73205 Global Tiger Recovery Program 2010–2022 Governments of the Tiger Range Countries People’s Republic of Bangladesh Kingdom of Bhutan Kingdom of Cambodia People’s Republic of China Republic of India Republic of Indonesia Lao People’s Democratic Republic Malaysia Union of Myanmar Nepal Russian Federation Kingdom of Thailand Socialist Republic of Vietnam and Partner Organizations of the Global Tiger Initiative March 2011 The Global Tiger Recovery Program (GTRP) was endorsed in the St. Petersburg Declaration on Tiger Conservation at the International Tiger Forum (‘Tiger Summit’), held in St. Petersburg, Russia, on November 21–24, 2010. The GTRP is the result of a collaboration among the 13 Tiger Range Countries and the partners of the Global Tiger Initiative. The GTRP document is prepared and printed by: Global Tiger Initiative Secretariat The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW, MSN J-3-300 Washington, DC 20433, U.S.A. www.GlobalTigerInitiative.org secretariat@globaltigerinitiative.org Global Tiger Recovery Program In the St. Petersburg Declaration on Tiger Con- among the tiger range countries is essential, servation endorsed at the International Tiger Fo- the reversal of this crisis is additionally depen- rum, Tiger Range Countries adopted the Global dent upon financial and technical support from Tiger Recovery Program (GTRP). The official text the international community, bearing in mind of the Declaration is included here as a preface that most Tiger Range Countries are develop- to the GTRP that follows. ing countries. The crisis facing the tiger has yet to receive the international attention it deserves and saving this species is a common responsi- The St. Petersburg Declaration on Tiger bility; Conservation Understand the role of international agree- (Saint Petersburg, Russia, November 23, 2010) ments on the conservation of biological diver- sity and protection of rare and endangered spe- We, the Heads of the Governments of the Peo- cies, including the tiger, such as the Convention ple’s Republic of Bangladesh, the Kingdom of on Biological Diversity, the Convention on Inter- Bhutan, the Kingdom of Cambodia, the People’s national Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Republic of China, the Republic of India, the Re- Fauna and Flora (CITES), and the Convention on public of Indonesia, the Lao People’s Democrat- the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild ic Republic, Malaysia, the Republic of the Union Animals; of Myanmar, Nepal, the Russian Federation, the Kingdom of Thailand, and the Socialist Repub- Acknowledge the work to date of the Interna- lic of Vietnam, being custodians of the last re- tional Tiger Forum and encourage its revitaliza- maining tigers in the wild, having gathered at tion and more active role; an unprecedented International Tiger Forum in St. Petersburg, Russian Federation, from 21–24 Recall and endorse The Manifesto on Combat- November 2010, with the common goal of tiger ing Wildlife Crime in Asia, adopted in Pattaya, conservation; Thailand, in April 2009; the Recommendations of the Global Tiger Workshop in Kathmandu, Ne- Recognize that Asia’s most iconic animal faces pal, October 2009; the Hua Hin Declaration on imminent extinction in the wild. In the past centu- Tiger Conservation at the First Asian Ministerial ry, tiger numbers have plummeted from 100,000 Conference on Tiger Conservation (1st AMC) in to below 3,500, and continue to fall. Tiger num- Hua Hin, Thailand, January 2010; and the Work bers and habitat have declined by 40 percent in Plan of the Pre Tiger Summit in Bali, Indonesia, the last decade alone, lost largely to habitat loss, July 2010; poaching, the illegal wildlife trade, and human- tiger conflict. Three subspecies have already dis- Welcome the adoption of National Tiger Recov- appeared, and none of the other six is secure; ery Priorities (NTRPs) and the Global Tiger Re- covery Program (GTRP); and Acknowledge that the tiger is one of the impor- tant indicators of healthy ecosystems and a fail- Acknowledge and appreciate the presence and ure to reverse these trends will result in not only support of other governments, international or- the loss of tigers but also a loss of biological di- ganizations, non-governmental organizations, versity throughout the entire Asiatic region, to- and other supporters of tigers. gether with the tangible and intangible benefits provided by these magnificent predators and the Because it is our obligation to future genera- ecosystems they inhabit; tions, and because we must act now, we hereby declare the following: Note that whilst the conservation of the tiger is primarily a national responsibility and that in- Strive to double the number of wild tigers across creased cooperation and coordination of efforts their range by 2022 by iv Preface 1. Doing everything possible to effectively man- and their ecosystems and thus eliminate age, preserve, protect, and enhance habitats, the illicit demand for tigers and their parts. including: 3. Engaging with indigenous and local commu- a. Mainstreaming biodiversity conservation nities to gain their participation in biodiver- in planning and development processes sity conservation, minimize negative impacts in tiger habitat; on tigers, their prey, and habitats, and reduce b. Making critical tiger breeding habitats in- the incidence of human-tiger conflict by pro- violate areas within the larger tiger con- viding sustainable and alternative livelihood servation landscapes where no economic options through financial support, technical or commercial infrastructure development guidance, and other measures. or other adverse activities are permitted; 4. Increasing the effectiveness of tiger and habi- and maintaining the landscapes and cre- tat management, basing it on: ating corridors around and between them a. The application of modern and innovative where all permitted development activi- science, standards, and technologies; ties are tiger- and biodiversity-compatible; b. Regular monitoring of tigers, their prey, and c. Improving protection by using systematic habitat; patrolling to safeguard tigers, their prey, c. Adaptive management practices; and and habitats; and d. Building capacity of institutions involved d. Working collaboratively on transboundary in science and training and creating a plat- issues, such as the uninhibited movement form for interactive knowledge exchange of tigers and the management of tiger at all levels. conservation landscapes. 5. Exploring and mobilizing domestic funding, 2. Working collaboratively to eradicate poach- including new financing mechanisms based ing, smuggling, and illegal trade of tigers, on forest carbon financing including REDD+, their parts, and derivatives through: payment for ecosystem services (PES), eco- a. Strengthened national legislation, insti- tourism, and private sector, donor, and non- tutions, and law enforcement to combat governmental organization partnerships. crime directed against tigers; 6. Appealing for the commitment of internation- b. Strengthened regional law enforcement al financial institutions, such as World Bank, activities through bilateral and multilat- Global Environment Facility, Asian Develop- eral arrangements such as Association of ment Bank, bilateral and other donors and South East Asian Nations Wildlife Enforce- foundations, CITES Secretariat, non-govern- ment Network (ASEAN-WEN), South Asia mental organizations, and other conservation Wildlife Enforcement Network (SAWEN), partners to provide or mobilize financial and and the Protocol between the Government technical support to tiger conservation. of the People’s Republic of China and the 7. Looking forward to the establishment of a Government of the Russian Federation on multi-donor trust fund or other flexible ar- Tiger Protection; rangements to support tiger conservation. c. Strengthened international collaboration, 8. Requesting financial institutions and other coordination, and communication; partners, including the Global Tiger Initia- d. Specialized expertise, where relevant, tive, to assist in identifying and establishing from international organizations includ- a mechanism to coordinate and monitor the ing the CITES Secretariat, INTERPOL, the use of the multi-donor trust fund allocated for UN Office on Drugs and Crime, the World tiger conservation and the implementation of Bank, and the World Customs Organiza- the GTRP, including its Global Support Pro- tion (recognizing that some of these agen- grams for capacity building and knowledge cies may, themselves, require additional sharing, combating wildlife crime, demand resources); and reduction, and the GTRP progress report. In e. Long-term national and global programs to the interim, we request the Global Tiger Ini- create awareness of the value of wild tigers tiative to fulfill this role. v Global Tiger Recovery Program 9. Agreeing to convene high-level meetings Fund, Smithsonian Institution, U.S. Fish and on a regular basis to review the progress of Wildlife Service, Wildlife Conservation Soci- NTRPs and the GTRP and to help ensure con- ety, WWF, and other partners in the Global Ti- tinued high levels of political commitment to ger Initiative, and welcome the participation tiger recovery. of new ones. 10. Building tiger conservation awareness by cel- ebrating Global Tiger Day annually on 29 July. By the adoption of this, the St. Petersburg Dec- 11. Welcome and sincerely appreciate the laration, the Tiger Range Countries of the world pledges made during the Tiger Summit; we call upon the international community to join us also appreciate the continued support of the in turning the tide and setting the tiger on the Global Environment Facility, Save the Tiger road to recovery. vi Table of Contents Acronyms....................................................................................................................................... viii Executive Summary........................................................................................................................ ix Background....................................................................................................................................... 1 The Global Tiger Recovery Program............................................................................................. 13 ................................................................................................ 23 Financial Needs and Mechanisms. Program Management................................................................................................................... 29 Expected Results, Success Factors, and Likely Risks ................................................................. 33 ...................................................................................................................................... 37 Conclusion. Appendix. Portfolio of Policy, Institutional, and Expenditure Activities from the National Tiger Recovery Priorities................................................................................. 39 The Global Tiger Recovery Program (GTRP) is built on the foundation of all 13 National Tiger Recovery Priorities (NTRPs), Global Support Programs (GSPs), and Key Studies. The NTRPs and GSPs are collated in the GTRP Annex. The GTRP and the GTRP Annex are on the CD-ROM included with this document. The CD-ROM also includes the unofficial transcript of the high- level segment of the International Tiger Forum (‘Tiger Summit’) held in St. Petersburg, Russia, on November 23, 2010. vii Acronyms ASEAN-WEN Association of Southeast Asian Nations Wildlife Enforcement Network CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CEO Chief Executive Officer CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CMS Convention on Migratory Species FCPF Forest Carbon Partnership Facility FFI Fauna and Flora International GEF Global Environment Facility GSP Global Support Program GTF Global Tiger Forum GTI Global Tiger Initiative GTRP Global Tiger Recovery Program IDA International Development Association IFAW International Fund for Animal Welfare INTERPOL ICPO – International Criminal Police Association IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources MIST Management Information System MoF Ministry of Forestry MoU Memorandum of Understanding M-STrIPE Monitoring System for Tigers – Intensive Protection and Ecological Status NGO Non-governmental Organization NTCA National Tiger Conservation Authority NTRP National Tiger Recovery Priorities PA Protected Area PES Payment for Ecosystem Services REDD Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation  SAWEN South Asia Wildlife Enforcement Network STF Save the Tiger Fund TAL Terai Arc Landscape TCL Tiger Conservation Landscape TRC Tiger Range Country UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime US United States WBI World Bank Institute WCO World Customs Organization WCS Wildlife Conservation Society WEN Wildlife Enforcement Network WWF World Wildlife Fund ZSL Zoological Society of London viii Executive Summary Wild tigers are under threat of extinction across the integration of conservation objectives into their entire range. Wild tigers (Panthera tigris) development. To solve the tiger crisis, which rep- have for centuries occupied a very special place resents the larger Asian biodiversity crisis, the in the nature and culture of Asia. These magnifi- TRCs, international organizations, and civil soci- cent big cats sit at the top of the ecological pyra- ety have come together on a collaborative plat- mid in vast Asian forest landscapes. The pres- form within the framework of the Global Tiger ence of viable populations of wild tigers is an in- Initiative (GTI). After a two-year process of shar- dicator of the integrity, sustainability, and health ing knowledge and best practices and develop- of larger ecosystems. However, wild tigers are on ing a common vision, the GTRP was developed, the brink of extinction, with only about 3,200 to with the shared goal of doubling the number 3,500 surviving today, scattered among 13 Asian of wild tigers globally by 2022 through actions Tiger Range Countries (TRCs): Bangladesh, Bhu- to: (i) effectively manage, preserve, protect, and tan, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Lao PDR, enhance tiger habitats; (ii)  eradicate poaching, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Russian Federation, smuggling, and illegal trade of tigers, their parts, Thailand, and Vietnam. and derivatives; (iii) cooperate in transboundary landscape management and in combating ille- Diverse, rich, but undervalued tiger ecosystems gal trade; (iv) engage with indigenous and local are degrading and disappearing. Tiger landscapes communities; (v) increase the effectiveness of ti- support tigers, their prey, and a vast amount of ger and habitat management; and (vi) restore ti- biodiversity. They also contribute to human well gers to their former range. being, locally and globally, through the provision of many ecosystem services such as water har- The foundation of the GTRP is 13 individual Na- vesting, carbon sequestration, plant genetic mate- tional Tiger Recovery Priorities (NTRPs) that rials, food security and medicinal plants, and op- outline the urgent priority activities each TRC portunities for community-based tourism. Most will take to contribute to the global goal. These of these benefits are not currently monetized so NTRPs are buttressed with other actions that tiger landscapes are significantly undervalued in TRCs need to do in concert with others, such national and global agendas. As a result, degrada- as arresting transboundary illegal trade, knowl- tion, fragmentation, and loss of natural habitats, edge sharing, and establishing robust systems depletion of prey animals, and poaching to sup- for monitoring populations, habitats, and over- ply a large illegal global trade in their body parts, all progress. Additional actions to eliminate illicit have pushed wild tigers and their landscapes to demand for tiger parts and their derivatives and the brink of extinction. These threats are exacer- to undertake habitat valuation in order to pro- bated by limited capacity for conservation action mote payment for ecosystem services schemes and, in most TRCs, by insufficient resources. are also included in the GTRP portfolio of 80 ac- tivities. The Global Tiger Recovery Program (GTRP) seeks to empower TRCs to address the entire The GTRP calls for incremental financing of spectrum of threats, domestic as well as those about US$350  million over the first five years that are transboundary in nature, and work to- of the program, over and above the domestic ward increased financial sustainability through financing to be provided by individual TRCs, ix Global Tiger Recovery Program based on their ability. TRCs have identified pol- tion phase. Suitable collaborative platforms for icy and institutional reforms to enhance the ef- those providing support to TRCs, through fi- fectiveness of these proposed expenditures. nancing, capacity building, or arresting illegal TRCs have built considerable early momentum trade, are to be created. in implementing policy and institutional actions. Expected results include stabilized tiger popu- Financial support for GTRP implementation is to lations in most critical habitats by year five and be through a flexible financing mechanism that overall doubling by 2022; critical tiger habitats enables all potential funders—official bilateral becoming inviolate and protected areas pro- programs, multilateral development banks, and fessionally managed; significant reduction in the GEF, international NGOs, as well as private poaching and illegal trade and trafficking along and corporate entities—to support the GTRP with decreased illicit demand for tiger body portfolio, which is to be kept current. parts and derivatives; consistent monitoring in place; and economic valuation of all tiger land- Program management and coordination ar- scapes completed as a basis for sustainable fi- rangements are built on the establishment and nancing. strengthening, as needed, of robust nation- al implementation mechanisms, supported by The GTRP is the last best hope for tigers. Wild TRC-wide and global processes to ensure mu- tigers are at a tipping point and action, or inac- tual accountability and transparency through tion, in the coming decade will decide their fate. vigorous monitoring and reporting of progress. Action will lead to the tiger’s recovery; inaction The existing Global Tiger Forum (GTF) is to be or mere maintenance of the status quo will lead strengthened to play its mandated intergovern- to its extinction. The GTRP represents the last mental role and, until longer-term coordination best hope for the survival of the world’s most arrangements are agreed upon, the TRCs asked magnificent species and the conservation of the the GTI Secretariat to support the implementa- valuable landscapes in which it lives. x 1 Background A. International Importance of Tigers ■■ Poverty Alleviation. Rural areas around pro- tected areas in TCLs contain pockets of deep Wild tigers (Panthera tigris) have for centuries oc- poverty, with poverty levels often exceeding cupied a very special place in the nature and cul- three times national averages. Poor people ture of Asia. These magnificent big cats sit at the are highly dependent on forest ecosystem top of the ecological pyramid in vast Asian for- services including provisioning of water, est landscapes and depend for their survival on food, medicine, fuel, and fiber; it is estimat- the existence of large, biologically rich, and un- ed that 80 percent of the income of the rural disturbed forest habitats. The presence of viable poor in Southeast Asia is derived from the populations of wild tigers is a ‘stamp of quality’ local biodiversity. certifying the integrity, sustainability, and health ■■ Watershed Protection. TCLs form signifi- of larger ecosystems known as high-value Tiger cant parts of nine globally important water- Conservation Landscapes (TCLs). However, re- sheds, with a total catchment area of 5.8 mil- cent and growing pressures of economic develop- lion km2. These watersheds supply water to ment, including degradation and fragmentation as many as 830 million people and form the of natural habitats, depletion of prey animals, and basis of rural livelihoods. In Bhutan, Myan- unabated poaching, have pushed wild tigers and mar, and Nepal, hydropower provides 74 to their landscapes to the brink of extinction. 100 percent of the national electricity, and a large part of the catchment area for this hy- TCLs support tigers, their prey, and a vast dropower lies in TCLs. amount of biodiversity. They also contribute ■■ Natural Hazard Regulation. Tiger habitats, to human well being, locally and globally. TCLs mostly forests, ameliorate the effects of provide: natural hazards such as floods, landslides, droughts, fires, and storms; for example, ■■ Cultural Services. Tigers are highly sig- there is clear evidence that the impacts of nificant symbols in Asian cultures, figuring the 2007 cyclone Sidor and the 2009 cy- prominently in the spiritual beliefs and cul- clone Aila were mitigated by the mangrove tural history of many different Asian peo- islands of the Sundarbans TCL in Bangla- ples. The tiger is the national animal of many desh. Tiger Range Countries (TRCs) and in global ■■ Food Security and Agricultural Services. Ti- markets the tiger brand stands for strength ger landscapes support agriculture by sup- and majesty. plying fresh surface and ground water, pro- ■■ Carbon Storage and Sequestration. It is esti- tecting soil from erosion, and regulating lo- mated that, on average, forests in TCLs have cal weather; they also enhance food security nearly 3.5 times the amount of carbon than by providing a source of wild genetic mate- forest areas outside TCLs. With 17 percent of rial for plant breeders. global CO2 emissions coming from defores- ■■ Medicinal Services. Tiger landscapes are re- tation, protecting 1.2 million km2 of forest— positories of herbal plant richness. Where the total area of TCLs—will help mitigate cli- harvest is permitted, they contribute to a mate change. global trade in medicinal and aromatic plants 1 Global Tiger Recovery Program that is estimated at more than US$60 billion Ecosystem (Figure 1.1), which covers 2.5 million per year. hectares in northern Sumatra (Indonesia), rang- ■■ Tourism. The charismatic megafauna living es from US$7–$9.5  billion, equivalent to about in TCLs are highly attractive to tourists, cre- US$500 per hectare per year. In comparison, ating economic opportunities for local peo- national budgets for protecting tiger reserves ple in the ecotourism industry; ecotourism is are meager. In TRCs, conservation expenditures the fastest growing and most profitable seg- range from US$0.07  per hectare in Lao PDR to ment of the tourism industry. US$1  per hectare in Indonesia and US$2–3  per hectare in India. In the absence of comprehensive The looming possibility of the tiger’s extinction evaluations of the benefits of functioning tiger in the wild signals a real threat to Asian biodi- ecosystems, the public goods and services they versity and to the vital services provided by tiger produce are neither accounted for nor managed landscapes. Because tigers are apex predators at effectively. This trend, if not reversed, will result the top of the food chain in many Asian ecosys- in the loss of these services, with direct impact on tems, they are essential to the effective function- local livelihoods and economic growth. Among ing of other parts of these ecosystems. Tigers global CEOs surveyed in 2009, 27 percent were are an indicator species reflecting the health of already concerned about the effects of biodiver- the landscapes they inhabit. Tigers also serve as sity loss on their business growth prospects. an umbrella species—protecting tigers and their landscapes also protects a host of other endan- gered species and their habitats. Most of main- land Asia’s areas of highest endemism for verte- B. Tiger Population and Status brates and richest ecoregions for vascular plants fall within the tiger range. More than 10 percent of Asia’s most iconic animal faces imminent ex- Birdlife International’s 231 Important Bird Areas tinction in the wild. Tiger numbers have plum- in Asia and more than 10 percent of their area meted from about 100,000 a century ago to intersect with TCLs. Also under some part of the about 3,200 to 3,500 today, and they continue to tiger’s umbrella are six Ramsar Wetlands of In- fall. Tiger numbers and habitat declined by 40 ternational Importance in six TCLs; eight natu- ral World Heritage sites in 11 TCLs; and seven UNESCO Biosphere Reserves in six TCLs. Tiger landscapes contain some of the last natural for- est remaining in Asia. When tigers are lost from Contribution of various Figure 1.1   a protected area, there is an immediate demand ecosystem services to the net to convert the area to serve short-term econom- present value of the Leuser ic purposes. The case of Sariska Tiger Reserve Ecosystem. in India has clearly demonstrated this phenome- non. Studies show that forests lacking tigers suf- NTFPs Agriculture fer from high levels of degradation and are more 1% 17% Timber likely to be affected sooner by poorly planned 0% Fire prevention Water infrastructure. 8% supply 25% The multiple benefits of TCLs are not currently Carbon 2% monetized. Political will to support policy and program interventions is thus essential to en- sure their continued future availability. Quantita- Biodiversity 5% Fisheries tive understanding of the economic value of the 7% Tourism services provided by tiger ecosystems is limit- 9% Hydro power Flood prevention ed. One study found that the estimated net pres- 9% 17% ent value of the services provided by the Leuser 2 Background percent in the decade from 1996 to 2006, due to of which straddle international boundaries. In degradation, fragmentation, and loss of habi- some TRCs, translocation programs may be tat; poaching of tigers and their prey; the illegal necessary to restore tigers to landscapes from wildlife trade; and human-tiger conflict. These which they have been extirpated. remaining tigers occupy fragmented forest and grassland habitats that cover a mere seven per- Landscape-scale management and conserva- cent of their former extent in Asia (Figure 1.2). tion protect essential ecosystem services im- Three subspecies have already disappeared, and portant for human livelihoods. Maintaining the other six are insecure. The Malayan subspe- ecosystem services is important to support cies is very new to science and separate strate- sustainable development. Because tigers, as gies may be needed to conserve it. The tiger is a wide-ranging species, require large areas of Endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened land to survive in large meta-populations, they Species, and may move to Critically Endangered are excellent indicators of the integrity and soon given the severity of its decline in range functionality of ecosystems. Working to main- over the past several decades. A failure to re- tain viable tiger populations therefore operates verse these trends will result in not only the loss at the appropriate scale to maintain ecosystem of wild tigers but also a loss of biological diver- services. The principles of “Smart Green Infra- sity throughout the tiger’s Asian range, together structure� could be applied to ensure that de- with the tangible and intangible benefits provid- velopment is compatible with tiger and biodi- ed by these magnificent predators and the eco- versity conservation. systems they inhabit. Tigers are a conservation-dependent species At present, suitable habitat for wild tigers cov- and require strong protection because they are ers about 1.2 million km2 in 13 TRCs in Asia: in high demand in the illegal trade. Developing Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, a strong conservation ethic among conservation Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Ne- enforcement staff and enhancing their numbers, pal, Russian Federation, Thailand, and Vietnam. skills sets, and status to a level commensurate Mostly forest, this habitat has been categorized with the importance of their role as the frontline as 76 TCLs (Figure 1.2). protectors of tigers is an urgent need. Poaching and the illegal trade and trafficking in C. Threats and Needs tigers and their parts and derivatives driven by consumer demand is a primary and immediate Habitat degradation, fragmentation, and loss are threat to the survival of wild tigers. Tigers have primary threats to the survival of wild tigers. Hab- been extirpated by poaching in many areas itat degradation, fragmentation, and loss have even where excellent habitat remains. Com- been driven by clearing forests and grasslands bating crime against tigers and wildlife crime for agriculture to support growing human pop- in general has not been a high priority within ulations; by commercial logging, both legal and TRCs and globally, and wildlife crime is grow- illegal; by conversion of forests and grasslands ing. Much of the illegal trade is transnational, to commodity plantations; and, most recently, and thus requires regional and global coopera- by rapid infrastructure development to support tion to eradicate. Asia’s burgeoning economic growth, a threat that will grow still larger in the years ahead. International and domestic trade in tiger body parts is universally prohibited, but there are op- Protecting the remaining critical tiger habitats portunities in many countries for improving the from which tigers can expand is essential. Also clarity and scope of legislative and regulatory essential is maintaining or rebuilding the natu- measures, and for enlisting the support of the ral ecological and genetic exchanges that occur legal profession in the prosecution of wildlife between populations across larger TCLs, many crimes. Laws must be effectively enforced, and 3 Global Tiger Recovery Program Tiger Conservation Landscapes and Historical Range of Tigers. Figure 1.2   Volga Tiger Conservation Landscapes (TCLs) and Historical Range of Tigers Ural SEA OF OKHOTSK RUSSIAN FEDERATION Russian Far East - North East China Syr D Irtysh UZBEKISTAN arya KAZAKHSTAN Amur 1 2 TURKMENISTAN MONGOLIA SEA OF JAPAN 2 Tiger Conservation Landscapes (TCLs)* D.P.R. OF Terai Arc KOREA TCL Cluster Names Huang Beijing P’yongyang AFGHANISTAN Historical Range of Tiger, circa 1850 Historical Habitats of South China Tiger REP. OF (Panthera tigris amoyensis)** KOREA JAPAN Capitals of Present Tiger Range Countries CHINA PAKISTAN 46 Terai Arc 30°N us Ind 45 New 44 EAST Delhi Yangtze CHINA SEA 43 Kathmandu 42 Bhutan - India - Myanmar INDIA 41 Thimphu 40 48 47 Ganges 37 Central Indian Landscape 49 Brahmaputra 75 76 51 Kaziranga - Karbi - Anlong 38 37 ddy 52 wa 74 59 Dhaka Irra 73 53 50 BANGLADESH Xi 58 39 60 54 MYANMAR Nam Et Phou Loey 72 55 56 57 Sundarbans 36 35 NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN Hanoi ARABIAN 71 Naypyidaw LAO 62 SEA 70 P.D.R. VIETNAM 69 61 19 21 Vientiane 68 34 Central Western Ghats Lower Mekong Forests 22 33 66 BAY OF 32 BENGAL Kayeh - Karen - Tennaserim THAILAND 30 67 23 24 27 20 Bangkok 26 31 PHILIPPINES 65 64 CAMBODIA 63 25 29 Phnom Penh MALDIVES 28 SRI LANKA 18 Taman Negara - Belum - Hala Bala 16 MALAYSIA BRUNEI 0° Leuser - Ulu Masen INDIAN OCEAN 14 Kuala Lumpur 17 15 0° 13 12 SINGAPORE Equator 8 11 6 *Source: Sanderson, E., J. Forrest, et al. 2006. Setting 9 Priorities for the Conservation and Recovery of Wild Tigers: 10 2005–2015. A User’s Guide. WWF, WCS, Smithsonian, 7 and NFWF-STF, Washington, D.C. - New York. See text for the listing of TCLs. ** Source: State Forestry Administration of China, 2010. Central - Southern Sumatra 4 INDONESIA Jakarta 3 0 250 500 1000 1500 2000 Kilometers TIMOR-LESTE (accurate to 30°N) 90°E 120°E AUSTRALIA TCL Legend: 1 = Heilongjiang; 2 = Russian Far East - China; 3 = Bukit Barisan Selatan South; 4 = Bukit Balai Rejang – Selatan; 5 = Kerinci Seblat; Bukit Rimbang Baling; 7 = Bukit Tigapuluh Landscape; 8 = Tesso Nilo Landscape; 9 = Kualar Kampar – Kerumutan; 10 = Berbak; 11 = Bukit Barisan South; 12 = Rimbo Panti – Batang Gadis West; 13 = Sibologa; 14 = Gunug Leuser; 15 = Endau Rompin; 16 = Taman Negara – Belum; 17 = Krau; 18 = Khlong Saeng; 19 = Tenasserims; 20 = Salak – Phra; 21 = Phu Miang – Phu Thong; 22 = Phu Khieo; 23 = Khao Yai; 24 = Thap Lan – Pang Sida; 25 = Cardamoms; 26 = Cambodian Northern Plains; 27 = Southern Annamites; 28 = Cat Tien; 29 = Bi Dup-Nui Ba; 30 = Kon Ka Kinh; 31 = Yokdon; 32 = Xe Bang Nouan; 33 = Hin Nam Ho; 34 = Northern Annamites; 35 = Nam Et Phou Loey; 36 = Nam Ha; 37 = Northern Forest Complex – Namdapha – Royal Manas; 38 = Kaziranga – Garampani; 39 = Sundarbans; 40 = Royal Chitwan; 41 = Royal Bardia South; 42 = Royal Bardia; 43 = Royal Suklaphanta; 44 = Corbett – Sonanadi; 45 = Rajaji Minor; 46  =  Rajaji Major; 47  =  Panna East; 48  =  Panna West; 49  =  Bandhavgarh – Panpatha; 50  =  Kanha – Phen; 51  =  Pachmarhi – Satpura – Bori; 52 = Melghat; 53 = Pench; 54 = Andhari – Tadoba; 55 = Indravati; 56 = Sunabeda – Udanti; 57 = Satkosia – Gorge; 58 = Simlipal; 59 = Palamau; 60 = Painganga; 61 = Nagarjunasagar South; 62 = Nagarjunasagar North; 63 = Shendurney; 64 = Periyar – Megamala; 65 = Anamalai – Parambikulam; 66 = Western Ghats – Bandipur – Khudrenukh – Bhadra; 67 = Biligiri Range; 68 = Western Ghats – Sharavathi Valley; 69 = Dandeli – Anshi; 70 = Dandeli North; 71 = Radhanagari; 72 = Chandoli; 73 = Mahabaleshwar Landscape – South; 74 = Purna; 75 = Mahabaleshwar Landscape – North; 76 = Shoolpaneswar. 4 Background efforts to eliminate illicit demand, within TRCs In most TRCs, both human and institutional ca- and globally, must proceed simultaneously. Ex- pacity for conservation action is limited. Studies perience from Japan and South Korea shows show that fewer than 10 percent of the protect- that eliminating the illicit demand for tiger parts ed areas in TCLs have highly effective manage- and products is possible. ment, and 20 percent have an absolute lack of management. Indian officials report that man- Engaging local communities in conservation is agement effectiveness of 16 of 39 tiger reserves critical. The people who live near tigers are very is poor (41 percent). This is mirrored in a global often poor and heavily dependent on forest re- study of management effectiveness in protected sources, and tend to be alienated by conserva- areas which found that, overall, 65 percent of the tion policies that ignore their needs in favor of assessed protected areas had management with those of wildlife. Many people also possess live- significant deficiencies. stock, which are usually free-grazed in forests and grasslands where they are vulnerable to ti- In most TRCs, current budgets for tiger conser- ger depredations; the loss of an individual do- vation are insufficient to meet the challenges. mestic animal represents a significant econom- Given that most TRCs are developing nations, ic loss to its owners. In revenge, tigers are poi- this is unlikely to change unless new mecha- soned, snared, or otherwise killed. Peoples’ at- nisms are developed to sustainably finance ti- titudes toward tigers and other wildlife also be- ger conservation interventions at the scale nec- come negative. If depredations continue, toler- essary to recover tiger populations and manage ance thresholds begin to erode with a concom- large TCLs. itant increase in the clamor for retribution and action from politicians to remove tigers and con- vert the habitat to prevent future threats. Thus, D. Global Efforts to Save Tigers minimizing human-tiger conflict is also a critical part of tiger recovery. Most poaching of the ti- As an iconic species of global appeal, the tiger ger’s prey—deer, wild pigs, and wild cattle—was can inspire people to protect all Asian biodiver- once for local subsistence but now feeds some sity through a global campaign to greatly in- urban Asian markets where the cachet of wild crease awareness of the tiger’s plight. A focus on foods is growing. A reduced prey base contrib- ensuring its survival can provide an effective fo- utes significantly to declining tiger numbers. cus for urgent collaborative action to protect not only tigers and their habitats but also Asian bio- Participatory, community-based, and incentive- diversity in general. driven practices that give local people a stake in tiger conservation can turn tiger and prey The conservation of the tiger is a global respon- poachers into tiger and prey protectors and for- sibility entrusted primarily to the 13 sovereign est abusers into forest guardians. These incen- nations in which these predators survive. To tives include developing alternative livelihoods support the TRCs in addressing the looming bio- and alternative sources of fuel, fodder, and the diversity crisis and highlight tigers as the face like to compensate for loss of access to protect- of biodiversity, the World Bank, the Global En- ed forest resources. Some examples are com- vironment Facility, the Smithsonian Institution, munity forestry projects in buffer zones and and other partners launched the Global Tiger revenue-sharing with local communities, and Initiative (GTI) in June 2008. Since then, the GTI conservation-related income-generators such as has become a collaboration of governments, in- shared park entry fees, community-managed ec- cluding all 13 TRCs, international organizations, otourism, and payment for ecosystem services and civil society, coordinated by a small secretar- schemes or prey or habitat management. Some iat hosted by the World Bank. The collaboration TRCs such as Malaysia have trained local and in- was deepened at a global workshop in Nepal in digenous community members as licensed na- October 2009, at which the partners shared best ture guides in protected areas. practices and developed the Kathmandu Recom- 5 Global Tiger Recovery Program mendations for scaling up those best practices employed in one or more TRC, with appropriate to achieve real conservation progress on the habitat- or country-specific adaptations. ground. This led to the First Asian Ministerial Conference on Tiger Conservation in Thailand TRC Best Practices in Habitat Management in January 2010, where the Hua Hin Declaration committed TRCs to accelerating priority national ■■ India’s National Tiger Conservation Authori- activities and charged the international commu- ty (NTCA), Project Tiger, and core-buffer-cor- nity with undertaking efforts to support the TRCs ridor strategy is a model for pro-conserva- as necessary. The Hua Hin Declaration also set tion institutions, with strong high-level polit- the global goal of doubling the number of wild ical support. Malaysia offers another strong tigers by 2022, the next Year of the Tiger, and en- model for developing pro-conservation in- dorsed the plan for an International Tiger Forum stitutions across sectors and in partnership to be held in Russia. In Bali in July 2010, after with multiple stakeholders. a series of National Consultations during which ■■ India’s laws allow for inviolate critical tiger TRCs developed their National Tiger Recovery habitats and voluntary, fairly compensated Priorities (NTRPs; complete NTRPs are in the village relocations have been initiated and Annex), the partners met to report on progress budgeted; India and Nepal have conducted and develop the draft St. Petersburg Declaration voluntary relocations that demonstrate best to be approved by heads of governments. The practices and that have benefited wildlife Global Tiger Recovery Program (GTRP) is built and villagers. on the foundation of the NTRPs and on Global ■■ Malaysia’s recent commitment under its Na- Support Programs (GSP) to help with actions tional Tiger Conservation Action Plan to in- that individual TRCs cannot do alone. A portfolio crease the Malayan tiger population up to of policy, institutional, and expenditure activities 1,000 individuals within the Central Forest has been developed from the NTRPs for ease Spine, a proposed contiguous forest land- of engaging with the funding community. The scape, is an excellent example of making GTRP was approved by the TRCs’ national del- critical tiger breeding areas totally inviolate. egations at the unprecedented Heads of Govern- As a matter of national policy in Bhutan, ti- ments International Tiger Forum in St. Peters- ger conservation is harmonized with its sus- burg, Russia, in November 2010. tainable development goals, based on its principles of Gross National Happiness, and These milestones—and the GTRP—are a result its commitment to maintain 60 percent for- of all 13 TRCs and the international commu- est cover. Fifty-one percent of the country is nity working together for the first time on a now included in a system of protected areas collaborative platform, sharing knowledge and and biological corridors. experience and developing a cooperative pro- ■■ Vietnam mandates Strategic Environmental gram to achieve a global goal. The GTRP is a Assessments of infrastructure development comprehensive, range-country driven effort to plans and Strategy on Management of Na- save a species and the valuable ecosystems in ture Reserves system. which it lives for the benefit of current and fu- ■■ Indonesia’s restoration of Sumatra’s Hara- ture generations. pan Rainforest is a model for restoring de- graded habitat that includes sustainable use The particular challenges and opportunities for by local communities. tiger conservation vary from nation to nation. ■■ Vietnam has established a Steering Commit- Some TRCs have taken proactive actions includ- tee for Biodiversity Conservation and devel- ing developing national action plans to recover, oped a National Action Plan on Biodiversity. increase, or double their tiger populations. The ■■ Cambodia, Malaysia, and Thailand have pio- national priority activities detailed in the NTRPs neered having rangers use data and spatial are based on good science and analyses of ex- management programs such as Manage- isting and proven best practices and models ment Information System (MIST) to enhance 6 Background detection and interdiction of poaching and at federal and regional levels with different encroachment in protected areas; this sys- types of protection regime. With support from tem is now also being deployed in Lao PDR, the German Global Climate Initiative, 450,000 Myanmar, and Nepal. India has introduced hectares of tiger habitat became conservation an equivalent system called Monitoring leases managed by indigenous people. System for Tigers—Intensive Protection and ■■ Nepal has achieved very good results in Ecological Status (M-STrIPE). participatory buffer-zone forest manage- ■■ India has pioneered translocation to restore ment that could be a lesson for other TRCs extirpated tiger populations and Russia and having similar situations. The government Indonesia have experience in translocating has allocated 30–50 percent of protected ar- “problem� tigers. Malaysia has an active ea revenue to the local communities. This program of responding to all human-tiger money is used for livelihood improvement and wildlife-related conflicts throughout the of local communities and ecological con- Malayan tiger range. servation as well, which is a very good in- ■■ Bangladesh is the world pioneer in raising strument to reduce conflicts between tiger mangrove plantations. In continuation of and human. The Nepalese Army is also in- this practice, the Forest Department started volved in conservation activities. plantations of palatable species like Keora (Sonneratia apetala) in 2000 at Dimerchar, TRC Best Practices in Controlling Poaching and a newly accreted island of Sundarbans East Illegal Trade Wildlife Sanctuary, on an experimental ba- sis. This plantation is successful, supplying ■■ China enforces strong penalties against forage for spotted deer, which now inhabit poaching, illegal killing, or illegal purchase, the area in large numbers (100/km2). Since sale, or transportation of tigers and tiger 2001, afforestation with Keora has continued products, with prison sentences of as much on a small scale in newly accreted lands and as 10 years or more plus fines and confisca- islands of Sundarbans. tion of personal property; those engaged in ■■ China’s implementation of programs of Pro- smuggling tiger products can be sentenced tection of Natural Forests, Recovery of Farm- to life in prison, and their personal property lands for Forests, and Wildlife Conservation can be confiscated. Many wildlife offenders and Nature Reserve Development has great- have received such penalties. ly improved habitats and their management ■■ China has established its specialized forest for wildlife, including tigers. and customs police forces since 1984 and ■■ China’s wildlife authorities have stopped 1999 respectively, with more than 70,000 hunting in tiger range areas and enhanced policemen, and has undertaken a series of patrolling and monitoring of wild tiger special law-enforcement actions and joint habitats with improved governmental inspections by several concerned authorities funding during the past 10 years. to combat wildlife and smuggling crimes ■■ China published a law to strictly control with highlighted attention being paid to ille- the possession and use of hunting rifles in gal activities concerning tigers. 1997 and uncontrolled firing at wildlife has ■■ China has sponsored and/or hosted a series become almost impossible in China. of international workshops and training ■■ China has started a house-amelioration courses on wildlife law enforcement to policy with governmental investment espe- facilitate cooperation. cially for residents in forests. This attracts ■■ Nepalese authorities are sentencing tiger many of them voluntarily to move out of poachers to 15 years in jail. forests and will significantly help to reduce ■■ India has a specialized Wildlife Crime human disturbance in wild tiger habitats. Control Bureau at the federal level that is ■■ In Russia, 25 percent of tiger range is cov- charged with promoting operational col- ered by effectively managed protected areas laboration among police and customs as 7 Global Tiger Recovery Program well as with CITES and INTERPOL, and has poaching, smuggling, and tiger-human created a Special Tiger Protection Force, conflicts. dedicated to anti-poaching activities and ■■ Bangladesh formed a Wildlife Crime Con- initiated using information technology sur- trol Unit within the Forest Department in veillance. September 2010. Bangladesh Wildlife (Con- ■■ Malaysia formed a Wildlife Crime Unit at the servation) Act 2010, approved by the Minis- national level in 2005 that has been able to terial Cabinet, provides for sentencing tiger enhance the detection, apprehension, and poachers to 12 years in jail, with life sen- prosecution of offenders engaged in illegal tences for repeat offenders. trade and smuggling of wildlife. ■■ Myanmar established a National Wildlife TRC Best Practices in Engaging with Commu- Enforcement Task Force especially for con- nities trolling illegal trade in wildlife around the country and in border areas to perform ac- ■■ Community forestry projects in protected- tions by the PM’s office since 2007. It has area buffer zones, locally-managed eco- good cooperation with CITES, ASEAN- tourism enterprises, and sharing of revenue WEN, TRAFFIC, and INTERPOL. from conservation and ecotourism activities ■■ Vietnam established the interagency com- with local communities have been highly ef- mittee for wildlife trade control in August fective in Nepal and in the Periyar Tiger Re- 2010, aimed at strengthening the control of serve in India. illegal trade in wildlife and their products. ■■ Specialized units to respond promptly and ■■ Thai-WEN is a model for national, regional, effectively to incidents of human-wildlife and international cooperation to combat wild- conflict were very effective in Russia to re- life crime and has been replicated in Cambo- duce animosity toward tigers. dia, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Vietnam. ■■ Bangladesh has formed Co-management ■■ ASEAN-WEN is a model for regional and Committees through an Integrated Protected international cooperation in wildlife law en- Area Co-management project in the 76 vil- forcement and is being emulated in the de- lages around the Sundarbans. In collabora- veloping South Asia Wildlife Enforcement tion with Wildlife Trust of Bangladesh, the Network. Forest Department has formed Village Tiger ■■ Lao PDR undertook a conservation aware- Response Teams, engaging local commu- ness campaign focusing on combating nities to mitigate tiger-human conflict and wildlife crime to reach the thousands of na- poaching. tional and international visitors who were ■■ Vietnam is pioneering local payments for in Vientiane for the 25th South East Asian ecosystem services that improve the liveli- Games in December 2009. hoods of communities and engage them in ■■ Myanmar-WEN is actively collaborating with conservation. ASEAN-WEN to combat wildlife crime and ■■ Cambodia, India, and Indonesia have trained enhance people’s participation to stop illegal communities and former poachers, loggers, trade. and soldiers as community and forest rang- ■■ Cambodia has created a mobile law en- ers, supplying them with alternative liveli- forcement unit with a 24-hour hotline to hoods and greatly reducing illegal activities combat wildlife crime throughout the coun- in Mondulkiri (Cambodia), Periyar and Manas try. Penalties for hunting, killing, trading, (India), and Sumatra’s Leuser Ecosystem. Su- or exporting tigers or tiger body parts are matra’s Harapan Rainforest community en- 5–10 years in prison and confiscation of all gagement in restoration was cited earlier. evidence. Prison terms are doubled for re- ■■ Malaysia has trained hundreds of local com- peat offenders. munity members residing around protected ■■ Russian Federation established a spe- areas as nature guides licensed by the tour- cial “Inspection Tiger� in 1994 to address ism authorities. 8 Background ■■ Cambodia has trained and employed poach- ■■ The first-ever collaborative island-wide ers, loggers, and local people who are biological monitoring initiative on Suma- knowledgeable about the forest to be forest tran tigers and their principal prey covering rangers, worked with local communities to nearly 114,000 km2 (~80 percent of the re- enable them to contribute to conservation maining tiger landscapes) along more than through protecting birds’ nests, has turned 13,500 km of survey routes has been com- over forest areas to local communities to pleted in Sumatra involving the Indonesian protect and manage as community forestry, Ministry of Forestry, WCS, FFI, WWF, ZSL, and has increased local community land-ten- and the Sumatran Tiger Conservation Pro- ure rights around conservation areas. gram. This initiative provides a robust base- ■■ India is using local/tribal people in the Spe- line value for the Indonesian NTRP imple- cial Tiger Protection Task Force and 30 per- mentation. cent recruitment of locals has been provided ■■ China has increased investment significant- in the creation of the Task Force. ly in nature reserves and protection and ■■ Eco-Development Committees participate in monitoring units in tiger range areas to pur- patrolling and intelligence gathering in India. chase equipment such as computers, GPS, ■■ The Chinese wildlife authorities have started telescopes, etc., and undertaken a series of a pilot program to ensure reasonable com- workshops and training courses during the pensation for losses caused by key protect- past 10 years so as to improve capacity. ed wildlife especially by tigers and their prey since 2007 and now, an insurance policy for TRC Best Practice for Mobilizing Domestic local communities in part of tiger range areas Funding is in trial. ■■ Lao PDR’s Nam Theun 2 hydroelectric project TRC Best Practices in Habitat Management provides an example of using offsets from Systems infrastructure projects to support a protected area. ■■ India is following the IUCN system of rating and monitoring management effectiveness The TRCs also recognize that reversal of the ti- in its tiger reserves. ger crisis is additionally dependent upon finan- ■■ Pioneering work on scientific monitoring of cial and technical support from the international tiger and prey populations was done in India community. Moreover, the crisis facing the tiger and Russia, providing models for other TRCs. has yet to receive the international attention it ■■ MIST (implemented in many TRCs) and deserves. Saving this species is a common re- M-STrIPE (India) are model programs that sponsibility of the global community at large. provide the regular feedback required for Thus, the TRCs requested the international com- adaptive management. Malaysia is estab- munity to provide support for incremental ex- lishing a monitoring system for tigers and penditures of the NTRP portfolio of activities prey in critical tiger habitats. (Appendix) and assistance in addressing chal- ■■ Thailand’s plan to develop the Regional Con- lenges that transcend national boundaries and servation and Research Center at Huai Kha exceed the capacity of TRCs acting alone. Global Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary is a model for Support Programs (GSPs) and Key Studies re- the development of similar regional capacity spond to this. (Details of the GSPs and Key Stud- building efforts. ies are in the Appendix.) ■■ The Wildlife Institute of India develops, imple- ments, and supports innovative science as well The TRCs’ strong commitment to the goal of the as conducts capacity building. The Wildlife In- GTRP is evident in the extent to which imple- stitute also provides advanced training that mentation of some priority activities included in has long fostered the emergence of wildlife their NTRPs has been launched in the past 18 scientists and conservation leaders in TRCs. months. For example, 9 Global Tiger Recovery Program ■■ Transboundary collaboration among TRCs tion and Tiger Culture and China 2010 Hun- has intensified.  The development of a new chun Amur Tiger Culture Festival in August South Asia Wildlife Enforcement Network 2010. (SAWEN) was advanced at the First Meet- ■■ Russia  in January 2010  undertook an  insti- ing of the South Asia Experts Group on Il- tutional restructuring of an important clus- legal Wildlife Trade in Kathmandu in May ter of tiger reserves and protected areas to 2010, when SAARC member countries Af- strengthen the administrative and conserva- ghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, tion effectiveness of their management. Pakistan, and Sri Lanka agreed on the struc- ■■ Nepal declared the 900 km2 Banke National ture, functions, and operational parameters Park adjacent to Bardia National Park to cre- for SAWEN, including ideas for developing ate a large protected area complex that is multilateral activities based on strong inter- part of the Terai Arc Landscape. agency cooperation at the national level. In ■■ Nepal is in the final stages of creating a Wild- June 2010, Nepal and China signed an agree- life Crime Control Bureau. ment to enhance cooperation between the ■■ Myanmar in August 2010 announced the cre- two governments in controlling the illegal ation of the world’s largest  tiger reserve by trade in endangered species parts and prod- tripling the size of the Hukaung Valley Tiger ucts. India and Nepal signed a joint resolution Reserve to 22,000 km2. in July 2010 to enhance transboundary coop- ■■ China has begun to develop a major proj- eration in biodiversity and tiger conserva- ect to recover Amur tigers in the northeast tion and strengthen ecological security in the and has also started planning for recovery transboundary region. In August 2010, China of the three other subspecies found in Chi- and Russia agreed to enhance conservation na. China continues its national program and cooperation in protected areas in a trans- for protection of natural forests, recovery of boundary area for Amur tigers. China and In- farmland into forests, and development of dia signed a minute after a bilateral meeting nature reserves. on cooperation in wildlife management and ■■ Malaysia passed a comprehensive new Wild- enforcement in September 2010. life Conservation Act in 2010 that provides ■■ India  in June 2010 initiated a nationwide significantly higher penalties and mandatory monitoring program to evaluate manage- jail terms for wildlife crime while a hunting ment effectiveness in its tiger reserves. moratorium has been imposed on two prey ■■ Cambodia launched the Cambodian Wild- species of tiger: the sambar deer and bark- life Enforcement Network Co-ordination Unit ing deer. in August 2010, and Vietnam launched the ■■ Malaysia recently launched the Tenth Malay- Inter-agency Executive Committee for Viet sia Plan, a national socio-economic develop- Nam Wildlife Enforcement in August 2010.  ment strategy covering 2011–2015, which ■■ China State Forestry Administration has integrated the implementation of the issued a special notification to require National Tiger Conservation Action Plan into further enhancement of conservation development. and management of wild tigers and their ■■ Bangladesh has taken action for early recov- habitats, law enforcement and public ery of tigers, prey, and the tiger landscape. education, and published special hotline The Wildlife (Conservation) Act-2010 was ap- and hot-email for information on illegal proved by the Bangladesh Ministerial Cabi- activities concerning wildlife and tigers in net in August 2010, providing for greater December 2009 as it welcomed the Year of punishment of tiger poachers. the Tiger of 2010. ■■ To mitigate tiger-human conflict, the ‘‘Com- ■■ China has undertaken a series of public pensation Policy for Wildlife-Human Con- awareness campaigns including celebration flict-2010’’ was approved by Government of the first Global Tiger Day on July 29, 2010, of Bangladesh in September 2010. In this and International Forum on Tiger Conserva- compensation policy, a tiger victim’s family 10 Background will get Tk. 100,000/– (US$1,470) and a per- of biological diversity and protection of rare and manently disabled tiger victim will get Tk. endangered species, including the tiger, such as 50,000/– (US$735). the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), ■■ India created the new Sahyadri Tiger Reserve, the Convention on International Trade in Endan- making it the country’s 39th Tiger Reserve. gered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), ■■ India has initiated the use of information and the Convention on the Conservation of Mi- technology for surveillance in Tiger Re- gratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). Rather, serves. it seeks to support national and international mechanisms for the conservation of biodiversity, The GTRP builds on, but does not supplant or especially as they relate to the conservation of supersede national laws, policies, and programs wild tigers and foster transboundary and region- or international agreements on the conservation al cooperation among TRCs. 11 2 Global Tiger Recovery Program A. Goal support of the international community and sustained political will (Table 2.1). Despite se- The overarching goal adopted in the Hua Hin rious loss, enough habitat remains in a combi- Declaration and supported by the GTRP is to nation of protected areas and larger forested reverse the rapid decline of wild tigers and landscapes in Asia that can be maintained or re- to strive to double the number of wild tigers stored and managed in a tiger-friendly fashion (Tx2) across their range by 2022. The TRCs as to achieve the spatial requirements of Tx2 (Fig- a group are ready to take on this challenge al- ure 2.1). Thus, the Tx2 goal embodies the larger though not all TRCs individually will be able to goal of conserving and managing sustainably achieve this goal. However, collectively, based 1.2 million km2 of forest habitat and 115 invio- on each TRC’s goal, near doubling from the cur- late core breeding areas, including 42 source rent estimate of about 3,200 tigers across the sites, covering about 135,000 km2. Experience range to almost 6,000 is possible, contingent in the Russian Far East, where conservation ef- on the successful completion of the unique set forts succeeded in increasing tiger numbers of national activities and global support activi- from a few dozens to 500 in 40 years, indicates ties described in the GTRP, and with the strong that such a large increase is possible. Tiger Recovery Goals of TRCs from NTRP Assessments. Table 2.1   Baseline mean estimated Estimated % increase TRC number of tigers, adults (range) Recovery goal, adults, by 2022 potential; adults by 2022 Bangladesh 440 Demographically stable at or near carry- 25%; 550 ing capacity Bhutan 75 (67–81) Demographically stable population < 20%; 90 Cambodia 10-30 50; may require translocation program 50 China 45 (40–50) Significant population growth 100%; 90 India 1,411 (1,165–1,657) 50% increase 50%; 2,100 Indonesia 325 (250–400) Increase tiger populations at 6 priority 100%; 650 landscapes by 100% and occupancy levels by 80% Lao PDR 17 (9–23) 100% increase 100%; 35 Malaysia 500 100% increase 100%; 1,000 Myanmar 85 50% increase < 50%; 120 Nepal 155 (124–229) 100% increase, 2010 survey estimated 155 100%; 310 Russia 360 (330–390) 50% increase 50%; 500 Thailand 200 300, 50% increase 50%; 300 Vietnam Unknown, low numbers, estimated 50 tigers; may require translocation pro- 50 10s gram TOTAL Mean = 3,643 Overall 60% increase 5,870 13 Global Tiger Recovery Program Protected Areas in Tiger Conservation Landscapes (TCLs). Figure 2.1   Volga Protected Areas in Tiger Conservation Landscapes (TCLs) Ural SEA OF OKHOTSK RUSSIAN FEDERATION Syr D Irtysh arya KAZAKHSTAN Amur 1 2 UZBEKISTAN TURKMENISTAN MONGOLIA Core Protected Areas Adjacent Protected Areas SEA OF JAPAN 2 Tiger Conservation Landscapes (TCLs)* D.P.R. OF Capitals of Present Tiger Range Countries Beijing KOREA Huang P’yongyang AFGHANISTAN *Source: Sanderson, E., J. Forrest, et al. 2006. Setting Priorities for the Conservation and Recovery of Wild Tigers: REP. OF 2005–2015. A User’s Guide. WWF, WCS, Smithsonian, KOREA JAPAN and NFWF-STF, Washington, D.C. - New York. See text for the listing of TCLs. CHINA PAKISTAN 46 30°N us Ind 45 New 44 EAST Delhi Yangtze CHINA SEA 43 Kathmandu 42 INDIA 41 Thimphu 40 48 47 Ganges 37 Brahmaputra 49 37 75 76 51 38 ddy 52 wa 74 59 Dhaka Irra 73 53 50 BANGLADESH Xi 58 39 60 54 MYANMAR 72 55 56 57 36 35 NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN Hanoi ARABIAN 71 Naypyidaw LAO 62 SEA 70 P.D.R. VIETNAM 69 61 19 21 Vientiane 68 34 22 33 66 BAY OF 32 BENGAL THAILAND 30 67 23 24 27 20 Bangkok 26 31 PHILIPPINES 65 64 CAMBODIA 63 25 29 Phnom Penh MALDIVES 28 SRI LANKA 18 16 MALAYSIA BRUNEI 0° Kuala 14 Lumpur 17 15 0° 13 12 SINGAPORE Equator 8 INDIAN OCEAN 11 6 9 10 7 4 INDONESIA Jakarta 3 0 250 500 1000 1500 2000 Kilometers TIMOR-LESTE (accurate to 30°N) 90°E 120°E AUSTRALIA TCL Legend: 1 = Heilongjiang; 2 = Russian Far East - China; 3 = Bukit Barisan Selatan South; 4 = Bukit Balai Rejang – Selatan; 5 = Kerinci Seblat; Bukit Rimbang Baling; 7 = Bukit Tigapuluh Landscape; 8 = Tesso Nilo Landscape; 9 = Kualar Kampar – Kerumutan; 10 = Berbak; 11 = Bukit Barisan South; 12 = Rimbo Panti – Batang Gadis West; 13 = Sibologa; 14 = Gunug Leuser; 15 = Endau Rompin; 16 = Taman Negara – Belum; 17 = Krau; 18 = Khlong Saeng; 19 = Tenasserims; 20 = Salak – Phra; 21 = Phu Miang – Phu Thong; 22 = Phu Khieo; 23 = Khao Yai; 24 = Thap Lan – Pang Sida; 25 = Cardamoms; 26 = Cambodian Northern Plains; 27 = Southern Annamites; 28 = Cat Tien; 29 = Bi Dup-Nui Ba; 30 = Kon Ka Kinh; 31 = Yokdon; 32 = Xe Bang Nouan; 33 = Hin Nam Ho; 34 = Northern Annamites; 35 = Nam Et Phou Loey; 36 = Nam Ha; 37 = Northern Forest Complex – Namdapha – Royal Manas; 38 = Kaziranga – Garampani; 39 = Sundarbans; 40 = Royal Chitwan; 41 = Royal Bardia South; 42 = Royal Bardia; 43 = Royal Suklaphanta; 44 = Corbett – Sonanadi; 45 = Rajaji Minor; 46  =  Rajaji Major; 47  =  Panna East; 48  =  Panna West; 49  =  Bandhavgarh – Panpatha; 50  =  Kanha – Phen; 51  =  Pachmarhi – Satpura – Bori; 52 = Melghat; 53 = Pench; 54 = Andhari – Tadoba; 55 = Indravati; 56 = Sunabeda – Udanti; 57 = Satkosia – Gorge; 58 = Simlipal; 59 = Palamau; 60 = Painganga; 61 = Nagarjunasagar South; 62 = Nagarjunasagar North; 63 = Shendurney; 64 = Periyar – Megamala; 65 = Anamalai – Parambikulam; 66 = Western Ghats – Bandipur – Khudrenukh – Bhadra; 67 = Biligiri Range; 68 = Western Ghats – Sharavathi Valley; 69 = Dandeli – Anshi; 70 = Dandeli North; 71 = Radhanagari; 72 = Chandoli; 73 = Mahabaleshwar Landscape – South; 74 = Purna; 75 = Mahabaleshwar Landscape – North; 76 = Shoolpaneswar. 14 Global Tiger Recovery Program B. Objectives and Portfolio Activities They include a blend of investment needs, in some cases incremental operating costs, tech- The priority activities to be implemented include nical assistance for institutional development, policy and institutional activities to ensure that and special studies to keep the program at the the proposed incremental expenditures are used cutting edge. These project activities are firmly effectively. Substantial attention in the NTRPs is grounded in best practices that led to the recov- devoted to the policy and institutional activities ery of tigers in some landscapes, although of- that will make implementation activities more ef- ten recovery has not been sustained due to fi- ficient and sustainable (Table 2.2). nancial or other constraints. Implementation of these project activities and maintaining them The NTRPs incorporate a priority set of con- over the long-term will allow tigers to recover crete project activities to be implemented to and other biodiversity under the tiger’s umbrella achieve national goals. The portfolio of proj- to flourish as well. The portfolio of project activi- ect activities emerged from a collaborative re- ties is summarized under each objective below view of the NTRPs with each TRC and consists and presented in greater detail in the Appendix, of 80 concepts that have been grouped into the along with the policy and institutional activities broad themes of the St. Petersburg Declaration. each TRC hopes to undertake. Synthesis of Policy and Institutional Activities from NTRPs. Table 2.2   Bangladesh Cambodia Indonesia Myanmar Malaysia Vietnam Thailand Lao PDR Bhutan Russia Nepal China India Policy and institutional activities Policy Improved legal protection of critical tiger habitats ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ and/or increasing penalties for wildlife crime. Stronger legal basis for making critical tiger ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ habitats inviolate. Improved inter-sectoral coordination, and estab- ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ lishing best management practices for industry and infrastructure development in buffer zones. Strengthened policies for community participa- ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ tion and sharing of benefits from conservation efforts in buffer zones. Develop policies for a captive tiger registration ✓ and monitoring system and conservation breed- ing management plans for the Indochinese tiger Strengthened policies for transboundary man- ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ agement of shared landscapes and effective transboundary collaboration in law enforce- ment. New policies for sustainable finance to ensure ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ adequate transfers for ecosystem services from tiger landscapes. Institutional Create separate and specialized wildlife conser- ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ vation and enforcement units. Support frontline staff with equipment, infra- ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ structure, training, incentives, and insurance. 15 Global Tiger Recovery Program The objectives of the GTRP are: rangements such as ASEAN-WEN, SAWEN, the Protocol between the Government of the ■■ Effectively manage, preserve, protect, and People’s Republic of China and the Govern- enhance tiger habitats; ment of the Russian Federation on Tiger Pro- ■■ Eradicate poaching, smuggling, and illegal tection, and the Protocol between the Gov- trade of tigers, their parts, and derivatives; ernment of the People’s Republic of China ■■ Cooperate in transboundary landscape man- and the Government of Republic of India; agement and in combating illegal trade; ■■ Strengthened international collaboration, co- ■■ Engage with indigenous and local commu- ordination, and communication; nities; ■■ Calling upon specialized expertise, where ■■ Increase the effectiveness of tiger and habi- relevant, from international organizations tat management; including the CITES Secretariat, INTERPOL, ■■ Explore and mobilize domestic and new the UN Office on Drugs and Crime, the World funding; and Bank, and the World Customs Organization ■■ Bring back tigers to their former range. (recognizing that some of these agencies may, themselves, require additional resourc- TRCs plan to effectively manage, preserve, pro- es); and tect, and enhance tiger habitats by: ■■ Long-term national programs and, with sup- port from the international community, glob- ■■ Mainstreaming biodiversity conservation in al programs, to create awareness of the val- planning and development processes in ti- ue of wild tigers and their ecosystems and ger habitats; thus eliminate the illicit demand for tigers ■■ Making critical tiger habitats inviolate areas and their parts. within the larger tiger conservation land- scapes where no economic or commercial The proposed GSP on Combating Wildlife Crime infrastructure development or other adverse and the Key Study on Demand Elimination sup- activities are permitted; and maintaining the port this objective. (See Table 2.4.) landscapes and creating corridors around and between them where all permitted de- TRCs plan to enhance habitat management and velopment activities are tiger- and biodiver- combat illegal wildlife trade by: sity-compatible; ■■ Improving protection by using systematic ■■ Working collaboratively on transboundary patrolling to safeguard tigers, their prey, and issues, such as the uninhibited movement of habitats; and tigers and the management of tiger conser- vation landscapes; and The proposed GSP on Capacity Building, Key ■■ Strengthening regional law enforcement Study Assessments of the economic value of activities through bilateral and multilateral TCLs, and Transboundary Coordination and Ti- arrangements and strengthened interna- ger Translocation workshops support this objec- tional collaboration, coordination, and com- tive. (See Table 2.3.) munication. TRCs plan to eradicate poaching, smuggling, The proposed Key Study on Transboundary Col- and illegal trade of tigers, their body parts, and laboration and the GSP on Combating Wildlife derivatives through: Crime support this objective. (See Table 2.5.) ■■ Strengthened national legislation, institu- TRCs plan to gain the participation of indigenous tions, and law enforcement to combat crime and local communities in biodiversity conserva- directed against tigers; tion, minimize negative impacts on tigers, their ■■ Strengthened regional law enforcement ac- prey, and habitats, and reduce the incidence of tivities through bilateral and multilateral ar- human-tiger conflict, by providing sustainable 16 Global Tiger Recovery Program Portfolio in Habitat Management. Table 2.3   TRC Activity title Activity description Bangladesh Habitat management Habitat restoration through afforestation and grassland development. Bhutan Habitat and species conser- Classify and define tiger habitat at a landscape scale. vation Cambodia Designation of an inviolate Secure at least one inviolate potential source site, free from habitat conversion and source site human interference; integrate habitat management into landscape plans. China Conservation, extension, and Identify priority habitat areas; conserve, extend, and ameliorate the habitats through amelioration of wild tiger hab- recovery of farmland to forests and change of unsuitable forests and vegetation; itat, and trial reintroduction and explore trial reintroduction of captive-bred tigers into their original range area. India Securing habitats and im- Create inviolate critical tiger habitats, reduce tiger-human conflict, improve habitat proving management management, research and monitoring activities, support patrolling staff. Indonesia Creating legal basis of tiger Secure the source sites as the last stronghold for Sumatran tiger population, main- protection tain the integrity of those landscapes, reduce international demand on tiger, its parts and derivatives. Lao PDR Establishing inviolate core Establish inviolate core zone to secure source tiger population and connectivity zone at Nam Et Phou Louey between TCLs. NPA Malaysia Enhancing the linkages be- Secure the critical tiger habitats in the Central Forest Spine and ensure connectiv- tween the priority habitat ity through functional corridors. areas Myanmar Enacting legal protection of Identify remaining important areas for tigers in and around both TCLs. tiger landscapes Nepal Managing tiger and habitats Manage the Terai Arc Landscape as a priority conservation landscape with core areas, buffer zones, corridors to conserve tigers as a metapopulation with trans- boundary ecological linkages. Russia Strengthening protected area Revise, strengthen, and increase the network of PAs. network Thailand Habitat management Provide long-term support for tiger habitat restoration activities. Vietnam Strengthening the status and Recognize and strengthen management of 1 tiger protected area, and make this PA management of protected inviolate to development. areas Key Study Translocation of Tigers Workshop to develop a coordinated, science-based plan for translocation, reintro- duction, and rehabilitation of tigers to habitats from which they have been extirpated, or nearly so, and of “problem tigers� that have been involved in conflict situations. and alternative livelihood options through finan- ■■ Adaptive management practices; and cial support, technical guidance, and other mea- ■■ Building capacity of institutions involved in sci- sures, including mechanisms to reduce and miti- ence and training and creating a platform for gate human losses resulting from human-tiger interactive knowledge exchange at all levels. conflict. (See Table 2.6.) The proposed Capacity Building and Knowledge TRCs plan to increase the effectiveness of tiger Sharing GSP and Scientific Monitoring GSP sup- and habitat management, basing it on: port this objective. (See Table 2.7.) ■■ The application of modern and innovative To bring back tigers, TRCs welcome efforts to science, standards, and technologies; explore opportunities to reintroduce Caspian ti- ■■ Regular monitoring of tigers, their prey, and gers into the historical ranges from which they habitat; have been extirpated. 17 Global Tiger Recovery Program Portfolio for Combating Poaching and Illegal Trade. Table 2.4   TRC Activity title Activity description Bangladesh Habitat protection Deploy an effective and efficient cadre of wildlife conservation field staff to conserve tigers and tiger habitat. Controlling illegal trade Strengthening wildlife circle and enhancing wildlife crime control activities throughout the and reducing demand country; introduction of smart patrolling in the Sunderbans. Bhutan Habitat and species Strengthen anti-poaching and wildlife law enforcement. conservation Cambodia Law enforcement and Increase capacity and effectiveness of law enforcement agencies in wildlife and habitat habitat management conservation. China Strengthening law Add protection and monitoring agencies in tiger range areas to form more complete net- enforcement work and strengthen its capacity building for stricter habitat patrolling against poaching and other human disturbance, promote capacity building among wildlife law enforcement agencies to fight against smuggling and illegal trade of tiger products, undertake public awareness campaigns on tiger conservation. India Controlling prey and tiger Establish dedicated Tiger Protection Force for anti-poaching operations in tiger reserves. poaching Indonesia Scaling up specialized law Implement a strengthened patrolling and law enforcement system supported by skilled enforcement and conflict people, adequate finance and infrastructure, robust management system, and linked to a mitigation strong domestic and international network. Lao PDR Adopting enforcement and Implement standard monitoring methods in protected areas across TCLs to monitor tigers monitoring standards and prey (e.g. camera trapping, occupancy survey) and law enforcement (e.g. MIST). Controlling illegal trade Strengthen law enforcement to reduce wildlife crime. and reducing demand Malaysia Strengthening law Provide effective and long-term protection for tigers and their prey. enforcement Myanmar Controlling prey and tiger Strengthen law enforcement to reduce wildlife crime, development of participation and poaching awareness program in local communities. Controlling illegal trade Increase law enforcement units and wildlife police forces, fulfill actions. and reducing demand Nepal Adopting enforcement Institutionalize and implement effective tiger protection and monitoring systems. and monitoring system Russia Preventing human-tiger Prevent human-tiger conflicts and settle conflicts in a timely fashion. conflict Thailand Strengthening direct Promote conservation efforts at the scale of entire populations (e.g., forest complex and conservation action and associated corridors). enforcement Facilitating international Facilitate international cooperation in tiger conservation efforts, support national and in- cooperation ternational efforts to manage captive tigers responsibly, convey tiger conservation-related messages to a diverse Thai public and to policy-makers and politicians. Vietnam Adopting enforcement Activate a national monitoring system for law enforcement effectiveness for entire pro- and monitoring system tected area system. Combating wildlife crime Establish national individual captive tiger registration system and professional monitoring and regulating captive program. Develop national conservation breeding plan for Indochinese tiger. Prosecute tiger facilities criminals organizing the illegal trade in tigers and tiger prey. Reduce retail of tiger and prey products. Strengthen information sharing and intelligence analysis. Launch communica- tions campaigns. Delist instructions on use of endangered species. (Continued on next page) 18 Global Tiger Recovery Program Portfolio for Combating Poaching and Illegal Trade. (Continued) Table 2.4   TRC Activity title Activity description Global Combating Wildlife Crime Combating Wildlife Crime against tigers, in particular transnational illegal trade and Support trafficking, requires a global response. A consortium of CITES Secretariat, INTERPOL, Program UNODC, WCO, and the World Bank, in association with ASEAN-WEN and other WENs, will offer the following on the request of a TRC: (i) Law Enforcement Assessment Workshops; (ii) Transboundary Interdiction Support to sovereign empowered nation- al agencies to conduct interdiction operations at hotspots for trade and trafficking; (iii) Legislative Assessments to identify ways to make wildlife crime a priority throughout criminal justice systems; and (iv) Capacity Building support to implement the findings of assessments. Key Study Illicit Demand An expert workshop will be held to gather currently available knowledge about consum- Elimination ers’ attitudes and motivations, and plan a large-scale, coordinated, and targeted global campaign to change the illicit behavior of current consumers of tiger and its derivatives, to be approved by TRCs. Portfolio in Transboundary Collaboration. Table 2.5   TRC Activity title Activity description Bangladesh Transboundary management To ensure uninterrupted migration of wildlife in the transboundary landscape and to share better conservation knowledge and techniques with India. Bhutan Habitat and species Strengthen transboundary collaboration with neighboring countries to maintain conservation ecological linkages of tiger landscapes and to curb the illegal trade in tiger parts and derivatives. Cambodia Transboundary collaboration Strengthen transboundary collaboration with neighboring countries to reduce wildlife poaching and cross-border illegal activities. China Transboundary collaboration Improve communication and information exchange with other TRCs at differ- ent levels, especially for local law-enforcement agencies in borders and ports. Develop international workshops and/or seminars to share technology and experi- ences, and to discuss key issues. Coordinate joint law-enforcement actions with other TRCs and organizations. Malaysia Transboundary cooperation Malaysia has designated Belum (117,500 hectares), a critical tiger habitat at the Malaysia-Thailand border, as a protected area. Transboundary cooperation needs strengthening. Lao PDR Transboundary collaboration Strengthening international cooperation to reduce cross-border illegal wildlife trade. Myanmar Improving transboundary Strengthen transboundary collaboration with the Governments of India, China, cooperation and Thailand. Nepal Transboundary collaboration Nepal is working closely with neighboring countries India and China. It plans to enhance the collaboration efforts in the future in order to reduce the illegal wild- life trade and trafficking. Russia International cooperation Strengthen interdepartmental international cooperation, first of all with the Government of China. Develop cooperation with international conservation orga- nizations, charity foundations, and other non-governmental organizations. Thailand Transboundary cooperation Strengthen bilateral cooperation with Cambodia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, and and management Myanmar for transboundary management, enforcement, monitoring, and re- search. Vietnam Transboundary cooperation Strengthen transboundary collaboration with neighboring countries to establish and management transboundary tiger protected areas and combat wildlife poaching and smuggling. (Continued on next page) 19 Global Tiger Recovery Program Portfolio in Transboundary Collaboration. (Continues) Table 2.5   TRC Activity title Activity description Key Study Transboundary collaborations Workshops will develop active dialogues to lead to joint planning and manage- ment among TRCs that share the high-priority transboundary TCLs of Northern Forest Complex-Nandapha-Manas (Myanmar, India, Bhutan), Russian Far East- Northeast China (Russia, China), Tenasserims (Thailand, Myanmar), Terai Arc (Nepal, India), Belum Taman Negara-Halababa (Malaysia, Thailand), Sundarbans (India, Bangladesh), Southern-Central Annamites and Eastern Plains (Cambodia, Lao PDR, Vietnam), and Nam Et Phou Loey (Lao PDR, Vietnam). Portfolio in Community Engagement. Table 2.6   TRC Activity title Activity description Bangladesh Engaging local communities Reduce community dependency on forest resources, tiger and prey poaching, tiger-human conflict, and involve local communities in forest management. Bhutan Integrating tiger conservation Provide alternative forest resource-use practices to reduce anthropogenic pres- and rural livelihoods sure on tigers and tiger habitat. Cambodia Law enforcement and habitat Integrate habitat management into landscape plans. management China Coordination of wild tiger Compensate injury to humans and property losses from tigers and their prey, conservation with local society adopt proactive measures to prevent injury and losses, and explore and demon- and economic development strate tiger-friendly economic development models for better local livelihoods. India Community engagement and Address human-wildlife conflict, test new landscape-based approaches for development conservation and sectoral integration to benefit communities, sustainable liveli- hoods in buffer, fringe, rural areas, and implement provisions for rehabilitation and resettlement of denotified tribes. Nepal Building local community Develop local stewardship and support for tiger conservation. stewardship for conservation Russia Building public awareness Raise public awareness of the Amur tiger as a species of unique national and and education global value. Thailand Empowering local communities Support local communities in developing sustainable economies that reduce dependence on forest resources; provide protected area committees and com- munity committees with quality information (e.g., data from smart patrol system) on which to base threat reduction decisions and activities. Vietnam Building awareness and Community development program to improve local awareness and reduce sustainable economies reliance on nature resources for livelihoods. 20 Global Tiger Recovery Program Portfolio to Increase the Effectiveness of Tiger and Habitat Management. Table 2.7   TRC Activity title Activity description Bangladesh Building institutional capacity Develop capacity in the Forest Department for effective wildlife and habitat conservation in the Sundarbans. Scientific monitoring, surveys, Regular biodiversity status survey, population census, behavioral and eco- research logical study based on the latest scientific methodology. Bhutan Habitat and species conservation Establish a nationwide monitoring program for tigers and prey. Cambodia Monitoring of tigers and prey Implement consistent tiger and prey monitoring protocols in potential source sites. China Strengthening institutional capacity Improve monitoring system and capacity for managing wild tiger popula- tions and their habitats; undertake regular and continuous habitat patrolling and monitoring of wild tiger populations and their habitats according to the scientifically developed guidelines and manual; improve international coop- eration mechanism for wild tiger conservation. India Institutional strengthening and Improve infrastructure and provisions for regular tiger census and moni- capacity building toring, improve knowledge agenda. Undertake analytical research, special studies, develop knowledge base for policy development, and strengthen the National Tiger Conservation Authority. Ensure provisions for exchange of good practices and strengthening knowledge institutions. Indonesia Creating robust monitoring system Provide long-term biological monitoring data on tigers and their prey as a scientific-based evaluation tool for overall conservation interventions. Lao PDR Strengthening institutions and Strengthen institutions and cooperation to protect tigers, tiger prey, and cooperation habitat. Confirming tiger presence Conduct scientific surveys in all TCLs by 2020. If tigers are confirmed pres- ent, then create inviolate core areas to stabilize both tigers and prey. Malaysia Adopting monitoring system Establish a monitoring system for tiger and prey in critical tiger habitats. Myanmar Improving management capacity Improve capacity of management and law enforcement agencies to achieve conservation, strengthen support for tiger conservation across all Myanmar line agencies. Adopting monitoring system Implement standardized monitoring protocols in source landscapes. Nepal Implement MIST. Russia Amur tiger monitoring and research Improve methodological frameworks for Amur tiger monitoring. Thailand Building capacity based on Establish a Regional Tiger Conservation and Research Center at Huai Kha successful models Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary. Monitoring, research, and informa- Monitor tiger and prey populations in priority landscapes. tion management Vietnam Scientific monitoring, surveys, Implement consistent tiger and prey monitoring systems, comprehensive research scientific surveys nationwide on wild tiger population, and attitude surveys on consumption of tigers and prey. Enhancing policies and Promulgate a new decree on endangered species management. Develop strengthening institutional capacity a policy framework for implementing sustainable financing mechanisms for wildlife conservation. Build strong partnerships among government and other stakeholders, including civil society and the private sector. Establish mechanisms for effective information sharing and cooperation among rel- evant government and international agencies. (Continued on next page) 21 Global Tiger Recovery Program Portfolio to Increase the Effectiveness of Tiger and Habitat Management. (Continued) Table 2.7   TRC Activity title Activity description Global Capacity Building and Knowledge To complement national capacity building efforts, this GSP will support Support Sharing Centers of Excellence, provide Training of Trainers Programs, formal- Program ize an Executive Leadership Forum, offer Leadership Training for Wildlife and Protected Area/Tiger Conservation Area Managers and Institutional Capacity Assessments, and support a Community of Practice. In addition, WCS, WWF, Save the Tiger Fund, and the Smithsonian are forming a consor- tium, open to others, to offer coordinated support to TRCs for capacity build- ing for frontline protected area staff. Scientific Monitoring This program, to be offered by a partnership of the Smithsonian Institution, WWF, and WCS, will conduct workshops, as requested by TRCs, to devel- op the appropriate monitoring frameworks for particular TCLs; determine baselines on which to measure progress; assess what further capacity building and technology will be required; and, subsequently, assist in meet- ing those needs. 22 3 Financial Needs and Mechanisms Domestic contribution. Some TRCs are spending TRCs plan to explore and mobilize new and do- significant sums and others are willing to con- mestic funding, including from such sources as tribute more of their own resources to accelerate new financing based on forest carbon financ- their national programs. For example, Thailand ing including REDD+, payment for ecosystem plans to cover 54 percent of its total program services schemes, promotion of ecotourism, costs with domestic resources, contributing and private sector, donor, and NGO partner- US$53.5 million to fund the bulk of a habitat pa- ships. trolling and monitoring system. External support is sought to complete the system and for habitat Two proposed Key Studies, Valuation of TCL management and demand-reduction campaigns. Ecosystems and Sustainable Finance workouts, Vietnam is financing 59 percent of its program support this objective. (See Table 3.1.) costs with domestic resources focusing on pre- vention, detection, and suppression of organized TRCs need international support. The process tiger and wildlife crime. External resources are of sustaining political will generated by the Fo- needed for demand-reduction campaigns and to rum will be strengthened through a better anal- strengthen the management of protected areas. ysis and understanding of the true value of ti- Malaysia has committed to double its tiger popu- ger landscapes. This will help to spur TRCs to lation by earmarking more than a third of Penin- devote policy attention and increased resourc- sular Malaysia as the Central Forest Spine which es to achieve the ambitious goals embodied in also incorporates the tiger landscape. the Tx2 framework. But attaining this goal will Portfolio to Explore and Mobilize New and Domestic Funding. Table 3.1   TRC Activity title Activity description Bhutan Building institutional ca- Enhance institutional capacity of the Department of Forest and Park Services to deal pacity with national park and wildlife protection issues. Develop an integrated financing plan/ strategy by the end of 2011. Indonesia Mobilizing conservation Establish secured funds to support the long-term protection of tiger populations in funds priority TCLs. Nepal Enhancing management Create an enabling policy environment for landscape-scale conservation; strengthen and conservation polices national capacity for tiger conservation; develop a sustainable financing mechanism. Key study Valuation of TCL Quantify the economic value of multiple ecosystem services of TCLs to facilitate will- Ecosystems ingness of governments and communities to invest in protecting valuable ecosystems from further degradation. Key study Sustainable Finance Workouts will develop national-level strategies for sustainable financing of tiger con- Workouts servation, propose an action plan, and, working through a multi-stakeholder group, lead to a sustainable financing and mobilization strategy. Potential mechanisms to be tested are REDD/REDD+ financing; policy work, legal reform, and market development to generate new financing through payments for ecosystem services; biodiversity off- sets from infrastructure development; and a Wildlife Premium Market (REDD++). 23 Global Tiger Recovery Program stretch the financial capacity of many TRCs. ■■ Urgent expenditure to better protect core Global attention and tailored support for nation- breeding areas/source sites in order to re- al priorities will help further cement these po- store habitat and prey and tiger populations; litical commitments. Support is also needed for ■■ Technical assistance to strengthen institu- undertaking important regional and global ac- tional architecture and systems for wildlife tions beyond the scope of individual TRCs. Pro- management, including strengthening na- jected external financing needed to implement tional systems for law enforcement; the NTRPs in the first five  years of the 12-year ■■ Investment to better link core habitats program is about US$330  million (Table 3.2). through green corridors; This is an order of magnitude estimate based on ■■ Community development programs to re- TRC-wide experience and represents the fore- duce the dependence of local communities seeable costs during the first and critical phase on the natural resources of tiger reserves, of the global effort to recover tiger populations to reduce human-tiger conflict, and to make and habitats. The total and individual TRC esti- protectors out of potential poachers; mates will be updated as priorities are realigned ■■ Global support for collaborative work on and further experience is gained in implement- transboundary landscapes, capacity build- ing the priorities to achieve the 12-year goal. ing/knowledge sharing, combating illegal Total external financing, including for the NTRP trade, and eliminating illicit demand. portfolio, the Global Support Programs, Key Studies, and Program Management, is about International support. Many donors have con- US$350 million. (Table 3.3 and Figure 3.1). GTRP tributed or are contributing to tiger conserva- financing needs include: tion, but additional external financing is needed for the GTRP. In the past, many bilateral donors, ■■ Urgent investment to make core breeding ar- including Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, eas and source sites inviolate; France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Nor- Projected Estimated External Financing Needs over 5 Years, by TRC and Objective, Table 3.2.   US$ million (NTRPs). Institutional Tiger human Controlling Scientific Controlling strengthening conflict & illegal trade monitoring, Trans- Habitat prey & tiger & capacity community & reducing surveys, boundary TRC management poaching building engagement demand research management Total Bangladesh 1.5 8.8 8.0 12.8 1.4 2.0 1.0 35.5 Bhutan 2.5 2.5 0.8 0.9   0.6 0.5 7.8 Cambodia 3.5 4.5   4.5   2.5 1.0 16.0 China* 1.0   0.7   0.5   1.0 3.2 India   33.9 31.8         65.7 Indonesia 0.5 5.4 0.4 2.2 0.5 1.8   10.8 Lao PDR 9.0 1.0 0.5   1.2 1.2 1.0 13.9 Malaysia 16.0 6.0 4.0     2.0   28.0 Myanmar 2.5 2.5 3.2   1.0 2.3 0.5 12.0 Nepal 5.0 0.4 5.6 2.9 1.7 1.7 0.5 17.8 Russia 19.0 16.0   2.0   6.0 1.0 44.0 Thailand 1.2 29.3 1.5 2.3 4.8 5.0 1.0 45.1 Vietnam 6.3 3.5 5.3   10.9 3.5 1.5 31.0 Total 68.0 113.8 61.8 27.6 22.0 28.6 9.0 330.8 * China’s financing needs will be re-evaluated. 24 Financial Needs and Mechanisms Projected Estimated External Financing Needed by Program Component, Table 3.3   US$ million. Component Estimated cost Period I. National Tiger Recovery Priorities (NTRPs) total 330.8 5 years Habitat management 68.0 Controlling prey and tiger poaching 113.8 Institutional strengthening and capacity building 61.8 Tiger-human conflict and community engagement 27.6 Controlling illegal trade and reducing illicit demand 22.0 Scientific monitoring, surveys, research 28.6 Transboundary management 9.0 II. Global Support Programs total* 12.5 5 years Combating wildlife crime 4.0 Capacity building and knowledge sharing 7.5 Scientific monitoring 1.0 III. Key Studies total 2.4 2 years Valuation of TCL ecosystems studies 0.6 Sustainable finance workouts 1.0 Transboundary collaboration workshops 0.2 Demand elimination study 0.5 Translocation of tigers workshop 0.1 IV. Program coordination total 4.3 2 years Secretariat (to be funded by the World Bank for two years) 4.0 Technical assistance to the Global Tiger Forum (GTF) 0.3 TOTAL 350.0 *All three GSPs will be subject to evaluation after two years and will be renewed as needed. way, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Distribution of program costs. Figure 3.1   and the United States, have contributed to pro- tecting tiger landscapes and forests, enhancing Program Components, total $350.0m law enforcement and combating illegal trade, and engaging communities living next to wild Scientific Program Key Studies coordination monitoring, Habitat tigers. In the context of REDD+, bilateral do- 1% 1% surveys, management nors, notably Norway, have committed major research 19% funds to protect forests that are likely to benefit 8% Global the wild tigers as well. Among the private do- Support nors, Save the Tiger Fund provided more than Programs US$15  million between 1995 and 2007. NGOs 4% Transboundary such as WWF and WCS as well as foundations management including the MacArthur Foundation are ma- 3% jor private contributors to tiger conservation. Controlling Controlling illegal trade Tiger–human prey and Among the multilateral institutions, the GEF is and reducing conflict and Institutional tiger a major actor with contributions of more than demand strengthening community poaching 6% and capacity US$100  million over the last five years in 19 engagement building 32% projects implemented through the World Bank 8% 18% and the United Nations Development Program 25 Global Tiger Recovery Program in all TRCs. The United States Rhinoceros and F lexible financing arrangements. Figure 3.2   Tiger Conservation Fund provided more than US$11 million in grants between 1996 and 2010. International funds The Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, a part- nership of GEF, World Bank, Government of Ja- pan, Conservation International, and others, al- Pooled funding so provided several grants for the tiger agenda. option Most solutions to the tiger crisis are therefore well known and have proved effective at local scales. However, tiger populations have contin- Coordination and ued to decline in the last decade despite these facilitation efforts. This is a clear indication of the challenge Financial of generating the political will to scale up and needs expressed sustain these innovative activities. TRCs and in the GTRP funders are working together and creating syn- ergies to help ensure that all resources are max- GTRP imally effective in protecting tigers and the bio- diversity under their umbrella. In the near term, until sustainable financing mechanisms to pay for the ecosystem services ■■ Help channel multiple parallel funding sourc- of tiger landscapes are in place, GTRP will re- es to the portfolio; quire largely grant-based support from multiple ■■ Leverage donor funds to help promote proj- sources through a flexible financing framework: ect concepts into full-scale projects that could be co-financed by GEF, IDA, the World ■■ Assistance from multilateral institutions, in Bank, and the Asian Development Bank; particular the GEF, Asian Development Bank, ■■ Leverage funds from related sectors such as and the World Bank; forests, climate change and carbon, water, ■■ Assistance from bilateral donors; and communities, and infrastructure, and create ■■ Support from private sources including co-benefits for tigers and their landscapes; NGOs, foundations, corporations, and phi- and lanthropists. ■■ Develop common monitoring and reporting in collaboration with TRCs to help track im- Potential funders of all types have multiple op- plementation and enhance mutual account- tions for supporting the GTRP portfolio. Depend- ability. ing upon their comparative advantage, they can support a national program or get engaged in Some parts of the GTRP that address global and a particular theme across the entire tiger range. regional issues would benefit from pooled fund- The option also exists for smaller funders to sup- ing, although much of the GTRP portfolio can be port a specific project activity from the portfo- funded through parallel financing from multiple lio with the confidence that these form a part of donors. These include undertaking policy analy- a comprehensive, coordinated, and well-moni- ses, combating the illegal wildlife trade, imple- tored global program. menting robust TRC-wide monitoring systems, knowledge sharing, and eliminating global illicit The flexible funding mechanism (Figure 3.2) for demand for tiger parts and derivatives. There- the GTRP will: fore, the GTRP envisages that private, corporate, and public donors will have the option to partici- ■■ Establish and keep current a robust portfolio pate in pooled funding through the creation of of project ideas based on good practices as one or more trust funds, accommodating both applied in the context of each country; with official and private donors. Options include 26 Financial Needs and Mechanisms a Multi-Donor Trust Fund managed by an mul- resource mobilization and utilization. Such re- tilateral development bank and/or a joint trust ports will be done working closely with national fund managed by international NGOs, or other authorities and then consolidated into an An- suitable mechanisms. Management arrange- nual Report. ments will meet the best fiduciary and gover- nance requirements for pooled funds, including Over the medium term, a shift from donor grant a system agreed in consultation with TRCs for support to more sustainable forms of financ- prioritizing the allocation of these resources. ing is envisaged. The goal of all TRCs is to re- ly eventually on a system of sustainable fund- TRCs will employ acceptable monitoring sys- ing. As a first step, there are plans to develop tems and common performance indicators national strategies for sustainable finance, hop- that will enable donors to track the impacts ing to put in place financing mechanisms such of their contributions on performance and re- as revenues from nature-based tourism, interna- sults. A three-part monitoring system will be tional or domestic payment for ecosystem ser- established. Part 1 will be monitoring tigers, vices schemes, offsets from infrastructure and prey, and habitat; part 2 will report on the prog- resource extraction, possibly a premium mar- ress of program implementation based on per- ket linked to REDD for wildlife conservation, and formance indicators; and part 3 will deal with other mechanisms. 27 4 Program Management Management arrangements aim to maintain the The key program management functions are to: momentum generated by the Global Tiger Initia- tive since 2008 in order to avert the impending ■■ Help as needed further develop national crisis of extinction. To ensure achievement of strategies and portfolios, taking into account the GTRP’s goals, its implementation will need a country-driven approach; to be coordinated and managed at three levels: ■■ Help ensure and sustain ongoing political (i) program  level; (ii) national level, and (iii) ac- support through studies, workshops, and tivity/project level. National- and project-level ar- policy dialogues; rangements will vary depending on specific TRC ■■ Promote resource mobilization and effective government decisions and individual project re- matching of available funding with TRCs’ quirements as agreed with donors. In all cases, prioritized funding needs; implementation will be by national institutions, ■■ Coordinate funding partners; in conjunction with any NGOs they select. There ■■ Systematically report on program imple- will be systematic national tracking of program mentation, funding, and results; and implementation and systematic reporting to na- ■■ In case of pooled funds, help develop and tional authorities. TRCs are committed to put in apply agreed upon criteria for access to such place or strengthen as needed their national sys- funds including appropriate independent tems of project and policy implementation. evaluation of performance. At a program-wide level, the successful imple- To ensure a quick launch of the implementation mentation of the GTRP will require program of the GTRP, the TRCs gave the GTI Secretariat management arrangements that are goal- and the interim mandate to fulfill these functions and action-oriented with built-in mechanisms of ac- asked the World Bank to shoulder the costs of the countability and transparency. These arrange- GTI Secretariat. The management tasks involve: ments will need to be flexible to accommodate a large variety of potential funders and be fully ■■ An Annual Program Consultation with all open to include all stakeholders (TRCs, devel- TRCs and funding and implementation part- opment partners, etc.), and robust to ensure ac- ners to review progress achieved, consider countability and transparency. To avoid waste the findings of monitoring and evaluation re- and duplication, the TRCs have expressed a de- ports, and establish future directions of the sire to rely as much as possible on existing orga- program; nizations and structures. A strong and custom- ■■ Periodic systematic consultations with the ized financial, institutional, and governance ar- funding community to review the funding rangement is needed to channel resources to fill situation, direct energies at filling key gaps, critical gaps, ensure the necessary coordination, and coordinate the flow of external resourc- and minimize reporting demands on TRCs. It is es based on need and performance. A spe- imperative that these arrangements be agreed cial sub-committee of funders providing upon and established urgently to give confi- pooled funds would guide the allocation and dence to the potential donor community. use of such pooled funds; and 29 Global Tiger Recovery Program ■■ Thematic consultations on specific program are developing a partnership that has been elements, especially to review the recom- formalized through the signature of an MoU. mendations of Key Studies and program The aim of this partnership will be to provide evaluation. coordinated services to TRCs to help imple- ment the GSP on combating wildlife crime, The national programs that form the founda- with INTERPOL and WCO supporting oper- tion of the GTRP will be implemented by TRC ational interdiction efforts and UNODC and national authorities with the support of a mul- CITES supporting assessments and capacity titude of national and international partner or- building, based on TRC demand. WENs in ganizations. National authorities will be assisted the region will also be associated. The World by partner organizations at the request of TRCs. Bank will provide fiduciary services to this Partner organizations will include intergovern- partnership. mental organizations, convention secretariats, ■■ Building Capacity and Knowledge Sharing, in multilateral and bilateral funding agencies, in- which the Smithsonian Institution, Save the ternational and national NGOs, foundations Tiger Fund, Wildlife Conservation Society, and private companies, and research, educa- WWF, IFAW, Wildlife Institute of India, and tion, and media organizations. All organizations the World Bank Institute are forging a part- that share the strategic goals of the GTRP will nership. It will aim to provide the best avail- be invited to be Implementation Partners and/or able advice to TRCs at their request to build Funding Partners, and to participate in program the professional capacity of field personnel in management fora, such as the Annual Program scientific reserve management supported by Consultations, financing partner consultations, a sound policy and institutional environment and thematic consultations. GSPs and Key Stud- and resources for application of skills learnt. ies will be implemented through lead agencies Resources to implement this capacity build- designated for this purpose and as agreed with ing are programmed in the national portfolios TRCs, using prioritization criteria as agreed for of TRCs as well as in the GSPs. The TRCs wel- pooled funds. come other partners to join this consortium. ■■ Streamlining External Funding Support: All TRCs acknowledged the Global Tiger Forum Funding Partners supporting TRCs in the im- (GTF) as the only existing intergovernmental / in- plementation of the GTRP through the flex- ternational body dedicated to the conservation of ible funding mechanism will be invited to wild tigers and encouraged a more active role for constitute a funders’ partnership to system- GTF. GTF has undertaken an internal review of its atically track progress in mobilizing resourc- own experience and effectiveness and is expect- es, channel resources to fill key gaps, and ed to strengthen its functioning by, among oth- ensure effective program coordination. er things, ensuring that all TRCs are motivated to become members and by adding skilled staff. International and national NGOs will continue The GTRP includes provision of technical assis- to play a prominent role in helping TRCs imple- tance to the GTF (US$300,000 over two years) to ment the GTRP, if TRCs request this help. Their progressively strengthen its capacity to take on roles fall into three broad categories: key functions as agreed with TRCs. ■■ Developing and sharing knowledge, continu- International partners are coming together to ing the role they have played in developing establish operational partnerships, each to be with TRCs many of the best practices that guided by its own operational modalities, for form the foundation of the NTRPs and thus helping TRCs implement specific tasks. The key the GTRP; ones in development are: ■■ Supporting field implementation, extending the outreach of TRCs governments to sup- ■■ Combating Wildlife Crime, in which CITES, port communities, and tracking the illegal INTERPOL, UNODC, WCO, and World Bank wildlife trade; and 30 Program Management ■■ Channeling resources raised internationally ■■ Acquiring full funding for the expenditure and domestically to high-priority needs, ei- portfolio (Appendix); ther in parallel or through pooled funds. ■■ Completing the planned policy and institu- tional development activities; and Program implementation will span 12 years, up ■■ Undertaking regional transboundary tiger to 2022, the next Year of the Tiger. While the pri- conservation projects. ority activities taken to avert the crisis will be customized to national needs and many of these As a follow-up to the high-level commitments activities will happen in parallel, across the ti- endorsed at the Tiger Forum, a series of events ger’s range a pattern will be discernible. that address implementation of the GTRP and the NTRPs, including fund-raising, are to be or- ■■ The top priority of program implementation ganized in the first half of 2011. will be to make source sites and critical tiger habitats inviolate and to offer strict protec- Early implementation results will be reviewed tion to stop tiger and prey poaching in such against the overall program targets and dis- areas; seminated in the subsequent phases. It is ex- ■■ Immediate work is needed to begin to ad- pected that most of the GTRP project portfo- dress some of the longer-term issues of cre- lio will have been substantially implemented ating a legal environment and institutional during the first five years. A major evaluation architecture favorable to wildlife and tiger of the entire program will be conducted by the conservation. This will involve the kind of TRCs and partners in 2014, to review the pro- policy and institutional activities listed in the gram targets and strategic directions and de- Appendix; velop a new portfolio of activities and their ■■ Simultaneously, the emphasis should be on coordinated implementation and resourcing implementing landscape-wide policies and mechanisms. management systems that are friendly to wildlife and biodiversity conservation, en- Reporting will be carried out at program-wide, gage local communities, and integrate key national, and project/activity levels. The main sectors (such as roads, mining, hydro power, program-level reporting effort in the medi- and plantations); and um and long term will be linked to a TRC-wide ■■ TRCs will strive to create sustainable financ- science-based monitoring system—the ‘Tiger ing mechanisms that may include payment Progress Report’—that should consistently re- for ecosystem services schemes. cord range-wide indicators and trends of wild tiger populations and habitats across all TRCs. The activities of the first five years of the pro- Based on strengthened national reporting sys- gram are currently described here to ensure a tems in TRCs, an Annual Progress Report will prompt launch of the program, with a program be prepared. The Progress Report will also in- revalidation after a mid-term review in 2013–14. tegrate reports by inputs from partners, linked The first two-year period will emphasize: to specific projects and activities. An Annual Fi- nancial Report will recognize all financial con- ■■ Strengthening or creating as needed program tributions to tiger conservation including funds implementation mechanisms in all TRCs; from related sectors that create tiger co-bene- ■■ Development of effective international sup- fits. The Annual Progress Reports will be public port and partnership mechanisms; documents. 31 Expected Results, Success Factors, and 5 Likely Risks A. Expected Results the true level. Looking ahead to 2022, the goal is to effectively eliminate tiger poach- The first five years of GTRP implementation are ing and trade. The expected result by 2015 critical for averting the tiger’s plunge toward is that seizure levels may increase initially extinction and laying the foundation for the ul- as law enforcement effort is improved and timate goal of doubling wild tiger populations scaled up but should then start to decline, by 2022 and conserving 1.2 million km2 of tiger and tigers and their derivatives are no longer habitat. By 2015, the following results can be an- evident in illegal trade, as shown by surveys ticipated as signposts of effective progress to- and monitoring. ward Tx2: ■■ Illicit demand reduction: The baseline in 2010 is that public awareness of the severity of the ■■ Tiger population recovery: The baseline in tiger’s crisis is relatively low, as measured by 2010 is estimated to be 2,200 tigers in viable, attitudinal surveys. Looking ahead to 2022, protected breeding populations and 3,200 to the goal is to eliminate illicit demand for tigers 3,500 tigers overall in 13 TRCs. The expect- and their products and engage a broad spec- ed result in 2015 is that tiger populations in trum of societal support for tiger conserva- most critical tiger habitats have been stabi- tion. The expected result in 2015, in key mar- lized and at least some are showing signs of ket areas, should be a measurable increase increase. Doubling the number of tigers will in public awareness and decline in consumer require expanding effective protection to en- willingness to purchase illegal products, as tire landscapes, which will require sustained determined by surveys and focus groups. investment and effort beyond 2015, but by ■■ Community engagement: The baseline in the end of the first phase of the GTRP there 2010 is that viable breeding tiger popula- should be some evidence of tiger recovery. tions are jeopardized in many places by lo- Priority support would be given to TRCs that cal communities depleting natural resources have made high-level commitment to Tx2. and are characterized by growing levels of ■■ Protection and enhancement of TCLs: By human-tiger conflict. Looking ahead to 2022, 2015, most critical tiger habitats should the goal is that people who live near tigers be declared inviolate and be profession- will view them as an asset rather than a li- ally managed, well patrolled, and have ad- ability. The expected result by 2015 is a re- equately trained and equipped staff. Key duction in the number of conflict-killed tigers transboundary landscapes will be coopera- around critical tiger habitats, and an increase tively managed. Looking ahead to 2022, pro- in support for tiger conservation in the sur- fessional management should be in place in rounding communities. most of the TCLs. ■■ Excellence in tiger landscape management: ■■ Combating wildlife crime: The baseline in The baseline in 2010 is that professional re- 2010 is that seizures of illegally traded tiger serve management is not widely practiced, parts and products in the TRCs are equiva- whether it is a system of managing patrol- lent to approximately 200 dead tigers per ling or providing incentives to staff for per- year, a figure that is probably far fewer than formance, or a capacity to accurately assess 33 Global Tiger Recovery Program the status of tiger populations on a frequent Pilot Compensation for losses caused by key enough basis to detect population trends. protected wildlife, especially by tigers. China Looking ahead to 2022, the goal is to have also has significantly improved capacity in professional reserve management and con- conservation of wild tigers and their habi- sistent science-based monitoring systems in tats and law enforcement against poaching, place across much of the tiger’s range. smuggling, and illegal trade of tigers and ■■ Sustainable financing for tiger landscape their products. In some other TRCs, institu- conservation: The baseline is that except for tions and policies are weak, and budgets for a few reserves that raise resources for com- conservation are inadequate. Nonetheless, munities and themselves through tiger- and all TRCs have basic conservation institutions wildlife-based tourism, all expenditures are and policies with a reasonable legal basis for funded through national budgets or grants. protecting tigers. All have designated pro- By 2015, evaluation of the true value of ti- tected areas. All are parties to CITES and the ger landscapes would have been completed CBD. All have dedicated conservation lead- for all TRCs and national-level sustainable ers. Examples of best practices in tiger and financing and mobilization strategies will wildlife conservation exist in all TRCs. have been adopted. By 2022, sustainable fi- ■■ For the first time, there is a TRC-wide plan, nancing mechanisms to pay at least 15-20 developed by the TRCs, based on sound percent of the cost of protecting tiger eco- science and proven best practices, that ad- systems should be operational in all TRCs. dresses all of the threats to the tiger’s surviv- al and realistically estimates the incremen- tal costs necessary to implement the plan. B. Some Success Factors The NTRPs that form the foundation of the GTRP set tiger and biodiversity conservation The current 12-year effort has some important in the context of rapid economic growth and features that enhance the prospects of success: support environmentally sensitive growth, emphasizing the important economic, eco- ■■ The institutional basis in the TRCs is signifi- logical, and community co-benefits of TCLs. cantly better than 12 years ago. TRCs vary The GTRP treats tiger conservation as the in the strength and longevity of their insti- face of biodiversity conservation and com- tutions, policies, and project-level interven- petent land-use management. It recognizes tions related to tiger and wildlife conserva- that protection is just one important part of tion. For instance, India’s Project Tiger, which the governance of complex social-ecological was converted into a statutory authority, systems and that there is no one-size-fits-all called the National Tiger Conservation Au- solution to tiger conservation. The solution thority, in 2006, has been successful: India in each TRC is unique, yet built on a global has 39 tiger reserves and six major tiger con- examination of best practices. servation landscape complexes with source populations of tigers. India also has robust, Global efforts to bring the attention of poli- scientifically sound programs backed up by cy makers to the plight of the tiger have been strong legislation, large federal expenditure made before, notably in 1973, which led to India plans, and considerable political will. Malay- establishing its now famous Project Tiger, cred- sia has strengthened its domestic legislation ited with a recovery of tigers in India. Anoth- greatly and has mainstreamed Tx2 in the er major attempt was made in 1995, when the National Tiger Conservation Action Plan and support of the Exxon Corporation (now Exxon- various development plans. During the past Mobil) led to the creation of the Save the Tiger 12 years, China has started National Pro- Fund, whose investments have supported scien- gram for Natural Forest Protection, Recovery tific research and the development of many of of Farmland for Forests, Wildlife Conserva- the best practices now in place in TRCs. Many tion and Nature Reserve Development, and NGOs have also devoted substantial effort and 34 Expected Results, Success Factors, and Likely Risks support to advance tiger conservation. But sus- fizzle out at the local levels where the tigers ex- tained attention, strong political commitment in ist. The major risks are: the face of competing demands, and collabora- tion across the range and with non-range coun- ■■ Insufficient attention to the needs of lo- tries have been largely absent. The current effort cal communities that live near tigers. This aims to correct this by: risk is best managed by ensuring that poli- cies at higher levels support strong engage- ■■ Ensuring that the TRCs continue to actively ment with local stakeholders they receive plan in a common framework. With shared co-benefits from tiger conservation and that goals and action plans, customized to each human-tiger conflict is effectively mitigated TRC, the prospects of effective implementa- and compensated; tion are enhanced. ■■ Loss of political attention due to under-ap- ■■ Enhancing political will through a better and preciation of the benefits of tiger conserva- wider recognition of the crisis and the threat tion. This risk is best managed by a process it poses to biodiversity in general and to the of annual stocktaking at senior levels as well multiple benefits that the tiger landscapes as by prompt work in each TRC to dissemi- provide. nate the multiple benefits of tiger landscapes ■■ Generating systematic monitoring and re- and to monetize these benefits through glob- porting through an Annual Report to Interna- al and local mechanisms; tional Tiger Forum participants and the public, ■■ Slow adoption of best practices. These best maintaining high-level attention to progress. practices are now widely known and accept- ■■ Systematically bringing the international ed in the TRCs but their successful adoption community program delivery consortia to needs a sound policy and institutional envi- provide stronger effective support to TRCs ronment, professionalism, and external fund- to deal with the crisis. ing to support the incremental costs of some key activities. This risk is best managed by linking financial support to the creation of C. Likely Risks favorable policy and institutional environ- ments; and There are risks that need to be managed. These ■■ Ineffective collaboration among global part- risks originate in the challenges of mainstream- ners. All operational partnerships emerg- ing conservation into development. The impetus ing from the GTI process need to function for conservation comes from a top-down pro- effectively, without the bureaucratic delays cess led by enlightened policy makers because customary in working across institutional conservation and the value of services from ti- boundaries. This risk can be mitigated with ger landscapes has yet to be fully internalized in early signing of MoUs among consortia the value systems of developing, poverty-chal- members, and through the effective func- lenged economies. Mainstreaming may occur at tioning of the coordinating body to provide the global, national, and regional level but may vital connectivity and support. 35 6 Conclusion Wild tigers are at a tipping point and action, or and on how societies value them. In many ways inaction, in the coming decade will decide the the GTRP is less about tigers and more about tiger’s fate. Action will lead to the tiger’s recov- people and societies, and the choices they ery; inaction or mere maintenance of the status make. The GTRP represents the last best hope quo will lead to its extinction. The eventual fate for the survival of the world’s most magnificent of tiger populations depends on the extent and species and the valuable landscapes in which it character of the environments in which they live lives. 37 Appendix. Portfolio of Policy, Institutional, and Expenditure Activities from the National Tiger Recovery Priorities A. Policy and Institutional Activities Bangladesh Government to implement Bangladesh Tiger Action Plan (2009 to 2017). Revise and enact a new Wildlife Conservation Act 2010 with associated rules to enhance penalties, create special wildlife conservation units. Approve “Wildlife Compensation Policy 2010� to mitigate human-tiger conflict. Sign Protocol on conservation of tigers of the Sundarbans between Bangladesh and India to improve transboundary law enforcement mechanism, scientific research, monitoring, and wildlife crime control. Create a devoted institution for wildlife conservation and management with appropriate training and logistical support to retain expertise and skills. Strengthen and upgrade Wildlife Circle to Wildlife Wing with more dedicated manpower. Mainstream conservation into the development agenda through an economic valuation of the Sundarbans landscape. Bhutan Finalize the Protected Areas and Wildlife Act. Create a bilateral policy and MoU between India and Bhutan for collaborative manage- ment of transboundary protected areas and to designate Transboundary Peace Parks. Integrate clear policies on PES to strengthen local communities into overall government conservation policies and acts. Strengthen coordination between different units of the Department of Forests and Park Services (DoFPS). Cambodia Designate an inviolate source site. Inter-ministerial cooperation and coordination to ensure sustainable management of land use across the Eastern Plains Landscape Transboundary agreement between Cambodia and neighboring countries on combating wildlife crime across the border. Review of existing wildlife regulations and legislation governing penalties for poaching and trade in species of high commercial value. 39 Global Tiger Recovery Program China Introduce policy and legal backing for a conservation plan for wild tigers. Introduce policy to improve capacity for conservation and monitoring system, especially for local agencies to ensure their regular and effective habitat patrolling, monitoring, and evaluation. Introduce policy to improve capacity for law enforcement system so as to ensure market inspection, information sharing, and special joint actions. Indonesia Upgrade laws for arresting poachers and illegal wildlife traders and increase penalties. Develop laws to protect tiger habitat outside of protected areas in priority landscapes. Strengthen cross-sectoral program planning. Establish a high-level inter-agency (MoF, Police, Customs, MoJustice) command team to deal with wildlife traders and work with INTERPOL, UNODC, and WCO. Lao PDR Government to endorse the Tiger National Action Plan. Revise the national protected areas regulation into a Prime Minister’s Decree to grant higher status to the protected area system. Facilitate sustainable funding using policy and legislation provisions (e.g. through pay- ments for watershed protection, given the high number of proposed hydropower devel- opments in Lao PDR). Establish Lao WEN; a Prime Minister’s Commission on Endangered Species; and a Tiger Taskforce under MoF. Malaysia Finalize the enactment of the new Wildlife Conservation Act and its subsequent en- forcement. Establish a coordination mechanism within the Ministry to monitor the implementation of the NTCAP and CFS. Myanmar Amend penalties in the current law and legislation with regard to tiger-related offences. Review existing development policies to strengthen support for tiger conservation and integrate it into the development agenda. Create meaningful cooperation among government line agencies for effective and effi- cient law enforcement and education outreach for tiger conservation. Nepal Amend the NPWC Act 1973 and Forest Act 1993 to enable landscape conservation. Gazette the Terai Arc Landscape (TAL) as a priority conservation landscape and place TAL conservation as a high-profile feature in the political agenda. Expand social mobilization to elicit community stewardship for conservation. Establish a National Tiger Conservation Committee (NTCC), WCCB, and SAWEN. Russia Prescribe legal requirements to prosecute those who sell and purchase tiger skins on the Internet. Amend the forest legislation to protect Korean pine and oak trees. Amend laws to provide economic incentives to increase prey populations. Amend laws to include stiff punishments for illegal procurement and transport of tiger parts. 40 Appendix Thailand Develop policies on promotion, salaries, and social security systems for protected area staff and park rangers. Encourage policy makers to develop policies on career paths for superintendents of pro- tected areas (national parks and wildlife sanctuaries) for effectiveness and continuity of the work quality. Up list tigers to the reserved species under the Wild Animal Reservation and Protection Act B. E. 2535 (1992). Strengthen enforcement of wildlife crime under the Wild Animal Reservation and Protec- tion Act B.E. 2535 (1992) to make sure that convicted offenders receive the highest pen- alty of Wildlife Laws and related legislation. Establish and run the Regional Tiger Conservation and Research Center at Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary. Establish wildlife crime units and CITES transboundary check points. Vietnam Sign transboundary MoUs for better coordination to tackle trade and smuggling. Develop policies on smart green infrastructure in TCLs to prevent non-SUF infrastructure being constructed within tiger PA. Develop policies for a captive tiger registration and monitoring system and breeding management plans for the Indochinese tiger. Issue directive to dismantle organized tiger crime as a matter of national urgency. 41 B. Expenditure Portfolio Summary (developed from NTRPs and GSPs) Estimated external financing by country and theme normalized to 5-year period, US$ million Table 1   Theme B. Controlling C. Institutional D. Tiger–human E. Controlling illegal F. Scientific G. Trans- A. Habitat prey and tiger strengthening & conflict & community trade & reducing monitoring, boundary Components management poaching capacity building engagement demand Surveys, research management Total NTRPs Bangladesh 1.5 8.8 8.0 12.8 1.4 2.0 1.0 35.5 Bhutan 2.5 2.5 0.8 0.9   0.6 0.5 7.8 Cambodia 3.5 4.5   4.5   2.5 1.0 16.0 China* 1.0   0.7   0.5   1.0 3.2 India   33.9 31.8         65.7 Global Tiger Recovery Program Indonesia 0.5 5.4 0.4 2.2 0.5 1.8   10.8 Lao PDR 9.0 1.0 0.5   1.2 1.2 1.0 13.9 Malaysia 16.0 6.0 4.0     2.0   28.0 Myanmar 2.5 2.5 3.2   1.0 2.3 0.5 12.0 42 Nepal 5.0 0.4 5.6 2.9 1.7 1.7 0.5 17.8 Russia 19.0 16.0   2.0   6.0 1.0 44.0 Thailand 1.2 29.3 1.5 2.3 4.8 5.0 1.0 45.1 Vietnam 6.3 3.5 5.3   10.9 3.5 1.5 31.0 Sub-total NTRPs 68.0 113.8 61.8 27.6 22.0 28.6 9.0 330.8 GSPs Combating wildlife crime 4.0 4.0 Capacity building and 7.5 7.5 knowledge sharing Scientific monitoring 1.0 1.0 Sub-total GSPs 7.5 4.0 1.0 12.5 Key studies Valuation of TCL ecosystems 0.6 0.6 Sustainable finance workouts 1.0 1.0 Transboundary collaborations 0.2 0.2 Demand elimination 0.5 0.5 Translocation of tigers 0.1 0.1 Sub-total key studies 0.1 1.6 0.5 0.2 2.4 Total* 68.1 113.8 70.9 27.6 26.5 29.6 9.2 345.7 Note: with Program Coordination’s $4.3 million the total sums up to $350 million. * China’s financing needs will be re-evaluated. Expenditure Portfolio Details (US$345.7 million) A. HABITAT MANAGEMENT of tiger source sites, demarcate boundary of in- violate area for tiger conservation. Outcomes: Establish potential tiger source site, develop A-1: Bangladesh – Habitat Management; management plan for recovery of wild tigers in US$1.5 million; 4 years source site. Objectives: Habitat restoration through affores- tation and grassland development. Activities: A-4: China – Optimization of wild tiger Afforestation of fodder plant Keora (Sonnerar- habitat; pending; 5 years [subject to tia apetala) and grassland development for prey change] herbivores (spotted deer and barking deer). Out- Objectives: Achieve maximum expansion of comes: Improve habitats of prey animals and tiger range areas, a notable improvement in number of prey animals will increase. habitat quality and genetic exchanges among key isolated population, reintroduce captive- A-2: Bhutan – Habitat and species bred South China tiger into trial natural areas. conservation; US$2.5 million; 5 to 8 years Activities: Habitat inventory, protection, man- Objectives: Classify and define tiger habitat at agement planning, GIS database for existing a landscape scale in Bhutan. Activities: Identify and potential areas for four wild tiger subspe- and delineate tiger core zones and dispersal cor- cies; technical guidance on habitat restoration ridors, establish management zones based on for wild tigers, pilot projects on recovery of habitat use and distribution of tigers, revise the farmland to forests; change of inappropriate current corridors, develop a mechanism to as- forest and vegetation; maintaining of neces- sess infrastructure development impacts, assess sary grasslands in 1–2 sites, scaled up later; ex- impacts of climate change and land-use practic- ploration of feasibility of captive-bred tigers to es on tiger landscapes. Outcomes: Conservation be released to the nature; monitoring released and management of a tiger meta-population in tigers. Outcomes: Priorities identified, habitats Bhutan, proactive measures to prevent impacts are extended and improved, prey density in- from development projects, projection of the im- creased. pact of climate change on tiger habitat for adap- tation strategies. A-5: Indonesia – Creating legal basis of tiger protection; US$0.5 million; 5 years A-3: Cambodia – Designation of an Objectives: To secure source sites as tiger pop- inviolate source site; US$3.5 million; ulation strongholds within priority landscapes 3 years and to maintain the integrity of these land- Objectives: Secure at least one inviolate poten- scapes. Activities: Mainstreaming tiger and tial source site, free from habitat conversion and habitat protection through National Develop- human interference. Activities: Identification of ment Program (e.g. PNPM and other similar suitable source site for eventual reintroduction initiatives), identifying and selecting at least of wild tigers, clear mandate for management of one tiger releasing site within each tiger prior- the source site for tiger recovery, designations ity landscapes, mapping the concession areas 43 Global Tiger Recovery Program and connectivity within the priority landscapes A-7: Malaysia – Enhancing the linkages and comprehensively reviewing the ecological between the priority habitat areas; status of the Sumatran tiger population occu- US$16.0 million; 5 years pying them, integrating identified source sites Objectives: Secure the core areas in the Central into park management plan, and priority land- Forest Spine and ensure connectivity through scapes into provincial and district spatial plan- functional corridors. Activities: Belum-Temengor ning, implementing legally binding protocols Complex, Taman Negara, and Endau-Rompin for the best management practices (BMP) of for- Complex are strictly protected, expanded, or est industry land uses to ensure their contribu- sustainably managed, new protected areas, eco- tion to tiger conservation efforts at the priority logically sound land use in corridors, sustain- landscapes, incorporating the ecological needs able logging practices in forest reserves, com- of Sumatran tigers into the evaluation criteria munity-based, better management practices and of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) effective awareness programmes to mitigate hu- and Environmental Impact Assessment (AM- man-tiger conflict, a sustainable financing mech- DAL), implementing performance bonds to li- anism, smart infrastructure to facilitate wildlife cense holder to protect tigers and restore their crossing, mechanism within the Ministry to co- habitats (Environmental Law No. 32 of 2009). ordinate and monitor the implementation of the Outcomes: Local regulation of Rimba Integrat- NTCAP and CFS. Outcomes: Landscape of tiger ed Area (20,500 km2) across three priority tiger habitat with connected core areas large enough landscapes enacted and replicated to other pri- to support a population of up to 1,000 tigers with ority landscapes, the integrity of the Sumatran minimal human-tiger conflict, ecological corri- source sites and the wider priority tiger land- dors maintained for tigers and prey, actual sites scapes are secured and well maintained, contri- for wildlife crossing identified and monitored. bution to global climate change mitigation ef- fort by securing 73,413 km2 of the priority tiger landscapes. A-8: Myanmar – Enacting legal protection of tiger landscapes; A-6: Lao PDR – Establishing inviolate US$2.5 million; 4 years core zone at Nam Et Phou Louey NPA; Objectives: Identify remaining important areas US$9.0 million; 5 years for tigers in and around both TCLs. Activities: Objectives: Establish inviolate core zone to se- Surveys for tiger presence in unprotected areas cure our source tiger population and connec- around both TCLs, nomination of important tiger tivity between TCLs. Activities: Land-use plan- areas for legal protection. Outcomes: Legal des- ning and zoning demarcation in NPAs, law en- ignation of areas important for tigers, incorpora- forcement, outreach and education, relocation tion of new areas into management planning for of livestock grazing areas out of the core zone, existing source landscapes. support alternative livelihood for local commu- nities, strengthen capacity, funding and author- A-9: Nepal – Managing tiger and ity of protected area institutions; boundary de- habitats; US$5.0 million; 5 years marcation, land concessions and infrastructure Objectives: Manage the TAL as a priority conser- development in TCLs to comply with PA man- vation landscape with core areas, buffer zones, agement plans and zoning, PA management corridors to conserve tigers as a metapopula- plans to ensure cross-sectoral compliance with tion with transboundary ecological linkages. Ac- PA TPZs and corridors, village land-use plan- tivities: Research and management to remove ning and allocation outside of PA boundaries. alien invasive plant species and maintain habitat Outcomes: Better protection of tigers and prey, quality, protect core areas, corridors, and buffer increase in tiger numbers, good engagement zones from human encroachment, manage crit- of local communities; secured corridors of hab- ical tiger habitat to restore and increase tiger itat linking NEPL NPA source sites and other and prey populations, hand-over corridor for- TCLs. ests to local communities for management, as- 44 Expenditure Portfolio Details sess impact of development projects on tigers, tified site including a) Eastern Plains Dry Forest prey, and habitat, transboundary linkages with Complex: Dak Nam SFE, Yok Don NP, Cu Jut SFE, India and China through complementary man- Ya Lop SFE, Chu Prong; b) Bu Gia Map NP; c) Chu agement. Outcomes: A stable meta-population Mon Ray NP (and forest in Sa Tay District); d) of at least 250 adult tigers in the TAL, with trans- Song Thanh NR—Dak Rong, Vu Quang—Pu Mat, boundary ecological links. Sop Cop District, Son La province (which bor- der the Nam Et Phou Louey NCBA in Lao PDR); A-10: Russia – Strengthening protected government recognize at least one PA as Viet- area network; US$19.0 million; 2 to nam’s Tiger Protected Area and agree to apply minimum standards for resourcing, protecting, 10 years monitoring, management, and capacity; make Objectives: Revise, strengthen, and increase the this site a demonstration site for tiger conserva- network of PAs. Activities: Ecological corridors tion; transboundary taskforce on wildlife protec- (areas under management regimes called to lim- tion to patrol the Tiger Protected Area; support it adverse impact on Amur tiger habitats from front-line staff with equipment, infrastructure, clear-cutting, road construction, etc.) to connect training, incentives, and insurance; re-settlement protected areas, protection zones with restrict- plan for people living inside the PA and in criti- ed regimes of nature resource use on land ad- cal corridors; building community development jacent to PAs, additional public support to PAs program to improve local awareness and reduce to backup their inspection teams, among oth- their dependance on natural resources; a decree er things, through increasing their salaries and ensuring no non-SUF infrastructure be construct- supplying needed equipment, additional area of ed within Tiger Protected Area; “Smart Green In- nature reserves and national parks in the Amur frastructure framework� to ensure no adverse ef- tiger range. Outcomes: About 25% of tiger range fects of infrastructure development on tiger land- covered by effectively managed PAs and/or ar- scapes; procuracy and court authorities to help eas with other types of conservation regime. them apply strict penalties for wildlife criminals under provisions of current laws. Outcomes: Es- A-11: Thailand – Habitat management; tablish at least one potential tiger source site, de- US$1.2 million; 5 years velop management plan for this site. Objectives: Provide long-term support for tiger habitat restoration activities. Activities: Use of A-13: Key Study – Translocation of tigers; controlled burns to maintain grass-base for un- gulate recovery, suppress fires effectively in ev- US$0.1 million; 2 years Objectives: Share experience and discuss best ergreen forest areas, reintroduction program of practices and experience to date with transloca- ungulate prey with the ex-situ bred species (i.e., tion of tigers and other large carnivores. Activi- sambars, Eld’s deer, and hog deer), natural and ties: A 3–4 day technical meeting in a tiger range artificial water sources for tigers and ungulates, country. Outcomes: An agreed upon, coordinat- system to control invasive species, planning for ed, science-based plan for translocation, reintro- corridor and habitat restoration. Outcomes: Hab- duction, and rehabilitation of tigers. itat is suitable for other wildlife species and na- tive biodiversity is restored. B. CONTROLLING PREY & TIGER A-12: Vietnam – Strengthening the POACHING status and management of protected areas; US$6.3 million; 5 years Objectives: Recognize and strengthen manage- B-1: Bangladesh – Habitat protection; ment of one tiger Protected Area, make this PA US$8.8 million; 3 years inviolate to development. Activities: Conduct fea- Objectives: Deploy an effective and efficient cad- sibility studies to identify the tiger conservation re of wildlife conservation field staff to conserve site and develop management plan for the iden- tigers and tiger habitat. Activities: Retention and 45 Global Tiger Recovery Program hiring of new technical staff, equipment, technol- training for judiciary in legal statues; necessary ogy-based monitoring and protection including field equipment and transportation, sufficient MIST, radio-tracking, effective patrolling, risk in- budget for maintaining and operational activi- surance for hardship and high-risk posts, coordi- ties, adequate management infrastructure (e.g. nation with police, coast guard, local administra- patrol stations and patrol routes), frequency tion, local communities, and media. Outcomes: and efficiency of regular patrols to monitor il- Better protective measures for tiger habitat in legal activity within the source site and protect- the Sundarbans, better monitoring of tiger and ed areas in the broader landscape, with strict prey populations, better understanding of tiger monitoring of law enforcement operations us- ecology, behavior, and population demograph- ing MIST and full integration of monitoring in- ics, improved inter-ministerial and transbound- to conservation area management. Outcomes: ary collaboration. Reduced environmental crimes that threaten ti- ger and tiger prey, strengthened enforcement B-2: Bhutan – Habitat and species and implementation of national wildlife and conservation; US$2.5 million; 5 to 8 years forestry legislations to protect tigers and its Objectives: Strengthen anti-poaching and wild- prey. life crime enforcement. Activities: Strengthen anti-poaching and wildlife enforcement with B-5: India – Securing habitats; the Nature Conservation Division as the coor- US$33.9 million; 5 years dinating body, intelligence networks (including Objectives: Establish dedicated Tiger Protection at community levels) with database of poach- Force (TPF) for antipoaching operations in tiger ers, collaboration with Customs, Police, Armed reserves. Activities: Professionalizing the Tiger Forces, Judiciary, and Bhutan Agriculture and Protection Force in patrolling, communications, Food Regulatory Authority. Outcomes: Re- surveillance, and enforcement; providing equip- duced killing and trade of tiger parts and de- ment for quick mobility, including all-terrain ve- rivatives. hicles; providing field gear and equipment. Out- comes: Improved protection of tiger habitats; increased participation of local communities in B-3: China – Securing populations of antipoaching activities. wild tigers and their prey; pending; 5years Objectives: Establish regular habitat patroling B-6: Indonesia – Scaling up specialized in tiger range areas for antipoaching. Activities: law enforcement; US$5.4 million; 5 years 1) Improvement of equipments and facilities; 2) Objectives: To implement a strengthened patrol- Development of guidelines and manuals; 3) Es- ling and law enforcement system supported by tablishment of coordination mechanisms be- skilled people, adequate finance, infrastructure, tween different authorities and local communi- a robust management system ,and linked to a ties; 4) Training course and technical workshops strong domestic and international network of for staff. Outcomes: 1) Increased number of wild supporters. Activities: Adding and operating 30 tigers and prey resources; 2) Decreased poach- well equipped Species Protection Units, creat- ing cases. ing well-trained elite investigation groups (100 staff), enhancing patrolling capacity by imple- B-4: Cambodia – Law enforcement and menting MIST and spatially-explicit monitoring habitat management; US$4.5 million; framework in priority landscapes, 3 maximizing 5 years the effectiveness of Ministry of Forestry—Spe- Objectives: Increase capacity and effectiveness cialized Rapid response Unit (SPORC) in wild- of law enforcement agencies in wildlife and life crime issues. Outcomes: Tiger conservation habitat conservation. Activities: Recruit and units (mitigation, protection, law enforcement) train law enforcement officers in wildlife con- are actively working in priority tiger landscapes, servation, conservation ethics, legal statutes, tiger poaching and trade reduced by 90% from law enforcement, and investigation and MIST, the baseline value. 46 Expenditure Portfolio Details B-7: Lao PDR – Adopting enforcement throughout the expanded PAs with enforcement and monitoring standards; increased staff assignment; increase of tiger and tiger prey populations to be doubled from cur- US$1.0 million; 5 years rent levels in TCLs; more support from local and Objectives: Implement standard monitoring others government line agencies in saving wild methods in protected areas across TCLs to mon- tigers and their habitats. itor tigers and prey (e.g. camera trapping, occu- pancy survey) and law enforcement (e.g. MIST). Activities: Technical training for staff, installation B-10: Nepal – Adopting enforcement of MIST. Outcomes: Standard monitoring sys- and monitoring system; US$0.4 million; tem is in place across projects. 4 years Objectives: Institutionalize and implement effec- B-8: Malaysia – Strengthening law tive tiger protection and monitoring systems. Ac- enforcement; US$6.0 million; 5 years tivities: Implement and upgrade MIST comple- Objectives: Provide effective and long-term pro- mented by intelligence networks, illegal wildlife tection for tigers and their prey. Activities: Staff- trade database, periodic population monitoring ing, training, resourcing enforcement teams, fo- using camera-trapping and occupancy surveys cused and intelligence-driven anti-poaching pa- at three-year intervals, anti-poaching mecha- trol strategies in the Central Forest Spine, espe- nisms in protected areas, community-based cially in Taman Negara, Belum-Temenggor Com- protection units and intelligence networks, nec- plex at the Malaysian-Thailand borders, and in essary human resources and infrastructure for the Endau-Rompin Complex at Pahang-Johor effective protection. Outcomes: A stable meta- state border, stricter enforcement of the new population of at least 250 adult tigers in the TAL, wildlife legislation, additional funds to support with transboundary ecological links. increased patrolling, multi-agency enforcement task force, capacity building for tiger conserva- B-11: Russia – Preventing human-tiger tion through the Institute of Biodiversity (IBD, conflict; US$16.0 million; 2 to 10 years DWNP). Outcomes: Improved legislative and Objectives: Prevent and timely settle human-ti- regulatory protection, efficient anti-poaching pa- ger conflicts. Activities: Safety rules on how to trols, better enforcement, increase apprehension behave in the case of a tiger encounter, outreach and prosecution of illegal wildlife traders and to local people and hunters, effective ways to re- poachers, comprehensive training programs de- pel tigers, radio collaring, resources for the Tiger veloped through IBD, DWNP. Special Inspection Program, Amur Tiger Recov- ery Centre for orphaned tiger cubs, veterinary B-9: Myanmar – Controlling prey and services. Outcomes: Two Recovery Centers are established for rehabilitation of orphaned tiger tiger poaching; US$2.5 million; 5 years cubs. Tiger Special Inspection equipped with Objectives: To control prey and tiger poaching adequate resources and prevents conflict situa- effectively. Activities: Strengthening patrol ac- tions. Local people and hunters trained how to tivities and law enforcement by Tiger Protection behave in the case of a tiger encounter. Unit in TCLs; monitoring the tiger and its prey base; raising public awareness regarding the conservation of tigers and elimination of tiger B-12: Thailand – Strengthening direct trade by cooperation and coordination of respec- conservation action and enforcement; tive agencies; protecting tiger core habitat area US$29.3 million; 5 years by declaring the strict rules and regulations; in- Objectives: Promote conservation efforts at the crease effective patrolling and integrate with ap- scale of entire populations (e.g., forest com- propriate database (e.g; MIST) for effective man- plex and associated corridors). Activities: MIST- agement. Outcomes: A true reduction of tiger-re- based Smart patrol system in Tenasserim—WE- lated crimes indicated by a gradual decrease of FCOM, staffing, training, and resourcing compe- professional hunting and arrests; improving law tent park ranger teams, wildlife crime units, and 47 Global Tiger Recovery Program informant network around Tenasserim—WEF- to deal with the national park and wildlife pro- COM, attorneys and judges to ensure substan- tection issues, develop an Integrated Financ- tial punishment for wildlife crime against tigers ing Plan/Strategy by the end of 2011. Activi- and other large ungulates, overhaul the park ties: Synchronize mandates of existing units, ranger system to a higher living and working strengthen DoFPS partnerships, explore cre- standard, landscape-scale ecological and devel- ation of an autonomous unit for protection ser- opment models for tiger conservation and en- vices, recruit, train, and provide logistical sup- gage stakeholders in development sectors (i.e., port to DoFPS field staff; develop financing roads, oil and gas, mining, power). Outcomes: strategy/plan with the full range of activities for The real landscape protection costs, actions, the tiger recovery program. Outcomes: DoF- and activities to stop the bleeding and to recov- PS capable of developing and effectively ex- er wild tigers are understood and adopted at the ecuting wildlife/biodiversity conservation pro- policy level. grams and projects, sustainable financing for tiger recovery plan. B-13: Vietnam – Adopting enforcement and monitoring system; US$3.5 million; C-3: China – Strengthening institutional 5 years capacity; pending; 5 years [subject to Objectives: Activate a national monitoring sys- change] tem for law enforcement effectiveness for entire Objectives: Improve monitoring system and ca- protected area system. Activities: Officially adopt pacity for wild tiger populations and their habi- MIST (or a similar system), train all protected ar- tats; enhance capacity building for law-enforce- ea managers and staff to implement MIST with ment agencyies in key areas. Activities: Insti- a monthly review cycle, develop a quarterly and tutional analysis followed by restructuring of annual reporting mechanism for the entire pro- the responsibilities and arrangement among tected area system. Outcomes: MIST (or a simi- existing monitoring agencies, new conserva- lar system) piloted and running, PAs managers tion monitoring agency; staffing, training, and are trained to implement MIST professionally. resourcing the monitoring teams; a series of seminars and mutual visits among the TRCs to understand concerns, best practices, including C. INSTITUTIONAL enforcement. Outcomes: Well-functioning con- STRENGTHENING & CAPACITY servation monitoring system with clearly de- BUILDING fined responsibilities; timely understanding of tiger population and habitat dynamics, effective C-1: Bangladesh – Building institutional anti-poaching activities; multi model interna- capacity; US$8.0 million; 2 years tional exchange and cooperation on wild tiger Objectives: Develop capacity in the Forest De- conservation. partment for effective wildlife and habitat conser- vation in the Sundarbans. Activities: Transition C-4: India – Building institutional from production forestry to conservation, bud- capacity; US$21.3 million; 5 years get allocation for Sundarbans based on the eco- Objectives: Undertake analytical research, spe- logical services, inter-sectoral collaboration, FD cial studies, developing knowledge base for pol- organizational and cultural change, training and icy development and stregthen the National Ti- capacity building of staff. Outcomes: Improved ger Conservation Authority (NTCA). Activities: conservation of the Sundarbans and its wildlife Launching study on the economic evaluation of measured in terms of tiger, prey, and habitat. key tiger reserves; specialised study on habitat / corridor restoration and socioeconomic map- C-2: Bhutan – Building institutional ping of tiger landscapes; establish regional of- capacity; US$0.8 million; 5 years fices of the NTCA. Outcomes: Improved policy Objectives: Enhance institutional capacity of dialogue in spatial planning for developmental the Department of Forest and Park Services projects, better institutional coordination. 48 Expenditure Portfolio Details C-5: India – Building institutional tivities: Staffing, training, and resourcing the ca- capacity; US$10.5 million; 5 years pacity of DoFI, customs staff, border staff, eco- Objectives: Ensure provisions for exchange of nomic police and CITES MA and SA, establish good practice and strengthening knowledge insti- Lao WEN, lines of communication among con- tutions. Activities: New course on integrated de- servation and developmental ministries (road, velopment and conservation at tiger landscape mine, hydro), a Prime Minister’s Commission level; exchange programs with leading parks / on Endangered Species and under the PM Com- countries for park managers; strengthening of mission (housed in the PM Environment Com- training facilitites in States. Outcomes: Improved mittee) and under MAF create a Tiger Taskforce. spatial planning process around tiger reserves; in- Outcomes: Lao WEN; PM Commission on Endan- creased exchange of knowledge and best practic- gered Species, and Tiger Taskforce. es; improved infrastructure for training and higher number of trained frontline staff at the park level. C-8: Malaysia – Strengthening conservation mechanism and capacity; C-6: Indonesia – Building institutional US$4.0 million; 5 years capacity; US$0.4 million; 5 years Objectives: Strengthen the national tiger conser- Objectives: To improve patrolling and law en- vation mechanism and the capacity of Institute forcement system by the establishment of infra- of Biodiversity for training, research, and aware- structure and a robust management system that ness. Activities: Assisting in the monitoring and link to a strong domestic and international net- implementation of the NTRP, developing curric- work of supporters; to establish secured funds to ulum, modules, and training programme. Out- support the long-term protection of tiger popula- comes: Monitoring and coordination at the na- tion at priority TCLs. Activities: Establishing a na- tional level improved; information, knowledge, tional tiger advisory board, setting up a tiger con- and skills strengthened. servation fund under the existing legal frame work (Environmental Law No. 32 of 2009) and through C-9: Myanmar – Improving management mutual partnership among key stakeholders, al- capacity; US$3.2 million; 5 years locating and earmarking sufficient funds from the Objectives: Improve capacity of management forestry budget for law enforcement including and law enforcement agencies to achieve con- regular forest patrols and rapid reaction units for servation, strengthen support for tiger conserva- conflict response, implementing watershed man- tion across all Myanmar line agencies. Activities: agement, certification, carbon trading, and tax Recruit and train more FD staff in wildlife con- schemes to conserve tiger and prey habitats in servation, law enforcement and monitoring tech- priority landscapes, exploring new and additional niques, provide necessary field equipment and funds from donors and private through pledges funding for operations and maintenance, expand and/or project proposals. Outcomes: A blueprint management infrastructure, increase effective for a national adaptive management scheme is patrolling and integrate with appropriate data- established and implemented by the manage- base (e. g MIST) for effective management, na- ment authorities and their relevant partners in tional level inter-ministerial dialog, improved na- priority tiger landscapes, the Sumatran tiger advi- tional policies. Outcomes: Measurable decline in sory board is established and in working order in wildlife-related crimes, especially those associat- supervising the implementation of the adaptive ed with tigers, fully informed government, poli- management scheme, sustainable funding for ti- cies related to tiger conservation strengthened. ger conservation is established. C-10: Nepal – Enhancing management C-7: Lao PDR – Strengthening and conservation polices; US$5.6 million; institutions and cooperation; 5 years US$0.5 million; 5 years Objectives: Create an enabling policy environ- Objectives: Strengthen institutions and coopera- ment for landscape-scale conservation; strength- tion to protect tigers, tiger prey, and habitat. Ac- en national capacity for tiger conservation; de- 49 Global Tiger Recovery Program velop a sustainable financing mechanism. Ac- a decree on appropriate management and pro- tivities: Amend laws, regulations and guidelines, tection of endangered wildlife including tigers gazette the TAL as a priority conservation land- in partnership with all relevant ministries and scape, National Tiger Conservation Committee partners; a range of policies to enable the im- (NTCC), WCCB, and SAWEN, economic valuation plementation of appropriate sustainable financ- of ecological services, transboundary coopera- ing mechanisms; develop and carry out train- tion mechanisms with India and China; staffing, ing modules for enforcement and management training, and resourcing field and centre opera- staff, support front-line staff with equipment, in- tions for research, smart patrolling, intelligence, frastructure, training, incentives, and insurance; judiciary procedures, infrastructure related to MoUs between relevant government ministries park and forest management and patrolling, a and agencies, partnerships with civil society high-level wildlife trade monitoring and enforce- groups and private sector; MoUs with interna- ment authority at the Centre; carbon-related tional organizations, and bilateral, multilateral funds for tiger conservation, payments for water cooperation on tiger and other wildlife conser- and other hydrological services. Outcomes: Con- vation and protection. Outcomes: Consolidated ducive policies and political support for tiger con- policy framework on endangered species man- servation; national capacity enhanced to counter agement and conservation, improved enforce- poaching and trade in wildlife and parts/deriva- ment and managment capacities, and strength- tives, Tiger Conservation Fund established. ened cooperation among relevant government authorities and partnerships with civil society C-11: Thailand – Building capacity based groups and private sector, and international in- on successful models; US$1.5 million; stitutions/organizations on wildlife conservation. 5 years Objectives: Establish a Regional Tiger Conser- C-13: Global Support Program – vation and Research Center at Huai Kha Khaeng Capacity Building and Knowledge Wildlife Sanctuary. Activities: Staff and adminis- Sharing; US$7.5 million; 2 years trative structure to run the center, sufficient facil- Objectives: Complement national capacity-build- ities and equipment, enforcement and research ing efforts and build strong cadre of knowledge- to serve both Thailand and the region, technical able and skilled field staff who are motivated by and enforcement-related curricula that will pre- an institutional and community framework to do pare participants to meet protected area man- a good job. Activities: professionalize core wild- agement standards. Outcomes: The skills shared life, habitat, and protected area management in the region by using the facility in WEFCOM. positions;  engage high-level policy and deci- sion-makers in enhancing institutional capacity; C-12: Vietnam – Enhancing policies and provide ongoing opportunities for learning, and strengthening institutional capacity; knowledge sharing, collaboration, and support among stakeholders. Outcomes: Centers of Ex- US$5.3 million; 5 years cellence, Training of Trainers Programs, an Exec- Objectives: Promulgate a new decree on endan- utive Leadership Forum, Leadership Training for gered species management; develop a policy Wildlife and Protected Area Managers, Institu- framework for implementing sustainable financ- tional Capacity Assessments and Consultations, ing mechanisms for wildlife conservation; build and a Community of Practice. strong partnerships among government and other stakeholders (including civil society and the private sector); establish mechanisms for C-14: Key Study – Valuation of TCL effective information sharing amongst relevant Ecosystems; US$0.6 million; 2 years government agencies. Activities: Review of the Objectives: Quantify the economic value of mul- current management and policy framework on tiple ecological services of TCLs to facilitate will- endangered species conservation, re-evaluate ingness of governments and communities to in- all species according to IUCN Red List criteria, vest in protection of valuable ecosystems from 50 Expenditure Portfolio Details further degradation. Activities: Assessments of on tigers and tiger habitat. Activities: Alternative the flow of fresh water, protection from natural energy, better pasture and herd management, hazards, sustaining production of hydropower, community-based eco/nature tourism, micro- supporting agriculture and fisheries, sequestra- credit scheme and micro-enterprise projects, tion of carbon, biodiversity-based ecotourism. revenue-sharing from hydro-schemes, commu- Outcomes: Studies in in Bangladesh, Bhutan, In- nity-based livestock insurance programs, hu- dia, Nepal, Thailand, and Vietnam. man-wildlife coexistence education and aware- ness. Outcomes: Greater awareness of conser- C-15: Key Study – Sustainable Finance vation needs, community stewardship, less hab- Workouts; US$1.0 million; 2 years itat degradation, better livestock management, Objectives: Develop national-level strategies for reduced human-tiger conflict and greater toler- sustainable financing of tiger conservation ac- ance of depredations. tivities and propose an action plan for mobiliz- ing sustainable financing. Activities: Designa- D-3: Cambodia – Law enforcement and tion of a multi-stakeholder group; organization habitat management; US$4.5 million; of workshop(s); initiation of feasibility study; en- 5 years dorsement of sustainable financing strategy; and Objectives: Integrating habitat management into development of a communications strategy to landscape plans. Activities: Conduct an assess- mobilize funding. Outcomes: Pilot programs to ment of suitable tiger habitats in the potential test the most promising sustainable financing ap- source site(s) and, if needed, create artificial mi- proaches: Reduced Emissions from Deforestation cro-habitat for tiger and its prey species; integrate and Degradation (REDD), payments for ecosys- legal designations of tiger source sites through tem services (PES), and biodiversity offsets. consultation with relevant stakeholders, capac- ity building, and coordination, awareness-raising program for the tiger source site. Outcomes: Sci- D. TIGER HUMAN CONFLICT & ence-based tiger conservation objectives are fully COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT considered and integrated with conservation plan- ning working group and other relevant agencies. D-1: Bangladesh – Engaging local communities; US$12.8 million; 5 years D-4: China – Coodination of wild tiger Objectives: Reduce community dependency on conservation with local society and forest resources, tiger and prey poaching, and ti- ger-human conflict and to involve local commu- economic development; pending; 5 years Objectives: Increasing understanding and sup- nities in forest management. Activities: Alterna- port from local communities. Activities: Com- tive income-generation projects (ecotourism, api- pensate injury to humans and property losses culture, pond fish culture, poultry rearing, alter- from tigers and their prey, adopt proactive mea- native energy), forest co-management councils, sures to prevent injury and losses, and explore benefit sharing programs, tiger response teams, and demonstrate tiger-friendly economic devel- compensation funds, insurance support. Out- opment models for local better livelihoods. Out- comes: Improved habitat condition, socio-eco- comes: Human disturbance to wild tiger habitats nomic development and empowerment of local declines; local people tend to provide informa- communities, positive attitude towards wildlife, tion and other help to protection agencies for better protection of tiger and prey species. wild tiger conservation. D-2: Bhutan – Integrating tiger D-5: Indonesia – Enhancing human– conservation and rural livelihoods; tiger conflict mitigation; US$2.2 million; US$0.9 million; 5 to 8 years 5 years Objectives: Provide alternative forest resource Objectives: To improve the capacity of the Min- use practices to reduce anthropogenic pressure istry of Forestry of Indonesia in reducing casu- 51 Global Tiger Recovery Program alties of both tigers and humans in conflict hot- D-8: Thailand – Empowering local spots at priority landscapes. Activities: Estab- communities; US$2.3 million; 5 years lishing three Rescue Teams for capturing, pre- Objectives: Support local communities in de- conditioning, and relocating problem tigers, veloping sustainable economies that reduce and improving local veterinarian capacity in dependence on forest resources. Activities: the field, establishing Conflict Mitigation Coor- Link communities with agricultural science in- dinating Team at provincial level and Response stitutes and agencies to promote agro-forestry Unit at district level to assist and facilitate hu- in buffer-zone areas around priority landscapes man-tiger conflict resolution, especially in areas to reduce non-timber forest products (NTFPs) with high human-tiger conflict, developing and collection inside PAs, wildlife-based ecotour- implementing a comprehensive strategy for hu- ism with a concrete benefit sharing with com- man-tiger conflict mitigation that includes prac- munities in appropriate areas in and around tical guidelines for animal handling, transpor- PAs. Outcomes: Better livelihood and reduced tation, translocation, release, and euthanasia. poverty. Outcomes: Tiger, human, and livestock deaths due to conflict reduced by 80% from baseline values. E. CONTROLLING ILLEGAL TRADE & REDUCING DEMAND D-6: Nepal – Building local community stewardship for conservation; E-1: Bangladesh – Controlling US$2.9 million; 5 years Illegal Trade & Reducing Demand; Objectives: Develop local stewardship and sup- US$1.4 million; 3 years port for tiger conservation. Activities: Effective, Objectives: Strengthening wildlife circle and proactive human-tiger conflict mitigation pro- enhancing wildlife crime controlling activities gram, rapid-response teams, public awareness throughout the country, introduction of smart programs, integrated/alternative livelihood pro- patrolling in the Sundarbans. Activities: Em- grams, alternative energy uses, payments for ployment of additional staffs for strengthening conservation of ecological/environmental ser- wildlife circle, monitoring and control of wildlife vices, and conservation offsets to local commu- trades at airport, seaport and border area, imple- nities. Outcomes: Community stewardship and mentation of spotted deer farming policy to re- support for tiger conservation in the TAL. duce public demand for bush meat from spotted deer,which is a major prey animal of tiger. Out- D-7: Russia – Building public awareness comes: Number of prey animals (spotted deer) and education; US$2.0 million; 2 to will be increased and at the same time number of tiger will be increased, at the same time wild- 10 years life offences will be decreased. Objectives: Raising public awareness of the Amur tiger as a species of unique national and global value. Activities: Targeted PR campaigns to create a positive image of the tiger as a sym- E-2: China – Strengthening law bol of the region’s wildlife, preserved spiritual enforcement; pending; 5 years [subject to culture, traditional knowledge, rituals and cus- change] toms of indigenous peoples aimed at conserving Objectives: Promotion of capacity building and respecting the Amur tiger, sustainable na- among wildlife law enforcement agencies, de- ture resource management practices, negative velopment of awareness and education on tiger public opinion about poaching. Outcomes: Local conservation. Activities: Provide practical train- people are aware of significance of the tiger as ing to the frontline wildlife enforcement offi- a symbol of the Far Eastern region and provide cers, and promote coordination and cooperation support for its conservation. among wildlife enforcement agencies at various 52 Expenditure Portfolio Details levels; message to the public on damage to wild E-5: Myanmar – Controlling illegal trade tiger brought by smuggling and illegal trade of and reducing demand; US$1.0 million; their products, target-oriented propaganda and education in key ports, bordering areas, mar- 5 years Objectives: To strengthen law enforcement ac- kets, and collection and distribution centers, re- tivities with national and regional cooperation. porting phone hotline, wide dissemination of Activities: Message to the public on damage to typical illegal trade cases to facilitate public fur- wild tigers brought by smuggling and illegal ther understand the legal consequences of ille- operations of their products; enforcement staff gal activities. Outcomes: Public’s awareness will training, information network, and routine pa- be significantly raised, more cooperative in re- trol; increase awareness among stakeholders porting the illegal activities. and law enforcement agencies to fight against wildlife trafficking. Outcomes: Integrate tiger E-3: Indonesia – Addressing wildlife conservation as a priority task in the develop- trade; US$0.5 million; 5 years ment agenda of government agencies; increase Objectives: To reduce international demands of tiger and prey densities in and around tiger for tigers, their body parts, and derivatives. Ac- habitats; cooperative management agreements tivities: Upgrading the legal basis for arresting between TCL authorities and local villagers in suspected poachers and higher penalties for place and functioning; better public understand- prosecuted poachers and wildlife traders, es- ing about negative impacts of wildlife trade and tablishing a high-level inter-agency command reducing demand of tigers. unit (Police, Customs, Justice, Interpol, UNODC, and WCO) to interdict and prosecute major il- E-6: Nepal – Controlling illegal trade and legal wildlife traders who operate across state and national boundaries, developing and im- trafficking; US$1.7 million; 5 years Objectives: Reduce illegal wildlife trade and traf- plementing a comprehensive strategy for wild- ficking which is very severe issue to Nepal. Ac- life law enforcement, reconfirming countries tivities: Capacity building of protected area per- involved in international trade of tiger and its sonnel and police, develop information-sharing parts and derivatives, obtaining commitment to mechanism, develop reward and punishment stop the international trade of tiger and its parts mechanism in illegal trade and trafficking. Out- and derivatives from all countries involved. comes: The illegal trade and trafficking will be Outcomes: Tiger conservation units (mitigation, reduced by 80%, working capacity will be en- protection, law enforcement) are actively work- hanced and eventually tiger conservation will be ing on priority tiger landscapes, tiger poaching supported. and trade reduced by 90% from the baseline val- ue, international demand for tigers, their body parts and/or derivatives is reduced by 90% from the baseline value. E-7: Thailand – Facilitating international cooperation; US$4.8 million; 5 years E-4: Lao PDR – Controlling illegal trade Objectives: Facilitate international cooperation in tiger conservation efforts, support national and reducing demand; US$1.2 million; and international efforts to manage captive ti- 5 years gers responsibly. Activities: Strengthen enforce- Objectives: Strengthen law enforcement to re- ment capacity of Thailand’s CITES programs, duce wildlife crime. Activities: Enforcement staff ASEAN-WEN, bilateral cooperation with Cam- training, informant network, routine/responsive bodia, Laos, Malaysia, and Myanmar for trans- patrol, public awareness. Outcomes: Wildlife boundary enforcement, monitoring, and re- crime control units established and operating, search; control programs for captive breeding of better public understanding about negative im- tigers, database of individual tracking records, pacts of wildlife trade. enforce illegal activities on captive tigers, public 53 Global Tiger Recovery Program campaigns on the difference between wild and campaigns; delist instructions on use of endan- captive tiger conservation, strengthen manage- gered species; establish national individual cap- ment information system (MIS) for wildlife con- tive tiger registration system and professional servation. Outcomes: Stronger international net- monitoring programme; training of multi-agen- work to fight wildlife crime, public understands cy team in animal identification techniques, all the difference between wild tiger conservation captive tigers are individually identified using and illegal captive tiger business that harms ti- stripe pattern, DNA and microchips, national da- ger conversation. tabase on captive tiger identification, monitoring protocols of captive tiger facilities; national con- E-8: Vietnam – Control illegal trade servation breeding plan for Indochinese tiger. and regulate tiger conservation breeding Outcomes: Directive on wildlife crime prioriti- zation issued, investigations launched, compre- facilities; US$10.9 million; 5 years hensive training courses carried out; innovative Objectives: Prevention, detection, and suppres- communication campaigns launched, number of sion of organized tiger and wildlife crime are population using tiger products and tiger prey significantly strengthened; demand for tiger reduced; standard registration systems for tiger and other wildlife products is significantly re- is applied, breeding management plan for Indo- duced and support for wild tiger conservation chinese tiger endorsed. is significantly increased; captive tiger facilities are developing towards ex situ conservation to support conservation of wild tigers. Activities: E-9: Global Support Program –  prosecute criminals organizing the illegal trade Combating Wildlife Crime; in tigers and tiger prey: government issue Direc- US$4.0 million; 2 years tive on dismantling organised tiger crimes as a Objectives: Launch a consortium of four interna- matter of national urgency, strengthen sharing tional agencies charged with wildlife law enforce- information and cooperation on prevention and ment—CITES Secretariat, INTERPOL, United Na- investigation of transboundary and international tions Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), and illegal tiger and willdlife trade, support front-line the World Customs Organization (WCO)—plus the staff with equipment, infrastructure, training, in- World Bank to offer support to sovereign empow- centives, and insurance; reduce retail sales of ti- ered national agencies. Activities:  Law Enforce- ger and prey products,: sustained enforcement ment Assessment Workshops and Strategy De- campaign against retailers illegally selling tiger velopment; Transboundary Interdiction Support; and prey products; strengthen information shar- Legislative Assessments; and  Capacity Building ing and intelligence analysis; professional in- support. Outcomes: up to 20 interdiction opera- telligence analysis system; enhance capacity to tions at known hotspots for tiger trade and traf- investigate and prosecute wildlife crimes; wild- ficking; recommendations to make wildlife crime life crime training module developed, delivered, a priority through the entire chain of the criminal and also integrated into existing curricula, in- justice system; implementation activities. ternational cooperation on training, improving capacity of relevant authorities on combating E-10: Key Study – Demand Elimination; illegal tiger and wildlife trade; review and ana- US$0.5 million; 2 years lyze current system and propose new issuance Objectives: Launch a large-scale, coordinated, and amendments on wildlife protection laws to and targeted campaign to change the behavior identify gaps and propose issuance and amend- of current consumers of tiger derivatives. Activi- ment to law documents in support of effective ties: Expert workshops to gather currently avail- enforcement efforts and apply higher punish- able knowledge and plan the campaign. Out- ments under regulations of current laws to vio- comes: Insights about consumers’ attitudes and lators; identify economic, social, cultural factors motivations, the design of a future global pro- that cause increasing declines in wildlife and ti- gram and support for national awareness pro- gers; launch awareness and communications grams. 54 Expenditure Portfolio Details F. SCIENTIFIC MONITORING, evaluation of the overall effectiveness of tiger SURVEYS, RESEARCH conservation interventions. Activities: Conduct- ing a time-series biological monitoring survey on the status of tiger and key prey at the source F-1: Bangladesh – Scientific monitoring, sites, developing standardized survey method- surveys, research; US$2.0 million; 5 years ological design and protocols for surveys of ti- Objectives: Regular biodiversity status survey, ger and prey species populations and distribu- population census, behavioral and ecological tion, conducting a workshop and establishing study based on latest scientific methodology. an online and real-time national database that Activities: Tiger and prey animal census at two- monitors the status and distribution of the tiger or three-year internvals, survey and monitoring and its prey, conducting programmatic trainings by the use of appropriate techniques in Sundar- on tiger conservation and monitoring methods, bans. Outcomes: Number of prey animals (spot- comparative studies, and on-the-job training ted deer) will be increased and at the same time for MoF technical units and NGOs, conducting number of tigers will be increased in Sundarbans, programmatic trainings on human-tiger conflict improved capacity and efficiency of field staff. mitigation techniques and tiger conservation in general for UPT PHKA, local government offi- F-2: Bhutan – Habitat and species cers, general public, and other relevant institu- conservation; US$0.6 million; 5 to 8 years tions, producing an atlas of Sumatran tigers and Objectives: Establish a nationwide monitoring large mammals that will be regularly updated program for tigers and prey. Activities: Conduct every three years, investigating new technolo- nationwide tiger and prey survey to establish gies to monitor priority tiger landscapes, carry- national baseline based on camera trapping and ing out a feasibility study on establishment and occupancy or distance surveys, establish routine operation of Rescue and Recovery Center in Su- monitoring protocols for tigers, preys, and hab- matra for problem tigers. Outcomes: A robust, itats (MIST). Outcomes: National baseline and time-series dataset of trends in tiger and prey database to assess the status of Bhutan’s tiger populations is available, well trained stakehold- population. ers are actively involved in tiger conservation. F-3: Cambodia – Monitoring of tigers F-5: Lao PDR – Confirming tiger and prey; US$2.5 million; 5 years presence; US$1.2 million; 5 years Objectives: Implement consistent tiger and prey Objectives: Conduct scientific surveys in all TCLs monitoring protocols in potential source sites. by 2020 and if tigers are confirmed then create Activities: Establish and train tiger research and inviolate core areas to secure stabilization of monitoring teams, establish a baseline for ti- both tiger and prey. Activities: Training nation- ger and key prey species within the tiger source al staff, equipment recruitment, and conducting sites, establish, adopt and implement tiger and scientific surveys for tigers and prey in all key prey monitoring protocols in the tiger source national protected areas. Outcomes: Published sites. Outcomes: Standardized indicators of prey baseline data on tigers and prey. and tiger recovery provided on regular basis and fully integrated into management planning and F-6: Malaysia – Adopting monitoring resource allocation. system; US$2.0 million; 5 years Objectives: Ensure better estimation and moni- F-4: Indonesia – Creating robust toring of tigr population. Activities: Establish- monitoring system; US$1.8 million; ment of monitoring teams, hiring of additional 5 years staff, training, purchase of equipments such as Objectives: To provide long-term biological mon- camera traps, GPS. Outcomes: Core Tiger Habi- itoring data on populations of tigers and their tat database established to assess the status of prey that can, in turn, provide a science-based Malaysia’s source tigers. 55 Global Tiger Recovery Program F-7: Myanmar – Adopting monitoring success of tiger conservation activities can be system; US$2.3 million; 5 years strongly linked to the target which is tigers and Objectives: Implement standardized monitoring their prey. protocols in source landscapes. Activities: Re- cruit and train more FD staff in monitoring pro- F-11: Vietnam – Scientific Monitoring, tocols, establish a baseline for tiger and tiger surveys, research; US$3.5 million; 5 years prey species, review existing biological moni- Objectives: Consistent tiger and prey monitor- toring protocols and standardize for future use, ing systems, comprehensive scientific surveys implement MIST across both tiger landscapes. nationwide on wild tiger population, attitude Outcomes: Monitoring protocols standardized surveys on consumption of tigers and its prey. and providing regular indication of population Activities: Implement a professional systems to change, monitoring protocols fully integrated in- monitor tigers and tiger prey, carry out scien- to planning and resource allocation. tific surveys nationwide on wildlife tiger pop- ulation and its current distribution, carry out F-8: Nepal – Adopting systematic public attitude surveys on tiger and other wild- monitoring system; US$1.7 million; 5 years life consumption. Outcomes: Professional sys- Objectives: Develop systematic tiger and pray tems to monitor tiger and its prey put in place monitoring systems, research methods, and and running, comprehensive research on cur- dissemination of research results. Activities: rent wild tiger population and distribution im- Encourage younger generation in wildlife re- plemented nationwide and one public attitude search focusing on the tiger, develop research survey on tiger and other wildlife consumption methods, involve local communities and make carried out. them capable of self-monitoring and evaluation of their own efforts. Outcomes: Robust research F-12: Global Support Program – and monitoring methods will be developed, self Scientific Monitoring; US$1.0 million; realization of local communities will be reduced 2 years human and tiger conflicts. Objectives: Develop the appropriate monitor- ing framework for the TCLs, assess what fur- F-9: Russia – Amur tiger monitoring and ther capacity building and technology will be research; US$6.0 million; 2 to 10 years required, and, subsequently, assist in meeting Objectives: Improve methodological frame- those needs. Activities: A series of workshops as works for Amur tiger monitoring. Activities: Ac- requested by TRCs divided into TCLs or clusters tivities, included in the research program, are of TCLs with similar characteristics. Outcomes: specified in the Strategy of Amur Tiger Conser- Monitoring framework for the TCLs, assess- vation in the Russian Federation as approved by ments of required capacity building and technol- Ordinance of the MNR # 25-p of July 2010. Out- ogy needs. comes: Modern scientific data provide basis for determination of actual conservation actions. G. TRANSBOUNDARY F-10: Thailand – Monitoring, research, MANAGEMENT and information management; US$5.0 million; 5 years G-1: Bangladesh – Transboundary Objectives: Monitor tiger and prey populations management; US$1.0 million; 5 years in Tenasserim-WEFCOM. Activities: High stan- Objectives: To ensure uninterrupted migration of dard annual population monitoring systems, wildlife in the transboundary landscape and to landscape-scale occupancy monitoring for ti- share better conservation knowledge and tech- gers and their prey, a nationwide survey and niques. Activities: Develop agreement, protocols reporting system on tiger and prey situation or regional project involving India, Nepal, Bhutan based on scientific methods. Outcomes: The and Bangladesh for protection of wildlife resourc- 56 Expenditure Portfolio Details es. Regular patrolling for control of poaching and servation, in anti-smuggling and anti-illegal illegal trade of wildlife. Outcomes: Poaching in- trade operations involving tiger projects; and cidence and iffegal trade through transboundary analyze issues facing global wild tiger conser- landscape will be reduced. Number of tiger and vation and explore the directions in which joint prey animals will be increased. efforts must move; promote the establishment of information exchange between and cooper- G-2: Bhutan – Habitat and species ation amongst grass-roots conservation agen- conservation; US$0.5 million; 5 to 8 years cies in tiger distribution areas in border zones; Objectives: Strengthen transboundary collabo- promote the exchange of information and co- ration with neighboring countries to maintain operation among grass-roots law enforcement ecological linkages of tiger landscapes and to agencies in border areas and ports; strength- curb the illegal trade of tiger parts and deriva- en communication and information exchange tives. Activities: Monitor cross-border move- with concerned international organizations in- ment of animals, set up cross-border adminis- cluding WCO, CITES, INTERPOL, etc., to help trative coordination mechanisms for joint patrol- and guide actual law enforcement actions, ling, intelligence sharing, and policing of wild- and to improve capacity of local law enforce- life trade. Outcomes: Meta-population links be- ment units by introduction of advanced tech- tween tigers in India and Bhutan, reduced killing, nologies and experience through the channels. trafficking, and trade in tigers and parts. Outcomes: Multi-level, multi-format system for international information exchange and coop- eration on wild tiger conservation, deeper mu- G-3: Cambodia – Transboundary tual understanding and stronger mutual sup- collaboration; US$1.0 million; 5 years port with TRCs. Objectives: Strengthen transboundary collab- oration with the governments of neighboring countries to reduce wildlife poaching and cross- G-5: Lao PDR – Transboundary border illegal activities. Activities: Set up collab- collaboration; US$1.0 million; 5 years oration and cooperation mechanism to combat Objectives: Strengthening international coop- illegal transboundary activities driven by inter- eration to reduce cross-border illegal wildlife national demand for wildlife products, establish trade. Activities: Enforcement staff training, in- and train law enforcement team, conduct annual ternational workshops, checkpoint operation, coordination meetings for exchange of experi- joint-patrolling for wildlife trade. Outcomes: ences on law enforcement patrol activities. Out- Transboundary wildlife control units estab- comes: Increased number of anti-poaching pa- lished, strict law enforcement on cross-border trols along the border, increased communication wildlife trade. between the key agencies in Cambodian and neighboring countries as well as CITES, INTER- G-6: Myanmar – Improving POL, and NGOs, concerning the wildlife trade, transboundary cooperation; routes and intelligence. US$0.5 million; 4 years Objectives: Strengthen transboundary collabo- G-4: China – Transboundary ration with the Governments of India, China,and collaboration; pending; To be Thailand. Activities: Increase dialogue with bor- specified years [subject to change] dering countries concerning tiger and other Objectives: Extension of international coop- wildlife crimes, assess opportunities to conduct eration and communication on global tiger annual meetings to promote cooperation in law conservation. Activities: Strengthen commu- enforcement in key border areas. Outcomes: nications between TRCs through international Transboundary agreements between Myanmar, seminars and mutual visits; to understand the India, Thailand, and China, increased coopera- concerns of different parties, exchange and tion at key border areas for the enforcement of share technology and experiences in tiger con- wildlife crime. 57 Global Tiger Recovery Program G-7: Nepal – Improving transboundary patrolling) with neighboring countries concern- management and cooperation; ing illegal wildlife trade (including cross-border US$0.5 million; 5 years poaching and smuggling of tigers) and trans- Objectives: Enhance and strengthen trans- boundary protected areas management. Out- boundary collaboration with India and China. comes: Transboundary tiger habitats well pro- Activities: Increase dialogue, information shar- tected and international cooperation on tiger ing on wildlife crimes, collective conservation conservation and enforcement between Thai- efforts, annual meeting and capacity building. land and neighboring countries strengthened. Outcomes: Illegal trade will be controlled, capac- ity of both sides will be enhanced, and informa- G-10: Vietnam – Transboundary tion sharing network will be developed. cooperation and management; US$1.5 million; 3 years G-8: Russia – International cooperation; Objectives: Strengthen transboundary collabo- US$1.0 million; 2 to 10 years ration with neighbouring countries to establish Objectives: Develop cooperation with interna- tranboundary tiger protected areas and combat tional conservation organizations, charity foun- wildlife poaching, smuggling. Activities: Initiate dations, and other non-governmental organi- dialogues with Laos and Cambodia to conduct zations. Activities: Transboundary reserves for feasibility studies of establishing potential ti- seamless movement of Amur tigers and other ger source sites, sign MoUs on tiger source site wildlife across the border, actions to suppress management collaboration and cross-border an- smuggling and re-selling of Amur tiger poaching tipoaching and smuggling. Outcomes: Establish products, research programs and international tranboundary potential tiger source site, devel- Amur tiger research cooperation, management op collaborative management plan for the site, of the captive Amur tiger populations as part of MoUs signed on strengthening wildlife smug- the European Breeding Program of the European gling control. Association of Zoos and Aquariums (EAZA) and American Association of Zoos and Aquariums G-11: Key Study – Transboundary (AZA). Outcomes: Russian and foreign Amur ti- collaborations; US$0.2 million; 2 years ger specialists enabled to share ideas, draw up- Objectives: Facilitate dialogues for transbound- on international best practices, and implement ary collaboration and joint management among joint activities throughout the tiger range. TRCs that share TCLs. Activities: Knowledge sharing of existing best practices for trans- G-9: Thailand – Transboundary boundary protected area (TBPA) management; cooperation and management; modification, if necessary to adapt to regional US$1.0 million; 5 years conditions; planning for continued communi- Objectives: Strengthen bilateral cooperation cation and collaboration. Outcomes: Three re- with Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, and Myanmar gional workshops are proposed, in South Asia, for transboundary management, enforcement, in Southeast Asia, and the Russian Far East- monitoring, and research. Activities: Initiate di- Northeast China aiming to develop Joint Man- aloque and conduct staff training, international agement Plans for these landscapes under the meetings and workshops, joint operations (i.e., NRTPs. 58 Global Tiger Recovery Program ANNEX: National Tiger Recovery Priorities Global Support Programs The Global Tiger Recovery Program was endorsed in the St. Petersburg Declaration on Tiger Conservation at the International Tiger Forum (‘Tiger Summit’), held in St. Petersburg, Russia, on November 21–24, 2010.