1980-98) -0.2
Rural non-farm employment . ..
Employees, agr. female (% of total labor force) 10 3 7
Employees, services, female (% o1 total labor force) 69 75 72
Non-agr. GDP/ non-agr worker ($!people) 2,464 3,216 5,927
Cereal yield (Ikiograms per hectare) 1,706 1.939 1,973
Food production ndex (1989-91 = 100) 92 102 119
Livestock production index (1969-91 = 100) 92 101 130
Developmet# of Mkets
Agr. exports as percent of agr value added 44.7 40.7 48.3
Percent of agr product on sold in domestic market .. ..
Access to finance system per rural household .. .
Gross domestic savings ($ millions)* 507 57 469
Agr. wage per agr worker ($) ,,
Rural labor force (% of total labor force) 44 36 30
Labor force, female (% of total labor force) 27 32 36
Foodpricecndex(1995=100) 7 48 119
lmpnm9mtA eof U,kliand C_on
Roads. normalized index' .. 54
Roads paved (/)' . 14 20
Telephone mamlines (per 1,000 people)' 15 24 80
Radios (per 1,000 people)' 343 411 464
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)' 274 358 537
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)' 63 53 48
Number of post offices (rural) . ..
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)' 0 5
9S8dtbhne, M atren1 of the N ura* *fboume Sam
Potentially arabie landi tural population (ha) 0.1
Freshwater withdrawals for agr.i agr. GDP (cm/ million $) 2.8
Freshwater withdrawals for agr (% of total) 89
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change) 3.3
Cropland/ potentially (non-marginal) arab e land (%) . . 187
Irrigateo land as % crop and 13 8 14.8 14.7
Cultivated land with conservation technologies (
Po8sny and Insttifunel F tkrl..w:
Fiscai decentralization (share of local govt expenditure)
No. of farmers organizations/ no. of community groups
Local govt spending/ central govt. spending
Local tax revenue/ local govt spending
81
Equatorial Guinea
11980 1990 1998
Population (mil ons) 0.2 0.4 0.4
GDP ($ millions) 132 456
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $t 350 1,110
Rural population (% of total) 73 64 54
Life expectancy 43 47 50
Surfaceareal1.000 sq. km) 28 28 28
Popilation below the povertly ine (% rural)
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live birhs) 142 121 106
Safe water, rural i% of rural population with accessj . 100
Sanitation, rural (Y of rural popu alion with access) . 48
School enrollment, primary (% gross)' 160 158 150
School enTollment, primary, male ()h gross)' 163 153
School enrollment. primary, female I% groSs)' 153 147
Per capita dietary energy supply (calor es)'
Malnutr tion prevalence It of children under 5)'
Youth illiteracy rate, % of fema e 15-24)' 24 1 1 6
Illiteracy rate, adult temale (% of female 15-') 56 39 29
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98) 3.4
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker as ° of total GDP, worker . 79 30
Agr. GDP agr. worker, annual growth (1980-98) 1.8
Rural non farm employment . ..
Employees. agr., emale (% of total labor Iorce 91 91
Employees. senices, female (% of total labor torce) 6 8
Non-agr. GDPi non-agr. worker ($ipeople) . 1,430 7,015
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare)
Food production index (1989-91 = 100) 88 tO1 97
Livestock production index (1989-91 100) 79 100 tO6
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added 10.3 3 9
Percent of agr. production sold n domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domest c savings I$ m 11 ons)- -27 60
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force I% of total labor force) 78 75 72
Labor force temale )% of total vabor force) 35 36 35
Food price index (1995=100)
Roads, normalized indexe
Roads paved (%v)'
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 peopiel 2 4 13
Radios (pert ,000 people)' 40t 418 429
Electr c power consumption per cap ta (kWh)'
Daily newspapers (per 1.000 people)' 9 6 5
Number ot post otfices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)*
Potentially arable and, rural population (ha) 2,1
Freshwater withdrawals for agr.X agr. GDP (cm/ million $) 01
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. % ot total) 6
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change)
Croplandi potentially (non-margina) arab e land (%) 47
Irr gated land as % cropland
Cultivated land with conservation technologies (%)
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organizationsM no of commun ty groups
Loca govt. spend ng, central govt. spending
Local tax revenuei local govt. spending
82
Eritrea
1980 1990 1998
Population (milions) 2.4 3.1 3 9
GDP ($ mill ons) 437 650
GNP per capita, Arlas method (US $) 200
Rural population (% of total) 87 64 82
Lfe expectancy 44 49 51
Surface area Rt,000 sq km) . 118
Rural WMI11tifng
Population below the poverty line (% rura )
Mortality rate, intant (per 1,0001 ve b rths) 91 81 61
Sale water, rural I% of rural population with accessx
Sanitation rural (% of rural population wth access) . . 0
School enrollment, primary (% grossxl 46 53
School enrol ment, primary, male (ft gross)' - 52 59
School enrol ment, primary, fema e (%t grossx 41 48
Per cap ta dietary energy supply (calories)*
Malnutrition preva ence (% of children under 5)' .. . 44
Youth illiteracy rate. (% of female 1 5-24)* 69 54 41
Illiteracy rate. adult female (% of female t5+)' 82 72 62
Improvenent In the Rural Econy
Agr GDP (value added), annual growth (1 980-98)
Agr GDP/ agr worker as °. of total GDR, worker . . 11
Agr GDP! agr worker, annual growth (1980-98)
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr , female I% of total labor force) 88 85
Emp oyees, services, female (% of total labor force) 1 t 13
Non-agr. GDP/ non-agr. worker l$'people) 1.627
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 957
Food production index (t 989-91 = 100) 142
Livestockproduction index (1989-91 = 100) 101
Developrment of Markets
Agr. exports as percent of agr value added 4.3
Percent of agr production sold in domest c market
Access to finance system per rural househo d
Gross domestic savings (S mili ons)' . -137 -188
Agr wage per agr worker l$)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force) . 78
Labor force, female (% of total labor force) 47 48 47
Food prce index (1995=100)
ltmprovwmtt of Ahceatt and Communlealton
Roads normalized ndexs
Roads paved (%)' . 19 22
Telephone mainI nes (per 1 000 people)' 4 7
Radios (per 1,000 people)* 91
Electric power consumption per capita (kWhF
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 peoplef'
Number of post otfices (rural)
Two whee ers (per 1,000 people)'
Sustainable Marwgement of the Natural Rewure a3ase
Potential y arable land/ rural populaton (ha) 0.0
Freshwater withdlrawals for agr / agr GDP (cm, milion $
Freshwater withdrawals for agr (% of total)
Annual deforestat on 1990-95 (% change) 0 0
Crop and/ potentially (non-marg na I arable land 1°) 801
Irrigated land as % crop and 71
Cultvated land with oonservation techno ogies )f..
otlicy end lnetitional FrameWork
Fisca decentralization (share of ocal govt expenditure)
No. of farmers organizat ons/ no of community groups
Local govt. spending/ central govt. spending
Local tax revenue/ local govt spencding
83
Estonia
1980 1990 1998
Population (millions) 1.5 1.6 1.4
GDP ($ millions) . 6.760 5,202
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) . 3,090 3.360
Rural population (% of total) 30 29 31
Life expectancy 69 69 70
Surface area (1,000 sq. km) .. 45 45
Population below the poverty line (% rural) .. 15
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 ve births) 17 12 9
Safe water, rural (% of rural population with access)
Sanitation, rural (% of rural population with access)
School enrollment, primary I% gross)* 103 1il 94
School enrollment, primary, male (% gross)' 104 112 95
School enrollment, primary, female (% gross)' 102 109 93
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)' . 2,760
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children under 5)*
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female 15-24)'
Illiteracy rate, adult female (% of female 15b).
Agr. GDP (value added) annual growth (98098) -5.7
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker as % of total GDPi worker 89 47
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker, annual growth (1980 98)
Rural non farm employment
Employees, agr', female (% of tota labor force) 12 14 8
Employees, serices, female (% of total abor force) 52 54 65
Non agr. GDP non agr. worker ($/people) . 5,072 7,017
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 1,304 1,617
Food production index (1989-91 = 100) . 74 45
Livestock production index (1989-91 - 100) . 68 41
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added . 11.0 210,0
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings I$ millions)* 1,510 1,024
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force) . 14 12
Labor force, female (% of total labor force) 51 49 49
Food price index (1995=100) . 1 131
Roads, normalized index' . .. 111
Roads paved (%)' . 52 22
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)' 135 204 343
Radios (per 1,000 people) . 433 693
Electrlc power consumption per capita lkWh)* 3,433 4,332 3,466
Daiy newspapers (per 1,000 people)' . 199 174
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)* . . 66 4
tJliaiittlkiiiiRiBtittiiiit iiiiiSii iii jS0t- j07 ittstiti.ii iiiVrAi0.i ii Ui
Potentially arable land/ rural population (ha) 5,2
Freshwater withdrawals for agr.! agr GDP (cm' million $) , 0,2
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total) . 3
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change) 1.0
Cropland/ potent ally (non-marginal) arable land (%) . 57
Irrigated land as % cropland .. 03 0.3
Cultivated land with conservation technologies (°/ )
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organizations/ no of community groups
Loca govt. spend ng' central govt. spending
Local tax revenue! local govt. spending
84
Ethionia
1980 1990 1998
Populat on (millions) 37.7 51 2 61.3
GDP ($ mjillons) 5179 6,842 6,544
GNP per capita. Atlas method (US $) . 160 100
Rural population (% of total) 90 87 83
Life expectancy 42 45 43
Surface area (1,000 sq. km) .. .. 1.104
Rur$ Wtil-beng
Population below the poverty line (% rurall
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 155 124 107
Safe water, rural (% of rural population with accessl .. 20
Sanitation. rural (% of rural population with aocess)
School enrollment. primary (% grossl) 37 33 43
School enrollment, primary, male (% gross)+ 48 39 55
School enrollment. primary, female (I% gross)* 27 26 31
Per capita dietary energy supply calOries)
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children under 5)t ,, 48
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female 1 5-24)( 78 64 50
Illiteracy rate, adult female (05 of female 15+)± 89 80 70
1rjneo_ in 1fneBa RtSttEo no
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1980.98)
Agr. GDP/ agr worker as % of total GDP/ worker .. .. 55
Agr. GDPI agr. worker, annual growth (1980-98)
Rural non-farm employment
Employees. agr., temale (% of total labor force) 89 86 88
Employees. services, female (% of total labor force) 10 12 11
Non-agr. GDP! non-agr. worker ($/people) . . 805
Cereal yield kIlograms per hectare) .. ., 1,140
Foos production index (1989 91 = 100) .. 121
Livestock production index (1 989-91 1 t 00) 1t 4
i feknw Ofif M(arhts
Agr. expons as percent of agr value added . 16 1
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ millions)* 376 493 4t5
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force I% of total labor force) . .. 83
Labor force, female (% of total labor force) 42 41 41
Food price index (1995=100) 34 51 93
hllmp mnrt of Aestflty and Comnmneatta
Roads, normalized index .. . 42
Roads paved (%l' . 15 15
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)* 2 3 3
Radios (per 1,000 people)* 82 196 195
Electric power consumption per cap ta (kWh)' 16 21 21
Daily newspapers (per 1.000 people)' 1 2 1
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1.000 people)* 0 0 0
Potenttally arabie land/ rural population (ha) . 0.4
Freshwater withdrawals for agr./ agr. GDP (cw/ million $) . 28.9
Freshwater withdrawals for agr (% of total) 86
Annual deforestation 1990-95 I% change) 0.5
Croplandr potentially (non-marginal) arable lane (1r . .. 56
Irrigated land as % cropland . .. 1.8
Cultivated land with conservation technologies 1/)
Pooynd bSenal Pwr
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organizalionsl no. of community groups
Local govt. spendingi central govt. spending
Local tax revenue/ local govt. spending
85
Faeroe Islands
.. :: ;M y .... M N :r
1980 1990 1998
Popu ation (mill ons) 0.0
GDP ($ millions)
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $)
Rural popLiation (% of total)
Life expectancy
Surface area (1,000 sq. km)
Population below the poverty line 1% rural)
Mortality rate. infant (per 1.000 live births)
Safe water, rural (% of rural population with access)
San tation, rural (% of rural population with access)
School enrollment, primary (% gross)*
School enrollment, primary, male (%gross)'
School enrollment, primary, female (% gross)'
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)
Malnutr tion preva ence (% ot children under 5)'
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female 15-24)
Illiteracy rate, adult female (% of female 15,)'
Agr GDP (value added), annual growth 11980-98)
Agr GDP/ agr worker as % of total GDP/ worker
Agr GDP/ agr. worker, annual growth (1980-98)
Rural non farm employment
Employees, agr.. female (YO of total labor force)
Employees, services, female (% of total labor force)
Non-agr. GDP non agr worker ($ipeople)
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare)
Food production index (1989-91 a 100) 97 tO2 106
Livestock production index (t989 91 = fO0) 95 too 103
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added
Percent of agr production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ millions)*.
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force)
Labor force, female (% of total labor force)
Food price index (1995-1 00)
Roads, normalized index'
Roads paved (%)'
Telephone mainlines (per 1.000 people)' 3t8 481 544
Radios (per t,000 people)' 416 506 594
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh),
Daily newspapers (per t,000 people)'
Number of post offices irural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)*
SEofin b f* !l;if!eai 0waemn of tht;;f00i iowe Its01Jrc ea:se
Potentially arab e and/ rura population (ha)
Freshwater withdrawals for agrJ agr. GDP (cm. million $1
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of tota)
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change)
Cropland potentially (non margina ) arable land (%i
Irrigated lane as % copland
Cultivated land with conservation technrolog es (%)
Fiscal decentralization (snare of local govt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organizations, no. of community groups
LocaJ govt. spending/ central govt. spending
Loca tax revenue, oca govt spend ng
86
F"ij
1980 1990 1998
Population (milions) 0 6 0.7 0.8
GDP ($ millions) 1 204 1,381 1.577
GNP per cap ta. Atlas method (US $) 1.870 1 870 2.210
Rural population (% of total) 62 58 52
L fe expectancy 68 71 73
Surface area (1,000 sq km) 18 18 18
Rutra* WUt-befg
Population below the poverty line 1% rural)
Mortality rate, infant (per t ,000 live births) 33 25 19
Safe water, rural (%k of rural population w th access) .. .. 100
Sanitation, rural I% of rural population with access) .. .. 85
School enrollment, primary (% gross)y 119 125
School enrollment, primary, male (% gross)* 120 126
School enrollment, primary, female I% gross)' 119 126
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)' 2.500 2,760 3,010
Malnutrition prevalence I% of children under 5)' . 8
Youth illieracy rate. 1% of female 15-24)* 6 2 1
Illiteracy rate, adult female I% of female 1i5,' 22 15 10
4mtpwOvWett in the Run Sctio
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98) 1.3
Agr GDP, agr. worker as 4, of totsa GDP: worker 43 37 40
Agr GDP/ agr. worker, annual growth (1980-98) 0.0
Rural non farm employment
Emp oyees, agr, female I% of total labor force)
Employees, services, female (% of total labor force)
Non-agr. GDP' non-agr worker $Speople) 8.971 8375 7,158
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 1,926 2,181 2,080
Food production Index (1989-91 a 100) 82 105 107
Livestock producton index (1989091 = 100) 75 101 104
Deviopowot ol Madlcel
Agr. exports as percent of agr value added 70 8 78 3 59.0
Percent of agr. production soid in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ millions)' 324 208 210
Agr. wage per agr worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force) 47 45 41
Labor force female (% of total abor force) 17 24 29
Foodpriceindex(1995=100) .. - 115
ffaOVenft of Accesfbfl9ty ard Commucaton
Roads, normalized indes.
Roads paved (%)' 45 49
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)' 38 57 97
Radios (per 1.000 people)' 473 582 640
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)' .
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)' 10t 37 52
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)'
SulskI bte t oagem ot On "urd Pesoure Sae
Potentially arable land' rural population (ha) 0.2
Freshwater withdrawals for agr! agr GDP (cm/ milion $) 0.0
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total) 60
Annual deforestation r 990-95 (% change)
Cropland/ potentia ly (non-marginal) arable land I%)
Irrigated land as % cropland 0 6 0.4 1 1
Cultivated land with conservation technolog es )%) . ..
P.1kt and intttonaf Faework
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organizations' no of community groups
Local govt. spending/ central govt. spending
Local tax revenie/, ocal govt spending
87
Finland
1980 1990 1998
Population (millions) 4.8 5.0 5.2
GDP ($ millions) 51,306 134.806 123,502
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) 10,710 24,470 24,280
Rural population (% of tota) 40 39 34
Life expectancy 73 75 77
Surface area (1,000 sq. km) 338 338 338
Population below the poverty line (% rural)
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 8 6 4
Safe water, rural I% of rural population with access) . 85
Sanitation, rural (%of rural popuation ith access) 100 100 t00
School enrollment, primary (% gross)' 96 99 99
School enrollment, primary. male (% gross)* 97 99 99
School enrollment, primary, female (% gross)' 96 99 99
Per capita dietary energy supply (calores)' 3,040 3,100 3.040
Malnutrition prevalence (%5of children under 5)*
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female 15-24)'
Illiteracy rate, adult female (% of female 15.)*'
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1980 98) -0.2
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker as % of total GOP/ worker 73 67 54
Agr. GDPi agr. worker, annuaa growth (1980-99) 3.2
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agrp, female (% of total labor force) 12 6 5
Employees, services. female (- of total labor force) 63 76 81
Non-agr. GDP' ron-agr. worker ($/people) 22,057 54,063 49.517
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 2,823 3,543 2,459
Food production index (1598991 =-100) 96 105 85
Livestock production index (1989991 = 100) 107 103 93
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added 16.4 10.1 34.8
Peroent of apr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ mni ions)' 14,444 35,124 31,352
Agr. wage per agT worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of tota, labor force) 12 a 6
Labor force, female (% of total labor force) 47 47 48
Foodprioeirdex(1995=100) 57 104 101
Roads. normalized index' . . 68
Roads paved (%)' . 61 64
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)' 364 534 554
Radios (peo 1 000 people)' 837 993 1,496
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)* 7,779 11,822 13.689
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)* 505 558 455
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)' 36 12 32
%sulM__temen ttwWifj At-t;Sam
Potentially arable land! rural population (ha) . 1.2
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. ar GDP (cnr million $) 0.1
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total) . 3
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change) 0.'
Cropland potentialiy (non-marginal) arable land (°. 101
Irrigated and as % cropland . 2.8 3.0
Cultivated land with oonservation technologies (5-)
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organizations! no. of oemmunity groups
Local govst spending/ central govt. spending
Local tax revenue/ local govt. spending
88
France
1980 1990 1998
Population (millions) 53.9 56 7 58.8
GDP ($ milions) 664,596 1,195,438 1,426,967
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) 12,400 19,250 24,210
Rural populalion (% of total) 27 26 25
Die expectancy 74 77 78
Surfacearea(1,0W sq. km) 552 552 552
RPuraWSShg
Popilation below the poverty line 1% rural)
Mortality rate. infant (per 1,000 live births) 10 7 5
Safe water. rural (% of rural population wth a ces). 100
Sanitation, rural (%of rura populason wth aoess) .. 90
School enrollrment, pr mary ('% gross)' 11l 109 105
School enrollrrient. primary. male (%gross)* 112 109 106
School enrollment primary, female (%gross)' 110 108 104
Per capita dietary energy supply (calones)' 3.400 3,550 3,560
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children ucder 5)*
Youth illiteracy rate (% of female 15-24)'
Illiteracy rate, adull female (%of female 15+)'
tnwov n Iffre ftn tonomi
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-96J 1.3
Agr. GDP/ agr worker as % of total GDP worker 51 62 53
Agr GDPCagr. worker annual growth (1980-98) 54
Rural non-farm employmem
Employees. agr., temale (% of total labor force) 7 5 4
Employees, sewnices, female(90 of total labor force) 71 78 81
Non-agr. GDPC non-agr. worker ($ipeople) 29,103 49490 54,146
Cerea yield Iklograms per hectare) 4,854 6,083 7.408
Food producton oide (1989-91 = I 00) 95 100 106
Livestockproduction ndex (1939-91 = 100) 98 99 105
lDlpbptotlbfls
Agr. exports as percent of agr. vaaue added 62 6 821 122.5
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Acoess to finance system per rura household
Gross domestic savings I$ millions)* 152,810 263,210 288,881
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($)
Rura labor force (% of total labor force) 8 5 4
Labor force, female (% of total labor foroe) 40 43 45
Food prioe iodex (19954100) 51 94 105
hnwovwwtof MSbf49 nl O 0
Roacs, nomialized index' . 135
Roads paved )9%)' 100
Telephone mainlines (per 1.000 people)' 295 495 570
Radios (per 1.000 peopae)* 741 887 937
Electric power consumpton per capita (kW5h)' 3,881 5,321 6.060
Daly newspapers (per 1,000 people)' 192 208 218
Number of post offices (rural) .. .
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)' 97 55 52
anwnee dmiwt Of heft4tr t esaol Sam
Potentialy arable laidV rural population (ha) . 1.7
Freshwater wthdrawas for agr / agr. GDP (cms mr lion $1 0 3
Freshwater withdrawas for agr. (%/ of total) . 15
Annua deforestation 1990-959(% change) -1.1
Cropland/ potentially (non-margmat) arable land 1%1 . 79
Irrigated land as % cropland 4.6 6 8 8 6
Cultivated land wh onsenration technologies (1/%)
POcyB anct R1 m k
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt expenditure)
No of farmers organizations/ no. of cemmunity groups
Local govt spending' central govt. spending
Local tax revenue/ loca goat. spending
89
French Polvnesia
1980 1990 1998
Population (millions) 0.2 0.2 0.2
GDP ($ millions) 1,255 3,570 3.714
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) 8,020 13,950 18,050
Rural population (% of total) 43 44 47
Life expectancy 70 72
Surface area (1,000 sq. km) 4 4 4
Population below the poverty line (% rural)
Mortality rate, infant (per 1 000 live b rths) 1 8 1 1
Safe water, rural (% of rura population with access)
Sanitation, rural (% of rural population with access)
School enrollment, primary 1% gross)* t2t 130 116
School enrollment, primary. male (%gross)* t24 132 118
Schoo enrollment, primary, female (% gross)* lt8 127 113
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)* 2,770 2,830 2,900
Malnutr tion prevalence (% of children under 5)*
Youth i iteracy rate, (% of female 15-24)*
11 iteracy rate, adult female (% of female 15)* ,,
Agr GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98)
Agr. GDP! agr. worker as % of total GDP/ worker
Agr. GDP' agr. worker, annual growth (1980-98)
Rural non farm employment
Employees. agr., female (% of total labor force)
Employees, services, female (% of total labor force)
Non agr. GDP/ non agr. worker ($!people)
Cereal yie d (kilograms per hectare)
Food production index (1989891 = 100) 127 103 96
Livestock production index (1989-91 =100) 81 100 96
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domest c savings ($ mill ons)* . -78 6
Agr wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force)
Labor force. female (% of total labor force)
Food prce index (1995=100)
Roads, normalized index*
Roads paved (%)*
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)' 83 194 230
Radios (per 1,000 people)* 517 548 564
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)*
Daily newspapefs (per 1,000 people)* 86 107 109
Number of post off ces (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)*
Suslelnatie Manegeniento 95.:0 ftSet6siI-XS0 J5soxc Uaai;A S0l
Potentially asable land/ rural population (ha)
Freshwater w thdrawals for agr. agr. GDP (cm million $)
Freshwater withdrawa s for agr. (% of tota)
Annual deforestation 1990 95 (%change)
Cropland/ potentially (non-marg nal) arable land
Irrigated land as % cropland
Cultivated land with conservation technologies (%)
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt. expenditure)
No of farmers organizations! no. of community groups
Local govt. spending/ central govt. spending
Local tax revenue/ local govt. spending
90
Gabon
1980 1990 1998
Population (millions) 0 7 1 0 1 2
GDP ($ millions) 4,279 5,952 5,518
GNP per capita. Atlas method (US 4,750 4,750 4,170
Rural populat on (% of total) 50 32 21
Life expectancy 48 52 53
Surface area (1,000 sq km) 268 268 268
Rural Wel-beig
Popu ation below the poverty line (% rural)
Morfalily rate, infant (per 1,000 live birthsl 116 96 86
Safe water, rural 1% of rural population with access) 34 .. 30
Sanitation, rural (%1 Df rural population with access) .. . 67
School enrollment, primary (% gross)' 174 160 162
School enrollment, primary, male (1 gross)' 178 162 163
Schoo enrollment, primary. female (% gross)' 171 159 161
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)* 2,420 2.450 2,500
Malnutrition prevalence ('I, of children under 5p,
Youth illiteracy rare. (% of female t 5-24).
illiteracy rate, adult female (% of female 15+) .. ..
inwovement In Ihe Rural Economy
Agr GDP (value added), annual growth (1 980-98) -0.4
Agr. GDPR agr. worker as % of total GDP/ worker 10 14 18
Agr GDP/ agr. worker, annual growth (1980-98) 0.1
Rural non-farm employment
Employees. agr , fema e 1% of total labor force) 74 59
Emp oyees, services, female 1% of total labor force) 21 32
Non-agr. GDP/ non-agr. worker ($/people) 31,920 25,074 16,039
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 1,692 1,643 1,728
Food production index (1959-91 = 100) 80 98 f11
Livestockproduction index (1989-91 = 100) 86 100 116
Oevelop tarl of Mutte
Agr exports as percent of agr. value added 3.1 0.8 2.7
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ millions)' 2,594 2.194 2,385
Agr wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of tofa labor force) 66 52 40
Labor force, female (% of total labor force) 45 44 45
Food prce Index (1995=100) 60 84 107
Improvent of Aoceso ift ed Ca mnwnuiat
Roads. normalized ndex .. 41
Roads paved 1%)' .. 8 8
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)* 13 22 33
Radios (per 1,000 people)' 130 172 193
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)' 618 806 752
Dally newspapers (per 1,000 people)* 22 21 29
Number of post off ces (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)*
Susitlnabie MemantMrdt of It Natwl Rsoue Bs
Polenlially arable land/ rural population (ha) . 13 2
Freshwater withdrawals for agr ! agr GDP lcr million $) . 0 1
Freshwater withdrawals for agr (% of total) , 6
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change) 0.5
Cropland, potentially lnon-marg nal) arable land (to) .. 7
Irrigated land as t/ cropland 0 9 0.9 1 4
Cultivated land with conservation technologies (%)
Policy d a etltutlona Fr hlework
F sca decentraiization (share of local govt. expenditure) -
No. of farmers organizationsr no. of community groups
Local govt spending/ central govt. spending
Local tax revenue' local govt. spending
91
Gambia. The
1980 1990 1998
Population (millions) 0.6 0.9 1.2
GDP($millions) 241 317 416
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) 380 320 340
Rural popu at on (% of total) 80 74 69
Life expectancy 40 49 53
Surface area (1,000 sq. km) 11 11 11
Population be ow the poverty line (% rura )
Mortality rate. nfant (per t,000 ive birthsi 159 109 76
Safe water rural (% of rural population with access) 27 56
San tation, rura (% of rural population with access) . . 23
School enrollment, primary (% gross)* 53 64 77
School enrollment, primary. male (% gross)* 70 76 87
Schoo enrollment, primary, female I% gross)* 36 52 67
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)' 1,830 2,450 2,220
Malnutrit on prevalence (% of children under 5)- 26
Youth i iteracy rate, (% of female 15-24)- 79 66 54
Illiteracy rate, adult female (% of female 15-) 88 80 73
Agr. GDP (value addedi, annual growth (1980-96) 0.2
Agr. GDP, agr. worker as % of total GDPI worker 32 30 30
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker, annual growth (1980-98) -3.2
Rural non-farm employment
Employees. agr., female (% of total labor force) 93 92
Employees. services, fema e (% of total labor force) 5 6
Non-agr. GDP/ non-agr worker ($/people) 3,384 2,854 2,472
Cereal ye d (kilograms per hectare) 1,325 1,008 t .078
Food production index (1989-91 =100) 72 84 92
Livestock production ndex (1989-91 = 00) 95 99 116
ooillM- t16ii M .t.is
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added 26.5 18.6 12,1
Percent of agr product on sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ millions)* 14 34 31
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force) 84 82 80
Labor force, female (% of total labor force) 45 45 45
Food price index (1995=100) 14 73 103
krirrovemefitf tAcc, t 5,Im$IA Mid CormnofitCat
Roads. normalized index' .. . 252
Roads paved (%)- . 32 35
Telephone ma n ices (per 1,000 peop e)- 3 7 21
Radios (pert 1 000 people)' 114 160 168
Electr c power consumption per cap ta (kWh)*
Da py newspapers (per 1.000 people)' 2 2
Number of post off ices (rural)
Two wheelers (per" 1,000 people)'
S;slulnfe htorj em. of 9 aluraf Resoum . 8as ;00e
Potentially arable landc rural population (ha) 0.8
Freshwater withdrawals for agr./ agr. GDP (cm/ mill on S) 66
Fresnwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total) 91
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change) 0 9
Cropland, potentially (non-marginal) arable land (%) .. . 29
Irrigated and as% cropland 0.6 0.5 1.0
Cultivated land with conservation technologies (%.
PotkyandInS9t' ;f 'ru - Eft .0< tf. 'erti; i;
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt expenditure)
No. of farmers organ zationsi no. of community groups
Local govt. spending/ central govt. spending
Local tax revenue/ local govt spending
92
Georaia
1980 1990 1998
Population (mill ors) 51 5 5 5.4
GDP ($ millions) 12 5,129
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) . 970
Rural population (% of total) 48 44 40
Lfe expectancy 71 72 73
Surface area (t1,oo sq km) . 70 70
RtuWg .Mffbeft
Population below the poverty line I% rural) .. . 10
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 25 16 15
Safe water. rural (% of rural population with access) .
Sanitation, rural 1% of rural population with access) . .
School enrolment. primary 04 gross)' 93 97 88
School enrollment. primary, male (% gross)* 93 97 89
School enrollment. primary, female (% gross)' 92 97 88
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)* . 2.060
Malnutrition prevalence I% of children under 5)*
Youth illieracy rate, I% of female 15-24)*
Illiteracy rate, adult temale (%/ of female 15.)'
fflpWOVSftUIeRD r au1 Wo8w
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98)
Agr GOPl agr. worker as % of total GDP/ worker . 212 119
Agr. GDPI agr. worker, annual growth t980 98)
Rural norn-farm employment
Employees, agr., female Ifo of total labor force) 34 24
Employees, services, fema e (0/, of total labor force) 45 52
Non-agr. GDP/ non-agr worker ($/people) .. 1.081 1.959
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) . 1.865 1,823
Food production index (1989-91 = 1001 .. 80 81
Livestock production index (1989-91 =100) . 84 92
DOetopml of M9*eti
Agr. exports as percent of agr value added .. 0 6 3.2
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market . ..
Access to finance system per rural housenold
Gross domestic savings ($ millionsl' - 3 -315
Agr. wage per agr worker ($) . . ..
Rural labor force 1% of total labor force) . 25 21
Labor force. female (% of total abor force) 49 46 47
Food price index (1995=100) . ..
1mvewws of Aweatbt1fty.wd .ntfcfo
Roads, normalized index'
Roads paved 1%) . 94 94
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)' 63 99 115
Radios (per 1.000 people)* . 458 555
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)l 1.910 2,711 1.142
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)' . . .
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 peope)* . 5 5
swita,1raenmwoh of tU NmaJ Feon Bsse
Potent ally arable land) rural population (hal 0.5
Freshwater withdrawals lr agr.l agr. GDP (cml million $) . 39 8
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of tota I . 42
Annual deforestation 1990-95 I% change) o.0
GroplandV porentially (non-marginal) arable land 1 /,) 105
Irrigated land as %/. cropland . 42 9 44.1
Cultivated lans with oonservation technologies (0/0 . ..
1t9f at1d Irnar t111 sarMewt - r
Fiscal decentralization (share of locas govt expenditure)
No. of farmers organizations' no of community groups
Local govt. spending/ central govt. spending
Local tax revenue, local govt spending
93
Germnanv
1990 1990 1998
Population (millions) 78.3 79.4 82.0
GDP ($ millions) 1,719,510 2,134205
GNP per capita, Alias rmethod (US $ 26,570
Rural population (%of total) 17 15 13
Ufe expectancy 73 75 77
Surface area (1,000 sq. km) 357 357 357
ma ,,.rij, iSriS -it li.jii;; 0A MS
Population oelowthe poverty line (% rural)
Mortality rate, nfant (per 1,000 live births) 12 7 5
Safe water, rural (% of rural population with access) 100
Sanitation, rura (% of rjral population with aocess)
S-hool enrollment, primary (%gross)' 101 104
School enrollIment, primary, male (% gross)* 98 104
School enrollment prinary, female (% gross)* 100 104
Per capita dietary energy supply (calor es)' 3,330 3,400 33X0
Mtalnutrition prevalence (% of children urider 5)
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female 15-24)'
Illiteracy rate, adult female (% of female 15+)-
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98)
Agr. GDP. agr. worker as % of tota GDP worker 38 38
Agr. GDP agr. wrker, annua growth (1980-98)
Rural non-farm empioyrnet
Employees, agr., female (% of Iota labor force) 4 3
Employees, serv ces, female I% of total labor force) 70 79
Non-agr. GDP non-agr. worker ($/people) . 44,051 52,410
Cereal yield (kilograrrs per heztare) 4,228 5,411 6.340
Food production rldex (1989-1 too) 91 102 93
ivestock production index (1989-91 = 100) 99 102 85
Agr. exports as peroent of agr. vaue added 88.6 1083
Peron of agr. prodraction rsold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rura household
Gross domestic savings ($ milions)r 401,647 4759,7
Agr wage per agr worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force) 7 4 3
Labor force femae (% of total labor force) 40 42 42
Fod prire index (1995=100) .. 87 103
Roads, nonelzed index.
Ro-os paved (°h)- 99 99
Tel ephone mainlines (per 1,000 peop e) 332 441 567
Radios (per 1,000 people) 893 963 948
Electric power consuaption per capita (kWh)t 5s,05 5,729 58626
Daly newspapers (per t,Odd people)' 304 311
Nurber o post offices (rurar)
Two wheeers(per rdOpeople)* 38 18 30
Potentiafly arable land rural propulaton (ha) . . 1.6
Freshwater withdrawans for agr.l agr. GDP (cmi million $) . 0
Freshwater withdrawa s for agr. I% of total) 20
Auria deforestation 1990-95 )%f change) 0.0
Cropanc' potemtially (non marginal) arable [ard (°)% 71
Irrigated land as % croplanrd 3.7 3.9 3.9
Cultivated land with consenvation teehnologies (%)
Fscal decentral ization (share of local govt. experditure)
M. of farmers organizations no. of community groups
Loca goWt. spendin' cerntra gvot. spending
Local tax revenue local govt. spenrfing
94
Ghana
1980 1990 1998
Population (millions) 10.7 14.9 18.5
GDP ($ millions) 4,445 5.886 7,501
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) 430 390 390
Rural populat on (% of total) 69 66 63
Life expectancy 53 57 60
Surface area (1,000 sq km) 239 239 239
RaWe8-being
Population below the poverty line 1% rural) .. 34
Mortali1y rate, artant (per 1 000 l ve births) 94 77 65
Safe water, rural (% of rural populat on with access) . . 49
Sanitation, rural (% of rural population with access) 36
School enrollment, primary (% grossl 79 75 79
School enrollment, primary. male 1% gross)' 88 82 84
School enrollment. primary, female (% gross)* 71 68 74
Per capltadietary energy supply (calores)' 1,900 2,100 2.510
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children under 5) . 30 27
Youth fllfteracy rate. (% of female t5-24)* 46 25 t4
Illiteracy rate. adult female (% of female 1 5+)' 70 53 40
lw oY_nt hi f# Rurl Econormy
Agr. GDP Ivaue added). annual growlh (1 980-98) 1.9
Agr. GDPR agr worker as % of total GDP, worker 94 76 18
Agr. GOP, agr worker, annual growth (I980-98) -0.9
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr.. female Ir'o o1 total labor fcrceo 57 55
Employees, services, female (% of total abor force) 29 31
Non-agr. GDP, non-agr. worker ($/peop e) 947 1 130 1.734
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 718 969 1,303
Food product on index 1989-91 = 10o) 69 82 144
Livestock production index (1989-91 =100) 80 99 105
Devotmptrte otMrs
Agr. exports as percent of agr value added 18.2 15 6 76.6
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per ural )househrold
Gross domestic savings ($ miliions)* 219 322 989
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force 1% of total labor force) 61 59 57
Labor force, female I% of total abor forcel 51 51 51
Food price index (1995=100) 1 33 136
lmpwvaoie6of Aec tfiftyand CoMmulclfO8R
Roads, normalized Index . .. 119
Roads paved (%)* . 20 24
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)* 4 3 8
Radios fpel 1,000 people)' 158 228 238
Electric power consumption per capita (kWhl' 423 301 276
Daily newspapers (per 1 OO people)* 47 13 14
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers Iper 1,000 people)*
Suawbln Mmmnmt ol fthe Na11tal RasomerSa '
Potentially arable land/ rural population (hal 0.9
Freshwater withdrawa s for agr./ agr. GDP (cm. million $) 21
Freshwater withdrawals for agr (% of total) . .. 52
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change) 1.3
Cropland, potentially (non-margisat) arable land l%) .. . 42
rrigated land as °iO cropland 0 2 0.2 0.2
Cultivated land with conservation technologies (%)
Fbity and n ir RuftimW rMij
Fiscal decenfral2ation (share of local govt expenditref
No. of farmers organizat onsi no. of commun ty groups
Local govt. spending, central govt spend ng
Local tax revenue, local govt. spending
95
Greece
1980 1990 1998
PopLiation (millions) 9.6 10.2 10.5
GDP ($ millions) 48,613 82,914 120.724
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) 5,510 7,530 11,740
Rural population (% of total) 42 41 40
Life expectancy 74 77 78
Surface area (1,000 sq. km) 132 132 132
Population below the poverty I ne (% rural)
Mortal ty rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 1 8 10 6
Safe water, rural (% of rural population with access)
Sanitation, rural ( of rural population with access) . 94 -
School enrolment. prmary (% gross)' 103 98 93
School enro Iment. primary, male (% gross)' 103 98 93
School enrollment, primary, female (% gross)* 103 98 93
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)* 3,290 3,610 3.590
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children under 5).
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female 15-24)* 1 0 0
Illiteracy rate, adult female (% of fema e 15+)* 14 8 5
Si w%w tl.f Nti = lR fI oni ,
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98) 0.2
Agr. GDP agr. worker as % of total GDP worker 42 44 43
Agr. GDPi agr worker, annual growth (1980-98) 2,3
Rural non farm employment
Employees. agr., female () of total labor force) .. 30 23
Employees, services, female (% of total abor force) .. 52 64
Non-agr. GDP/ non-agr. worker (S people) 16.342 22,909 29,469
Cereal yield (lograms per hectare) 3,322 3,036 3,526
Fond production index (1989-91 r 100) 94 91 98
L vestock product on index (1989-91 - 100) 100 100 98
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added 20.9 29.3 30.5
Percent of agr. production sold n domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Grossdomesticsavigns ($millions)' 12,899 9.515 14.168
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of total labor torce) 31 23 18
Labor force, female (% of total labor force) 28 35 37
Food price index (1995=100) 9 53 I11
Roads, normalized indexs , 111
Roads paved (%)' 92 92
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people) 235 389 522
Radios (per 1 000 people)- 343 418 477
Electric power consumpt on per capita (kWh)' 2,064 2,802 3,493
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)* 120 123 153
Numnber of post oftices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)' 12 120 184
$uandnabla MawgpneRt tilie Nalwati oeji at s i
Potentially arable land rural population (ha) . 0.4
Freshwater withdrawals for agr.i agr. GDP (cm/ million $) 4. . 4.7
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total) . . 63
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change) -2.3
Cropiandi potentially (non-margina ) arable land (%/U) . 242
Irngated land as % cropland 24,5 30.6 35.4
Culatvated land with conservation technologies (%)
tPolicy antt institutioal Xfirrnnlc j
Fiscal decentra ization (share of local govt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organizationsi no. of community groups
Local govt. spend ngo central govt. spending
Local tax revenue/ ocal govt. spending
96
Greenland
1980 1990 1998
Population (millions) 0.1 0,1 0 1
GDP ($ milions) .. 1,252
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $1 9,180
Rural population (% oi total) 24 21 18
Life expectancy . 66 68
Surface area 1,000 sq. km) 342 342 342
fifural1VW.nbethg :
Population below the poverty line (% rural) . .
Mortality rate, onfant (per 1.000 live births) 32 33 18
Safe water, rural (l of rural population with access) .. ..
Sanitation, rural (% of rural population with access) , .
School enrollment, primary (% gross)'
School enrollment, primary, male (% grossl'
School enrollment. primary, female (1 gross),
Per capita dietary energy supply (caloriesl'
Malnutrition prevalence (% ot children under 5)'
Youth illiteracy rate, (). of female 15-24)'
Iliteracy rate, adult female (% of female 15+)'
MWflIn t1W f l b , ,Eoo;,
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth 11980-98)
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker as % of total GDP/ worker
Agr. GOP/ agr. worker, annual growth (1980-98)
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr.. female tn of total labor force)
Employees, services, temale (% of total labor force) .
Non-agr. GDP/ non-agr worker ($/people)
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare)
Food production index (1989-91 = 1Oo) 92 100 106
Livestock production index (1 989-91 =1001 92 100 106
fselmaolf V*mkets-
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added .. .
Percent of agr production sold in domestic market . .
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ milions)'
Agr. wage per agr worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force)
Labor force, female (% of total labor force)
Food price index (1995=1 00)
TIMPvO'atut ot AccuS8WlIttya CommuNtafIom
Roads, normalized index' ,,
Roads paved )'/0).
Telephone mainl nes (per 1,000 people)' 191 299 444
Radios (per 1,000 people)' 300 414 481
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)' ..
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)' . .. 18
Number of post offices (rural) .. ..
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)*
Sfsainabflf NeNags;.t aof fRe oumte ase
Potentially arable land! rural population (ha)
Freshwater withdrawals for agr / agr. GDP Icr' million $)
Freshwater withdrawa s for agr (% of total)
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change)
Cropland/ potentially lnon-marginal) arable land (%)
Irrigated land as % cropland
Cultivated land with conservation technologies (%)
Poficy and hIstifutf4naf Framswork
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt expendifure)
No. of farmers organizations' no. of community groups
Local govt. spending,' central govt spending
Local tax revenue/ local govt. spending
97
Grenada
1980 1990 1998
Population (m llions) 0.1 0.1 0.1
GDP (S milionsl 84 221 343
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US 5) 970 2,320 3,250
Rural populatiorn (% of total) 67 66 63
Life expectancy . 72
Surface area (1.000 sq ki) 0 0 0
Population below the poverty line (% rural)
Mortalty rate, infant (per t,000 live oirths) 14
Safe water, rura I% of rura populafion with access)
Sanitation, rural f% of rural population with access)
School enro Imuet, pr niary (% gross)'
School enrollment. pr mary, male (% gross)'
School enrollment, primary, female (% gross)*
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories) 2.280 2,990 2.680
Malnutrition prevalence (l/' of children under S)I .
Youth illiteracy rate. (% of fernale t 5 24)'
Illiteracy rate, adult female (% of female tha)'
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth It 980-98) -t.t
Agr. GDPi agr. worker as % of total GDP/ worker
Agr. GDP agr worker, annual growth it980-98)
Rural rnon-farm employment
Employees, agr., female 1°% ot total labor force) 10
Emp oyees, setvices, female (% of total labor force) 75
Non-agr. GDP, non agr. worker ($,people)
Cerea yield (ki ograms per hectare) 894 t 000 t 000
Food production ndex (1989-91 tO0) 122 103 t09
Livestock production index (1989-91 - 100) 104 100 106
Agr. exports as percent of agr value added 76.5 75.5 64.8
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domest c savings ($ mil ions)' -4 39 59
Agr wage per agr. worker t$)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force)
Labor force. female (% of tota labor force)
Food price index (1 995=t 00)
Ifupt'ovmet oFf Aceltfty anid Canw jnfc iat t \it0j0 ttfoat\ : jtt:i1f X 0
Roads, normal zed index'
Roads paved (6)' . 55 61
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)' 34 t 77 263
Radios (per 1,000 people)' 393 627 561
Electr c power consumption per cap ta (kWh)*
Daly newspapers (per 1,000 people)' 44
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per t .000 people)
tsititi e Maaeet of t N;tw0t s ae
Potentially arable land! rural population (ha) 0,0
Freshwater withdrawals lor agr./ agr. GDP (cm' million $)
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total)
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change)
Cropland, potentia py inon marginal} arable land 2%) 2667
Irrigated land as % cropland
Cultivated land with conservation technologies (%)
Pgtj and lnh6iltlogtiflffili" ( X i ; i
Fiscal decentral zat on (share of local govt. expend ture)
No of farmers organizations! no. of commun ty groups
Local govt. spending/ central gotn. spending
Local tax revenue, toca govt. spending
98
Guam
1980 1990 1998
Population Imil ions) 01 0.1 0.1
GOP ($ millions)
GNP per capita. Atlas method (US $1
Rural population (% of total) 61 62 61
Life expectancy 74 77
Surface area (1,000 sq. km) 1 1 1
Rural Wefl-betrg
Population beiow the poverty line (on rural)
Mortality rate, infant Iper 1,000 five births) 16 9 8
Safe water, rural (% of rural popuabion with access)
Sanitaton, rural (% of rural population wth access)
School enro Iment, pr mary (% gross) 94 79
School enrollment, primary, mate (% gross)*
Scnhoo enrollment, primary, female %p gross)'
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)*
Malnutr tion prevalence (% of children under 5),
Yourh illiteracy rare, %/ o0 female 15 24)
IlIl teracy rate. adut female (% of female 15t)*
In4rov9t9 In the flural Econo,7
Agr GDP (value added). annua growth (1980-98)
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker as % of total GDP! worker
Agr GDPR agr worker, annual growth (1980-98)
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr, femaie I% of total labor force)
Employees senices, female I% of tofal labor force)
Non-agr. GDP/ non-agr worker ($/people)
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 3,000 2,000 2,000
Food producrion ndex (1989-91 100) 94 97 111
Livestock production index f1 989-91 = I100) 292 66 156
Je-opmet Of aWrS
Agr exports as percent of agr. value added
Percent of agr production sold in donrestic market
Access to finance system per rural nousehold
Gross domestic savinps ($ millions).
Agr wage per agr worker ($)
Rural labor torce 1% of total labor force)
Labor force, female (% of total lahor force)
Food price index (I995=100)
lEnprovmemnt of AcOOSbliyr ard Communteasfon
Roads, normalized Mdex.
Roads paved (%).
Telephone ma n5ines (per t .000 people9 234 293 453
Radios (per 1,000 people) 1,028 f ,389 1,408
Electric power consumprron per cap,ha (kWI. .
Oarly newspapeis (per f,000 people)* t68 164 193
Number of post offices (teral)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)*
Suswalribfe ftna9.gemnt of tihe "t4ur Rsro f9ase
Potentialfy arable land/ rural population (ha)
Freshwater wrthdrawals for agr.. agr GDP (cmi milion $)
Freshwater wit'hrawals for agr (% of total
Annual deorestaton 1990-95 I% charige)
Croplandr potenfially (non-marginal) arable and (%)
Irrigated land as % cropland
Cultivated land w th conservat on technologies 1%)
Policy and Insrttonaf PTamiorrk
Fiscal oecentralization (share of loca govt expenditure)
No of farmers organizations. no. of community groups
Locan govt spending' central govt spending
Local tax revenjeN ocal govp spending
99
Guatemala
1980 1990 1998
Population (mill ons) 6.8 8.7 10.8
GDP ($ millions! 7,879 7,650 18,942
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) 1,220 970 1,640
Rural poputation (% of total) 63 62 61
Life expectancy 57 61 64
Surface area (1,000 sq. km) 109 109 109
Population below the poverty line (% rural) .. 72
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 84 56 42
Safe water, urval i% of rital pop,,lation with access) 43 48
Sanitation, rural (% of rural population with access) 52 50
School enrollment, primary (% gross)* 71 78 88
School enrollment, primary, male (% gross)* 77 86 93
School enrollment. primary, female (% gross)' 65 76 83
Per capita dietary energy supply (caiories)* 2.260 2.300 2,280
Main,triton prevalence (% of children under 5)' . . 27
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female 15-24)' 43 34 28
Illiteracy rate. adult female (% of female 15+)* 55 47 40
Agr. GDP (value addecl), annual growth (1980-98) 2.3
Agr. GDP, agr. worker as % of total GDPR worker 46 49 49
Agr. GDP, agr. worker, annual growth (t980-98) 0.1
Rural non farm employment . .
Employees, agr., female (% of total labor force) 17 16
Employees, services, female (% of total labor force) 56 61
Non-agr. GDP/ non-agr. worker ($/people) 5,493 3,979 7,126
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) t .449 1,998 1,951
Food production index (1989 91 = 100) 71 102 128
Livestock production index (1989-91 -100) 78 102 125
Agr. exports as percent ot agr. value added 34.5 40.5 35.3
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ milionaf' 1,035 749 1,450
Apr. wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force) 54 52 47
Labor force, female I% of total labor force) 22 23 28
Food price index (1995=100) 12 51 125
Roads, normalized index' . .. 62
Roads paved )3Li' .. 25 28
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)* 12 21 41
Radios (per 1.000 people)* 51 67 79
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)' 240 242 404
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)' 29 22 33
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)'
Potentiaily arable land' rural population (ha) 0.4
Freshwater withdrawals for agr./ agr. GDP (cm/ million $1 4.5
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total) . . 74
Annual deforestaton 1990-95 I% change) 2.0
Cropland/ potentially (non marginal) arable land (%) . 75
Irrigated land as % cropland 5 0 6.6 6,6
Cultivated land with conservation technologles )%.
Fiscal decentra ization (share of local govt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organizations' no. of community groups
Local govt. spending. central govt. spending
Local tax revenue/ local govt. spending
100
Guinea
1980 1990 1998
Populat on (millions) 4.5 5.8 7.1
GDP I$ millions) . 2.818 3.598
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) 450 530
Rural population I% of total) 81 74 89
Life expectancy 40 44 47
Surface area (1,000 sq km) 246 246 246
Rural WV*bel :
Population below the poverty line I% rural)
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 185 136 118
Safe water, rural (% of rural population with access) 2 15 62
Sanitation, rural (% of rural population with access) I . 10
School enrollment, primary (% gross)' 36 37 54
School enrollment, primary, male (°' gross)* 48 50 68
School enrollment, primary, female (% gross)' 25 24 41
Per capita dietary energy supply calories)' 2,270 2,050 2,170
Malnutrition prevalence I% of children under 5)' 23 .
Youth illiteracy rate. 1% of female 15-24)-
Illiteracy rate, adult female (% of female 15+-)'
Imr_mwAM la Omr a Eeo -
Agr. GOP (value added), annual growth t1980-98) 4.3
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker as % of total GDPt worker . 27 25
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker, annual growth 11980-981 1.1
Rural non-farm employment . .
Employees, agr., female (% of total labor force) 97 92
Employees, services, female I% of total labor force) 3 7
Non-agr. GDP/ non-agr. worker ($/people) 5,966 5,011
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 955 940 1,322
Food production mdex (1989-91 = 100) 98 100 143
Livestock production index (1989-91 =100) 117 99 139
Delltopntnll of UMars
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added .. 4 2 5.8
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ milions)* . 500 697
Agr. wage per agr worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force) 91 87 85
Labor force, female (% of total labor force) 47 48 47
Food price index (1995=100) . 60 t01
bhlpraorwW of AmosaWky Wd C cmarwN atk0
Roads, normalized index- 154
Roads paved (%)' .. 15 17
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)' 2 2 5
Radios (per 1,000 people)' 30 42 47
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)'
DOily newspapers (per 1,000 people)'
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)*
'3a2Ir.*a,_aflo the Fb8Wd sowge
Potentially arable land, rural population (ha) . 1.4
Freshwater withdrawals for agr.! agr. GDP (cmlr million $) 17.9
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total) 87
Annual deforestation 1990-95 I% change) 1.1
Cropland/ potentially Inon-marginal) arable land (%) .. . 20
Irrigated land as %o cropland 7.9 7.3 6.4
Cultivated land with conservation technologies (%)
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organizationsi no. of community groups
Local govt. spendingi central govt. spending
Local tax revenue,Niocal govt spending
101
Guinea-Bissau
1980 1990 1998
Population (millions) 0 8 1.0 1 2
GDP ($ millions) 1l1 244 206
GNP per capita. At as method (US $) 150 220 160
Rural population (% of total) 83 80 77
Life expectancy 39 42 44
Surface area (1 000 sq. km) 36 36 36
Population below the poverty line i5 f ru.) . 61
Mortality rate, infant (per 1.000 live births) 169 145 128
Safe water. rural (% ot rural populatron with access) 57
Sanitation. rural (% of rural population with accessj 13 17
School enrollment, primary i% gross)* 68 54 62
School enrollment, primary, male (% gross)* 94 70 79
School enrollment, primary. female (% gross)* 43 38 45
Per capita dietary energy supply (ca ories)* 2.010 2.440 2.440
Ma nutrition prevalence (% of children under 5)' 24
Youth illiteracy rate, h% of female 15 24)* 87 79 70
Illiteracy rate, adu t female (% of female t15)* 93 89 83
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growtnh (980-98) 4.1
Agr. GDP/ agr worker as % of total GDP worker 48 67 74
Agr. GDP. agr. worker. annua growrth (1980-98) 2.7
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr., female (% of tota labor force) 98 96
Employees, services. female (% of total labor force) 3 3
Non-agr. GDP non-agr. worker (Speople) 1,279 1,545 876
Cerea yield (kilograms per hectare) 699 t,53t 1,425
Food production ndex (1989-91 - t00) 67 103 118
Livestock production index (t 989-91 - 100) 78 100 t t 8
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added 9.6 9 6 15.0
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domesticsavings I$ millions)* -t 7 -18
Agr. wage per agr. worker (5)
Rural labor force I% of total labor force) 87 85 83
Labor torce, female (% of total abor force) 40 4Q 40
Food price index (1995=1 00)
frnhiWiiciiintt*8 Acojsliitiyarftd ; ; larn o
Roads, normalized index'
Roads paved (%)' 8 10
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)* 2 6 7
Radios (per 1.000 people)' 31 39 44
Electr c power consumption per capita (kWh)
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 peoplei 8 6 5
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per t ,000 people)'
W*, 00Maa of t Na*t 000roiiiuo Ba Ie
Potentially arable land, rural population (ha) t 4
Preshwater withdrawals for agr. agr GDP (cm/ m llion $) 3.5
Freshwater withdrawals for agr I% ot total) 36
Annua deforestation 1990-95(% change) 04
Cropland, potentially (non marginal) arable and (%) . 29
Irrigated land as cropland 6 0 5.0 4 9
Cultivated and with conservation techno ogies (%)
Fiscal decentral zation (share of local govt. expenditure)
No.fo farmers organizations no of community groups
Local govt spending' central govt spending
Local tax revenue/ loca govt. spend ng
102
Guvana
1980 1990 1998
Population (millionsl 0 8 0.8 0.8
GDP ($ millions) 603 397 721
GNP per capita. Atlas method (US $) 770 350 780
Rural popu ation (% of tota) 70 67 63
Life expectancy 61 63 64
Surface area (1,000 sq. km) 215 215 215
Rua ttn eIfrgf
Populat on below the poverty I ne iO% rural)
Mortality rate infant tper 1,000 live baths) 68 64 57
Safe water, rural (% of rural population with access) 45
Sanitation, rural I% of rural population with access) . 80
School enrollment, primary 1%gross)' 102 98 96
School enrollment, pr mary, male (% grossl' t03 99 97
School enrollment, primary, fema e (% gross)* t 00 97 96
Per capita dietary energy supply (calor es)' 2,5r 0 2,300 2,420
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children under 5)' 22 18
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female t 5-24)' 1 0 0
Illiteracy rate, adult temale (% of female t 5+)' 7 4 2
ltAiprovenmfIn t i R iW Ecofsomy
Agr GDP (value added), annual grovwth (1980-98)
Agr GDP/ agr. worker as % of total GDP/ worker 77 154 t 58
Agr. GDP, agr. worker, annual growth It980-98)
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr., female (% of total labor force) t3 8
Employees, services, female (% of total labor forcei 71 76
Non-agr. GDP/ non-agr. worker ($,'people) 2,6t4 1.066 1,718
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 2,953 2,943 4.053
Food production index (1989-91 = t 00) t35 86 176
LvestockproLuction insex (t989-9t =00) 165 97 191
Devefotwrae of flrket5
Agr exports as percent of agr value addeo 118.5 80.4 101.4
Percent of agr product on sold in domestic market
Access to f nance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ millions)' 123 55 123
Agr. wage per agr worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force! 27 22 19
Labor force. female (SO of tota) labor force) 25 31 34
Food price index (1995=1 00)
rimvemeai lt f AcassibitPy and Comn"o ation
Roads, normalized index'
Roads paved (%)* 7 7
Telephone mainlines (pert 1,000 people)' 21 16 70
Radios (per 1,000 peoplel) 408 486 498
Electric power consumption per cap ta (kWh)*
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 peop:e)' 76 60 50
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1.000 people)'
$vstl O 1an3gewnenl of Ihe Naougat Rou7eease
Potentially arable land, rural population Iha) 14.9
Freshwater withdrawals for agr / agr. GODP (cm,, million $S 199 5
Freshwater withdrawals for agr (% of total) 99
Annual deforestat on 1990-95 (1/ changel
Cropland' potentially Inon-margina) arable land I%) . .. 6
Irrigated land as % cropland 25 3 26 3 262
Cultovated land with conservation technologies (%)
Policy and InfttLhfonal FmrrwWo*
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt expenditure)
No of farmers organizations/ no. of community groups
Local govt. spending/ central govt. spending
Local tax revenue/ local govt spending
103
Haiti
1980 1990 1998
Population (mill ons) 5.4 6.5 7.6
GDP ($ millions) 1,462 2,981 3,871
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) 270 410 410
Rural populabon (% ol total) 76 71 66
Life expectancy 51 53 54
Surfaoe area ( 1,000 sq. km) 28 28 28
Population below the poverty line (% rural) . . 66
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 123 85 71
Safe water, rural (% of rural population with access) . 23
Sanitation rural (% of rural popu ation with access) . 15 16
Scnool enrolliment, primary (% gross)' 77 48
School enrollment, primary, male (% gross)' 83 49
School enrollment, primary, female I% gross)* 71 46
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)' . .
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children under 5) . 27 28
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female 15-24)* 57 46 38
Illiteracy rate, adult female f% of female 15+)* 73 63 54
Agr. GDP (vasue added), annual growth )1980-98) -0.7
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker as % of total GDP worker 49 48
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker, annual growth (1980-98) 1.8
Rural non farm employment
Employees. agr., female (% of total labor force) 53 50
Employees, serVices, female (% of total labor force) 39 38
Non-agr. GDP non-agr. worker ($rpeople) .. 2,126 2,157
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 1,016 1,027 914
Food production index (1989-91 =100) 101 98 95
Livestock production index (1989-91 = 100) 99 96 129
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added 3.1 2.8
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ mil ions)* 118 -32 -269
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force I33 of total labor force) 71 68 63
Labor force, female (% of total labor force) 45 43 43
Food price index (1995=100) 26 46 100
Roads, normalize index n
Roads paved (%)* 22 24
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)' 4 7 8
Radios (per 1,000 people)* 20 45 55
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)' 41 61 42
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)* 7 7 3
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)'
Potentially arable landi rural population (ha) . 0t
Freshwater withdrawals for agr ! agr. GDP (cml million S) 23.9
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total) 68
Annual deforestation 1990 95 (% change) 3.4
Cropland potentially (non-marginal) arable land (33) , . 308
Irrigated land as 33 cropland 7.9 8.3 9.9
Cultivated land with conservation technologies (3)
Fiscal decentralizaton (share of local govt. expenditure)
No of farmers organizations/ no. of community groups
Local govt. spending! central govt spending
Local tax revenue, local govt. spending
104
Honduras
1980 1990 1998
Population (milbions) 3 6 49 6 2
GDP ($ millions) 2,566 3,049 5.371
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $! 700 700 740
Rural population (% of total) 65 58 49
Life expectancy 60 67 69
Surface area 11,000 sq. km) 112 112 112
Population below the poverty line 1% rurall .. 46 51
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 70 50 36
Safe water, rural (% of rural populaton with access) . 53
Sanitation, rural (% of rural population with access) . 53
School enrollment, primary (% gross) 98 t08 lt 1
School enrollment, primary, male (% gross)' 98 105 110
School enrollment. primary, female (% gross)* 99 110 112
Per capita dietary energy supply (caloriesol 2,150 2,320 2,350
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children under 5)* . 18 25
Youth Illiteracy rate. I%of female 15-24)* 27 20 16
Illiteracy rate. adult female (1% of female 15+)' 40 32 27
impow.nt in the Iuad Eloc - -
Agr. GDP (value added), ansual growth (1980-981 3.1
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker as % of total GDP, worker 37 48 52
Agr GDP/ agr. worker, annual growth (1 980-98) 2.6
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr , female (% of total labor force) 40 6 7
Employees, services, female (% of total labor force) 51 71 66
Non-agr GOP. non-agr. worker ($/people) 3,942 2,485 2,934
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 1,132 1,468 1.434
Food production index (1989-91 = 100) 90 101 117
Livestock production index (1989-91 = 100) 88 101 129
oewjopitl of Maets
Agr exports as percent of agr value added 88.0 107 7 50 8
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ millions)* 435 595 1,258
Agr. wage per agr worker ($)
Rural labor force I% of total labor force) 57 41 34
Labor force, female I% of total labor force) 25 28 31
Food price index (1995=100) 18 36 167
Impeoemen of Accessliftyand C o cctleatn
Roads, normalized ndex . .. 120
Roads paved (O/.) . 21 20
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people) 8 17 38
Radios (per 1,000 people)* 140 387 386
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)* 215 365 411
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)' 59 41 55
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)*
Sualndne UaWngemeet of w Natt1w Resoe Ss6e
Potentially arable land/ rural population (ha) 0 5
Freshwater withdrawals for agr.! agr. GDP (cml miilion $) 25.8
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. I% of total ). . 91
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change) 2.3
Croplandc. potentially (non-marginal) arabie land (%) . 121
Irrigated land as % cropland 41 4.1 3.6
Cult vated land with conservation technologies (%) ..
Paly and Ifstluksat FraMwXk
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt. expenditure)
No of farmers organizations/ no. of communniy groups
Local govt spending/ central govt spending
Local tax revenue local govt spending
105
Hona Konag China
1980 1990 1998
Population (m llions) 5.0 5.7 6.7
GDP ($ millions) 28,496 74,784 166,440
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) 5.790 12,680 23,660
Rural population (% of total) 9 0 0
Life expectancy 74 78 79
Surface area (11000 sq. km) 1 1 1
Population below the poverty ine (% raurl)
MortaJity rate, infant (per 1,000 live b rths t 1 6 3
Safe waler rurai ()/% ol rural population wth access)
Sanitation, rural (1/% of rural population with access)
School enrollment, primary (% gross)' 107 102 94
School enrollment, primary, male (O gross)* 107 102 93
School enrollment primary, female (% gross)* 106 103 95
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)' 2,890 3,250 3230
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children under 5)*
Yojth illiteracy rate, f% ot female 15-24)' 4 1 0
I literacy rate, adult female (% of female t 5+)' 24 t 6 t 1
Agr. GDP (value added). annual growth (t980-98)
Agr GDP, agr. worker as % of total GDP, worker 58 27 20
Agr. GDP agr. worker, annual growth (1980-98)
Rural non-farm employment
Empoyees, agtr. female (° or total labor force) 1 I 0
Employees, senvices, female (% of total labor force) 43 66 85
Non-agr. GDPi non-agr. worker ($ipeople) 11,550 25,930 50,871
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 2.121 2,000
Food production index (1989-91 = 100) 8 98 19
Livestock production index (1989 91 - 100) 202 98 20
Agr exports as percent of agr. value added 486.9 1 964 2 2,9902
Percent of agr. product on sold in domestic market
Access to linance system per rural househoid
Gross domest c savings ($ mi llions)' 9,730 26,805 50 753
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force) 1 1
Labor force. femae (% of total labor force) 34 37 37
Food price noes(1995=100) 31 67 110
Ihqtv a AOt Aco'edbfJIty liti Coini*aon,
Roads, normalized index'
Roads paved (%)' 100 100
Te ephone mainlines (per 1 000 people)* 254 450 558
Radios (per 1 000 people)' 506 691 684
Electric power consumption per capita (kvh)' 2,167 4.178 4,959
DaOly newspapers (per 1.000 people)' 714 745 792
Number of post otfices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)' 5 4 5
$tmttnS$eMrageoIu¶t io the N for Bass
Potentially arable land, rural population (ha) 0 1
Freshwater withdrawals tor agrJ agr. GDP (cm milion S)
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total)
Annua deforestation 1990-95 (% change)
Cropland' potential y (non-marginal) arable land (°) . 33
Irrigated and as% cropland 375 28.6 333
Cultivated land with conservation technologies (%)
Fiscai decentralization (share of local govt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organizationa no of community groups
Local govt. spending central govt. spending
Local tax revenuei locai govt. spending
106
Hunaary.
1980 1990 1998
Population (mil ions) 10 7 10 4 10 1
GDP ($ millions) 22,164 33,056 47,807
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) 2.060 2.880 4,510
Rural population (% of total) 43 38 36
Life expectancy 70 69 71
Surface area (1,000 sq. km) 93 93 93
Rural Well-beig
Population below the poverty line (°6 rural) . ..
Mortality rate. infant (per 1,000 live births) 23 15 10
Safe water, rural I% of rural population with access)
Sanitation. rural (% of rural population with access) .. 85
School enrollment, primary (%gross) 96 95 103
School enrollment, primary, male (% grossl 96 95 104
School enrolment, primary, female (% gross)' 97 95 102
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)' 3,450 3,660 3,340
Ma nutrition prevalence (% of children under 5)* . 2 -
Youth illiteracy rate. I% of female 15-24)* 1 0 0
liliteracy rate, adult female I% of female 15t1 2 1 1
Impmvemel In fJe Rui Ecoaom;
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth 11980-981 -1 6
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker as lv of total GDP! worker 93 82 43
Agr GDP/ agr. worker, annual growth 11980-98) 1.2
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr , female I% of total labor forcet 19 15 5
Employees, services, female 1% of total labor forcel 45 55 71
Non-agr. GDP/ non-agr worker ($'people) 4,396 7,207 10,279
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 4,806 4,521 4.709
Food production index (1989-91 = 100) 94 97 77
Livestock production index (1989-91 = 100) 95 102 69
Develpet ot Mlar ete
Agr exports as percent of agr. value added 55 3 562 118 4
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ millions)' 6,323 9,255 13,575
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($)
Ruras labor force (% of total labor force) 18 15 12
Labor force, female (% of total labor force) 43 44 45
Food price index (1995=100) 12 33 158
Roads, normalized index' , 127
Roads paved (%)% . 50 43
Telephone mainines (per 1.000 peop e)' 58 96 336
Radios (per 1.000 people)' 499 605 689
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)' 2,389 3,048 2,840
Daily newspapers (per 1 .000 people)' 247 237 186
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)' . 16 14
Sustinailte ManogenFeti of lth NaturtlR FWsouce Sane
Potentially arable landi rural populat on (ha) 1.8
Freshwater withdrawa s for agr./ agr. GDP (cmr million $) 54
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total) , , 36
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change) -05
Cropland/ potent al y (non-marginal) arable land (%) . . 83
Irrigated land as%cropland 2.5 3.9 4.2
Cult vated land wirh conservation technologies (%) . .
Policy and I11suttlUonal Framswork
Fiscal decentralzation (share of local govt expenditure)
No. of farmers organizaions! no. of community groups
Local govt. spending/ central govt spending
Local tax revenue' local govt. spend ng
107
Iceland
1980 1990 1998
Popu at on (millions) 0.2 0.3 0.3
GDP ($ milions) 3,373 6,252 7,894
GNP per capita. Atlas method (US $) 15.230 23,610 27,830
Rural population l% of total) 12 9 8
Life expectancy 77 78 79
Surfacearea(1,000sq. km) 103 103 103
Population below the poverty line (% rural)
Mortaity rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 8 6 3
Safe water, rural (% of rural populaton with access) . 100
Sanitation. rural (% of rural population with access) . 100 100
School enrollment, primary (% gross)* 99 101 98
School enrollment, primary, male flu gross)* 101 100 98
School enrollment. primary, female (% gross)* 101 99 98
Per cap ta dietary energy supply (calories)' 3,280 3,140 3,130
Maunulrition prevalence (%l of children under 5)
Youth illiteracy rate, (f of female 15-24).
lfliteracy rate. adult female (% of female 15+)*
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98) t.6
Agr. GDPR agr worker as % of total GDP worker 95 85 101
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker, annual growth (1980-98) 0. 1
Rural non-farm employment
Emptoyees, agr., female (%/ of total labor fore) . 5 4
Employees, services, female (% of total labor force) ,. 77 81
Non-agr. GDP/ non agr. worker ($/people) 29,004 44,858 46,495
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare)
Food production index (1 989-91 = 100) 115 99 91
Lvestochproduction index (1989 91 100) 117 99 94
Agr. expons as percent of agr. value added 8.4 6.4 4.8
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ( millions)' 874 t ,222 1,365
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural abor force (% of tota labor force) 10 11 9
Labor force, female (% of total labor force) 42 44 45
Food price iedex (1995-100)
hr,rw eflt f i08fbft i anrj r i ormuuni i ,c8 ttto: nlf;C:g - :0
Roads, normalized index*
Roads paved (%)' . 20 27
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)' 372 510 646
Radios (per 1,000 people)' 711 782 953
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)- 12,553 15,345 17.434
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)' 548 510 537
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)' 4 8
fus8i_lvI Meg gei1tf -f thr Natio Aeo:o Sa8 :
Potentiay aeaue land rare population (ha)
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. agr. GDP (cm/ million $) 0.1
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (fl of total) 6
Annual deforestation 1990 95 (% change)
Cropland/ potentially (eon-marginal) arable land t%)
Irrrgated land as % cropland
Cultivated land with conservation technologies (%)
Mro i r rr .UtL'
Fiscal decentralization (share of locar govt expenditure)
No of farmers organ zauions no. of community groups
Local govt. spending/ central govt. spending
Loca tax revenue" local govt. spending
108
India
198D 1990 1998
Population (mnillions) 687.3 849 5 979 7
GDP ($ millronsj 186,392 322737 430 024
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) 270 400 440
Rural population (% of total) 77 75 72
Life expectancy 54 60 63
Surfacearea (1,000sq km) 3,288 3,288 2,288
RbtdW*Veige
Population below the poverty line (% rural) . 44 37
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 115 80 70
Safe water, rural (St of rural population with access) .. 85 79
Sanitation, rural (% of rural population with access) . 2
School enrollment, primary (% gross*l 83 97 100
School enrollment, primary, male (9 gross)* 98 110 109
School enrollment, primary, female (% gross)' 67 84 90
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)' 2.080 2,350 2,390
Malnutroion prevalence (% of children under 5' .. 53
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female 15-24)' 58 46 37
Illiteracy rate. adult female (% of female 15+)' 74 64 57
trA*v in the111ura ftont
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98) 3.4
Agr GDP/ agr worker as % of total GDP' worker 49 43 44
Agr GDP/ agr. worker, annual growth (1980-98) 2 1
Rural non-farm employment
Employees. agr, female (% of total labor force) 83
Employees. services, female (% of total labor force) 8
Non-agr GDP/ non-agr. worker ($/people) 1,339 1,797 1,861
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 1,350 1.891 2,216
Food production index (1989-91 = 1 20) 67 100 120
Livestock production index (1989-91 100) 62 101 127
DefiOpnt VI MWf :
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added 3 7 3.4 4.7
Percent ot agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic sav ngs ($ millions)' 31.935 71,021 89,812
Agr wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force) 70 64 61
Labor force, female (% of total labor forcel 34 31 32
Food price ildex (1995=100) 25 58 132
roWtSenitdf kcsffsbflftyan$om nfnnicstlort
Roads, normalized index* 596
Roads paved )S 47 46
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)* 3 6 22
Radios (per t,000 people)* 38 79 121
Electnc power consumpt on per capita (kWh)' 130 254 363
Daily newspapers (per 1.000 people)' 21
Number of pest offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)' 15 24
aaslrwiseansn nt of thewatrwat fiece fes
Potentia ly arable land rural population (ha) . 0.2
Freshwater withdrawals for agr./ agr GDP (cm' million $) 107.0
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total) 93
Annual deforestation 1990-95 1% change) G o
Cropland/ potentially (non-marginal) arable land ()S) . 109
lrrigated land as % cropand 22 9 26 6 33.6
Cultivated land with conservation technologies (%)
Potity Si n, iitsfc t :mwwk
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organizations/ no of community groups
Local govt. spendinmg central govt. spending
Local lax revenue/ local govt. spending
109
Indonesia
1980 1990 1998
Population (mlnlions) 148.3 178.2 203.7
GDP ($ milions) 78,013 114,426 94,156
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) 500 620 640
Rural population (% of total) 78 69 61
Life expectancy 55 62 65
Surface area (1,000 sq. kmn) 1,905 1,905 1,905
Population below the poverty line (% rural) 14 22
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 90 60 43
Safe water, rural (% of rural population with access) 45 54
Sanitation, rural (% of rural population with access) 38 40
School enrollment, primary (%gross)* 107 115 113
School enrollment, primary, mae (% gross)* 115 117 115
School enrollment, primary, female (% gross)* 100 114 110
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories) 2.210 2,570 2.700
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children under 5)* . . 34
Youth lliteracy rate, (% of female 15-24) 15 7 4
Illiteracy rate, adult female (% of female r 5+) 40 27 20
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98) 3.3
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker as % of total GDP/ worker 41 35 39
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker, annual growth (1980-98) .3
Rura non farm employment
Employees, agr, female (% of total labor force) 53 56 42
Employees, senvices, female (% of total labor force) 32 31 42
Non-agr. GDP/ non-agr worker ($/people) 2,359 2,563 1,537
Cereal y eld (kilograms per hectare) 2,866 3,800 3.789
Food production index (t989-91 = 100) 63 101 119
Livestock production index (1989-91 = 100) 48 100 141
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added 70 12.6 17.4
Percent of agr. product on sold in domestic market
Acoess to finance system per rural household .. ..
Gross domestic savings ($ millons)* 29.674 38,043 22.666
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($)
Rura labor force (% of total labor force) 58 55 50
Labor force, female (% of total labor foroe) 35 39 40
Foodpriceindex(1995=100) 27 64 119
Roads normalized index . 235
Roads paved (%). 46 46
Telephone mainlines (per 1.000 people) 2 6 27
Rados (per1, 000 peope)( 119 148 156
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)* 44 156 329
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people) 15 29 24
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people) . 34 59
Potentially arabe land/ rural population (ha) . 0,2
Freshwater withdrawals for agr.i agr. GDP (cm/ mil ion $) . 734
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total) 76
A,nnual deforestation 1990-95 (%change) 1 0
Cropland/ potentially (non marginal) arable and (%) 111
Irrigated and as % cropland 16.5 13 8 15 5
Cultivated and with conservation technologies (°/6)
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organizationsi no. of community groups
Local govt. spending central govt. spending
Local tax revenue/ ocai govt. spending
1 1 0
Iran. Islamic Rep.
1980 1990 1998
Populahon (mill ons) 39.1 54 4 61 .9
GDP ($ millions) 92,664 120.404 113,140
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) 2.250 2,590 1,650
Rural population (t of total) 50 44 39
Life expectancy 60 66 71
Surfaceaareall.000sq kern 1.633 1,633 1.633
RFral WSlbehig
Population blow the poverty Ine (% rural)
Mortally rate, intant (per 1.000 live births) 87 47 26
Safe water, rural (% of rural population with access) 33 77
Sanitation, rural ()/o of rural population with access) 30 37
School enrollment, primary (% gross)* 87 112 98
Schoo enrollment, prmany, male i%grossp 10B 116 102
Schoo enrollment, primary. female (t gross)* 76 106 95
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)* 2,660 2.710 2,920
Malnutriton prevalence 1% of chidren under 5 s 16
Yroutli lilteracy rare, (t ot temale 15-24)' 35 16 10
IlIl teracy rate. adult female (t ot female 15+) 61 45 33
trrrovemmnt in the Rural Evomnn
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (t980-98j 4.3
Agr. GDP/ agr, worker as t of total GDPi worker 45 71 87
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker, annual growth (1980-981 2 8
Rural non-farm employment -
Employees, agr.. female (t/O of total labor force) 50
Employees, serv ces, temale (% ot total labor force) 33
Non-agr. GDP/ non-agr. worker (S/people) 10,665 8,473 4,570
Cereal yield (ki ograms per hectare) 1.067 1,445 2,161
Food production index (1 989-91 = 1 CO) 59 104 160
Livesmock product on index (1989-91 = 1001 67 100 148
wevipm of Marfket5
Agr. exports as percent of agr. salue addecd 0.6 1 6 4 3
Percent ot agr. production so d In domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ miiions)* 24,532 32,611 16.409
Agr wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force) 39 32 28
Labor force, female (t of total labor forcel 20 21 26
Food price index (1995=100 5 24 165
mro99m1on of AcceassiWty andVcWC mO a1
Roads. normalized index'
Roads paved (%)' .. 50
Telephone mainlines tper 1,000 peope)' 23 40 112
Radios (per 1 000 people)' 163 245 265
Electric power consumpbton per capia (kWh)* 491 829 1.163
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)' 25 28 28
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)* 36 43
Suts"nab Manap d the Natrul Roure Sass
Potentially arable landi rural population (ha) 0.0
Freshwater withdrawals for agr./ agr. GDP (cmi million $) 567
Freshwater wlthdrawals for agr (/o a totali 92
Annual delorestation 1990-95 (% change) 1.7
Cropland' potentially (non-marginalj arabie land (%) 6.711
Irrigated land as%tcropland 361 405 37.4
Cult vated land with conservation technologies (%t.
Poneiy and IrntUlio Framework
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt. expenditure)
No. ot tarmers organizations/ no ol community groups
Local govA spending/central govt spending
Local tax revenue/ local goet spending
111
Iraq
1980 1990 1998
Population (millions) 13.0 18.1 22.3
GDP I$ millions) 47,562 48,657
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) 3.240 2.170
Rural population (% of total) 35 28 29
Life expectancy 62 61 59
Surface area (1,000 sq. km) 438 438 438
Rur*g0oV V;t r>LWS eia
Population below the poverty line 1% rural)
Mortality rate, irifant (per 1.000 live birthsi 80 102 103
Sate water, rural (% of rural population with access) 22
Sanitation, rural (1 of rural population with access)
School enrollment, primary (%/. gross)' 113 111 85
School enrollment. primary, male I% gross)* 119 120 92
School enrollment, primary, female (% grass) 107 102 78
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories) 2,830 2,930 2,280
Malnutrition prevalence I% of children under s) .. 12
Youth illiteracy rate. (% of female 15-24y 64 48 36
Illiteracy rate, adult female (% of female 15s+! 78 67 57
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1 980-98)
Agi. GDP/ agr. worker as % of total GDP/ worker
Agr. GDP, agr. mrker, annual growth (1980-98)
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr., temale (% of total labor forcei 62 39
Employeesr senvices. female (% of total labor force) 28 52
Non-agr. GDP non-agr. worker ($/people)
Cereal yield (kilograms per nectare) 826 1,061 847
Food production index (1989-91 = 100) 80 118 99
Livestock production index (1989-91 tOO) 82 116 72
Oev4OtietO MptwtiE j.f\j-Sif i 0i 0 k ij\W rrr fi
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings IS millionsf'
Agr. wage per agr. worser )$)
Rural labor force (% of total rabor force1 28 16 11
Labor force, fema e (% of total labor force) 17 16 19
Food price ndex (1995-1 001
bam9i6to Acoedbmt fa fiitanan.iitjijcsoitnf iif fi
Roads, normalized index*
Roads paved (%)' 78 86
Telephone mainlines (per 1.000 people)* 19 37 31
Radios (per 1,000 people)* 161 215 229
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh`i 831 1,261 1,353
Daily newspapers (per 1.000 people) 26 36 19
Number of post ofhices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people!
Potentially arable land rural population (fha) 0.3
Freshwater w thdrawals for agr.r agr GDP (cm/ million $S
Freshwater withdrawals tor agr. I% of total) 92
Annual deforestation 1990 95 (% change) 0.0
Cropland/ potentially (non-marginal) arable land (%f - - 324
Irrigated land as % cropland 32.2 63.1 63,6
Cultnvated land with conservation technologies (50)
Fiscal decentralization (share of lDcal govt. expenditure)
No. ot farmers organizations no. of community groups
Local govt. spending, central govt, spending
Local tax revenue local govt spending
112
Ireland
1980 1990 1998
Populat on (millions) 3.4 3 5 3.7
GDP ($ millions) 20,080 45,527 81,949
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US$) 5,650 11,130 18,710
Rural popu ation (% of tota) 45 43 41
Life expectancy 73 75 76
Surface area (1,000 sq km) 70 70 70
Rura Wel-being
Populat on below the poverty line (% rural)
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 11 8 6
Safe water, rural (% of rural population with access)
Sanitaton, rural I% of rural population with access) . 100
School enrollment, primary I% gross)' 100 103 105
School enrollment, primary, male (% gross)* 100 103 105
School enrolmient, primary, female 1% gross)' 100 103 104
Per capifa dietary energy supply (calories)' 3,640 3,640 3,670
Malnutriton prevalence (% of children under 5)'
Youth ifliteracy rate, (Y of female 15-24)'
Illiteracy rate, adult female (% of female 15+)*
hnpErotwmrt In t+ %rfat Ewtomy
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98)
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker as % of total GDP, worker . 50 42
Agr. GDP! agr. worker, annual growth (1980-98)
Rural non-tarin employment
Employees. agr., female (% ot total labor iorce) . 4 3
Employees, services, female (% of total labor force) .. 77 79
Non.agr. GDP/ non-agr worker ($ipeople) . 37.698 49,377
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 4,650 6,577 6,343
Food production index (1989-91 = 100) 89 102 107
Livestock production index (1989-91 = 100) 90 103 107
oe'foptntet of Markets
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added .. 161.5 254.8
Percent of agr production sold n domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ millions)' 2,757 12,349 28.858
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force I% of total labor force) 19 14 11
Labor force, female (% of total labor force) 28 32 34
Food price index (1995=100) 20 91 108
lnWpotf Ae*s8Ibt"ftd tinolaflo
Roads, normalized ndexs .. .. 216
Roads paved (%)* . 94 94
Telephone ma noines (per 1,000 people)' 142 281 435
Radios (per 1,000 people)' 375 619 699
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)' 2.528 3,385 4.559
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 peop er 229 169 150
Number of post off ces (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)* 8 6 6
98si. wiIfI'FnaKmredof I fthe Nalural PR. . ason
Potentially arabie and/ rural population (ha) 2.0
Freshwater withdrawals for agr./ agr. GOP (cm/ milion $) . 0.1
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total) . . 10
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change) -2.7
Cropland! potentially (non-marginal) arable land (%) . .. 44
Irrigated land as % cropland
Cult vated land with conservation technologies 1%)
Pofily tnd InsftuttOn Frrmilolk
F scal decentralization (share of ocal govt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organizations/ no of community groups
Local govt spending/central govt spending
Local tax revenue/ local govt spending
113
Isle of Man
1980 1990 1998
Population (millions) 0.1
GDP l$ millions)
GNP per capita, Atras rmethod IUS SI
Aural population (c/ of total)
Life expectancy
Surface area (1.000 sq. kmr
RurN We ~~ ~ ~b*wN~
Population beiow rhe poverty line (°. rural
Mortality rate, nfat ˘per t,000 lee 6brtrs!-
Safe water, rural (% of rural popu at on with accessr
Sanitation, rural t% of rural population with access)
School enrollment, primary (% gross)'
School enrollment, primary, male l% gross)^
School enrollment, primary, female (% gross)a
Per capita d etary energy supply (caloriesa'
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children under 5)'
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female t15 24)
Illiteracy rare, adult female of fema e f5+)'
t1ipwvfinitf Ithe Rural ono0my;
Agr. GDP (va ue added). annual growth (1980 98)
Agr GDCP agr. worker as % of total GDP! worker
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker, annual growrh (1 980-98)
Rural non-farm employment
Emp(oyees, agr female (f/c of total labor force)
Employees, services, fema e (% of tota labor force)
Non-agr. GOP non agr. worker ($ people)
Cereal y eld (kilograms per hectare)
Food production index 11089-9S - 100)
Livestock prod uction index (1989 91 = 100)
Peviii,le i rkets
Agr. exports as percent of agr value added
Percent of agr. produchon sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rrual househrod
Gross domestic savings ($ millions)'
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($!
Rural labor force (% of fotal labor force)
Labor force, female (% of total labor force)
Food pnce index (1995=1 00)
Roads, normalized index
Roads paved ;Ni
Telephone mainlines (per t,000 people)*
Radios (per 1 ,000 people)*
Electric power consumption per capira (kWh)'
Daily newspapers (per 1.000 peopae)*
Number of post offices (rural!
Two wheelers (per t ,000 people)'
Potentially arab e land rural population (ha)
Freshwater withdrawals for agr / agr. GDP (cm: milion $)
Freshwater wrthdrawals for agr (° of total)
Annua deforestation 1 99095 M change)
Crop and! potentially (non marg nal) arable land (%)
Irrigated land as % cropland
Cultivated land w th conservation techno ogies (%)
Fisca decentral1ation (share of local govt. expendriure)
No. of farmers organizationrs no of community groups
Loca govt, spend ng/ central govt. spending
Local tax revenrue local govst spending
114
Israel
1980 1990 1998
Populat on (mi ions) 39 4'7 6 0
GDP ($ millions) 21 781 52490 100,525
GNP per capita. At as method (US $' 5350 10,860 16,t80
Rural popu at on f% of tota TI t0 9
L fe expectancy 73 76 78
Surface area (1,000 sq km) 2t 21 21
Rural Wel-befing
Populabon beforv the poverty ine 1% rura)
Mortality rate. infant (per 1 000 Ive birthsi 16 10 6
Safe water rLral (% of rura population with access) j 95
Samtat on, rura (% of rural population wTth access) . 99 99
School enro Iment, primary (% gross)' 95 95 98
School enrollment, primary, ma e (% gross)' 97 93 96
School enrollment, primary, female (% grossl' 98 96 96
Per capita dietary energy supp y (calories) 2,990 3,250 3,210
Ma nutrit on prevaience (% of children under 5).
Youthrl Iteracy rate f% of female 15-24)1 3 2 1
lliteracy rate, adut female (% of female T5+' t3 9 6
tmprovement Ir fthe Rural Economy
Agr GDP (va Lie added). annual growth (1 980-98)
Agr GDP/ agr worker as °/O ot total GDPI' worker . . 0
Agr GDP,' agr worker, annual growth 1i 980-98)
Rural non-farm employment
Emp oyees, agr., fema e (f, of tota labor force) 4 2 1
Employees, services. temale (L, ot total labor force) 80 82 84
Non-agr GDP' non-agr worker +people. 39.077
Cereal yield (k lograms per hectare) 2,317 2,817 1 863
Food production ndex (1989-91 = 100) 85 107 t07
Livestock product on indexn(1989-91 = I00) 78 99 118
Development of Markets
Agr exports as percent of agr va ue added
Percent of agr. production sold n domestic market
Access to finance system per rura household
Gross domestic sav ngs ($ mil ions)* t .490 7,561 9,221
Agr. wage per agr worker 101
Rural labor force (% of total labor forcel 6 4 3
Labor foroe, female (° of total labor force) 34 38 41
Food pr ce index ( t995=100) 0 62 127
Improvmeti tof AcoessItlIty and Ctounicalion
Roads normalized indeK , 97
Roads pavedo(%)' tO 100
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)' 222 343 471
Radios uper 1.000 people)' 245 460 520
Eectric power oonsumption per capta (kVVh)' 2826 3,902 5,069
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)' 258 258 290
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1.000 people)' . 8 12
Sustafnable Marnragement of the Natunal uesaroe Base
Potentially arable land/ rural population (hai 0.4
Freshwater wthdrawals for agr / agr. GDP (cm/ m Ilion $1 . 1
Freshwaterwthdrawalsforagr 1%oftotal . 79
Annual deforestation 1990-95 )% change) 0.0
Cropland! potentially (non-marginal) arable land (%) .. 187
Irrigated land as % cropland 49 2 47.2 45.5
Cullivated and with conservation technolog es (°O)
Policy and Irntutitulona Framework
Fiscal decentralization (share or local govt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organ zat ons! no of community groups
Local govt spend ngs cenUal govt spend ng
Local tax revenuei local govt. spending
115
Italy
1M99 1990 1998
Population (millions) 56.4 56.7 57.6
GDP ($rrilions) 449,913 1,093,947 1,171,865
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) 7.900 17,400 20,090
Rural population (% of total) 33 33 33
Life expectancy 74 77 78
Surface area (1,000 sq. kms) 301 301 301
Population below the poverty line (% rural)
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 1 5 8 5
Safe water, rural (% of rurat population with access) .
Sanitation, rura I% of rural population wth access) 100 .
School enrollmert, primary (%gross)* tOO t03 101
Sroosl enrollment, primary, male (%gross)* 100 103 10t
School enrollment, primary, female (%gross)* 100 103 101
Per capita detary energy suppy (calories)' 3,560 3,580 3,470
Manutrrion prevalence (% of children uider 5)'
Youth illiteracy rate, (%of female 15-24)' 0 0 0
Illiteracy rate, adult female (%h of female 15,,)' 5 3 2
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98) 0.6
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker as % of total GDP! worker 46 37 43
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker, annua growth (1980-98) 4.2
Rural nonfarm employmert .. .
Employees, agr-. female ('%.of total laborforoce) 16 9 7
Employees, sereoss, female (%of tota labor force) 56 68 72
Non-a. GDP/ non-agr. worker ($/people) 21.500 47.170 47,195
Caerea yeld (hilograns per hectare) 3,521 3,945 5,064
Foodproductionirndex(199-91 = 100) 104 96 101
Livestock production index (1989-91 = O00) 94 101 103
Agr. exports as percent of agr. vaue acded 273 31.7 52.2
Percent of agr. production sold in dornestic rnarket
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ rirlions)' 1089712 231,096 250,440
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($)
Rura labor force (%of tota labuor force) 13 9 6
Labor force, female (% of total labor force) 33 37 38
Food price ildex (1995=1 0) 34 80 105
Roads, normarized ihdexs' 115
Roads paved Q)%' °°0 100
Telephone manlines (per 1,000 people)' 231 368 451
Radios (per 1,000 people) 603 789 878
Electric power oDnsumption per capta (kWn)' 2,831 3,784 4,315
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 peop0e)- 101 106 104
Number of post offices (rura)
Two wbeelers (per 1,000 people)' 114 45 44
Potentially arable and rural population (ha) 4. a4
Freshwater withdrawals for agr/ agr. GDP (cn million S) 2.2
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (%3of tota) .. 59
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change) e I
Cropendi potentially (non-marginoa) arable land (ccl .. .. 144
Inigated land as % croplard 19.3 22.6 24.7
Cultivated land with conservation technologies (35)
Fisca decemrrlization (share of local govt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organizations no. of community groups
Locas govt. spending/ central govt, spending
Locas tax revenue, local govt. spending
116
Jamaica
1980 1990 1998
PopLjlation (millions) 2.1 2.4 2.6
GDP I$ millions) 2,652 4,239 6,418
GNP per capita, Atlas metnod (US $) 1,220 1,650 1,740
Rural population (ft' of total) 53 49 45
Lfe expectancy 71 73 75
Surface area (1,000 sq. km) 11 11 1t
aurgw.1: ' '
Population below the poverty line (% rural)
Mortality rate, infant )per 1,000 live births) 33 25 21
Safe water, rural (% of rural populat on with access) . 48
Sanitation, rural (% of rural population with access) .. 59
School enrollment, primary (% gross)* 103 101 100
School enrollment, primary, male (% gross)' 103 102 1OO
School enrollment, prfmary, female (% gross)' 104 101 99
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)* 2.640 2,590 2.660
Malnutriton prevalence (% of children under 5)' .. 5 10
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female 15-24)' 8 5 3
Illiteracy rate, adultfemale (%ot female 15*)' 20 14 10
l1wov_ft ri f whe uRc tomr
Agr GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98) 2.2
Agr. GDP, agr. worker as % of total GDPI worker 26 26 37
Agr GDOP' agr worker, annual growth (I980-98) 2.9
Rural non-farm empioyment
Employees, agr., female (% of total labor force) 23 15 11
Employees, services, female 1% of total labor force) 69 73 77
Non-agr GDPI non-agr. worker ($/people) 3.699 4,68t 5,899
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 1,785 1,116 1,150
Food production index (1989-91 = 100) 86 104 117
Livestockproduction index (t989-91 100) 74 106 111
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added 67.5 82.0 90.9
Percent ot agr production sold tn oomes5c market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ millions)- 423 1,007 1,179
Agr wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force (% ot total labor force) 31 25 21
Labor force, female 1% of total labor force) 46 46 46
Food price index (1995=100J 4 18 134
k%f r Ot_ of AcafteMIbRt and Com drAcOfA
Roads, normalized index' .. 6 664
Roads paved (%)' .. 64 71
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)' 25 45 166
Radios (per 1,000 people)' 375 428 480
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)' 482 686 2,170
Daily newspapers (per 1.000 people)' 51 64 62
Number of post oftices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1.000 people)'
*SUSta *ug n_eg o8 th9NtaRe.otaos Eae
Potentially arable land, rural population (ha) . 0.1
Freshwater withdrawals for agr./ agr GDP (cm! million $1 10.8
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total) ., .. 66
Annual deforestation 1990-95 )9% change) 72
Cropland/ potentially (non-marginal) arable land 1%) .. .. 285
Irrigated land as % cropland 13 8 15 1 12 0
Cultivated land wfth conservation technologies (%)
Pow f and f toftW FnMM --
Fiscal decentralization (share o1 local govt. expenditurel
No of farmers organzationsx no. of communifty groups
Local govt. spending! central govt spending
Local tax revenue/ local govt. spending
117
Japan
1980 1990 1998
Populaton(rmliors) 116.8 123.5 126.4
GDP I$ mill oos) 1 059 254 2,970,043 3 782,964
GNP per ca,ita Atlas method (US $t 10.390 26,400 32.350
Rura population (%of total) 24 23 21
Lie expectanry 76 79 Si
Sudace area (1,0 sq. km) 378 378 378
Populat on below the poverty line (% rura )
tifortaity rate, infant (per 1.000 live brnhs, 8 5 4
Sate water. rura (Is of rural popu alion wlth access)
Sanitation, rural ( of rura population vtt access)
Scrool enroliment, primary (%gross)' 01 100 101
SchoolenrolIment, prmnary. ri3ae;fgross)' 101 100 10r
Srhool enrolment. primry, fenale (%gross)' 10t 1030 101
Per capita dietary energy suppy (caories)' 2.750 2.900 2.880
Malnautrt on prevaenrce (0 of rhildren nrder Si' - 3
Youth illiteracy rate I% of lemne 15-24,'
Illiteracy rate, adult femae (%of femae 15,)'
Agr. GDP (vaIue added), annuat growth (I 980-98) -0 O
Agr. GDP agr. worKer as 0 cs tota GDPR worker 34 35 36
Agr GDPO agr. worker, annual growh (1980-98) 3.9
Rural con-farm empnoymerit
fBnpfoyees. agr, female (% of total abor force) 13 9 6
Errployees. servoces. femrTe (% of tota labor force) 58 64 69
Nor-agr. GDPinon-agr. worker($/peole) 20012 48679 64.619
Cereal yield (ilograrms per hectare) 4,843 5.846 5.832
Food production index (1989-91 = 1DC) 92 t0t 93
Livestokproductionridex( 98991=1 ) 86 100 95
Agr expors as percent ofpar avalue added 2 2 1.5 22
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic rwket
Aocess to finnarce system per rura hous hold
Gross oorrestic savngs (S n9llions; 332.027 980,335 1 255 727
Agr wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural abor force %of tota laor force) 11 7 5
Labor fore. fermae (%-of tota labor force) 38 40 41
Focd price irdex (1995=100) 77 94 103
Ilwrcnlu o Aooesstlymi Commutcotton
Roads, normaized ireaex. 74
Roads paved (.). 69 75
Telephone mran ines (per 1 000 peopel)' 342 441 503
Radios (per 1 000 pope)' 678 898 955
Eiectric power consumpt on per capta (kvvh' 4.395 6.125 7241
Dalyrveopapers(per1 .00peope)' 567 587 578
Numaer ol post offices (rural)
Twa wheelers (per 1,000popej' 102 146 l
f3st*tiebdw98tWUwWtLfl Buo&n BasE
Potentialy araole lands rura population (ha) 2 02
Freshwater withdrawals for a pgrt GDP (cr I m I ion $) 1.5
Freshwater wthdrawals for agr. (%oft ota) 50
Annuial deforestation 1990 95 '0- ohange) 01
Croplarnd potentially (non-marg nab) arable al d 65
Irrgatedlat eas ocropand 626 619 629
Cultivated and owily nservaion tochno ogles (.
sitk-frdS hflfIa11 FiMmo:nutk
Fare decentraization (snare of oca govt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organ zat ons' so of communitv groups
Locast g sprdingi centra govt. sperding
Local tax revenues' Iord goet spending
118
Jordan
1980 1990 1998
Populaton (mi lions) 2 2 3 2 4 6
GDP ($ milfions) 3,962 4,020 7,393
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) 2,030 1,330 1,150
Rural population (% of tota) 40 32 27
Life expectancy 64 68 71
Surface area (1,000 sq km) 89 89 89
Rutal Wetl-befhg
Population below the poverty ne 1% rural)
Morality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 41 30 27
Safe water, rural (% of rural popu at on with access) 65
Sanitat on, rural 1% of rural population with access) 61 .
School enrollment, primary 1% gross)' 82 71 71
School enrollment, prmary, male 0! gross)' 82 71 70
Schoo enrollment, primary, female 1% gross)' 81 71 72
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)' 2,660 2,720 2.800
Malnutr t on prevalence (°s of chOldren under 5)' . 6 5
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female t 5-24)' 14 4 1
Illiteracy rate adult female (°/ of female 15+)' 46 28 17
WoIwment In the RuraW EoaW
Agr. GDP (va ue added), annual growth (1980-98) 4.9
Agr GDP/ agr worker as % of total GDP/ worker 39 47 21
Agr. GDP; agr worker. annual growth (1980-98) 1 4
Rural non-farm employment
Employees. agr., fema e (% of total labor force) . 4
Employees, services, female (% of total labor force) 93 92 87
Non-agr. GDP/ non-agr worker 5$ipeoplel 8.585 5,309 5.966
Cereal yield (k eograms per hectare) 933 1,220 785
Food production Index (1989-91 = 100) 66 107 153
Livestock production mndex f1989-91 = 1001 51 94 165
evMopM i of Mats
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added 76.4 39.2 66.9
Percent of agr. production sod in domestic market
Access to inanoce system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ mi ions)' 303 42 283
Agr wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force I% of total labor force) 18 15 12
Labor force, fema e I)O of total labor force) 15 18 23
Food price ndex (1995=100) 43 81 119
fnproveterft of Aoeassbffly aend communlcsottn
Roads, normalized index' 122
Roads paved O)' 100 100
Telephone ma n ines (per 1 000 people)* 28 58 86
Radios (per 1,000 people)' 252 238 287
Electric power consumplion per capila )kWh)' 387 959 1.196
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 peop e)* 30 71 58
Number of post offices (rural I
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)t' 2 0 0
SustWrt* n le Margeren of the Natunal Resounre Base
Potentially arable iand/ rural popularron fha51 00
Freshwater withdrawals for agr / agr. GDP (cm' mil ron $) 9 9
Freshwater withdrawals for agr (% of total) . ,. 75
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (2+ change) 2.5
Croplandr! potentially (non-marginal) arable land (°,) . ,, 4.771
Irrigated land as %cropand 11.0 18.6 192
Cultivated land with conservation technologres %o)
Pll4-y and Intituio ti r 0< t t U < 0 0'" -" 'beNn §< '0 "i#' 0 t - t tj 0't -<^ t- t , tg t f i
Population below the poverty line (% rural)
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 ive births) 26 12 9
Safe water, rural (% of rural population with access) .. 77
Sanitation, rural (% of rural population with access) . 100
School enrollment. prmary (%gross)' 110 tO5 94
School enrollment, primary, male (%gross)a 109 105 94
School enro ment, primary, female(% gross)' ttt 105 95
Per capita d etary energy supply (calories)' 3,120 3,220 3,240
Malnutrition prevalence (% of ch ldren under 5)'
Youth illiteracy rate. (% of female 15-24)' 0 0 0
Illiteracy rate, adult female (% of female 15,)' 11 7 4
Agr. GDP (value added) annual growth (1980-98) 2.2
Agr GDP agr. worker as % of tota GDPi worker 39 47 44
Agr. GDPi agr. worher, annual growtn (1980 96) 7.1
Rural non farm employment
Employees, agr., female (% of total labor force) 39 20 13
Employees. services, female (% of total labor force) 37 50 66
Non-agr GDP/non-agr worker ($/people) 5,478 14,375 14.943
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 4,056 5.853 6,100
Food product on index (1989-91 t I00) 72 102 121
Livestock product on index (1989-91 = 100) 54 101 162
Agr. exporns as percent of agr. value added 4.8 5.3 71
Percent of agr production sold in domestic marker
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ mil ions)' 14,768 92,326 108.371
Agr wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force (° of total laeor force) 37 18 11
Labor force, female (1 of total labor force) 39 39 41
Food price index (1995=100) 37 72 117
Roads, normalized index' .. 135
Roads paved (hl' 72 75
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)' 71 310 433
Radios )per 1,000 peop e)' 944 1,011 1,033
Electric power consumption per capita kWVh)' 659 2,202 4,847
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)' 210 280 393
Number of post offioes (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)' 6 32 56
Potential y arable and/ rural population (ha) 02
Freshwater w thdrawals for agr./ agr. GDP (cm/ million S) 4.6
Freshwater withdrawals for agr (% of total) 46
Annuai detorestation 1990-95 (°% change) 02
Cropland' potentially (non-marginal) arable land (9/1) 116
Irrigated and as % cropland 59.5 63.8 60.4
Cultivated land with consenration technologies (0%)
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organizations, no. of community groups
Local govt spending/ central govt. spend ng
Local tax reveanue locac govt. spending
124
Kuwait
1980 1990 1998
Population (mill ons) 1.4 2 1 1 9
GDP ($ millions) 28,639 18,428 25.171
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US$) 19.420 12,710 20,200
Rural population (% of total) 10 4 3
Life expectancy 71 75 77
Surface area (1,000 sq. km) 19 18 t8
Population below the poverty line (% rural)
Mortailty rate, infant (per 1,000 live b rths) 27 14 12
Safe water, rural l% of rural population with access) 100 100 100
Sanitation, rural (% of rura population with access) 100 100 100
School enroltment. primary )% gross)' 102 80 77
School enrollment, primary, male (%gross)* 105 62 79
School enrollment, primary, female (% gross)* 100 59 77
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories) 2.990 2,530 3.090
Malnutrition prevalence )% of children under 5)' . . 2
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female 15-24)* 22 13 8
Illiteracy rate, adult female (% of female 1 5+)' 39 27 22
,'b*nemstht RaEj
Agr GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98)
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker as % of total GDP/ worker 10 50 41
Agr. GDP: agr. worker, annual growth (1980-98)
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr , female 1% of total labor force) 0 1
Employees, services, female (% of total labor force) 97 98
Non-agr. GDP/ non-agr. worker t$Ipeopte) 58,460 20,671 39,646
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 3,188 3,653 5 50
Food production index (1989-91 = 100) 103 120 153
Livestock production index (1 989-91 = 100) 119 126 164
Del?eWpmeZ if Wihrkello
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added 143 0 37.7 29.2
Percent of agr production sold ,n domestic marker
Access to finance system per rurat householcd
Gross domestc savings ($ millions)* 16,602 828 3.186
Agr. wage per agr. worker $i
Rural labor force I% of total labor force) 2 1 1
Labor force, female (% of total labor force) 13 23 31
Food price index (1995=100) 73 87 106
IfpflmotAOft*bWlyS tdC flttltlQtOf
Roads, normalized indexs
Roads paved (%/f). 73 81
Telephone mainlines (per 1.000 people)' 114 247 236
Radios per 1,000 peopie)* 284 819 660
Electric power consumption per capita IkWh)' 4,749 6,875 12,886
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)' 222 252 374
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1.000 people)*
Sustirt#M Maeg nent il .f Natut RAs4uroe Dar
Potentially arable land/ rural population (ha)
Freshwater withdrawals for agr.' agr. GDP (cm,' milion $S 1 3
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total) 60
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% changel 0 0
Cropland, potentially (non-marginal) arable land (%)
Irrigated land as % cropland . 60 0 71.4
Cultivated land with conservation technologies (%)
fAelfw illf "itwhamd FWWO*ta
Fiscal decentralization (share of focal govt. expenditure).
No of farmers organizations/ no. of community groups
Local govt spendingi central govt spending
Local tax revenue/ local govt. spending
125
Kvrp Reublic
1980 1990 1998
Population (millions) 36 4.4 4.7
GDP ($ millions) 2,966 1,704
GNP per capita. Atlas method (US $) 1,020 380
Rural population (% of total) 62 63 66
Life expectancy 65 68 67
Surface area (1 000 sq. km) . 199 199
Population below the poverty line (% rural) . 65
Mortality rate, infant (per t,000 live births) 43 30 26
Safe water, rural (% of rural population with access) - 42
Sanitat on, rural (% of rural population w1th access) . 31
School enrollment. pr mary (% gross)* t16 itl 104
Schoo enrollment, primary. mae (%gross)* 117 if1 106
School enrol ment, primary, female r% gross)' 114 111 103
Per capita dietary energy supply (caloriesl' 2.340
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children under 5)* f 11
Youth illiteracy rate. (% of female 15-24)*
Illiteracy rate, adult female (°/ of female 15+i' . .
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth if 980-98) -1.7
Agr. GDP! agr. worker as % of total GDP/ worker 122 152
Agr GDP/ agr worker, annua growth (1980-98)
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr. f emale (% of total labor torce) 33 49
Employees. services, female (% of total labor force) 44 38
Non-agr. GDPi non-agr. worker ($/people) . 1.091 694
Cereal y eld (kilograms per hectare) . 2.773 2 717
Food production index (1989-91 = 100) 102 103
Livestock production index (1989-91 100) 93 75
Oqvetopawwto M8rt ueME
Agr exports as percent of agr. value added 7.9 25,4
Percent of agr. production so d in domest c market
Access to f nance system per rural household
Gross domestic savnngs ($ millions)* 69 37
Agr. wage per agr worker ($)
Rural labor force 1% of total labor force) 31 27
Labor force. female (% of total labor force) 48 46 47
Food price index (1 995=100) 3 195
Roads. normalized ndex.
Roads paved (%°' 90 91
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)' 40 72 76
Radios (per 1,000 people)' 105 1 i2
E ectric power consumpt on per capita (kWh)' 1 556 1,900 1.372
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)t' 7 15
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)* .I . 1
SutainebI8tif ttii Maaemn ci00 the20 I8(in teeauece d a W a m)
Potentially arable and/ rural population (ha) 01
Freshwater withdrawals for agr./ agr. GDP (cm! million $) 556 6
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total) 95
Annual deforestation 1990 95 (% change) 0 0
Crop and, potent ally (non-marg nal) arable land (%) . . 610
Irrigated land as % cropland 763 75,4
Cultivated land with conservation technologies (%)
t0ify0 and In Wt litai l;
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt. expenditure)
No of farmers organizat ons/ no. of commun ty groups
Local goA spending central govt spending
Local tax revenuel local govt. spending
126
Lao PDR
:.: ;h . a . 000001"WI, MI
1980 1990 1998
Popu atlon (mil ions) 3 2 4 0 5 0
GDP ($ mrrions) . 865 1.261
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $j . 210 320
Rural population (% of total) 87 82 78
Life expectancy 45 50 54
Surface area (1,000 sq km) 237 237 237
RurM We4t-being
Population below the poverty line 1% rurall - 53
Mortaity rate, infant (per 1,000 lIve birhs) 127 108 96
Sate water, rura I% of rura population with access) .. 25 39
Sanitation, rural (D/ of rural populaton wtrh access) .. . 13
School enrollment, primary (% gross)' 114 105 112
Schoo enrollment, primary, male (% gross)* 123 118 123
School enrollment, primary, female (% gross)' 104 92 10t
Per capita dietary energy supp y (calories) 2,060 2,150 2 110
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children under 5)' 40
Youth iliteracy rate, (% of female 15-24)( 79 62 46
Iliteracy rate. adult female I% of female 15+)- 90 80 70
lmprovemer/f 6t the lifirl Ecotny
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98) 4 2
Agr GDPI agr. worker as % of total GDP/ worker . 78 68
Agr. GDP) agr. worker, annial growth j193-981 1 8
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr , female (% of total labor force) 82 81
Employees, servces, female (iv of total abor force) 13 14
Non-agr GDP. non-agr worker ($/peoplel 752 1.028
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 1,422 2,268 2,668
Food production index (1 989-9t = 1 00) 72 t06 135
Livestock production index (t 989-9t = 100) 58 100 172
Agr exports as percent of agr value added .. 6.6 6.6
Percent of agr product on sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ millions)* . 29 299
Agr. wage per agr worker 1$)
Rural labor force (% of total abor force) 80 78 77
Labor force, female (% of total labor torce) -
Food price index !1995=1001
bepIaovrenent Of AcoesslblfDltfy un Comnurnleattarr
Roads. normalized index* .. 122
Roads paved (%)' 24 14
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 peop e)* 2 2 6
Radios (per t,000 people)' 109 124 143
Electric power consumption per capita )kWhY.
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)' 4 3 4
Number of post ottices (rural)
Two wheelers (per t 000 people)' 18 49
Sus9tainfble Mvagermnt of the Notfrati Reorce Sas
Potentiay arable land' rural population (ha) 0 6
Freshwater withdrawals for agr./ agr. GDP (cm/ million $) 64 4
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. I% of total) . , 82
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (°h change)
Croplandr potentsa)y (non-marginal) arable fand e) . .. 35
Irrigated landas %"cropland 16.7 159 19.2
Cutiivated land wth cDonservation technologies ). .
fPotoy tnai 885itnr Frameworrk
Fiscal decentralizat on (share of local govt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organizationsi no. of community groups
Local govt. spending/ central govt spending
Local tax revenue/ local govt. spending
127
Latvia
1980 1990 1998
Population (millions) 2.5 2.7 2.4
GDP I$ milions) . 12,490 6.396
GNP per capita. APas method iUS S) . 4,550 2,420
Rurar popu ation (r of total) 32 30 31
Life expecrancy 69 69 70
Surface area (.000 sq kmin 65 65
Rufral WelI-betf ; 0; ; : ; i i ; ; 0 ;. lng 0 $:tV00
Population below the poverty fine (% rural)
Mortality rate. infant (pe' 1 000 I ve birthsl 20 14 15
Safe water. rural f° of rural population w th access)
Sanitatior ural 7 of cural popu at on wth access)
School enrollment. primary % grossr 102 94 96
Schofo enrollmerr. pri mary male !X gross)* 95 96
School earslrmenrt primary. female (% groSas,' 94 93
Per capita d etary energy supply (calores)' . .. 3.040
Malnutrition oresalence (°.6 of children under 5)* . .
Youth literacy rate (o of female 15 24)' 0 0 0
Illiteracy rate. adult female (CR, of female t5+j' 0 0 0
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98) 15.8
Agr. GDP,agr. worker as 'oft otal GDP worker .. 110 33
Agr. GDP, agr. worker annual growth (1980 98) -
Rral non-f a.m smemployment
Empicyeesa agr., female I% of total iabor force) 14 12 18
Employees. services. female (1% of total labor force) 50 55 62
Non-agr. GDP non agr. worker (S people) 4,315 5,264
Cereal y e d (kitograms per hectaie) 1.643 2,049
Food production index (t989-91 - 100) 97 46
Livestock production ndex (1989-91 1t00) 88 37
Oevelopmet of Mairkets
Agr. expons as percent of agr. va ue added 5 5 55,5
Percent of agi production sold kn domestic marker
Access to finarce system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ millions)- 49842 626
Agr. wage per agr worker i$S
Rura labor force (% of totaf labor force) 15 13
Labor force, fema e (l of total labor force) 51 50 50
Food price index )1995=100) 0 115
Improverfent Of AAcCessibifity andCommuncation
Roads. normalized index' . 176
Roads paved i0a' - 13 39
Telephone naini nes (per t 000 people) 162 234 302
Rad os 'per 1,000 people,' . 528 710
Electric power consusnption per capita (kWh)* 2 664 3.281 1, 758
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)' . 75 247
Number of post offices irural)
Two voheeiers (per 1 ,000 people' 76 8
Sustaablale Management of tife Natura Resource Bai ;
Potentially arab e landg rural populatiorn (ha) 8.2
Freshwater withdrawals for agr./ agr. GDP (cm nmli on$. 0.6
Freshwater wrtrdrawals for agr (% of total) 14
Annua deforestation 1990-95 i% change) 0.9
Cropland, potent a ly ance marg nal) araole land (%i 32
Irrigated and as '. cropland . 1t2 l 1
Cust vated land with conservation technologies pU)
Policy and osititUtional raw tr'
Fiscal decentralization (share of ocan govt expenditure!
No of farmers organizations,' 'o of community groups
Local govt. spending; centrae govt spend ng
Local tax revenue ocal govt. spending
128
Lebanon
1980 1990 1998
Populaton (millionsl 3 0 3.6 42
GDP ($ millions) 2,838 17.229
GNP per capita. Atlas method (US $) 1,340 3,560
Rural population (% of total) 26 16 11
life expectancy 65 68 70
Surface area (1,000 sq km) 10 10 10
Rural Wetftbaing
Population below the poverty line I% rural) . .
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 48 36 27
Safe water, rural (1O of rural population with access) 85 . 100
Sanitation. rural (% of rural popu at on with aocess) 18 100
School enrollment, primary (% grossl) ilt 118 111
School enrollment, primary, male (% gross)' 116 121 113
School enrollment, primary, femae (%igross)* 108 116 108
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)* 2,720 3,240 3,260
Ma nutrit on prevalence (% of chi dren under 5)' 3
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female 15-24)' 18 11 8
Illiteracy rate, adult female (% of female 15+)' 37 27 21
tmprowan tl the Rutal Econom:
Agr GDP (value added), annual growth (1 980-98)
Agr GDP agr. worker as % of total GDP/ worker . . 253
Agr. GDP, agr. worker, annual growth It 980-981
Rural non-farm employment .
Employees, agr.. female (% of total labor force) 20 10
Emp oyees, semices, female (% of total abor force) 59 68
Non-agr. GDP/ non-agr. worker ($/peoplel 1 14,651
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectarel 1 745 1,878 2 463
Food production index (989-91 = 100) 64 99 146
Livestock producton index (1989-91 = 100) 109 98 165
Devehopmner Markets
Agr exports as percent of agr. value added . 7.7
Percent of agr production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings I$ millions)' . -1,821 -2,208
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force )% of total labor force) 14 7 4
Labor force, female (%h of total labor force) 23 27 29
Food price index (1995=1001
f . rovimmilof Accemlttftty andf COmmMnlcalWon
Roads, normalized indexu
Roads paved 1%)' 95 95
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)' 113 118 194
Radios (per 1,000 people)' 749 884 906
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)' 789 369 1,930
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)' 97 88 107
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)' . 13 13
SustnarIe _artgemet of ithe Nual Resoce Same
Potentially arable land' rural population (ha) 0.0
Freshwater withdrawals for agr..' agr GDP (cm/ million $1 5.1
Freshwater withdrawals tor agr I% of total) 68
Annual deforestaton 1990-95 ()/% change) 78
Cropland! potentially (non-marginal) arable and I%) . .. 1,808
Irrigated land as% crop and 28.6 28.2 38.0
Cu t vated land with consevation technologies 1%)
Policy and trnfttut'tonat Framewrk
F scal decentralization (share of local govt expenditure)
No. of farmers organizations/ no. of community groups
Loca govt spending centra govt spend ng
Loca tax revenuei loca, govt. spend ng
129
Lesotho
1980 1990 1998
Population (millions} 1.3 1.7 2.1
GDP ($ millions) 368 622 792
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) 440 560 570
Rural popuyaton (% of rotal) 87 80 74
Life expectancy 53 58 55
Surface area (1,000 sq km) 30 30 30
Population below the poverty line (° rural) 54
Mortality rate, infant (per 1.000 ve brths) 19 102 93
Safe water. rural ; of rural population with access) 14 64
Sanitataon. rural of rural population with access) 11 7
School enro Iment, pr mary (° grossS t104 112 108
School enroilment, primary. male I% gross)* 85 100 102
School enroilment primary, tenale (% grosst 122 123 114
Per capina dietary energy supply (ca ornes)' 2,250 2.260 2.100
Malnutrition prevalence ( a on chilren unoer 5' 16 16
Youth lIteracy rate. (tof female 15-24; 5 3 2
Illiteracy rate. adu t female (e% of female 1 5+)* 17 11 7
Agr. GOP (value added), annual growth 1980-98) 1.5
Agr. GDPi agr. worker as % of total GDP/ worker 51 34 26
Agr. GDP/ agr worker annual growth ('980-98h 0 7
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr. female It ot total labor force1 64 59
Emp oyees, services, female (t of total labor force) 31 36
Non-agr GDPi non agr. worker ($/people) 865 1,258 1,344
Cereal ye d (kilograms per hectare) 960 1.036 878
Food production index )t598991 = 100) 89 itt 100
Livestock production index (1989-91 - 100) 88 103 105
vlop4ihomt of Miarets
Agr expons as percent of agr. value added 21,7 15.6 9 f
Percent of agr product on sold n domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domest c sav ngs ($ m 11 ons) -218 -190 338
Agr wage per agr worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force) 40 40 38
Labor force, female (C of total abor force) 38 37 37
hood price index it995t100) 15 52 1l1
limroent of Acceeistbllty and CommunicatIon
Roads, normalized index' 118
Roadspaved(%) . 18 18
Telephone main nes (per 1 000 peop e)* 3 7 10
Radios (per I 000 peopler' 25 33 49
Electric power consumption per cap ta (kWh)
Daily newspapers (per 1 000 people)' 33 12 8
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wneelers (per 1.000 people)' 0
$uata,ntble Management of the Natural Resorc aae:
Potentially arable land rural pops at on Iha) 0.0
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. agr GDP (cmi m lion $) 3.5
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. ( of tota i 56
Annual deforestation 1990 95 (% change) 0.0
Cropland" potentially (non-margina ) arab e land (°) 1.612
Irrigated eand as t cropland
Cuativated land w to conservat on technologies (t.
Fiscat decentralization 'share of lcac govt. expenditure)
No of farmers organizations no of community groups
hoca govt spend ngX centra govt. spend ng
Local tax revenue; local govt. spending
130
Liberia
1980 1990 1998
Populat on (mi lions) 1 9 2 4 3 0
GDP ($ milions) 1t117 1.202
GNP per capilta Atlas method i[iS $) 620
Rural popularon l% of tolal) 65 58 56
L fe expectancy 51 45 47
Surface area (1.000 sq km) l111 il r
Rural Well-beting
Population below the poverty line (D, rriral )
Mortality rate, infant tper 1 000 ivo birthuf 153 168 114
Safe water, rural (% of rura popu ation with access) . 25 8
Samntabon, rural iN Of rural populatfon vwrn access) . 2
School enro Iment, pr mary (% grossly 48
School enrolttert pyrmary, male (N grossy' 61 ..
School enro nmest pr mary, female (S, gross;' 35
Per capita dietary energy supp y (caloriesr
Malnutr ion prevalence i% of chiloren under 5)'
Youth il ileracy rate, VS-s of female 15 24E 74 60 48
literacy rate, adult femae l% of temale 15-)' 86 77 66
Improverent In the Rural Economy
Agr. GDP ivalue added), annual growth ( 988-98)
Agr. GDP; agr worker as S% of total GDP/ worker 42
Agr. GDPi agr worker annual grow-th (1 980-981
Rural non-farm employment
Empioyees agr . fema e ai at total labor force) 89 84
Employees aervices, temaie l,Ot total labor force) 10 16
Non-agr. GDP/ non-agr worker (S people) 4,073
Cereal yield ps lograms per hectare) t ,234 925 1E293
Food production irrdex t 989-91 = 100)
Lvestockproduction index (1989-91 = 100)
Vevelopnent of Markets
Agr exports as percent ot agr va ue added 274
Percenr of agr. production sod in domestic marset
Access to tinance system per rural household .
Gross domestic savings ($ millonsr; 305
Agr wage per agr. scrker l$)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force) 76 72 69
Labor force, female (°iN of total abor force) 38 39 40
Food price index (1t995=tO0)
Improvement of Aceassibiflly atnd Communieation
Roads, normalized index*
Roads paved (%01 6 6
Telephone mainlines (per 1 000 people)' 4 4 2
Radios (per 1.000 peopneV 179 225 274
Elecrric power consumption per capita (kWh)'
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 peope)r 6 14 12
Number of post otfices (rtra I
Two wheelers (per 1.000 people)'
Sustainabte Management of the Natural Resource Base
Potentialty arable (ancd rural populat on (ha) 1.8
Freshwater withdrawals tor agr, agr GDP (cm; million $)
Freshwater withdrawa s tor agr iNO of tota18 60
Annual deforestat on 1990-95 (I change)
Cropland/ potentllaly (non-margina ) arab e land (Sop 14
Irrigated land as %o cropland 0 5 0 6 0 6
Cu)irvated and with conservation technologies (i
Policy ernd Institutional Fraerwork
Fiscal decentralization (share of ocal govt expenditure)
No of tarmers organrzationsl no of comrnunity groups
Loca govt spending. central govt spending
Loca tax revenue ocal gcpt spending
131
Libya
1980 1990 1998
Population (millions) 3.0 4.4 5.3
GDP S millions) 35,545 21,864
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) 10,460 5,670
Rural population (% of total) 31 18 13
Life expectancy 60 68 70
Surface area (1 000 sq. kmi 1,760 1,760 1,760
Population below the poverty line (% rural)
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 70 33 23
Safe water, rural (% of rural population with access) 9S
Saritat on, rural (% of rural population wth access) 75
Schoo enrollment, primary (%gross)' 125 105 Itt
School enrol ment, primary, male (% gross)* 129 109 110
School enrollment primary, female l% gross)' 121 102 Itt
Per capita dietary energy supply (calores)' 3.430 3,250 3, 170
Matnutrifian prevalence (% of children under 5' . s
Youth lliteracy rate, (% of female 15-24)' 39 17 8
Illiteracy rate. adult temale (% of female 1 5+i) 70 49 35
Agr GDP (value added). annual growth (1980-98)
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker as % of tota GDP worker 6
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker, annual growth (1 980 98)
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr., female I% of tots abor force) 63 28
Employees, services, female (% of total labor force) 34 68
Non agr. GDP non-agr worker ($!peopler 49,418
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 387 674 842
Food production index t 989-91 = 100) 85 t00 130
Livestockproduction index (1989-91 100) 71 103 131
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added 0.0
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to f nance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ milions)* 20,209
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($)
Rurar labor force M of total sabor force) 25 rt1 7
Labor force, female (% of total labor force) r 9 t 8 22
Food price index (1995=1 00i
lmpIfrovtnto fA Y d ffiu2w if rtS
Roads, normalized ndex'
Roads paved (%)' 52 57
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)* 28 48 84
Rados(per 1,000 people)' 158 224 233
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)' 1 588 3,804 3,505
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)* is 16 14
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)' 0
Potentially arable landi rural population (ha) 02
Freshwater withdrawals for agr./ agr. GDP (cm/ m 11 on S)
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. % of total) 87
Annual deforestation t990 95 (% change) 0.0
Cropland' potent al y (nor-marginal) arable land %) 1,068
Irrigated land as % cropland 10.8 22.3 22.2
Cultivated land with consenvation technologies (%)
F sca decentra ization (share of local govt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organizations/ no. of community groups
Loce govt. spending/ central govt. spending
Loca tax revenue-' ocal govt. spend ng
132
Liechtenstein
1980 1990 1998
Populat on (millions) . 0 0
GDP ($ millions)
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $)
Rural population (% of total)
L.fe expectancy
Surface area (1,000 sq. km) a 0 0
luratl WelZtbeitng
Popu ation below the poverty line (% rural)
Mortality rate, infant (per t 000 I ve births)
Safe water, rural (%v of rural population with access)
Saritation, rural (lv of rural popuilation with accesst
School enrollment. primary (% gross)*
School enrollment, primary, ma e (l% gross)'
School enrollment, pr mary, female (% gross)'
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)'
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children under 5)'
Youth iliteracy rate, (0/ of female 15-24)'
Illiteracy rate. adult female (lv of female 15+)'
trmprovemrent In the Rural tconrr
Agr GDP (value added), annual growth (1 980-98)
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker as % of total GDP/ worker
Agr GDP/ agr. worker, annual growth (1980-98)
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr., female (% of total labor force)
Employees, services. female (% of total labor force)
Non-agr GDP/ non-agr. worker ($,people)
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare)
Food production Index (1989-9t = 100) 68 rO 91
Livestock production index (1989-91 t 100) 68 100 91
Deveopmet of Markets
Agr exports as percent of agr value added
Percent of agr production sold in domesic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domesxtc savings ($ m lions)'
Agr. wage per agr worker ($)
Rural labor force (9. of total labor force)
Labor force. female (% of total labor force)
Food price index (1995=100)
mprovemrnt of AccsasDibtty and CommUnrcatlo
Roads, normalized index*
Roads paved (%)'
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)' 398 572 630
Radios (per 1,000 people)' 516 657 669
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)'
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)*
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)'
Sustainable Managemn at te Ntlural flesource Base
Potentially arable land' rural population (ha)
Frevhvwatr withdrawals for agr.i agr. GDP (cm/ mirion $)
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total)
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change)
Croplando potentially (non-marginal) arable lano (ho)
Irrigated land as 9v cropland
Cultivated land with conservation technologies (%.)
POULVc 1rdtilntitution Frework
Fscal decentralization (share of local govt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organizatons/ no. of community groups
Local govt. spending/ central govt. spending
Local tax revenue/ local govt. spending
133
Lithuania
1980 1990 1998
Populat on imillions) 34 3.7 3,7
GDP l$ mill ons) 13.264 10,736
GNP per capita, At as method uS $) 3,400 2,540
Rural population (% of total) 39 32 32
Life expectancy 71 71 72
Suface area (1,00 sq km) 65 65
Rural Well-being
Populatron be ow the poverty lire (°n: rural)
Mortalty rate nfant (per 1000 iveb rths 20 10 9
Safe water rural i 5. o0 riural popu a' on wth accessi
San tation. rura (°, of rural population witl accessi
School enrollment, primary i% gross) 79 9t 98
Schoor enolmert pri vary, male . gross)' 7 9 93 100
School enrollment pr mary female (°hgross)' 79 88 96
Per cap ta dietary ene'gy supply (ca onesv 3 030
Malnutrition preva ence (oo of children under 5)6
Youarh illiteracy rate. "'.i/ of female 1 5 24) 0 0 0
Illiteracy rate, adult female 1% ot fenoa e 1 5t- 2 1 l
Improvenent in fthe Rural Economy
Agr GDP (vaJue added), annual growth (tI980-98
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker as °% of total GDPR worker 76 68
Agr. GDP' agr. worker. annual growth (t 980-98)
Rurae -on tarm emplcymrent
Emp oyees. agr.. femaie (e of total labor force' 29 13 18
Employees. services femaleo of to-al labor force) 41 53 61
Non agr GDP non agr worker ($/peopie) 6.140 5.864
Cereal yield (kilograms per noctare) 1 938 2 464
Food productiorn ndex (1989 91 = '0] 96 66
Livestock production ndex1 989591 1230 91 5
Development of Markewts
Agr exports as percent of agr. va ue added 13 5 592
Percent of agr product on sold n domestic market
Access to finarice system per rural household
Gross domestic saeings (S millions) 3190 1 3'9
Agr wage per agr. worKer ($1
Rural abor force (% of total labor forcef 17 13
Labor torce. female (ir of tota labor force! 5c 48 46
Food price index (1995=100i . 137
m fro rmt of AeiIltyand ommuntfrilon
Roads, norrtalized index' 274
Roads eored ,' 82 9 r
Telephone man nes (pert ,00 peop o' t15 212 300
Radios (per 1 000 people)' 407 513
Electric power consumption per caprta (kWh) 2715 3.228 16)6
Da ly newspapers (per 1,000 peop,er' 215 93
Number of post offices (rura i
Two whee ers (per 1 000 people1' 52 5
SustainableMaMnaemient of Ile Natural Resource Base
Potent a ly arable and. rura popu atico (ha) 5,5
Freshwater w thdrawa s for agr " agr. GDP (cmi mi ion S' 0.1
Freshwater wethdrawa s for agr. (°. of totae 3
Annual deforestation '990-95 (° change) 36
Croplanu potential y (non-marginali arable land r 55
rr gated land as t cropland 03 o 3
Cultivated land with conservation technologies (%)
Policy and lnsfituilona :ne Fenwork
fiscal decenrariization (share of local govtn ependituret
No of farmers organizations" no ol community groups
Local govt. spending/ central govt spend og
Local tax revenueo local govt spending
134
Luxemboura
1980 1990 1998
Population (millionsi 0 4 0 4 0 4
GDP ($ millions) 5,091 10,743 17,386
GNP per cap)ta, Atlas method (US $r 16.590 32120 45100
Rural population 1 % of total) 21 14 9
Life expectancy 73 75 77
Surface area (1,000 sq km)
Rural Well-being
Population below the poverty line I% rural) . ..
Monality rate infant (per 1,000 live birnhs) 12 7 4
Safe water, rural (% of rural populabon with access)
Sanitation, rural (% of rural population w th access) . 100
School enrollment, primary (% grossI- 87 91 99
School enrollment, primary, male (% gross)' 88 87
School enrollment, primary. female (% gross)' 87 94
Per cap ta dielary energy supply calories)' .
Malnutrition prevalence I% of children under 5-'
Youth iliteracy rate, (% of female 15-241'
Illiteracy rate, adult female (% of female 15+)'
itprroVwent i tIrhe Ruwal E ronor
Agr GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98)
Agr GDP, agr worker as %O of toral GDP, worker
Agr. GDP/ agr worker, annuai growth (1980-98)
Rural non-farm employment
Employees. agr., female °/OS of total labor force) 3
Employees, services female (% of total labor force) . 89
Non-agr GDP, non-agr worker ($1people) -
Cereal y e d (kilograms per hectare)
Food production index 11989-91 = 100)
Livestock production index (1989-91 = 100)
DevWopenerl ef Markets
Agr exports as percent of agr. value added
Percent of agr producton sold .n domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ mionsar 908 3,1 97 6,500
Agr wage per agr. worker ($S . ..
Rural labor force (OS of total labor force)
Labor force, female 1% of total labor force) 32 36 37
Food price ndex (1995=100) 93 104
improvmehnt of Acessibil8t and Comrrunioation
Roads, normalized index' ' .
Roads paved (O)' 99 100
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people) 362 481 692
Radios (per 1,000 people)' 549 629 681
Electric power consumpbon per capita (kWhli' 9,803 10,806 12,183
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)' 370 374 325
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)' 9 21
SustainabliwMana entofthe o atu rai Reasourwo Base
Potentially arable land' rural population (ha) . . 1.5
Freshwater withdrawals for agr./ agr. GDP (cm/ million $1
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total)
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change)
Cropland' potent ally (non-marginal) arable land (%I
Irrigated land as % cropland
Cultivated land with conservation technologies (%) . .
Potlrfj and Irnsttuttatl Frarnework
Fiscal decentralization (share of loca govt expenditure)
No. of farmers organizations' no of commun ty groups
Local govt spending,' central govt. spending
Local tax revenue/ local govt. spending
135
Macao, China
1980 1990 1998
Populiation (mil ions) 0.3 0 4 0 5
GDP ($ millions) 1.353 3,536 6,784
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $)
Rural population (% of total) 2 1 1
Life expectancy 72 76 78
Surface area (1,000 sq. kw) 0 0 0
Population below the poverty line (% rural)
Mortality rate. infant (per 1,000 live birnhs) 22 10 6
Sate water, rufal (% of rural popuiation with access)
Sanitation, rural (% of rural population with access)
School enrollment, primary (% gross)' 99
School enrollment, primary. mae I% gross)> .. 101
School enrollment, primary, female (% gross)* 96
Per capita dietary energy supp y (calories)' 2790 2 730 2.950
Malnutrition prevalence i% ot children under 5)'
Youth lliteracy rate (% of female 15-24)'
Illiteracy rate, adult female (% of female 15v)'
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1 980-98)
Agr GDP/ agr. worker as % of total GDP/ worker
Agr. GDP agr. worker, annual growth (f 380-98)
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr., female (% of total labor force) 4 0 0
Employees, setvices female I% of total labor force) 32 49 67
Non-agr GDP/ non agr. worker ($SpeOp e)
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare)
Food production index (t989 91 - 100) 104 tO0 122
Livestock production indexs(t 989-91 t100) 100 100 117
Agr. exports as percent ot agr value added
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ millrons)' 2,112 4,047
Agr wage per agr worker ($)
Rural labor force i% of total labor lorce) 6 0 0
Labor force, female (% of total labor forcer 36 41 42
hood price index (1995=1 00)
Improvemnt OiACCS*1 tY t * wbC96uJcto
Roads, normalized index'
Roads paved (%)' 100 100
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)' 62 255 409
Radios (per 1,000 people)' 331 329 362
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)'
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)y 278 645 454
Number of post offices (rura I
Two wheelers (per 1.000 people)*
6uXttnabJi WiffaemLffnffigt XQ the Nitural fteQ urce 8ase0g0000
Potentially arable landi rural population (ha)
Freshwater withdrawals for agr/ agr GDP (cm/ m 11 on S)
Freshwater withdrawals tor agr (1% of total)
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change)
Cropland, potentially (non-marginal) arable land
Irrigated land as %/ cropland
Cu t vated land wth conservation tecnnologies (%)
PiOlic aIdIstttlOil ,rmwr
Fiscal decentralization (share o1 local govt expenditure)
No of farmers organizationsi no of commun ty groups
Local govt. spending' central govt. spending
Local tax revenue/ local govt. spending
136
Macedonia, FYR
1980 1990 1998
Population (m 11 ons) 1 9 1 9 2 0
GDP IS mil ons) . 2635 2,492
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $i 1,290
Rural population 1% of total) 47 42 39
Life expectancy 72 73
Surface area (1,000 sq km) 26 26
fural Weal-belng
Population below the poverty lire (% rural)
Morta Ity rate, infant (per 1.000 live birthsl 54 32 16
Safe water, rural f% of rural population with access)
Sanrtation, rural (% of rural populaton with accessl 9 r 3
School enrollment. primary (% gross)* 1O0 99 99
School enrollment, primary, ma e 6'o gross) . 100 100
School enrollment, primary, female (% gross)' 99 98
Per capita dietary energy supply (calor es)' ''3'0
Malnutrit on prevalence (% of ch Idren under 5)*
Youth 1ll teracy rate, (% of female 15 -24)'
lllteracy rate, adult female )% of female 15r*
Improemvent la the Rutral Economy
Agr GDP (value added) annual growth (1980-98)
Agr. GDP; agr. worker as th of total GDP; worker 69 90
Agr. GDP/ agr worker annual growth (r 980-98i
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr. female (35 of total labor force) 47 23 6
Employees, services, temale (°h of total abor force) 30 36 51
Non-agr. GDP/ non-agr worker ($/people) . 3.268 2,833
Cereal yied (kilograms per hectare) 2 652 3,232
Food production Index 11989-91 = 100) 102 97
Livestock production index (1989-9r = - OO 89 84
Develoinent of jat M ets
Agr exportsaspercentofagr valueadded 82t1 161.7
Percent of agr production sold in domestic market
Access to finafice system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ millons)' 389 177
Agr wage per agr worker ($)
Rural labor force 1% of loral labor force) . 20 14
Labor force, female (% of total labor force) 36 40 41
Food price index (1995=100) 0 t04
lMprovetent of Acceaslslity and Commurdeatton
Roads. normalized ndexv 52
Roads paved 1%)' . 59 64
Telephone mainlines (per 1 000 people) 148 199
Rados (per 1,000 people;' 190 2D0
Electric power consumption per capita JkWhfl
Da ly newspapers (per 1,000 people)* 29 21
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1.000 people)'
Suaaneble Manarnent of the Oatural Resource Baae
Potent ally arable land' rural population (ha) 0e2
Freshwater withdrawats for agr,/ agr GDP (cm/ miuion $i
Freshwater withdrawals for agr i% of total)
Annual deforestat on 1990-95 (% changel ° °
Croplanor potentially (non-marg nal) arable land 1%1 383
Irrigated lano as ', cropland . 12 t 84
Cultivated land with conservation technologies (%)
Policy anrd InsitItutional Franework
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt. expenditure)
No of farmers organizations/ no of community groups
Local govt spending. central govt spending
Local tax revenuel local govt spending
137
Madaciascar
1980 1990 1998
Population (mi lions) 8.9 11.6 14.6
GDP ($ millions) 4.042 3.081 3,749
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) 450 240 260
Rural population (% of total) 82 77 72
Life expectancy 51 55 58
Surface area (1,000 sq. km) 587 587 587
Population below thte poverty Ine (h rural) . . 77
Moral ty rate, infart (per 1,000 live births) 119 103 92
Safe water, rural (% of rural population with access) fO
San tation. rural )% of rural populat on with access) 3
School enrol ment. primary f% gross)' 130 103 92
School enrollment, primary, male )% gross)' 131 103 92
School enrollment. pr mary. female M% gross)* 129 103 91
Per capita dietary energy supply calories)* 2.410 2,130 2,010
Ma nutr tion prevalence (% of chi dren under 5)' .. 41 40
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female 15 24)* 45 33 25
Illiteracy rate, adult female (% of female 15+)^ 61 50 42
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98) 2.1
Agr. GDPi agr. worker as % of total GDP/w orker 33 38 37
Agr. GDP agr. worker, annual growlth (1980 98) -0 3
Rural non-farm emp oyment
Employees, agr, female (% of total labor force) 93 88
Employees, sewices, female (% of total labor force) 5 9
Non-agr. GDP non-agr. worker I$!people) 3,664 1 700 1,484
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 1.682 1,945 1,875
Food production index (1989-91 - 100) 86 100 109
Livestock production index (1989-91 100) 89 100 107
Agr. exports as percent of agr value added 23.5 19.3 8.9
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural nousehold
Gross domestic savings ($ millions)* 58 193 200
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force r of rota soo torfce) 82 78 75
Labor force, female (% of total labor force) 45 45 45
Foodpriceindex(1995=100) 7 34 131
"A fOtAft6IiilIfmmUiti 'n6 SEVN0600004 I:: ;:j:5:0Iti:Et0t00
Roads, normal zed index . 140
Roads paved (1%)' 15 12
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)* 2 2 3
Radios (per 1,000 people)* 184 190 192
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)*
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)' 6 4 5
Number of post offioes (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)*
Sustinbt Maagemnt f te MtualS 00 0 Rj;oum Base:0};000iS l (l
Potentially arable land rural population (ha) 1.3
Freshwater withdrawals for agr.! agr GDP (cm/ m 11 on $) 520 3
Freshwater w thdrawals tor agr. (% of total) . 99
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change) 0.8
Crop and/ potentially (non-marginal) arable land (%) . 21
Irrigated and as % cropland 21.5 322 35 1
Cultivated land with conservation technologies (%)
Pol 6y an lit ,l,jl jtramewisk
Fiscal decentralization (share ot local govt. expenditure)
No of farmers organizations,, no. of commun ty groups
Local govt. spending/ central govu. spending
Loca tax revenue/ oca govt, spend ng
138
Malawi
1980 1990 1998
Population (m lions) 6 2 8.5 10 5
GDP($ m Ilons) 1,238 1,803 1,688
GNP per capita. Atlas method (US $) 190 190 210
Rural populat on (% ot total 91 87 78
Life expectancy 44 45 42
Surfacearea(1,000sq. km) 118 118 118
Rural Weltf-let-
Popu ation below the poverty line (% rural .. .
Mornaty rate, infant (per 1,000 live binns) 169 135 134
Safe water. rural (%/O of rural population with access) 44
Sanitat orn rural 1% of rural population with access) . 51
School enrolmenrt, prirtary (% gross)' 60 68 134
Schoo enrollment, primary, male (% gross)* 72 74 140
School enrollment, primary. female (% gross)' 49 62 127
Per cap ta d etary energy supply (calories)' 2,280 1.980 2.000
Malnurrition prevalence 1% of children under 57 24 28 30
Youth illiteracy rate, h% of female r 5-24)* 60 49 41
Iliteracy rate, adult female (0/. of female 15+)* 73 64 56
fmprovement In tie Aural &'onomy
Agr GDP (va ue added), annual growrs (1 980-98) 3 8
Agr. GDPi agr. worker as % of total GDPi worker 45 46 40
Agr GDP/ agr. worker, annual growth (1980-98) r 2
Rural non farm employment .
Employees, agr female (% of total labor force) 96 96
Employees, services, female (% of total labor torce) 3 3
Non-agr. GDPi nor-agr worker fSpeople) 1,895 1,766 1,394
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 1,187 992 1.317
Food production index (1989-9r = 1t00) 89 97 116
livestock prodctson odex (1989.91 -100) 75 100 120
Developrment of Mtarkets
Agr exports as percent of agr value added 50.1 52.0 43 3
Percent of agr production sold in domestic market
Access to f nance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ millons)* 133 174 6
Agr wage per agr worker ($)
Rural labor force P% of total labor force) 87 87 84
Labor force. femaie 1% of total labor force) 51 50 49
Food price index( 995=1 00) 5 20 157
Improvement of Aocoosbitity and CommitnntAtlon
Roads, normalized irdex' . 202
Roads paved (%) 22 19
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 peopleY 2 3 3
Radios (per 1,000 peopteY 186 244 249
Electric power consumpt on per capita (kWh)'
Daily newspapers Iper 1 000 peoplep 3 3 3
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 peopie)* 2 ..
Suafthiable Mhanagemnt of the Natural Resouroe Base
Potentially arable land/ rural populataon (ha) 0 6
Freshwater withdrawals for agr.i agr. GDP cmr m,lilon $) . 48 1
Freshwater withdrawals for agr (% of totaul - - 86
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (0/ change) 1 6
Croplandi potential y (non-marginall arable land %) . 33
Irrigated land as % cropland 1A.4 2 1.6
Cultivated land with conservation technologies (%)
PbIcy andr Institutional Frarewotk
Fiscal decentralization (share of loca govt. expend[ture)
No. of farmers organizations' no of community groups
Local govt spending/ central govt. spending
Local tax revenue! locas govt spending
139
Malaysia
1980 1990 1998
PopJatio (mNhioes1 13.8 18.2 22.2
GDP ($ mil ions) 24,488 42,775 72.489
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $p 1,800 2,330 3.670
Rural population (% of total) 58 50 44
Life expectancy 67 71 72
Surface area (t,000 sq. km) 330 330 330
Rjural Well-big ~~~-~~I~
Population below the poverty line (% rural)
Mortality rate, intart (per 1,000 live birthsj 30 16 6
Safe water. rural l/ ot rural population with access) 74 86
Sanitat on, rural i% of rural popu ation with accessf 8t 89
School enrolment primary (% gross) 93 94 1t1
School enrollment, primary, male (% grosse' 93 94 10t
Schoo enrollment. primary, female i% gross)' 92 94 tO1
Per capita dietary energy supply (calor es)* 2,720 2,710 2.790
Malnutrition prevalence (o of children under 51' 25 20
Youth ill teracy rate, (/ of female t5-24)( 12 6 3
11 teracy rate. adult female (% of female t5+)' 37 25 18
mrp irioement In te: Rural Econoim y 0 : i : A 0 < z : : 2 ;
Agr. GDP (value added), annual gromth (1980-98) 2,9
Agr GDP" agr. worker as % of tota GDP/ worker 54 68 65
Agr. GDP agr. worker. annual growth (3980-98) 3.9
Pural non farm employment
Employees, agr. female ( offtotae labor force) 43 25 14
Employees. services, female (% of total labor force) 36 47 56
Non-agr GDP/ non-agr. worker (S,people) 6,100 6,596 8749
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 2,836 2,847 2,957
Food production index (1989-91 = 100) 56 100 123
Livestockproduction index (989-91 =100) 42 100 149
Agr. exports as percent o' agr. vasue added 53 8 54 4 64 6
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ mil icns)- 8,062 t5,253 35.144
Agr. wage per agr worker l$)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force) 41 27 20
Labor force, female (S of total abor force) 34 36 37
Food price ndex (19951 00) 70 80 120
Roads, normalized index'
Roads paved i(°° 70 75
Telephone mainfines (per 3,000 peop e)r 29 89 198
Radios (per 1 000 people)' 411 432 420
Electric power consurs ption per capita (kWh)' 630 1.096 2,352
Daily newspapers (per t,000 peopler' t9 110 158
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per t,000 people)' 101 167 200
Sustainable Magenth of the Naurl tiesource 0 Ease 0 if 03:0;000tt;000 t0S0f:0f
Potent a Iy arab e land, rural population (ha) 0.2
Fresnwater withdrawals for agr./ agr. GDP (cm/ million $) 13.3
Freshwater withdrawacs for agr. ( of total) 47
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (change) 2.4
Cropland, potentia ly (non marginal arable land ( 445
Irr gated Jand as C/ croplaued 6 7 4 9 4.5
Cultivated land with conservation technologies i °)
Fiscal decentralization (share of local goet. expendittre)
No of fai mers organizations/ no of commun ty groups
Local govt. spend ngi centra govt. spending
Local tax revenue/ local govt. spending
140
Maldives
1980 1990 1998
Popu ation (m lions) 0.2 0.2 0.3
GDP ($ millons) 42 146 368
GNP per capita. Atlas method (US $) 610 1,130
Rural population I% of total) 78 74 74
Life expectancy 56 62 67
Surface area (1,000 sq. km) 0 0 0
Rest Wetbettng
Population below the poverty me 1% rural)
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live birhs) 99 60 31
Safe water, rural (% of rural population with access) 17 86
Sanitation, rural I% of rural population with access) .. . 26
School enrollment, primary 1% gross)* 146 129 128
School enrollment. primary, male (% gross)' 130 130
School enrollment, primary. female (% grossa . 127 127
Per capita dietary energy supply Icalories) 2,140 2,350 2,430
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children trnder 5)* 56 43
Youth illiteracy rate. (% of female t5-24)* 4 2 1
Illiteracy rate, adu t female (° of female 195+P 10 6 4
irtowemrnent in the Rurtaicononw
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98)
Agr GDP/ agr. worker as % ot total GDP/ worker 72 68
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker, annual growth (1980-981
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr., femafle (D/ of total sabor force) 38 28
Employees, servioes, female (P of total abor force) 10 21
Non-agr GDP/ non-agr. worker ($/people) . 2,270 3.536
Cereal y.eld (kilograms per hectare) 850 1.000 4,400
Food production index (1t989-91 = 100) 81 104 115
Livestock product on index 1989-91 = 1001 75 100 108
O'evsbpmst of mwkeis -
Agr exports as percent of agr. value added 0.0 0.0
Percent ot agr. production sold in domestc market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ millionsal 2 37
Agr wage per agr. worker ($I
R1ural labor force (% of total labor force) 50 33 24
Labor force, female 1% of total labor force) 38 42 43
Pood price Index (1995=1 001
Improvement of Accessibility and CoitrunicatIon
Roads, normalized index
Roads paved (%Pu
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people) 9 29 71
Radios (per 1 000 people)* 82 118 125
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)'
Daily newspapers (per 1,OO people) 6 14 20
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)* 15 23
Sustainable Mangeomentr of the Naeteras Resource Base
Potentially arable land/ rural population (ha)
Freshwater withdrawais for agro. agr GDP acmi miilon $) . 00
Freshwater w thdrawa s for agr. ()/ of total)
Annual deforestataon 1990-95 (% change)
Cropland, potentialy (non-marginal) arable land (°)P
Irrigated land as % cropland
Culaivated land with consenabron technologies r%)
Policy and nstitufoAtor FRgsmwot
Fiscal decentralization (share of ocal govt expenditure)
No. of farmers organizations, no. of community groups
Local govt spending' central govt. spend ng
Local tax revenue/ local govt. spending
141
Mali
1980 1990 1998
Populatror (rnilionns 66 85 10 .6
GDP l$ millions) 1,787 2.421 2,695
GNP per capita, At as method (US $) 270 270 250
Rural population (% of total) 82 76 71
Life expectancy 42 48 50
Surface area (1,000 sq. km) 1,240 1,240 1.240
flurelWelben
Populat on below the poverty line e% rura )
Monal ty rate, infanrt (per 1,000 live births) 184 1 36 117
Safe water, rural (% of rural population wth access) . 35
Saniration, rural of rural population with access) 21
School enrollment, primary (% gross)* 26 27 49
School enro Iment, pr mary, male (% gross)' 34 34 58
School enro Iment pr mary, female (% gross)' 19 19 40
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)' 1,770 2.060 2 050
Mainutr r on prevalence (% of ch Idren under 5)' . 27
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of fema e 15-24)' 82 63 44
Illiteracy rate adult female (% oft emale 15-)' 92 81 69
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1980 98) 3,7
Agr GDP agr. worker as % of total GDP worker 49 51 49
Agr. GDP agr worker, annual growth (I 980-98) 1 9
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr . female ()% of total labor force) 92 89
Employees, services, female (% of total labor force) 7 9
Non agr. GDP non agr worker ($Speoplei 2 598 2. 149 '.705
Cereal yield (iklograms per hectare) 726 940 1 069
Food production index t1989-91 = 1 00 76 100 116
Livestock production index (1989-91 I100) 93 99 '18
Agr exports as percent of agr. value added 376 23.5 276
Percent of agr. production sod in domestc market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic sav ngs ($ m lions)' 19 155 27r
Agr. wage per apr worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force) 89 86 82
Labor force, female (% of total labor forcef 47 47 46
Food price index (1995=100)
Imrvm ent of A sgnIbflttrtSla8S;k:r0Stf andX COomup: at
Roads. normalized index' 71
Roads paved 1%)' 11 12
Telephone mainlines iper 1.000 people) 1 1 3
Radosn(per 1,000 people)' 16 47 54
Electric power corsumption per capita (kWh)'
DaiOy newspapers (per 1.000 people)' 1 1 1
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 peoplef'
SuJstatInableMangement o te t4etluim l Reeur E:sene 0;00d VJ$i:i
Potentialy arable laid, rural population (ha) 1 8
Freshwater withdrawals for agr agr. GDP (cm/ mill on $! 49.0
Freshwater withdrawa s for agr. (Ic of total) - 97
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change) 1 0
Croplandx potentially (non-margina arab e lard (%) 25
Irrigated land as % cropland 2.9 3.7 1 8
Cultivated land with conservation technologies (%)
F scal decentralization (share of local govt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organizations' no. of community groups
Local govt, spending/ central govt. spending
Local tax revenue/ ocal govt. spending
142
Malta
1980 1990 1998
Population (milions) 0.4 0.4 0 4
GDP ($ milfions) 1.135 2,312 3,471
GNP per capita. Atlas method (US $) 3,370 6,880 10,100
Rural populabon (% of total) 17 12 10
Life expectancy 73 75 77
Surface area (1,000 sq km) 0 0 0
"twat Weilbetng
Population below the poverty line (% rural)
Mortality rate, fneant (per 1 000 live births) 15 9 6
Safe water, rura P% of rural population with access) . . 100
Sanitation. rural (0/ of rural popu aton with access) .. 100
School enrollment, primary ()%gross)* 114 110 108
School enrollment primary, male (%gross)* 115 112 108
School enrolment. prmary, female (°/,gross) 112 108 107
Per capita dietary energy supply (calornes)* 3,260 3,320 3.350
Malnutriton prevalence (% of children under 5)' . . .
Youth illiteracy rate, (15 of female 15-24)' 3 1 0
Iliteracy rate, adult female (% of female 1 5-)' 16 11 8
Improvemiet Itn the Rurl Econoy
Agr GDP (value added), annua growth (1980-98)
Agr GDP. agr worker as %1of total GDP' worker 40 132 126
Agr. GDP/ agr worker, annual growth (1980-98)
Rural non farm employment
Employees agr., female f% of total labor force) 3 2
Employees, services, female (% o0 total labor force) 51 64
Non-agr. GDP/ non-agr worker ($,people) 10,152 17,788 18,114
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 3,196 3,500 3 000
Food production Index )1989-91 = 100) 81 96 125
Livestock production index (1 989-91 =- 00) 69 98 127
Deeleopment of Maorets
Agr exports as percent of agr va ne added 573 50 6 55.4
Percent of agr. production sold in domest c market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ millions)* 217 456 611
Agr. wage per agr worker ($)
Rural labor force (°/ of tota labor force) 8 2 2
Labor force. female (% of total abor force) 21 25 27
Food price Index (1995-1O0)
Improvement of Acesstbittr and Cormnlatlon
Roads, normalized Index'
Roads paved (%) - 95
Telephone mariries (per 1,000 peopre)' 158 360 499
Radios (per 1,000 people)' 509 523 673
Electric power consumpton per cauita )kWhl' 1,363 2,569 3,627
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)* 165 152 t29
Number of post offices (rura r
Two wheelers (per 1,000 peop e)' 21 30
Sustlnable Managfmen t Of the Natat Reaource Ba5e
Potentbaly arable land,' rura populabon (ha) 0.3
Freshwater w thdrawals for agr./ agr. GDP (cm/ million $) 0.2
Freshwater withdrawals for agr (% of tofal)
Annual deforestat on 1990-95 (% change)
Cropland/ potentially (non-marginal) arable land (%) 106
Irrigated land as % cropland 7.7 7 7 18.2
Cultivated and with conservation technologies (%I.
PWlicy and Instltutatoaf Ftamework
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt. expend ture)
No. of farmers orgarnzationsn no of community groups
Local govt spending/ central govt spending
Local sax revenue/ local govt spend ng
143
Marshall Islands
1980 1990 1998
Population (milions) 0.0 0.0 0.1
GDP (S millionsi 27 69 97
GNP per capita, Atas metnsd (US ) 1.710 1,540
Rural population (°/r of iotani 42 34 29
Life expectancy
Surface area (1.000 sq. km)
Rural Weil-being
Population below the poverry ne (° rural)
Msota ity rate. iranlt per 1.0001 ve bi"ts
Safe water. rural (° of rural population with access) 33
Sanitat on. rural (i of rufat populat on with access) 57
School enrollment. orirmary (7 gross)'
School enrollment pr mary. male (f gross!
Schoo enrollnent. primary female (C grossp
Per capita oietary energy supp y (calories)*
Malnutr t on prevalence (. of cli ldren under 50
Youth i literacy rate, (° of fema e t 524)'
IlIl teracy rare. adult female '% of temale 150)..
llnwrovment in the Rural Ezornomy
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (t980-98)
Agr. GDPi agr. worker as '5, of total GDP worker
Agr GDP agr worker. annua growth (1980-98)
Rural non-farm errployment
Employees. agr. female (% of tota abor force)
Emoloyees services fema e (. of total labor force)
Non agr. GDP; non-agr. worker (5ipeople)
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare)
Food production ndex (1 989091 - t 00)
Livestock produciorn index it989 9t = 100)
Developmnent of Markets
Agr. exports as percent of agr value added
Percent of agr production sold in domestrc marKet
Access to finance system per rura household
Gross donrestic savmgs 9$ millons)-
Agr wage per agr worker ($)
Rural labor force It of total labor force,
Labor force female ( e.,of ctra labor force)
Food price ndex (1995=100)
Improvement of Accessibility and Communicellon
Roads norma ized ndex'
Roads paved '
Telephone mainl nes (per 1 000 people)' 11 62
Radios (pe' 1 000 people)'
Electr c power consunmption per cap ta (kWh)
Daily newspapers (per 1 000 people`-
Number of post off ces (rural)
Two wheelers (per t 000 people1*
Sustainable ME agemrenlt ofthe Natural Resour ase
Potentially arable land, rura. population (ha)
Freshwater wthorawals for agr, agr. GDP cm mi ion $)
Freshwater withdrawals cr agr. . of total)
Annual deforestat on 990-95 ( change)
Cropland potential y non-marginal) arabie land (%)
Irrigated lanid as % cropland
Cultivated and with conservation technologies '%)
Policy and Insfitutional Framework
Fiscal decentralization (share of ocal govt. expenditure)
No of farmers organizations. no. ot community groups
Local govt. spending centra govt spending
Local tax revenUe local gopa spending
144
Mauritania
1980 1990 1998
Population (m ions) 1 6 2.0 2.5
GDP($ millions) 814 1,135 989
GNP per capita. Atlas method (US $) 540 540 410
Rural population % of total) 73 57 45
L fe expectancy 47 5t 54
Surface area (t,000 sq. km) 1,026 t026 1,026
Rural Wel4al-ntg
Population below the poverty line I% rural)
Mortality rate, infant (per 1.000 live births) 120 105 90
Safe water, rural I% of rural population with access) .. 69 41
Sanitation, rura; (% of rural population with access) .. 18 19
Scnool enrol ment, primary (% gross)' 37 49 79
School enrollment, primary, male (% gross)* 48 56 84
Schoo enrollment, primary, female 1% gross)' 26 41 75
Per capita dietary energy supply (calor es)' 2. t 20 2,560 2,580
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children under 5)' 48 23
Youth illiteracy rate, (°h of fema e 15-24)E 72 65 60
Illiteracy rate, adult female I% of female 1 5,)' 79 74 69
ImP1rowmn it Om Rural EOtOtOMt
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth 11980-981 2.8
Agr. GDP; agr. worker as % of total GDP/ worker 35 43 42
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker. annual growth (1980-98) 2 1
Rural non-farm employment .
Employees, agr., female (% of total labor force) 79 63
Employees, senices, fema e (% of total labor force) 19 34
Non-agr GDR'non-agr worker ($people) 2,871 2,123 1,455
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 422 870 809
Food production Index (1989-91 = 100) 87 100 103
Livestock production index (1989-91 -100) 90 102 100
Devetfp. oft d rtol
Agr exports as percent of agr. value added 18.1 16.1 16.7
Percent ot agr production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings I$ millions)' -25 50 79
Agr. wage per agr worker ($)
Rural labor torce (% ot total labor torce) 71 55 53
Labor force, femnale 1% of total labor force) 45 44 44
Food price Index (1995=100)
ltlwovemetit of Acfsmib8ity and Caomtwnicuttr
Roads, normalize index' 44
Roads paved (%)' 11 11
Telephone mainines (per 1t000 people)' 2 3 6
Radios (per 1.000 people)' 97 145 151
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)'
Da y newspapers (per 1,000 people)* 0 0
Number ot post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)'
SuslaftMe Ab_nagwnt ofte O atttrtrl ftuamoi as
Potenbally arable land/ rural population (ha) 0.1
Freshwater withdrawals for agr./ agr. GDP (cm/ million $) 1,515.6
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total) . 92
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change) 0.0
Cropland/ potent ally (non-marginal) arable and ()) . . 452
Irrigated land as % cropland 22.9 121 9.8
Cultivated land with conservation technologies I%)
Policy and lrthuonal Fywntwork
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organizations/ no. of community groups
Local govt. spending. central govt spend ng
Local tax revenue,, local govt. spending
145
Mauritius
1986 1990 1998
Population (mil ons) 1.0 1 1 1.2
GDP ($ m ilions) 1,132 2,642 4,199
GNP per capita. Atlas method rUS $) 1,240 2.430 3,730
Rural populatron f% ot total) 58 60 59
Life expectancy 66 70 71
Sjrface area (t ,000 sq. hm, 2 2 2
RiL WafeWWng
Population below the poverty line (% rural) -
Mortality rate, nfart (per 1,000 live b rths) 32 20 19
Safe water, rural (% of rural popu at on with acGessi 98 100
Sanitation, rtral (% of trar population with access) 95 r00
School enrollment, primay (% gross) 93 109 106
Schos enrollment, primary maoe (% grosso' 94 109 106
Schoo enrollment. primary female (I gross)' 91 110 106
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)' 2.670 2.820 2,970
Mdalnutntiron prevalence ). of children under 5)' 15
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female I s 24) r S 9 6
Illiteracy rate, adult female (% of fema e 15+' 33 25 20
Agr GOP (value added). annual growth (1980 98) 1 4
Agr GDP/ agr worker as %of total GDP; worker 39 61 58
Agr GDPi agr worker, anrnual growth 11980-98) 3.8
Rural non farm employment
Employees, agr , female (% of total labor force) 30 12 1 3
Emp oyees, sem ces female (7, of total abor force) 31 23 45
Non-agr GDP, non-agr worker (S,people) 4,052 6 593 9,036
Cereal yield (k iograms per hectare) 2,455 4 193 5,180
Food prodiction index (1989 91 1 t00) 78 10t 109
Livestockiproduction index (198991 -100) 64 102 119
Deelmopmentk filmarke*
Agr exports as percent o1 agr value added 172.0 141.0 1244
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural househod
Gross domestic savings ($ millions)' 119 625 1,009
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($i -
Rural abor force (%of total labor force) 27 17 13
Labor force, female ( of total abor force1 26 30 32
Food price index (1995=100) 38 71 105
Iuprovement of Accesaliblffly atndCtionullrtt ctic:Alon
Roads, normalied index' . 190
Roadspaved (%)' - 93 96
Telephone man ines (per 1.000 peop e) 24 52 214
Radios (per 1,000 people)* 269 364 368
Electric power consumption per cap ta (hWh)'
Daily newspapers (per 1.000 people)' 83 76 75
Number of post off ces (rural)
Two whleelers (per 1,000 peop'e)' 27 54 90
sustaIble eManageiiienithetjagur Jl Resourcei Bae
Potential y arable lande rural populat on (ha)
Freshwater withdrawals for agr J agr. GDP (cm, mill on S) 6.6
Freshwater withdrawals to, agr (% of total) 77
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change) 00
Croplaird potent al y (non marginal1 arable and (%)
Irrigated land as % cropland 15 0 16.0 17 0
Cultivated land w th conservation technolog es 1%!
PCo11i 1and 1tiWutlonsl Fraieork
Fiscal decentralizabon (share of local govt. expenditure)
No of farmers organzal ons no. of community groups
Local govt spending, centra govt0 spending
Local tax revenue local govt. spending
146
Mavotte
1980 1990 1998
Populateon lmilionsl 01
GDP ($ mi ionsi
GNP per capita, Atlas methoc (US $)
Rura population (of totali
ilfe expectancy
Surface area (t 000 sq km)
Rurat Welltbeing
Population below the poverty I ne (° rura r
Mortality rate infant iper 1 .000 ive births1
Safe water, rura (f of rural popj ation with accessi
Sanitat on. rural (I of rural populaton with access)
School enrollment, primary (f grossy
Schooe enroliment. primary, male (f grass)*
School enrollment, primary female (° gross)
Per capita d etary energy supply (caories)'
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children under 5F
Youth iiliteracy rate. t% of fera e 1 5-24R
Illiteracy rate, adult female (% of female 15.-f
Improvemet in the Rural Economy
Agr. GOP (value added), annual growth (1980-98)
Agr. GDP agr. worker as t of tota GDP: worker
Agr GDP, agr. worker, annual growth 11980-98)
Rural non-farm employment
Employees. agr female (t of total labor force)
Employeese serices female (f of total abor force)
Non-agr. GDP' non-agr. worker ($!people)
Cereal yield (i lograms per hectare)
Food producoon Index i 989-91 = 100)
L vestock production index (1989-91 =t 00)
Developmrent of Markets
Agr exports as percent of agr value added
Percent of agr product on sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic sav ngs ($ m flions)
Agr wage per agr worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force)
Labor torce, female ft of tota abor force)
Food price Inden 1995=1 t00)
Improvmenlet of Accesslbtllty and Communication
Roads, normnalized ndex
Roads paved (%)t
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 peop e} 7 31 114
Radios (per 1.000 people)
Electric power consumption per capita (kWhp
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)'
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)
Sustairtable Managemtent of the Natural Resource Base
Potentially arable land, rural populaton (ha)
Freshwater w thdrawals tor agr / agr. GDP (cmi mil ion $)
Freshwater witnhdrawals for agr (f of total)
Annual detorestation 1990-95 (°t change)
Cropland/ potentially (non-marginal) arable land (°)
Irrigated land as %5 cropland
Cultivated land w th conservat on technologies Itt
Policy and Institutional Framework
Fiscal decentra latian ishare ot oca govt expenditure)
No. of tarmers organizations, no of commun ty groups
Local govt spending: central govt spending
Local tax revenue local govt. spending
147
Mexico
1990 1990 1998
Population (mu ions) 67.6 83.2 95.8
GDP ($ mlions) 223,510 262,710 393,508
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) 2,640 2,830 3,840
Rural population (% of total) 34 28 26
Life expectancy 67 70 72
Surfacearea (1,000 sq. km) 1,958 1.958 1,958
Population below the poverty line (% rural)
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 51 36 30
Safe water, rural (% of rural population with access) .. . 62
Sanitation, rural (% of rural population with access) .. . 26
Schoo enrollment, primary ()%gross)* 120 114 114
School enrollment, primary, male (%gross)' 122 t"5 116
School enrollment. pmary, female (%gross)' 119 112 113
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)' 3,110 3,080 3,140
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children under 5)' .. 14
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female 15-24)- 10 6 4
Illiteracy rate. adult female (% of female 1 5f)' 22 15 11
Agr. GDP (value added). annual growth (1980-98) 1.1
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker as % of total GDP/ worker 23 26 22
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker, annual growth (1980-98) 0.7
Rural non-tarm employment .
Emppoyees, agr., female (-/.of total labor force) .. 3 13
Employees, semices. female (5-, of total labor torce) 67 68
Non-agr. GDP non-agr. worker ($/people) 14,593 11,013 12,533
Cereal yield (Klograms per hectare) 2,191 2,424 2 599
Food production index (1989 91 = 100) 84 101 126
Lvestock production index(t989-91 100) 84 100 130
Agr. exports as percent of agr value added 10a9 15.6 34 9
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ millions)' 55,629 57,893 88,108
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force) 36 28 23
Labor force, female (% of total labor force) 27 30 33
Foodpriceindex(1995=100) 0 48 196
Roads, normal zed indexu .. 102
Roads paved (%)- 35 30
Telephone manlines (per 1,000 people)' 40 65 104
Radios (per 1,000 people)* 134 260 325
Electric power consumption per capita (kih)* 846 1,204 1,459
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)' 123 135 97
Number of post o1ffioes (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)' .. 3 3
$*flAeus*bt* i i f t tir i . it9 8-tiBtt i t
Potentially arable land/ rural population (ha) .. . 0.9
Freshwater withdrawa s for agr. agr. GDP (cm; million$) .. 15.3
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total) . 86
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change) 0.9
Cropland' potentially (non-marginal) arable land (%) .. 128
Irngated land as % cropland 20.3 21.6 23.8
Cultivated land with conservation technologies (1%).
Fiscal decentralizaton (share of local govt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organizations/ no. of community groups
Local govt. spending centra govt. spending
Local tax revenue local govt. spending
148
Micronesia, Fed. Sis.
1980 1990 1998
Population (millions) 0.1 0.1 0.1
GDP ($ millionsl .. 155 213
GNP per capita, At as method (US $) .. . 1,800
Rura population lM of total) 75 74 72
L fe expectancy 63 67
Surface area (1,000 sq. km)
Run We"xlFbln
Population below the poverty line (% rural)
Mortaiity rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 35 39 28
Safe water, rural (%of rural population with access) . 100
Sanitation, rural (% of rural population with access) . .. 100
School enrollment, primary (% gross)*
School enrollment, primary, male (%/. gross)
School enrollment, primary. female (% gross)'
Per capita dietary energy supply Ica ories)*
Malnutrition prevalence (1/0 of children under 5).
Youth illiteracy rate. (% of female t5-24)*
Illiteracy rate, adult female (% of female 15+)S.
Itwowmert dn tew fural Econormy
Agr. GDP (value adoed) annual growth (1980-98)
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker as % of total GDPi worker
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker, annual growth (1980-98)
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr., female (0/0 of total labor force)
Employees, services, female (% of total labor force)
Non-agr GDPI non-agr worker ($,people)
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare)
Food production Index (1 989-9t = 100) 0 18,866
Livesmock production index (1989-91 = 100) 0 2,068
VwolomtMof
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ miliona. .
Agr wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force)
Labor force, female I% of total labor forcel
Food price index (1995=1 00)
1fwv ot AesebIft and Com m
Roads. normalized indexl
Roads paved l%)* 16 18
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)* . 25 80
Radios (per 1,000 people)* 73
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)*
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)'
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)'
siiMMiwb Mhana_t VUW NaOwU .WRnsWocB
Potentially arable land/ rural population (ha)
Freshwater withdrawals for agr / agr. GDP (cm/ million $)
Freshwater withdrawals for agr I% of total)
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change)
Cropland! potentially (non-marginal) arable land (%)
frrigated land as % cropland
Cultivated land with conservation technologies 1%/)
P ao end In1Uftu FewAk.
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt expenditure)
No. of farmers organizations no of oommunity groups
Local govt spending/central govt. spending
Local tax revenue/ local govt. spending
149
Moldova
1980 1990 1998
Population mllions) 40 4A4 4.3
GDP ($ millions) 10.583 1.615
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $! 380
Rural population (% of total) 60 53 54
Life expectancy 66 63 67
Surface area (1,000 sq. km) 34 34
fural Well-being
Population beiow the pevery line (1% °uran i 27
Moara. ty rate, infant (per 1.000 live births) 35 19 18
Safe water, rural t% of rural populat on wth access) 18
Sanitat on. rural (rm/ of rural popu aeror with access) 9
Schcol enrollment. primary (% gross)' 83 93 97
School enror ment, primary, male 1% gross)* 83 93 9B
School enro Iment. primary, female (% gross)' 82 93 97
Per capita dietary energy supply fcaloriaes' . 2 690
Ma nutrition preva ence (% of chi dren under 5)'
Youth illiteracy rate, ( of female 15'24i 0 0 0
Ill teracy rate, adull fema e (05 of fema e 15+)' 8 4 2
Improvement nthe Rural iconomy.
Agr. GDP (va ue added) annual growth (19r0-98) 7-0
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker as % of total GDP worker 153 99
Agr GDP; agr. worker, annuae growtr (11980 98)
Rural non-farm employment
Employees agr. female (% of total labor force) 38
Employees. semvices, fema e a of tota labor force) 4:
Non-agr. GDP/ non-agr. worker ($peoplei 1. 05 739
Cereal y e d (kilograms per hectare) 2.925 2.859
Food product on index (r 989-91 = 100) 73 48
Livestock production index (1989-91 =I 00) 70 37
Deeofmn ofIrkest
Agr. exports as percent of agr value added 26.5 126 7
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural househo d
Gross domestic savings ($ mil onsp 2 4t7 -45
Agr. wage per agr worker ($)
Rurae labor force (%- of total sabor force) 31 25
Labor force, fema e I0 of tota. labor force) 50 49 49
Food prce index t1995100) 1 r t10
Improvement of Accessibtlity and Comimuntatilon
Roads, normalized index' r 28
Roads paved (%)' 87 87
Tetephone mainlnes iper r 000 peop e)' 56 ro6 150
Radios (per I 000 people)' 553 .740
Electr c power consumption per cap ta (kWh)' 1,495 2,279 1.217
Da y newspapers (per 1 .000 people;' 60
Number of post offices (ruralt
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)' 45 25
stainfableManagement of th6 No"Ntural Resiurce Base
Potentialty arable lande rural populat on (har 0.4
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. agr GDP (cm! m Ilaon $) 47 8
Freshwater withdrawals for agr (05 of total'; 23
Annual deforestation 1990 95 (% change) 0.0
Cropland' poaentially non-marginal) arable land (r.. . 276
Irrigated and as % cropland . 14,2 14.2
Cuilt vated and with conseration technologies (051 )
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organ zations' no. of community groups
Local govt. spendingi central govt spend ng
Local tax revenue local govt spending
150
Monaco
1980 1990 1998
Populaton (mill ons) 0. .
GDP l$ milions)
GNP per capita, Atas method (uJS $
Rural population 1% of total)
L fe expectancy
Surface area (1,000 sq km)
Rural Weal-baing
Population below the poverty ire 1% rural)
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births)
Safe water. rural (% of rural population with access) 100
Sanitation, rural (% of rural population with access)
School enrollment, primary Ifs gross)*
School enro Iment, pr mary, male (% gross)'
School enrollment, primary, female % grossJ'
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)'
Malnutrition prevalence (% of crrildren under 5)'
Youth illiteracy rate (% of female 15-24f'
Iliteracy rate, adut female )b of female 15+P-'
Improvewmt In tle lural EconoM
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (I1980-98)
Agr. GDP/ agr worker as % of total GDP. worker
Agr GDP/ agr worker, annual growth (1980-98)
Rural son-farm employment
Employees, agr t female (%, of total abor force)
Employees, serv ces, female (% of total abor force)
Non-agr GDPi non-agr. worker ($/people)
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare)
Food production index (t989-91 = 1001
Livestock production index (1989-91 = 100).
f.v.opment of MDrks
Agr. exports as percent of agr value added
Percent of agr producoon so d in domestic market
Access to finance system per rurae household
Gross domestic savings ($ mm orss
Agr wage per agr. worker (5)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force)
Labor force, female 1% of total labor force)
Food price index (1995=100)
Improvetnt of Acssibility and Communication
Roads, normalized indexi
Roads paved (%) . 100 OO
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)'
Radios (per 1 000 people)'
Electric power consumption per cap ta (kWh)'
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)'
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)'
fsutaitn,be fna9gemnm of the matural Resource Base
Potentially arable [and/ rural population (ha)
Freshwater withdrawals for agr./ agr. GDP (cnm m Ilion $)
Freshwater w thorawals for agr. (% of total]
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% crange)
Cropland/ potent al y (non-marginal) arable land (c/c)
Irrigated land as % cropland
Cult vated land with conservaton technologies ˝)
Polcy and Institftional Framerork
Fiscal decentralization fshare of ocal govt expenditure)
No of farmers organizations' no. of community groups
Local govt. spending. central govt spending
Local tax revenue.' local govu. spenoing
151
Mongolia
1980 1990 1998
PopuJation (millions) 1.7 2.2 2.6
GDP ($ millions) - 1.042
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) 6 380
Rural population (% of total) 48 42 38
Life eapectancy 58 63 66
Surface area (1000 sq. kin) 1,567 1.567 1,567
Population below the poverty line (% rural) . 33
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 82 63 50
Safe water, rural I% of rural population with access)
Sanitation. rural (% of rural population with access)
School enrolment, primary (% gross)' 107 97 88
School enrollment, primary, male (% gross)' 108 96 86
School enrollment, primary, female (% gross)* t07 98 91
Per capita dietary energy supply (calor es). 2,400 2,210 1,920
Malnutrit on prevalence (% of children under 5)' .. 12 9
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female 15-241* 54 39 28
Illiteracy rate, adu t female I% of female t5+)' 72 59 49
a : e f ftl- i-mAMnt w; t the Rr t
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth f1980-98) 0,9
Agr GDP agr. worker as % of total GDPi worker 127
Agr. GDPt agr. worker, annual growth (1980 98) 04
Rural non farmn employment
Employees, agr., female (7osf total labor force) 36
Employees, senrices, female (% of total labor force) 43
Non-agr. GDP! non-agr. worker (Speople) . 726
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 517 1,097 636
Food production index (1989-91 = 100) 86 96 90
Livestock production index (1989-91 - 100) 91 97 96
Agr. exports as percent of agr value added 2,759 5
Percent of agr. product on sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ millions)* . 208
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force) 40 32 26
Labor force, temale (% ot total labor force) 46 46 47
Food price index (1995=100)
Imprpvsnntot ~ ~ ~ 9 o AcceSsItbIlR; and'$ C-cmim.flafloni\;00000i
Roads, normalized index'
Roads paved (%). 10 3
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)' 24 32 37
Radios (per 1,000 people)' 96 139 151
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)*
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)' 106 73 27
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)* 21 10
Potentially arable land/ rural population (ha) 0.0
Freshwater withdrawals tor agr./ agr. GDP (cm, million $) 21 9
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (74 of total) 62
Annual deforestation 1990-95 I% change) 0.0
Cropland/ potentially (non-marginal) arable land (%) . . 8800
Irrigated land as % cropland 5.6 6.4
Cultivated land with consenation technologies (74)
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt. expend ture)
No of farmers organizations no. of community groups
Local govt. spending/ central govt. spending
Local tax revenue, local govt spending
152
Morocco
1980 1990 1998
Population (millions) 19.4 24 0 27.8
GDP ($ millions) 186821 25,821 35,546
GNP per capita. Atlas method (US $) 970 1 ,030 1,240
Rural population (O/% of total) 59 52 46
Life expectancy 58 63 67
Surface area (1 000 sq. km) 447 447 447
iuatJ Wefltbefng
Population below the poverty fine (M rural) 18
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,0001 ve birthsj 99 64 49
Safe water. rural R of rural population with access) 2 17 14
Sanitation. rural (% of rjral population with access) 13 18
School enrolfment. primary (% gross)' 83 67 86
Sctiool enrollment, primary, male (% grosst' 102 79 97
School enrollment, primary, female %/ gross 63 54 74
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)' 2.740 3,110 3,120
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children under 5)' 10
Youith iliteracy rate, (%of female 15-24)' 72 58 45
Illiteracy rate, adult female I% of female 15t)' 85 75 66
Intoroverrett In fte Ruit Economy
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98) 2 9
Agr GDP/ agr worker as % of total GDP, worker 33 40 44
Agr GDP! agr. worker, annual growth (1 980-98) 2 6
Rural non-farm employrnent
Employeesa agr., female (% of total labor force) 72 63
Employees, services. female (% of tota labor force) 14 18
Non-agr GDP/ non-agr worker ($/people) 5 011 4,276 4.340
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 1,019 1 120 1,124
Food production indexl 1989-91 =100) 58 93 110
Livestock production index (1989-91 = 1 00) 58 100 105
Developmernt of multels
Agr exports as percent of agr value added 15 9 14.1 16.1
Percent of agr product.on sold n domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings IS mililons)' 2.432 4,043 5 209
Agr. wage per agr worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force) 56 45 38
Labor force. female (% of total abor force) 34 35 35
Food price index (1995=100) 32 65 103
Impioveerrtnt of AccessRtifty aMd Comnmurnation
Roads. normalized index' 142
Roads paved 1%)' . 49 52
Telephone mainlbnes (per ,.000 people)' 9 16 54
Radios (per 1,000 peopel' 155 214 241
Electr c power consumption per capita IkWn)' 223 340 423
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)' 14 13 26
Number of post offices (rural!
Two wheelers (per 1.000 people)* . 1 1
Suetnable Manaqtient of the Natural Resource Base
Potentially arable land/ rural population (hal 0.2
Freshwater withdrawals for agr / agr. GDP (cm. ml ion $) 28 7
Freshwater withdrawals for agr R/ of total) 92
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change) 0.3
Cropland' potentially (non-margina ) arab e land l%l 367
Irrigated and as % cropland 15 4 13 6 13 0
Cultivated land with conservation technologies
PotIy rad istrtiftornl Framework
Fscal decentralization Ishare of local govt expenditure)
No. of farmers organizations/ no. of commumnty groups
Local govt spending/ central govt. spending
Local tax revenue.' local govt. spending
153
Mozambiaue
1980 1990 1998
Population (millions) 121 142 169
GDP ($ millionsr 3,526 2,512 3,693
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) 280 170 210
Rural population (04 of total) 87 73 62
Life expectancy 44 43 45
Surface area (1,000 sq km) 802 802 802
Population be ow the poverty line (% rura)
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,O0 yve birtnhs) 145 150 134
Sale water, rural 40 o1 rua population with access) 2 12 40
Sanitat on, rural (% of rural population with access) . . 12
School enroitment. primary (% gross)' 99 67 60
School enrollment, primary, male (% gross)' 115 77 70
School enrol ment, primary, female (% gross)a 84 57 50
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories) 1 .920 1 790 1 670
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children under 5i' . . 26
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female 15-24)' 80 68 57
Illiteracy rate, adult female (%of feemale 15-)* 89 82 73
lf _ itlriitlfiura Efoai i?
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1 980-98) 3.6
Agf. GDP/ agr. worker as % of total GDP! worker 40 41 39
Agr GDP! agr. worker, annual growth (1980 98) 1 4
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr.. temale (% of total labor force) 97 96
Employees. services, fema e (% ot total labor force) 2 3
Non agr GDP/ non-agr. worker ($/people) 2,216 1,275 1.437
Cereai y eld (kilograms per hectare) 596 474 839
Food production index (1989-91 = 100) 10t 107 140
Livestock production index (1 989-91 I 00) 86 102 99
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added 9 7 4 8 4 5
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural househo d
Gross domestic savings ($ miNionsi 372 309 65
Agr. wage pet agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of total iabor force) 84 83 81
Labor force, female (% of total labor force) 49 48 48
Food price index (1995-100)
Roads, normalized indext 1 12
RoadOs paved (r/y). 17 19
Telephone ma nlines (per 1,000 people)' 3 3 4
Radios (per 1,000 people)* 21 37 40
E ectr c power consumption per capita (kWh)' 34 35 47
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)' 4 6 3
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)'
Potentially arable lando rural population (ha) 3.3
Freshwater withdrawals for agr / agr. GDP (cm/ million $) . 14.0
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total) 89
Annual def orestation 1990-95 I% change) 0 7
Cropland/ potentially (non marginal) arable land I%) 8
Irrigated land as % cropland 2.1 34 3 4
Cultivated land with conservation technologies (%)
Potifcf andfhetIuUOfift r988dwQ rS tM 0 ;000-i00000 000 ;S00 000 0; k0i 0
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organizat onsi no. of community groups
Local govt. spending/ central govt. spending
Local tax revenue, local govt. spending
154
Mvanmar
1980 1990 1998
Population (m 11 ons) 33.8 40 5 44.5
GDP ($ mili.ons)
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $1
Rural populabon (% of total) 76 75 73
Lfe expectancy 52 57 60
Surface area (1,000 sq. km) 677 677 677
Rural Well-4elng
Population below the poverty line 1% rural)
Mortality rate, infant (per 1 000 live births) 109 94 78
Safe water rural (°' of rural population with access) 27 39
Sanitation. rural I% of rural population with access) . . 40
School enrolment pr mary (% grossY 91 107 121
School enrollment, primary. male (%/. gross)' 93 108 122
School enrollment, primary, female (% gross)* 89 105 117
Per capita dietary energy sLpply lcalories)' 2,320 2,570 2.720
Malnutrition prevalence I% of children under 5)' 47 32 43
Youth illiteracy rate. (% of female 15-247* 19 14 10
Illiteracy rate, adult female (% of female 15+-7 34 26 21
lmprovement if toe Ru rtl EScrom
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98)
Agr GDP/ agr. worker as o of total GDP/ worker
Agr GDP. agr. worker, annual growth 11980-98)
Rural non-farm employment
Emp oyees, agr, female I% of total labor forcel
Employees, services, female (% of total labor force)
Non-agr GDPi non-agr worker (Slpeople)
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 2,600 2,762 2,903
Food production index (1989-91 t I00) 89 101 138
Livestock product on index(I 989-9t - 1DO) 85 99 135
Developmemt of Ifrkets
Agr exports as percent of agr. value added
Percent of agr production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestc savings ($ milfons).
Agr wage per agr workeer$)
Rural labor torce (% otftota labor force) 76 73 71
Labor force, female (% of total labor force) 44 44 43
Food price index (1995=100) 9 28 236
Improvemenrt of Accesfbility and Commrtl caHton
Roads, normalzed index'
Roads paved (fr). 11 12
Te ephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)' 1 2 5
Radios (per 1.000 people)' 23 83 95
Electr c power consumption per capita (kWh)' 31 43 57
Dally newspapers (per 1,000 people)' 10 17 10
Number of post off ces (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)'
Sustalnable Mfaagement of the fatural Reeource Bawe
Potentially arable land, rural popu at on (ha) 0 4
Freshwater w thdrawa s for agr / agr. GDP (cm.' million $1
Freshwater withdrawals for agr (91 of total) 90
Annua deforestation 1990-95 (% change) I A
Cropian.d potential y (non-marginal) arable land (%) 68
Irigates land as OL cropland 10 0 10 0 15 3
Cultivated land with conservation technologies (%)
Policy and InstAtutfonal Framework
Fiscal decentral zabon (share of local govt expenditure)
No of farmers organizat ons/ no. of community groups
Local govt. spend ng' nentral govt spending
Local tax revenue. local govt spending
155
Namibia
1980 1990 1998
Population (millions) 10 1t4 1.7
GDP ($ millions) 2,262 2,444 3,092
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) 1,820 1,820 1,940
Rural population (% of total) 77 73 70
Life expectancy 53 58 54
Surface area (1.000 sq. km) 824 824 824
Population below the poverty line I% rural)
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live b rths) 90 64 67
Safe water. rural (% of rural population with access) . 42
San tation, rurat (% of rura population with access) 1. 12
Schoo enrollment, primary (% gross)* 129 131
School enrollment, primary, male (% gross)' 123 129
School enrollment, primary, female (%gross)' 135 132
Per capita dietary energy supply (calores)' 2,200 2,210 2.130
Malnutrition prevalence (% of chi dren wrnder 5)* . 26
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female 15-24)* 20 11 7
Illiteracy rate, adult female f% of female 15-)' 38 28 20
Agr. GDP (vaaue added), annual growth f1980-98) 3.3
Agr. GDP, agr. worker as % of total GDP/ worker 18 21 20
Agr. GDP agr. worker. annual growth (1980-98) 2.4
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr., female (% of total labor force) 42 67
Employees. senvices, female (% of total labor force) 47 21
Non-agr GDP/ non agr. worker ($,people) 10,463 7,66t 7,201
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 377 461 190
Food production index (1989-91 - 100) 109 97 124
Livestock production index (1989-91 = t00) 118 97 129
Agr exports as percent of agr. value added 60.7 58.1 653
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ miulions)' 832 429 581
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($)
Rura abor force (% of total labor force) 57 49 43
Labor force, fema e (% of total labor force) 40 40 41
Food price index (1995=tO0) 59 118
I.fRenl~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 0:0itj kesss1bIflt nn0 fC'omo1f ' a ': f at t o
Roads. normaized index' .. .. 167
Roadspaved l%)' 11 8
Telephone mainlines (per 1.000 people)' 28 39 69
Radios (per 1,000 people)' 117 133 144
Electric power consumption per capita lkWh)'
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)* 26 17 19
Number of post ottices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)* 1 1
$*9IbI raeen;M tlior theNtiurifiAeoqr''0pse $, 9 ; t<^,iQtf:it 0
Potentially arable landz rural population (ha) 1.3
Freshwater withdrawals for agr., agr. GDP (cm/ million $) 8.5
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total) . .. 68
Annual deforestat on 1990-95 (% change) 0.3
Cropland/ potentially (non-marg nal) arable land I%) . 61
Irrigated land as % crop and 0,6 0.6 0,9
Cultivated land with conservation technologies I%)
PaRc t8a trtf~oa i;rtamrtFw iii
Fiscal decentralization (share of ocal govt expenditure)
No of farmers organizations/ no. of community groups
Locas govt. spendingi central govt. spending
Local tax revenue/ local goat. spending
156
Nepal
1980 1990 1998
Population (millions) 145 18.8 229
GDP ($ millions) 1.946 3,628 4,783
GNP per capta, Atlias method US $i 140 210 210
Rural population I% of total) 94 91 89
Life expectancy 48 54 58
Surface area 11,000 sq. km) 147 147 147
Rtral Welt%Wafg
Population below the poverty I ne (% rura) 44
Mortality rate. infant (per 1,000 live births) 132 Ot1 77
Safe water. rural (% of rural population with access) 6 41 -
Sanitat on, rural I% ot rural population with access) 0 . 3
School enrollment, primary I%gross)- 86 108 113
School enrollment, primary, male (%grosslV 119 132 129
School enrollment, primary, female I% gross)' 50 81 96
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories) 1 910 2,360 2.340
Malnutr tion prevalence i% ot children under 5h) ., .. 57
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female 1 5-24)* 86 73 61
Illiteracy rate, adult female I% of female 15+)* 93 86 78
lwpomenti In gtiB Rural Economy
Agr. GDP (va ue added), annual growth 11980-981 3 3
Agr. GDP" agr worker as % of total GDP/ worker 62 52 4t
Agr. GDP! agr. worker, annual growth (1980-98) 09
Rural non-tarm employment
Employees, agr., female I% of total labor force) 98
Employees, services, female (% of total labor force) 2
Non-agr. GDP/ non-agr worker ($/people) 1,875 3,352 4,055
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 1,687 1,920 1,961
Food production index (1989-91 = 100) 67 102 118
Livestock production noex (11989-91 = 100) 77 10) 119
Oevelopmn.t ot Makets
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added 4.9 2 7 3.5
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Ac.cess to finance syslem per rural household
Gross domestc savings ($ milions)* 216 286 501
Agr wage per agr. worker ($i)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force) 94 94 93
Labor force, female 05 of total labor forcer 39 40 40
Food price index (1995=100) 22 58 113
Improvteme of Accessllfrya nd communicamion
Roads, normalized indexi . , 70
Roads paved (%/i. 38 42
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people) 1 3 8
Radios (per 1,000 people)* 20 36 38
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)* 13 28 39
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 peoplei 8 . 8 11
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)*
Sustdnetfe M _mtent of the Natural ewource Bale -
Potentially arable and/ rural population (ha) 0.1
Freshwater withdrawals for agr./ agr. GDP (cm/ m Ilion $) 800.2
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total) .. .. 95
Annual deforestation 1990-95 1% change) 11
Cropland/ potentially (non-marginal) arable land i%) .. 183
Irrigated land as 0 cropland 22 4 40.4 38 2
Cult vated land with conservation technologies (%)
Poy and fnstittiUor Fkamework
F scai decentraeization (share of local govt. expenditure) -
No. of farmers organizations' no of community groups
Local govt. spending/ central govt. spending
Local tax revenue/ local govt. spending
157
Netherlands
1980 1990 1998
Popu at on (millions) i4 2 15.0 157
GDP ($ mill ons) 171,861 283,672 381,819
GNP per capita, A as method (US$) 12,980 18.120 24,780
Rural population l% o1 to0a1) 12 11 11
Life expectancy 76 77 78
Surfacearea(1,000sq. km) 4t 41 41
Popueation below the poverty line (°h rural)
Morta ity rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 9 7 5
Safe water, rural (% of rural populat on with access) 100 100
Sanitation, rural 1% of rura population with aocess) r00 too
School enrollment, prmary (%gross)' 100 102 108
School enrol ment, pr mary, male (% gross)* 99 t01 109
School enro lment, primary, female (% gross)' 101 104 107
Per cap ta dietary energy supply (calories)* 3.050 3 260 3.250
Malnutrition prevalence (% of ch ,dren under 5)-
Youth il teracy rate, (% of female 15-24)'
l iteracy rate. adult femae (% of female 15+)t
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98) 3.8
Agr. GDP/ agr worker as % of total GDPi worker 62 88 79
Agr. GDP. agr worker annual growth (I 980-98f 4 4
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr. female (% of tota labor force) 3 3
Emp oyees, services, female (% of total anor force) 84 85
Non-agr GDP/ non agr. worker ($/peope) 31,t33 4t 340 56 195
Cereal yield (ki ograms per hectare) 5,689 68969 7.170
Food predacton index(t989-9t =thO 86 tO1 97
Livestock production index (t989-91 = tOO) 88 tO1 94
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added 259.6 2702 2984
Percent of agr production sold in domest c market
Access to f nance system per rura household
Gross domestic sav ngs ($ millions) 37,4t 7 75,988 98. 936
Agr. wage per agr worker ($)
Rural iabor force (% of tota labor force) 6 5 4
Labor force, female (% of total abor force) 32 39 40
Food price index (1995=tOO) 76 9t 105
im Aei biiit Ap OeSSHIty Mid 0C0o1041110
Roads normal zed ndex' ,, 62
Roads paved (°%)'. 88 90
Telephone ma nlires (per 1,000 people)' 346 464 593
Radios (per 1,000 people)' 650 906 978
Electric power consumption per capita )vWh)' 4.057 4,9t7 5.736
Daily newspapers (per t .000 people)' 326 301 306
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1r000 people)' 61 44 57
Sustanabl flbngemut otth.NaturalAeouo fk Sase ;i;; tXW; SiS
Potentially arable land/ rural population (ha) .. 7 1
Freshwater withdrawals for agr.i agr. GDP (cm, million $) . 0.7
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total) 34
Annual deforestalion 1990-95 (% change) 00
Croplanv potential y (non-marginal) arable and (%) 51
Irr gated land as , cropland 584 61 1 60.4
Cult vated and w th consenvation technologies (%)
Poltyi f amd tu F -8mjW :
Fiscal decentralization (share of locai govt. expenditure)
No of farmers organizations, o. of community groups
Loca govt spend ngo centra govt. spending
Local tax revenue ocal govt. spending
158
Netherlands Antilles
1980 1990 1998
Population (millionsl 0.2 0.2 02
GDP ($ m lions) 986
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) 5,890
Rural population 1% of total) 32 32 30
Lfeexpectancy 71 74 76
Surface area (1.000 sq km) t 1 l
Rural Welt-beifn
Population below the poverty ine IO rural) . .
Morta ty rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 20 8 14
Safe water, rural (% of rura population with access)
Sanitation, rural (% of rural populat on w th access)
School enrollment. primary (%gross)* 153 113
School enrollment, primary, male (% gross)' 152
School enrollment. pr mary, female (% gross)' 153
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)' 3,050 2,430 2,720
Malnutrition preva ence (% of children under 5)'
Youth iliteracy rate. (% of female 15-24)' 3 2 2
Illiteracy rate, adult fema e (% of female 15+)' 6 4 4
Improvemrtt in the Rural Economy
Agr. GDP (value added). annual growth (1980-98)
Agr GDP! agr worker as % of total GDPi worker
Agr GDP! agr worker. annua growvth (1980-98)
Rural non-farm employment
Emp oyees. agr , female (% of total labor force)
Employees, services, female (% of total labor force)
Non-agr GDP, non-agr worker ($/peoplei
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare)
Food production Index (1989-91 = tO0) 269 99 148
Livestockiproduction index (1989-9t = 100) 178 97 108
Development of Markets
Agr. exporns as percent of agr value added
Percent of agr. prod uction sod n domestic markel
Access to finance system per rural nousehold
Gross domestic savings ($ mi lons)'
Agr. wage per agr worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of tota labor force) 0 1 0
Labor force, female (% of total labor forcel 41 44 43
Food price index (1995=1 00)
Imprement of Accestibity and Co*mUni*tfon
Roads, normal zed index'
Roads paved (°/g)'
Telephone marines (per 1,000 peopfel* 218 247 366
Radios (per 1,000 people)' 1,006 1,011 996
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)' 3,661 3,182 3.921
Daiiy newspapers (per 1.000 peopoel' 299 285 337
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 peopler'
Suilrnatte tMaaget o1 the lvural Resoure ae
Potential y arable lande rural populaton (ha)
Freshwater withdrawals for agr / agr GDP (cm/ million $1
Freshwater withdrawals for agr I% of total)
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (74 change)
Cropland' potential y (non-marginal) arable and (4).
Irrigated land as 74 cropland
Cultivated land with conservation technologies (°i.
Policy and InStititlortl FraMtWork
Fiscal decentralization (share of ocal govt expenditure)
No of farmers organizations/ no. of community groups
Local govt. spend ngi centra govt spend ng
Local tax revenue/ local govt. spending
159
New Caledonia
1980 1990 1998
Populat on rmillions) 0.1 0.2 0.2
GDP ($ mi ions 1.182 2,185
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) 7,820 14,770
Rural population (% of total) 44 38 26
Life expectancy 67 71 73
Surtacearea(1,000sq kim 19 19 19
Rurai Wal1berIng
Population below the povery ne (% rural)
Mortality rate infant (per 1,000 live births) 25 13 7
Safe water. rural (atc of rural population with access)
San tation, rural (° of rural population with access)
School enrolment. orimary (%gross)* 140 129 122
School enrollment, pr mary mae i% gross)' 141 130
School enrollment pr mary, temale (% gross)* 139 127
Per capita dietary energy supp y icalores)' 2,890 2.860 2.860
Malnutrition prevalence t°. of children under 5)'
Youth il iteracy rate, % oa female 1 5-24)'
I iteracy rate, adult fema e (%of female 15+)'
IMpoement In the urailra Eeconomy
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98)
Agr. GDPi agr worker as UO of total GDP/ worker
Agr. GDP/ agr worker annual growth (1980-98)
Rural non farm employment
Employees, agr. female (U of total abor force.
Employees, services. female (Uof tota abor force.
Non-agr. GDP, non agr worker ($ipeople)
Cereal yield akilograms per hectare) 1,930 1 944 39598
Food production index (1989-91 - 100) 96 tO0 135
Livestock producton index (1989 91 = rOP) 85 102 144
evielopment ot arketsf
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added
Percent of agr product on sold in domestic market
Access to f nance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ millionsl'
Agr. wage per agr worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force)
Labor force female (% of tota abor force.
Food price index ( 19959100)
improvement oaf Accessibility and Communicatton
Roads. normalized index'
Roads paved r
Telephone mainlines (per 1.000 peopie)' 93 169 239
Radios (per 1.000 people)' 483 518 544
Electr c power consumption per cap ta (kWh)n
Daily newspapers tper 1 000 people)' 105 1 r 3 122
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1 000 peopie)*
Susaiable Managementofth0ie Natural Resource Base $00-0; t lX0;tj 0 0: l00 30
Potent a] y arab e land' rura population (ha) 0.5
Freshwater w thdrawals for agr. agr GDP (cm. mil ion $)
Freshwater withdrawals for agr I% of total)
Annual deforesration 1990-95 ,-tr, change)
Cropland/ potential y (son margina! arable land (%) r08
Irrigated land as % cropland
Cultivated and with conservation technologies t%)
Policy and Instltttionl Framework
Fiscal decertra ization (share of local govt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organizationse no. of commun ty groups
Local govt spending central govt. spending
Local tax revenue/ ocal govt spending
160
New Zealand
1980 1990 1998
Population (m ]lions) 3.1 3.4 3.8
GDP ($ millions) 22,395 43,103 52,845
GNP per caPita. Atlas method (US $) 7,380 12,410 14.600
Rural population (% of total) 17 15 14
Life expectancy 73 75 77
Surface area (1.000 sq. km) 271 271 271
Rufta Wetllbe0io
Population below the poverty line (% rural)
Mortaity rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 13 8 5
Safe water, rural IO/ of rural population with access) . .
Sanitation, rura (% of rural population with access)
School enrollment. primary (% gross)' 111 106 101
School enrollment, primary, male (% gross)* it 106 101
School enrollment. pr mary, female (% gross)* 111 105 101
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)* 3,130 3.200 3,370
Malnutrit on prevalence (% of children under 5)'
Youth it teracy rate. (% of female 15-24)'
Illiteracy rate, adult female (% of female 15+),
tWIloveennt in the Rura EconmW
Agr GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98)
Agr. GDP/ agr worker as % of total GDP/ worker 96 66 76
Agr. GDPi agr. worker, annual growlh (1980-98)
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr.. female (° of total labor force) .. 8 6
Employees, services, female (% of total labor force) . 78 81
Non-agr. GDP, non-agr. worker ($/people) 17,020 27.681 29.801
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 3,941 4,950 5,270
Food product on index (1 989-91 = 100) 91 96 127
Livestock production index (1989-91 =100) 96 96 118
bWelop"meit of Maitrhs
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added 1 90.6 162.8 140.7
Percent of agr production sold In domestic market
Access to f nance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ millionsr; 4.336 8.470 13,919
Agr wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force) 11 10 9
Labor force, female (% of total labor force) 34 43 45
Food price index (1995=1 001 37 97 107
improvemseW of Acceee9bittfy and CoMrmnltHaton
Roads, normalized Index' 94
Roads paved (%)' 57 58
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)' 361 434 479
Radios (per 1.000 people) 876 924 990
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)' 6,269 8,087 8,380
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)* 334 291 216
Number of post olffces (rule)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)' 43 24 13
Susttatnabe Mwanaen of fie Natural Resouroe Bti5
Potentially arabie land/ rural population (hal 6.7
Freshwater withdrawals for agr./ agr. GDP (cm. million $) 1 . .4
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total) .. . 44
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change) -0.6
Cropland/ potentially (non-marginal) arable land I%) .. .. 96
Irrigated land as i/ cropland 52 7.2 8.7
Cultivated land with conservation technolopies (%) .
Po9cy and hinatiluflontIl FiraieWtork-
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organizations/ no. of community groups
Locai govt. spending. centrai govt spending
Local tax revenue. local govt. spending
161
Nicaraaua
1980 1990 1998
Population (millons) 29 3.8 4.8
GDP ($ millions) 2,144 1,009 2,007
GNP per cap ta, Atlas method (US $) 640 320 370
Rural populaaton I% of total) 50 47 45
Life expectancy 59 64 68
Surface area (1,000 sq. km) 130 130 130
Populat on below the poverty line (% rural) 76
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 ive brths) 84 St 36
Safe water, rural (% of rural popu at on w th access) 19 27
San tation. rural (% of rurai population with access) 27
Schoo enrollment, primary I gross)' 94 94 tO1
School enro lment, pr mary, male gross)* 92 91 100
School enro Iment, primay, female (°/ gross)' 97 96 102
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)' 2,380 2,340 2.320
Manutrition prevaxence (a-t ot cdren under 5i' 10 12
Youth i literacy rate, (% of fema e 15-24)' 32 28 24
Illiteracy rate adult female (% of female 15-)' 39 34 31
Agr GDP (value addedj. annua growth f1 980-98) 0.4
Agr. GDP agr. worker as x of total GDP' worker 59 109 158
Agr. GDP, agr worker. annual growth (1 980 98) 0 5
Rural non farm employment
Employees agr female (°/0 of Iota labor force)
Employees, services. female (% ot total labor force ,
Non-agr. GDP" non agr worker ($Ipeople) 2.731 707 916
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 1,572 1,524 1,511
Food production index (1989-9t 1i00) 103 105 125
Livestock product on index (1989-91 = 100) 122 105 123
Develoment of Markets
Agr exports as percent of agr. value added 62.9 77 3 56 8
Percent of agr. production sold in domest c marKel
Access to finance system per rura householo
Gross domestic savings ($ m lIons)' -48 -2t 22
Agr wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force I% ot total labor force) 40 29 22
Labor force female (% of total labor force) 28 32 35
Food price index (t995=1 00)
mpri ofovement of Accesility and COMMUnnlcalflon
Roads, normalized index' 60
Roads paved (% - 1t 10
Telephone mainlines (per 1.000 people) 1t1 13 31
Radios iper 1.000 peoplene 239 260 285
E ectric power consumption per capita (kWh)' 303 284 286
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 peoplo' 47 47 30
Number of oost offices (rura )
Two wheelers r per 1 000 peop e)' 3 5
SusptaInal aae menX t of -the Narturaltifj#i: Reouc Base S$00$t$:0t0:00
Potentially arable ando rural population (ha) 2 0
Freshtwater withdrawals for agroY agr GDP (cm; mllon S) 53.9
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. I% of total) 54
Annual deforestation 1990 95 (I/ change} 2 5
Cropland, potent ally lnon marg nal) arable land I() - 84
Irrigated and as % crop and 6.0 38 3.2
Culx vated land w th conservat on technologies (%)
Fiscal decentralizaton (shame of local govt. expendrture)
No. of farmers organizat ons no. of community groups
Local govt spendng central govt spending
Loca tax revenue local govt spending
162
Niger
1980 1990 1998
Popilation (mMI,oaS) 5.6 77 10.1
GDP i$ mtl ons) 2,509 2.481 2,048
GNP per capita Atlas method (US $) 440 310 200
Rural popuiat on ioe of total) 87 84 80
Life expectancy 42 45 46
Surtace area (1,000 sq kmr) 1.267 1 267 1267
Rural Well-being
Popuat on be ow the poverly I ne J rurai . 66
Mortality rate, ntant fper 1 000 ive birthsr 135 150 118
Sate water, riral (" of rura population with access) 55
San tation, rural (J of rural popu at on with access) 3 5
School enrollment primary (S. gross) 25 29 29
School enrolment pr mary. male irO grosseK 33 37 36
School enrollment, prmary, female (S gross) 18 21 23
Per capita dietary energy supply (caloresaC 2 170 2,120 2,140
Maliftr soe preva ence (o of children under 5)f 43 50
Youth li teracy are, (°. ot temale 1 5-24)7 95 91 88
lilteracy rate adult female ( o ot female 15+)- 97 95 93
Improvement in the Rurat Economy
Agr GDP (Value added) annual growth (t980-98i 2.3
Agr. GDP, agr worker as % of total GDP, worKer 47 39 47
Agr GDP agr. worier, annual growth (1980-981 -06
Rural non-farm employment
Empoyees. agr . temale (So of total labor force) 8 5
Employees services, feame (% of total labor force) 66 78
Non-agr GDP. non-agr worker S/people) 5.927 4.238 2,148
Cereal yield 1kilograms per heclarei 457 215 354
Food production ndex (1 989-91 - 100) 104 89 127
Livestock prodicton index ( 989-91 = 1 00) 11 99 117
Developrment f1 markets
Agr expods as percent of agr value added 7 7 7 1 6.4
Percent ot agr prodticton seid in domestc market . ..
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic sav ngs o$ m If onsy 365 29 68
Agr. mage per agr. worker ($)
Rura abor force ('0 of total lab.0 forces 91 90 88
Labor force, temale (S/o of tota abor torce) 45 44 44
Fooe price index t195=t 00)
Improvement of Accessibility and Commnuntiation
Roads, normarzed ndea 26
Roads paved t° ) 29 8
Telephone mainilnes (per r .00 people) 1 1 2
Rad os (per 1 002 people) 45 60 69
Erectr c power consumption per cap ta (kVWOh
Daily newspapers (per 1 000 people)' 1 0 0
Number of post offices (rural)
Two msee ers (per 1,000 people)
Sustainabte Managemnent of the tatural Resource Base
Potentially arable land/ rural populat on (hal . 02
hreshwater withdrawals for agr / agr. GDP (cm/ mirlion $) . 20.0
Freshwater withdrawals for agr (90 of total) 82
Anmiual deforestation 199C-95 (So change) 0
Crop ands potenoially enon-marginal) arabe land(So) 403
Irrigaoed and as So cropland 06 1.8 1.3
Cultivated and with conservation technologies (M)
Policy and Institutional Framework
Fiscal decentral zat on (share of local govt. epenpditurej
No ot tarmers organizations no of community groups
Local goat spend-ig, central govt spending
Loca tax revenus ocal govt spending
163
Nigeria
1980 1990 1998
Population (millions) 71.1 96.2 120.8
GOP ($ millions) 64,202 28,472 41,353
GNP per capita, At as method (US $) 710 270 300
Rural population (% of total) 73 65 58
Life expectancy 46 49 53
Surface area (1,000 sq km) 924 924 924
Population below the poverty line (% rural) .. . 36
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 99 85 76
Safe water, rural (% of rural population with access) 26
Sanitation, rural (% of rurai population with access) . 21
School enrollment, primary (% gross)* 109 9r 98
School enrollment, primary, male t% gross) 123 104 tO9
School enrollment, primary, female (% gross)* 95 79 87
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)* 1.950 2,310 2,540
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children under 5)* . 35 39
Youth ill teracy rale, (% of female 15-24) 58 34 19
Illiteracy rate, adult female (% of female t5.)* 78 62 48
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98) 3,5
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker as % of total GDPI worker 37 75 89
Agr. GOP/ agr. worker. annual growth (1 980 98) 3.2
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr.,,female 1% of total labor force) 57 44
Employees, senices, female (% of total labor force) 38 53
Non-agr. GDP/ non-agr. worker ($/people) 4.188 976 1,015
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 1,100 1,148 1,181
Food production index (1989-91 = 100) 59 97 149
Livestock production index (1989-91 = 100) 89 101 139
Agr exports as percent of agr. value added 2.3 2.5 4.1
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ milions)* 20,179 8,358 4,883
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of total labor foroe) 54 43 35
Labor force, female (% of total labor force) 36 35 36
Food price index (1995=100) 4 26 259
Roads, normalized index . . 274
Roads paved (9)%.) 30 31
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)' 2 3 4
Rad os (per 1,000 people)* 97 194 223
Electric power consumption per capita lkWh)* 68 77 84
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people) 15 18 24
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1.000 people)* 4
_ *;;f t w li teti ti Q ;: i ifttf ftk rtgjfj ,,l'
Potentially arable land/ rural population (ha) 06
Freshwater withdrawals for agr./ agr. GDP (cm/ mill on $) 5.2
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total) 54
Annual deforestat on 1990-95 (% change) 0.9
Cropland/ potentially (non-marginal) arable land ()/v) 74
Irrigated land as % cropland 0.7 0.7 0.8
Cultivated land with consevation technologies (%) ..
Fiscal decenlTalizalior (share o1 iocal govt. expendilure) ..
No. of farmers organizations/ no. of community groups
Local govt spending/ central govt. spending
Locai tay revenue) local govt spending
164
Northern Mariana Islands
1980 1990 1998
Population (millions) - 01
GDP ($ millions)
GNP per capita. Atlas method (US $)
Rural population (% of total)
Life expectancy
Surface area (1,000 sq km)
Run#a WOWbelng
Population below the poverty line (% rurall
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live birthsl)
Safe water, rural (% of rural population with access)
Sanitation, rural (% of rural population with acoess)
School enrollment, primary (% gross)*
School enrollment, primary, male I% gross)*
School enrollment, primary, female (% gross)*
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)*
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children under S.
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female 15-24)'
Illiteracy rate, adult female I% of female 15+)*
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98)
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker as % of total GDP, worker
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker, annual growth (1980-98)
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr., female (% of total labor torce)
Employees, services, female (% of total labor force)
Non-agr. GDP, non-agr worker ($/people)
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare)
Food production index (1989-91 = 1t00)
Livestock production index (1 989-91 = 100)
feIp~et of iwlus:
Agr. exports as percent of agr value added
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ millions)'
Agr wage per agr. worker (S)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force)
Labor force, female I% of total labor force)
Food price Index (1995=1t00)
fsnpw~utel rof Aea8Ib6Iftylsu asd Ctf Qnfa
Roads, normalized ndex,
Roads paved 1%)'
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)' . 287 400
Radios (per 1,000 people)*
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)'
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)'
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)*
Se aau naMm pt Natraf eawme
Potentially arable land/ rural population (ha)
Freshwater withdrawals for agr.f agr GDP (cm/ million $)
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total)
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change)
Cropland/ potentially (non-marginal) arable land (%l
Irrigated land as % cropland
Cultivated land with conservation technologies (%)
Pcy d In lftmf Fra_uwrhk
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organizations' no. of community groups
Local govt spending! central govt. spending
Local tax revenue' local govt spending
165
Norway
1980 1990 1998
Population (mil aon 41 42 4.4
GDP ($ mil ions; 63.419 115,453 145,892
GNP per capital Atias method (US 1) t5,360 25,480 34,310
Rural population of total) 30 28 25
L fe expectancy 76 77 7.
Surfacearea(t.000sq km) 324 324 324
Rura Well-beting
Popualtion below the pcvery line n=.o rural)
Morta ity rate, intant (per 1.000 ive birnhs) S 7 4
Safe water. rura (% of rural popu at en with access) 10'J '00
Sanitation rural (y of rural population with accessr 100 100
School enrolimert primary (. gross'O '00 ic 100
School enro Iment, primary, male (% gross)' 100 101 lO0
School enro lment. prmary femaie (pgrossi' 100 100 100
Per capita dietary energy suppy (caories" 3 310 18C 3.280
Ma nutr tion preva ence '0 ot children under 5l'
Youtn illiteracy rate (, of female 15 24)'
11 teracy rate, adrtfemane (ltof femae 15+j'
lIilromnt in theRural Economy
Agr GDP (value added). annual growth (1980 98) 1 6
Agr GDP agr worker as °, of total GDP worker 45 50 40
Agr GDPi agr worker. annual grpot (11980Y98) 3
Rura non farm emp oyment
Employees. agr., female (% of tota labor force) 6 4 2
Emp oyees senvices, fena e (% of total labor force) 80 85 a7
Non agr GDP; non agr worker ($People 34 277 56 014 '0. 15
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectaref 3 645 4.399 4.248
Food producton ndex i1989-9 -= 100) 43 '04 10t
Livestockproducton index flS9 90-10 = 48 '0 1 O115
pment of makets
Agr exports as percent of agr. value added 148 .6 17 5
Percent of agr producton sod n domest c market
Access to f narice system per rural household
Grcss domest c sac ngs (S mi lions'' 2t ,851 34.427 49 514
Agr sage per agr wOrker ($)
Rura aboe force l'>c of tota abor forcer 8 ' 5
Labor force fema e (° of total labor force) 41 45 46
Foodpriceindexe19951 100 44 95 1 0
limprovement of AcessibilIty and Commr nication
Roads. normalized index' 100
Roads paved cf)' 69 75
Teephone main, ies (per ' 001 peoole)' 293 503 667
Radios (per 1.000epeP t 661 732 915
E ectric power consunmp on per capita IkWh)' 18,289 22.824 23 499
Dai y newspapers (per 1.000 people)' 462 610 .588
Number of post off ces trural,
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)' 36 48 49
Sustne Mangent of ithe Natural Resource Base
Potentially arable landc rural population (na) 0 1
Freshwater withdrawals for agr / agr GDP (cmn m It on $) o 1
Freshwater withdrawa s for agr tol aetol 8
Annua deforestatior 1990-95 cc change) 0.2
Croplanco potent a ly non margena r arable land i699
ri galed land as cropland
Cultivated land with consewatien techno ogies (%)
PolIcy and lnsllutional f}S Framework k X i :
F scal decentralizat on sshare of local govt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organizations/ no. of community groups
Local govt spenoing centrai govt spend ng
Local tax revenuel ocai govt. spend ng
166
Oman
1980 1990 1998
Popu at on (millions) 1 1 1 6 23
GDP I$ millionsl 5982 10,535 14,962
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) 3 050 5,410 4,940
Rural populabon (% ot total) 69 38 19
Life expectancy 60 69 73
Surface area (1.000 sq km) 212 212 212
Rural Well-being
Population be ow the poverty ne (° rural)
Mortality rate, infant (per 1.000 live birtnhs) 41 22 18
Safe water. rural (% of rural popu at on w tn access) to 44 56
Sanitation, rural (% of rural population with access) . 68 72
School enrollment, primary (° gross)' 51 86 76
School enrollment, primary, male (% gross)* 67 90 78
School enrollment, pr mary. female (% grosslY 35 82 74
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories) '
Ma nutribon prevalence (% of ch ldren under 5)* 24 23
Youth ill teracy rate, (ľ% of fema e 15-24)' 65 25 6
Illiteracy rate, adult female (% of female 15+)) 84 62 43
nlfrevemn fin the Rutal Ecnwny
Agr GDP (value added), annual growth It 980-98)
Agr GDP,a gr. worker as % of total GDP/ vworker 5 7
Apr GDP, agr worker, annual growth (1980-98)
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr female (ľ of totaJ Jabor force) 24 19
Emp oyees, services, female (ľ,. of tota labor force) 43 46
Non-agr GDP/ non-agr. worker ($/people) 34.699 37 044
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 905 2,160 2.t73
Foodproducton index 1I989-91 = t00) 61 99 111
Livestock production index (1989-91 = 100) 62 100 95
DehreWipment of Markets
Agr exports as percent of agr value added t2.4 14 4
Percent ot agr. production sod in domestic market
Access to tinance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings 1$ mihons)l 2,829 3.707 3.016
Agr wage per agr worker (S)
Rural labor force f% of total labor force) 50 45 38
Labor force, temale( % of total labor force) 6 11 16
Food prce Index (1995=100) 99 103
tmprovmeli of JAccesslfbiy an CommunfcatIon
Roads, normalized index'
Roads paved 1%)' 21 30
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 peope)* 16 60 92
Radios (per 1,000 people)* 500 577 598
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)' 614 2.284 2,613
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)* 38 29
Number of post offices (rura
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)* . 3 2
Sus9ainab be riagenlnt of the Natral Re6oumce Base
Potentially arable lande rural populat on t ha)
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. agr GDP (cm/ million $) 7 5
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of tota) 94
Annual deforestat on 1990-95 (% change)
Cropland/ potentialty (non-margmnal) arable land 1f%)
Irr gated land as % cropland 92.7 95 1 98 4
Cultivated land with conservation technologies (Q)
Policr and nmtitutiornal Framework
Fiscal decentralizaton (share of local govt. expend turel
No. of farmers organizat onsi no. of commun ty groups
Local govt. spending/ centra govt spend ng
Local tax revenue, local govt. spending
167
Pakistan
1980 1990 1998
Population (miilions) 82.7 108.0 131.6
GDP ($ millions) 23,690 40.010 63,369
GNP per capita, At as method (US $) 300 400 470
Rural population (% of total) 72 68 64
Life expectancy 55 59 62
Surface area (1,000 sq. km) 796 796 796
Population below the poverty line I% rural) 37
Mortality rate, infant (per 1.000 ve birtsIW 127 111 91
Safe water, rural (% of rjral population with access) 22 28 52
Sanitation, rural (% of rural population with access) 4 8 19
School enrollment. primary (% gross)' 40 61 74
School enrollment, primary, male I%gross)' 52 82 101
School enrollment, primary, female (% gross)' 27 39 45
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)' 2,150 2,380 2,490
Malnutrition prevalence (%v of children under 5)' .. 40 38
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female 15-24)' 78 67 53
Illiteracy rate, adult female (% of female 15+)' 86 79 71
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98) 4.4
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker as % of total GDP/ worker 42 45 51
Agr. GDP,a gr. worker, annual growth (1 980-98) 2.6
Rural non-farm employment
Employees. agr., female (% of total labor force) . 72 67
Employees. services, female (% of total labor force) 14 22
Non-agr. GDP/ non-agr. worker ($/people) 1,565 1,504 1.674
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 1,613 1,766 2,120
Food production index (1989-91 =100) 66 100 142
Livestock production index (1989-91 -.100) 60 100 152
Q.vqlopmnmnt of Mrkets
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added 9.7 10.7 5,5
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ mil ions)* 1 624 4442 8 034
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($)
R ural labor force (% of total labor force) 63 52 48
Labor force, female (% of lotal labor force) 23 24 28
Food price index (1995=100) 33 57 129
Roads. normalized index' 415
Roads paved (%)* 54 57
Telephone mainlines (per 1f000 peoplni' 4 8 19
Radios (per 1,000 people)* 64 95 98
Electric power consumption per capita (kWfl)' 125 267 333
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)' 12 17 23
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)' 3 8 13
Sua$nWeMengemnotheNaurSheource a w t\00tfj0;XX0it0r
Potentially arable land. rural population (ha) . .. 0.0
Freshwater withdrawals for agr./ agr. GDP (cm/ mi lion $) . - 237.7
Freshwater w thdrawals for agr. (% of tota ) . . 97
Annual deforestat on 1990-95 (% change) 2.9
Croplando potentially (non-margina ) arable land (%li 843
Irrigated land as % cropland 72.3 80 9 81.4
Cultivated land wth conservation technologies (%)
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt. expend ture)
No of farmers organizations/ no. of community groups
Local govt. spending/ centrai govt. spending
Local tax revenue/ local govt, spending
168
Palau
1980 1990 1998
Population (millionsl 0 0 0 0 0 0
GDP ($ millions) 77 129
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) 10,510
Rural populaton (% of tota j 35 31 28
Life expectancy 57 67 71
Surface area (1,000 sq. km) . . 0
Rutai Wal-beinr
Population below the poverty line (% rural)
Mortalty rate, infant (per 1,000 live orths) 50 25 25
Safe water, rural (% of rural population with access)
Sanitation, rura (% of rura population with access)
School enrollment. primary (% gross)'
School enrollment, primary, male (% gross)'
School enrollment, primary, female (57 gross)'
Per capita dietary energy supp y (calor es)'
Malnutrtion prevalence (% of children inder 5)'
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female t 5-24)'
lliteracy rate, adult female (% of female 15-)'
Improvemesnt lit the Rural Economy
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growt (1980-98)
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker as SO of total GDP/ worker
Agr GDP/ agr. worker, annual growth 1t980-98)
Rural non farm employment
Employees, agr, female (57 of total labor forcei.
Employees, serv ces, female (57 of tota labor force)
Non-agr. GD/P non-agr. worker ($/people)
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare)
Food producton Index It 989-91 = I 00)
Livestock production index (1989-9r = 100)
Development ot Markets
Agr exports as percent of agr va ie added
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to hnance system per rural household
Gross domestic sav ngs 1$ millions)'
Agr wage per agr worker ($
Rural labor force (% of tota labor force)
Labor force, female (% of total labor force)
Food price Index (1 995=1 00)
Itprovement of AccessDllity and Comntunlicattio
Roads, norma ized index*
Roads paved (%)*.
Telephone main)mes fper 1. 000 people)'
Radios (per 1,000 people)'
E ectric power consumpt on per capita (kWh)'
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)'
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)'
Sustaritnable Managemern of the Natural Resource Base
Potentially arable and/ rural population (hal
Freshwater withdrawals for agr./ agr GDP (cm/ m, lion $)
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (5/7 of tota)
Annua detorestation 1990-95 (% change)
Cropland' potentially (non-marg nal) arable land (%)
Irrigated land as 57 cropland
Cultivated land with conservation technologies (57)
Policy ard firstittiornal Framework
Fiscal decentralization (share of loca govt. expenditure)
No of farmers organizations/ no of community groups
Loca govt spending/ central govt spending
Local tax revenue/ local govt spending
169
Panama
1980 1990 1998
Population (mi ions) 2.0 2.4 2.8
GDP ($ millions) 3810 5,313 9,144
GNP per capita. Atlas method (US $) 1,620 2,210 2.990
Rural population ( 1 of total) 50 46 44
Life expectancy 70 72 74
Surface area (1,000 sq km) 76 76 76
Population below the poverty line (% rural) 65
Morta ity rate, infant (per 1,000 live binths) 32 26 21
Safe water, rura (% of rural population with access) 66 73
Sanitation. rural (1 of rural population with access) 68 81
School enrollment. primary (1 gross)* 107 106 106
School enrollment, primary, male (%gross)* 108 t0o
Schoo enrollment, primary. female (1/6 gross)' 105 104
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)' 2.270 2,350 Z.480
Malnutriton prevalence (h of children under 5)' 16 6
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of fema e 15-24)' a 5 4
Illiteracy rate, adult femaie (% of female 15<)* 16 12 9
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-9B) 2.1
Agr GDP, agr. worker as 16 of total GDP/ worker 30 36 33
Agr. GDP" agr. worker annual growth (1980-98) 0.8
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr.. female (% of tota labor force) 6 4 3
Employees. services. female (% of total labor force) 81 86 86
Non-agr. GDP non-agr. worker (Speople) 7,173 7,011 9,415
Cereal yeld (kilograms per hectare) 1,539 1,867 1,875
Food production index (1989-91 I100) 84 103 96
Livestock production index (1989-91 =100) 71 101 119
Agr. exports as percent of agr value added 58.4 62 8 55 1
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural househo d
Gross domestic savings ($ mi lions)' 1,162 1.139 2 147
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($)
Rura abor force (% of total abor force) 29 26 21
Labor force, female (% of total labor force) 30 32 35
Food prce index (1995=1 00) 73 92 102
1i1rri et of ACCSSiMili l: 011m11nIciiadon
Roads. normalized index' 115
Roads paved (%)* 32 28
Telephone mainl nes (per 1.000 people)* 65 93 151
Radios (per 1,000 people)' 154 232 299
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)* 828 883 1152
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)* 56 98 62
Number of post otfices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)' . 2 3
Sustalnaba iManaiem.nt of tha Natu! Resourel Base
Potentially arable and/ rural popueal on (ha) 0 8
Freshwater withdrawa s for agr. agr GDP (cm m lion $) 12 6
Freshwater withdrawas for agr. % of totals 77
Anrual deforestation 1990-95 16 change) 2 1
Cropland, potent ally (non-margina) arab e and (16 .) 65
Irr gated land as % cropland 5.0 4.7 4.9
Cultivated tand with consemation technolog es (16)
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt. expend ture)
No. of farmers organizations/ no. of community groups
Loca govt, spend ng central govt spending
Local tax renxnue/ local govt spending
170
PaDua New Guinea
1980 1990 1998
Population (millions) 3.1 3.8 46
GDP ($ millions) 2,548 3,221 3,746
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) 810 880 890
Rural population (% of total) 87 85 83
Life expectancy 51 55 58
Surface area (1,000 sq. km) 463 463 463
Rab' '
Population below the poverty line (% rural)
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 78 83 59
Safe water, rural I% of rural population with access) .. .. 17
Sanitation, rural (% of rural population with access) .. .. t1
School enrollment, primary I% gross)* 59 72 80
School enrollment. primary, male (% gross)* 66 78 87
School enrollment, primary, female (% gross)* 51 66 74
Per capita dietary energy suppiy (calories)' 2,160 2,210 2,320
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children under 5)* .. . 30
Youth illiteracy rate, ()'o of female 15-24)* 47 38 30
Illiteracy rate, adult female (% of female 15+)' 61 52 45
IrnpVuenit W RedtomM . . :
Agr. GDP (value aWded), annual growth (1980-98) 2.4
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker as % of total GDP/ worker 40 37 32
Agr. GDPi agr. worker, annual growth (I1980-98) 0.7
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr., female (% of total labor force) 92 89
Employees, services, female (% of total labor force) 6 8
Non-agr. GDP/ non-agr worker ($/people) 6,382 5,851 5,055
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 2,364 2,395 4.170
Food production index (1989-91 = 100) 87 100 112
Livestock production index (1989-91 = 100) 85 101 133
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added 30.2 23.5 34.9
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ millions)* 384 519 1,059
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force) 82 79 75
Labor force, female (% of totai labor force) 42 41 42
Food price index (1995=100) 44 73 114
Roads, normalized index . .. 26
Roads paved (%)* , 3 4
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)' 8 8 11
Radios (per 1,000 people)* 58 74 97
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)'
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)* 9 13 15
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)*
Potentially arable land! rural population (ha) 1.2
Freshwater withdrawals for agr.J agr. GDP (cm/ million $) 1 3
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total) .. .. 49
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change) 0.4
Cropland/ potentially (non-marginal) arable land (%) 15
Irrigated land as % cropland
Cultivated land with conservation technologies (%/6)
Pflfcyand litntff .m, - :
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organizations/ no. of community groups
Local govt spending/ central govt. spending
Local tax revenue/ local govt. spending
171
Paraquav
1980 1990 1998
Population (mill ons) 3.1 4.2 5.2
GDP ($ millions) 4,579 5,265 8,608
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) 1,460 1,190 1,760
Rural population of total) 58 51 45
Life expectancy 67 68 70
Surface area (1 000 sq. km) 407 407 407
Population below the poverty lne 1% rural) . 29
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live biohs) 50 31 24
Safe water, rural I% of rural population w th access) 7 6
Sanitation, rural (y of rural population with access) 44
School enrollment, pr mary (% gross)* 106 105 ItI
School enrollment, primary, male (% gross) 109 107 112
School enrollment, primary, female ()%. gross)* 102 104 109
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)' 2,550 2,450 2,510
Malnutrition prevalence (% of ch Idren under 5)' ,. 4
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female 15 24)' 7 5 3
Illiteracy rate, adult female I% of female 15+)- 18 12 9
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98) 33
Agr. GDP' agr. worker as % of total GDP/ worker 64 71 71
Agr. GDP agr. worker, annual growth (1980-98) 1.6
Rural non-farm employment
Employees. agr., female (% of total labor force) 9 1 1
Employees, senvices, femame a% of total labor force) 70 84 87
Non-agr GDP/ nonagr. worker ($people) 5,155 4,062 5,103
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 1,508 1,836 2,038
Food production index (1989-91 = 100) 59 102 124
Livestock production index (1989-91 = 100) 62 99 118
Davtloporanit of Marketsij iA.i. t' iiiddljt'l';iii 'iii ij
Agr. exports as percent of agr value added 19.4 55.1 33.2
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to f inance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ millions)' 836 858 1,427
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force (% ot total labor force) 45 39 35
Labor force, female (% of total labor force) 27 28 30
Foodppnceindex(t995-=OO) 5 45 123
kqXrovemnnt of Accesalbltti and Uoimimtl.iiof
Roads. norma ized indexa
Roads paved (%)* , 9 10
Te ephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)' 16 27 55
Radios (per 1,000 people)' 112 173 182
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)n 245 470 759
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)' 51 39 43
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1.000 people)*
Potentially arabie and/ rural population (ha) . .. 3.6
Freshwater withdrawals for agr.i agr GDP (cm/ million $) . 3.9
Freshwater withdrawa s for agr. (% of total) 78
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change) 2 6
Croplando potentially (non-marginal) arabae and (O) . 27
Irrigated land as % cropland 3.5 3.0 2,9
Cultivated and with consenation technologies (%)
Fiscal decentralization (share of ocac govt. expenditure)
No of farmers organizations/ no of community groups
Local govt. spending' central govt spend ng
Local tax revenue/ local govt. spending
172
Peru
1980 1990 1998
Population (millions) 173 2' 6 248
GOP ($ millions) 20,661 32,802 62.745
GNP per capita, AUas method (US 3) 1,050 1.000 2,440
Rural population (% ot total) 35 31 28
Lie aexpectancy 60 66 69
Surface area I 000 sq em) 1.285 1 250 1,285
Ruiat *0i*-
Population below tlhe poverty line 1% rural) 608 51
Mortalty rate, infant iper 1 000 live births) 81 54 40
Safe waler. rural (% ot rural population with access) 22 24
San tation. rar l1% o) rural population muth accessl '516 '
School enrollment. pr'mary i% gross)' 14 119 f23
School enrolment. primary, male 0-% gross)* 117 119 125
School enrollment primary, femrale (0- gross' 111t 116 121
Per capita d.etary energy supply (caloresl' 2 200 2,038 2,200
Malnutrition pre,alence 1% uf children unrec 5).. 17 8
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of tenmale 1-24)' 13 8 5
Illiteracy rate, adult female (l%of female 15')' 29 21 16
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth i1980-98) 2 7
Agr. GDPt agr. worver as - of total GDP. worker 25 20 23
Agr GDP.agr. worker, annual growth l198098) 1.?
Rural non farm employment
Employees, agr f emale ('-cl total laoor force) 25 0 5
Employees, services female (% Of total labor force) 61 84 63
Nonr-agr. GDP, non-agr. worker ($/people) 5.735 6,451 9.240
Cereal yieid (kilograrns per hectarcl t.818 2,601 2.766
Foox produrtion index (1989 91 = 100) 74 96 144
Livesfock production index 1989-91 100) 76 100 137
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added 10.4 10.1 16 7
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per riral household
Gross domestic savings iS millions)' 6,611 7.070 12,266
Agr. wage per agr. worker 1$1 . . ..
Rural labor force r% of total labor force) 40 36 32
Labor force. female (% of total labor force) 24 28 31
Food price index (1995=1001 0 7 t21
h4V0flt of A=ft8Withtjii0d .c mtml-
Roads, normalized index' . 43
Roads paved 1%)' 10 13
Telephone mainlines (per 1.000 peoPe)' 7 25 67
Radios (per 1,000 people)' 159 252 2T73
Electric power consumption per capta (Whr)' 502 491 607
Daily newspapeps lper 1,000 people)' 0 0
Number of post offices (ruralh
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)'
-t%WWWM oVOtheKof aNtiSl Base, ' :
Potentially arable landi rural pooulation (as; 2 0
Freshwater withdrawals for agr., agr. GDP 1cm. milor I 26.1
Freshwater withdrawals for agr (- of total) -2
Annual detorestation 1990-95 (% chargel G.3
Cropland, potenrially non-marganall arable land i1.) . . 29
lrrngated land as °% cropland 32 7 38.2 41.9
CUelated land with conservalion technologies (-,).
Fiscal decentralizabon (share of local govt. experditure)
No. of farmers organzations' no. of commmnity gro.tps
Local govt. spending/ central govt. spendirg
Local tax resverre local gout. spencing
173
PhiliDDines
1980 1990 1998
Population (millions) 48.3 62.6 75.2
GDP (S millions) 32,50D 44,331 65,107
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) 690 730 1,050
Rural population (% of total) 63 51 43
Life expectancy 61 65 69
Surface ares (1,3000 q00
Population below the poverty line (% rural) .. 71
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 52 37 32
Safe water, rural I% of rural population with access) . 77 81
Sanitation, rural (% of rural population with access) .. 67 64
School enrollment, primary (% gross)* 112 111 117
School enroliment, primary, male (%gross)* 114 113 115
School enrollment, prmary, female (% gross)* 110 109 113
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)* 2,220 2,350 2,380
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children under 5)' 33 34 30
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female 15-24)' 5 3 1
Illiteracy rate, adult temale (% of female 15+)* 12 8 5
| :r%,,r'. 1j ig
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98) 1.4
Agr. GDP! agr. worker as % of total GDP/ worker 48 48 41
Agr. GDP! agr. worker, annual growth (1980-98) 0.1
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr., female (% of total labor force) 37 31 28
Employees, services, female (% of total labor force) 48 56 59
Non-agr. GDP/ non-agr. worker ($/people) 2,706 2,638 3,001
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 1.606 2,065 2,545
Food production index (1989-91 = 100) 87 104 125
Livestock production index (1989-91 =100) 74 102 169
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added 18.1 12.7 11.7
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ millions)* 7,861 8,149 10,599
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force) 52 46 41
Labor force, female I% of total labor force) 35 37 38
Food price index (1995=1 00) 18 65 121
Roads, normalized index' .. .. 83
Roads paved ()O)' . 0 20
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)* 9 10 37
Radios (per 1,000 people)* 43 142 159
Electric power consumption per capita (kwh)' 353 336 432
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)' 41 54 79
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)* 4 6 13
Potentially arable land! rural population (ha) . . 1
Freshwater withdrawals for agr./ agr. GDP (cml million $) 74.9
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total) .. .. 61
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change) 3.5
Cropland/ potentially (non-marginal) arable land (%) . .. 202
Irrigated land as %cropland 14.0 17.0 16.3
Cultivated land with conservation technologies (%) .
Fiscal decentralizahon (shame of local govt. expenditure) ..
No. of farmers organizations/ no. of community groups ..
Local govt. spending/ central govt. spending
Local tax revenue/ local govt. spending
174
Poland
1980 1990 1998
Population (mililons) 35 6 38.1 38.7
GDP ($ millions) 56789 61,197 158,574
GNP per capita. Aflas method (US $1 1.490 1,770 3,910
Rural populat on (% of total) 42 38 35
Life expectancy 70 71 73
Surface area (1.000 sq. km) 323 323 323
Rural Well-beitng
Population below the poverty line (% rural)
Mortal ty rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 26 19 10
Safe water, rura (% of rural population w th access)
Sanitation. rural (%4 of rural population with access) 100
School enrol ment, primary I% grossl' 100 98 96
School enrollment, primary, male I4 gross)' 100 99 97
School enrollment, primary, female (% gross)' 99 98 96
Per capita dietary energy supply (ca oriesE' 3,520 3,370 3.330
Malnutrition preva ence (% of children under 5)'
Youth illiteracy rate. (% of female 15-24)* 0 0 0
Illiteracy rate, adult female (%4 of female 15+)' 1 1 0
Improvertunt In the Rural Economy
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth f1980-98) -0 9
Agr GDP,' agr. worker as 24 of total GDP/ worker , 29 21
Agr. GDP! agr. worker annual growth (1980-98) 0.5
RLiral non-farm employment
Employees, agr , female (1% of total labor force) .. . 20
Employees. services, female I% of total labor force) . . 59
Non-agr GDP/ non-agr. worker iS$people) . 4,146 9,020
Cereal yield (k lograms per hectare) 2,337 3,284 3,038
Food production index I 1 989-91 = 1 00) 85 102 92
Livestock production ndex (1989-91 = 100) 102 103 87
QevelopMentof Mwiketes
Agr exports as percent of agr value added 33.4 45 0
Percent of agr production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural househo d
Gross domestic savings f$ ml ons)' r3,321 19,318 33,729
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($) -
Rural labor force 1% of total labor force) 30 27 23
Labor force, female (/% of total labor force) 45 46 46
Food price ndex (1995=100) 0 22 147
Improvemen of AccessIbIllty and Conmunicaton
Roads, normalized index' 118
Roads paved R/o' 62 66
Telephone mainlnes (per 1,000 peop e)' 55 86 228
Radios (per 1,000 people)' 299 433 523
Electric power consumpt on per capita (kW1h)* 2,352 2,525 2,451
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)' 236 128 113
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1.000 people)' 36 42
SuatalabSe Management of th Natural ResourWe Saw
Potentially arable land' rural population (ha) 1 1.3
Freshwater withdrawals for agr.i agr. GDP (cm; miilion $) 0 9
Freshwater withdrawals for agr ()f' of total) . 11
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% changei -0 1
Croplandi potentially (non-marginal) arab e land lol .. 83
Irrigated land as 2 cropland 0 7 0 7 0.7
Cuitivated land with conservation technologies (4).
Potty andi ilns oral Frnewotk
Fisca decentralizat on (share of local govt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organ zationsa no of community groups
Local govt. spending' central govt. spending
Local tax revenue/ ocal govt. spending
175
Portuaal
1980 1990 1998
Populaton (millions) 9.8 9.9 10.0
GOP <$ miltions) 28,730 69,132 106,697
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) 2,910 6,240 10,670
Rural population ('a of total) 71 53 39
ife expectancy 71 74 75
Surface area (t,000 sq. km) 92 92 92
Rural iWefllbeing 00ti0:0
Population be ow the poverty line (% rural)
Mortality rate, infant oper r 000 live births) 24 ri 8
Saoe water, rural (% of rural population with access)
Sanitatiorn. rural `% of riral populat on with access) . 100
Scrool enro ment prmary (%gross)-' 23 123 128
School enro Iment, primary, male (% gross)' 124 126 131
School enrollment, primary, female (% gross)' 123 120 124
Per cap ta dietary energy supply (caories!* 29830 3,480 3,620
Malnutrilion prevalence (% of ch Idren under 5)'
Youth illiteracy rate. (% of female 15 24)' 2 0 0
Illteracy rale, adult temale (% of temale 1 5)a 23 16 11
IMprovement in Ibe RurAl tit6nom
Agr. GDP (value added) annual growth (1980 98) 0.8
Agr GDP, agr worker as % of total GDP/ worker 36 26
Agr GDP agr. worker, annual growth (1 980 98) 43
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr . female (% of total labor force) 35 21 16
Employees, setvices, 'ema e (% of Iota labor force) 40 53 64
Non-agr GDP/ non-agr. worker ($/people) 16.380 24.076
Cerea yield (kilograms per hectare) 1,275 1,878 2.794
Food production index (t989-91 = 100) 71 100 93
Lvestock product on index (1989-91 = OO) 72 101 116
Agr exports as percent of agr. value added 21.0 32.2
Percent of agr. production sold n domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic sav ngs ($ mit ons)' 6,152 14,741 17,081
Agr wage per agr. worker (S)
Rural labor force (% ,of total labor forcer 26 18 14
Labor force, female (% of total labor force) 39 43 44
Food price ndex( I995-100) 16 76 107
Inp f r Aoef OfessOiblfty And Comrnunic tlorr
Roads, norma ized ndex' 70
Roads payed (%) 86
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)' 107 243 413
Radios (per t000 people)' 179 228 304
Electric power consumption per capita (kVVh)' 1,469 2,379 3,206
Dai y newspapers (per 1.000 people)' 49 45 75
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)' 5 78
Sustainale Ma "agmen Alhthe Ata Res6oure Bass
Potentially arable land/ rural population (ha) 023
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. agr. GDP (cm mlJ ion $) 35
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total) 48
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change) e09
Crop and! potent a ly (non-marginal) arable land). 183
Irrigated land as % crop and 20.t r9 9 21.8
Cultivated land w th conservation technolog es (%)
Fiscal decentralization (share of loca goat expenditure)
No. of farmers organizations, no. of commun ty groups
Loca govt. spending/ centra govt spending
Loca tax revenuei ocal gova. spending
176
Puerto Rico
1980 1990 1998
Populabon (n illionsl 3.2 3.5 3 9
GDP ($ millions) 14,436 30.604 42,364
GNP per capita. Atlas method (US $) 3,720 6,150 6,960
Rural population (% of total) 33 29 26
Life expectancy 74 75 76
Surface area (1,000 sq. km) 9 9 9
RuraIW*bohlng
Population below the poverty line I% rural) .. .
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 19 14 10
Safe water, rural I% of rural population with access) . .
Sanitation, rural (% of rural populab on winh access) .. .
Schoo enrollment, primary (% gross)* 93 . .
Schoo enroliment. primary male (% gross)*
Schoo enrollment, primary. female (% gross)'
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)'
Malnutrition prevalence )% of children under 5)' .. .. -
Youth illiteracy rate, ()/% of lemale 15-24)* 4 3 2
illiteracy rate. adult female (% of female 15+)' 12 9 7
ptrovemeat lt fthe kumla Eoorfti
Agr GDP (value added), annual growfh (6 980-98)
Agr GDP/ agr worker as % of total GDP/ worker 45 33 32
Agr GDRP agr. worker, annual growt (i1980-98)
Rural non-farm employment .. -.
Employees, agr, female 1% of total lator force) 1 1 0
Employees. services, temale (% of total labor force) 70 79 84
Non-agr. GDP. non-agr. worker $/peopre) 14,734 25,875 2S.476
Cereal yield )kdiograms per hectare) 8,561 4 909 4,000
Food production index (1989-91 = 10) 97 98 82
Livestock production index (1989-91 = tOO) 88 100 88
Dweoepment of Maid.ts
Agr exports as percent of agr alue adderl . ..
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ millions)' 1,399 5,315
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor torce I% of total labor force) 6 4 3
Labor force, female (% of total labor force) 32 34 37
Food price index (1995=100) 51 72 134
improvremflt of AoCsib8y ad omunWation
Roads, normalized ndex* .. .. -
Roads paved (%)' 100 100
Telephone mainlines (per t,000 people)' 129 279 351
Radios (per 1.000 people)* 624 711 753
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)'
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)* 160 129 126
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1.000 people)'
SUWtaIabIe,Vnag.ntent oflhe O attrg Ruo#es l
Potentially arable land/ rural population (ha) . 0.1
Freshwater withdrawals for agr./ agr. GDP (cm/ million $)
Fresnwater wthdrawals for agr. (% of total)
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change) 0.9
Cropland! potentially (non-marginal) arable land (%) . .. 70
Irrigated land as %cropland 39.0 39.0 51.3
Cuftvated lane with conseNvation technologies 1°)
f7licy and Itfituftfal FramBewori
Fiscal decentralization (share of loca govt expenditure)
No. of farmers organizations' no of community groups
Loca govt spending/ centra govt spending
Local tax revenue' local govt spending
177
Qatar
V, i;Ł I . ,: MEW- Ilt '^:4,
19&0 1990 1998
Population (millions) 0.2 0.5 0.7
GDP ($ m llions) 7,829 7,360 9,243
GNPpercapita. Atlas method (US$) 33,420 15,310 12000
Rural population (% of total) 14 t 0 8
Life expectancy 67 72 74
Surface area (1 .OOO sq. km) 1 1 1 1 1 1
h8S1 ,tj W*I l.f;(.0trtY <..0:;;f 0g5.0˘ j0-bdng;Si2;i 00:til0ifii$0; t0;tfi
Population below the poverty line (/ rural)
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live birnhs) 41 21 18
Safe water, rural (% of rural populat on with access) 50 100 100
Sanitation, rura (% of rural population with access) .. t00 100
School enrol ment, primary (% gross)* 105 97 86
School enroliment, primary, male (%0 gross)+ 107 101 87
School enrol ment, primary, female (% gross)' 102 94 86
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)u
Malnutrition prevalence 1% of children under 5)* 6
Youth illiteracy rate, (%/ou female 15-24)' 15 7 4
Illiteracy rate, adult female (% of female t5+)' 35 24 18
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98)
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker as % of total GDP/ worker
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker, annual growth (t 980 98)
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr., female (1/0 of total labor force) 0 0
Employees, services, female I% of total labor force) 100 97
Non-agr. GDP! non-agr. worker (Speople)
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 2,623 2,897 3,4t 3
Food production index (1989-91 = 100) 36 95 179
Livestock production index (1989-91 = 100) 34 102 140
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ millions)*
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force) 3 3 2
Labor force, female (% of total lasor force) 7 11 1 4
Food price index (1995=1O)
Roads. normalized index'
Roads paved (%)* . 86 90
Telephone mainlires (per 1,000 people)' 134 190 260
Radios (per 1t000 people)* 393 425 450
Electric power consumption per capita (kVW)' 9,489 9.399 8.959
Daily newspapers (per 1.000 people)' 131 165 130
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)'
S.a -naJet4w b7 W'utun of th'e thwu Xe.vc iiifiinet00i i
Potentially arable land/ rural population (ha)
Freshwater withdrawals for agr./ agr. GDP (cm/ million $)
Freshwater withdrawals tor agr. (% of total)
Annual deforestaticn 1990-95 (% change)
Cropland, potent al y (non-marginal) arable land iO)
Irrigated land as % cropland 60.0 54.5 76.5
Cultivated land with conservation technologies (5)
Fiscal decentralication (share ot local goat. expenditure)
No. of farmers organizations/ no. of community groups
Loca govt. spending centra govt spending
Local tax revenue/ local govt. spending
178
Romania
1980 1990 1998
Populat on I milions) 22 2 23 2 22 5
GDP ($ miilions) 38,299 38.158
GNP per capita. Atlas method (US $) . ,720 1,360
Rural population fIt of total) 51 46 44
Life expectancy 69 70 69
Surface area (1,000 sq. km) 238 238 238
Rurat Wellbeting
Population below the poverty line (% rural) . 28
Mortality rate, infant (per 1t000 live births) 29 27 21
Safe water, rural (It of rural population with access) . 10
Sanitatian, rural (It of rural popu ation with access) . . 3
School enrollment pnmary (It gross)y 104 91 104
School enrollment prrmary. male f(%gross)' 104 91 104
School enro lment. pr mary, female (It gross)' 103 91 103
Per capita dietary energy sjpply(calonesi* 3,340 3,160 3,170
Malnutrition prevalence I% of children under 5)' .. 6
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of fema e 15-24P' 1 1 0
Iliteracy rate, adult female (It of female 15-)* 7 5 3
Improvennt In fhe Rural Economy
Agr GDP (value added). annual growth (1980-98) 0.8
Agr. GDP! agr. worker as % of total GDP' worker 78 91
Agr. GDP/ agr worker, annual growth (I 980-98) 54
Rura non-farm employment
Employees. agr., female (% of total labor force) 34 43
Employees, services female (% of total labor force) . 29 33
Non-agr. GDP,n on-agr. worker ($fpeoplef . 3.851 3,617
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 2,994 3.011 2,631
Food production ndex (1989-91 = 100) 109 95 95
Lvestock production index 11989-91 = 100) 107 100 87
Devept,lmen of Markets
Agr exports as percent of agr. value added 1.2 9 9
Percent of agr production sold In domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ mU ions)' 7,964 3,508
Agr wage per agr worker ($)
Rural abor force (It of total labor force) 35 24 17
Labor force, female (% of total labor force) 46 44 44
Food price index (1995=100) 1 1 509
kImvmenlft of Accesatblflty emn Comnwrtatilon
Roads, normalized index' . . 82
Roads paved (0/)' - 51 68
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)' 73 102 162
Radios (per 1,900 peop e)' 252 286 319
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)' 2,434 2,337 1.704
Daly newspapers (per 1,000 people)' 181 271 300
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)' 13 15
Suslairable Management of the atur2d Rlesource Orse
Potentially arable land/ rural population (hal 09
Freshwater w thdrawals for agr / agr. GDP (cm/ million $) 44.0
Freshwater withdrawals for agr (% of total) 59
Annuai deforestation 1990-95 (It change) 0.0
Cropland/ potent al y (non-marginal) arable land (It) . .. 118
Irrigated land as % cropland 21.9 31.0 312
Cultivated land with conservaton technologies (%)
Pdicy and Inatttutkonta Franeworkt
Fiscal decentralization (share of loca govt expenditure)
No of farmers organizations/ no of community groups
Local govt. spend ng/ centra govt spending
Local tax revenue; oca govt spending
179
Russian Federation
1980 1990 1998
Population (millions) 139.0 148.3 146.9
GDP ($ millions) . 579.068 276,611
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) .. 3,830 2,260
Rural population (% of totas) 30 26 23
Life expectancy 67 69 67
Surface area)(1,000sq. km) . 17,075 17,075
Population below the poverty line I% rural)
Mortality rate, infant (per t 000 live births) 22 17 17
Safe water, rural (% at ruran populatron with access) . .
Sanitation, rural (% of rural population with access)
Schoo enrollment, primary (% gross)* 102 109 107
School enrollment, prmary, male (%gross)* 102 109 108
School enrolment, primary, female (%gross)* 102 109 107
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)* 2,990
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children under 5)' . 3
Youth lliteracy rate, (% of female 15-24)7 0 0 0
Illiteracy rate, adult female (% of female 15+,) 2 1 1
Agr. GDP (value added). annual growth (1980-98)
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker as % of total GDP/ worker 56 61
Agr. GDPi agr. worker, annual growth (1980-98)
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr., female (% of total labor force) 13
Employees, services, female (% of total labor force) 50
Non-agr. GDP/ non-agr worker ($/people) . 6,053 3,699
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) .. 1,739 948
Food production index (1989-91 1 t 00) .. 88 59
Livestock production index (1989-91 = 100) .. 80 52
Agr. exports as percent of agr value added 3.0 4.8
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ millions)' 175,730 58,693
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural lasor force (% of total labor force) . 13 11
Lasor force, femaJe (% of total labor force) 49 48 49
Food price index (1995=100) . 0 195
Roads, normalized index'
Roads paved ( -- 74
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)' 70 140 197
Radios (per 1,000 people)* .. 372 418
Electric power consumption per capita (kWlh) 4 706 5,821 3,981
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)' . 502 105
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)
sw *e taow *i Twf R t Ps tettt,.t,,
Potentially arable and/ rural population (ha) 4.8
Freshwater withdrawals for agr./ agr. GDP (cnv million $) 5.5
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (%/o of total) . . 23
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change) 00
Croplandi potentially (non-marginal) arable land ('A) . . 79
Irrigated land as % cropland .. 4 1 3.9
Cultivated land with conservation technologies (
Fiscal decentralizat on (share of local govt. expend ture)
No. of farmers organizationsi no of community groups
Local govt. spending/ central govt. spending
Local tax revenue/ loca govt. spend ng
180
Rwanda
1980 1990 1998
Population (millions) 5.2 7.0 81
GDP ($ millions) 1.163 2,584 2,024
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) 250 370 230
Rural population (% of total) 95 95 94
Life expectancy 46 40 41
Surface area (1,000 sq. km) 26 26 26
Popuiation below the poverty ine (% rural)
Mortality rate, Infant (per 1,000 live births) 128 132 123
Sate water, rural (% of rural population with access) .. .. 44
Sanitation, rural (% of rural population win access)
School enrollment, primary (% gross)' 63 70
School enrollment, primary, male (% gross)' 66 70
School enrollment, primary, female (% gross)' 60 69
Per capita dietary energy supply Icalories)'
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children under 5)* 29
Youth illiteracy rate, 1° of female t5-24)' 51 33 21
Illiteracy rate, adult female )°% of female 15+)* 71 56 43
Agr GDP (value addedl, annual growth (1980-98) -2.1
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker as % of total GDP/ worker 49 35 49
Agr. GDPi agr. worker. annual growth (1980 98) -2 6
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr., female (% of total labor lorce) 98 98
Employees, services. female (% of total labor force) 1 2
Non-agr GDR' non-agr. worker ($,peoplel 3.298 5,792 3.451
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 1,212 1.244 1,177
Food prodution index (1 989-91 = 100) 88 tO0 82
Livestock production index (19989-91 = 100) 83 99 98
OwMopmljfflit j;
Fiscal decertralization (snare of local govt. expenditure)
No of farmers organizationse no. of community groups
Local govt. spending/ central govt spending
Local tax revenue/ local govt. spending
188
Slovak Republic
1980 1990 1998
Population (milions) 5.0 5.3 5 4
GDP ($ milions) .. 15.485 20.362
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) . 3,340 3.700
Rural population (% of total) 48 44 43
Lde expectancy 70 71 73
Surface area (1,000 sq. km) . . 49
RSattWA4Wh
Population be ow the poverty I ne (% rural)
Mortality rate, nfant (per 1.000 live births) 21 12 9
Safe water, rural (% of rural populaoton with ao^ess) . ..
Sanitation, rural (% of rural population with access)
School enrollment, primary (%gross)* .. 101 102
School enrollment. primary, male (%gross)' . 101 102
School enrollment, primary, female (%gross)' 101 102
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories) . .. 2.970
Malnutrition preva ence (% of children under 5)'
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female 15-24)*
Illiteracy rate. adult female (% of female 15+).
Ittrve?t In the fti,r EcotR ow
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growlh (1 980-98) -1.9
Agr. GDP/ agr worker as % of totat GDP/ worker
Agr. GDP! agr. worker, annual growth (1980-98)
Rural non-farm employment ..
Employees. agr, female (% of total labor force) 13 9 6
Employees, services, female (% of total labor torce) 54 60 67
Non-agr. GDP! non-agr. worker I$Speop e)
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) .. 4,225
Food producton inde 11989-91 = 100) . 73
Livestock production index (1989-91 = 100) 718,314
Df_ehmerolntof Matrkel
Agr. exports as percent of agr value added
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ millions)* 3,749 5.750
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural abor force (% of total labor force)
Labor force, female (% of total labor force) 45 48 48
Food price index (1995=100) 0 38 116
brrovemtW of Accseoa Oand Oomotu Woln
Roads, normalized index'
Roads paved (%) . 99 99
Telephone mainlines (per 1.000 people)* 94 135 286
Radics (per 1, 000 people) . 485 580
Electric power consumpt on per cap ta (kWh)' 3.817 4,432 4,243
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)* . 246 195
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)* .. 61 15
sube,Men.g enet of the ,Nin ROMrl Bamse-
Potentially arable land/ rural population (ha) 06
Freshwater withdrawals for agr.I agr. GDP (cm/ milion $)
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of tota)
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change) -0. 1
Cropland/ potentially (non-marginal) arable land 1%) . . 1. f6
Irrigated land as % cropland 11.8
Cultivated land with conservation technologies (%)
Poiy and lt*Ittoft Fr8me rfkt
Fiscal decentralization (share of locat govt. expenditure)
No of farmers organizations no. of community groups
Local govt spending/ central govt. spending
Local tax revenue' local govt. spending
189
Slovenia
1980 1990 1998
Population (mi ions) 1.9 2.0 2.0
GDP ($ millions) 12673 19,524
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) - 9,780
Rural population (% of total) 52 50 50
Life expectancy 70 73 75
Surface area (1.000 sq. km) . 20 20
Population below the poverty ne (t rurar)
Mortality rate, irtant ˘per 1,000 live blit's 15 a 5
Safe water. rural (% of rural population with access) 97
Sanitation rural of rural population with accessi 80 95
Schoo enrollment, primary (% gross)' 98 t08 98
SchooI enrolment, primary, male (°/ gross)' 102 98
School enrol ment, primary, female (%gross)' 101 98
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)' 3,230
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children under 5)'
Youth iliteracy rate, (% of female 15-24)' 0 0 0
Illiteracy rate, adut female (% of female t15)' I 1 0
Iri29vwwn fi0ie thei R t* i on) i;
Agr GDP tvalue added), annuaJ growth (1980-98!
Agr. GDP agr. worker as ,01 of tota GDPi worker -. f05 t 4t
Agr. GDP agr. worker, annual growth (1980-98)
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr., female (°, of totsa labor force) 17 6 t 3
Employees, services, female (% of total labor force) 46 55 57
Non-agr. GDP/ non agr. worker ($/people) 12,593 18,926
Cereal yield (ilograms per hectare) . 3.609 5,802
Food producton index (1989 91 = 100) 77 97
Livestock production Index (1 989 91 I 100) 77 97
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added 73.5 51.7
Percent of agr production sold in domestic market
Aocess to finance system per rural household
Gross domest c sav ngs ($ m 11 ons)' 3.348 49636
Agr wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force) 5 2
Labor force. female (% of total labor force) 46 46 46
Food price index (t995 O00) 9 129
Roads, normalized index' .. 95
Roads paved (%)' 72 91
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)' . 211 375
Radios (per 1,000 people)' 263 350 406
Electr c power consumption per cap ta (kWh)' 4.089 4,875 4.955
Da y newspapers (per 1,000 people)' 152 199
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1.000 people)' 8 4
Potentially arable and/ rural population (ha) 0.5
Freshwater withdrawals for agri agr. GDP (cm! mi lion $)
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total)
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change) 0 0
Cropiandi potentialiy (non margina ) arable land (%) 65
Irr gated land as % cropland 0.7 0 7
Cultivated land with conservation technologies
Fiscal decentraiization (share of local govt expenditure)
No of farmers organizations/ no of community groups
Loca govt. spend ngi central govt. spending
Loca tax revenuei oca govt spend ng
190
Solomon Islands
1980 1990 1998
Popu at on (mil ons) 0 2 03 04
GDP ($ mi ions) 116 211 301
GNP per capita Atlas method (US 0) 440 720 760
Rura popu at on (% ot tota) 90 85 81
Life expectancy 65 69 71
Surface area (1,000 sq kin) 29 29 29
Rutal Wail-beitg
Population below the poverty line 1% rural)
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 42 29 22
Safe water, rural (o of rural populaton with access) 62
San tation, rura (% of rura population with access)
School enro Iment. pr mary (% gross)* 76 85 97
School enrollment. primary, male %o grossj- 85 91 103
School enrollment, primary, female (Os gross) 65 78 89
Per capita dietary energy supply (calor es)* 2 230 2 t 40 2,130
Malnutrition prevalence 1% of children under 5)9 21
Youth illiteracy rate, (%O of fema e 15-24U
Illiteracy rate, adult femae (%Oof female 15-7
Improvement In the Rural Econormy
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98)
Agr. GDP/ agr worker as °O of total GDP/ worker
Agr GDPi agr worker annual growth (t980-98)
Rural non-farm employment
Employees. agr.. female (%O of tote labor torce)
Employees, services, female f% ot tota labor force)
Non-agr GDP/ non-agr worker ($/people)
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 3,685
Food production index 1989-9t = tO0) 96 97 121
Livestock producton Index (1989-91 = 1001 tO6 99 tO6
Development of Markets
Agr exports as percent of agr value added
Percent of agr producOion sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rura household
Gross domestic savings ($ millions) 8 6
Agr wage per agr worker ($)
Rural abor force (%O of total labor force) 79 76 74
Labor force, female (/O of total labor force) 47 47 47
Food price index (1995=100)
twremwnt of Acceatibilily ano Communication
Roads, normalized Indexs
Roads paved (%s)' 2 3
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)' 6 14 19
Rados(perl1,OOpeoplel' 88 119 141
Electric power consumptior per capita (kWh)'
Daily newspapers (per 1 000 people)*
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 peopleE
Sustainable Management of the Natrat Resouce Base
Potent a ly arab e and/ rural population (ha) . 0 1
Freshwater withdrawals for agr; agr. GDP (cm/, mNi ion $) . 0.0
Freshwater withdrawals for agr (9 of total) . 40
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (°s change)
Cropland, potential y (non-marginal) arable land ). 164
Irr gated land as % cropland
Cultivated land with conservaron technologies (%)
Policy and Institutional Framerwork
Fiscal decentralization (share of loca govt. expend ture)
No of farmers organizations/ no of community groups
Local govt spending/ centra govt spending
Local tax revenue/ ocal govt spending
191
Somalia
1980 1990 1998
Population (mi ionsf 5.9 7.8 9.1
GDP ($ milliors) 604 917
GNP per cap ta, At as method (US $) 110 120
Rural population (% of total) 78 76 73
Life expectancy 43 42 48
Surface area (1 .000 sq. kmi 638 638 638
Population below the poverty line I% rural)
Morta ify rate, infant (per I 000 live births) 145 152 r 21
Safe water, rural (% of rura population with access) 20
Sanitat on, rural (% of rural populat on w th access)
School enro Imenrt pr mary I% gross)' 22
School enollment. pfimaly. male .o gross)* 26
School enrollment pr mary, female (°, gross)' 15
Per capra d etary energy supply (calories'
Malnutrition prevalence (% of chi dren under 5P .
Youth ill teracy rate. (r of female 15 24)'
Illiteracy rate, adult fema e (% of female 1 5)'
Agr. GDP (va ue added) annual growth (I 980-98)
Agr GDP, agr worker as % of total GDP; worker 82 83
Agr. GDPR agr. worker, annual growth (1980-98)
Rural non-farm emp oyment
Employees, agr. female (% of total abor force) 90 87
Employees, services. female `rr of total abor force) 8 t t
Non-agr. GDP non-agr worker ($ipeople) 375 408
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 465 793 384
Food production idex (1 989 91 = t 00)
Livestock production noex (1989 91 = O)f
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added 492 12 8
Percent of agr. product on so d n domestic market
Access to finance system per rura household
Gross domestic savings ($ millions)' 78 114
Agr. wage per agr worker ($)
Rural labor force i% of tota labor force) 78 75 72
Labor force, fema e (1" of total labor force) 43 43 43
Food price index (99595- 00)
inipfrovememr of Accesibiift aSW CorI1nnatfon i;
Roads normalized index'
Roads paved I%' .. 1t 12
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)' 1 2 t
Radios (per t 000 people)* 17 37 46
Electr c power consumption per capita (kWh)'
Da y newspapers (per 1.000 people)" 1 1
NLimber of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)*
Su ;stainable Managemt of tihe atuofal Resouwirce Basl
Potentially arable lane rural populat on (ha) 0°0
Freshwater withdrawals for agr X agr GDP (cml million $)
Freshwater withdrawals for agr M of total, 97
Annual deforestation 1990095 (O/ change)
Croplandx potent al y (non marginal) arable and (% 1t575
Irrigated land as % cropland 12.5 17.3 18.9
Cultivated and with conservation technologies (%)
Policy andrilnsittfional PramwaOrk
Fiscal decentralization (shrare of ocal goot expenditure)
No of farmers organizations/ no of community groups
Local govt. spending/ central govt spend ng
Local tax revenue, local govt. spending
192
South Africa
1980 1990 1998
Population (mil ions) 27.6 352 41.4
GDP ($ millons) 80,544 111,997 133,461
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) 2,540 2,890 3,310
Rural population (% of tots) 52 51 47
Life expectancy 57 62 63
Surtace area (1,000 sq km) 1,221 1.221 1,221
Aural Watt-eing
Population below the poverty line (% rural)
Morality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 67 55 51
Safe water, rural I% of rural population with accessl
Sanitaton, rurar (%/, of rurai poputabon with access) .. 12
Schoo enrolment, primary (% gross)* 90 122 133
School enrollmem, prmary. male (%gross)' .. 123 135
School enrollment, primary, female (% gross)' .. 121 131
Per capita dietary energy supply (caloriesl 2.830 2,870 2,840
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children under 5)* .. .. 9
Youth tliteracy rate. (% of temale 15-24)' 15 12 9
11 iteracy rate, adult female (0ft of female 15+)* 25 20 16
brtveen fn the ArsifEomnonttr
Agr. GDP (va ue added). annual grownt (1980-98) 1.5
Agr GDP/ agr. worker as % of total GDP/ worker 34 31 35
Agr GDP/ agr worker. annua growth (1980-98) 21
Rjral non-farm employment
Employees, agr , female (% of total labor force) 16 10
Employees, sermices. female (f of total labor force) 68 76
Non-agr. GDPi non-agr worker ($peopel 8,678 9,172 8.933
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 2,019 1,880 2.166
Food production index (1989-91 = 1001 91 98 97
L vestock production index (1989-9r = 1001 90 101 94
Dewelopmntt of Makets
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added 45.8 40 7 44.6
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural housenold
Gross domestic savings I$ millions)* 25,294 19,690 22,495
Agr. wage per agr worker ($)
Rural labor force I% of totat sor iryn) 17 14 10
Labor force, female I% of total labor force) 35 37 38
Food price index (1995=100) 12 51 123
fmp"vremetof A lnd Comxu*Icon
Roads, normalized index' . .. 101
Roads paved (%)' .. 30 12
Telephone mainlines (per t ,000 people)' 55 87 115
Radios (per 1,000 people)' 271 303 317
Electric power oensumption per capita (kWh)' 3,213 3.676 3,800
Daly newspapers (per 1,000 people)' 51 38 32
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)* 7 8 7
&astatrtbeIe *b sme offt. litt f es
Potentially arable land! rural populattion (ha) 0.1
Freshwater withdrawals for agr./ agr, GDP (cmr million $) 72
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total) .. ,, 72
Annual deforestaion 1990-951% change) 02
Cropland/ potent ally lnon-marginal) arable land (0-I 547
Irrigated land as % cropland 8.5 9 0 78
Curlvated land with conservation technologies )%( .
Polc fndr ItltttitonPr F 1acwk
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt. expend ture)
No. of farmers organizations! no. of community groups
Loca govt. spending/ central govt spending
Local tax revenue. local govt. spending
193
SDain
1980 1990 1998
Popu at on (millions) 37.4 38.8 39.4
GDP($millions) 213,308 491.938 553,230
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) 5,740 11,220 14,100
Rural population (%of totau) 27 25 23
Life expectancy 76 77 78
Surface area (1,000 sq. km) 506 506 506
Population below the poverty line I% rural)
Mortality rate, infant (per 1.000 live births) 12 8 5
Safe water, rural I% of rural population with access)
Sanitation, rura (% of rural popu ation with access) 100
School enrollment, primary (%gross)* t09 109 107
School enrollment, primary, male (%gross)' 110 109 109
School enrollment, primary, female (% gross)' 109 108 109
Per capita dietary energy supply (loaories)' 3,080 3.330 3.360
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children under 5)'
Youth literacy rate, (% of female 15 24)' 1 0 0
Illiteracy rate, adult femate (%of female 15,)' 8 5 4
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth 11980-98) t 1
Agr. GDP, agr. worker as °7O of total GDP,' worker . 39 39
Agr. GDP/ agr worker, annual growth (1980-98) 2 7
Rural non-farm employment
Emp oyees, agr., female f% of tota lasor force) 18 10 6
Employees, serices. female (% of total labor force) 60 73 80
Non-agr. GDP' non agr worker (S'people) .. 33,365 36.485
Cereal yield (klograms per hectae) 2480 2 485 3,434
Food production index (1989-91 - 100) 87 103 109
Livestock production index (1989-91 100) 86 100 122
Agr exports as percent of agr. value added 34.3 74.4
Percent of agr. production so d in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Grossdomesticsavings($ millions)' 44.216 108.180 116.349
Agt. wage per agr. worker ($)
Rura labor force (% of total labor force) 18 12 8
Labor force. female ()%of total labor force) 28 35 37
Food price index (1995=100) 34 83 106
Roads, normalized ndex' - 97
Roads paved (C%)- - 74 99
Telephone mainl nes (per 1,000 people)' 193 316 414
Radios (per 1,000 people)' 259 301 333
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)' 2.401 3,239 3,899
Daly newspapers (per 1,000 people)' 93 89 100
Number of post off ces (rural)
Two wreelers (per 1,000 people)* 33 79 34
Potentially arable land, rural population (ha) .. 0.2
Freshwater wthdrawals for agr.i agr GDP (cm/ million $) . 3.6
Freshwaterwrthdrawals for agr. )%. of total' 62
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (%change) 0a0
Croplancd potenbally (non marginal) arable land (Cd 944
Irrigated land as % cropland 1498 169 18.8
Cultivated land with oonservation technologies f)
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organizat ons' no. of community groips
Local govt spend ng central govt spending
Loca tax revenue/ local govta spend ng
194
Sri Lanka
1980 1990 1998
Popuiatacr rillions( 14.7 170 18.8
GDP $ mil ainsf 4024 8,032 157Q7
GNP per capita, Atlas method (tS 9i 280 470 810
Roral opualahfon of total) 78 79 77
L fe expectancy 68 71 73
Sunrace area i1.000 sq. km) 6c 66 66
Rursi W'0ellnga
Populalion below the poverty ice l nral . 8 ..
Mortal ty rate. infant (per 1,000 live birnhs) 34 ,9 16
Safe waler, rural (% ot rural popurlaron wtln access). 4
Santsaron, rural (% at rural populaion with accessl . 8
School enrolment, pi mnary (% gross)' 103 106 tO9
Scno6 enrollment, prrmary, male (- gross)' 105 107 110
School enrollment, prirary. iemas l%6 grossi' 100 105 106
Per cap ta dietary energy supply (ca ores)' 2,300 2.220 2.290
Manutrlition prevalence (14 of children under 5; 38
You,ro Irieracy ratel, l'" of lemale 15 24)' 9 r 4
(Ill eracy rate, adult temale 1° of female 15)' 2t 15 12
h9 rttm 8r tie RtAural toonoWW"
Agr. GDP fealue adoed(. annual growth 11980-98) 2 0
Agr GDP, agr. worker as t of total GDP worker 50 49 41
Agr GDP' agr. worker, annual growth 11980-981 0 5
Rural rion-farm ernpoymern .. -.
Employees, agr., lmemale (% ot total labor forcel 1 .. 40
Emp oyees, senrices. female f% o1 total labor forceI 28 34
Non-agr. GDP'i nn-agr. worker ($people( 1.137 1,734 2.967
Cereal yield )iklogramns per heclarei 2,501 7.965 3.156
Food productionr dex (1989-91= 102) 100 105 114
Liveslock productor mdex t1989-91 = t00) 95 10t 133
OefallientW Of Marets
Agr. expons as percentl o agr. value added 48 0 39 0 36 2
Percent of agr. productlio sod in domestic market ...
Access to linance systern per rurta hoisehod .. - ..
GrDss donesgc savings I$ miflions)' 450 1 150 2 971
Agr wage per agr worker ($)
Rural labor force )k. of lotal labor forcef 52 48 46
Labor torce tema(e (5% oa totaa abor forcei 27 34 36
Food price index (1995=100) 19 62 147
Impivi"Mart Ot ACco"ibOy an C9nuinCatt
Roads. normalized idex' 131
Roads paved )%)' 32 95
Telephone mainines (per 1,000 peep e)' 4 7 28
Radios (per 1,000 peopfe)' 101 200 209
Electric power consumption per capita (kWhl' 96 153 227
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 peopiel' 31 32 28
Number of post olfices (rural)
Two wheefers (per 1,000 people)' 6 23 28
susitabwf lMnagnement O t*e Ntur9 Rwurwe 9e
Potentally arable land rural population (ha) - .. 02
Freshwater willdrewals for agr.! agr. GDP (cm, nrillio 5i . 59.7
Freshwarer withdrawa s for agr. Il,, af tltaiJ 96
Annual deforestation 1990-95 M. chagre) 1.1
Gropland,' potentialfy mion-margpnal) aiable land iSa 73
Irrigated land as °4 cropland 27.9 27 4 31.8
Cfltivated land with conserval on fechnolOg85 (5)
Piity and ISftfluio8t f aF work
Fiscal decertralizatlin (share of loae 9got expendirure)
No. of farriers orgapizations. ro o0t comrmurniy groups
Local govt spending- central govt spendpng .
Local lax revenue; local gost spending
195
St. Kitts and Nevis
1980 1990 1998
Population (millions) 0.0 0.0 0.0
GDP ($ miions) 48 157 291
GNP per capita. Atlas method (US $) 1.270 3,600 6,r90
Rural population (% of total) 64 65 66
Life expectancy 64 67 70
Surface area (1.000 sq. kIm) 0 0 0
Population below the poverty line (% rural)
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 45 26 21
Safe water, rural (% of rural populat on with access)
Sanitation, rural (% of rural population with access)
School enrol ment, primary (% gross)^
School enrollment, primary, male (% gross)*
School enrollment, primary, female () gross)*
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)^ 1,980 2,320 2,250
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children under 5).
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female 15-24)^
Ililteracy rate, aduh femaie I% of female 15+)^
Agr GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98) -0.6
Agr. GDP agr. worker as % of totai GDP/ worker
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker, annual growth (1 980-98)
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr.. female (% of total labor force) . 9
Employees, services, female (% of total labor force) . 70
Non-agr. GDP non-agr. worker ($/people)
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare)
Food production index (1989-91 = 100) 150 88 1t14
Livestockproducton index (1989-91 =100) 113 100 101
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added 1703 126.6 199.4
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to f nance system per rural household o -
Gross domestic savings ($ milions)^ 4 38 57
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force)
Labor force, female (% of total labor force)
Food price index (1995=100)
2iup,swant otAonsSbiRty at Ci,O#r i i:WIbi
Roads, normalized index'
Roads paved (%)^ 39 43
Telephone mainlines (per 1.000 people)* . 237 418
Radios (per 1,000 people)' 452 660 682
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)*
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)*
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)*
Potentially arable land/ rural population (ha) 1.3
Freshwater withdrawals for agr.i agr. GDP (cm. milion $)
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% ot total)
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change)
Cropland potentially (non-marginal) arable land (%) 22
Irrigated land as % cropland
Cultivated land with conservation tecnnologies (%)
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organzationss no. of community groups
Local govt spending/ central govt. spending
Local tax revenuel local govt. spending
196
.St. Lucia
1980 1990 1998
Population (millionsl 01 0.1 0.2
GDP ($ millions) 133 397 610
GNP per cap,ta, Atlas method (US $) .. 2,480 3,660
Rural popuiation (%' of total) 63 63 62
Life expectancy 69 71 72
Surface area ( 1,000 sq. km) 1 1 1
RtutalWel'fbe4ing
Population below the poverty line (% rural)
Mortality rate, Insant (per 1,0001 ve births) 25 19 17
Safe water, rural (% of rural population with access)
Santation, rural (% of rural population with access)
School enrollment, primary (% gross)*
School enrollment, primary, male (% gross)*
School enrollment, primary, female (% gross)'
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories) 2.270 2,630 2,780
Malnutritior, prevalence (% of children under 5) ..
Youth ilifteracy rate, (% of female 15-24).
Iliteracy rate. adult female (% of female 15+).
htSpow lrfi the Rts3ratEco0m
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1 980-98) 3.4
Agr. GDP/ agr worker as % of total GDP/ worker . .
Agr. GDPi agr. worker, annual growth (1980-98)
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr. female (% of total labor force)
Employees, services. female (% of total labor force)
Non-agr GDP, non-agr worker ($fpeople)
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) . .
Food production index (1989-91 = 100) 61 109 75
Livestockproduction index (1989-91 - 100) 91 100 105
dopmbro of Makets-
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added 124.5 177 1 79. 7
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market . ..
Access 10 finance system per rural household .. .
Gross domestic savings ($ millions)* 9 56 98
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force)
Labor force, female (% of total labor force)
Food price index (1995=100)
.=tf;et f AOMOMblf,tly VW
Roads, normalized index*
Roads paved (° - 5 5
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people) 42 127 268
Radios (per 1,000 peoplel 704 746 742
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)'
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)'
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)' .. 1 4
Potentially arable land/ rural population (ha) 0.0
Freshwater withdrawals for agr., agr. GDP (cm. million $) 0.0
Freshwaler withdrawals for agr. (% of total)
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change)
Cropland/ potentially (non-marginal) arable land (%) 442
Irrigated landas % cropland 5.9 11.1 176
Cultivated land with conservabon technologies i%) .. .
POd ndc In*Uulilia" Framorvh:
Fiscal decentralization (share of loGa) govt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organizations/ no of community groups
Local govt spending/ central govt. spending
Local tax revenue/ local govt. spending
197
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
1980 1990 1998
Population (mil ons) 0.1 0.1 0.1
GDP ($ m llions) 60 198 3t6
GNP per capita Atlas metltod (US $ 640 1,740 2,560
Rural populatisn (s of total) 73 59 48
Life expectancy 68 70 73
Surface area (t ,000 sq km1 0 0 0
Population be ow the poverty line , ural)
Monality rate nfant (per 1.000 live brthsi 31 21 22
Safe water, rural (% of rural population wth access'
Sanitation, rural (te. of rurai population with accessJ
Schoo enrollment, primary (% gross)'
School enrollment pr mary, male (% gross)'
School enrohlment primary temale I% gross)'
Per capita d etary energy supply (ca oriesjk 2,480 2,360 2.430
Malnutrition prevalence (% of chiudren under 5)'
Youth I teracy rate, (of female 15-24)'
11 iteracy rate, adult female I% of female 15-)'
Agr GDP (value added), annual growth (1980 98) 2.3
Agr. GDP agr. worker as % of total GDP/ worker
Agr. GDPi agr worker annual growth (1980-98)
Pura non-tarm emp ovment
Employees, agr female (% of total labor force) 14
Employees, services female (% of tota labor torce) 75
Non agr. GDP/ non agr worker ($5people) .
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 3,313 3,567 3,322
Food production index (t 98991 t I 00) 66 106 77
Livestock production index (1989-91 -1 00) 82 tOo 101
Agr. exports as percent of agr value added 189.1 170.0 160.6
Percent of agr. production co d in domestic market
Access to finance system per rura household
Gross domestic savings ($ millionse' 7 37 34
Agr. wage per agr worker ($)
Rural labor force )% ol totae labor force,
Labor force female (°i, of total abor force)
Food price index It995 tO0)
Imprwoeeot Accessibility an d ComiaWtIon
Roadss, normalized in0e'
Roads paved 28 31
Te ephone mainl nes (ert 1.000 people)' 36 124 188
Radios (per 1.000 peoplei' 429 662 690
Electr c power consumption per cap ta (kWh)'
Daily newspapers (per t .000 peop e)' 0
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people1
sustainable manaoemnft ofthe au esr Base
Potent a Iy arab e land/ rural population (ha)
Freshwater withdrawa s for agr./ agr. GDP (cmf mi lion .. 00
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of tota
Annual deforestation 1990-95 I% change)
Cropland/ potentially (ron margina) arable land Iv)
Irrigated land as v% cropland 10.0 9.t 9.1
Cultivated land with conservation technologees ft
PoaIcy end Istitl ttuinal FM; f -;rt
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt expenditure)
No of farmers organizations/ no of community groups
Local govt. spending/ central govt spend ng
Local tax revenue/ local govt spending
198
Sudan
1980 1990 1998
Population (mil,lonsl 18.7 24.1 28.3
GDP ($ millions) 7,617 13,167 10,366
GNP per capita. Atlas method (US $) 480 610 290
Rural population (% of total) B0 73 66
Lfe expectancy 48 51 55
Surface area 11,000 sq. km) 2,506 2506 2.506
Rual Weling
Population below the poverty line (% rural) .
Mortalty rate. infant (per 1,000 live hirths) 94 85 69
Safe water, rural (% of rural population with access) 45 .. 45
Sanitalion. rural (%/O of rural population with access) . .. 4
School enrollment, primary (% gross)' 50 53 51
School enrollment primary, ma e 1% gross)* 59 60 55
School enrollment, primary, female (" gross)* 41 45 47
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)' 2.250 2,170 2,290
Malnutriton prevalence (i/ ot children under 5)' . 34
Youth iliteracy rate (%ooft emale 15-24)* 65 46 32
Iliteracy rate, adult temale (% of female t5v)' 81 68 57
mpwovemeant in thie Rurat EgooonW
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98)
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker as % of total GDP/ worker 41 .. 57
Agr GDP/ agr. worker, annual growth ( r 980-98.
Rural non farm employment
Employees, agr, female (% of total labor force) 88 84
Employees. services, temale (% of total labor force) 8 11
Non-agr GDP, non-agr. worker ($rpeople) 2,807 1,624
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 630 456 580
Food production ndex (1989-91 = 100) 103 92 156
Livestock production ndex (1989-91 = 100) 89 99 144
Developmnt of Markls
Agr exports as percent of agr. value added 15.7 13 6
Percent of agr producton solo in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ millions)' 160
Agr wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force) 72 69 63
Labor torce, female (% of total labor force) 27 27 29
Food price ndex (1995-100)
Imprsvement of AcoesafbifMt and Contmiunltealoh
Roads, normalized index'
Roads paved (C)' 34 36
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)* 2 3 6
Radios (per 1,000 people)' 225 255 271
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)' 35 52 48
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)* 6 25 27
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1.000 people)*
Sustu6wm Matwraoe f tat Fe Natural FResource 1ase
Potentially arable landi rural population (ha) 3.5
Freshwater withdrawals for agr i agr GDP (cm/ million $) 162 1
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (%, of total) . . 94
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change) 08
Cropland" potentially (non-marginal) arable land %() . . 25
Irrigated land as % cropland 14.4 14.7 11 5
Cultivated land with conservation techrologies (%)
Poocy and li'nsl ftoral Frework
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt. expend turel
No. of farmers organizations/ no ot community groups
Local govt. spendingi central govt spending
Local tax revenue,' ocal govt spending
199
Suriname
1980 1990 1998
Population (millions) 0.4 0.4 0.4
GDP ($ millions) 891 317 335
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) 2,590 1,330 1,660
Rural population (% of total) 45 35 27
Life expectancy 66 69 70
Surfacearea (1,000sq. km) 163 t63 163
Population below the poverty vine (% rural)
Mortality rate, infant (per t ,000 live births) 42 34 28
Safe water, rural (% of rural population with access) . . 54
Sanitation, rural (% of rural population with access) . 34 36
School enrollment, primary (% gross)' 125 100 147
School enrollment, primary, male () gross)* 136 100 146
School enrollment, primary, femae (% gross)' 126 to00 48
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)' 2,400 2,460 2,560
Malnutrition prevalence I% of children under 5)f
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female t 5-24)'
Illiteracy rate, adult female (% of female 15+)-
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98)
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker as % of total GDP' worker 32 48 1 t6
Agr. GDP' agr. worker, annual gtowth (1980-98)
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr, female (% of total labor force) 18 2 2
Employees, services, femaie (%o of total labor force) 75 87 90
Non-agr. GDP non-agr. worker ($people) 10,674 2,739 2.158
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 3.960 3765 3,943
Food production index (1989-91 = 100) 92 94 89
Livestockproduction index (1989-91 = 100) 67 103 65
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added 61 1 117.3 53.1
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market .
Access to tinance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ millions)' 187 70 71
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force I% of totai labor torce) 24 21 20
Labor force, female ()o of total Jabor force) 27 30 33
Food price index (1995=100)
It11prol~~~~~~~~1~~~*tA00e~~~~~~bt;imv f1dOOflWi:1U81IOf:itj000lVC tOfl00g
Roads, normalized index'
Roads paved (%)' . 24 26
Telephone ma nlines (per 1,000 people)* 43 92 152
Radios (per 1,000 people)' 532 663 686
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)*
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)' t27 t00 122
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)' . 68 73
Sut¶abl.Menagetn.tn of tire td*wW;00yiU tsouIme flsSt< ;
Potentially arable landi rural population (ha) . .. 23.4
Freshwater withdrawals for agr./ agr. GDP (cm million $)
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total) . 89
Annual deforestation 1990 95 (% change)
Croplandi potentially (non-marginal) arable land () . 1
Irrigated land as % cropland 85.7 86.8 89.6
Cultivated land with consenvation technologies -%)
Pq9oyLrd tirifX#etw sirf f i
Fiscal decentralization (share of loca govt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organizations/ no. of community groups
Local govt. spending/ central govt. spending
Local tax revenue/ local govt spending
200
Swaziland
1980 1990 1998
Population (millions) 0 6 0 8 1 0
GDP $ mnillionsl 582 860 1.221
GNP per capita, Atlas mnethod (US $i 970 1 200 1.400
Rural population 1% of total) 82 76 74
Life expectancy 52 67 5(1
Surface area (1.000 sq. km) 17 17 tO
Rural Well-being
Population below toe poverty line (% rural).
Mortal ty rate, isfast (per 1.000 live births) 100 79 609
Sate watet, rural )% of rual! popu yr on with access) .. 44
Saniitat on, rural (% of rural population w th access) - . 37
Scoftln enrollment, primary 1% graSs)' 103 111 117
School enrollment, primary, mule (%/ grsse)' 104 114 120
Schtool enrollment, primary female r% grosa)' 102 109 114
Per cap ta dietary energy supply (calories)' 2.470 2,670 2,640
Malnutrition prevalence (1% of choidren unoer 5r
Youth illiteracy rate, I0/ of female 1 5-24)' 24 15 10
lilfrteracy rate, adult femra e 1% of female 15,-)' 44 30 23
Itprovement in thle Rura Fconomy
Agr GDP (value added), aninual growth ft 980-98) 006
Agr. GDP, agr. worker as %/ of Iota GDP, worker 37 28 38
Agr GDP, agr worker, annoua growth (1 980-98) -0.3
Rural ann-farmn employment -
Empioyees. agr , femnale 1% of tolta labor force) 38
Employees, services, female (% of total labor force) 48
Non-agr GDP,' non-agr worker f$.Peopla( 4.737 4.963 4,815
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 1.381 toe65 1,902
Food production indea (1 989-91 =1 00) 82 97 96
Livestock production ndex (1 989-91 - toOl too 93 108
Development of Marketa
Agr exports as percent of agr value added 166.1 382 7 160 9
Percent of agr production sold in domestic market -
Access to finaince system per rural household
Gross domestic say ags ($ mnillions)' 38 176 235
Agr. wage per agr worker ($)
Rural lahot force 1% of total abor forcei 50 39 35
Labor force, female (% aftrota luabr force)l 34 37 38
Food price index (1995=100) - -
Ittnproveente of Accessl[WIlty and CommiunlcationT
Roads. normalized index'
Roads paved 1%)' - 54 28
Telephone mainlines (per 1.000 people)' 9 17 30
Rudios (per 1.000 people)' 145 151 164
Electric power consumption per capita (kw)
Da y newspapers (per 1.000 people)' 16 14 26
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheeiers (per 1,000 people)'* 3 3
Sustainable Matnagement ot th. Natural Resource Base
Potentially arable land' rural population (has) 0 1
Freshwater mithdrawals for agr 'uagr GDP (cm/' million 5)1r9
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (5. o1 totalr 96
Annua deforestation 1990-95 1% change) -
Cropland/ potentiaily (con-marginal) arable and 1% 26
Irrigated land as % cropland 30.7 3d ~ 38 3
Cultivated lann wits conservat or tecnor agies 91.)
Plict' and Insfitulonaf Ft'arnework
Fiscal decentralization (share o1 loca. govt eapenditure)
No. of farmers organizat sons' no of community groups-
Local govt. spending,- central govt. spending
Local tax revenue.' local govt. spending
201
Sweden
1980 1990 1998
Population (millions) 8.3 8.6 8.9
GDP ($ millions) 125,557 229,756 226,492
GNP per capita. Atlas method (US $) 15,410 24.320 25,580
Rural population (% of total) 17 17
Life expectancy 76 78 79
Surface area (1,000 sq. km) 450 450 450
Population below the poverty line (% rural)
Mortalty rate. infant (per ' 000 live binhs) 7 6 4
Safe water rural (% ot rural popu at on with accessi
Sanitation, rural i% of rural population wth access) . 100
School enrollment, primaw (%gross)' 97 t00 107
School enrollment, primaw, male (% gross)' 97 1D0 106
School enrollment primary, female (% gross)' 97 100 107
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)' 2,980 2,970 3 170
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children under 5)'
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female 15-24)'
Illiteracy rate adult fema e (% of female 15,)'
Agr. GDP (value added) annual growth (1980 98)
Agr. GDP, agr worker as % of total GDP, worker 54 58 51
Agr GDP agr. worker, annual grownh i 980 98)
Rural non-farm employmemt
Employees, agr, female (% of total labor force) 3 2 1
Employees, services, female i% of total labor force1 81 84 87
Non agr GDP non-agr. worker '5ipeope) 30.749 50,564 42658
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 3,521 4.964 4,319
Food production index (1989-91 = 100) 99 107 100
Livestock production index i1989 91 = 100) 104 102 103
Agr exports as percent of agr. value added 23 6 21 5 34.2
Percent of agr prodiction sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestc savings ($ ilions) 24.180 49,855 48.021
Agr wage per agr worker ($)
Rural abor force( of total laxor forcei 6 4 3
Labor force, female (% of total labor force) 44 48 48
Food price index 1(995=1 00) 43 97 95
Roads, norma zed index' 12.. t1
Roads paved (%)' 71 78
Telephone mainl nes (per 1,000 people)' 580 681 674
Radios (per 1.000 people)' 842 873 932
Electrc power consumption per capita (kWh)' r0216 14,061 14042
Daily newspapers (per 1.000 people)' 528 526 445
Number of post off ces (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1000 people)' 2 11 28
SuSaln*I lbaemn ofl0 f 111 tIls Reouc ease i0if; t
Potent ally arable lande rural population (ha) 2.9
Freshwater whdorawals for agr.I agr. GDP (cml million 5) . 0 1
Freshwater wthdrawals for agr. (% of total) .. 9
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change) 0 0
Croplande potentially (non-marginal) arab e land (%) 64
Irr gated land as % cropland
Cuativated land with conservat on technologies (1)
POi d]cy adIlitutIonal Frerrivor'
I'scal decentralizati sxhare of ocal goAt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organizations' no. of commun ty groups
Local govt spending! central govt. spending
Local tax revenue local govt. spending
202
Switzerland
1980 1990 1998
Population (millions) 6 3 67 71
GDP ($n81miors) 107,474 228,415 263.630
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $! 19,620 33 510 39,980
Rura population (f% of total) 43 40 32
Life expectancy 76 77 79
Surface area (.000 sq. km) 41 41 41
Rut Welt-being
Popu at on below the poverty line (% rural)
Mortality rate, intant (per 1,000 ive births) 9 7 4
Safe water. rural I% of rural populaton with access) .. 100 100
Sanitation, rural (% of rural population wth access) . t00
School enrollment, pr mary (% gross)* 84 90 97
School enrollment. primary, male (% gross)* 84 90 97
School enrollment, primary, female 1% 9ross) 84 91 96
Per capita dietary energy supply calories<' 3,470 3,320 3,250
Malnutrition prevalence 1% of children unrder 5)'
Youth illiteracy rate. (°' of femae 15-24)*
Illiteracy rate, adult temale (% of female 15+)*
ifttp tta if, the IF tCWOnh
Agr GDP (value added), annual growsh (1980 98)
Agr. GDP, agr worker as % of total GDP, worker
Agr GDP, agr. worker, annual growth (1980-98)
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr.. female 1% of total labor force) 5 4 4
Emp oyees, services, female (% of total labor force) 72 77 82
Non-agr GDP, non-agr worker ($/people) -
Cereal yield (klograms per hectare) 4,624 5,984 6,676
Food production index (1989-91 = t100) 95 100 97
Livestock producton indexu(I 989-91= 100) 100 99 94
Dvretvpn-en* d Mwk5
Agr exports as percent of agr value added
Percent of agr production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings S milrorsl' 27,080 65,708 63254
Agr wage per agr worker ($)
Rural oabor force )% of total labor force) 6 6 4
Labor force, female I% of total labor force) 37 39 40
Food prioe odexs 1995=1001 65 94 10t
hroverntttof Aclesu qItY and 13mtmn*atlen
Roads normalized index'
Roads paved 1%)'
Telephone ma nlines (per 1,000 people)' 445 574 675
Radios (per 1,000 people)' 805 827 1,000
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)' 5,579 6,997 6,885
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)' 393 456 337
Numoer of post off ces (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)' 128 114 103
fStainabt. aeinl Of the NatwawRe e Omase
Potentia ly arable landr' rural population (ha) .. . 0 2
Freshwater withdrawa s for agr / agr GDP (cv' million $1 0 0
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total) 4
Annual deforestation 1990-95 I% change) 0.0
Croplando potentially (non-marginal) arabe land (%/.) 93
Irrigated land as SO cropland 6 1 6. t 56
Cult vated land with conservat on technologies I%)
Poticv amd lsistiutional Friewrt*
Fiscal decentrahzat,on (share of local govt. expenditure)
No of farmers organizations/ no. of communty groups
Local gout, spendmrg' central govt spending
Local tax revenueM local govt. spend ng
203
Svrian Arab ReDublic
1980 1990 1998
Population (miltions) 8.7 12.1 15.3
GDP ($ millions) 13,062 12,309 17,412
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) 1 550 900 1 .020
Rural population 1% of total) 53 50 46
Life expectancy 62 66 69
Surface area (1,000 sq. kin) 185 185 t8S
~i t . ftiW i
Population below the poverty line (% rural)
Mortality rate, infant (per 1.000 live b rths) 56 39 28
Safe water, rural (% of rural popuiation with access) 65 68 78
Sanitation, rura (% of rura population with access) 33 35
School enrollment, primary (%gross) 100 108 rOt
School enrollment, primary, male (% gross)* itt 114 106
School enrollment pr mary, female (% gross) 88 102 96
Per capita dietary erergy supply (calores) 2.960 3,170 3300
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children under 5) .. . 13
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female 15-24)* 47 33 23
Illiteracy rate, adult female (% of female 15+)- 66 53 42
Agr GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98)
Agr. GDP agr. worker as % of total GDP/ worker 52 86
Agr. GDP agr. worker, annual growth (1 980-98)
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr., female (% of totat fabor forcei . 54
Employees, services, female (% of total abor force) 38
Non-agr. GDP. non-agr worker ($/people) 6,865 3.804
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 1,438 749 1.651
Food production index (1 989-91 = I00) t02 107 164
Livestock production index (1989-91 -100) 70 100 t28
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added 8.9 21.1
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ millions) 1,349 1,936 3.184
Apr. wage per agrt worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force) 39 33 29
Labor force, femaJe (% of total labor force) 24 24 26
Food price index (t 995=100) 8 68 110
Roads, normalized ndex-
Roads paved (%)l 72 23
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)' 28 40 95
Radios (per 1,000 people)' 195 255 278
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)- 354 683 776
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)* 13 17 20
Number of post offices (ruraf)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)
Potentially arable land/ rural population (ha) . . O.
Freshwater wthdrawals for agr./ agr. GDP (cm/ mil ion $) . .. 78.1
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total) . .. 94
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change) 22
Croplanrd potentially (non-margina i arable land (%) 639
Irrigated land as %cropland 985 12.3 21 2
Cultivated land with conservation technologies (%)
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt. expenditure)
No Df farmers organizations/ no of community groups
Local govt. spending, central govt. spending
Local tax revenue/ local govt spending
204
Taiikistan
1980 1990 1998
Population (milions) 4.0 5.3 6.1
GDP ($ millions) 4,857 2,164
GNP per capita, At as method (US $) 920 370
Rural population (% of total) 66 68 73
Life expectancy 66 69 69
Surface area (t ,000 sq. km) . 143 143
Population below the poverty line 1% rural)
Mortality rate. infant (per 1,000 live births) 58 41 23
Safe water, rural (% of rural population with access) . . 32
Sanitation, rural I% of rural population with access) .. , 14
School enrollment. pr mary 1% gross)' , 91 95
School enrollment, primary, male (1% gross)' .. 92 97
School enrollment, primary, female (°/% gross) .. 90 94
Per capita dietary energy supply (calorles)' . 2.280
Malnutr tion prevalence (% of children under 5)'
Youth illiteracy rate. (% of female 15-24)' 0 0 0
Illiteracy rate, adult female i% of female 15+)' 7 3 t
mipw n'm the battrat Ecno,y
Agr GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98)
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker as % of total GDP/ worker . . 16
Agr. GDP/ agr worker, annua growth (1 980-98)
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr., female p% of total labor force) 54
Employees, services, female (% of total labor force) 30
Non-agr. GDP/ non-agr. worker f$5.people) t,370
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) . 979 1,846
Food production index (t989-91 = 100) . 80 61
Livestock production index (1989-91 = 1t00) . 78 37
DeVooe of Markets
Agr exports as percent of agr value added . .. 32.8
Percent of agr production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ millions)* 667 304
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force) . 39 35
Labor force, female (% of total labor force) 47 42 44
Food price index (1995=1t00)
Impmvettn of Ao6ssft.ty and Commurntfaton
Roads, normalized inden
Roads paved (%) .. 72 83
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)* 30 45 37
Radios (per 1,000 people)* . 113 142
Electric power consumption per cap ta (kWh)* 2.217 3,346 2,177
Dai y newspapers (per 1,000 people)' . 47 20
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)*
Sutshtb4e Magemtent of he laual Rersottrce Base
Potentially arable land' rural population (ha) 0. 1
Freshwater withdrawals for agr./ agr. GDP (cm/ m Ilion $) 506 4
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total) .. . 88
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change) 0.0
Cropland/ potentially (non-marginal) arable land (%) . .. 171
Irrigated land as % cropland . 72.9 80.9
Cultivated land with conservaton technologies I%)
POWcy'snd 8918tu1onat FftiŁeu
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt expenditure)
No. of farmers organizations/ no. of community groups
Local govt spendmig. central govt. spending
Local tax revenue/ ocal govt spending
205
Tanzania
1980 1990 1998
Populat on (mil ions) 18,6 25.5 321
GDP i$ millions) 4,220 8,016
GNP per capira Atlias method (US $) . 190 220
Rural population (% of tolal) 85 79 70
Life expectancy 50 50 47
Surface area (1,000 sq. kmf 945 945 945
Popuiation below the poverty line (t rural)
Mortality rate, intanr (per t,000 live o"ths) 108 99 85
Safe water. rural (% of rura popu ation with access) . . 4ff
Sanitation. rural (° of rural population with access) 40 . 83
School enrollment. primary ft gross)' 93 70 67
School enrollment, primary, male (% gross)* 99 70 67
Schooi enrollment, primary, fema e (% gross)' 86 69 66
Per capita dietary energy supply (caloresf' 2,280 2,220 2.020
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children under 5)' 29 31
iouth lliteracy rate. (%ot female 15-24) 43 22 13
fIlireracy rate. adult female (% of female 15S' 66 49 36
Agr. GDP svalue added), annua growth (1980-98) 3.5
Agr. GDP agr worker as t ot total GDP/ worker 52 52
Agr. GDPi agr worker, annual growrh t980-98) 0 9
Rural non-farm employment
Employees. agr . female (% ot total labor forcel 92 91
Employees, seno ces, female (t of totai labor force) 7 7
Non-agr. GDP/ non-agr. worker($ipeople) . t t56 1,512
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 1,020 1,462 t 288
Food production index t 989-91 r 100) 74 100 103
Livestock production index (I 989-91 - 1 00) 67 100 117
Agr exports as percent of agr. value added 15.0 12
Percent of agr production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ milions)' . 33 676
Agr wage per agr. worker ($1
Rural labor force (f of total labor force) 86 84 8I
Labor force, female (% of total labor force1 50 50 49
Food price index (t995=1 00) 3 31 162
Roads, normalized indeox 77
Roads oaved (%) 37 4
Telephone mainlines (per 1 000 people) 2 3 4
Radios (per 1,000 people)1 81 t95 279
Electr c power consumption per cap ta (kWh) 37 51 54
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people) 11 3 4
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)'
Potent ally arable landi rural population (ha) t 7
Freshwafer wthoruwals for agr./ agr. GDP (cm/ million $) 130
Freshwater withdrawals for agr (% of total) 189
Annual deforestation 1990 95 it change) 10
Crop and/ notentially (non marginal) arable land (%t) 10
Irrigated land as % crop and 3 9 3 7 3 9
Cutivated land with conservation technologies (°)
Poic and lnton Framework
Fiscal decentralzation (share of local govt. expendiure)
No of farmers organuzarons/ no. of community groups
Local govt. spending/ central govt. spending
Local tax revenue/ ocal govt spending
206
Thailand
1980 1990 1998
Population (millons) 46 7 55 6 61 2
GDP ($ mill ons) 32,354 85.345 111.327
GNP per cap ta, Atlas method (US $) 720 1.520 2,160
Rural population (% of total) 83 81 79
Life expectancy 64 69 72
Surfacearea (1,000srqO km) 513 513 513
Rural WeI14being
Population below the poverty line (% rural) . 16
Mortality rate infant (per 1,000 live b rths) 49 37 29
Safe water, rural (C/ of rural population wth access) 78 88
Santation rural (% of rura populat on with access) 57 95
School enrollment, primary )% grosst' 99 99 89
School enrollmenrt, primary, male (% gross)* 100 100
School enrol ment, primary, female (% gross)* 97 98
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)t' 2,220 2.250 2.360
Malnurtiotron prevalence (% of ch then under 51'
Youth literacy rate, of female 15-24)* 4 2 2
Illiteracy rate. adult female (% of female 15+)' 17 11 7
Improvent in the RUftat Eoonotty
Agr. GDP (value added). annual growth 11980-98) 3 5
Agr. GDP. agr worker as % of total GDP/ worker 33 20 19
Agr. GDP! agr worker. annua growth l 980-98) 2.3
Rura non-farm employment
Employees, agr, female 1% of total abor torce) 74 65 52
Employees serv ces. fema e 1% of total labor force) 18 23 32
Non-agr. GDP! non-agr worker ($/peop e) 3,504 6.559 6,530
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 1,911 2,009 2 402
Food production index (1989-91 = 100) 82 94 t13
Livestock production Index (1989-91 r 100) 64 101 139
owv.fopmm of larkeets
Agr exports as percent of agr valueadded 58.2 505 370
Percent of agr. product on sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ mill ons)* 7,404 28.877 46,485
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural laoor force t% of total labor force) 71 64 58
Labor force, female (1 of total labor force) 47 47 46
Food price ndex (1995=100) 52 75 128
improvwetew of Accesslaf bitiy and ConrituriftaJon
Roads, normalized Index' . .. 205
Roads paved (%)' . 55 98
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)* 8 24 84
Radios (per 1,000 peoplet 140 189 232
Electric power consumption per cap ta (kWh)' 279 690 1,360
Da ly newspapers (per 1,000 peopte)' 57 81 63
Number of post offices lrural)
Two wheelers (per 1.000 people)' 19 86 t71
Suatalnable anageinerint of the Natural Ruvosw Baa
Potentiatly arable land/ rural population (ha) 0.4
Freshwater withdrawals for agr.. agr GDP (cm' mitiJon St 27.1
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total) .. . 90
Annual deforestation 1990-95 1% change) 2 6
Cropland' potentially (non-marginal) arable lando . 98
Irrigated iand as % cropland 16 5 20.6 245
Cultivated land with conservation lechno ogies 1%)
POIcy ant Inat1t1tlonat Framework
Fiscal decentra ization (share of local govt expenditure)
No of farmers organrzatronsi no. of community groups
Local govt. spending/ central govt spending
Loca tax revenue/ ocal govt spending
207
Topo
1980 1990 1998
Popu aticn (m,lions) 2.6 3.5 4.5
GDP Smil ions) 1,136 1,628 1,510
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $! 440 430 330
Rral population (° of tota ) 77 72 68
Life expectancy 49 50 49
Surnace area fl,000 sq. km) 57 57 57
Iural Well-en
Population be ow the poverty line ,' rura !
Mortality rate. ritani per I 000 ive births) tO0 81 78
Safe water rara .i' of rural populatiorn with access) - 54
Sanitation. rura (% of rnra population with access) . 13
School enrollment, primary (1°% gross) ' 168 109 120
Schou enrol wear. primary, male (% gross)* 144 132 140
School enrollment, primary, fema e (%gross)' 93 87 99
Per capita dietary energy supp y (calor es)' 2.260 2,300 1,960
Ma nutr t on prevalence (% of ch ldren under 5 ' . 25 25
Youth i literacy rate i'% of female 15 24)' 68 55 44
lliteracy rate adult female of female th5,)' 81 71 62
Improvefmefnt in the Rural f-onomy
Agr GDP (value added)f annual growth (190 98) 4.5
Agr. GP agrw orker as 5 of tota GDP worker 40 61 69
Agr. GDP agr. worker, annual growth (I 980-98) 2.5
Rural non-farm employment
Employees agr., female ( otf total labor force) 67 65
Employees. senices, fumale (% of total labor force) 26 29
Non-agr GDP non-agr worker ($,people) 2,308 2,132 1,231
Cerea yield (kilograms per hectare) 636 747 865
Food production index (t98991 = 1 00j 76 103 131
Livestock production index (1 989-91 - I00' 50 104 129
Oevelpmerit Of Markets
Agr exports as percent of agr. value added 253 21.7 20.3
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural househo d
Gross domestic savings ($ millions)' 263 240 113
Agr wage per agr worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force) 69 66 61
Labor force, female (% of total abor force) 39 40 40
Food price ndex (1995-100)
Roads. normalized index' 152
Roads paved %) 21 32
Te ephone mainlines (per 1.000 people) 2 3 7
Rados(perr,Od0peopie)* 203 210 218
Electric power consumplion per capita (kWn(-
Daily newspapers (per 1.000 peop el' 6 3 4
NuiTber of oost offces (rurali
Two wheelers (per 1 ,000 people)* . 8 14
Eslshnable t Me lt of nt the N Reource aseaw
Potenrtially arable land, rural popu ation (ha) 0.9
Freshwater w thrdrawals for agr. agr. GDP (cm, million $) 1 5
Freshwater w thdrawa s for agr ( of tota) 25
Annual deforestat on 1990 95 (% chaage) 1.4
Cropland, potentially (non-marg nal) arable land (%) 91
Irrigated lanx as % cropland 0 3 0 3 03
Cult vated land w th conservation techno ogies (%i
Poicy and insiutiona Fraebwor
Fiscal decentrahlafion sshare of loca, goAt. expendfure)
No of farmers organizat onsi no. of community groups
Local govt. spending, central govt, spend ng
Local tax revenue. local govt spending
208
Tonaa
1980 1990 1998
Populabon (millions) 0.1 0.1 0.1
GDP l$ millionsl 52 113 173
GNP per capita, At as method (US $) . 1,170 1.750
Rural population (% of total) 73 67 63
Life expectancy 62 69 71
Surface area (1,000 sq. kin) 1 1 1
Rura Well-beinf
Population below the poverty line (% rurail --
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 50 25 21
Safe water, rural (% of rural population with access) tO0 t00
Sanitation, rural (% of rjral popu ation with access) . ,. 100
School enrollment, pr mary (% gross)*
School enrollment, primary, male (% gross)'
School enrollment, primary, female (% gross)*
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)
Malnutr lion prevalence (S of children under 5)'
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female 15-24)'
Illiteracy rate. adult female (% of female 15+).
hmprovernt In ftIe Rural Economy
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98) 1.2
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker as % of total GDP! worker
Agr GDP agr. worker, annual growth (1980-98)
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr.. female (% of tota labor force)
Employees, senvices, female (% of total labor force)
Non-agr GDR, non-agr. worker ($,peoplel
Cereal yield kilograms per hectare) . .
Food production index 11989-91 = 100) 126 96 76
Livestock production Index (1989-91 r 100) 86 99 70
Oeloprentlt of Markets
Agr exports as percent of agr value added 14.8 23 2 11.5
Percent of agr production sold in domestic market .. .
Access to finance system per rural household .. .. .
Gross domestic savings ($ millions)' -4 -12
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force)
Labor force, female (1% of total labor force) . .
Food price index (I995=1 00)
itmoveme"t of A G Cetlt and Commu,*e8to:
Roads, normalized ndex-
Roads paved(%) . . 27
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 peoplel' ts 46 79
Radios (per 1,000 people)* 217 551 617
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh' . .. .
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 peopleP.
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers Iper 1,000 people)'
SuWsalnoble anagegnent of the Natural Resourme Base
Potentially arable land/ rural population (ha)
Freshwater withdrawals tor agr / agr. GDP (cml mililon $)
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total)
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change)
Cropland/ potentially Inon-marginal) arable land 1%)
Irrigated land as % cropland
Cultivated land with conservation technologies (%)
Policy and bistftutioa Fampework
Fiscal decentralization (share oi local govt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organizations/ no. of community groups
Local govt. spending/ centra govt. spend ng
Local tax revenue/ local govt spending
209
Trinidad and Tobaao
1980 1990 1998
Population (milions) 1.1 1.2 1.3
GDP ($ millions) 6.236 5,068 6,382
GNP per capita, Al as method (US $) 5,410 3,720 4.520
Rural population (% of total) 37 31 27
Life expectancy 68 71 73
Surface area (1,000 sq. kin) 5 5 5
Population below the poverty line (% rural) .. 22
Mortallty rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 35 18 16
Safe water, rural (% of rural population with access) 87 80
Sanitation. rural (% of rural population with access) 97 92
Schoo enrollment, primary (% gross)' 99 97 99
School enrolinent, primary, male (% gross)' 99 97 99
School enrollment, primary, female (°b gross)' 100 96 98
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)* 2.960 2.670 2.530
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children under 5)
Youth illiteracy rate, I% of female 15-24)* 7 4 3
Illiteracy rate, adult female (1% of female 15+)* 16 11 8
Agr GDP (value added), annual growth (1980 98) 0.7
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker as % of total GDPJ worker 21 23 18
Agr. GDP. agr. worker, annual growth (1980-98j -1 2
Rural non farm employment
Employees, agr. female (% of total labor force) 9 6 5
Employees, services, female (% of total labor force) 70 80 82
Non-agr. GDP/ non-agr. worker ($/people) 16.168 11f873 12.455
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 3,202 2,826 3.086
Food production index (1989 91 - 100) 103 103 87
Livestock production iodex (1989-91 = 100) 82 100 83
Agr. exports as percent of agr value added 34.7 86.7 184.5
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ millions)* 2.624 1,475 451
Agr. wage per agr. worKer ($)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force) t 11 9
Labor force, female (% of total labor force) 31 31 34
Food price index (1995=100) 13 53 139
Roads, normalized index . 275
Roads paved (%)( 46 51
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)* 40 141 206
Radios (per 1,000 people)' 277 513 534
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)' 1 584 2.553 3.368
Daily newspapers (per t 000 people)' 143 78 123
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)'
euat 0tsltAitbtetj iaaemn o1hMaua i;otrc O ;ss l e ; 0;0$tl :g 0i
Potentially arable land/ rural population (ha) 0,6
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. agr. GDP (cm/ millior 0 0.9
Freshwater wthdrawals for agr (% of total) 35
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change) 1 5
Crop land/ potentially (non-marg nal arable land () 56
Irrigated (and as % cropland 18.1 183 18 0
Cultivated lard with conservation technolog os I0).
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt expenditure)
No. of farmers organizations no of community groups
Losal govt. spendingi central govt spending
Loca tax revenue local govt. spending
210
Tunisia
1980 1990 1998
Population (milionsr 6 4 8.2 9 3
GDP t$ millons) 8,743 12,291 19.956
GNP per capita Atlas method fUS $) 1.360 1,430 2,060
Rural population Sb of total) 49 42 36
Life expectancy 62 68 72
Surface area (1,000 sq. km) 164 164 164
Rural Welt-being
Population below the poverty ice 1% rural) 22
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 69 42 28
Safe water, rural (% of rural populat on w th access) 29 89
Sanitation rural (I. of riral population with access) 29 85
School enrollment, primary (% gross)* 102 113 118
School enrollment pr mary, male 1 gross)' 1t7 120 122
School enrolment. pr mary, female %gross)* 87 107 114
Per capita dietary energy sjpply (carones)' 2.790 3,190 3,190
Malnutrition prevalence 1% of children under 5) . 10 9
Youth il iteracy rate, i% of female 15-24)' 42 25 1 3
Illiteracy rate, adult temae (%of female 15-)' 69 54 42
tmproveewt Int the Rural Economy
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98) 3 7
Agr GDP/ agr worker as % of tota GDP, worker 36 56 49
Agr. GDP! agr. worker, annual growth (1 980-98) 3 4
Rural non-farm employment .
Employees, agr . female (lv of total abor force) 53 23 20
Emp oyees, services, temale (°. of total Jabor force) 16 32 38
Non-agr GDP, non-agr worker ($/peop e) 5 561 5 043 6 428
Cereal yield (ki ograms per hectare) 916 t 147 t.345
Food production index (1989-91 100) 74 97 122
Livestock production ndex (1 989-91 = I00) 64 99 136
Qeveloptniet of imarkets
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added 14.8 14.6 210
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household .
Gross domestic savings ($ millions)' 2,098 3,128 4,856
Agr wage per agr worker (S)
Rural labor force (I, of total labor force) 39 26 25
Labor force, fema e (% of total labor force) 29 29 31
Foodpriceindex(19951 00) 34 76 111
Improvemert of Accessihblity aid Communication
Roads normalized index' 173
Roads paved (%)' 76 79
Telephone mainilnes (per 1,000 peope)' 18 38 81
Radios (per 1.000 people) 157 192 223
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)' 379 532 709
Daily newspapers (per 1.000 people,i' 43 42 31
Number of post off ces (rural) . ..
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)* 2
sustainablie tManagement of the Natural Resource ease
Potentially arable and/ rural population (ha) 0.1
Freshwater wihdrawals for agr./ agr GDP (cmi m lion $) 12 2
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (C/ of total) 89
Annual deforestaronr 1990-95 (% change) 0 5
Crop andi potent a ly (non-marginal) arable land flvi . 997
Irrigated and as lv cropland 5.2 62 78
Cultivated land with conservation technologies (lv) ..
Policy and Institutional Framework
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt. expenditLre) . .
No. of farmers organ zations/ no of community groups
Local govt. spending/ central govt spending
Local tax revenuei local govt spend ng
211
Turkey
1980 1990 1996
Population (millions) 44.5 56.1 63.5
GDP ($ millions) 68,790 150,721 198,844
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) 1,940 2,280 3,160
Rural population (% of total) 56 39 27
Life expectancy 61 66 69
Surface area (1,000 sq. km) 775 775 775
Population below the poverty line (%t rural)
Mortality rate, infant (pert ,000 .ive births) 109 58 38
Safe water, rural (% of rural population with access)
Sanitation, rural (% of rural population with access) 90 -.
School enrollment, primary (% gross)' 96 99 107
Schooi enrollment, primary, male(%gross)' 102 102 ttt
School enrollment, primary, female (% gross)* 90 96 104
Per capita dietary energy supply (caJories)' 3,290 3,550 3,560
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children under 5)* .. 10
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female 15-24)7 20 12 7
Illiteracy rate, adu tfemale (% of female 15+)' 46 33 25
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98) 1.4
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker as % of total GDP/ worker 41 31 33
Agr. GDP, agr. worker, annual growth (1980-98) 0.0
Rural non-farm employment -
Employees, agr., female (% of tota labor force) 88 76 65
Employees, services, female (% of total labor force) 8 14 21
Non-agr. GDP! non-agr. worker ($people) 6,943 11,132 10,544
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 1,855 2,214 2,353
Food production index (1 989-91 = 100) 76 102 1t 5
Livestock production index (1989-91 = t00) 79 99 109
Agr. exportsas percem of agr. value added 16.6 12.4 204
Percent of agr. production so d in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domest c sav ngs (S millions)' 7,841 30,242 41.981
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force) 60 54 48
Labor force, temale (% of total labor force) 36 35 37
Food price index (1995=100) .. 5 608
Roads, normalized index' 43
Roads paved (%0)1 . 26
Telephone mainlines (per 1.000 people)* 26 121 254
Radios (per 1,000 people)* 112 159 180
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)' 439 805 1,275
Oaily newspapers (per 1,096 people)* 56 71 ilt
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)' .. tO 14
Potentially arable land' rural population (ha) .. 0.4
Freshwater withdrawals for agr./ agr. GDP (crc/ million $) . 13.1
Freshwater withdrawa s for agr I% of total) 72
Annual deforestation 1990-95 f% change) 0.0
Cropland/ potentially (non marginal) arable land (%) 370
Irrigated land as % cropland 9.5 13.7 14.4
Cultivated land with conservation technologies I%)
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organizations/ no. of community groups
Local govt. spending/ central govt. spend ng
Local tax revenuel local govt, spending
212
Turkmenistan
1980 1990 1998
Population (millions) 2.9 3 7 4.7
GDP ($ millions) . 6.333 2,367
GNP per capita Atlas method (US $) 1,490 650
Rural population (% of total) 53 55 55
Life expectancy 64 66 66
Surface area (1,000 sq. km) .. 488 488
Population below the poverty line (% rural)
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 54 45 33
Safe water, rural (% of rural population with access) .. .. 5
Sanitation, rural (% of rural population with access) . .. 5
School enrollment, primary 1% gross)* .
School enrollment, primary, male (% gross)'
Schooi enrollment, primary, female (% gross)'
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)' 2.550
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children under 5).
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female 15-24)'
Illiteracy rate, adult female (% of female 15+)*.
fWn ff If the .1at f f :
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1 980-98)
Agr. GDP! agr. worker as % of total GDP/ worker .. .. 72
Agr. GDPi agr worker, annual growth (1980-98)
Rural non-farm employment .
Employees, agr.. female (% of total labor force) 46 41 ,,
Employees, senvices, female (% of total labor force) 38 44
Non-agr. GDPi non-agr. worker ($/people) .. 1,473
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) .. 2,210 1,866
Food production index (t989-91 = 100) . 84 118
Livestock production index (1989-9t = 100) .. 100 124
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added .. 52.3
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market . . .
Access to finance system per rural household . .. .
Gross domestic savings ($ millions)* 1,750
Agr. wage per agr worker ($)
Rural labor force 1% of total labor force) .. 36 34
Labor force, female (% of total labor force) 47 45 46
Food price index (1995=100)
ltnoseflltof A ssf -f and Co' 'nw' 'at'
Roads, normalized index*
Roads paved )%1 . 74 81
Telephone mainlines (per 1.000 people)* 38 60 82
Radios (per 1,000 people)* .. 218 276
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)* 1,720 2,293 934
Daily newspapers (per 1.000 people)'
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)*
Potentially arable land/ rural population (ha) . 0.0
Freshwater withdrawals for agrJ agr. GDP (cm/ million $) 984.6
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total) .. .. 91
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change) 0.0
Croplandi potentially (non-marginal) arable land (%) .7. . 007
Irrigated land as % cropland .. 106.1 106.2
Cultivated land with conservation technologies (%).
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organizations/ no of community groups
Local govt spending/ central govt. spending
Local tfx revenue/ local govt. spending
213
Usanda
1980 1990 1998
Population nmil ons) 12.8 16.3 20.9
GOP ($ millions) 1 245 4.304 6,775
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) 340 310
Rurai population of total) 91 89 86
Life expectancy 48 47 42
Surface area (1 000 sq. km) 241 241 241
Popu ation below the poverty line (°b rural}
Mortality rate infant (pert 300 ve births 116 104 101
Safe water rura (° of rural populalion witr access) . . 32
San tation, rura (% of rural population with access) . . 55
Schoo enrol ment. primary i% gross)* 50 75 74
School enrollment, prinary, mate }% gross)- 56 83 81
School enrollment pr mary female (% gross)' 43 66 68
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)' 2.1 20 2.290 2.230
Malnutrit on prevalence (% of children under 5)* 23 26
Youth i iteracy rate (%of female 15 24)1 53 39 30
Illiteracy rate. adult female 01 female 15,1' 69 57 46
Improvemert in Ft ral Eontomy
Agr GDP (value added). annual growth (1980-98) 3 2
Agr GDP agr worker as % of total GOPf worker 62 63 50
Agr GDP, gr worker annual growth t1980-98) 1.4
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr., female (l of total labor force) 91 88
Employees, setv cese female (rr of total abor force) 8 10
Non agr GDP, non agr worker ($people) 402 1 559 2,121
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectarej 1.491 1.498 1.416
Food production index (1 989 98 = 1 00 67 101 113
Livestock production index i1989 91 -100) 83 102 119
Development of Varkets
Agr. exports as percent of agr. vaue added 33.0 75 169
Percent of agr production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savirrgs (S millions)' 5 25 385
Agr wage per agr. worker ($)
RPra oabor torce (% of tota abor force) 87 85 81
Labor force, female (% of total labor force) 48 48 48
Food price index (19958-100) 47 107
Accessibl ity and Communication
Roads normalized ndex'
Roads paved (%j'
Telephone mainl nes (per < 000 people)- 1 2 3
Radios (per t,000 people'* 30 113 128
Electric power consumption per cap ta I KWh)
Daly newspapers (per t.000 people)' 2 2 2
Number of post offices Irurah
Two wheeJers (per 1 .000 people)' 0 0 2
sustinalIte uManagement of thintrfail Rere Base
Potentially arable landi rural population (ha) 0,2
Freshwater wthdrawals for agr agr. GDP (cm, million $) 1.8
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total) 60
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change) 0 9
Cropland/ potential y (non marginal) arable land (%) 177
Irrigated land as %cropland 0.' 0.1 0 1
Cultivated land with conservation technologies
Polkiyand titl;lillonall trranawrtwk
F scal decentralization (share of local govt. expendilure)
No of farmers organriatios no ol community groups
Local govt spending central govt. spending
Local tax revenue/ oca govt spend ng
214
Ukraine
0Ms-tWl J3 .f fiMl: i.t sJ
1980 1990 1998
Population (millions) 50 0 51 9 50 3
GDP 5 mill ons) .. 91.327 43.615
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $t 1.610 980
Rural population I% of total) 38 33 32
Life expectancy 69 70 67
Surface area (1.000 sq km) .. 604 604
Rural Welflng
Population below the poverty I ne (% rural)
Mortality rate. infant (per 1,000 live brths) 17 13 14
Safe water, rural (% of rural population with access) . .. 12
Sanitatbon rurat (% of rural populaton with access) . .. 8
School enrollment, primary (% gross)' 102 89 87
School enrollment, primary. mae (%gross)' 103 89 87
School enrollment, primary, fmale (% gross)* 102 89 87
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories) . .. 3.020
Malnatrinon presalence (% of ch Idren under 5).
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female 15-24)* 0 0 0
Iliteracy rare adult female (% of female 15+)' 1 1 1
Mnprovwernt fn thte 1Au Econmy
Agr GDP nvalue added). annual growth (1980-98)
Agr. GDP' agr worker as % of total GDPi worker .. Itt 80
Agr. GDP; agr. worker, annual growth (1980-98)
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr, female ('4of tota labor force) 24 16
Employees, services, female (% of tota labor force) 44 50
Non-agr GDP, non-agr. worker ($/peopie) .. 3.415 1.752
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 2,834 2,130
Food producrton index (1989-91 = 100 .. 73 47
L vestock production index 11989-91 = 10 .. 78 44
DeelOopment of Miatrets
Agr. exports as percent of agr. salue added 39 345
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings I$ millons)* .. 24,098 7,722
Agr wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force) . 19 15
Labor force, female )% of total labor force) 50 49 49
Food price index 1t 995=1 00)
IMpoVent of Accesstity and Cowuniticataon
Roads. normaiized index' .. . 132
Roads paved l%). 94 97
Telephone mainines (per 1.000 peoplei 76 136 191
Radios (per 1.000 people)' 579 791 884
Electric power consumption per capita lkWt)* 3,598 4,308 2,449
Daily newspapers (per 1.000 people)* 251 54
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people) .. * 55
Potentially arable land/ rurae population (ha) 2. 1
Freshwater withdrawals for agr./ agr GDP (cm. miilion $) 17 9
Freshwater withdrawals for agr (s of total) . . 30
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change) -0. 1
Croplandr potentially (non-marginal) arable land (%) 112
Irrigated land as % cropland 76 7 2
Cultivated and with conservation technologies (°)
Pltcy and tnsulttri Fraewok
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt. expenditure)
No of farmers organizations/ no of community groups
Local govt spending' central govt spending
Local tax revenue,' local govt spending
215
United Arab Emirates
1980 1990 1998
Population (millions) 1.0 1.8 2 7
GDP ($ millions) 29,625 34,132 47,234
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US$) 31,290 t9,930 17870
Rural population (% of total) 29 t9 15
Life expectancy 68 74 75
Surface area (1,000 sq. km) 84 84 84
Popufation below the poverty line (% rural)
Mortality rate, irfant (per 1,000 live birnhs) 55 20 8
Safe water, rural I% of rural population w th access) 100 100 98
Sanitation, rural I% of rural population with access) 77
School enrollment, primary I% gross)y 89 104 89
School enrollment, primary, male %gross)' 90 106 91
School enrollment, primary, fema e (% gross)' 88 103 87
Per capita dietary energy supply (calor es)* 3,460 3,120 3.320
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children under 5)* .. 7
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female t5-24)* 22 11 6
Illiteracy rate, adult female (% of female 15,)' 42 30 23
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth I1980-98)
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker as % of total GDP/ worker 16 21 32
Agr. GDP! agr. worker, annual growth (1980-98)
Rurai non-farm employment
Employees, agr., female I% of total labor force) 0 0
Employees, services, female (% of total labor force) 93 97
Non-agr. GDP/ non-agr worker ($,people) 56.434 37 386 35675
Cereal yield (hlograms per hectare) 2,410 2,216 1,442
Food production index (1989-9t t100) 50 102 257
Livestock production index (1 989-91 = 100) 47 101 163
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added 56.0 119.1 71.9
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to f inance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ millions)* 2t ,274 15 446 9,943
Agr. wage per agr. worker (s)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force) 5 8 5
Labor force, female I% of total labor force) 5 12 14
Food price index (1995=100)
Roads, normalized index' . - 7
Roads paved (l)N .. 94 100
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)* 119 206 389
Radios (per 1,000 peope)' 236 268 345
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)' 5,623 8.721 7 973
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)' 146 136 156
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)'
Potentially arable landi rural population (ha)
Freshwater withdrawals for agr.. agr. GDP (cm/ million $j 3.0
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total) . . 92
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change) 0.0
Cropland/ potentially (non marginal) arable land I%)
Irrigated land as % cropland 230.4 114.5 88.9
Cultivated land with conservation lechnologies (%)
Fiscal decentralization (share ot local govt. expendilure)
No of farmers organizations! no. of community groups
Local govt. spending/ central govt. spending
Local tax revenue/ local govt. spending
216
United Kinadom
1980 1990 1998
Population (milions) 563 57.6 59.1
GDP $ millions) 537,383 975.512 1,357 197
GNPpercaplta. Atlasmethod(US$) 8,580 10130 21t410
Rural populaton (% of total) t It I f t
Life expectancy 74 76 77
Surface area (1,000sq. hnm) 245 245 245
Rftr Wlbe4ng
Populatron below the poverty line (1% rural)
tortalty rate, nfant per 1,000 five births) 12 8 6
Safe water, rural (% of rural population wath acoess) 100
Sanitaton, rural (% of rural population vrth acenss) 100
School enrollment, primary IGgross)' 103 104 116
School enrollment. primary, male (/4 gross)* 103 103 115
School enrollment, primary, female (e/ gross)' 103 106 117
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)' 3.140 3,200 3,210
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children under 5)'
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female 15-24)'
Illiteracy rate. adult femrae (,/.of female 15+7*
fnrovaert i the Run Econoriw
Agr GDP (easue added). annuai grovfth (1 980-98)
Agr, GDP' agr worker as % of total GDP, worker 72 75 82
Agr. GDP! agr vworker annual growth I1980 98)
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr ,female (% of total labor force) 1 1
Employees sevices, female (4 of total labor force) 76 81 86
Non-agr. GDP/ non-agr. worker (Speoplep 20,023 34.194 39.619
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 4,944 6.171 6 650
Food production index (1989-91 = 100) 94 100 98
Lvestock production index (1989-91 100) 99 100 97
D0sewp"mrwt of 9fets
Agr exprts as percem of agr valte added 75,5 80 4 83 7
Percent of agr production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household.
Gross domestic savings ($ mi lonsl' 102.688 161,161 197.516
Agr wage per agr worker ($)
Rural labor force (° of total labor force! 3 2 2
Labor force. female 1% of total labor force) 39 42 44
Foodpriceindext1995-100) 53 87 103
xomvemwst of Accesstlity and Ootwunicaaon
Roads, normalized ndex 59
Roads paved (%4)' 120 100
Telephone mainlines (per 1 000 people)* 322 441 557
Radios (per 1,000 eople)p 950 1.390 1.436
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)' 4,160 4.768 5.241
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)' 417 388 329
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per t,000 people)' 24 14 1 1
a bbtinm t gna felrit of Nattwa Rource Bese
Potent ally arable lando rural population (ha) .. 2.0
Freshwater wrthdrawals for agr! agr. GDP (cr mui ion $) 0.0
Freshwater withdrawals for agr (G ot totall . 3
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (44 change -0.5
Croplandi potentially (non-marginal) arable and (%) 47
Imgated land as SO cropland 2.0 2 5 1.7
Cultivated and wth oenservation technologies (4/4)
PoiLcy and 1tnsittiond Frarewolt
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt. expenditure)
No of farmers orgasizations/ no. of community groups
Local govt. spendirig central gost. spendirrg
Local tax revenuev local govt spendong
217
United States
1980 1990 1998
Population (rmlLonsj 227.2 2494 270.3
GDP($mil ions) 2,709,000 5,554,100 8,230,397
GNP per capta. Atlas retrod (US $) 12,850 22,t60 29,240
Rural population (%of ota) 26 25 23
Life expectarcy 74 75 77
Surface area (1,000 sq. kr) 9.364 9,364 9,364
Population below the prverty line 1° vuraj
Mortality rate, infait (per 1 000 live brahs) 13 3 7
Safe water. rura ( ot rura population with access,
Saeitatior, rura (% of rural population wth aomess)
sehool enroliminl, pirvay (%/gross)' 99 102 102
Shool enrollrient,prrmay, male (,/.gross)' 150 103 103
School enrollment. primary, fema e (%gross)' 99 101 701
Percarotacdetaye ergysuply) atories)^ 3.t70 3450 3,610
vManutrition prevalenre (% of chIdren unster Si I
Yotlh iliteracy rate. (% of temale 15 24)' .. ..
Illiteracy rate, adult female (%of feriale 15-)'
Agr. GDP(value added, annaa growth (1980-98) 3.8
Agr GDP? agr. mwrker as % of total GDP worker 72 70 75
Agr GDP, ar. wvrker. annua growth (1 93-) 5s5
Rural non-farm er-poyment - -
Errpoyees, agr.. fem.ae t of totaacor forcer 2 1 2
Ermpoyees, senrvies. female (% of tota lacor force) 80 84 85
Novnagr. GDP/ron--agr wanerk $',peope) 24,500 43.771 56.939
Cereayeld(klogransperfhetare) 3,77 4.758 5.682
Foodpfoducton inex 1989-91 99I0) 91 lt1 121
Uvestoc producrinondex (1989-91 =100) 89 100 '17
Agr. expdors as percert of agr. vaaue added 48 5 4170 46,5
Perceet of agr. produotion sold n domestic mnrket
Acaess to finance system per rura household -
Gross domestic savings ($ mil lions' 525.200 858,70 1. 342,800
Agr. wage per agr. wvorker (S)
Rural ator f rcI% of tota labor foroe) 3 3 2
Laor foroe, female (%oftota laor force) 41 44 46
Foodprceindex(t995=100t 54 81 103
Foads. norrmaizedondex' 98
Roads paved (%)' 58 59
Telephone rnainlines (per 1,000 people)' 414 545 661
Radios (per 1,000 peope)' 1,999 2,118 2146
rOectncpowerconsumoton per capta (kn)' 8,914 10,558 11.822
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)' 274 250 215
Numrter of post off ices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,t0 peope)' 30 17 15
Potentialy aravle lancIl rura papulation lhaf 3 7
Freshwater wathdrawals for agr./ pr GIDP (lv rnillion $) 1 5
Freshwater wthdrawals tfar a (%of tota) 42
Annual deeorestation 1990-95 (%dhange) -03
Cropand' potentially (non margnai) arable laid (C2o), 77
IrrigatedlaKans%cropland 10.8 11.1 120
Cultivated land wth conservation tecrnologies (%)
Fisca decentralization (share of locaf govt. expenditure)
Noc of farmers organizations/ no. of oormnuity groups
Loca govt srerdino oenra govt scrdeng
LocaJ tax reve,ue Ocara govt spending
218
Urucuav
1980 1990 1998
Population (millions) 2.9 31 3.3
GDP($m mllons) 10132 8355 20.578
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) 2,920 2.620 6,070
Rural population (% of total) 15 11 9
Life expectancy 70 73 74
Surface area (1,000 sq. kin) 177 177 177
Rurai Welt-being
Populat on below the poverty ine (% rural)
Mortality rate. infant (per 1 000 ive births) 37 21 16
Safe water, rural (% of rural populalion with access) 5
Sanitation, rural (% of rural populat on with access)
School enrol ment, primary (% gross)' 107 109 109
School enrollment, primary. male (% gross)' 107 109 109
School enrollment, primary, female I%gross)' 107 108 108
Per capita dietary energy supp y (calories)' 2,860 2.560 2,780
Malnutr tion preva ence (% of children under 5)' .. 6 4
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female 1 5-24)' 1 1 1
Illiteracy rate, adult female (% of female 15+)* 5 3 2
Imraoveni t VW fte Rut Eoonymy
Agr GDP (value added), annua growth (1980-98) 2.1
Agr. GDP/ agr worker as % of total GDP/ worker 8r 78 66
Agr GDP/ agr. worker, annua growth (t 980-98) 2.2
Rural non-farm emp oyment
Emp oyees, agr, female (% of total labor force) . 1 2
Employees. sewvices, female (% of total abor force) 78 82
Non-agr. GDP/ non-agr. worker ($/people) 9,098 6,376 14,689
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 1,918 2,182 3.234
Food producton index st989-91 = 100) 85 97 132
Livestock production index (1 989-91 = 1 00) 85 99 1 2t
Development ofMarkets
Agr exports as percent of agr vasoueadded 554 855 775
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domest c savings ($ mill ons) 1,190 1,421 3 140
Agr wage per agr. worker ($.
Rural labor force (% of total labor force) 17 14 13
Labor force, female (% of total labor forcel 31 39 41
F:oodpriceindex(1995=100) 0 11 162
mpvertirt of AcceA5bihty and Comtmudeatfon
Roads, normalized index 1t51
Roads paved (%)' 74 90
Telephone ma n ines (per 1.000 people)' 75 134 250
Radios (per 1,000 people)' 559 603 607
Electr c power consumption per cap ta (kWh)' 948 t ,220 1. 710
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)' 240 232 293
Number of post offices trural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people) . 74 110
Sustainable MeLiageoent of the Netur Resourc Base
Potentially arable land/ rural population (ha) 46 1
Freshwater withdrawals for agr / agr. GDP (cm/ million $) t 8 6
Freshwater withdrawals for agr (% of total) . 91
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change) 0 0
Cropland/ potentially (non-marginal) arable land (%) 9
Irrigated land as o cropland 5 5 9.2 10.7
Cultivated land with consevation technologies (%)
Poti cy and fnsttutfionat FrameWork
Fiscal decentralization (share of loca govt expenditure)
No. of farmers organizations no of community groups
Local govt spending/ central govt. spending
Local tax revenue/ ocal govt spending
219
Uzbekistan
1980 1990 1998
Population (millions) 16.0 20.5 24.1
GDP ($ milions) .. 30.775 20,384
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) . .. 950
Rural population (% of total) 59 60 62
Life expectancy 67 69 69
Surface area (1.000 sq. km) . 447 447
Population below the poverty line (So rural)
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 47 35 22
Safe water, rural (% of rural population with access) 46
Saritat on, rural (% of rural population w th access) 5
School enro lment, pr mary (% gross)' 81 81 78
School enrollment, primary, male (% gross)' 83 82 79
School enrollment, primary, female ('S gross)' 80 81 77
Per cap ta dietary energy supply (calories)' .. . 2,600
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children under 5)' . . 9
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female 15-24)' t4 8 5
Illiteracy rate, adult female (% of female 15+)^ 33 23 17
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growtr (1 980-98) 0.2
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker as % of total GDP! worker 105 91
Agr GDP, agr worker, annual growth (1980-98)
Rural non-tarm employment
Employees, agr., female (% of toal abor force) 46 36
Employees, senvices, female (% of total labor force) 36 45
Non-agr. GDP/ non-agr. worker ($/people) .. 2,534 2,147
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) . 1,777 2,873
Food production index (1989-91=t 10 .. 106 114
Livestock production index (1989 91 = 100) .. 110 til
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added . 162 25.5
Percent of agr. production sold n domestic market
Access to finance system per rura household
Gross domestic sav ngs ($ millions)* 7,064 3,873
Agr. wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force (°/ of total labor force) 33 29
Labor force, female (% of total labor force) 48 46 47
Food price index (I9951t00)
ImprovMemetf 3f yw and l(rn ,iia.fat
Roads, normalized index*
Roads paved (%)' . 7 9 87
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)' 36 69 65
Radios (per 1,000 people) . 343 465
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)* 2,086 2,383 1,645
Daily newspapers (per 1.000 people)* . 3
Number of post offices (ruralf
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)'
$tialtf fWthe fWOOOM Aesouro Baid 0ai
Potentially arable landi rural population (ha) 0.1
Freshwater withdrawals for agr../ agr. GDP (cm million $) 267 7
Freshwater withdrawals for agr (% of total) . 84
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change) -2 7
Cropland potent ar y (non-marginal) arable land (%) .. 283
Irrigated land as % cropland . 87.3 88.3
Cultivated and with conservation technologies (%)
Paife-~d nt8i4f91t~Pwe* t 0tSi2.-j,,ft.it:trrruit.irff g
Fiscal decentralization (salre of locau govt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organizationsi no of community groups
Local govt. spending central govt spend ng
Local tax revenue, local govt. spending
220
Vanuatu
1980 1990 1998
Population (millions) 0.1 0.1 02
GDP ($ millions) 113 153 241
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) . 1,170 1,260
Rural population (% of total) 82 82 80
Life expectancy 55 61 65
Surtacearea(1,000sq km) 12 12 12
RUt ull,Wbelng
Population below the poverty line 1% rural)
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 94 56 36
Safe water, rural (% of rural population w th access) 67 75
Sanitation, rural (% of rural population with access) 35
School enrollment, primary (% gross)' 106 96
School enrollment. primary, male )% gross) 98
School enrollment, primary, female (% gross) . 94
Per capita dietary energy supply Ica ories)* 2,560 2,730 2.610
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children under 5)t
Youth illiteracy rate, I% of female 1 5-24) *.
I literacy rate. adult female (% of female 15+)±
ImfwAow tn he 1 Eonomy
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98) 2.7
Agr. GDP, agr worker as % of total GDP, worker
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker, annual growth (1980-98)
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr, female (% of total labor force)
Employees, services, female (% of total labor force)
Non-agr GDP! non-agr. worker ($/people)
Cerea yield (kilograms per hectare) 520 538 538
Food production index (1989-91 = 100) 85 114 118
Livestock production index (1989-91 100) 76 100 117
oevsopmeftt off MaretsL
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added 522 39 2 55.8
Percent of agr production so d In domestc market .
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ millions)' , 20
Agr. wage per agr worker ($)
Rural abor force ()/% of total labor force)
Labor force, female (% of total labor force)
Food price index (1995=1 00)
ItEowvmrent of Accsbtlly am4Crommutthicalon,
Roads, normalized index'
Roads paved (%) . 22 24
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)' 13 18 28
Radios (per 1,000 people) 197 292 348
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh) *-
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)
Susnlainble Mangteme of the Nahtwe Rlesource fase
Potentially arable land/ rural population (ha)
Freshwater withdrawals for agr i agr. GDP (cm, million $)
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of tota)
Annual deforestation t 990-95 (% change)
Cropland/ potentially Inon-margina) arab e land 1%)
Irrigated and as % crop and
Cultivated land with conservation technologies (%)
Policy and noatutonaf Framefwork
Fiscai decentralization (share of local govt expenditure)
No. of farmers organizations/ no. of community groups
Local govt spending/ central govt. spending
Local tax revenue/ local govt spending
221
Venezuela R.B. de
1980 1990 1998
Population (millons) 15.1 19.5 23,2
GDP ($ millions) 69.377 48.593 95,023
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) 4.340 2 700 3.530
Rural populat on ti or total) 21 16 14
Life expectancy 68 71 73
Surface area (1t000 sq. km) 912 912 912
Population below the poverty line (% rural) ,.
Mortality rare, infant (per 1.000 live births) 36 25 2t
Safe water, rural (i% of rural populaton with access) . 75
San tation. rura (% of rural popu ation with access) 30
School enrol ment, primary (% gross)' 93 96 91
School enroliment, primary, male (%u, gross)' 91 94 90
Schoo enrollment. primary, female M% grossi' 95 97 93
Per capita dietary energy supply (calor es)* 2,710 2,410 2,420
Ma nutr t on prevalence i% of children under 5) 10 8 5
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female 15-24)* 6 3 2
Illiteracy rate. adult female (% of female 1t5+)' 18 12 9
Agr GDP (value added), annuaJ growth (1980 98) 1.8
Agr GDP agr. worker as % of tota GDP, worker 33 45 57
Agr. GDP agr worker annual growth (1980-98) 1.3
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr. eemale 17, of tcta abor lorce) 2 2 2
Employees. senices, fema e I", of total labor force) 79 81 84
Non-agr. GDP non-agr. workerv f$people) 145993 7,184 10616
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 1,914 2,486 2,827
Food producton index If989 91 t 100) 81 100 115
Livestock production index (1989-91 100) 86 100 114
Developlt of MaetS}I
Agr. exporls as percent of agr. value added 24 11 7 13 7
Percent of agr product on sold in domestic markel
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ millions)' 23.133 14,328 18,586
Agr. wage per agr worker ($)
Rural labor force I% of tota labor force) 15 12 9
Labor force, female (% of total labor force) 27 31 34
Food price index O(995=100) 1 17 266
iretotvemettiofio Accessib iftyand0mtftctluM oni0j
Roads, normalized index' . 136
Roads paved 3%i' 36 34
Telephone mainlines (per 1 000 people)' 53 82 117
Radios (per 1.000 people)' 391 475 468
Electric power consunmpton per capila ikWhW 2.037 2,307 2488
Daiy newspapers (per t,000 people)' t95 144 206
Number of post offices (rural)
Two whee ers (per 1 000 people)* 40
Potent a ly arable and, rural popu ation (ha) 11 6
Freshwater wthdrawals for agr. agr GDP (cml million $) 2.0
Freshwaterew thdrawa s for agr. (%of total) 46
Annual deforentla on 1 990 95 I% change) 1.1
Cropland/ potentially inon marg nall arable land Ii) . 10
Irrigated land as % cropland 3.7 4,6 5.9
Cutivated land wrth conservatron technologies Cut
Poiy had instlitiiE ti ewfok
Fiscal decentralization (share of focal govt. expenditure)
No oMfarmers organizat onsn no. of community groups
Local govt spending/ central govt. spending
Local tax revenue/ ocal govt. spending
222
Vietnam
1980 1990 1998
Population (millions) 53 7 66.2 76 5
GDP ($ mill ons) 6,472 27,184
GNP per cap ta, Alas method IUS ., 350
Rural population I% of total) 81 80 80
L fe expectancy 63 67 68
Surface area (1,000 sq. km) 332 332 332
Rt Welt-ewing
Population below the poverty line (% rural) . 57
Mortality rate. infant (per 1,000 xve b rths) 57 40 34
Safe water, rural (% of rura population with access) . . 32
Sanitation, rural (% of rural population w tI access) . 15
Sanool enrollment, primary P/ grossl^ 109 103 114
School enrollment, primary, male ('Z. grossl' l1t .. 116
Sclhool enrol ment, primary, fema e I% gross)' 106 . Ill
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)' 2.110 2.220 2.410
Malnutrition prevalence (% of ch ldren under 5)' 45 40
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female 1 5-24)p 7 5 3
Ilfiteracy rate, adut female 1 of femaie 15+)' 19 13 9
Inmprovement in the Rural Ecoroomy
Agr. GDP (value added), ann,al growth l1980-98) 4 8
Agr. GDP/ agr worker as % ol total GDP/ worker 53 38
Agr. GDP; agr warker annial growth (1980-98) 2 7
Rural non-farm employment
Employees. agr.. female (% of total labor force) 75 73 71
Employees. services, female (% of total labor force) 15 16 20
Non-agr. GDP/ non-agr worker (Ipeople) .. 417 1,572
Cereal yield (Kilograms per heuaTrej 2,016 3,080 3,838
Food produjction index (1989-91 = tO0) 64 100 147
Livestock production index (1989-91 =100) 51 101 157
Qevetopment of Mldlets
Agr exports as percent ol agr value added 31 1 25.0
Percent of agr production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domest c savings l$ mill ons)' . 387 5,789
Agr wage per agr. worker IS)
Rural labor force (% of tota labor force) 73 71 68
Labor force, female P% of total labor force) 48 50 49
Food price index (1995=1 00)
Improvement of AcoessIbilty and Communication
Roads. normalized index'
Roads paved (%)' 24 25
Telephone mainlines (per 1.000 people)' 1 1 26
Radios (per 1.000 people)' 93 104 107
Electric power consumption per capita )kWh)' 50 94 203
Dally newspapers (per 1.000 people)' tO 8 4
Number of post offices Irural)
Two wheelers (per t 000 peopae)^ .. 45 45
Suswnable Managenwnt of the Naturait Re rote tes7
Potentially arable land' rura population (ha) 01
Freshwater withdrawals for agr ' agr. GDP (cm/ mi lion $) 171 9
Freshwater wthdrawalsf or agr () of total) . 8
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% change) 1.4
Cropland' potent al y (non-marginal) arable land (%) . .. 97
Irrigated land as % cropland 23.5 28 8 31.9
Cultivated land with conservat on lechno)ogies (%)
Polit" and Intitutiortl Framework
Fiscal decentralization (share of local govt. experditure)
No of farmers organ zations/ no. of community groups
Local govt, spendinrg' central govt spending
Local tax revenue' local govt. spending
223
Virain Islands (U.S.)
1980 1990 1998
Popuiation (millions) 01 01 0.1
GDP ($ milionsn 728 1,565 1,996
GNP per capila. Atas method (US $S 8D000 13,660
Rural population (°'c of tota) 56 56 54
Life expectancy 71 74 77
Surface area f1,000 sq. kmi 0 0 0
Population below the poverty line (Y% rural)
Morality rate, intant Iper '.300 vwe brthsi 22 20 10
Safe water ral (e of rurail population with accessi
Sanitation. rurat i of rural popuiation with access)
School enronlment. prnmary (° grossi'
School enro Iment pr mary. ma e 1% gross)'
School enrollment primary, lemale (` gross)*
Per capita dietary energy supply icalories)'
Malnutrition preva ence `°/ of chi dren under 5;'
Youth illiteracy rate. (' of female 15-24)'
II iteracy raue, adult fema e (%. of female 15+7)
Agr. GDP (value added), arnute growlh (t 980-98)
Agr. GDP agr worker as `x of total GDPi worker
Agr. GOP agr worker, annual growth (1980-98j
Pura non-farm emp oymeni
Employees, agr female (/. ot lotal labor force)
Emptoyeesa services. female (' of totar labor force)
Non agr GDP/ non-agr worker ($,people)
Cerea yield (ki ograms per `rectare)
Food prodction index( 1989-91 r O0) t35 94 103
Livestock production index 1t989-91 = 100j 136 95 104
Develognp nt of Markets
Agr. exports as percent of agr value added
Percent of agr production sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural hoaseho d
Gross pomesto c savings (S milions'
Apr. wage per agr. worker S.
Rural labor force (° of total labor force)
Labor fDrce lemat of totae sabr force)
Food price index 1995=100)
tlmproveraenl of Aceessibility and Conirnr"caitionit
Roads normalized index'
Roads paved
Telephone ma n ines (per t 000 people)' 298 463 600
Padios rper 1 000 peopiae 845 992 t,GOO
E ectr c power consumption per capita (kWh)
Dally newspapers (per 1.000 people)' 0 0 0
Number of post offices rural)
Two wheelers (per t 000 peoplej'
sustainrble Management of tehlutir ita Resiource Base
Potentialiy arable land! rural popufation (ha) 0 0
Freshwate' withdrawals for agr i apr GDP (cm r 11 on $S
Freshwater withdrawals for agr ;I of total)
Anrua deforestation 1990 95 (r change)
Cropland potent a y (non-marginal) arable iand
Irrigated land as x cropland
Cultivated land with conservation technolog es 7'
Poicy anitrd rInstt ritutioal Framework
Fisca decentra zat on (share of local govt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organ zationsi no. of communty groups
Local ovst spending' central govt. spendiag
Locai tax revenue ocal govt spending
224
West Bank and Gaza
1980 1990 1998
Populaton (millions) . 20 2.7
GDP (S millions) . - 3,589
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) .. 1,560
Rural population (% of total)
Life expectancy . 69 71
Surface area (1,000 sq km)
Rurft We-iR,elng
Population beow the poverty line (% rural)
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live birtnhs) . 42 24
Safe water. rural (% of rural population wth aocess)
Sanitation, rural j% of rural population with access)
School enrollment, primary (% gross)'
School enrollment primary, male (% gross)'
School enrollment, primary, female (1% gross)*
Per capita dietary energy supply (calor es)*
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children under 5. .
Youth Oiliteracy rate, (% ot female 15 24.
Illiteracy rate, adult female I% of female 15-)-'
Iw*oe~t In the furi Uff rcownomy
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth j1980-98)
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker as % of total GDP/ worker
Agr GDP' agr. worker, annual growth (1980-98)
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr . female (% of total abor force)
Employees, ser ces female (% of tota labor force)
Non-agr GDP/ non-agr worker ($/people)
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare)
Food production ndex (1989-9t = tI00)
Livestock prodiction index O1989-91 = 100)
Ofte opmat of Y5 :t-s
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added
Percent of agr. producton sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ mili ons)' -533
Agr wage per agr worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force)
Labor force. female (% of total labor torce)
Food price index 11995=100)
fl¶provement of Accesstfbftty a id Comn"tonif
Roads, normalized index'
Roads paved (%I'
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)'
Radios (per 1.000 people)*
Electric power consumption per capita IkWh)'
Daily newspapers (per 1.000 people)'
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 peoplel)
Sustau iabfe ftsnawgment of 8t Hatourat flesowtuce 8ase
Potentially arable land/ rural population (hal
Freshwater withdrawals for agr./ agr. GDP (cm/ million $)
Freshwater withdrawals for agr (% of total)
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (%v change)
Cropland' potenbtal y (non-marginal) arable and (%)
Irrigated land as % cropland
Cultivated land with conservat on technologies (%)
Poricy and InsdUtikional Framwmork
Fiscal decentralizatiox (share of local govt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organizations/ no. of community groups
Local govt. spending/ centra govt. spending
Local tax revenue: local govt spend ng
225
Yemen, Ren.
1980 1990 1998
Population (m lions) 8.5 11.9 16.6
GDP ($ mill0ons) . 4,724 4.318
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US S) 380 280
Rural population (% of total) 81 77 76
Life expectancy 49 52 56
Surface area (1,000 sq. km) 528 528 528
Popu ation below the poverty line (% rural) 19
Montality rate, infant (per 1.000 live bifts) 141 110 82
Safe water, rural (% of rural popu ation with access) . . 14
Sanitation, rural (% of rural population with access) . .. 14
School enrolment, primary (% gross)* 0. 0
School enroilmenst primary, male (% gross)' . t100
School enrollment, primary. female (% gross)' , 40
Per capta dietary energy supply (calories)' t,950 2,700 2,050
Malnutrition preva ence (% of children under 5)- 30 46
Youth illiteracy rate, (% at fema e 15-24)' 89 75 58
Iliteracy rate, adult fernale (l of female 15+)* 95 87 77
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98)
Agr GDP/ agr. worker as % of total GDP/ worker . 46 31
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker, annual growth (1980-98)
Rural non farm employment
Employees, agr., female (% of total labor force} 98 88
Employees. services, female (% of total labor Isrce) l 7
Non agr. GDP non-agr. worker ($ peaplsi . 2,512 1,445
Cereal y eld ikilograms per hectare) 1,016 908 874
Food production index( 989-91 100) 76 101 r29
Livestock production ndex (1989-91 =100) 70 95 136
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added 5.6 4 7
Percent of agr product on sold in domestic market
Access to finance system per rural househo d
Gross domestic savengs (S millions)* 344 102
Agr wage per agr. worker (S)
Rural labor force l% of total labor force) 73 6t 53
Labor force. female (% of tota labor force) 33 30 26
Food price index (1995=100)
haproovaent of AvalityadCwwteb
Roads normalized ndexs
Roads paved (7 )' 9 8
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)' 2 it 13
Radios (per .000 people)' 13 27 64
E ectric power consumption per capita (kWh)' 59 108 93
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 peopee)* 17 15
Number of post offices (rura I
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)' 3
tainablrfe angementof lthe Nraturatl acusource Base
Potentially arable land/ rura population (ha)
Freshwater wthdrawals for agr/ agr. GDP (cm mil ion $) .. . 62.4
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total) . . 92
Annua deforestation 1990 95 (o change) 0.0
Cropland' potentially (non-wargpnal) arable land i%)
Irsgated land as % cropland 19.8 23.5 31.2
Cultivated land with conservation techno ogies (%)
Fiscal decenlralizalion (snare of local govt. expenditure)
No. of farmers organ zat onss no. of community groups
Local govt. spending, central govt. spending
Local tax revenue/ local govt spending
226
Yugoslavia. FR (Serbia/Montenearo)
1980 1990 1998
Population rmil ions) 9 8 10 5 10 6
GDP ($ millions)
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $)
Rural population (% of total) 54 49 48
Life expectancy 70 72 72
Surface area (1,000 sq. km) 256 256
RuMr Wellfbesng
Populat on below the poverty line (% rural)
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 33 23 13
Safe water, rura (0% of rural population with access)
Sanitation, rural (% of rural population with access)
School enrollment, primary f% grossc .. 72 69
School enrollment, primary, male ( gross) 7r 69
School enrol ment. primary. fema e (% grossF 73 70
Per capita dietary energy supply lcalories) 3,680 3,570 3,100
Malnutrition prevalence (0% of chi dren under 5)- . . 2
Youth Ilkeracy rate. (% of female 15-24).
Illiteracy rate, adult female (0% of female 15->.
ImProvement in the furaf Eoonomy
Agr GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98)
Agr. GDP: agr. worker as % of tote GDP/ worker
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker, annual growth (1 980-98)
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr . female (% of total labor force) 49 32
Employees, services, female (°h of total labor force) 32 41
Non-agr GDP/ non-agr. worker ($/people)
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 3,634 3.403
Food producton Index I1989-91 = 1001 94 94
Livestock production ndex (1989-91 = 100) 94 96
Devefoptent of Markets
Agr exports as percent of agr value added
Percent of agr production sold in domestic market
Access to f nance system per rural household
Gross domestic sav ngs ($ millions)
Agr wage per agr worker ($)
Rural labor force (0% of total labor force)
Labor force, female (% of total abor force) 39 42 43
Food price Index (1995=100) .. 0 216
Improvement of AccessfbMty and Comwunteation
Roads, normalized ndex-
Roads paved (%>) 59 59
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 peopel 71 166 218
Radios (per 1,000 people) 525 281 297
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh-
Gaily newspapers (per 1,000 people) . 35 107
Number of post offices (ruralr
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)' 3 4
Sustianable Management of the Naturat Resource Base
Potentially arable land/ rural population (ha) 0 7
Freshwater withdrawals for agr / agr. GDP (cm/ mi ion $)
Freshvwater withdrawals for agr (1% of total)
Annual deforestaton 1990-95 (% change)
Cropland) potentially (non-margina) arab e land (0%) .. 143
Irrigated land as % cropland 1 8 2 2
Cultivated and with conservation technologies f%)
Pofyr and Inseftutuoal Framework
Fiscal decentralizaton (share of local govt. expenditure)
No of farmers organizations! no. of community groups
Local govt spending/ central gcvt. spending
Local fax revenue: local go\t. spending
227
Zambia
1980 1990 1998
Population (millions) 5.7 7.8 9.7
GDP ($ millions) 3,884 3,288 3,352
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) 630 450 330
Rural population (%of total) 60 61 61
Life expectancy 50 49 43
Surface area (1,000 sq. kin) 753 753 753
Population below the poverty line (% rural) . 88
Mortality rate. infant (per 1,000 ive births) 90 107 114
Safe water, rural )% of rural population with access) . . 27
Sanitation, rural (% of rural population with access) . . 10
School enrollment, primary (% gross)* 90 99 89
School enrollment, primary, male (% gross)* 98 107 91
School enrollment, pr mary, female (% gross)' 83 98 86
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)' 2.180 2,070 1,950
Ma nutrition prevalence (% of children under 5)' .. 25 24
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female 15-24)* 35 24 16
Illiteracy rate, adult female (% of female 15+)' 53 41 31
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1980 98) -0.8
Agr. GDP. agr. worker as % of total GDP' worker 19 24 25
Agr GDP, agr worker, annual growth (1980-98) 2.7
Rural non-farm employment .
Employees. agr., female (% of tota labor force) 85 83
Employees, services, female (%of total labor force) 13 t4
Non-agr. GDP! non-agr. worker ($/people) 5.815 3,601 2,569
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 1 ,567 1 ,352 1,428
Food production index (1989-91 = 100) 75 94 94
Livestock production index (1989-91 100) 88 100 110
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added 1t0 4.0 7.8
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market
Access to f nance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings ($ millions)- 748 545 178
Agr wage per agr. worker ($)
Rural labor force (% of total labor force) 76 75 71
Labor force, female (% of total labor force) 45 46 45
Food price index (1995=100) 0 3 219
Roads, normalized indexa . 235
Roads paved (%). 17 18
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)* 6 9 9
Radios (per 1,000 people)' 56 88 121
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)' 1,016 503 563
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)' 19 13 12
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)'
Potentially arable land/ rural population (ha) 9.2
Freshwater withdrawals for agr.' agr. GDP ()cm' million $) 39.4
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total) . . 77
Annual deforestation 1990-95 (% charige) 0.8
Cropiand' potentially (non-marginal) arable land (/6) . . 12
Irrigated land as % cropland 0.4 0 6 0.9
Cultivated land with conservation technologies (%)
p48c~$tmiftt118 a - fFtfftL < Ff fwttoj,51t tttiE
Fiscal decentral zat on (share of local govt. expend ture)
No. ot farmers organizations/ no. ot community groups
Local govt spending/ central govt. spending
Local tax revenue/ ocal govt. spending
228
Zimbabwe
1980 1990 1998
Population Imililons) 7.0 9.7 11.7
GDP ($ millions) 6,679 8,784 6,338
GNP per capita, Atlas method (US $) 950 920 620
Rural population (% of total) 78 72 66
Life expectancy 55 56 51
Surtace area (1,000 sq km) 391 391 391
RurtfWfl4efne
Population below the poverty line (% rural) 31
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 80 52 73
Safe water, rural I% of rural population with access) . 14 64
Sanitation, rural (% of rural populaton with access) .. 41 48
School enrollment, primary )% gross)* 85 116 112
School enrollment. primary, male (%gross)* 120 117 115
School enrollment, primary, female (I% gross)' 110 115 ill
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)' 2,230 2.150 2.200
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children under 5)' 12 16
Youth illiteracy rate, (% of female 15-24)' 20 9 5
Illiteracy rate. adult female (% of female 15+)* 38 25 t7
hravMO e 6twtt LOg PtEonory :
Agr GDP (value added), annual growth (1 980-98) 2.9
Agr. GDP! agr. worker as % of total GDP! worker 21 22 26
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker. annual growth (1980-98) 0.6
Rural non-farm employment
Employees, agr., female (% of total labor force) 50 35 38
Employees, services, temale (% of total labor force) 42 57 52
Non-agr GDP, non-agr. worker ($/people) 6.416 5. 38 2,687
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 1,185 1,625 1,101
Food production index (1989-91 = 100) 76 104 93
Livestock production index (1989-91 = 100) 83 104 101
Agr. exports as percent of agr. value added 40.9 57.5 80.8
Percent of agr production sold in domestic marke,l
Access to finance system per rural household
Gross domestic savings I$ miliJons)' 920 1,532 974
Agr. wage per agr worker M18
Rural labor force (% of total labor force) 72 68 64
Labor force, female ('/o of total labor force) 44 44 44
Food price index (1995=1001 6 23 208
bipwoveant of AMesufo bEty and Commutmaf om
Roads, normalizes noes' . .. 120
Roads paved (%)' 14 47
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)* 13 12 17
Radios (per 1.000 people)' 34 84 93
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)' 990 933 919
DOily newspapers (per 1,000 people)' 19 21 19
Number of post offices (rural)
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)' 32
f!uIalIe*bMnagwnwt oft,. NMtf Aeawe 8ase
Potentially arable landi rural population (ha). 0.8
Preshwater withdrawals for agr.: agr GDP (cm! million $) 15.2
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total) .. 79
Annual detorestation 1990-95 (% change) 0 6
Cropland/ potentially (non-marginal) arable land (%) . .. 48
Irrigated land as % cropland 3 1 3.5 4 7
Cultivated land with conservation technologies (e6)
Fiscaf decentralization (share of local govt expenditure)
No. of farmers organizations' no. of community groups
Local govt. spending/ central govt. spending
Local tax revenue/ local govt. spending
229
230
TECHNICAL NOTES ON
THE RURAL SCORE CARD
Rural poverty is a pervasive problem in many developing
countries, making it a key component of any poverty re-
duction strategy. Many developing countries and develop-
ment agencies would like to systematically monitor their
progress in reducing rural poverty. They need a reliable
data set and clearly defined, broad-based, composite indi-
cators that capture the myriad aspects of rural poverty. Only
then could policymakers and development practitioners
assess a country's performance against its own goals, or
against the goals of other countries within the same region
or income group. Unfortunately, such a rural "score card"
does not yet exist.
This technical note explains how a set of indicators from
the Rural Development Handbook is used to develop a first
iteration of a Rural Score Card for measuring rural well-
being (poverty reduction). This note also covers issues re-
lated to computing and interpreting the Score Card.
For the purposes of developing the Rural Score Card, pov-
erty reduction is used as a proxy for rural well-being. From
the Handbook, the indicators that are readily available and
best represent the outcomes commonly identified with pov-
erty reduction are used to compute the Rural Score Card.
Most of these indicators are aggregated at the national level,
because disaggregated urban-rural data are not available,
but they do correlate with rural outcomes. The five indica-
tors, based on poverty reduction outcomes, that are used
to assess different aspects of poverty reduction include:
Outcome 1: Proportion of rural population with incomes
below the poverty level
Population below the poverty line, percent rural
Outcome 2:Social and physical well-being are improved
Safe water, percent of rural population with access
Outcome 3:
Human development
Infant mortality rate (number per 1,000 live births)
Outcome 4:
Gender equity is increased
Primary school enrollment, male (percent gross)/Primary
school enrollment, female (percent gross)
231
Outcome 5:
Food security is enhanced
Malnutrition prevalence (percent of children under 5)
HOW THE RURAL SCORE CARD IS COMPUTED
1. The base year chosen is 1990 as the reference value for
individual country level indicators, or regional mean.
2. The value of each indicator for each year is normal-
ized relative to the base year by expressing this as
the rate of change from the reference year.
3. The values on a common scale are plotted to show
the trend and to estimate progress.
It is important to note that progress is often reflected
in positive rate of change, but this could be negative
(e.g., infant mortality rates and poverty headcount).
In the latter case, the values are inverted in order to
reflect the positive trend in their respective values.
4. The average of the normalized indicators of the five
outcomes is computed. This becomes the Rural Score
Card.
HOW TO USE THE RURAL SCORE CARD
Given the variability of data quality and in the level of
economic development in each country, the rankings
should be interpreted with care. With that caveat, the
Rural Score Card can have several important uses for
the Bank and its client countries.
The Score Card serves as a kind of barometer for ru-
ral well-being - measuring the direction and rate of
change in the key indicator areas. At the country level,
it assesses progress (or lack thereof) in implementing
a rural poverty alleviation program. Beyond that level,
it provides a measure with which to compare a
country's performance against a regional mean. The
Score Card can provide a basis for policy dialogue
with client countries by focusing attention on areas of
need when deciding on investment priorities during the
Country Assistance Strategy process.
232
Perhaps most importantly, the Rural Score Card brings
the need for reliable data in client countries into clear
focus.
NEXT STEPS
To be more useful, the concept of the Rural Score
Card needs to be widely discussed, the quality of the
data used needs to improve, and the scores must be
interpreted with care. As the quality of the relevant ru-
ral data improves and it becomes more widely and
readily available, the utility of the Rural Score Card as
an effective monitoring tool will increase. This is true
not only for the World Bank, but also for client coun-
tries and the donor community. Therefore, the Rural
Score Card will be reviewed periodically as the quality
and availability of rural data improves. Meanwhile,
some initiatives have already started that will help in
this effort. A United Nations inter-agency network and
the World Bank are working with countries to facilitate
standard data collection. The Bank (RDV and DECDG)
will take the lead in facilitating these efforts to improve
the rural data system and capture indicators that are
disaggregated between rural and urban.
233
234
DEFINITIONS
Access to finance system per rural household-The share
of the rural household with access to a finance system is the
percent of rural population that is actively participating in for-
mal financial systems.
Agr. exports (% of agricultural value added)-Value added
in agriculture measures the output of the agricultural sector
(ISIC divisions 1-5) less the value of intermediate inputs. Ag-
riculture comprises value added from forestry, hunting, and
fishing as well as cultivation of crops and livestock produc-
tion. Data on agricultural exports come from the FAO.
Agr. GDP (value added), annual growth (1980-98)-Agri-
cultural value added is the value added to the output of the
agricultural sector (ISIC divisions 1-5) less the value of inter-
mediate inputs. Agriculture comprises value added from for-
estry, hunting, and fishing as well as cultivation of crops and
livestock production. Value added is the net output of a sector
after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate in-
puts. It is calculated without making deductions for deprecia-
tion of fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natu-
ral resources. The industrial origin of value added is deter-
mined by the International Standard Industrial Classification
(ISIC), revision 2.
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker as % of total GDP/ worker-Agricul-
tural GDP per agricultural worker as a % of national GDP per
worker is the ratio of agricultural GDP per agricultural worker
compared to national GDP per national worker. Data on agri-
cultural workers and workers come from the FAO and refer
to the economically active population in agriculture and the
total economically active population, respectively.
Agr. GDP/ agr. worker, annual growth-Agriculture value
added per worker is a measure of agricultural productivity.
Value added in agriculture measures the output of the agri-
cultural sector (ISIC divisions 1-5) less the value of intermedi-
ate inputs. Agriculture comprises value added from forestry,
hunting, and fishing as well as cultivation of crops and live-
stock production. Data on agricultural workers come from
the FAO and refer to the economically active population in
agriculture.Data are in constant 1995 U.S. dollars.
Agr. wage per agr. worker (current US$)-Agricultural wage
per worker is based on daily wages in agriculture.
235
Annual deforestation (% change)-Annual deforestation re-
fers to permanent conversion of natural forest to other uses,
including shifting cultivation, permanent agriculture, ranching,
settlements, and infrastructure development. Deforested ar-
eas do not include areas logged but intended for regenera-
tion or areas degraded by fuel wood gathering, acid precipita-
tion, or forest fires.
Cereal yield (kg per hectare)-Cereal yield, measured as
kilograms per hectare of harvested land, includes wheat, rice,
maize, barley, oats, rye, millet, sorghum, buckwheat, and mixed
grains. Production data on cereals relate to crops harvested
for dry grain only. Cereal crops harvested for hay or harvested
green for food, feed, or silage and those used for grazing are
excluded.
Cropland/ potentially arable land-Cropland refers to
arable land and land used for permanent crops. Land
under permanent crops is land cultivated with crops
that occupy the land for long periods and need not be
replanted after each harvest, such as cocoa, coffee,
and rubber. This category includes land under flower-
ing shrubs, fruit trees, nut trees, and vines, but excludes
land under trees grown for wood or timber. Arable land
is land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas
are counted only once), temporary meadows for mow-
ing or pasture, land under market and kitchen gardens
and land temporarily fallow (less than five years). This
category does not include abandoned land resulting
from shifting cultivation. Data for "arable land" are not
meant to indicate the amount of land that is potentially
cultivable. Potentially arable land is the total land area
assessed suitable for annual cereal crop (wheat, wet-
land rice, maize).
Cultivated land with conservation technologies (%)-The
percent of cultivated land with conservation technologies is
the current area of arable land protected with conservation
technologies, such as cover crops, conservation terrace, crop
rotation, per mean arable land.
Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people)-Daily newspapers
are the number of newspapers published at least four times a
week, per 1,000 people.
Electric power consumption per capita (kmh)-Electricity
consumption measures the production of power plants and
combined heat and power plants, less distribution losses, and
236
own use by heat and power plants in rural areas.
Employees, agr., female (% of total labor force)-Employ-
ees are people who work for a public or private employer and
receive remuneration in wages, salary, commission, tips, piece
rates, or pay in kind. Agriculture includes hunting, forestry,
and fishing corresponding to major division 1 (ISIC revision 2)
or tabulation categories A and B (ISIC revision 3).
Employees, services, female (% of total labor force)-Em-
ployees are people who work for a public or private employer
and receive remuneration in wages, salary, commission, tips,
piece rates, or pay in kind. Services include wholesale and
retail trade and restaurants and hotels; transport, storage, and
communications; financing, insurance, real estate, and busi-
ness services; and community, social, and personal services,
corresponding to major divisions 6 through 9 (ISIC revision 2)
or tabulation categories G through P (ISIC revision 3).
Fiscal decentralization (share of local government expen-
diture)-Fiscal decentralization is the share of total fiscal re-
sources under control of local governments.
Food price index (1995 = 100)-Food price index is a subin-
dex of the consumer price index.
Food production index (1989-91=100)-Food production in-
dex covers commodities that are considered edible and that
contain nutrients. Coffee and tea are excluded because, al-
though edible, they have no nutritive value.
Freshwater withdrawals for agr. (% of total)-Total water
withdrawal, not counting evaporation losses from storage ba-
sins, but including water from desalination plants in countries
where they are a significant source of water withdrawals. It is
computed as percentage of total renewable resources includ-
ing rivers, river flows from other countries, and ground water
from rainfall.
Freshwater withdrawals for agr.1 agr. GDP-Annual fresh-
water withdrawals refer to total water withdrawal, not counting
evaporation losses from storage basins. Withdrawals also in-
clude water from desalination plants in countries where they
are a significant source. Withdrawals for agriculture are total
withdrawals for irrigation and livestock production. GDP in ag-
riculture measures the output of the agricultural sector (ISIC
divisions 1-5) less the value of intermediate inputs. Agricul-
ture comprises value added from forestry, hunting, and fish-
ing as well as cultivation of crops and livestock production.
GDP ($ millions)-GDP measures the total output of goods
237
and services for final use occurring within the domestic terri-
tory of a given country, regardless of the allocation to domes-
tic and foreign claims. Gross domestic product at purchaser
values (market prices) is the sum of gross value added by all
resident and nonresident producers in the economy plus any
taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of
the products. It is calculated without making deductions for
depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degra-
dation of natural resources. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
Dollar figures for GDP are converted from domestic curren-
cies using single year official exchange rates. For a few coun-
tries where the official exchange rate does not reflect the rate
effectively applied to actual foreign exchange transactions,
an alternative conversion factor is used.
GNP per capita ($)-GNP per capita is gross national prod-
uct divided by midyear population. GNP is the sum of gross
value added by all resident producers plus any taxes (less
subsidies) that are not included in the valuation of output plus
net receipts of primary income (employee compensation and
property income) from nonresident sources.
Gross domestic savings (current US$)-Gross domestic
savings are calculated as the difference between GDP and
total consumption. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
Illiteracy rate, adult female (% of female 15+)- Adult fe-
male illiteracy rate is the proportion of female adults aged 15
and above who cannot, with understanding, read and write a
short, simple statement on their everyday life.
Irrigated land as % of cropland-Irrigated land is the area
purposely provided with water, including land irrigated by con-
trolled flooding. Cropland includes land under temporary and
permanent crops, temporary meadows, market and kitchen
gardens, and land temporarily fallow.
Labor force, female (% of total labor force)-Female labor
force as a percentage of the total shows the extent to which
women are active in the labor force. Labor force comprises all
people who meet the International Labour Organization's defi-
nition of the economically active population.
Life expectancy-Life expectancy at birth indicates the num-
ber of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns
of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same through-
out its life.
Livestock production index (1989-91=100)-Livestock pro-
duction index includes meat and milk from all sources, dairy
products such as cheese, and eggs, honey, raw silk, wool,
238
and hides and skins.
Local government spending/ central government spend-
ing-Local government spending as a share of central gov-
ernment spending is the ratio of local government spending
to central government spending.
Local tax revenue! local government spending-Local tax
revenue as a share of local government spending is the ratio
of local tax revenue to local government spending.
Malnutrition prevalence (% of children under 5)-Preva-
lence of child malnutrition is the percentage of children under
five whose weight for age and height for age are less than
minus two standard deviations from the median for the inter-
national reference population aged 0-59 months. For chil-
dren up to two years of age, height is measured by recum-
bent length. For older children, height is measured by stature
while standing. The reference population, adopted by the WHO
in 1983, is based on children from the United States, who are
assumed to be well nourished.
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births)-Infant mortal-
ity rate is the number of infants who die before reaching one
year of age, per 1,000 live births in the same year.
Non-agr. GDP/ Non-agr. worker-Non-agricultural GDP as
a share of the non-agricultural labor force is the ratio of non-
agricultural GDP per non-agricultural worker. Data on non-
agricultural workers come from the FAO.
Number of farmer organizations/ number of community
groups-The number of farmer organizations as a share of
the number of active community groups includes civil society
networks existing at regional and national levels.
Number of post offices (rural)-The number of post offices
(rural) is the number of post offices available in rural areas.
Per capita dietary energy supply (calories)-Per capita di-
etary energy supply refers to the total amount of the commod-
ity available for human consumption during the year.
Percent of agr. production sold in domestic market-The
percent of agricultural production sold in a domestic market is
the agricultural production available for any use except as
seed and feed sold in domestic market.
Population (millions)-Total population is based on the de
facto definition of population, which counts all residents re-
gardless of legal status or citizenship. Refugees not perma-
nently settled in the country of asylum are generally consid-
239
ered to be part of the population of their country of origin.
Population below poverty line, (% rural)-Rural poverty rate
is the percentage of the rural population living below the na-
tional rural poverty line.
Potentially arable land/ rural population-Potentially ar-
able land is the total land area assessed suitable for
annual cereal crop (wheat, wetland rice, maize). Rural
population is estimated as the difference between the
total population and the urban population.
Radios (per 1,000 people)-Radios are the estimated num-
ber of radio receivers in use for broadcasts to the general
public, per 1,000 people.
Roads paved (%)-Paved roads are roads that have been
sealed with asphalt or similar road-building materials.
Roads, normalized index (100 = expected total length)-
Normalized road index is the total length of roads in a country
compared with the expected length of roads, where the ex-
pectation is conditioned on population, population density, per
capita income, urbanization, and region-specific dummy vari-
ables. A value of 100 is "normal." If the index is more than
100, the country's stock of roads exceeds the average.
Rural l3bor force (% of total labor force)-Labor force in
the rural area is the number of persons in the job market in
rural area. These data are lacking for most countries. Agricul-
tural labor force is used instead as an approximation. Data on
agricultural labor force and the total labor force come from
the FAO and refer to the economically active population in
agriculture and the total economically active population, re-
spectively.
Rural non-farm employment-Rural non-farm employment
is the % of rural labor force employed by non-farm enterprises.
Rural population (% total)-Rural population is the dif-
ference between the total population and the urban
population. Urban population is the midyear popula-
tion of areas defined as urban in each country and re-
ported to the United Nations.
Safe water, rural (% of rural population with access)-
Access to safe water is the share of the population with rea-
sonable access to an adequate amount of safe water in a
dwelling or within a convenient distance of their dwelling. In
rural areas, the definition implies that members of the house-
hold do not have to spend a disproportionate part of the day
240
fetching water. An adequate amount of water is that needed
to satisfy metabolic, hygienic, and domestic requirements, usu-
ally about 20 liters of safe water a person per day. The defini-
tion of safe water has changed over time.
Sanitation, rural (% of rural population with access)-Ac-
cess to sanitation in rural areas is the share of the rural popu-
lation with at least adequate excreta disposal facilities that
can effectively prevent human, animal, and insect contact with
excreta. Suitable facilities range from simple but protected pit
latrines to flush toilets with sewerage. To be effective, all facili-
ties must be correctly constructed and properly maintained.
School enrollment, primary (% gross)-Gross enrollment
ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the
population of the age group that officially corresponds to the
level of education shown. Estimates are based on the Inter-
national Standard Classification of Education (ICSED). Pri-
mary education provides children with basic reading, writing,
and mathematics skills along with an elementary understand-
ing of such subjects as history, geography, natural science,
social science, art, and music.
Surface area (1,000 sq. km)-Surface area is a country's
total area including areas under inland bodies of water and
some coastal waterways.
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people)-Telephone main-
lines are telephone lines connecting a customer's equipment
to the public switched telephone network. Data are presented
for the entire country and for the largest city.
Two wheelers (per 1,000 people)-Two-wheelers refer to
mopeds and motorcycles available per 1,000 people.
Youth illiteracy rate (% of female 15-24)-Youth female illit-
eracy rate is the percentage of females aged 15-24 who can-
not, with understanding, read and write a short, simple state-
ment about their everyday life.
241
The World Bank
I Development Department
IWorld Bank
H Street, N.W., Room MC 5-724
Washington, D.C. 2Q433
Website: http://www.worldbank.org/rural