MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FOREST GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLET'S REPUBLIC OF BANGLADESH E ~~~~~~- t A~~~~~~~~A NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT ACTION PLAN (NEM AP) Yolume . a: S.mmry.4.3. . MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FOREST GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF BANGLADESH NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT ACTION PLAN (NEMAP) Volume Ia: Summary 1995 NEMAP VOLUME Ia: SUMMARY First Published in 1995 Copyright: © Government of People's Republic of Bangladesh Computer Composed and Printed By: Bangladesh Progressive Enterprise Press Ltd. 46/1, Purana Paltan, Dhaka- 1000, Bangladesh Published by: NEMAP Secretariat Ministry of Environment and Forest Room No: 1303, Building No.6 Bangladesh Secratariate, Dhaka Fax: 880-2-869210 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT ACTION PLAN (NEMAP) National Project Directors a. Mr. Karar Mahmudul Hasan Deputy Secretary, Ministry of Environment and Forest (September 1991-September 1995), Presently, Joint Secretary, Ministry of Communication b. Dr. Mahfuzul Haque Senior Assistant Secretary Ministry of Environment and Forest (October 1995- Assisted by Mr. A. T. M. Salahuddin, Assistant Chief, Planning Section, Ministry of Environment and Forest National Consultants Team: I Syed Md. lqbal Ali National Consultant Mr. Nld. Jahangir National Consultant Engr. Saleh Mustafa Kamal National Consultant Dr. Babar N. Kabir National Consultant and Coordinator Acknowledgement of valuable contribution to the preparation of this report is due to: Mr. Abdullah Haroon Pasha, former Secretary, Ministry of Environment and Forest. Presently, Secretary, Prime Minister's Secretariat. Mr. Syed Amir-ul-Mulk, former Additional Secretary -in -Charge, Ministry of Environment and Forest. Presently, Additional Secretary-in-charge, Ministry of Information. IMr. Syed Marghub Murshed, Additional Secretary-in-Charge, Ministry of Environment and Forest. - i Mr. ivld. Abdul Latif Mondal, Joint Secretary, Ministy of Environment and Forest. Mr. Fazlul Huq, former Joint Secretary, Ministry of Environment and Forest. Presently, Director General, Directorate of Youth Development. Dr. S. Huq, Dr. A. Atiq Rahman of BCAS Dr. Q. F. Ahmed of CEN-ADAB & Proshika MUK Ms. Khushi Kabir, Chairperson, Ms. Rasheda K. Chowdhury, Director, Mr. S. K. Saha of ADAB Ms. Eimi Watanabe, Resident Representative, UNDP Mr. M. Constable, Dr. S. Nandy, Mr. B. Leservoisier of UNDP Dr. N1. Yousuf Ali, Mr. Rowshan Ali Chowdhury Mr. C. Mutsuddi of Forum of Environmental Journalists, Bangladesh NEMAP gratefully acknowledges with thanks generous contributions of the following experts in the very formative stage of NEMAP in 1991 7Mr. Haroun-er-Rashid X Dr. Ain-un-Nishat lMr. Sanowar Hossain Mr. A. B. Chowdhury Mr. Rezaur Rahman Dr. .Mohiuddin Farooque Mr. Mark King The NEMAP process has been made possible due to the contributions of many organisations, amongst which are: United Nations Development Programme. Association of Development Agencies in Bangladesh and their various lOCal member-NGOs. Coalition of Environmental NGOs and their members. Department ot Environment and Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies. Gratitude is expressed toall thelocal NGOs and above all. to those thousands of peoplc from all overthecoultry withoul whose active participation and support. the NEMAP process could never have been compleled. Similarly. contribuLions > of the facilitators, specially those from ADAB and other NGOs. and the journalists. who acted as the rapporteurls to NEMAP and of the secretarial staff of MoEF, UNDP and BCAS, and the supporting staff of all the involved agencies are acknowledged. Further. NEMAP is grateful to all those national and international agencies and individuills who have given their- i pLIts in reviewing and commenting on various documents at different stages of development of the NENIAP. FOREWORD The iVational Environment Management Action Plan (NEMAP) has been developed by the Ministrv of Environmnent and Forest with inpuztsfrom all sectors of the people including non-governmentorganizations, academics, parliamentarians, |lawvers,journalists and grassroots men and women. The process of preparing the NEMAP has been highly participatory with grassroots workshops held in twentythree agro-ecological zones and six regional and national workshops. The Hon'ble Prime Minister of Bangladesh, Begmn Khaleda Zia, gave her personal support and encouragement to the process. At the Prime Minister'sdirection, the initial NEMAP document was widelyshared around the countryvand with different groups including media, NGOs, academics, government organizations and international development partners. Very substantial and usefulfeedbacks were received and have, as far as possible, been incorporated in the final report. The NEMAP is not being regarded as a one-off document or plan, it is rather a living process. It will be continuouslY improved and updated so that the people of the coungtry themselves will see it as their own plan to be implemented by not only the government or non-government organizations but also by all the conscious citizens of Bangladesht. We hope all concerned wvill take NEMAP in that spirit and will join us in our efforts to protect the environment while achieving the goal of development. Akbar Hossain, (Bir Pratik), M.P. Minister for Environment and Forest 1 CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENT FOREWORD 5 CONTENTS 7 LIST OF MAPS 8 LIST OF FIGURES 8 ABBREVIATIONS 9 CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW (11-18) 1.1 Introduction 11 1.2 The Challenges 11 1.3 What is NEMAP? 12 1.4 Objectives of NEMAP 12 1.5 The State of the Environment and Development in Bangladesh 12 1.6 Existing Environmental Policies 14 1.7 History of NEMAP 15 1.8 Public Consultation and People's Participation 15 1.9 People's Concerns 16 1.10 People's Solutions and their Incorporation in Action Plan 16 1.11 The Action Plan 16 CHAPTER II: METHODOLOGY (19-22) 2.1 Parties Involved 19 2.2 The Process 19 2.3 Geographical Coverage 20 2.4 Analysis, Synthesis and Preparation of Reports 21 2.5 The Synthesis Process 21 2.6 The Document 21 2.7 Preparation of the Action Plan 21 CHAPTER III: INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES AND ACTIONS (23-26) 3.1 Existing institutions 23 3.2 Intersectoral Issues 25 3.3 Local Environmental Issues 25 3.4 Role of other Non-government Institutions 25 3.5 Implementation, Monitoring and Follow-up of NEMAP 25 3.6 Strengthening of MoEF and DoE 25 CHAPTER IV: SECTORAL ISSUES AND ACTIONS (27-40) 4.1 Natural Hazards/Disasters 27 4.2 Industry 28 4.3 Water Resources 29 4.4 Energy 30 4.5 Forestry and Biodiversity 31 4.6 Land Resources 33 4.7 Fisheries and Livestock 34 4.8 Agriculture 36 4.9 Housing and Urbanization 37 4.10 Health and Sanitation 38 4.11 Education and Awareness 39 4.12 Transport and Communication 40 CHAPTER V: LOCATIONAL SPECIFIC (LOCAL) ISSUES AND ACTIONS (41-45) 5.1 Charlands 41 5.2 Madhupur Tract 42 5.3 Barind Tract 43 5.4 Wetlands 43 5.5 Hill Cutting 44 5.6 Salinity and Shrimp Cultivation 44 5.7 Coastal and Marine Resources Management 45 CHAPTER VI: LONG-TERM ISSUES AND ACTIONS (46-48) 6.1 Climate Change and Sea Level Rise 46 6.2 Urbanization 46 6.3 Regional Water Sharing 47 6.4 Research and Development 48 CHAPTER Vil: CONCLUSION (49-51) LIST OF MAPS Map-2. I Location of Grassroots, Regional, Professional and National Workshops on NEMAP 19 Map-2.2 Spatial Distribution of Levels of Participation in NEMAP Process 21 Map-4. I Spatial Distribution of People's Concerns Regarding Natural Hazards 27 Map-4.2 Spatial Distribution of People's Concerns Regarding Health and Sanitation 39 LIST OF FIGURES Figure- 1. I Structure of NEMAP Document I] Figure- 1.2 Schematic Showing of Inputs and Outputs of Previous & Current NEMAP Documents 12 Figure- 1.3 Overview of NEMAP Process 13 Figure- 1.4 Organizations of NEMIAP Consultative Process 14 Figure- 1.5 Steps of the Preparation of Action Plan 15 Figure- 1.6 Schematic Representation of Main Environmental Issues 16 Figue- 1.7 People's Concerns and Solutions 17 Figure-2. 1 NEMAP Consultation, Synthesis and Preparation Process 20 Figure-3. I Proposed Institutional Arrangements for the Implementation of NEMAP 24 Figure-7. I Schematic Representation of Main Actions of NEMAP 51 ABBREVIATION ADAB Association of Development Agencies in Bangladesh AEU Agriculture and Environment Unit BARI Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute BAU Bangladesh Agricultural University BCAS Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies BDS Barisal Development Society BELA Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers Association BFRI Bangladesh Forest Research Institute BIDS : Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies BIWTC Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Corporation 2 ~~~BJiMAS :Banaladesh Jatiya Mahila Ainjibi Samity Bol Board of Investment BRAC Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee BRTA Bangladesh Road Transport Authority BSTI Bangladesh Standards Testing Institute BWDB Bangladesh Water Development Board CDA Community Development Association CEN Coalition of Environmental NGOs DLRS Directorate of Land Records and Surveys DMB Disaster Management Bureau DoE Department of Environment DoF Department of Fisheries EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ERD Economic Relations Division FAP Flood Action Plan FCD Flood Control and Drainage FCD/I Flood Control. Drainage and Irrigation FD Forest Department FEJB Forum of Environmental Journalists, Bangladesh FIVDB Friends in Village Development, Bangladesh FRI Fish Research Institute HYV High Yielding Variety GIS Geographic Information System IWTA Inland Water Transport Authority LGED Local Government Engineering Department KDA Khulna Development Authority MoA :Ministry of Agriculture MoDMR Ministry of Director Management and Relief MoE :Ministry of Education MoEMR Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forest MoF Ministry of Finance MoHFW Ministry of Health and Family Welfare MNol: Ministry of Industiy MoL :Ministry of Land MoLIPA Ministry of Law. Justice and Parliamentary Affairs MoLGRD Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development MoP Ministry of Planning MoWR Ministry of Water Resources MvloFL :Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock MoCAT Ministry of Civil Aviation and Tourism MoWCA Ministry of Women and Children's Affairs NENIAP National Environment Management Action Plan NEC National Economic Council PCP Project Concept Paper RAJUK Rajdhani Unnayan Katripakha RDRS Rangpur Dinajpur Rural Service t SAARC : South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation SPARRSO Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization SRDI Soil Resource Development Institute SWMC Surface Water Modeling Centre UDD Urban Development Directorate UGC University Grants Commission UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development UNDP United Nations Development Programme WARPO Water Resource Planning Organization WASA Water and Sewage Authority CHAPTER I OVERVIEW 1.1 Introduction workshop, in which the Prime Minister To enable people to participate in took part. This helped a consensus to environmental planning on a continuous Bangladesh is one of the least developed emerge to act as the basis of this Action basis, the NEMAP process must adjust to countries with a rapidly increasing Plan. changingenvironmentalconditions. Thus population (over 120 million). Its meagre the challenges are resources are either overexploited or used 1.2 The Challenges (a) to ensure involvement of people on a sub-optimally. The pressure of the continuous basis; and popuplatnion on thecountry'sresources The participatory planning process, (b) to make the process incorporate make is planowroning than economic imperati, described in the preceding paragraph, changing environmental realities in a It is now recognised that for development th to be sustainable environmental concerns though highly desirable has its problems. dynamic manner. have to be integrated into the planning These include developing appropriate process. However, in a country like methodologies, making action plan The present NEMAP document is an Bangladesh this is a formidable task. implementable, dealing with issues that attempt to respond to these sort of are multisectoral and persuading the challenges and develop an implementable All planning has to be for the people. people to improve and modify practices P Their involvement, therefore, in the that are environmentally unsound. The Relationship with Sustainable 0 identification of issues and finding MOEF is relatively a new ministry that is Development: solutions to them is not only desirable but still notadequately equipped toco-ordinate also essential. As democratic practices activities of different sectors at national, At the UN Conference on Environment and institutions take root in Bangladesh, the participation of the regional and local levels. and Development (the Earth Summit) in people in the formulation of plans Figure 1.1 Structure of NEMAP Document must be considered essential. It is stated in the Constitution that "All powers belong to the people". In conformity with the provisions of the I.1 VO5, I V l Constitution, the Ministry of Envi- ronMent and Forest c, 9 3 s .[r,, (MOEF), Government ~R ~I~. C of Bangladesh. decided to formullate the S | - National Environment Management Actiorl Plan (N EM A P) involving people at every stage of the planning process. In this process, IJI,U - fl,,r| i;; S, C;;;, l government agencies, I I1, naR non-government professional groups t 1 t1 1t1 Etl IS1E b A A iX' A and academic researchers worked together through a series of workshops including a national 11 .1 NENIAP Summary Report Figure 1.2: Schematic showing of Inputs and Outputs of Previous & Current NENIAP Documents E, mnitom l Professional GoscrnrnenE Agenc'e' maot Po~ini Eiiaino INPUTS: Poliy iw Inputs Inler-miniserial Re[om WorkhopsConsultation Priiain CoosLtion PulcOnir DOCUMENT: EMAP I - ------------> Inenaonal & -------------------------> MAP 3 (7 N.tional Coosultants) NaU OOal) (MOEF/AOAB/SCAS) CONTENT: Geographrical So V o l- Concerns Cnen Rpor 1XppenEi es Rio, 1992, Agenda 21 was signed by a collection of technical reports with reduce environmental degradation, Bangladesh. The Agenda21 isabasis to detailed tables. The lasttwo volumes will promote sustainable development and attain sustainable development through be of value to specialists. generally raise the quality of human lif'e. policies initiated and coordinated at the It has to evolve in response to national level. The second phase of the As environmental concerns encompass environmental changes. The present National Conservation Strategy of all sectors of the economy multi- document is relevant for the period 1995- Bangladesh (NCS) has begun. The NCS disciplinary approaches are therefore 2005. and the Forestry MasterPlan are initiatives needed for the formulation ofpolicies and The Action Plan is meant to be of the mOEF that reiterate BanAladesh's implementation of programmes related to implemented not only by the government t . t, D environmental issues. NEMAP was but by the non-government organizations these initiatives are complementary. .. Aenda2l envisages the establishmentof prepared by the Government of and individual citizens and communities A sustain able dv ment c o Bangladeshtobethebasisforprogrammes as well. The management interventions headed by the Prime Minister, and interventions aimed at promoting are all essential but the more urgent ones better resource management, making have been given importanice. The initiation of NEMAP along with the people aware of environmental problems 1 S SAARC Declaration on Poverty and reversing the present trend towards 1. State of the Environmeia Alleviationcanbeseenasstepsreaffirming environmental degradation. NEMAP is D Bangladesh's commitment to Agenda 21. expected to identify key environmental As the world's most densely populated problems. Since these may change over a country with over 800 people per sq. km., 1.3 What is NEMAP ? periodoftime,NEMAPwillhavetoevolve Bangladesh's per capita income is a mere in response to the changes. US $ 220. In 1994, it was twelfth from the The National Environment Management boS$20 In 19i was eltnom the Action Plan or NEMAP is a plan of the NEMAP constitutes a synthesis of the bottom of the world's economic atlas. Government of Bangladesh prepared by perception of the government and the However, in the recent past, significant the MOEF in consultation with people people of Bangladesh regarding progress has been made in certain areas. trom all walks of life. It consists of five environmental issues and what needs to In lOyears tood production has increased volumes which include Volume I - be done to address them. by 30% and in 1992 self sufficiency in SummariesiniEnglishandBangla Volume foodgrains was attained; population 11- The main report, Volume ItI - Project The structureof the NEMAPdocument is growth has fallen from2.2 to 1.9 percent; Concepts, Volume IV - Methodological shown inFigure 1. Ialongwiththesectoral, through a fair election, democracy was Report, VolumeV-TechnicalAppendices spatial and long term issues as identitied restored in 1991; the government's (see tigure-1.1). Volume 11 identifies by the people. commitment to the social sector has actions to be implemented, Volume III increased considerably (with the highest expands each action into an outline 1.4 Objectives of NEMAP allocation to education); export earnngsn identifying actors, Volume IV speaks NEMAP is expected to identify key have increased; 38% of the development about the methodology and Volume V is environmental issues, conserve, the nature, budget is now funded tfirough resources 12 OVERVIEW mobilized locally; Figure 1.3: Overview of NEMAP Process there has been an expansion in the capital market; the government has Inputs: Peorceros Governmc Uro[cius |roisukulgroupinpu| initiated a partici- patory planning exercise; NGO's have been working Synthesis: SIh'' as partners of the government in Output AcionPluu environmental regeneration programmes (like tree plantation; 2 Actors: People GOB NG(r Mudlo I ., Idurir LIPs Laupuro billionsaplingswere planted in 93-94). s o Polic ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o AM-l:.xy Inspite of these Roies: Xu i pko-on,io- 0 A| n Eri PiO 3 tj;iOr i achievements, over , forty percent of the population live in abject poverty (consuminglessthan 1800caloriesaday); NaturalHazards:Recurrentfloodscause an important environmental concern. Bangladesh's human development serious damages to 30% of the country. Water pollution. which is becoming a indicatorsareappallinglypoor(theliteracy The cyclones which hit areas near the major problem, can be divided into 3 rateis37%-thelifeexpectancyaround52 coastal belt leave behind a trail of categories:faecalpollutioncausing spread years); infantand maternalmortality rates destruction (nearly 1,30,000 were killed of water-borne diseases; industrial unacceptably high; and the urban slum in the cyclone of April 1991). The pollution adversely affecting both the populationincreasing attherateof6% per northwest of the coLntry is drought prone terrestrial and aquatic environmenit; and t annum. while the northeast susceptible to flash agro-chemicalpollutionaffectingthefood tloods. Geomorphological instability chain (through residues). The annual arowth rate in the agricultural cases large scae river bank erosion.r ineadIrriation sector was 2.7% - barely enough to keep n pace with the population increase Agriculture: Growth in agriculture - (FCD/1) structures are affecting fisheries pace wi th the population Increase. Access . .. to sate drinking water is limited andthe particularly food production was made by decreasing the spawning grounds and to safe drinkina water is limited and the v ~ 0 possibleby thecultivation ofhighyielding restricting migration as well as affecting inmcidence of water borne diseases very varieties (HYV) of rice and wheat. inland water navigation and causing high. Inspite of rapid and unplanned increased siltation of river beds. urbanization. 80% of the people still live TheHYVreqLiireintensiveagro-chemical in rural areas. With a large percentage of use (both fertilizer and pesticides). This Land issues: Land related environmental the population relatively young, pressure has led tosoil impoverishmentand may in issues are cross sectoral as all sectors on edticational institutions and the job future lead to health hazards. compete for the tise of it. Erosion of land market will increase in the near future. has increased landlessness as well as over Water:WatermanagementinBangladesh exploitation of common resources. New Population growth : Bangladesh, as isakeyenvironmentalissue. Bangladesh land is often unconsolidated and mentioned earlier, is the most densely isadeltaformedbythesedimentbrought underutilized because of ownership populatedcountryintheworld.Theurban down by rivers that form a part of the disputes. population which was 13 million in 1981' Himalayan drainage ecosystem. The will more than treble in 2000 to4 I million, coastal zone is very dynamic. An integrated planning approach for land Over 50% of the population is below 15 Indiscriminate use of ground water for reclamation is of importance in a densely year of ge.The conoy i notexpeted irrig-ation has led to lowering -of the water populated country where lanld is scarce. table. Withdrawal of water by India at the to create employment opportunities that FarakkaBarrageiscausingwatershortage Forestry:Fellingot'treesfortimber, fuel I will absorb all those entering the job during the dry season in the north, and and encroachment on areas covered by imarket. Population growth may be causing saiinity to move further inland in forests has reduced the total reserve forest considered the most serious problem the south. As most of the rivers flowing area in Bangladesh by 50% in the last inhibiting sustainable development in through Bangladesh originate in twenty years. Salinity has effected the Bangladesh. neighbouring countries, water sharing is coastalmangrovetforests.Theinvolvement 1 3 NENIAP: Summary Report of NGOs in social forestry has been a adequately create environmental To further these objectives the positive development. awareness. People are generally perceptive Government has undertaken a wide range regarding environmental matters. Both of initiatives including: Fishery: There has been an governmentagenciesandNGOscanwork overexploitation of fishery resources, together to spread environmental a) Creation in 1989 of the Department (fishina being often the only livelihood awareness among the people. ofEnvironmentwithinanewMinistry forthelandless).Theproductivityofponds of Environment and Forest and closed waterbodies is low because of 1.6 Existing Environmental Policies b) Approval in 1992 of a National management and tenurial problems. TheGovernmentsFourthFiveYearPan Environment Policy and Action Plan. Construction of flood control structures impede water flow causin.g floodplain ( c) Initiation of work on National fishing to fall by 70%. The prospect for enivironmental objectives as follows: Environment Management Action shrimp farming and aquaculture is good a) to control pollution and degradation Plan (NEMAP), National but it competes with agriculture and related to soil, water and air; Conservation Strategy and Forestry forestry. b) promote environment friendly Master Plan. Industry: The establishmentofindustries activities in the development process: d) Dec l arati on that Environmental leads to economic growth and increases c) preserve,protect,anddevelopnatural ImpactAssessmentsshouldbecarried employment opportunities. However, resource bases; -outfr industrial and marine pollution adversely d) strengthen the capabilities of public projects. affect the environment whenever there is and private sectors to manage e) Enacting the Bangladesh rapid industrial expansion (the fishery environmental concerns as a basic Environment Protection Act 1995. sector has been a direct victim of the requisiteforsustainabledevelopment; uintreated poltutants released by factories), and ' The National E-nvironment Policy sets the policy framework for environmental Environmental awareness and e) create people's awareness for action in combination with a set of local education: lnaacountrywithalowliteracy participation in environment sectoral guidelines. It emphasizes inter rate, the formal education system cannot promotion activities. alia: Figure 1.4: Organizations of NEMAP Consultative Process Minisirv of Environment and Forest Super isoryCommittcc cENIADAE cENIAoABCEN MOCAS,EFL, A DP|S T ;;71 F ;;;; | P~Relssoaal an kledia campaign Qusun.iA Wolkshop5 1 ~~Worksholps |Wrsos Wrso CEN I CES/-AfDA3J- 4 E M i :FJFF-- --BS-_ chiznoon! f Syihet | | Roshahi | | Khulna 1 | Mymerisinghl |OiSotributod AdvenisemcnL AA|ADA B DAB -|-ADAB ||ADAB- - 7] J M D* jEFIAD4E ABF li 11i E Ii1 I I lI IIi |MPs ||Lawva.rs | Iurnalists | Wonnnn | Acdemis Gemcn| | - MoxEF | -BiMAS | FEI|| AD:A- B BA3- | | ZE - Pints h j | FIDB i| j JEC|E8DS | DB| e- srn j N k r ECi CARIA|l 14i OVERVIEW o Maintenance oftheecological balance 1.7 History of NEMIAP 1.8 Public Consultation and People's and overall progress and development Participation of the country through protection and NEMAP is an environmental planningP improvement of the environment; exerciseoftheGoqvernmentofBangladesh Tommakethe NEMAPdocLimentrepresent carried out by the MOEF with assistance all shades ofpublic opinion, the1followin o Protection of the country against from UNDP. natuiral disasters,c actions were taken. To obtain pLiblic l d ; .The first phase was carried out in 1992 by opinion from all parts of the country 23 o Identification and control of all types ntionalconsultantswhoidentifiedcertainized of activities related to pollution and areas of concern. The second phase was steps were taken toensure participation of degradation of environment; carried out in 1993 by national and people from every segment of society; * Environmentally sound development international consultants who prepared a efforts were made to ensure that half the o Environmentally sounddevelopment . . in all sectors; list of projects. The order of priorities participants of these work shops were was arrived at after discussion with women; efforts were made to assess the o Sustainable long-term and government officials. views ofall the workshopparticipants; the environmentally congenial utilization workshop participants were asked to of all natural resources; and The third phase was carried out in 1994 identify their own priorities and suggest through a series of discussions and solutions.Theywereaskedtorecommend o Active association with all workshops in which people from all walks actions that were to be taken by themselves, environment related international of life participated. by the local authorities, local comm .nities Figure 1.2 schematically represents the and by the national government. The National Environment Manage, n inputs, outputs and contents of the three Rooa susweeoasot ActioniPlan(NEMAP)isbeinrrconsidered phases of the NEMAP process.D . . .. d h s of te DA psrepresentatives discussed In SIX workshops as the basis for concretizing programmes and interventions aimed at promoting Figure 1.3 is an overview of the NEMAP in which elected local govt. functionaries better management of scarce resources process.Thethreemajorinputs arepeople's and appointed govt. officials participated. and reversing present trends of concerns, government policies and In these workshops professional groups environmental degradation. NEM AP is professional group inputs. These, through were encouraged to present their respective intendedtobuildonthegeneralprinciples an analysis and subsequent synthesis inpts. The views of people not setoutintheNationalEnvironmentPolicy process was developed into an Action participating in the workshops were by proposing concrete actions and Plan.Thefi-urefurtheridentifiestheactors collected by circulating a questionnlaire interventionsinanumberofpriorityareas. and their respective roles. and eliciting the response of the public in Figure 1.5: Steps of the Preparation of Action Plan Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 INPUTS: People's eProessional Discussion Amonest Exisin Govt. People's Professional Poople s Profssional Opinions Grops Expert |Policy Opinions Groups Opinions Groups ACTIVITY: Listing of all Concerns & Liscing and Synthesis of Recommendations Priorirization of Identification of ------ Mvlajor Issues [--- for Action ------- Ac ion . M~~~~~~~~Najor Concernsll Major Concerns Maior Issutes Recommended Actions bv Actionable Proiect Outline * Sanitation & Health * Institutional I Policy Issues * Government List of about * People 30 Project \ OUTPUT: * Poverty & Population * Regional Issues * NGOs Concepts * Deforestation * Sectoral Issues * Academics * Pollution * Long Term Issues * Media r, ~~~~~~* Educations * Natural Hazards . Lawyers * Others 15 NEMAP Summary Report general on the subjects discussed in the recognition to poverty alleviation got offeredaseriesofsolutions.Sixtoei-htof workshops. These views were special emphasis during the workshops themajorsolutionsineachgroupmanages consolidated and analyzed in a computer and consultations. to capture the wide variety of solutions programme. The people were informed of proposed by the people. The major the NEMAP process with help of the ltisevidentfromfigurel.7thatsanitation, solutions in each group is indicated in media, both electronic and print. The health, deforestation, pollution, natural Figure 1.7 which thus summarizes the carefully recorded by trained facilitators disaster, water and flood control drainae main solutions given by the people to the and experiencred bytrapporteursd e draft and irrigation (FCD/I) projects and agro- problems they had identified which have and experienced rapporteurs. The draftbeen the key driving, force behind proposals were discussed at a national chemicalsemergedasthemajorgroupsof developi i ee ntabi e actions. workshop in which the Prime Minister of concerns, while the leading seven groups developmg impiementable actions. Bangladesh took part-the draft was of concerns covered 83%. the residual f-inalised after prolonged consultations - 17% encompassed all the "other' for 1.11 The Action Plan the concerns of the people being carefuilly convenience of developing an The Action Plan draws its inputs from the incorporated. implementable action plan. following: Figure 1.6 Schematic Representation of Main Environmental Issues INSTITUTIONAL SFCTORAL ILOCAL LONGTrER?I ISSUES ISSUES iSSUES ISSUES Intersecroral Health & Sanitation Saliniry and Shrimp Regional Water sharing coordination Ensuring people's Forest Coastal Ntarine Urbanization participation sBiodi versity Barind Tract Climate Change Monitoring of NEMAP Natural Hazards Research and Legislation Education & Charlands Awareness MNethodology of intut Hill cutting peoples parnicipation cns the tMadhupurTract Ag)lculture Energy Fishe1res Land Housing Fit ire 1.4 summarises the ort anizations 1.10 People's solutions and their a) The people throur h consultative oftheoNEpsAPconsultative process.rnajor incorporation in the actionplan process and inputs stimulated by a activities and actors have also been nationwide media coverade: eridentified. The EMAP consultations The types of activities in NEMAP can be represented an exemplary process of classed into three goups: b) Government policies and existing Government NGO collaboration. (a) Policies: documenLs, sectoral concerns as -iven through consuiltations with relevant 1.9 People's Concerns (b) Projects; government ag~encies: Since it was found to be difficult to record (c doaY(fh iw ftepol) c; Professional -roups' contributions the viewvs of' all the participants of the Teoiesnpjctadrw'omthrough workshops and written workshops separately, major concernsi tevwsaocedbthpolein submnissions. These inputs have been whichthedit'terent viewswereemphasized tokhe opesandvctedoghcnsuthetiopleFor systematically and subsequently were identified. The need to 1 all stages of developing the plan W.cc:cn ~~GO. Scnthec~~c Rcporc t3UTPE.T wihou ay expatriate ~ Synis.cc Report crh~r 'rMAP D fliiUr j~~i consultanits. Although great - [ SntcrdclnidSIe rcpo -- pains were taken within - W - . . .of Actionp5 .MlumRl financial and time constraints A.-- -- i. ... . . .- .sp.rcaro onlv a limited numberofpeople ...CIokbe....... S,s .-<. . of KcytbsucsAcoulld participate in the | ;s:Fs F _ qSySt csin lQtritep -.............. : . onsibiliris . . . . _ .-% workshops. The public - --lo LcA,¢. '; -- -- - - to.lorc) --- awareness raising part of the Symh-,is AzRen . -..- . .. : _ _ ldi. Rlnpm. .: .............. .: :- .through the TV programmes. - __:__________. .: .... .... . and advertisements. radio ADAB ~~~~~~~~~programmes, newspaper L | CDE. | .B |XCAS C SynthesisaCdmmiee& Consuiants advertisements and cirCLulation FJBCAS ItRapor of the questionnaire. * FE~ ~~~~~J Consuitants Steering Committee .IoEF, UNDP, ADAB, CEN. BCAS. FEJ, Consultants 2.3 G e o g r a p h i c a l b) Regional workshops: Following the Success and limitations of the Coverage grassroot level workshops, six one- Participatory consultative process: day regional workshops were held at Out of the total of 493 thanas in Khhulna, Sylhet, Comilla, Chittagong, The ENEMAP process is the first tiimie Bangladesh. participants trom 291 thanas Bogra and Mymensingh. where such an effortofpublic participation got involved in the NEMAP consultation has been undertaken prior to any major process. This imieanis that the process c) National workshop : On 29th June, planning initiative. [t is innovative in three covered 607 ofthe thanas of Bangladesh. 1994 Primc Mlinister Khaleda Zia ways - (a) For going to the people to get Map 2.2 shows the spatial distribution of inaugurated the National Workshop theiropinions priortodevelopiig theplan, participation in the NENIAP processes. where she reiterated the determiination of the governmentto carry out people- oriented planning and directed the NEiMIAP secretariat to take the draft ______-=-______ document back to the people again, ' . -i- a, throLugh follow-up regional -_S - - workshops. d) Professional workshops: e) Government consultations; t) ,Media campaig,n; g) Questionnaire: - ' h) Video. Grassroots orkshop in cyvclone sheltelr ar Coxs Bazaar 20 METHODOLOGY 2.4 Analysis, Synthesis and * The people's participation in the 2.7 Preparation of the Action Plan Preparation of Reports NEMAP was adequately described and The participatory process of NEMAP was 0 The actions recommended were The Action Plan was prepared in four started to retlect views and concerns of adequately prioritized. steps: the people at various levels ofthe NEMAP 2.6 The Document Step i) identificationofmajorconcerns process. A synthesis sub-committee was sumch as sanitation and health formed with the representation of MoEF, The document consists of 5 volumes with soc iaoe vi ron nt alt UNDP, NEMAP consultants, Coalition a technical compendium fifth volume deforestation, pollution, natural of Environmental NGO's (CEN) under giving a description of the data analysis, hazards, water related agro- ADAB, BCAS and the Forum of computer programmes and Geographical chemicals and others; - Environmental Journalists to steer the information System used. activities of thepublic consultation process and finalize the NEMAP documents. The present initiative took into account the Map 2.2 two documents prepared earlier under NEMAP. A group of experienced journalists were organised to act as rapporteurs for each workshop, and prepared independent synthesis reports. All information collected from the * - workshops was synthesized and structured so that the consultants could use the information for the preparation of NEMAP. A series of mass awareness raising activities were also undertaken including special TV programmes, such as Avim-at. 100,000 copies leaflets and questionnaire were printed and distributed all over the country through government and non-government organizations and media channels. 2.5 The Synthesis Process * In the process ofsynthesis ofall the outputs, the following criteria were applied; * The major concerns expressed by the people were incorporated and addressed. * The major regional or ecosystem i' specitic environmental problenis were LEGENID ^ addressed. i- - Intternationl Boundary z l ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~District B...d-ry * The major concerns were to be dealt Numb.r r psn with I Scthanaa 9M, <~ 5 500 500 t( * Institutional and policy issues were to | To LO be addressed. > * Proposed actions were to allow people's participation. CENTRE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF LEVEL OF PARTICIPATION * Realistic actions were proposed' BA~NGLADESH CENTRE FOR 'DAc TD~I HE NEMAP PROCESS NATIONAL ENVIRONUAENT MANAGEMENT ACTION PLAN (NEMAP) 0 Long term problems were not neglected. 21 E- NEIMAP Summary Report Step (ii) listing and synthesis of major - issues; - Step (iii) recommendations for action based upon recommendations made by the people themselves as well as professional groups and the government; and Step (iv) prioritizaLion of actions -based upon views expressed by the people. professionals and ANEW government agencies. It took into account existinag overnment priorities and policies the environmental issue as well as other sectors. Althouagh the Action Plan might be far -.--. Althogh te Acion Pan mght e hr NEMAP Regioncal Workshop at Co,nilla from perfect and has probably neglected certain issues and areas which to some .- grouips deserve higher priority, it has nevertheless attempted to beas responsive as possible to the concerns expressed by the different groups of people. The National Environment Management Action Plan, as envisaged, would not be a one-oft exercise, but would be a livingI process which would involve people, providing them the chance to monitor the activities which thereby ensures that their concerns are being genuinely addressed. Urban Waste Problemi in Rashahi 22) CHAPTER III INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES AND ACTIONS 3.1 Existing Institutions In 1989 a decision was taken to create a enforcement. Recently the Department cell.TheDepartmentofEnvironmentlacks Ministry ot'Environment and Forest with has been given new extensive powers to adequate skilled manpower, training the Department of Forest and a newly deal with airpollution, protecting habitats facilities for different technical subjects. createdDepartmientofEnvironmentunder and conservation of soil, water and other the capacity to frame and enforce it. The ministry is responsible for natural resources. The Department of legislation, the capacity to gather environmental matters atthe national level Forest is responsible for the management information and monitor activities, and works with the ministerial agencies to and development of Bangladesh's forest expertise regarding environmental ensure that environmental concerns are resources. standardsaswellasproperequipmentand taken into accoun1t in the formulation and logistics. The institutional capabilities of exectLtion of development policies. The Planning Commission is responsible boththeministry andthedepartmenthave Besides. the Departments of Environrment for preparation, monitoring and approval to be continually reassessed and and Forest. the Ministry oversees the of all development plans in Bangladesh. strengthened. activities of the Bangladesh Forest On theguidelinescontainedinthenational t* Industries Development Corporation five year plans it allocates funds and Under the NEMAP programme the (BFIDC), the Forest Research Institute, resources to the different sectors of the following institutional issues have been i the Institute of Forestry (at Chittagong economy. considered: Inter-sectoral matters, local University) and the National Herbariulm. environment issues, the roleof the NGOs The Ministry of Environment and Forest and implementation, monitoring and The newvly created Department of' has certain inadequacies. Being a new follow-up of NEMAP and strengthening Environnment. as the technical agency of ministry it lacks adequate facilities and of MOEF and DoE. theministrv, looksaaftertheenvironmental equipment. proper technical expertise, planning, management, monitoring and relevant data and an effective planning Table :3.1 Institutional Issues Key Issues Recommended Actions Type of Actions Actors/Agencies Specifie Action Absence of instittitional Activation of National Policy MOEF/PMI's office Arrange meeting of NEC and its mechaniism to deal with Environmeit CouLncil headed by Executive Committee to review initer-sectoral issues at Prinme Minister NEMAP implementation niationial level Lack olf institutional Activation of Divisional Policy MOEF/Pivl's office Creation and lImplemlientationi of Local tmechanisins at local level Environimienit Comittees and Environriment Commitiitees (LECs) on to resolve inter-sectoral creation of Environmiient pilotbasisiinsotieselectedeco-specific issues coimnitmees at District aidThana locationis. levels with peoples participatiomt INLcl foi hivol% ernet of al IAllow everysectorofcivil society Advocacy & Projects NGOs, Pri vate Sector, Take upspecific actions underNEMAP sectors of civil society in includiitg people. NGOs. Acadetitics. Lawyers. tttedia, for inpleinentation through dtifferet NEMAP implementation acadeinics.imedia,privatesector. youth groups. professionals. group activities. youth groups and others to others. imnpleiineiit par[s of NEMAP Nccdtitoinpletmt. iitmoniitor Continuation of N EI AP Action/Project MOEF Adoptand inipleinent NEiAPmhrough latd lollow-up on NEMAP secretariat and steerinig preparation of specific costed projects comnmittee and follow up o for sectoral and other actioits. NEMIAP Need to* strengthen Needs assessinent and Projects & Advocacy NtoEFI DoE Assess imeeds and implement capacity capabilities of MoEF and preparation of programmes and building projects including DoE to address their projects to strengthen MoEF / environmental management mandates DoE 23 NENIAP: Summarv Report Figure 3.1: Proposed Institutional Arrangements for Implementation of NEISMAP t - WMillM is ers --i .- _ : ~~~Plamiiig i _ ~~ommissi;on .~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ..... .. l~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Pot' Rep. NG s, GoB A-en:i.- DoE. -- l 7 '-- . . .roessonas'-me, 'M - .A,'' , '' .~~~~~~oa Com uniie/Pol' Groups........\- - : - -~Farnrs Fihr:e Trdr. Creters et.:.::....-:--.- : ::- -: - - 1..-:- -',.:,.:, .--- 2_4 INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES 3.2 Intersectoral Issues follow up of NEMAP a pilot project may up. During consulitations the importance be undertaken by MOEF to put in place offOllOw upLmeasures was emphasized. It Environmental matterscoverawiderange the proposed committees. is expected that implementation of of subjects which extend beyond the NEMAP will hecome an integral part of jurisdictionofthe MinistryofEnvironment 3.4 Role of other Non-Government the national policy. The participation of and Forest. There is a need to develop an Institutions -various government agencies, the NGOs appropriate institutional mechanism to and representatives of the people from resolve inter-ministerial subjects. The Environmental issuescannotbe addressed different walks of life, which was lack of coordination between ministries by the government alone but require the successfully tried during the consultative and agencies dealing with cross-sectoral participation of civil society and non- phase of NEMAP has to be ensured while environmental issues were discussed government organizations. In the various NEMAP is being implemented. during the various consultative NEMAP NEMAP workshops the need to ensure workshops. It was felt that there was a participation of the NGOs in the 3.6 Strengthening of MOEF and need to devise ways to settle inter formulation and implementation of DOE ministerial problems related to policies that have a bearing on environmental issues. At present certain environmental matters was stressed. At (a) Introduction . 'facilitiesexistwherecrosssectoral matters presentthereisnospecificpolicyregarding The Ministry of Environment and Forest can be discussed and resolved. At the NGO participation in developmental (MOEF) has been given wide mandate national level, there is the National activities.Theinvolvementofpeoplefrom andresponsibilitiesundertheEnvironment Environmental Council headed by the different walks of life is necessary to Policy which will increase considerably Prine Minister which is supposed to make all the segments of society conscious withthe implementation ofNEMAP. Both functionthroughanExecutiveMinisterial of environmentalproblems.ltistherefore the Ministry and its technical arm. the Committee headed by the Minister of desirable that the government should Department of Environment (DoE), lack MOEF and Divisional Environmental encourage the NGOs to play an active part adequate manpower, expertise andc other Committees headed by the Divisional in the environment sector (including resources to fulfil their mandate and Commissioner. To implement approved activities under NEMAP). responsibilities. ; policies these bodies need to be activated. It is desirable that the MOEF ensures that 3.5 Implementation, monitoringand (b) People's Perception - these committees function effectively and follow up of NEMAP are used for the implementation of It was felt from various sources that the NEMAP. To make NEMAP an on-going process, it lack of effectiveness of environmental isnecessary to havenmechanisms toensure legislation andotheractivities was directly 3.3 Local Environmental Issues implementation, monitoring and follow related to the inadequacy of capacity to Atthe local level, itis feltthatnoinstitution or mechanisnm exists that can deal with intersectoral issues relatedto environment- Local government officials and elected representatives acknowledge the need for appropriate mechanisms in this matter. People at different workshops identified the absence of focal points at different levels where environmental issues maybe addressed. There exists at present an Environmental Committee at the divisional level but this is mostly nonfunlctional. It is recommended that Local Environ mental Committees (LEC) should be formed at the district and thana levels, in which local representatives are to be Air quiality beinsg mrnitored by DoEpersonnel *inivolved. Under the implementation 25 absence of regular training I-;' ,.,Xjprogramme to support staff 77 - / tX - { \ - development; and shortageof basic facilities, equipment f gL and logistic support. AtoLugh the broad areas of instituitional weakness is known. there has been, to date, no thorough institutional assessment -4t * l § 1 jSconducted to assistthe Mlinistrv in definin- its exact requirements and suppor-t for planning for the future. With ever- increasing pressure on the Nlinistry to 11E e P t, L r [ 9 _ tr fulfill its mandate and become active in translating environmental programmes into action, priority must be aiven to identifying a systematic programme to strengthen the .Ministry's institutional RcN yC/ill (?fp, astic >tastes ilt Trngi Reeve/lug .fplnsric uaoe~ m Tongi capabilities. based on its present and enforcereg,ulationsbytheDoEand\MoEF. monitor projects for their pro.jected requirements. It waS therefore generally felt that environmental impacts effectively strengtheningthecapacityofbothMOEF and (e) Recommendation/Acti and DoE should be considered a priority. * it suffers from a shortage of basic It is theretore recommended that an (c) Existing Policy facilities, equipment and logistic immediate assessment of the needs of both iMOEF and DoE be undertaken to TI=he existing Environmental Policysipport. identify specific actionis needed to mandates and ascribe responsibilities to The Department of Environment faces strengthen theircapabilities and capacity DoE.Inadditionenvironmentallegislation these weaknesses: of carry out their mandates and ascribes responsibilities to DoE. In order responsibilities. to fulfil these responsibilities the capacity shortage of adequate and appropriate ot' both MOEF and DoE need to be manpower; strengthened. shortage of trained and experienced (d) Key Issues manpower. There is a need for expertise in the disciplines of The key issues with respect to the iMoEF biological and geo-sciences, are: hydrology, soil and socio-economic sciences in addition to engineering; the M/linistry has yet to develop a strong functioning Planning Cell to lack of capacity of planning, support its work; monitoring,publicity,and fortframing and enforcing legislation: * it lacks essential baseline data on resourcesand areasofenvironmental * lack of information management concern; system supported by a strong data bank to back up planning, policies although it now acts as a "clearinn and monitoring activities; house" for all development projects put forward by the different line X lack of expertise on environmental ministries, itiacks the necessary basic impact assessments and technical expertise to assess and environmental quality standards: 26 CHAPTER IV SECTORAL ISSUES AND ACTIONS The NEMAP process identified a number key issuesin thesectorasretlected Map4.1 of key issues, recommendations and in people's perceptionandexisting specific actions with in the action regime policy are stLich as policy, advocacy, project etc. in (i) institutional weakness to respect to environment nmanagement in address issues like hazard different sectors. It also identified the forecasting preparedness, post- --- *_ __- actors/agenciestotakeiniitiativesinrespect hazard intervention and to those actions leading to formulation/ managrementactivitiesandhazard initiation of detailed actions or project proofing, unplanneddevelopment planning. The following provide structuresleadingtosusceptibility surmmaries of the sectoral issues raised, to natuLral hazards, degradation of recommendations made and specific environment such as siltino of actions required in the NENIAP process. rivers, defore station and lack of scientific knowledge on natLiral 4.1. Natural Hazards / Disasters hazards. The NEMAP has taken' Vulnerability to natural hazards like cognizance of the above and cyclone, flood, drou-ght, tornado and accordingly has proposed a desertiflication is a major environmental numberotactions. The prioritized concerns in Bangladesh. Although the actions are presented in the , major concern related to natuLral hazard following table. Map 4.1 shows ___Scale__ has been retlected in the existing policies, the spatial distribution ofpeople's the institutional arrangements to concerns regarding natural implement the policy is still lacking. The hazards. !_____1_________________________________ cmi,, - SPATIAl=. ISYITIOSl OF PEOPLES CONCEOSS~ I ~CAOO CDICIV 0Afl5f50 RS$XROtS NMTRAL HACASmi : | | V^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~NTIONAL TItSAIAO$AAW AAs£NAAMC ACrOQ FLA (SEwAn) j Table 4.1: Natural Hazards/Disasters Key issues Reconmmended Action Type of Actions Actors/Agencies Specitic Actionl |Tittely and correctly DevelopiimenitofcapabiliLiesoni Project |MoWR. BWDB. Mlet. Office. lnIltitutionalcapabilitvdeveloptllerntof azard Forecastin2 for different natural hazard SPARRSO. MoDM & R. the acencies inivolved in hazard lood.cyclone&tidalsurge forecastingandemthancettemttof Cyclone Preparedness Ceintre forecastine tnd preparations forhazards coordiriationi withiit GoB agencies Institu tionalizationt of capability developed in FAII 19. FAP25.SW.'vlC for tsitg the tlood forecastitig atict %[ 11 l l | |~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~disaster iriatiagolliniitactivities l Traititg and awarentess Project/Advocacy GoB. Media. Contniunity Creating trainiing programmes. |n | developti_elit|| Organtizatiotts/NGOs. Peoplc preparatiotm of ttatualIs for traititme Cotiotnuinity based hazard Advocacy Cotinttuttitv Orgattizations/ Pilot progranitttes it diffcrettt hazarid preparedness programme NGOs. Media. People prone areas (commnultity based) .azard Proofitig Pilot projects Project Disaster Managetnettt Bureau. Coitduct studies and pilot projecis it * | 1 l l l | ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~MoR&R, People differeiii hazard piroiie areas oor/tlmtoordinated post Etihanceniletit of coorditation Policv MoDM & R ADAB. D)isaster Fotllltaioll/etlitaitcetttetitofeapabilities azard ititervetition atid duringposthazardinterventioits ManagetttentBureau oftheitter actcscordittationce ttanageement irieluditt NGOs Database on the ittventory of Project Disaster Managetnent Btireau. Creatiott of cotttptiterized dalabase olt hazard ntitigation capabilities ADAB hazardsldisaster ittartaement by usitn1 (for exainple No. of cyclotte GIS as a tool centres. school, food storage. fuel etc.) iteluding NGO and I Govt. agency's capabilities ____._____j 27 NENIAP: Summary Report 4.2 Industry Expansion of indLustrial areas into the Khulna regions. Pollution arising from entreprenuers:lackoftechniolocy toensuLre agricLtlturalandforestlandsandindustries various industrial processes and plants efficient use of resources and Waste based on renewable energy. agricultural throughout the country is causing minimisation and absence ofany guideline resources and non- renewable is likely to degradation to surrounding environment forthe location of industrial units. Further. pose potential threat to environment and at different-levels. the environmental policy and the sustainable use of resource base. Existing [ssues and concerns in industrial sectors environmental legislation would not be indtistries create a number of relate to a general absence of pollution effective without the polLition abatement environ mental problems throughout the abatement in terms of waste management regulation and gLuideli ne for environment country. though these are mainly andtreatment; low level ofenvironmental quality standards. concentrated in Dhaka, Chittagong and awareness among industrialists and S/hip-breakin ata Kinia a C tagong leave i depoiig 1.atk o r (asl lancd Table 4.2 Industrv Key Issues Reconimended Actions Trype of Actions Actors/Agencie-s Specific Actioni Pollutioni fromi the untreated Proper treatmnent of effluent anid Policy Industrial Units Installation ofieffluent/ernissioiz treatrient effluents and etnissions entiissiun, s according to guidelines plants .,o. Private Sector Classification of industries accordini_ to leVelS Of pollution tar takintg appropriate m1eaSure!s Lackof appropriate technology for Technology transfer Policy Mol. Private Sector Projects o-techiiology traitsferand trainini g pollution abaterieint Lack of environiiental awareness linparting Environmental Education Policy Mot. Bol. DoE. Training Workshops anionaz the industrialists & the awarettess to industrial sectors Chamiibers elntrepreneurs Lack of guideline/ legislations for Preparation of guidelines Policy/Project NloEF DoE. Mol. Bol Preparation ot industrial guidelines the matiageinetit of effluent and Institutional stremtitheining of DoE & Nlol emission atid their eitforcemilent for the application of guidelines Lackofincentivesinprivatesector Fitiatcial incentives to Private Sectors Policy Mol. Finazncial lncetitive programmes for the private for the abatetnent of pollutioni for encouraging to take steps for Institutions providing sectorstostipporttheirpollutioziabhatezzeiit pollution abatement credits to ittdustries measures Occupational health Preparation of guidelittes and setting Policy/Project DoE. Mol. MoHFP Preparatiozz of guideline and its standards for working environment implementation 28 SECTORAL ISSUES AND ACTIONS 4.3 Water resources Waterresources need tobeexploited most degradation; poor drainage of wetland, tree plantation. providing adequate optimally to achieve a bare minimum flooding, water logging, siltation and culverts, bridges for the flow of tlood sustainability to feed the growing salinisation. water, taking flood proof measures. population. But, development in this sector providing compensation for project has to be made environmentally sound Concerns in this sector relate mainly to affected people, negotiating and sharing and sLIstainable. Water development flood damages, river bank erosion, of the Ganges water with India. NEMAP projects might have adverse effects on degradation of water bodies, increased hassug;estedactionstoaddresstheissues fisheries. mangroves, wetlands, water pollution, non availability of water raised in the water sector and outlined the agricultural land, settlements, water for irrigation, drainage congestion and following specifice action for immediate transportanidthequalityofwatersupplies. withdrawal of water from the Ganges. follow-up. Inadequate planning ofthe FCD/I projects Solution to the problems lies in excavation and failure to consider theirwider impacts of water bodies, supply of adequate water has, in some cases, led to environmental forirrigation, prevention of deforestation, Table 4.3: Water Resources Kev Issues Recommended Action Type of Actions Actors/Agencies Specific Actioni Flooding anld associated Flood protection Controlling Project MoWR Flood protection projects with popular loss of life and property tmeasure with people's participation aid properenvironmenital participation impact assessment Developitettt of people's Policy Cotntrtunity Organizations/ Case stuzdies in selected water sector participation itt water sectoral NGOs, ADAB. CEN projects (NEiNIAP methodology could projects be usedl) Getteral failure to take Developmient of guidelitie for Policy/Advocacy MoWR, Universities, Research Review of FAP 16 guidetine for e n v i r o n it e n t a I environtnental review of water Organisations, People, NloEF. recomnmendatiotn, its itnprovemnnt if consideratioit it, the sectoral projects DoE possible by formulating leWv gUidelile fort,iulatiort of FCD/I project due to absence of a suideline inadequlate participation of Methodology for adequate Policy/Projectl MoWR, FPCO. People Development of nethodology with people its the FAP scope of participation of people Advocacy inpitts of ADAB. CEN in the FAP p ocess ADAB, CEN, People Lobbyitg anid advoc:cy for Govt. & NGO collaboration Poor designing & planiting Design review of esisting plan Project MoWR DesignreviewoofFCD/iprojectstaking of FCD/I projects leading and ongoing FCD/l projects. enviroilnental coiicerns utider to over topping britches consideratiott Draining ofWetlands. water Mitidation, restoration wherevver Project hloWR, People Impletmentation of pilot projects logging. flooding, siltation. possible salinity & Biodiversity Absence of database on A comprehensive plan for the Project MoFL, (WARPO). MoEF. DoE Creatioii ofresear-chcentre/institutionis hydrology and inadequate developmentaltd toatiageinent dealing with water sector data base i understatding of the of the water sector database backed up by 1IS capabilities flooding phenometna aitd tloodplain manlagemnent Uniplanned abstraction of Preparation ofguideline Policy/Project MoWR,LGED(Forsinallscale Preparation of guideline and its glroUniid water leading to irrigation project) impletnentation drawdowtt of the water table, failure ofshallow and deep tubewells S,eduction; otfaailability Of Formulation of strategy at both Policy/Advocacy MoEF. Mot. MoWR. MoFA Raising. tthe issue at regional anid water during the dry seasott natiotial and international levels international forumi in the Ganges river due to the cottstruction ofFarakka Corntnutiity Organizationsl Ltobbying & advocacy with the NGOs barraLc NGOs. People at regional and itttcrrtatiotial levcls Detail impactstudy. nonitoring Project GoB Research Orgattizations. Fortmulation of research project for and creation of database Universities, Private Sector funding 29 NEMNIAP : Summary Report 4.4 Eneray Availability of biomass fuel for domestic - :- -- needhasreachedacrisiswhilecommercial - and industrial need of energy has been satisfied to a great extent by bio-mass which has been supplemented by non- 4 4 -xi - renewable energy available within the country and through imports. The key environmental issues in this sector may be suimmed up as: Large scale deforestation to satisfy rural energy requirements and Non availability of livestock manuire for fuel in rural areas. Solution to the energy issues should - involve people in m-ass tree plantation, £ forest conservation and regeneration, the increase in bovine population and by j motivating people to use energy efficient t , 9- - chulas (stoves), and also increasing an a Children collectinzg bin-mass for u(se as fuel in rural Bangladesh awareness about the caLuses of fuel shortage. Table: 4.4: Energy Key Issues Recommended Actions Type of Actions Actors/Agencies Specifie Action Heavy reliance on bio-fuels. Development of awareness about Policy/Advocacy/ Com ani uiity Organiizations/ Media Campaign and demimonstratiotn wood. agri-residue, thealteinativeuseofaericultural Project NGOs. MoE. MvoEF. DoE. etc. oit alteitiate elergy esources cowdung for fuel residue and animal waste People Developmten of altemnate Energy Policy/Advocacy Research Organizations, Pilot project ott solar energy. bio-eass Universities. DoE Large scale deforestation Afforestationi prograrnine Policy/Advocacv DoF. Local Govt. agencies. Social Forestry. Community Forestry. involving the participation of Coitmunity Organizations/ Agro-Forestry programnimies with community NGOs. People people's participatioti' Lack of Awareness oti Awareness Campaign Policy/Advocacy DoE.ConmunityOrganizationsl Awareiiess raising progratmnte through Entergy Conservation Project NGOs. People titedia TN.. Radio pro-raitttme Efficient Chula Projects BCSIR, ResearchOrganizations. Pilot projects DoE. COMnmunity Organization,/ NGOs. Research and l)eveloptttCtttprojcctsoll efficient chulas 30 SECTORAL ISSUES AND ACTIONS 4.5. Forestry and Biodiversitv Forests, with theirgreat natural ecological improveproductioninagricu]ture,forestry the Corest is still poor and shoLild be resources,areonthedeclineinBangladesh and fishery. rehabilitated to develop an ecologically and have reached an all time low in recent viable and socio-economically acceptable years. Forests are also important to Key issues associated with forests, wild system of management. Salinity in the mankind for the various life forms that it life and biodiversity include - fresh watertiowoftheGangessysLenmdue supports including wildlife and encroachmentofforestlandforagriculture in'ntheLupperripsarianrc eso fcwater biodiversity. Preservation of genetic and human settlement; depletion of forest the v eget atiooteu erban mang resources is both a matter ofinsurance and resources; and replacement by commercial forest: unCon trol ed growth of simp investmentthatisnecessarytossustainaand forests, management of wetland withini farmsisencroachin upon forested areas. Table 4.5 (a): Forestry and Biodiversity Key Issues Recommended Actions Type of Actions Actors/Agencies Specific Action Forests National Forest Formulationi of a new National Policy/Advocacy/ MoEF. in Collaborationi with ReviewingaeidSttidyingexistitig Forest Policy Forest Policy suited tothepresent Project NloLands..MoEstablishment. Policy. Laws. Rules and Regulatioits. and future social, economic, NloLaw, MoLGRDC. MoLF. Related Sectoral Study Reports. Draft politicalanidenlvirofifental needs MoE. MoA. Mol. MoP. Forestry Mlaster Plan. Draft NCS. of the coLntr-y together with NMoTourism. NMoIWDFC. National Enivirolimenital Policy 1992. adequate and appropriate Cabinet divisiort, FD. People's Draft NEMAP antd preparation of legislationsfor-imnplementingthe Representatives, Community Nationial Policy with peoples policy Organizations/ NGOs, People participation. Constiltatiotts with local people living in and aro Ind the forests. private forests owners. hoinesteads treegarden owner-s. local landless people. destitute women. marginal farmiiers, un-emnployed anid tinder-emploved people anid takirg thei- opinions and views for formiulating the ilew National Forest Policy. InStitUtional Reformns Separation of authority anid Policy/Advocacy MoEF in Collaboration with Reviewiag and Sttdying the Draft enterprise fulictions in MvoEstablishment. MoFinance. Forestry MNaster latt - 993/2012. governiment org anizations; MioLGRD MoP. Cabinet Consuhtations with all concerned actors. providintg full fledgied (furittionial Dvso,F.Pot' n rprn h C and financial) autottoiny to the Divisin,teD. Pople's a enterprises system; enterprises Representatives. Journalists. formed should promote private and ComtttunitV Organizations/ sector, cooperative sector and NGOO, People organized people's participation Depletioni of Forest Givinghighestprioritiestoforest Policy/Advocacy MoEF, FD, Community Adopting and implementiitg adequate Resources conservationt. augmentation of Organizations/NGOs and appr-opriate National For-est Policv forest resources, tree resources through people's par-ticipatioir aiid developineiit in rural areas, and participatory eitforceinent through increasing forest atid tree cover targeted groups of the countrv I mpr-oved manageittenit of State Forests and planitations. ttiaiiitai ni tig sustainability. productivity. erivirottirtenita soLitidiiess. equlity based on properly prepared forest management plans attd inipletrtettitt" the same through people's participatiolis Itnproved managemnent of homestead forests and providiitg all sorts of| supports for developing piivale1 nurseries -' Updating forest and tree resources invenitory informations. forest anid tree cover tiiaps. and maintaining them on Resource Informationl Managettent System (RINIS). 31 N'ENIAP: Summary Report Table 4.5 (b): Forestry and Biodiversity Key Issues Recomniended Actions Type of Actions Actors/Agencies Specific Action Awareness Developmenit Advocacy/Policy MoEF, FD. T.V.. Radio. lMedia Camttpaign. Extension. T.V. and Newspapers. Video Film. Radio Programmes. Short Filtims. Community OrganizationV' Exhibitions Seminars and Symiposia. NGOs. People Newspaper Articles. Essay CCompetitions at Educational Institutions Wildlife: Giving priority totheprotection Policy/Advocacy/ MoEF. FD. DoE. Law Inventory toassessthepresentstatusof Conser-vation of Wildlife of wildlife. birds. frogs. lizards Project enforcing agencies. wildlife. birds. frogs. lizards and snakes and snakes Commnunity Organizations/ and evaluate thei- tvpes and quantities NGOs. Wildlife atid Nature available Conservation Societies. People. Prohibition on hunting anid trapping, of wildlife and their hides: hunting. trapping and disturbances oftiigratory birds and aquatic birds: large-scale commercial exploitation of selecteci frog. Iizard a[id snake species through appropriate legislation Biodiversitv B iodiversity protectioni Policy/Project/ MoEF. NioLF. FD. BFRI. Conservation of germ plasm it seed Conservation of Advocacy People's Repr-esentatives. stores. clonal orchards, borattical Biodiveisity Conservation Organizations. gardens atid zoos Wildlife attd Nature Conservatioit Societies. Awareniess developimient throL1g h Community Organizations/ mnedia. T.V., Radio. Newspapers. NGOs. People Seminar. Syvioposiunit International Collaboration to Policy/Advocacy MoEF. MoP. FD. other related Development of a Biodiversity conserve biodiversity institutions anid ministries Cotimmission with tleighbor-i me countries for developing strategies to conserve shared resources anid proruotc genetic iiterchattge _~. - Sindartlban5s. k,town for its r'ichl wildlhfe. bioediversity amnel the ltoine of Royal Beintgtl Tiger 32 SECTORAL ISSUES AND ACTIONS 4.6. Land Resources Land is the most important resource in production, forestry, fishing and urban Gradual loss of agricultural land, loss of Bangladesh and is under intense use development. Majorlanduse conflictarise soil fertility, soil degradation, landlessness, threatening its carrying capacity. from uncoordinated action amongst the distribution of khas land and cumbersome Population pressure on land is a crucial ministries and agencies concerned with land registration system etc. are the major factorin the management oflandresources land managlement. The country lacks a issues which have been addressed by the in the country. Availability of land is a comprehensive land use policy NEMAP and a number of specific action majorconstraintinBangladeshasvirtually emphasizing the most appropriate and in this regard have been proposed. all available land is utilized for crop productive use of land. Table 4.6: Land Resources 7 sKev Issues Recommended Actions Type of Actions Actors/Agencies Specific Action Unsustainable Lattduse Development of sustainable Policy MoLand, Agricultural Research Action Research/Farn level research landuse management Organization, Universities. Community Organizations I NGOs Studyon indigenoussustainabele Ploject Research Organizationi, Study to increase efficiency of the landuse practices Community Organizations / production system and its application NGOs, People Loss ofsoil fertility Soil fertility status survey and Pr-oject SRDI, Research Organization. Survey projects on soil fertility classification of soil-according Universities. conservation and mapping to fertility and taking care of appropriate soil nutrient deficiencies Management of degraded Inventory of degraded land. its Project SRDI, SPARRSO, Research Survey ai d mapping land mappiig and recominendation Organization s for appropriate use Status of land resource: National Landuse Survey in Proiect Directorate, DLR, Research Landuse survey land classification on iiventoryclassificationand collaboration with research Organizations. Private Sector the basis of physical uses and legal legal status institutions and private sector status and foriiiulation of recommendation for subsequent replication Age old land registration Modernization of land Policy/Project DLR, MoLand. Research Pilot study attd fortnulation of and records of land right registration and land right Organizations recommendation for subsequent systemit recording sy.stem with the help replication of computer assistance such as GIS Absence of land policy Formulation of comprehensive Policy MoLanid Formnulation of Landuse plan providing provision for Land Policy landuse pianning and Land reforms in corporating with addressing the policy of agrarian and tenurial structure land reform/land fragmentation/land tenure/ Programmes for giving khas lands for I a n d I e s s n e s I/I a n d settiements tothe poorandencouraging settlemenit. such as environamentally,soundandsustaimiable distribution of khas lands landuse pattern Soil Conservation issues Soil conservationn measures in Project DoF, CHTDB, Community Pilot project to develop appropriate areas with high soil erosion such Organizations! NGOs. People Agro-forestry practices. plantationi and as iviodhupur Tract. Hill slopes landuse practices for the conservation of Chittagong and Sylhet of soil with active participatioii of the local people in the areas nientioned 33 NEMAP: Summarv Report 4.7 Fisheries and Livestock Fisheries play adominantrole in nutrition, particularly in the form of FCD/ls, coastal open water system etc. are also causin2 employment, foreign exchange earmings embankments have led to the depletion of harm to the fisheries of Bangladesh. Non and otherareasofBangladesh'seconomy. fish production, degradation of fishing availability of feed is a major concern Fishes provide 80% ofthe nation's animal environment and loss of biodiversity in which is arising out of non sustainableIuse protein intake. Livestockremainsacrucial the open water fisheries of Bangladesh. of land. The NEEMAP has identified the sector in the agrarian and largely Further, increased and unrestricted use of major issues in this sector and has outlined subsistence economy of Bangladesh. pesticide and agrochemical and discharge the actions required. Interference with the hydrological systems of untreated industrial effluents into the Table 4.7. (a): Fisheries and Livestock Key Issues Recommended Actions Type of Actions Actors/Agencies Specific Action Loss of open water fishery Allocation of requisite quantities of water with Policy MoEF, MoiWDFC, Ministry of Environimienit and Forests habitats requisitehydrologicalconditionsforfishandother MoFL mayinitiatepolicypapersfor approval aquatic animals and plants be inade. by the Council oF Ministers to allocate and sustain different corimponienits of openwater habitats for Ltse bv fish. prawn and other aquatic atnimals PrefeasibilityandfeasibilitystudiesonFCD,FCD/ Policy .MoWater Resources, Policy papers to be initiated by the I and other water resources development project MoFL Mvinis-trv of Water Resources in must provide for comprehensive fisheries consultation with the Minist-y of biological studies. Fisheries and Livestock. Prepare plans to exainie possibilities for Project MoWater ResoUrces. Case studies in selected conitplkted restoration of some of the lostttsh (aquatic) habitats MoFL, NGO waterresources dcv. projects (N EM A P in different components of the openwater system. methodology couLd be tised ) Adverse impacts of Possibilities for restoring the tidally inundated Project MoFL, Mowater Mlinistry of Fisheries and Livestock coastal embankotent on nursery grounds for mnarine and estuarine fishes Resources. NGO, should develop and execute projects to estUarinte fish and prasans are to beexamined and restored as far People study the ilmtpacts of coa.tal as possible embankittents on the popLilatioit sizes of different ittaritte fish anid prawit. PollItion anid degradationi Discharge of untreated solid, liquid and gaseous Policy MloEF, Nol. NloFL. Project concepts ott preparation atid of open waters wastes front industries should be prohibited atid DoE enforcementof lawv maybe iitiated by I prohibitory measures should be strictly enforced theMiisitryofEnvironitiietitaid Fotest inl C0onSUltation anid coordinaion si Law to install proper waste treatnenit plants in all Project N,ol, MvloEF all the relevant Mlivistfieh industrial units should be enacted and enforced Inclusions of waste treattioent plants should be Project Mol. MoEF, DoE tnade obligatory by all new industries to be permitted Oilspillageontoimarineandiinlanidwatershould Project NloEF DoE Projectfor tnottitoritigand quanititativc he made a punishable offence. assessment of oil spillage by oii tankers. ship breakers etc. it dil'ferenit areas should be ittipleineitted by Dept. Of .Environment Dumping of raw sewage and other hutiaii wastes Project NloEF, Local Lawstobe foritiulatedatideiitfoiced by as well as other raw organic wastes into the open Governienit the Nlitiistry olE ilvirotitnent waters should be discontinued Run off of poisonous agrochemicals should be Project MoEF. MvoH. Project to nionitor volumiies of oreanic] prevented/reduced by resorting to integrated pest MoLocal wastes beitig dutinpcd into waler utay management practices and by using less lethal Governtneit be developed anid implemiienited by chemicals MoA Deptt- of Ensvironitiietit NloAgricullure. Prepare a(l -itilp lettlefit protiects t MoFL, MoEF assess level of agro-cheriuical pollutioni on differentt rivers. stcaris and othcr standitig water bodies and recottiticndI ltleasure to el itillate/reduce lvels of o such pollutioti 34 SECTOR-AL ISSUES AND ACTIONS Table 4.7 (b): Fisheries and Livestock F \ WKey Issues Reconimended Actions Type of Actions Actors/Agencies Specific Action Loss ofaqUatic biodiversity ContinuouIs rnonitoring of the species of fish. Project MoFL Universities. A project concept paper to be initated| shrimpsandprawn.crabs mussels,oysters,turtles NGOs. People by the Department of Fisheries and and tortoises and other aquatic living organisms Fisheries Resear-ch Institute| should be carried out to locate species becoming rare or extinct with a view to restoring and preserving themn Poor NIana,agement of open In place of revenue oriented management, Policy/Project/ MoFL, DoFisheries. DepartmetittofFisheriesshouldprepare] water fisheries scientific management of the poptIlations of Advocacy FD a project on scientific managemitent of differentspeciesoffish, prawti andcommercially the fish. prawn. crab. oyster, mIsselCI Floodplaint/Riverine) harvestable aquatic anitnals occurring in the etc. resources in thgeovernrrent owned openwaters under the control ofMinistry of Land inland waters and thieir exploitationat a and in the Sunderbans under the Ministry of predetermined level of intensity by | Forests should be initroduced. fisherman. Overfishittg of milaritte fish Extent and iInpacts of overfishing on populations Policy/Project MoFL Projects imay be forimiulated and of different fish and prawtt species should be imtplemented by the aeencies tlitdel the assessed quantitatively attd regulatory measures Nlinistrs of Fisheries and Livestock are to be enforced in the form ofcatch quota, size Iimit of fish/prawn in the catch and other similar ttianagement measures including fishing efforts regulation Extenttive shrimlt/ ctoljivatiotn in the constnal belt nagrnanfes salinity Fis/t - rte ttojor souirce qf artnutnl proteino in Bangladesh Livestock is ertensively tised as dra -pow. er 35 NENIAP: Summary Report 4.8. Agriculture The NEMAP has identified the key environmental problem in theagricuL)turaI sector. Agricultural intensification and the increase in irrigated area have led to a nuimber of environmental problems i.e., loss of bio-diversity through the conversion of forest land into agriCu.ltural land, abandonment of many indigenous crop varieties in favoUr of HYV 's leading to irrever-sible loss of the country's genetic resources, depletion of soil nutrients and or-ganic matter duie to intensive cropping. loss of wetand habitatsthrou,gh abstraction and drainage resulting in depletion of aqulatic fauna and flora and reduiction in water availability to the rural poor, , -' desertification (in the Barind Tract), increased use of agro-chemicals raising Growth of mnost of the HYV trops depetdL ()n irrigation the pollution potentials of surface and ground water. Table 4.8: Agriculture Key Issues Reconmmended Actions Type of Actions Actors/Agencies Specific Action Loss of genetic resources Preservation of Genetic Project GoB, Agriculture Research Establishment of gene bank and local duetointroduction ofHYV Resources Organization. BAU genepool inventory on wild relatives Change in cropping pattern and Policy/Project Agriculture Research Research atd developmnenton cropping agricultural landuse patternis Organization (GoB). BAU. pattern for sustainable landuse Universities Loss of agricultural lanid Appropriate regulation for the Policy/Advocacy GoB. MoEF, MoA. BARC Formulation of legislation/rUles anld fertility due to overLuse of use of pesticide and agro- regulationis agro-chemicals leadiitg to chemicals anid its enforcement increasing dependence on these chemnicals Use of sustainable agriculture Policy/Project Community Organizations / Pilot Studv and Field research NGOs, Research Organizatiolns Extensioni programmile | Noni-availability of Sustainable use of ground and Policy MoAgri. BARC Foriiulation of appropriate rules itd irrigationi water during the surface water regulations dry season due to reduction| in river flows and LGED, Community Development of sustainable nitnor | abstraction of ground water Organizations/ NGOc irrigation scheimle |incidenceofpestattackanid Integrated pest management Policy GoB. Agriculture Research Pilot Project. Research atid diseases Organizations Developiietit works Community Organizationis / Action Research Programmes NGOs Adverse effect on land Development of appropriate Policy GoB Agri-Research On farin research on appropriate fertility due to crop landuse management practices Organizations. Community landuse management intensity/cropping pattem through farm level research Organizations / NGOs. People Removal of agricultural Development of efficiemit chulas Project Research Organizations. Research and development works for residue leadingtoreduction and altemate fuel with resources Community Organizations / appropriate technology innovationi of soil fertility with use of agricultural residue NGOs as fuels 36 SECTORAL ISSUES AND ACTIONS 4.9 Housing and Urbanization The key issues identified by the NEMAP disposal of waste and sewage treatment institutional capacity for integrated process in this sector are - unplanned and and management. planning, creating better housing facilities unregulated urban growth, high density of for the uirban poor, middle class and population often with poor provisions for Actions suggested by NEMAP to address working women, enacting appropriate sanitation causing high incidence of the environmental issues in this sector legislation forlanduse, buildingstandards, disease. and inadequate facilities for relatetostrenygthenincg oflocalgovernment zoning and town planning. Table 4.9: Housing and Urbanization Key Issues Recommended Actions Type of Actions Actors/Agencies Specific Action Unplanned and unregulated Formulation oflanduseguideline Policy MoWorks, MoLocal Govt. UDD. Formulation of lantduse guidelines urban growth for urban areas LGED, RAJUK. CDA, KDA. Pouroshava Regional planning Policy UDD Preparation of project proposals for regional plan.aing Unplanned high rise Setting up planning criteria for Policy RAJUK, CDA, KDA Fortnulation of plaitning criteria and building building standards under strict buildinig standards unider strict supervision supervision Urban Flooding Flood proofing and protection Project RAJUK. CDA. KDA, LGED Flood protection programmes for big measures cities and small towns Application of strict zoning law Project RAJUK. CDA, KDA, Local Institutional strengthening in the highly vuliterable areas Govt. agencies (Municipalities Pourashava) Sewerage & garbage Better provisions and facilities Project Municipal Corporations, WASA Development of garbage disposal and disposal problem for disposal of garbage and sewerage treatment capability sewerage treatment Recycling and economic use of Project Community Organizations / DevelopmentofPilotProjectinvolving garbage through participatory NGOs, Municipal Corporation Govt. anid Coiiiunity Organizations / management involvitig NGOs coimmunity Inadequate & unhealthy Improve housing facilities Policy/Project RAJUK Planning more residential areas with housing facility panicularly for the less wealthy multistoried buildings section Private Sector, Community Providing iltcelitives to the private Organizations / NGOs, People sector & NGOs to unidertake housinlg projects Financing Urban housing Policy Financial Organization. Private Low cost house building loai Sector, Community programmes Organizations / NGOs Shortage of water Supply Ensure sustainable supply of Project WASA, Local Government Proper Water supply projects clean water agencies Rural-Urbati migiration Creatioti of job opportunities in Project GoB, Community Employment generation activities the rural areas Organizations/ NGOs, People Weak local government Strengthening organizational Advocacy/Policy GOB.CommunityOrganization, Campaign, Policy actions organization capaciLy People 37 NENAI' : Summarv Report 4.10: Health and Sanitation The National Environment Management Bancgladesh is the result of inextricable andchild healthcare facilities.poorquality Action Plan outlines the policies of the linkage between over population, poor ofdrug. malnutrition, unhealthycondition Government of Bangladesh relevant to nutritional status, unsuitablepotable water of workplaces, narcotics and drug abuse. health. sanitation and population control and poor sanitary provisions. The key NEMvIAPhas suggested specificactions to and identified the key environmental concermslsectorsare-inadequateprovision address these conerns which are as problems in this sector. The generally forvsafednkiig water,usingopenplaces diollows tnlap 4.2 shopns the spatial inadequiate state of human health in fordefecationandurination,lackofmother health and sanitation. Table 4.10: Health and Sanitation Kev Issues Recommenided Actions Type of Actions Actors/Agencies Specific Actioni Inadequate plovisioIn for Mass scale service support Policy/Project GoB agencies, Cominunity Programmes for sinking tubewells at safe drinkiig water coverage forsafe drinking water Organizations / NGOs comillunlity levels Programmes for credit support for sinking tLUbewells CommuTIILinity based water sLIpply programmes in rural areas and slants IniadeqLuate provision for Mass scale service support Policy/Project GoB agencies. Comntitunity Programmes for iistalling latrines at latrine coverage for latrinie Organizations / NGOs collmmilunlity levels Proglrammnes foro credit support folr establishing latrinies Usitng opein pIaces for Public toilet intcottvenientpiublic Advocacy GoB,PdivateSector.Cottttttttnitv Public toilet it both rlu ral andl city ar eas defecation anid urittatiott places Organizations / NGOs Lack of Nlother anid Child NlCH proeratnmcs GoB,ComrnunityOrganizationis lnic casccoverage eo fMNICHpr-ogrelalitlsres Health Care facilities / NGOs Quality of Drutg Strictapplicationiofdiugpolicies MoHealth EmpoNvering/delegatinig powver to appropriatc agencies Strengthening drug MoHealth. BSTI Streng theting and equipping administration department attd laboratories forcarrving ouLt nlecessalry BSTI analvsis Malnlutritionl AwarenessandlHealthEducation GoB.CommunityOrganizations Radio. TV.. Media camnpaigtm. Rall. /NGOs. WASA Semilnar. Sytttposium etc. Crop Diversitication MoAgri. Co iltinlity Pilot projects wittl t'ip iasis Oil Organizations / NGOs itdigellonls rabi crops Food Security ineasures as Comtttnunity Orgaiizactios / Advccacy amitl lobbyilg opposed tocereal security section NGOs. GoB Policy Formulatioi Ut'lhealthycoiuditionatwork Preparation of Guideline. Rules Mol. DoE, Nlolaw Studv anid recortutieridaiioll place attd Regulations Lack of awareness in Awarcnessbuildingprogratnmes GoB.ComtnunitvOrganizatioi.s Camttpaign sinig TV.. Radio. health. sanitation amtd / NGOs fiewspaper. senthiar. syniposiulit. rally nut ittion etc. Health Educatiort GoB. Cotninunity Organizations Training Progranmtes /NGCs 38 SECTORAL ISSUES AND ACTIONS 4.11 Education and nutrition, mother and childcare. Map - 4.2 Awareness The coverage given to environmenlal Since only 30% of the issues in the press and the information population are literate, media is sporadic and insufficient. There major efforts have to be is no co-ordination of approaches to undertaken to provide environmental awareness training by basic education to the varioLis Nfinistries and NGOs which remaining population. compromises their effectiveness and cost Low literacy rate greatly efficiency. NEMAP has proposed actions impedes the to improve environmental awareness dissemination of amono people and the developinentofthe information on study of the environmenit at all levels of environmental health education. r NATTONAL ENVIRONiiAENT MsANAGE}Ei ACMCN PLA$ (NEYAP) ;, i , NE11lAP fiacilirntors cliscitssiiig eiivir-nlieiitctl issuses woilh grevssroots 'groules Table 4.11 Edrtcation and Awareness Key Issues Recommtended Actions Type of Actions Actors/Ag Spe gInadequate emnphasis oti Upgrading of syllabus at primnaty Policy/Project MoEducation |Ilmprovemient and revision of the| NenvhiotilieitiLail educzition .a aiid sec-ondary levels to |curricIdLtii and syllabus i all levels iiicorporate cilvironinental II education including madrcasa.. s Introduction of specialized Policy/Project Universities | Improvemenit and revisionl of the coursesionerivironmtleiitalaspects . curricuilumi and syllabus at universitv levels |Inaadequ ate fac iIi ty/ Increasing traihied nrianpo%ver oni Project Educational 1 l sti tu ti ons Ti-aihiflgspr-ograi,iiie,oii etivirotiiiiemiaI tc.lpability (mianpowver. environmenltal education Universities aspects 0himpariing edilcationi in che Increasinig laboratory & library Project Educational Institutions. |Developilletit of laboratories andi| hfistitutiolls) facilities Universities, UGC lihbraries |Inadecluate ResearchGrants Allocation of research grants, Policy UGC.MivoEducation |Aliocationofprojectgrants for research | ftor coniducting research in scholarship., for carrving out |and hiigher educations on environmnent | [he educational ihistitutions research on eiiviroilTllent |(Ph.D.. M.Phil.) | Lack of generasl awareriess Environinerial programiniies in Policy/Project Radio,.T.V. |.as Scale Promrmines on|| |oii iii.ljor enivironimenital Radio. T.V and oEher iiiedias |environiiieiit awvarenleSs ] concernls .Bangladesh Opeii University Introductioii of course- foi- diftei-ein levels oni envir-oliiilernt NGOs Awareiiess camnpaignl prograrmile, |Incorporatioii of environnienital|| iwareniess issue in the noii-forinal|| | education progarnmines 39 NEIMlAP: Summarv Report 4.12 Transport and Communication The policies and issUes related to transport AM and communication have been identified in NEMAP. The key environmental issues inthetransportandcommunicationsector F are: water pollution arising from inland .- and coastal shipping, lack of facilities to treatship wastes, airpollution in localised turban areas and along major roads, urban transport planning and management appears inadeqcuate for the volIme of traffic in many urban areas resulting in trafficjams, road and railroad construction lead to permanent loss of agricu]tural land, 'inadequate attention to natural drainage patterns often due to insufficient culverts. . ... High level of air-pollution frotm velicles in an urMban area Table 4.12: Transport and Communication Key Issues Recommended Actions Type of Actions Actors/Agenicies Specific Action Unplanned road Planned road nietwork Policy/Project Roads and Highway. LGED Developinent and application of ieveloptmelt development with people's guideliites to ensure eiivironiiienit participation soundness of the plan through the participation of people Inadequate infrastrticture Keeping adequate provision of Project Roads and Highways. LGED Developmenit of design criteria for en for facilitating tloodwater infrastructure in the road/railway sound tr.ansportnetwor-kinfrastructureI drainage along roads arid facilitating fish passes railways Reviewing the designs of the Project existitlg networks in order to facilitate drainage fish passes Air pollutioni Application of existing law Policy DOE. BRTA. IWTA Application of existing rules and regulations Situation of tmjor water Dredging whereever possible Policy/Project IWTA Dredgiitg progratittes ways Oil pollutiott due to Eiiforcetienit of existing law Policy/Project IWTA, Law Enforcing Agencies Review of existitg law to assess the ittechanized boats anid adequacy to abate pOilLtioll froits launches it the inland water mechaitized boats and lauitches way Enforcing of existiig law Pollutioni due to oil spill Enforcetnetit of existing law Policy IWTA. Batigladesh Navy Stretsgthetting capability of the law fronit ocean going ships it enforcing agencies with traininig inan the territorial waters of power and speedy coastal water Bangladesh transport Lossoofvaluableaericultural Landuse plannitg Policy DoE. loLand Forimiulation of landuse plan lanid due to transport developtietit Closure ol water ways Developtttetit of guideline for Policy BWDB. LGED. Roads & Developinent of guideliite and its due to infrastructure infrastructure developtnent Highways enfoiceittetii Ldevelopttelttt 40 CHAPTER V LOCATION SPECIFIC (LOCAL) ISSUES AND ACTIONS in the NEMAP participatory process Charland Issues charlands are important habitats of some several regional issues were raised locally Madhupur Tract Issues birds and aquatic animals. There is a need bytheparticipants.Therewasanemphasis BarndTractlssues to develop an understanding of the on developing and implementing ecosystem ofthe charlands, including their environmentally sound local level Wetland Issues soil formation processes and then develop development projects in different Hill cutting recommendationfortheirenvironmentally ecosystems. These were obvious concerns Salinity and Shrimp Cultivation Issues sound management programme. NEMAP aboutenvironmental degradationincertain Coastal and Marine Resources has proposed to select several chars in the well defined regions which represent part ManaoementIssues following category - newly formed and or whole of some ecological unit, of these unstable, relatively stable, old and stable, the most critical have been considered for 5.1 Charland Issues inhabited and un-inhabited, and small, the action plan. Such environmental medium, large. Existing ecosystem will problems cannot be addressed by a single There are sand bar, locally called charland then be studied to recommend ways and sectoral agency alone but requires in all the large rivers. These chars are means of exploiting the land resources on integrated environmental management usually unstable but some of them are a sustainable basis. interventions. Therefore, theseissues have observed to remain stable for a long time. been treated separately as regional issues The charlands of the major rivers of the - identified as 'Local Issues and grouped country (Meghna, Padma and Jamuna) under the following heads: arequitelongandhavesettlements.These Table 5.1: Charlands Key Issues Recommended Actions Type of Action Actors/Agencies Specific Action Instability of charlands due Management measures to reduce Policy/Project MoLand Landuse control to erosion erosion and instability such as afforestation, landusecontrol and Community Organizations / Afforestation programmes along with engineering measures NGOs,FD,LocalGovt.agencies, the shore lines. Appropriate People engineering measures for selected char lands Scarcity of vegetation Afforestation Programme Policy/Project Community Organizations / Afforestation programmes along with NGOs, FD, Local Govt. agencies, the shore lines People Uncontrolled landuse Charland management Policy MoLand Charland management plan with and landuse component landuse control Untimnely and imiproper Timely char survey operation Policy MoLand. DLR, People Revision ofcharsurveyand settlement survey of settlemnent and procedur-e registration of rights I. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~_. Corruption in char survey Proper survey of the charland Policy MoLand, DLR Revisionofcharsurvey andsettlement and its settlement leading to appropriate procedure for procedure social conflict registration and recording ofright Management of settlement in Policy/Project MoLand, Cominunity Charland settletnent programme with charlands with the participation Organizations / NGOs, People the participation of Community of the community Organizations 41 NEIlAP: Summarv Report 5.2. iMvadhupur Tract N'ladhupur Tract has undergone serious environmental degradation which calls for immediate intervention. The dissected area of Madhuptir is highly degraded. The organic matter content, soil moisture - retaining capacity and soil fertility is very low and as aresult, yield is low and cannot SLustain its productivity during, the drv season. Natural vegetation is sparse and rapidly declining. In terms of biodiversity the area suffered heavy loss of indigenous plants and animal species for the last 1 00 years. Homestead trees are fast depleting cr and there is an acute shortage of fuel wood - , - r and lack of initiative at replantation. Due -- * to lack of soil conservation practices, topsoil is being constantly eroded. iM adh upul r Tract serves as a water hIndiscriminate felling of trees degrades the forest resource base in /Madhtpur Tract catchment for the Turag, Banar, Bangshi To prevent environmental degradation as proposed to take up a pilot project in a rivers and dLe tosoil erosion sedimentation well as to maintain sustained agricuItural demonstration site to apply the concept of has increased. As a result, the river of production, it is necessary to reduce environmental management. initially. system of the Madhupur tract has been soil erosion, enhance vegetative cover which will then be replicated throughout silted tip causing increased flood and increase productivity of tipland the area. vulnerability. agriculture. In order to achieve this it is Table 5.2: Madhupur Tract Key Issues Recomnmended Actionis Type of Actioni Actors/Agencies Specific Action Illegal encroachmemt upon Enactment of law and its Policv/Project MoEF, FD. People Enactment of Forest law with Forest land iinpletnentation appropriate provisions for the control of encroachment providing scope of participatioi for the enicroacher-s in the forest management Deforestation and Zoning and Landuse control Policy MoEF, MoLand Fornulation of matiagettent plati transformation of Forest incor-poritiing laniduse and zoniiig land (agricultural land for control urbanization. infrastructural developinent. industrial use etc.) LossofBiodiversity(Plants Measurestoconserverarespecies Policy/Project MoEF, FD. NGOs. People Providing provisions for conlservationih| -and anitnals) throuhth creationofprotected| of area in the tiianilageent plani of the areas in ,viadhupur forest Madhupur Tract Degradation of soil (soil Control of soil erosioni through Policy MoEF. FD. NGOs. People Keeping provisions for laniduse zorinf| erosion.lossofsoilfertilitv) afforestation and application of in the mianagemeti plan zoning and landuse law Complex legalstatusoftland Resolve cotnplex legal issues in Policy MoEF. FD. MoLand Quick disposal of pendittg cases III atid forest resources respect of ownership of forest consultatiorn with the Mol-and | 6 - land . t _ ._ 42 LOCATION SPECIFIC (LOCAL) ISSUES AND ACTIONS 5.3. Barind Tract Barind Tract. located in Nawabganj, and gully erosion. Groundwater loss of soil fertility and removal of Naogaon and Rajshahi districts, is the abstraction has affected irrigation. agricultureresidiue. NEMAPhasproposed driest part of the country which projects to increase the vegetation cover, experiences frequent drought and has The key environmental issues are large reduce sheet and gLilly erosion, improve shown signsof desertification.Theareais scale deforestation, large scale the organic contents of cropland soil and considered as an ecologically fragile zone groundwater abstraction resulting in increase the surface area of water bodies I c ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~by excavating od- n ml ae ln with extremely low vegetative cover. The increasing uncertainties of availabili ty of b existing ponds and small lakes alonv soil is very low in organic matter and water for irrigation, loss of wild life, water management and research on devoid of minerals. It is subjected to sheet degradation of a large number of ponds. desertification problems. Table 5.3: Barind Tract | 32ev Issues Reconmiended Actions Type of Action Actors/Agencies Speciric Action Large scale deforestation Large scale affor estation Policy/Advocacy FD, Local Govt. agencies Affor-esration programme with people's Community Organizations / participa,ion _ NGOs., People Ground water abstraction Ground water survey anid Policy/Project Barind Development Board, Grounid water survey environmentally sound ground Local Govt. agencies. BWDB water development programme Formation of environmentally sound ground water abstraction plan Degradation of ponds Re-excavation of ponds for Project Barind Development Board, Food for work support for the re- pisciculture and irigation DoF, Community Organizations excavation of the derelict ponds / S NGOs, Graineen Bank. People Credit support for piscicultuire Degradation of soil Soil conservation measures Project SRDI, Barind Development Proper- so;i conservation measuires Board, Community ________________________ Organizations / NGOs, People Signs of desertificationi Conducting research Project Research Organizations, Study programiiie on desertification Universities 5.4 Wetland Issues The redtiction of wetlands is one of the have completely dried up, there has been increasing floodability and drainage Marked features of environmental anadverseeffectondrinkingwatersupply problems, pollution of water due to the degradation in Bangladesh.The reduction and a long term effectonthesustainability use of agro-chemicals, absence of has been partly dtie to natural causes, of the ecosystem. The key issue affecting integrated wetland managementapproach. partlvdtuetohumaninterferenceandpartly the wetlands is reduction of area of the NEMAP has proposed actions which toacombination of both.Theshrinkage of major wetlands. This has been due to include enforcementof law, conservation wetlands hasaffected the breeding of open increased agricultural practice, loss of and management intervention. water fishes, and has also reduced other wetland biodiversity, unplanned wetland values. Places where wetlands infrastructure construction leading to , Table 5.4 : Wetlands j kev Issues Recommended Actionis Type of Action Actors/Agencies Specific Action Reducctioni of Wetltiud area Wetland managemtent plan Policy/Project Moland, MoIWDFC Preparationof Pilotscale managetnent incorporating landuse control action plan for selected wetland * Lossof'wetlanldbiodiversity Biodiversity coniservation Policy/Project FD, DoF, NGOs, People Declaration of sanctuaries under wetland management action plani ILack of ititegrated wetlattd Developtnentofacomprehensive PolicylProject DoE, WDB, NGOs, People Integrated wetland management plan tianacement policy wetland managemient policy 43 NEiMAP: Summary Report 5.5 Hill Cutting Issues Hill cutting as an environmental issue siltation of small drainage streams, resulted in loss of forest cover, erosion came up in Sylhet, Cox's Bazar, increased drainage congestion and anddrainageproblemsinthedownstream Chittagong, Mymensingh and Dinajpur flooding; soil erosion and instability of area. NEMAP process has noted these districts. Hill cutting due to development hill slopes; destroying scenic beauty; loss issues and has suggested the following works such as construction of roads; of wildlife and bio-diversity. Hill cutting actions. expansion of settlement areas etc. are associated with stone quarrying in the continuing in these areas resulting in foothills of Mymensingh district has Table 5.5: Hill Cutting Kev Issues Recommended Actions Type of Action Actors/Agencies Specific Action Increase in siltation & Conservation of hillslope and Policy/Advocacy DoE, MoLaw, Municipalities Enforcement of hill cutting regulation drainage congestion and enforcement of hill cutting MoEF. MoLand flooding regulation Increased soil erosion and Management of hill slopes with Policy/Project/ Community Organizations / IncreasedsupportforFoodforWork in slope instability and loss of proper afforestation programme Advocacy NGOs, GoB agencies, FD, afforestationprogrammesinhillvareas forest coverage Private Sector, People Removal of forestcoverdue Environment friendly leasing Advocacy/Policy/ DoE, Community Organizations Media. T V . Radio carnpaian to forest cutting and stone contracts for stone quarries in Project I NGOs Newspapers, Training and awareness quarrying in the foothills of foothills of Mymensingh district raising Programime by Community Myymensingh districts Organization MoL Research on leasing arrangetnent Afforestationofalreadydegraded Policy/Project FD. Com munity Organizations/ Afforestation programme on GoB hill slopes through FD and NGOs, Mioland, People Khasland,FDlandsbyFD,Cormnunity Community organizations / Organization through the participation NGOs of people 5.6: Salinity and Shrimp Cultivation Issues Shrimp cultivation has emerged as one of in recent times. Unplanned expansion of The NEMAP process has identified the the significant sectors forearning foreign shrimp area has caused degradation of keyenvironmental issues inthesectorand exchange in Bangladesh resulting in wide environment, particularly increase in has suggested following specific physical expansion ofshrimp farmingarea salinity in the coastal area of Bangladesh. interventions x Table 5.6 Salinity and Shrimp Cultivation Issues Key Issues Reconmmended Actions Type of Action Actors/Agencies Speciric Action Increase in salinity due to Zoning control on shrimp Policy WDB, Moland, Private Sector Preparation of guideline and its shrimp culture resulting in cultivating area MoF implementation reduction ofagri-production D Conflict between shrimp Zoning control on shrimp Policy WDB, Moland. Private Sector Preparation of guideline and its culture and agriculture cultivating area MoF implementation Loss ofbiodiversitv due to Awareness and Training Advocacy/Policy DoF, Fisheries. Commnunity Programme on environnmental shrimp fry collection Organizations / NGOs, People awareness for shrimp fry collection Shrimp Hatchery Project DoFisheries. Private Sector Establishmentofshriinphatcheriesboth in public & private sector Extending credit facility to Private Sector for the establishment of the hatcheries 44 LOCATION SPECIFIC (LOCAL) ISSUES A.ND ACTIONS 5.7 Coastal and Marine Resources Management Issues Many single sector activities such as municipal and industrial waste, lack of address the issues as shown in the fisheries, forestry, industry, transport and regulatory control and facilities for following table. However, it may be tourism etc. exert influence on marine and disposal of ship wastes; deforestation of emphasised thatmany ofthe actions could coastal natura] resources. The key mangroves dueto shrimp farming lack of be implemented throuah the application environmental issues pertaining to coastal coastal zone management strategies, loss of the concepts of Integrated Coastal Zone and marine resource management which of wildlife and biodiversity, degradation Management and NEMAP has prioritized the NEMAP seeks to address are as and decrease ofmangroveforests, natural its application. follows: Pollution of marine and coastal hazards and water resource development. environment due to disposal of untreated NEMAP has listed a number of actions to Table 5.7: Coastal and Marine Resources Management Key Issues Recommended Actions Type of Actions Actors/Agencies Specific Action Absence of coastal zone Integrated coastal zone Policy/Projects MoEF, FD, MoLand, NGOs, Prepara;.on of i integrated coastal management straregy management and pilot projects managemnent a.tion plan and pilot projects Deforestation of mangrove Afforestation Project FD, Community Organizations/ Plantation programmes with peoples vegetation NGOs, People participation Marine pollution by ship Enforcement of existing law Policy/Advocacy GoB agencies, MoShipping Strengthening the law enforcement within the territorial water capabilities of relevant agencies Concentration of polluting Enactmentofappropriate landuse Policy/Advocacy MoEF, DoE and other Landuse/zoning control through coastal industries along the shore law/zoning and its enforcement government agencies, Private zone management including ship breaking Sector, Mol Susceptible to natural Better warning system, Hazard, Policy/Advocacy Disaster management Plan, Cominunitybasedhazard management hazard protection and proofing Community Organizations / programme NGOs, People Hazard protection measures Awareness development Advocacy Media, T.V, Radio, Community Training and awarettess oni hazard Organization (NGO), People tnanagement Increasing human economic Landuse/zoning regulation under Policy MoEF Coastal managetnent strategy activity, shrimp cultivation coastal zone management incorporating landuse and zoning etc along the shore and regulation recently formed off shore islands Environmentally sound land Policy/Advocacy Moland (DLR) Preparation of environmentally sound settlement policy in the newly landsettlement policy fornewly formed formed off shore islands offshore islands. accreted land in the coastal area Construction of water Incorporation of environmental Policy MoIWD FC, BWDB Developinent of environinetal guide development structures concemsinthedesignofthewater lines resulting in adverse development projects which are environmental effect under consideration Environmentalimpactstudieson Policy/Project MoIWDFC, Research Pilot study in selected water the already constructed water Organization, Universities developmentprojectinthecoastalatleas development projects & recommend actions for mitigative measures Depletion of wildlife Declaration of wildlife Policy MoEF, FD Inventory of wildlife habitat for sanctuaries/protected areas in necessary action relevant coastal areas Awareness development Advocacy/Policy GoB agencies, Community Media, Radio. T.V, cainpaign Organization. People Awareness Raising workshop Participatory wildlife protection Advocacy/Policy Wildlife societies, Community Programme supporting wildlife activity Organization. People protectioni activities with participation of communities 45 CHAPTER VI LONG TERM ISSUES AND ACTIONS 6.1. Climate Change and Sea Level Rise Over the past 100 years, the broad region terrm development in Bangladesh depend formulation of programmes containing encompassing Bangladesh has warmed on such uncertain issues which are measures to mitigate climate change and by 0.5'C. The warming trend is consistent expected to change the inundation and to facilitate adaptation. within the Northern Hemisphere as a droughtcondition in the country affecting whole. Bangladesh is projected to be 0.5' the potential for agriculture while an Priority should therefore be given to to 2.0'C warmer than today by the year increasedintrusionof salinewateris likely research that will help determine the 2030 although the uncertainties are very tohavean adverseeffecton soil and water magnititude of the natural and high. The institutional structure for forordinary human consumption. Having anthropogenic sources and sinks of efficient planning and implementation of signed the Framework Convention on greenhouse gases in Bangladesh. Develop decision is often incomplete and not Climate Change, Bangladesh has integrated impact models for Bangladesh operational as they deal with long range confirmed its intention to meet a number that link existing climate condition. The changes beyond the time limits of their of commitments particularly the following actions have been proposed in immediate concern and interest such as development of a national inventory on the NEMAP in respect of climate change. climate change. The potential for long thesourcesandsinksofgreenhousegases, Table 6.1 : Climate Change and Sea Level Rise Key Issues Recommended Actions Type of Action Actors/Agencies Specific Action Uncertainities arising from Scientifie study on the impact of Projects. National and DoE. Research Organizations. Vulnerabilitystudy due tosea level rise the impacts of sea level rise sea level rise Regional Universities, NGOs on the basis of IPCC scenlar-ios studeis, on differenit sector-s modelling Uncertainitiesarisingdueto Scientific study on the impact of Project DoE. Research Organizations. Mvodelling studies the impact of drought and drought and desertification Universities. NGOs desertification on different sectors ei Lack of general awareness Advocacyandawarenessraising Project NGOs, media Advocacy publicatioits aitd edia everiLec 6.2 Urbanization Although, a small proportion of the total 2025. By the year 2025, the physical tremendous opportunities leading to population of Bangladesh live in cities, expansion will cover most of the low further growth and developmenit but the the growth of' the urban population has lying areas. The process will produce a expansion would beprobablv increase the been significant over the past several single ecological system. Under such risk of environmental hiazards and decades. in 1951,thepopulationofDhaka conditions, the city service facilities will degradation. NENIAP has prioritized the was 336,000 which has increased to be heavily burdened unless large following actions keeping the lon- term 6,100,000 in 1991 and Dhaka is expected investments are made in this sector. urban expansion issues in vicw. to have a population of 12,500,000 in Urbanization of Dhaka should trigger Table 6.2: Urbanization Key Issues Recommended ActiorLs Actors/Agencies Specific Action Degradation of environment and urban services and Studies on urbanization process UDD. Uniiversities. Research Study ott urbaiization procecs in facilities with urban expansiolt of the miajor urbatt on major urban centres Organizations, NGOs Rajshahi. Chittagong, Khuliia cetitres of Bangladesh beyond 2000 A.D. particularly Dhaka (when Dhaka will become a Mega City) Vision exercise on Dhaka as a RAIUK. Universities. Resource Vision exercise on Dhaka as Mlega Mega City Organizations. NGOs City 46 NEMAP: Summary Report 6.3 Regional Water Sharinag Bangladesh, being the downstream and delta portion of a hug watershed is natuLrally vulnerable to the water quality and quantity that fiows into it. All major rivers flowing into Bangladesh have their origins outside her borders. Bangyladesh throug-h its complex network of river system drains about 1,76 million square kilometers of catchment areas of the dGanlges, Bahramputra and Meghna rivers of which only 7% lie in Bangladesh. Water resources development in Bangladesh faces a critical situation as the surface' water system of the country is undergaoingy rapid hydrological, morphologyical and ecological changes due to natural and anthropogenic reasons. Further, the re.gional water sharing issue is a majorn factor which dominates the sectoral Oiece mighty Padina dried up due to u,zilateral withdrawal f water at Farakka Barrage by Iidia development, An answer to the problem is the formation requirements for the sustainable sought through i inding agreements. oCre.zional watermanagernentplans which management of transboundary water NEMIAP has suggested the followi'ng should be based upon adequate resources and the preservation of natural actions on reagonal water sharing issues. hydrological. hydrogeological and agro- ecosystem should be identified and the ecological data. Bangladesh's cooperation of neighbouring countries Table 6.3: Regional Water Sharing Kcv Issue-s Reconimended Actions Type of Action Actors/Agencies Speciric Action * ~~~Uncertainities, poor Conductstudicsonregionalwater Project MOIWDFC, MoEF, NGOs Programme forbetter knowledge base understanding in respect of shed upstream intervention in the_ _ regionial watersheds Collect information on the Project MoiWDFC, MoEF. NGOO Programme fordatacoiiection including Farakka proposed upstream intervention Poor understandine and Studyprograinmneintheimpacted Project DoE, Research Organizations. Survey and mapping of the impacted | database on downstream area Universities. NGos area effect of upstreami * ~~intervention in mnajor regiotial rivers including *Farakka Absenice of efforts to take Advocacy and lobbying with the Project Community Organizations /Advocacy and lobbying with the the water sharintg isues to Regional NGOs NGOs, People regional NGOO through regional the people of the regional workshop. seminars etc. countries 47 LONG TERM ISSUES AND ACTIONS 6.4 Research and Development In adensely populated country, education given mandate to provide funds for scientific and research community of becomes the most important tool for environmental research. BanoXladesh need to evolve new conservaltion of material resources. environment friendly technology to help Education is an important factor for The selection of specific environmental sustain natiorial growth. To maintain population planning, public hygiene, researchproarammeandtheconsideration sustainable development in Banaladesh health and the environment. Developm~ent of environmental aspects in otherresearch introduction of bio-technology has become or environmental science as a speci alized will be facilitated by a Research Evaluation imperative, speci allIy for the agricuituiral sutbject at secondarSy and higher education Committee chaired by the MOEF. sector. NENlAP has suggested actions for level is needed. Educational institutions institutional strengthening of different including universities need to expand and The resource limitation of Bang-ladesh research organization to address the issues to create courses on envi ronmental makes it imperative that maximum output of research and development which are as management in Bangladesh. The is achieved from minimum resources follows: University Grants Committee should be withoutendan-eriJngtheenvironment.The Table 6.4: Research and Development Key Issues | Recomimended Actions | T~ype of Action | Actors[Agencies |Specific Actionl Knowled!e base of the life Knowledge ba.se has to be Project MoFL and Fishei-ies agencies Projects to develop and expand current history nnd behavioural imiproved. consolidated and attached to it, DoE, NG0s research facilities ofFisheries Research patterns of rnajonity of the expanded through proper field Institute in terrns of additional m3na f'ishes and prawns is lacking study and research power and their training procuremTentst of necessary tools and transport facilities Presently fisheries Acormprehensiveprogrammef'or Project MoFL. DoFisheries, NGOs Formiulation aiid imipleinentation of managenientisba.sedonthe biological assessment of the projectstbloifishaiidprawnassessinents assessment of stocks. their stocks of all the coinierically in Bangladesh behaviourandtheirresponse imnpornant fish. prawn and other - todifferentfishingpi-essures aquatic animnal populatiori under anrd intensities resulting in expfoitanion in the inland and their depletion marine waters of Bangladesh Aquatic environmnental Hydrolog,ical cheimical and Project MoFL. FRI. DoFisheries. NGOs Developtiletit of piojects needs for different tish and biological environmiental needs prawn population in the for different fishes and prawns iiiland amid nmarine waters ought to be ascel-tained through are unknowni field and laboratory research including the use of stimulation mocielsi_ inadequate project funding Securing fund for funding Project GoB Preparationi of research projects to undertake research research activities activities bv the research institute such as Forest Research liistitute, Fisheries Research hiistitute. BAR[. BIRRI, DoE. etc. lIradequate manpowecr a,ld Institutionial developinent Project MioE DoE II slitutiona.l capability developiiielit Iaboratory faciIlitics for DoE including trained mnanpower and project for carryilig out research laboratory facilities [acti vi ties 48 CHAPTER VII CONCLUSIONS SLIstainable development in Bangladesh and in which people are the ultimate of the different actors and act as an depencis on development of citizens decision makers. The key actors in the informationclearinghhoIse. Toenablethe measured by the Humanl Development decision making process are all of the diftterent ornganizations to iderntity the Indicators - integrating environmental membersofsocicty(governmentagencies, prioriLized actiois for them a separate list issues in all development activities at all people's representatives, civil society of actions i-r dift'rcent governmenit as levels-an administrativestructurein which groups and individuals) In the Action wellasnon-CovcrtiTCntoretanizationsarc environmental concerns are key suibjects Plan, MOEF has to coordinate activities shown in Tablc 7. .in1 7 2 Table 7.1: Institutional Distribution of Actions Actors Recommended Actions Type of Action Soecitif Actioin Governmlllenti L Policy level o Need to coordinate inter-sectoral issues which Policy o Activationi of Na: :otal Enviroittuental cut across different Mitistries and agencies Couticil 1.2 Ministry of Environment o Strengthen capabilities to coordinate Project o Institutional strengtheniin of MoEF and Forest envirolilnient related activities o ImplementandoitonitorNEMAPiincludingpilot Project o Specific pilot projects in diffeient localities projects at local levels to be resolved with people's participation o Carryoutobligationsuiideririterinationaltreaties Project o Dcvc.lp actiorts to fulfill obligations under relevent irtterriatiotr.l treaties (e.g.Clilltate Cottvetttiont.3iodivcrsity TreatryNlon-treal Protocol. CITE.'K etc) o lntegratedCoastalZoneManageitenteinvolviiig Policy/Project o Impletoent ICZM pilot project i_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ people 1.3 Forest Depertielit o ittprove forest inattgement with people's Policy 0 Increase activities for involving people I , partlclpation (includinig NGOs) itt forest manageit tetit o Iltcrease etforts at afforestatiotn with people's Advocacy/Policy 0 Involve people (includittg NGOs) itt all participation atfforestation projects 1.4 Departtenit of o Itctrease pollttiotll inonitoring capabilities Project o ltstitutiottal and laboratorv strengthening to Envirotiloenit monitor air, water and soil pollutiion o Acquire capability to carry out and assess Project o Training and expert inputs on EIA Eitvirotltiienit Impact Assesslileitt o Iicrease awareness< on environmental issues Advocacy 0 Develop a publicatiott and media catpaign on environmienit o Keep a repository of data. documentatiots and Project 0 DevelopadocLiInentationcentrewithalinationial other etivironinent related information and internatiotial docuntents on environment o Carry oLIt investigations of environmental Project o Develop in house expertise problemtis o Ensure crvirotitnental quality standards Policy o Develop anid pass Environmetttal qulality _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ standards 1.5 Other Mittistines (c.g. o Ettsure eivitvonirmeaittl considerations are Project o DevelopinstitutioiialcapacityvwithinPlanining Water A.AeriCL1tUrC. incorporated into plans attd projects Cells to incorporate environmnental concerns Industries, Planning, etc.) o Liaise closely with MoEF oit cross- sectoral Policy o Have an ott-going coordittation role with envirottittentt related issues MoEF o Etistire sectoral environmental guidelines Policy o Develop sectoral environmental guidelines i ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~in consultatiorl with MvoEFaiid DOE (e.g~ for- water, industries. agriculture etc., 1.6 Research litstititte (e.g. o Ensure environitteiltal issues are incorporated Policy o Developenvii-oninentrelatedexpertisewithini BCSIIR. BARC. BARI. in research plans and projects each research iitstitute BRRI. BIRI etc. o Develop specific research projects on Project o Develop research programmes on major :- U l etivirotinenital issues environnental issues e.g. salinity intrusion. nangrovedepletiont. pollution. deserificatiott 49 NEMLIAP Summarv Report Table 7.2 Institutional Distribution of Actions Actors Recommended Actions Type of Action Specific Action 2. Educationial Institutions (e.g. o Ensure environmental topics are taught at all Policv o Devclopcurriculaonlenviroeniileitatllelels Universities. Collees., levels Schools. etc.) olInvolvestudents inienvironimlentrelatedstudies Project o D-veloppprogrammesforstudentittcol ejient and activ ities in environmeiit e.g. sanitary I aweren s drive. tree planting. piscictilture etc. . Non-Government o lIncorporate environinenital awareness in Polics o De-elopanidhitiplententtirainiin modules on OrLanizations (NGOs) traintng or staff and beneficiaries en% ironvoient for staff and gr1OLup Ietttbers 1 o Ensure eni ironmentally sound oractices by Advocacy o Prepare awareness and projects e.g. teec groutp members plantin-a. sanitarv awaareness. piscui'ure. organic farini rig. fishery tranage trent ctc. o Develop eco specific environmental Project o Pilot project in different ecosystemn interventiotn o Ensure institutional capability withit NGO Project o atstCtutionalstrenuthetmitteofADAfl adCEN associations to give support to environment o FollowL up of NEMAP by NGOs Advocacy o lImplementation of piogeatinmes anid projects idetitified it NEMAP atid inttitor process. 4. Youth Organizations (e.g. o Involve youth in environmentally SoLind Policy/Project o Develop pragramiiiies anid proiects involve Boy Scottts. Gitis Gutide. etc.) actitities (o)Uth it a%s areitessrarisiit andothcr ac itics. e.g. tree planting. pic.i-ct1ltLie etc. 5. Media (e.g. TV. Radio. daily o Ensure awarentess on envirottntmentt Policy o Include tiore coverage of et%iiroitine1ittal nespapcr. ss ecklics. etc.) 150ues Project o Prepare special prograititoes and articlcs ;1i environoecttal issues 6. ltdustrialists and private o EnsLtIe proper waste itaitagement and control Policv/Project o Develop properviaste taecottittneXistitte sector (private and public of pollution anid plani ned indtistrics sector attd financial : institutions) Polec o Financial lustitstitusi icetiresfo iClUdLzi;lhZ waste inria.ZTelagllet Inl pr0J1-:CI1 o EtisLue workersafety vxithitieachitidiustly Policy o Havc a prograintic oni s%oiker safety in indu.itrv o Carry out Enviroimitenittal litipact Assessments Policy o) De,selop EIA capabilities !7..\lc tbers of Parliantlenit to EiisuLe crvironnienmtal legislation Policy it Paciagc oif bills hvijie nlo cottlltdictioui Io 7 MembersoPar tPolicy n roll Prioritization - where urgent action is needed, as Based upon these criteria a prioritized list ecosvstems mav be adverseiv affectedL of Actions has heenl developed as shown In the proposed Actioin Planl sonme if promptactionlisnottakenianidwhere schemlzattcally inFigtltrc7.1.,whlrei-cciho1 prioritization has been done keeping in appropriate institutional arrangements thesc proposed actions are Lur-ther minrd the following are essential: elaborated into Uscable projec.t coticeIpts people's interests and with tin identifiClltiotl of the rclevtiC t recomniendations: - where people's participation needs to aencvororeattization. In the \'lumcIll be ensLurcd; and oflNEMAAPthese will be described furthier. government policies: - where pilot projects are feasible. nstittition al set tip: The \Vay' Ahead( practicability of an action; Althotigh the prioritized list haS f'octIsed Thc NENIAla d1ocumncit rcpresentts an miore on thec role ol' the .NIOEF anid the the identiicationi of the rinht agency m o t , attempt to brini together the ilitcrests alid Departmiienit ot Environment it identilicd for implemenitinig an action, . . actions thatcan he taken by othcrsoutside priort o f p epl fr ievery couwalk otl. and fromi cverv eto fth ottv It is All theaction of NE AP hav heett theg,overnincrnt. Erlophaisis has beeni plaiced t All the actioils ol' NEMAl.2vP have beeil .. thegoverilincilt.Eilphasishasbectiphiced expected th cpeople who participtated prioritized on the basis of the iollowin- on the participation of the people in tllh in the planing phasCof NEM -Pwill also criteria: implementation and illotlitorii of thtig a NEMIAP. - where large ntimbcrs of people are NENIAP's sLIccess will depeild onl the likiely to be affected-, continuity ofthecon1sultativeproccss. The 50 CONCLUSIONS specificsteps to takenimmediately are activating the National Environmental Couincil headed bythe Prime Ministeranid iLs Executive Comniittee rnetainin- the NEM,AP secrctar-iatin the MvOEF: enSuIring the dissemination of in|Formationr andon monitoring puiblic awareniess abo)Ut NENAP: assisting sectoral agencies in preparing their- owni envirornmental eL LI dCI I lneS setting up P Of locall * ~~~environmiental commnittees to deal With * ~~~sel-cted ecosy"stemis (pilot scale projects). Social afibresration i has becomie a nactianwidv(e n7ove/inen in Ban"hadesh in r-ece,ut iears Figure 7.1 Schiematic Representation of Main Actions of NEN2AP NENIAP ~ ({2I(N ICII XNITiN * I'V,U. XCIII)',', ISLE, ACT II,',, CL IN uCrIONX ~~~~sALsuEt AC7IOYIS Ni %11?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~rIi Ir'' V.C a:. 11 ' .... I.dc.r il. : ' l C1it ii '.I c:l : :d I xC Id IiIu1 rd t Iwul.l:l:i>l 1l;< :L.r Dcxclo+!l:nc::l I)O vtt i *~~~~~~~~~c ./5. r r x .cii r. :.m IxnJo s.rv:lkl:ldl;:;li! | l 1: x ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Irr'.rca;I br cra1 ics.ri.rizvlk[ §t t | : . 'IX ' l Ci } rl ';''i' S .s l h r ,goi.-. P g :te,; ,' l.';, i ii~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~C i ri.I i,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~________ it~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5 i