103339 POLIC IES F OR tajymif;tvJwGifyg0ifjcif; SH AR tm;vHk;twGuf jynfolYa&;&mu@ wm0efcHrIjr§ifhwifa&; E D P R O SP ER ITY IN M YAN M AR ALL ABOARD Policies for shared prosperity in Myanmar This Policy Note was prepared by: Shabih Mohib (Team Leader and Program Leader); May Thet Zin (Economist); Rob Boothe (Public Sector Specialist) and Soren Davidsen (Senior Governance Specialist) with inputs from Elizabeth Moorsmith (Senior Conflict Specialist) and Corey Pattison (Conflict Specialist) under the guidance of Robert Taliercio (Practice Manager, Governance). ALL ABOARD Policies for shared prosperity in Myanmar tajymif;tvJwGifyg0ifjcif; tm;vHk;twGuf jynfolYa&;&mu@ wm0efcHrIjr§ifhwifa&; tajymif;tvJwGifyg0ifjcif; tm;vHk;twGuf jynfolYa&;&mu@ wm0efcHrIjr§ifhwifa&; jrefrmEdkifiH\ jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; vkyfief;pOfwGif jynfolrsm; yl;aygif;yg0ifEdkifonfh xl;jcm;onfh tcGifhta&;BuD; wpfck &Sdaeygonf/ xdktcGifhta&;udk jynfolU a&;&m u@rsm;wGif yGifhvif;jrifomrIESifh wm0efcHrI ydkrdk aumif;rGef vmap&ef jr§ifhwifaqmif&Gufjcif;tm;jzifh &&SdEdkifrnf jzpfonf/ xdkjynfolUa&;&mu@rsm;wGif jynfaxmifpk tpdk;& \&aiG &&SdrI? jynfolU tokH;p&dwfrsm;tm; pDrHcefUcGJjcif;? jynfolU rl0g'rsm; csrSwfjcif;ESifh jynfolU0efaqmifrIrsm; yHhykd;ay;jcif; ponfwdkU yg0ifonf/ yHk 1? rl0g' csrSwf&mwGif yGifhvif;jrifom&SdrI/ r&SdrItay: ykH 2? tpdk;&\ yGihfvif;rIjy tnTef; - Oya'pdk;rdk;rI nTefudef;1 vkyfief;rsm;\ oHk;oyfcsuf Source: Investment Climate Surveys, Source: The World Justice Project, Rule of Law Index 2014 various years, Myanmar ICA 2014 þodkY aqmif&Gufjcif;onf jynfolYa&;&mu@\ xda&mufrIudk ykdrdkaumif;rGefapNyD; xdkrSwqifh tm;vHk;yg0ifaom zGHUjzdK;wdk;wufa&;udk azmfaqmifEdkifrnf/ jrefrmEdkifiH\ jynfolYa&;&mu@onf ,cif acwftqufqufu &aiG&&SdrI enf;yg;cJhjcif; ESifh jynfolYa&;&m 0efaqmifrIwGifvnf; twdkif;twmwpfcktxdom wm0ef,laqmif&Gufay;Edkifjcif;wdkY aMumifh wdkif;jynfzGHYjzdK;wdk;wufrI tm;enf;cJh&onf/1 2 umv&SnfpGm yGifhvif;jrifomrIenf;cJhjcif;ESifh rl0g'rsm; csrSwf&mwGif jynfolrsm;tm; yl;aygif;yg0ifcGifhr&SdcJhjcif; (yHk 1 ESifh 2) wdkYonf t*wdvdkufpm;rIudk jzpfapNyD; jynfolvlxk\ tpdk;&tay: ,HkMunfrIrsm;yg xyfqifhaysmufqHk;apcJhonf/ 1 'Dtcsuftvufonf EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\Oya'rsm;onf rnfrQtxd &Sif;vif;rI&Sdjcif; jynfolod&SdatmifjyefMum;Edkifjcif;? 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0ifaiG enf;yg;aom &,ljcif;jzifh ydkrdk vdktyfaom jynfolY0efaqmifrIrsm; ESifh EdkifiHrsm;wGif 17% &&SdMuonf/ jrefrmtpdk;&\ taxGaxG vlrIzlvHka&; udpö&yfrsm; wdk;wuf&&Sdrnf/ toHk;p&dwfrSm pkpkaygif; jynfwGif;xkwfvkyfrI(*sD'DyD) \ 15% rSsom &Sdonf/ EdIif;,SOfrnfqdk&if aps;uGuf jzpfxGef;vmonfh EdkifiHrsm; ESifh 0ifaiGtv,ftvwf EdkifiHrsm;wGif tpdk;&\ taxGaxG&aiG&&SdrI rSm *sD'DyD \ 30% ausmf? 0ifaiG enf;yg;aom EdkifiHrsm;wGif 20% &&Sd Muonf/ xdkYaMumifh jrefrmEdkifiH \ taxGaxGtpdk;&u@ 3. “tm;vHk;twl zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufjcif;? aus;vufa'o qif;&JrI avSsmhcsa&;” [lonfh rl0g;a&;&m rSwfpkudk Munhfyg/ 4. ¤if;onf bwf*sufjyifyqdkif&m vkyfief;rsm;ESifh us,fjyefYaom jynfolYu@vkyfief;rsm; (Oyrm - EdkifiHawmfydkif pD;yGm;a&; 2 tzJGUtpnf;rsm;)/ t&G,ftpm;udk avSsmhcsEdkifrnfh twdkif;twmrSmvnf; aMumifh vwfwavmü aESmifhaES; MuefYMumrI &Sdaeonf/ tuefYtowf twGif;om &Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif jrefrmjynfol xdkodkYaMujim&eftwGuf oufqdkif&m tcGef t&m&Sdrsm;ESifh tm;vHk;udk ydkrdkaumif;rGefonfh 0efaqmifrIrsm; ay;&ef tcGef aqmifolrsm; awGUqHknSdEIdif;&aomaMumifh t*wd twGuf tpdk;& vkyfief;rsm;udk vsifvsifjrefjref ESifh h yfief;pOf vdkufpm;rIrsm;jzpfEkdifonf/aqmif&GufrIrsm;ESifvk ydkrdkxda&mufatmif aqmif&GufEdkifajcrsm;pGm &Sdaeonf/ rsm;uvnf; wpfydkif;pDqufpyfrIr&Sdjzpfaeonf/ tpdk;& |mersm;u0efaqmifcrsm;? ukefusp&dwf ESifh pnf;MuyfaiG xdkodkY 0efaqmifrIrsm; ay;&mwGif jynfolYtoHk;p&dwfjzifh rsm;udyH h k kpHtrsdK;rsdK;jzifaumuf h cHojzifOya't& vdkufem&ef vsmxm;onfh vkyfief;rsm;udk ydkrdk yGifhvif;jrifompGm p&dwfrsm;onf/ aqmif&GufEdkifonf/ jynfaxmifpk\ b@maiG t&toHk; qkdif&mOya'udkxkwfjyefjcif;rSvJTíjynfaxmifpktqifhESifh obm0t&if;tjrpf xkwf,loHk;pJGonfh vkyfief;rsm;udk jynfe,f/ wdkif;a'oBuD;tqifhtwGuf tpdk;&\ OD;pm;ay; txl;*&kjyKum pDrHcefYcGJ &ef vdktyfonf/ obm0 toHk;p&dwfqdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;udk trsm;jynfolrsm; t&if;tjrpfrsm;onf jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;wGif t"dutcef; vG,fulpGm odjrifEdkifjcif; r&Sdao;yg/ vTwfawmfwGif u@wpf&yf taeESifh yg0ifonf/ obm0"mwfaiGYu@ aqG;aEG;aom bwf*sufOya'Murf; ESifh pm&if;ppfaq; onf pkpkaygif; jynfwGif;xkwfvkyfrI (*sD'DyD) \ 8% NyD;aomtpdk;&\aiGaMu;&Sif;wrf;rsm;wdkYudkvwfwavmü rS 10% rSs&Sdonf/ xdkYjyif ausmufrsuf&wem ESifh h olrsm;taejzifb@maiG xkwfjyefjcif;r&Sdyg/xdkYaMumifjynf h tjcm;"mwfowåKrsm;rS 0ifaiGonf tcsKdUaom cefYrSef;csuf cJGa0 oHk;pJGrIrsm;tay:wGif tMuHay; ajymqdkEdkifcGifh rsm;t& pkpkaygif; jynfwGif;xkwfvkyfrI (*sD'DyD) \ 20% r&SdouJhodkU tcGefxJrS rnfrSsudk vlrIa&;? tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh ausmf&SdEdkifonf/ ¤if;obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;onf jrefrm pD;yGm;a&; 0efaqmifrIrsm;twGuf trSefwu,f toHk;jyK f efta&;BuD;onf/ EdkifiH\a&SUqufzGYHjzdK;wdk;wufrIwGitvG ay;cJhonfudkvnf; ,ckrodEdkifyg/ ,ckbuf*suf obm0"mwfaiGYu@wGif jrefrmha&eHESifh obm0"mwfaiGY tcsuftvufrsm;udk trsdK;tpm;cGJjcm;&mwGif EdkifiHwum vkyfief;onf tcGefay;aqmifjyD; tjrwfaiG\ 55% pHEIef;ESifh,SOfvSsif uGJjym;aomt&mrsm;&Sdygonf/ rSsudkxdef;odrf;xm;Edkifonf/xdktjrwfrsm;udkjynfaxmifpk xdkYaMumifh b@ma&;qdkif&m rl0g' pDppfokH;oyf&mwGif buf*sufodkY vTJajymif;ay;a&;udkrl oabmrwlnDrIrsm; tcuftcJtcsKdU&Sdygonf/ vTwfawmfwGif aqG;aEG;aom &Sdaeonf/5 txl;tm&kHpdkufoifhonfh udpörSm bwf*sufOya'Murf; xkwfjyefEdkifjcif;onf vTwfawmf ausmufrsuf&wem ESifh tjcm;"mwfowåKt&if;tjrpf trwfrsm; tcsif;csif; aqG;aEG; ajymqdkrIrsm; rsm;pGm w&m;r0if pD;xGufaejcif;ESifh vlenf;pkrS omru t&yfzufqdkif&m vlrItzJGUtpnf;rsm;? owif; csKyfudkifxm;aom tMuD;pm; xkwf,l oHk;pJGrIrsm; rD'D,m ESifh jynfolrsm;tMum; aqG;aEG;rIrsm;ydkrdk rsm;jym; wdkYjzpfonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf jyefvnf jynfhNzdK;&ef vmrnf/ xdkYaMumifh b@maiG cJGa0 oHk;pJGjcif; t&nftaoG; rjzpfEdkifawmhonfh EdkifiHawmft&if;tjrpfrsm;rS &&Sdonfh udk rsm;pGm wdk;wufapEdkifonf/ tusdK;tjrwfrsm;udk jynfolrsm;tm;vHk;qDokdU ra&muf&Sd Edkif&ef umqD;xm;ouJhodkU jzpfaeonf/ tpdk;&\ &aiG &&SdrIrsm; wdk;vmap&eftwGuf rl0g'ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&m jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm; udk vkyfaqmif&ef jrefrmEdkifiHonf A[dkcsKyfudkifrIpepfrSonf A[dkcsKyfudkifrI tcGifhtvrf;rsm;pGm &Sdaeygonf/ tpdk;&\ vuf&Sd tcGef avsmhcsxm;onfhpepf odkY zGJUpnf;yHk tajccHOya'udk aumufcHa&;onf tcGef xrf;aqmif&ef aMujimjcif;tay: tajccHum pwifaqmif&Gufaeonf/ xdkYaMumifh EdkifiHawmf tcGeft&m&SdrSpdppfoHk;oyfrI jyKvkyf&onfh pepfwpf&yf ESifh jynfolrsm; ydkrdk eD;uyfapjcif;jzifh tpdk;&u@\ 5. urÇmhbPf\" jrefrmEdkifiH\ zGHYNzdK;a&;qdkif&m OD;pm;ay;rl0g'rsm;ESifhtnD jynfaxmifpk\ b@maiGt& toHk;qdkif&m bwf*suftm; jyefvnfxdef;nSd a&;qJGjcif;- jrefrmEdkfifiH\ tpdk;& toHk;p&dwf jyefvnfoHk;owfrI tpD&ifcHpm (2015) Myanmar Public Expenditure Review(2015) "udk Munfhyg/ 3 wm0efcHrI jr§ifhwifEdkifonfh cGifhtvrf;rsm;udk jzpfay:ap vrf;aMumif;opfrsm;udk cif;ay; aeonf/ þtul; ygonf/ ueOD;tqifhtaejzifh jynfe,fESifh wdkif;a'o tajymif;udk pDrHcefYcGJ&mü (Oyrm- 0efaqmifrIay;jcif;? BuD;tqifh Oya'jyK tzGJYtpnf;rsm;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&; pnf;Muyfrnfh&aiG trsdK;tpm;rsm; wdk;csJUjcif;udk tzGJYtpnf;rsm;udk wnfaxmifcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif oifhwifhrSswaom yHkpHjzifh aqmif&Gufjcif;? tpdk;& tul;tajymif;ü topfzGJYpnf;wnfaxmifxm;onfh tzGJYtpnf;rsm;wGif xufatmuf tqifhtwef;tvdkuf jynfe,f / wdkif;a'oBuD;tqifh tzGJYtpnf;rsm;ESifh b@ma&;qdkif&m wm0efcHrIrsm; csrSwfay;xm;&ef tpOftvmt& wnf&SdcJhaom A[dktkyfcsKyfrIwdkY oabmwljcif;? jynfaxmifpkESifh jynfe,f/ tMum;wGif vkyfief;oabmt& tm;jydKifrIrsm; BuHKawGY wdkif;a'oBuD;tpdk;&rsm;tMum; &aiGcGJa0,ljcif; tyg ae&onfrSm xl;qef;onf[k rqdkEdkifyg/ jynfe,f t0ifudk aqmif&Guf&mü) &IyfaxG;eufeJrIrsm;pGm &Sdonf/ wdkif;a'oBuD;tpdk;&rsm;\ b@maiG t&toHk; cJGa0 rIrsm;rSm ,ck tenf;i,fom &Sdaeaomfvnf; jynfe,f/ EdkifiH0efxrf;pepfonf vnfywfaeonf[k qdkEdkif wdkif;a'oBuD;tqifhrS aqmif&GufEdkif&ef a&G;cs,f aomfvnf; vkyfief;aqmif&GufrI? 0efaqmifrIrsm; ESifh xm;aom jynfolYa&;&m 0efaqmifrIrsm; tay:pDrH pGrf;aqmif&nfrsm; ydkrdktm;aumif;vmap&ef tav;ay; cefYcGJrIqdkif&m wm0efrsm; ESifh wm0efcHrIrsm;udk pwifí aqmif&Guf&rnfh u@rsm; vnf;&Sdaeonf/ xdk &Sif;vif;pGm owfrSwf&ef ta&;BuD;onf/ us,fjyefYaom u@wGif EdkifiHh0efxrf; pDrHcefYcGJrI? |mersm; tMum; aygif;pyfnSdEdIif;rI? tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;\ vpm wpfEdkifiHvkH; ypfcwfwdkufcdkufrI&yfpJa&; oabmwl EIef;xm;owfrSwfcsufrsm;? t&nftcsif;t& 0efxrf; pmcsKyfudk vwfwavm vufrSwf a&;xdk;cJhjcif;onf a&G;cs,fcefYxm;rI? &mxl;wdk;jrSifhrI? 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BudKwifcefYrSef;EdkifrIESifh vGwfvyfrIrsm; 2006 ckESpfwGif tmPmydkifrsm;u tcGefxrf;udk,fwdkif &Sdonf/ pdppfonfhpepfudk jynfe,ftm;vHk;odkY jzefYusufum pwif aqmif&GufapcJhonf/ 8. tcGefEIef; avSsmhcsjcif;ESifha&eHrS &&SdaiGrsm;enf;aomaMumifh &aiG *sD'DyD tcsKd;onf usoGm;ygonf/ 8 jynfolYtoHk;p&dwfrsm; yGifhvif;jrifomrIESifh jyKjyif a&;&m jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;uvnf; bwf*sufqdkif&m ajymif;vJrI aqmif&Guf&mwGif xdkif;EdkifiHu aqmif&Guf pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk rsm;pGm wdk;wufapcJhojzifh buf*suf cJhonfh oGif;tm;pktajccHonfh bwf*sufcGJa0rIrSonf vdkaiGjyrIrsm;onf jyD;cJhonfh q,fpkESpfwGif ysrf;rSstm;jzifh pGrf;aqmif&nftajccHonfh buf*sufcGJa0rIodkY ul;ajymif; pkpkaygif; jynfwGif;xkwfvkyfrI (*sD'DyD) \ 3%atmufwGif cJhonfh aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;rS oifcef;pmaumif;rsm;pGm &SdcJhonf/ þvkyfaqmifcsufu 0efaqmifrIay;onfh &v'f &Edkifygonf/ 1997ckESpf\tm&Sb@ma&;tusyftwnf; rsm;tay: ydkí tm&HkpdkufEdkif&ef ESifh b@ma&;qdkif&m &dkufcwfrIrsm;aMumifh xdkif;EdkifiHtaejzifh jynfolY a&;&m vdktyfcsuf jznfhqnf;rIrsm; wnfaxmif&mwGifvnf; 0efaqmifrI pGrf;aqmif&nftay: tm&HkpdkufEdkif&efESifh (Oyrm - acs;aiGrsm; usqif;apjcif;rSwqifh) taxmuf aiGa&;aMu;a&;tEå&m,frsm;udk wufBuGpGm pDrH cefYcGJEdkif&ef tuljyKonf/ þodkYjzifh 2008 ckESpf? urÇmvHk;qdkif&m bwf*sufpDrHcefYcGJrIudkrsm;pGmjyKjyifajymif;vJ&efvdkaejyD[k b@ma&;tusyftwnf;udk xdkif;EdkifiHu xda&mufpGm jycJhonf/ buf*sufpDrHcefYcGJrI jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif;onf ausmfvTm;EdkifcJhonf/ 2015 ckESpfwGif jynfolYaMuG;jrD jynfolYa&;&m u@ pDrHcefYcGJrI jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif;\ pkpkaygif;onf pkpkaygif; jynfwGif;xkwfvkyfrI (*sD'DyD) tpdwftydkif; wpf&yf jzpfcJhonf/ tpdk;&\ OD;pm;ay;rIonf \ 43% &SdaomaMumifh aps;uGufoabmESifh qefYusif xkwfukefrsm;? &v'frsm;? pGrf;aqmif&nf wdkif;wmrI? wkefYjyefonfh aiGa&;aMu;a&;qdkif&m rl0g' yGifhvif; jrifom&SdrI? wm0ef,lrIESifh vlxktajcjyKzGHUjzdK; (countercyclical fiscal policy) udk taumiftxnf wdk;wufa&;bufodkY OD;vSnfhoGm;cJhonf/ xdkpepfonf azmf&ef twGuf xyfrHcJGa0Edkifrnfh aiG&yf(Fiscal Space) BuHKawGY&onfh pdefac:rIrsm;t& awmufavSsmuf &SdcJhonf/ wdk;wufajymif;vJaepOfwGif xdkif;EdkifiH\ bwf*suf 9 d a'owGif;&Stjcm;Ed kifiHrsm;onftvm;wlbuf*sufa&;&m jynfolYb@ma&; \ yGifhvif;jrifomrI wdk;wufa&; jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm; aqmif&GufcJhBuonf/ xdkudpöonf aqmif&Gufcsufrsm; onf jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; aqmif&Gufol obm0tm;jzifh umv&Snf aqmif&Guf&rnf rsm;tm;vkH; tMum; wlnDpGm &Sdaeonfh csdwfqufrI jzpfaomfvnf; umvwdküfyif &v'f rsm;pGm &SdEdkifonf/ wpfckjzpfonf/ jynfolYb@ma&;qdkif&m yGifhvif; jrifom Oyrm - awmifudk&D;,m;EdkifiHonf tm&Sb@ma&; rIonf rdkufc&dkpD;yGm;a&;pDrHcefYcGJrI? jynfolrsm;\ tusyftwnf;aMumifh umvvwf b@ma&; rlabmifrsm; yl;aygif;yg0ifrI ESifh jynfolY a&;&m 0efaqmifrIrsm;ay;&mü csrSwfusifhoHk;jcif; tygt0if ajymif;vJrIudk pwifcJhonf/ tpdk;&\ wm0efcHrIrsm; jrSifhwif&efwdkYonf ta&;BuD;onf þvkyfaqmifcsufaMumifhbwf*sufa&;qJG&mwGifcefYrSef;rI [k taxmuf txm;rsm;u azmfjyonf/ yGifhvif;jrifomrI ydkwdusEdkifonfh pGrf;aqmif&nf tajccHaom cGJa0rIudk twdkif;twmudk oHk;oyf&ef jynfolY&efyHkaiGrsm; yGifhvif; jzpfapcJhonf/ rav;&Sm;EdkifiHonf pGrf;aqmif&nf jrifom&Sda&; urÇmvHk;qdkif&m ueOD;vIyf&Sm;rI9? pD;yGm;a&; tajccHonfh bwf*suf pepfudk ESpfaygif; (30)twGif; yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIESizG fh HYjzdK;wdk;wufrIqdkif&mtzGJYtpnf; jznf;jznf;csif; wnfaqmuf,lcJh&onf/ xdkYaMumifh (Organization for Economic Cooperation and tcsdefMumvmonfESifhtrSs rav;&Sm;EdkifiH\ 0efaqmifrI Development – OECD) \ "bwf*sufyGifhvif;jrifoma&; ay;onfh pHcsdefpHnTef;qdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm; ydkrdkjynfhpHk qdkif&m taumif;qHk; tavhtusifhrsm;"10 ? Open Budget aumif;rGefvmonf/ Partnership \ yGifhvif;aom buf*suftnTef;11 ESifh IMF \ jynfolY&efyHkaiGrsm; yGifhvif;jrifomrI &Sda&; tavhtusifhaumif;rsm; ponfU pHcsdefpHnTef;rsm;pGmudk jyKpka&;qGJcJhMuonf/ 9. http://www.fiscaltransparency.net/ 10. http://www.oecd.org/gov/budgeting/ 11. http://internationalbudget.org/opening-budgets/open-budget-initiative/ 10 ykH 5? bwf*sufyGihfvif;rI tnGef;udef; Source: International Budget Partnership   þvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;aMumifb@ma&;qd h kif&mtpD&ifcHpm “jynfolYA[dkjyK 0efaqmifrIay;jcif;”udk EdkifiHrsm;pGmwGif rsm; xkwfjyefonfh tavhtusifhaumif;udk jzpf&Hkomru wkd;jr§ifh vkyfaqmifvsuf&Sd&m jynfolYa&;&m0efaqmifrI xdktpD&ifcHpmrsm;onf ydkrdkjynfhpHk tao;pdwfus onf/ ay;onfh pHcsdefpHnTef;rsm; owfrSwf&mwGif jrefrmEdkifiH vuf&SdwGif jrefrmEdkifiHonf urÇmay:wGif bwff*suf taejzifh oifcef;pmaumif;rsm; &,ledkifygonf/ þodkY yGifhvif;jrifomrI tenf;qHk;EdkifiHtjzpf owfrSwfjcif; vkyfaqmif&mwGif EdkifiHom;rsm;\ tMuHjyKcsufrsm;ay: cHxm;&onf/ (yHk 5) ? odkY&mwGif jrefrmEdkifiH\ bwf*suf rlwnfí tpdk;&|mersm;\ t&nftaoG; ESifh tcsdef xkwfjyefjcif;ESifh wdkif;jynf\ &aiGoHk;aiG tajctaeudk ESifhwajy;nD ta&;,l ajz&Sif; aqmif&GufEdkifpGrf;wdkY tusOf;csKyfNyD; jynfolrsm;twGuf wifjycsuf (Citizen’s wdk;wufap&ef t"duxm;&rnf/ þuJhodkY EdkifiHom;rsm; Budget) udk xkwfjyefjcif;jzihf ydkrdkyGifhvif;jrifomrI yl;aygif; yg0if aqmif&Gufaponfh pepfu tpdk;&tay: pwifjzpfxGef;vmygonf/ wdk;wufatmif aqmif&Guf&ef ,HkMunfrIcdkifrmvmapjyD;? tpdk;&taejzifh aeYpOf usef&Sdao;onfh ae&mrsm;rSm vTwfawmfwGif aqG;aEG;aom udpö&yfrsm;twGuf jynfolrsm;ESifh csdwfqufaqmif&Guf bwf*sufOya'Murf;? vkyfief; aqmif&GufrItajctae rIrsm; &Sdvmayrnf/ jynfolrsm;\ tpdk;& 0efaqmifrI yHkrSeftpD&ifcHpmrsm;? pm&if;ppfaq;NyD;aom tpdk;&\ tay: ,HkMunfrIudk &&Sdatmif aqmif&Gufjcif; ESifh aiGaMu; &Sif;wrf;rsm; ESifh tjcm;aom xkwfjyefrI tpdk;&uvnf; jynfolrsm;\ wkefYjyef oHk;oyfcsuftay: rsm;jzpfMuonf/ xdkodkY xkwfjyefjcif;tm;jzifh tjynfjynf tcsdefESifh wajy;nD pOf;pm;aqmif&Gufay;jcif; wdkYudk qdkif&m tavhtusifhaumif;rsm;ESifh udkufnDvmrnf/ taumiftxnfazmf&ef ta&;BuD;onf/ xdkodkY taumif txnfazmf&mwGif ,cifu tpdk;&\ tkyfcsKyfa&; tmPm oufa&mufrI tuefYtowfom &Sdaom a'orsm;? jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;&Sd udk,fydkif tkyfcsKyfcGifh& a'orsm;udk txl;ta&;xm;&rnf/ tcsdKUOyrmrsm;udk atmufazmfjyyg tuGuf-1 wGif aqG;aEG;xm;onf/ 11 Oyrm - vufwiftar&duEdkifiHrsm;jzpfMuonfh 2000 jynfhESpf aemufydkif;wGif aqmif&GufcJhonfh yD&l;ESifhcsDvDEdkifiHwdkYonfjy|mef;xm;aomEdkifiHawmftqifh þjyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;onf ynma&;t&nftaoG;udk ynma&;pHcsdefpHnTef;rsm;udk bufpHk taumiftxnf ododomom wdk;wufapcJhonf/ Oyrm - yD&l;EdkifiHwGif azmfvsuf&Sdonf/ ¤if;pHnTef;rsm;onf tajccHtaqmuf 2006 ckESpfu ppfaq;rI &v'fedrfhonfh tqifhwGif ttHkt&nftaoG;? ausmif;oifcef;pm pmtkyfrsm;ESifh yg0ifonfh uav; pkpkaygif; 46% &SdcJh&mrS 2007 ckESpfwGif pufud&d,mrsm; &&SdedkifrI? pHcsdefrD prf;oyfppfaq;rIjzifh 30% ESifh 2009 ckESpfwGif 23% txd usqif;oGm;onfudk wdkif;wmonfh t&nftaoG;rD oifMum;rItwGuf tedrfhqHk; awGY&onf/ xdkYtjyif 0efaqmifrIay;onfhpGrf;aqmif tqifh pHowfrSwfcsufponfwdkY jzpfonf/ xdkYtjyif &nftydkif;wGif wm0efcHrI wdk;wufvmrI erlemrsm;udk tpdk;&u jynfolvlxk todynmay;a&; vkyfief;rsm;udk atmufyg tuGufwGif azmfjyxm;onf/ pwifaqmif&Gufay;cJhojzifh rdbrsm;taejzifh uav;rsm; h &&Sdoifhonfynma&; k &SdvmcJhMuonf/ pHcsdefpHnTef;rsm;udod tuGuf-1/ jrefrmjynfolrsm;twGuf ydkrdktm;aumif;onfh wm0eff,lrIESifh wdk;wufaom 0efaqmifrIrsm; &&Sdapa&; rlabmifwpf&yf urmÇYzGHYjzdK;wdk;wufrItpD&ifcHpm - 2014 “ qif;&JEGrf;ygolrsm;twGuf 0efaqmifrIay;jcif;” wGif azmfjyxm;onfrSm atmifjrifrIESifh us&IH;rI\ t"dujcm;em;csufrSm qif;&JEGrf;yg;olrsm;taejzifh ,if;wdkY&&Sdrnfh 0efaqmifrIt&nftaoG;ESifh yrmPtwdkif;twmtay: udk,fwdkifyg0ifqHk;jzwfcGifh rnfrSs &&Sdonf qdkonhftcsuf jzpfygonf/ 0efaqmifrIrsm; wdk;wuf apEdkifonfh enf;vrf;(3)oG,fudk azmfjyxm;onfrSm - 1/ qif;&Jom;rsm;\ a&G;cs,frIESifh 0efaqmifrIay;&mwGif yg0ifrI wdk;wufapjcif;jzifh 0efaqmifrIay;olrsm;udk ,if;wdkYudk,fwdkif apmifhMunhf avhvmoHk;oyfum pnf;rsOf;rsm; owfrSwf ay;vmEdkifjcif;? 2/ vSsdKU0SuftMuHay;Edkifaom rJyHk;rsm; xm;&Sdjcif;ESifh owif;tcsuftvufrsm; udk us,fus,fjyefYjyefU &&SdEdkif&ef aqmif&Gufjcif;wdkYrSwqifh qif;&JolwdkU\ vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmf ajymqdkcGifh udk jrSifhwifjcif;? 3/ qif;&JEGrf;yg;olrsm;tm; 0efaqmifrIay;&mwGif xda&mufaom 0efaqmifrItwGuf qkay;í xda&mufrIr&Sdaom 0efaqmifrItwGuf tjypfay;jcif; wdkYjzpfonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHonf vwfwavm aqmif&GufcJhaom jyKjyif ajymif;vJrIrsm;ESifh zGHYjzdK;wdk;wufrIrsm;jzifh azmfjyyg qufoG,fa&; okH;rsKd;udk wdk;wufatmif aqmif&GufEdkifonfh taetxm;ü aumif;pGm &Sdaeygonf/ 2015 ckESpf? 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IMF Government Finance Statistics Manual, UN Classification of Functions of Government 18 tajymif;tvJwGifyg0ifjcif; OD;wnfcsuf umvwdk aqmif&Guf&ef umv&S tm;vHk;twG n uf jynf f &;&mu@ olYa aqmif& Guf& wm0ef cef HrIjr§ifhwifa&; jynfolYb@mpDrHcefYcGJrIESifh qdkifonfh Oya'pmwrf;rsm; xda&mufrI &Sdap&ef rl0g'jyKjyifajymif;vJrI Oya'jyKrIrsm;aqmif&Guf&mwGif (Oyrm- xdkOya'pmwrf;rsm;tm;vHk;udkjynfol rsm;tay: jynfolYaBuG;jrDpDrHcefYcJGrI Oya') jynfol vlxkodkU xkwfNyefjcif;ESifh csjyaqG;aEG; jynfolyl;aygif;yg0if rsm;ESifh wdkifyifaqG;aEG;jcif;? aqG;aEG;rI jcif;wdkYjyKvkyf&ef taxGaxG Oya' aqmif&GufrIESifh rsm;rS wkefYjyefcsufrsm;udk &,l aqmif&Guf wpf&yfudk jy|mef;xm;Ncif;/ wkefYjyefrI onfh vkyfief;pOf xm;&Sdjcif;/ tajccH &yf&GmNrdKUjy pnfyif om,ma&; trIdufodrf;jcif;? vrf;oefY&Sif;a&; jyKvkyf 0efaqmifrIrsm; ESifhpyfvsOf;onfh tpdk;& jcif;? vrf;rD;xGef;jcif;wdkYwGif wkefYjyef |mersm;\ vuf&Sd aqmif&GufEdkifcsufudk aqmif&Gufay;onfh tcsdef twGuf xkwfjyef&ef/ tenf;qHk; pHowfrSwfcsufrsm; csrSwf jynfol0efaqmifrIrsm; &efESifh ,m,DjywfawmufrI &Sdygu tay: tenf;qHk; aexdkifolrsm;u owif;ay;ydkY EdkifNyD; pHowfrSwfcsufcsjcif; oufqdkif&m|mersm;uvnf; ajz&Sif; jyD;aomtcg owif;ay;olrsm;tm; jyefvnf today; wifjyonfh pepf wpf&yf wnfaxmif&ef/ 19 tajymif;tvJwGifyg0ifjcif; tm;vHk;twGuf jynfolYa&;&mu@ wm0efcHrIjr§ifhwifa&; &nfnTef;csufrsm; Besley, Timothy, Rohini Pande, and Vijayendra Rao,“Participatory Democracy in Action: Survey Evidence from South India,” Journal of the European Economic Association, 3(2-3), April-May, 2005 Chaudhuri, Shubham, K.N. Harilal, and Patrick Heller, “Building Local Democracy: Evaluating the Impact of Decentralization in Kerala, India,” World Development, 35(4), 2007 Myanmar Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability Assessment (World Bank and UK, 2013) Myanmar Public Expenditure Review (World Bank and Australia, 2015) Díaz-Cayeros et al (2013): Díaz-Cayeros, Alberto, Beatriz Magaloni, and Alexander Ruiz-Euler, “Traditional Governance, Citizen Engagement, and Local Public Goods: Evidence from Mexico,” World Development, 53, January 2014 Guidelines for Public Debt Management (IMF and World Bank, 2014) Gonçalves, Sónia, “The Effects of Participatory Budgeting on Municipal Expenditures and Infant Mortality in Brazil,” World Development, 53, January 2014 Beyond the Annual Budget: Global Experience with Medium-Term Expenditure Frameworks (World Bank, 2013) Pardhan et al (2011): “ Improving Educational Quality through Enhancing Community Participation: Results from a Randomized Field Experiment in Indonesia Service Delivery Indicators (http://www.sdindicators.org/) 20 ALL ABOARD Policies for shared prosperity in Myanmar GROWING TOGETHER FINANCING THE FUTURE BREAKING BUSINESS AS USUAL ENERGIZING MYANMAR CLOSING THE GAP PARTICIPATING IN CHANGE Reducing rural poverty Building an open, modern and Fostering competitiveness and a dynamic Enhancing access to Expanding access to Promoting public sector in Myanmar inclusive financial system environment for private sector growth sustainable energy for all social services accountability to all ,ck rl0g'a&;&m tMuHjyKcsuf pmwrf;onf “tm;vkH;oGm;MupdkU? rSsa0ykdifqdkifonfh om,m0ajymrIrsm; azmfaqmifEdkifa&;twGuf rl0g'a&;&m tMuHjyKcsufrsm;” teuf wpfckjzpfygonf/ CLOSING THE GAP GROWING TOGETHER BREAKING BUSINESS AS USUAL Expanding access to Reducing rural poverty Fostering competitiveness and a dynamic social services in Myanmar environment for private sector growth FINANCING THE FUTURE ENERGIZING MYANMAR PARTICIPATING IN CHANGE Building an open, modern and Enhancing access to Promoting public sector inclusive financial system sustainable energy for all accountability to all tajymif;tvJwGifyg0ifjcif; tm;vHk;twGuf jynfolYa&;&mu@ wm0efcHrIjr§ifhwifa&; ALL ABOARD Policies for shared prosperity in Myanmar The World Bank Myanmar No.57, Pyay Road 61/2 Mile, Hlaing Township, Yangon, Republic of the Union of Myanmar. www.worldbank.org/myanmar www.facebook.com/WorldBankMyanmar myanmar@worldbank.org