E4379 JAMAICA SOCIAL INVESTMENT FUND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK INTRODUCTION The Jamaica Social Investment Fund (JSIF) finances and implements a variety of small-scale community level projects in rural, peri-urban and urban areas. These projects are expected to have generally positive environmental impacts, albeit some could result in minor adverse environmental impacts that would be mostly local and reversible. Occasionally, there may be a need for involuntary land acquisition under eminent domain to meet the requirements of land for a project. JSIF has developed this Environmental Management Framework (EMF) to manage these potential adverse impacts and also to ensure compliance with the requirements of Jamaican environmental laws and regulations and the relevant policies of its major funding agencies like Caribbean Development Bank, European Union, Inter-American Development Bank, World Bank and other development partners. One of the guiding operational principles (principle # 9) of JSIF is that projects funded by JSIF must conform to the Government of Jamaica’s environmental regulations and have minimum impacts on the natural and cultural environment. Thus the EMF became an integral part of JSIF’s Operational Manual (OM) and has evolved into an Environmental Management System (EMS) which was certified to ISO 14001:2004 standards in January 2009. The EMS is applicable to all investments financed by JSIF, regardless of its funding source or implementing agency. The JSIF EMS has successfully passed all ISO 14001 external audits and was re-certified in 2011. The main objectives of this EMF are to: establish procedures for screening all proposed projects for their potential adverse environmental impacts and land requirements/acquisition; specify measures for managing, mitigating and monitoring environmental impacts during project implementation and operation; and outline the training and capacity-building arrangements needed to successfully implement the provisions of the EMF. PROJECTS FINANCED BY JSIF Types of Projects Eligible for JSIF Financing JSIF finances only small-scale projects which are aimed to improve the livelihood of small communities, their access to basic services and support income generating activities through micro credit funding etc. These projects can be classified into three broad groups: (a) Infrastructure; (b) Social Services; and (c) 1 Capacity Building. Social Services1 and Capacity Building2 projects are normally environmentally benign and provisions of this EMF will not be applicable. However, some of the infrastructure projects funded by JSIF are likely to have localised minor adverse impacts, mainly during construction, and therefore provisions of this EMF will be applicable to them (see Table 1 for a complete list of infrastructure project categories). Types of Projects Ineligible for JSIF Financing Because of their size/magnitude and significant potential environmental and social impacts, the following types of projects are ineligible for JSIF financing3: Construction of any new roads; Major upgrading or realignment of roads (“major” means changing the road category, such as from seasonal to all-weather or secondary to primary; or adding new lanes); Improvement and rehabilitation of any existing roads within 5 kilometres of any protected areas or any other areas of natural forest; Dam construction, reconstruction, rehabilitation or strengthening; Irrigation works with incremental command areas exceeding 200 hectares; Flood protection, sewage treatment4, agricultural drainage, or other works which could adversely affect wetlands or natural waterways, either through pollution or hydrological changes; Use of pesticides on the World Health Organization’s Hazardous Pestici des List which are not recommended; Aquaculture using non-native species in natural water bodies; Works which would adversely affect cultural property, including archaeological and historical sites; Any activities that require the conversion of natural habitats; Activities that negatively affect natural protected areas recognized by national or local governments (or buffer zones thereof); Land reclamation such as drainage of wetlands or filling of water bodies to create land; Purchase or lease of land which has unclear titles; Land clearance and levelling (when affecting critical natural habitats and natural land contours, natural habitats for this purpose being those water or land areas where most of the original plant and animal species are still present); and 1 Typical activities financed under social services category include: vocational skills training, market awareness, entrepreneur skills, job separation counselling, employment profiling, personal development, job preparation skills, literacy; personal money management, conflict resolution, anger management; parenting skills, adolescent/adult life skills; trauma and bereavement counselling; health and hygiene behaviour change and construction skills. 2 Typical activities financed under capacity building category include: organizational development, planning and management, communication skills and conflict resolution, fund raising and financial management, governance, disaster preparedness, maintenance, and management of community based resource centres. 3 See Operations Manual Section 4.2 on eligibility criteria for community projects. 4 Except for small-scale package-type sewage treatment plants, such as bio-digester. 2 Hazardous waste management and disposal as well as manufacture, transport and use of hazardous, and/or toxic materials (except small amounts of solvents, degreasing materials, paints, fuels, and the like used during construction). Project Target Areas JSIF investments target existing smaller communities in rural, peri-urban and urban areas. They mostly involve repair, rehabilitation and or upgrading of existing infrastructure. Investments for creation of new infrastructure are restricted to only those which are essential for improving or sustaining the existing service levels (e.g., connection to an existing trunk sewer). Therefore, little or no adverse potential impacts on natural habitats (wetlands and protected forests) are anticipated. Also, as discussed above, projects that may have major adverse environmental or social impacts are ineligible for JSIF funding. SCREENING PROCEDURES National Regulatory Requirements The National Environment and Planning Agency (NEPA), the body mainly responsible for environmental regulations, administers a Permit and License System (P&L) to which construction and operation of all Jamaican Facilities and development projects are subscribed. Some of the infrastructure projects implemented by the JSIF require an environmental permit from NEPA; which includes the necessary terms and conditions. Depending on the environmental sensitivity or vulnerability of contiguous ecosystems, NEPA may require the preparation of a full Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) prior to granting the environmental permit. NEPA also grants license to facilities that discharge effluents into the atmosphere, ground, and/or surface water. Among the projects eligible for JSIF financing, only small (package) sewage treatment facilities such as bio-digester would fall into the category requiring a licence to discharge. Other Requirements In 2006, the World Bank had conducted a Safeguards Diagnostic Review For Piloting the Use of Jamaican Systems to Address Environmental and Social Safeguard Issues in the Proposed ICBSP I and determined that the main difference between Jamaican national environmental requirements for the types of infrastructure projects financed by JSIF and those of the World Bank and other international development partners is the preparation and use of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP). Consequently the Country System with the inclusion of a generic EMP was adopted for management of potential environmental impacts during the implementation of ICBSP I. The same approach will be taken for ICBSP II. An EMP sets out project specific mitigation measures and corresponding monitoring requirements. The use of generic EMPs for small-scale infrastructure projects with minor adverse environmental impacts 3 (as in this case) has become internationally accepted good practice, and EMPs are often adapted as Standard Operating Procedures (SOP). Table 1 below provides a generic list of infrastructure categories and project types financed by JSIF. It also shows requirements for an environmental permit from NEPA and / or a license to discharge depending on project type. The need for preparation and use of a project specific EMP based on project categories and types is also indicated in Table 1. 4 Table 1: Infrastructure Project Categories and Regulatory and Other Environmental Requirements PROJECT PROJECT TYPES NEPA Permit5 EMP6 NOTES CATEGORIES Yes/No Yes/No (Y/N) (Y/N) SCHOOLS Basic Schools (2-4 N Y 1. NEPA permit is required if a bio- classrooms) and associated (see Notes) digester system is installed. amenities, such as sanitation 2. If septic tank/tile field is Primary/All-Age Schools – N Y installed, a project brief should be Rehab or Expansion (1-4 (see Notes) sent to NEPA and comments from classrooms) and associated WRA and EU must be obtained. amenities (sanitation) 3. If connection to public sewer system NWC permission must be obtained. HEALTH CENTRES Type 1 and Type 27 N Y RECREATION Sports fields & related N N Includes playing fields, fencing FACILITIES facilities N N and changing rooms. Playground & recreation areas COMMUNITY Community (Resource) N Y FACILITIES Centres N Y 6 This means an environmental permit. 6 Environmental Management Plans (EMPs) 7 Type 1 and 2 Health Centres provide services but do not admit patients, persons with illnesses requiring admission are sent to regional hospitals. The services are as follows: Type 1 - Serves an area with a population of 2,000 - 4,000 people and provides: 1. Maternal and child health services (antenatal. postnatal, child health, immunization, nutrition monitoring and support) 2. Health promotion/education and community participation. Type 2 - As in Type 1 plus additional services as follows: 1. Health promotion and illness prevention (veterinary public health and food, hygiene/food handlers clinics, water quality, solid liquid and excreta disposal) 2. Surveillance and Disease Control (specific communicable diseases e.g. TB and Hansens, malaria and childhood diarrhoeal disease, STDs, other communicable diseases, rheumatic fever prophylaxis). 3. Curative Services (common medical conditions, STDs, acute and chronic diseases. 4. Dental services (visiting) 5 Skills Training Centres & Business Incubators N Y Offices/Income-generating facilities N Y Small community markets N Y Homes for Children, the Elderly or the Disabled SMALL ROADS Small roads in agricultural To be Y Small rural roads means areas, including small, single- Determined Jamaican Category C (minor lane bridges and roads) less than 5km in length approaches, foot bridges, and an average width of 5m. retaining walls, fordings and N associated drainage Y structures Upgrading, rehabilitation and repair of urban local access roads WATER SUPPLY Rural, small-scale Y Y 1. EHU approval must be community-based water (also see obtained for rural systems. supply system for less than notes) 2. If groundwater well is used 2,000 people Y WRA permission must also be Urban water supply N obtained. rehabilitation or repairs (pipe 3. If connection to public system, diameter less than 10cm) NWC permission is required. SANITATION Upgrading of existing pit N Y 1. No soakaways nor pit latrines latrines (see notes) are permitted on the Liguanea N Plains. Septic tank with soakaway or 2. Emptying of septic tank must tile field for max. number of 4 Y be registered cesspool units (see Note 3) contractor. Upgrading and repair of 3. If sewer pipes are 15cm in 6 local urban sewer system in diameter or larger, NEPA permit is community required. 4. See also notes on sanitation above for Schools. URBAN DRAINAGE Open or covered storm Y Y NWA and local Parish Council drains also should be consulted. STREET-LIGHTING Street-lighting in urban N N communities FENCING Fencing along property lines N N in urban communities AGRO-PROCESSING Small-scale, community-level Y Y NEPA permit is required for citrus, FACILITIES processing factories or plants coffee, cocoa, coconut & sugarcane Note: NEPA requirements are based on Letters of Query submitted by JSIF to NEPA on November 7 & 10, 2005 and NEPA’s response in letters dated December 6, 2005. 7 Screening Criteria Some site-specific issues may present serious project related environmental risks and / or impacts. The proposed sub-project may have significant impact on the environment or the existing site condition may impact the sub-project negatively. For example, the implementation of a sub-project in close proximity to a wetland or protected forest could have potential impacts on a unique natural habitat which affects endemic species of fauna or flora. Also, a site with high water table could cause flooding of sub-project if implemented or would have potential effect on the design and operation of sanitation systems such as soak- away pits or tile fields. In such cases there should be a consideration of alternatives or the project application will be rejected due to the unsuitable site conditions. Therefore, the JSIF develops a site screening mechanism to identify sites that are potentially unsuitable due to site-specific environmental conditions. In addition, the land on which a project is to be located must comply with the zoning requirements of NEPA and relevant local planning legislation. In this context, the local Parish Council has an important role to play, not only by reviewing applications and issuing a local planning permit, as required, but also in the review of the details of any proposed development facilities. This is important since the Parish Council is also expected to assist with the operation and maintenance of community facilities and infrastructure. Screening Process Each project will be screened by the respective JSIF technical Officer (TO), early in the project cycle, for potential environmental impacts and land requirements. The TO and a Social Officer (SO) must visit and conduct a site surveillance with support from residents of the beneficiary community. The environmental screening checklist outlined below must be completed in Fund Manager (JSIF’s MIS software) by the TO and submitted for approval by the Environmental Officer (EO). The TO used the information in Table 1 above as a reference to make a preliminary decision whether NEPA permit to construct and or license to operate and or an EMP is required. This decision must be confirmed by the JSIF Environmental and Resettlement Officer (ERO) after reviewing additional site specific information as detailed in the Form “Checklist for Screening Site Specific Issues”. 8 Checklist for Screening for Site Specific Issues This Form is to be prepared for all JSIF projects by the TO in consultation with community liaison officers and community representatives. Note: A “Yes” or “Do Not Know” response to any of the questions below warrants an investigation by the Environmental Officer (EO). One copy of this Form must be sent to the EO, prior to project application review and another copy must be attached to the project application. Project Title: _________________________________ Project Number: ___________ Technical Officer: _____________________________ Project Type: _____________ Appraisal Officer: _____________________________ Date: ____________________ Do Yes No Not # ISSUES Know 1 Is the project area zoned for the intended land use? 2 Will the project use any vacant public land? 3 Is the project located in an area with cultural properties such as archaeological, historical sites/monuments, religious structures, sacred groves and or cemeteries? 4 Is the project located in an area of tourist importance? 5 Is the project located in an area with cultural properties such as archaeological, Is the project located within or in an area close (within 1 km) to a national park, a protected area, wilderness area, wetlands and or critical habitats or an area with endemic fauna or flora? 6 Will the project involve hoarding? 7 Will the project result in the removal of any trees (shade and fruit etc.) during project implementation? 8 Will the project due to its nature and location change the existing environment in such a way that would result in the loss of farmland? 9 Is the project area prone to flooding? 10 Will the project involves extraction of groundwater or surface water supplies? 11 Will the project involve sewage and/or waste water treatment solution? 12 Does the project involve the sourcing of aggregate material? 13 Does the project have the potential to impact the drainage pattern of the area? 14 Is the project located in a polluted or contaminated area and/or close to a waste dump? 15 Will the project involves the use of hazardous materials e.g. chemicals, pesticides, poisonous gases? If “YES” please complete the IPM appraisal checklist. 16 Will the project involves any build –up or accumulation of waste from project activities? 17 Will the project produce any unsafe physical conditions for workers such as poor sanitation, excavation, working from height and working with heavy equipment, etc.? 18 Is the project located in an area of steep slope and or susceptible to landslides or erosion of topsoil? 9 19 Will the project result in the release of dust to the environment? 20 Will the project result in the production of noxious gases or odor? 21 Will the project generate noise? 22 Will the project impact the travel patterns of persons within the community? 23 Will the project create a cleaner and safer environment for members of the community? 24 Upon completion will the project provide an option for recreation? 25 Will the project positively impact the aesthetics of the area? 26 Will the project result in the displacement of persons or affect the livelihood of persons negatively? 27 Will the project involves the construction or rehabilitation of a processing facility? Signed by Project Officer: …………… Name: _______________________ Date: _________________ Signed by Community Representative: ………….... Name: _______________________ Date: _________________ Approved by EO: ……………… NEPA Environmental Permit Required YES NO Name: _______________________ Date: _________________ Figure 1 below further shows how the screening and implementation of mitigation measures are integrated with the JSIF project cycle. 10 Figure 1: Integration of Screening with JSIF Project Cycle 1. Promotion 2. Developing Applications Re-application 3. Project Application Review Rejected; or resubmit with 4. Project Concept Development information on potential envl & Social Review impacts, land requirements and ownership. 5. Screening for Environmental Impacts and Land Requirements 6. Obtain Permit to construct and/or Licence to operate from NEPA (and any permits from other GOJ Agencies) 7. Project design and review 8. Project Approval 9. Project implementation, including EMP 10. Environmental Management Plan 11. Project Completion 12. Evaluation & support for sustained use, operations & maintenance 11 IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS Implementing NEPA Requirements Based on the results of the screening, JSIF staff (Project Officer in consultation with Environment and Resettlement Officer) will prepare the necessary application to NEPA for a permit (and licence to discharge, where applicable). The application requires the submission of a detailed Project Information Form (PIF). NEPA reviews the application and determines whether (i) a full Environmental Impact Assessment must be prepared before a permit is issued, or (ii) a permit is issued by NEPA with or without Terms & Conditions. See Figure 2 for the detailed flow diagram of NEPA’s environmental permit application process. If needed, JSIF proceeds with the preparation of a full EIA. Once NEPA has issued a permit to construct, JSIF makes sure that all terms and conditions, and any requirements resulting from a full EIA, where applicable, are fully integrated into the design and the contract documents of the specific project. Depending on the nature of NEPA requirements, this may be done through an alternative design, special design features or modifications, an EMP, special contract clauses. NEPA may also require special monitoring and reporting actions, and normally will carry out periodic monitoring of the implementation of the project to make sure the requirements are being met. Implementing EMP Requirements Infrastructure projects generally financed by JSIF are grouped into six broad groups as follows: Construction of New and/or Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings (schools, health centres, recreation facilities, community centres and facilities, including the provision of on-site water supply and sanitation services) Construction of New and/or Rehabilitation of Existing Water Supply Schemes Construction of New and/or Rehabilitation of Existing Roads Construction of New and/or Rehabilitation of Existing Sanitation Facilities (sewer networks, small wastewater treatment plants, such as bio-digesters, and on-site sanitation) Construction of New and/or Rehabilitation Existing Drainage Systems (within the existing communities) Construction of New and/or Rehabilitation Existing Agro-Processing Facilities. A standard generic EMP has been prepared for each of the groups listed above, based on the expected likely environmental impacts during the construction phase (see Table 3 for the generic EMPs by infrastructure category). Further to the results of the project screening, the applicable EMP(s) must be incorporated into the bidding and contract documents. Some projects may have additional requirements for mitigation and monitoring in response to issues identified during site screening, which shall also be specified in the contract documents. 12 An implementation monitoring system has been established by the JSIF to ensure that projects are adequately supervised with a view to minimize environmental impacts. The monitoring system has several layers including the TOs, consultants, EO, internal auditors, and external auditors. The TOs are required to visit each project site once every two weeks while the consultants must visit the site at least once every week. Internal and external auditing is a standard requirement for the maintenance of the JSIF ISO 14001 certification. The internal and external auditors will visit sites randomly usually once per year. The EO will visit project sites at least twice during implementation and if and when environmental issues arise. A site monitoring report will be completed for each site visit. Annex 1 contains additional guidance for detailed steps in good environmental management, specifically for the design and operational (O&M) phase. Managing Other Potential Impacts In addition to the above, projects that require conversion of any natural habitats should be evaluated to ensure compliance with the World Bank Operational Policy on Natural Habitats. A screening checklist and Pesticide Management Plan including non- chemical measures for pest management and guidelines for proper selection, application, storage, handling, transport and disposal of pesticides has been developed for projects that require procurement of pesticides or that result in the increased use of pesticides. Incidental pesticide issue will be managed with the standard pesticide management plan. Another potential impact may be chance finds of physical cultural property. Site screening may indicate that the project site is in, or close to, an area with and important cultural property. The Jamaica National Heritage Trust (JNHT), under the provisions of the JNHT Act, may enter a property or site to investigate impacts on cultural properties. If there is a chance find of archaeological or cultural value the JNHT has a right to protect that find and may issue an emergency Preservation Order covering sites and buildings considered to be potentially archeologically important or significant. The central area of Spanish Town in the Parish of St. Catherine is a declared Historic District and the JNHT has the right to stop any works in that area that may prove destructive to archaeological monuments or cultural property. Certain parts of downtown Kingston may soon be similarly protected. If any chance find artefacts are found during project works the JNHT may need to perform Rescue Archaeology in order to secure and preserve these artefacts. This may require the temporary cessation of certain project activities to facilitate JNHT procedures. The contract specifications in Part H, Section 1.6 contain a clause that sets out the required actions for the contractor to comply with the requirements of the JNHT Act to protect any chance finds of cultural property8. Consultation and Disclosure 8 This provision will also satisfy the requirements of the policies on cultural property by the various development partners, such as the World Bank’s, as set out in the draft OP 4.11 on Ph ysical Cultural Property. 13 It is JSIF’s mission to empower communities to effectively implement community-based programs aimed at social development. JSIF’s Operational Manual (OM) prescribes a project preparation and implementation process that involves participation of the project community at all keys steps. This participatory process facilitates the consideration of environmental aspects as it integrates into the project cycle disclosure of project information to, and consultation with, the community. The following matrix shows the key environment-related consultation and disclosure actions during project preparation and implementation; it also shows the outputs or results of these actions. It is important that JSIF, its partner agencies and especially the communities, follow and participate in the process prescribed in the OM as set out below: Step in Project Cycle as per Actions for Screening and Output / Results Operations Manual Environmental Management Promotion JSIF / community leaders There is adequate to publicize intention to awareness in the apply for project community about the funding 9 project Developing project JSIF to hold community- Local and specific application wide consultation on environmental concerns local priorities and and constraints are needs considered Community to participate and contribute Project Concept Wide cross-section of Alternatives have been Development community to considered and participate in site environmental feasibility screening process is ascertained Project Design and Review JSIF to publicly display Ensures that designs are designs for min. 2 weeks environmentally Community reviews appropriate, among designs and “signs off” other criteria Project Implementation JSIF to arrange for sign Information on contract (after contract award and board providing project and contractor is signing) details disclosed JSIF to organize Project Community is made Information Meeting aware of its role in held in and with implementation community Community has channel Community to attend for providing feed-back and participate actively Community makes sure 9 This step and the corresponding actions are not needed when a community has been selected for a project, such as was the case for the Inner City Basic Services for the Poor Project. 14 JSIF to establish Project that EMPs are complied Steering Committee with (PSC) Community to monitor work and progress of contractor JSIF and community to participate actively in PSC meetings Project Completion Community to set up Continuing maintenance maintenance, including committee environmental aspects, JSIF and partner is ensured agencies to assist community with O&M Implementation Responsibility Implementation of projects, including all environmental aspects, is under the overall responsibility of JSIF. JSIF may employ a construction contractor, use community-based contracting, or projects may be implemented by agreement with and through partner agencies, such as the local Parish Councils, the National Water Commission (NWC), or the Jamaica Public Service Company (JPS). The provisions of this EMF will apply regardless of the implementing agency, and JSIF will retain ultimate responsibility for the good environmental management of all their projects. Environmental Requirements in the Construction Contracts Volume II (Technical Specifications) of the construction contract documents contain, in Part H, technical clauses on “Environmental Mitigation and Health & Safety”; including a section on how the contractor shall deal with chance finds of cultural property and archaeological remains. Based on the screening results and depending on the type of infrastructure works to be executed, the JSIF Project Officer, in consultation with ERO, must prepare a list of measures to mitigate potential adverse impacts. These would include terms and conditions mentioned in NEPA’s permit to construct or license to operate and the relevant generic EMP (from Table 3) supplemented by any additional site specific measures, if required. These measures must be attached to Part H of the contract specifications. A clause in the Particular Conditions of Contract will refer to these environmental management requirements in the EMP and will state that it is a supplement to Part H of the Specifications. The Particular Conditions of Contract will also stipulate that any non- compliance with the mitigation measures set out in the contract will attract the same remedies under the contract as any non-compliance with the contract provisions; such remedies would be instructions, notices, suspension of work, etc. The Instructions to Bidders will highlight the inclusion of the EMP in the contract specifications and the contractor’s obligation of compliance. 15 MONITORING AND REPORTING JSIF Board and Management will have the main responsibility for monitoring the application and use of this EMF. For this purpose the ERO will prepare quarterly and annual reports on the key steps, outputs and results of the environmental management actions taken for all projects throughout the project cycle. Problems and issues arising during the use of the EMF will be flagged and brought to the attention of Management and for their action. Copies of the annual EM monitoring reports will also be sent to the World Bank. The Bank will also review these reports during the periodic supervision missions. JSIF’s management information system (MIS) will be used to track the key steps in the environmental management system and to generate the necessary reports for the JSIF Board and Management. The following steps will be monitored for all projects: Stage in Project Cycle Action Result / Outcome Project Concept Site Screening Acceptance Development Rejection Project Appraisal Project NEPA Environmental Permit Screening Required EMP Required None Project Implementation NEPA Env’l Permit With full EIA With terms and conditions EMP Included with contract EMP With problems or issues implemented With complaints With residual impacts Operation Maintenance Environmental Requirements Plan TRAINING AND CAPACITY-BUILDING JSIF has designated a full-time ERO and an alternate for back-up and support. The designated alternate ERO is JSIF’s Legal Officer; this provides a very good complement to the environmental qualifications and experience of the staff who is the main ERO. Although the designated JSIF environmental staff have good knowledge and experience with Jamaican national regulatory requirements, they need some specific training in the policy areas of environmental assessment (and also in land acquisition and involuntary resettlement) as applied by international and bilateral development partners, such as the World Bank, the IADB, USAID, EU, CIDA, DfID, etc. who are all active in Jamaica10. The World Bank will assist to identify appropriate external training 10 Both this EMF, and a Land Acquisition and Resettlement Policy Framework that has been prepared in parallel, are in part based on the international approaches and standards. These frameworks are also entirely new to JSIF. 16 opportunities for the ERO11. Suitable national training should also be part of the capacity building of the ERO and alternate ERO. The designated senior ERO is also responsible for the organization and provision of training sessions in environmental screening and environmental management for JSIF project officers, field supervision staff, the community liaison officers and selected community representatives. ERO staff shall prepare a training plan and training modules for project officers, field supervision staff, and community liaison officers (CLOs) to familiarize them with the principles and procedures as set out in this framework. Project officers and CLOs, supported by the ERO, will be responsible to training community representatives. Initial funding for the overseas part of the training and capacity-building shall be provided under the project management component of the Inner Cities Basic Services Project. The funding for routine training of staff by the ERO shall be built into JSIF’s annual budget. Only marginal cost implications are expected in this context since environmental training of field staff and community workers shall be integrated with the other training aspects. 11 It may be possible to combine any external EA training with training in Involuntary Resettlement that is offered periodically by the World Bank Institute. 17 Figure 2: Flow Diagram of Environmental Permit Application Process (Source: NEPA) 18 Table 3: Environmental Management Plans to Mitigate Adverse Impacts during Construction (If a permit to construct was received from NEPA, then the following generic mitigation measures and monitoring requirements should be amended to include the general and specific terms and conditions issued by NEPA) Activities Potential Mitigation Measures Responsibilit Monitoring Responsibility for Impacts y for Requiremen Monitoring and Mitigation ts Supervision Construction of New and or Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings (Schools, Health Centres, Recreation Facilities and Community Facilities including provision of on-site water supply and sanitation services) Earthworks Increase in 1. In residential areas, if works are Contractor Suspended Technical supervision (Excavation, fugitive dust conducted in the dry season, wet the particulate staff, and where Vegetation levels and exposed areas and stockpiles of earth matter (if appropriate, with the Clearance, feeling of trees materials, particularly fines, to minimise required participation of Trenching and windborne particles and increase in levels respirable community Blasting) of fugitive dust. particulates < representatives and or 2. Compensate for trees removed by 10 micro respective community planting new trees. grams) should liaison officers. 3. Haulage vehicles transporting aggregate be monitored must be covered on all public roads. as per NEPA Spot checks by ERO 4. Communities must be given at least two guidelines. weeks prior notice of intended construction period. Frequency: 5. Communities must be given prior notice Fortnightly for of intended road closures and the first three designated detours. months and 6. For worker health and safety, all workers monthly should be supplied with dust masks. thereafter. 7. Silt Screens or Sediment Traps should be deployed where earthworks or trenching occurs in close proximity or adjacent to gullies, drainage lines or rivers to avoid deterioration of water quality.. Movement of Increase in 1. Construction work must be carried out Contractor Noise level Technical supervision heavy noise levels. from 6:00 am to 8:00 pm or according to should be staff, and where 19 Activities Potential Mitigation Measures Responsibilit Monitoring Responsibility for Impacts y for Requiremen Monitoring and Mitigation ts Supervision machinery, local regulations. monitored as appropriate, with the blasting and 2. Blasting should be conducted during per NEPA participation of drilling. daylight and residents should be advised guidelines. community in advance when blasting will occur. representatives and or 3. Blasting should only be conducted by a respective community certified contractor and all safety liaison officers. requirements, including deployment of blasting mats; inspection of buildings Spot checks by ERO within the designated blasting radius, before and after blasting; contracting local police or security to supervise and control the movement of the public; and provision of earmuffs to workers must be strictly followed. Generation of Drain blocks 1. All waste must be disposed in an Contractor Confirmation Technical supervision construction and unsafe approved landfill or dump site, in on disposal of staff, and where rubbles from conditions by consultation with the National Solid Waste solid wastes at appropriate, with the refurbishing or indiscriminate Management Authority (NSWMA). an approved participation of upgrading of disposal of 2. Waste containers for recycling materials site to be community buildings rubbles. (plastics, metal & glass) shall be provided monitored representatives and or for the permanent operation of facilities fortnightly. respective community (esp. schools & health centres). A liaison officers. recycling program should be initiated, including a simple composting facility. Only Workers on site Sanitary 1. Contractor to make suitable arrangements Contractor Check that Technical supervision facilities for for use of sanitary facilities for his workers. arrangements staff and where workers have been appropriate, community 2. All large worksites to be equipped with Contractor made representatives and or portable chemical toilets, which must be Confirmation respective community supplied and serviced by an approved that portable liaison officers. contractor. toilets are supplied on site. Other Traffic 1. Flagmen must be employed to direct Contractor Traffic Community 20 Activities Potential Mitigation Measures Responsibilit Monitoring Responsibility for Impacts y for Requiremen Monitoring and Mitigation ts Supervision construction congestion and traffic and reduce the occurrence of congestion representatives/ activities such hindrance of accidents and number of respective community as: movement pedestrian 2. Material delivery must be confined to early accidents. liaison officers of heavy movement mornings/late evenings (outside of peak machinery, periods) Fortnightly. transportation 3. Communities must be advised of intended of material, road closures and designated detours. collection of 4. Stockpiles and excavated material must wastes, road be deposited in areas agreed with improvement community so as not to interfere with local works, activities trenching, pipe- laying etc. Temp. Cutting of trees 1. Use sawn, dimensioned lumber, re-use Contractor Weekly Technical supervision scaffolding in the vicinity of supports, or use steel supports. staff, assisted by supports for site community beams and representatives slabs Water and Water wastage 1. Install water-saving fixtures and toilet Contractor Before and Technical supervision toilet fixtures and damage flushing, esp. if supply from cistern, and use (based on after staff to equipment institutional / commercial strength fixtures and spec’s by JSIF) installation on equipment in all public facilities site Spot checks by ERO Construction of New and or Rehabilitation of Existing Water Supply Schemes Source/site Public health 1. Examine vicinity of source and investigate JSIF Project Prior to Technical supervision selection and risks due to for potential contamination sources. Officer site/source staff source poor water 2. Test Water quality (chemical and JSIF Project selection development quality (e.g. bacteriological) from proposed and Officer. pathogen, nearby sources. JSIF Project Completion of salinity and 3. Determine whether, and what water Officer / Design design Spot checks by JSIF ERO other treatment system is needed. If needed, Consultant contamination ensure that treatment is included in design from nearby and that source area is protected, 21 Activities Potential Mitigation Measures Responsibilit Monitoring Responsibility for Impacts y for Requiremen Monitoring and Mitigation ts Supervision sanitation & especially upstream, from contamination. waste disposal facilities) Excavation of Increase in 1. Excavation must be made (if possible) Contractor Periodic, i.e. Community trenches fugitive dust during the dry season, to avoid erosion weekly. representatives/ levels; and siltation of drainage canals or other respective community hindrance of water bodies in the area; liaison officers, with spot pedestrian 2. Use silt screens and sediment traps to checks by ERO movement; prevent sediment from reaching trenches disposal of and watercourses. construction 3. Provide adequate drainage interception waste/debris, and diversion around trenches and work and creation of site. stagnant pools. 4. Ensure prompt refilling of trenches and proper management and use/disposal of soil cover and wastes. Construction of Small New and or Rehabilitation of Existing Roads (within the existing communities) Excavation and Blocked access 1. Give early notice to residents, use signs Contractor Periodic, i.e. Community fill & disruptions and flagmen, use diversion or open weekly representatives, Landslides & access periodically. community liaison slips, erosion 2. Keep angle of slopes within limits of soil officers and spot checks and type. by JSIF ERO sedimentation 3. Use appropriate slope stabilization measures. 4. Balance cut and fill to limit steepness of slopes. 5. Cover slopes and re-vegetate early, incl. shoulders. Construction of Flooding & 1. Build bridges & drains according to design. Contractor Periodic, i.e. Technical supervision drains & small erosion of 2. Provide temporary drainage facilities, weekly staff bridges slopes including interception and diversion. Channel water away safely & ensure there Spot checks by JSIF ERO 22 Activities Potential Mitigation Measures Responsibilit Monitoring Responsibility for Impacts y for Requiremen Monitoring and Mitigation ts Supervision are no downstream impacts. 3. Use silt fences & sediment traps. 4. Use energy dissipation for drain drops and outlets. Base course & Dust nuisance 1. Control dust through periodic watering. Contractor Ditto Community surface course Stagnant water 2. Provide cross drains and drainage representatives, diversion. community liaison officers and spot checks by ERO Compaction of Nuisance from 1. Give notice to residents and limit work of Contractor Ditto Ditto fill and base noise & compacting equipment to daytime hours. course vibrations Construction of New and or Rehabilitation of Existing Sanitation Facilities (sewer networks, small wastewater treatment plants and on-site sanitation) Pit Latrine Pollution, odor 1. Use properly designed, ventilated Contractor Before and Community Construction and fly improved pit latrines (VIP) only with after representatives, nuisance screened ventilation stacks. installation community liaison 2. Locate latrines at least 15m from nearest officers and JSIF ERO residence and at least 10m downstream from water sources. 3. Do not build in areas with high groundwater table. Septic tanks, tile Contamination 1. Do not build tile field or pit in areas with Contractor Before and Technical supervision fields and pits of groundwater high groundwater table. after staff 2. Do not locate pit on rock or in installation impermeable soils. Spot checks by JSIF ERO 3. Locate at least 10m from nearest water source. Sewer network Contamination 1. Prevent pipe breakages / fix any ruptures Contractor Frequent, Technical supervision and of vicinity and with clamps or replace broken pipes during period staff Spot checks by JSIF connections of groundwater before covering. of installation ERO 2. Use sump pumps to return spilled sewage Blockage of to nearest manhole. 23 Activities Potential Mitigation Measures Responsibilit Monitoring Responsibility for Impacts y for Requiremen Monitoring and Mitigation ts Supervision sewer system 3. Give notice to residents of sewer work. 4. Remove any obstacles or soil before making pipe connections and closing excavation. Package Pollution of 1. Build plant in compliance with NEPA Contractor Periodic, i.e. Technical supervision treatment surface or permit and licence. fortnightly staff plants (bio- groundwater 2. Provide effluent outlet to surface or digester) underground disposal. Spot checks by JSIF ERO Construction of New and or Rehabilitation of Existing Drainage Systems (within the existing communities) Drain Contamination 1. Dispose contaminated and unsuitable Contractor Frequent, Technical supervision excavation or siltation from material in safe areas and haul away for during critical staff assisted by the dredged/excav off-site disposal at approved landfill site. flooding community ated material Use sediment traps and silt fences. periods representatives Flooding from Spot checks by ERO inadequate or 2. Use good design, do not block drains, Contractor blocked drains clear blocked drains. Use sump pumps, Erosion of drains especially during rains. Contractor Contractor, Ditto and siltation 3. Use concrete or masonry-lined drains, or using good Ditto cover drain sides with stones (riprap), or design use vegetation cover. Ditto Construction of New and or Rehabilitation of Existing Agro-Processing Facilities Construction Possible 1. Provide and operate wastewater Owner/Operat Monthly Initial monitoring by JSIF. (and also pollution of treatment and dispose of treated effluent or of facility Later periodic Operation) of surface water in an approved manner. Obtain licence monitoring by NEPA processing or to operate from NEPA. Owner/Operat Monthly Initial monitoring by JSIF. facilities groundwater. 2. Collect all production waste, recycle & re- or of facility Later periodic Contamination use, and/ or collect and store in closed monitoring by NEPA of surrounding containers. Dispose of collected waste area. materials at approved landfill or disposal Owner/Operat Monthly Community to monitor site. or of facility and report 24 Activities Potential Mitigation Measures Responsibilit Monitoring Responsibility for Impacts y for Requiremen Monitoring and Mitigation ts Supervision 3. Only use approved standard processes Nuisance from and equipment, and maintain it in good dust, odor, or working order. noise 25 Appendix 1 – Jamaica Social Investment Fund Environmental Guidelines 1.0 The Environmental Impact of JSIF projects Positive There are a number of positive impacts of JSIF sub-projects to the physical environmental in the communities in which they are situated. In keeping with principles of sustainable development and holistic planning where the environment is defined as the physical, biological, social and economic factors of life, the projects will have the effect of: i. Eliminating environmental safety hazards from deteriorating structures ii. Improving environmental health through water, sanitation and health infrastructure iii. The creation of temporary employment opportunities and long-term income generation iv. The provision of social services that were previously not available v. Improved learning environments and access to education and non- formal training vi. Improved living conditions in poor communities Negative Most of the negative impacts associated with Sub-projects are likely to occur during construction and rehabilitative works on roads, buildings, drainage, water and sanitation projects and where designs are inadequate. These tend to be minor and are easily identified and mitigated and determination of these potential impact forms and integral part of the analysis of the technical feasibility of the projects. In keeping with the principles of technical and environmental soundness however, adequate technical review, through peer review and using technical advisors, must take place to ensure adequacy of designs. Negative impacts will also occur during operation particularly with relation to disposal of solid and sewage waste, where there is improper operational and maintenance procedures in place. These issues must also be factored into the technical analysis of the projects at the design phase. Even with adequate planning and design, there are risks of impacts during implementation where guidelines are not followed at a supervisory level. All contracts and Terms of Reference for formulators, supervisors and contractors must therefore clearly show deliverables with the relation to implementation of mandated environmental procedures. Potential impacts include: i. Unnecessary removal of vegetation cover ii. Creation of soil slippage and soil erosion conditions from excavation and inappropriate placing of excavated matter on slopes 26 iii. Blockage of drains from construction waste and excavated materials iv. Water contamination during construction on all project types or during operation of inadequate sewage facilities v. Excessive run-off where drainage on roads and off buildings is inadequate. vi. Inappropriate disposal of solid waste vii. Interruption of vehicular and pedestrian traffic flow or access to amenities. 2.0 General Guidance for Infrastructure Projects I. Project Design 1. The project must be designed to minimize tree taking and damaging. When the project will result in clearing of land or cutting trees, at least the same number of trees must be replanted on or near the facility. 2. Site Selection The land on which a building is to be located must comply with the zoning requirements of the National Environmental Planning Agency and relevant planning legislation. It must also be well drained, aesthetically landscaped and secure, especially if very small children are involved. All relevant permits and no objections from relevant agencies must be obtained. (i) In rehabilitation projects, when an existing building does not comply with the guideline above. Rehabilitation must, whenever possible include drainage, security and landscape of the area as well as the building itself and testing for hazardous materials such as asbestos and lead; (ii) In rehabilitation projects, when an existing building is located on unsuitable land, the JSIF shall not approve the project. The following are considered to be unsuitable lands: (a) land resulted from fill up with any refuse matter that is contaminated by human or animal excreta or any other hazardous material; (b) wetlands and flood plains; (c) Protected Areas where approval has not been obtained (d) steep (more than 30% declivity) and unstable slopes susceptible to slippage. 3. Any road rehabilitation project must comply with the minimum technical standards of the relevant Parish authority to which the road will be handed over to and required no objections obtained. 27 4. In rehabilitation/expansion or construction projects the technical and financial feasibility of using traditional architecture and simple technologies and materials must be assessed, and simple, traditional style and materials adopted when suitable. A comparative assessment of environmentally friendly materials and techniques should also be adopted where suitable, based on comparisons of techniques and long-term cost- benefit analysis. This applies to any building, road, water and sanitation project. 5. All buildings should be well designed to provide security and at the same time to be attractive and well ventilated and make best use of natural lighting. 6. Adequate space and facilities for recreation inside and outside of a school must be designed accordingly and whenever possible, budget for its construction must be ensured in the project. 7. Sanitary Systems Appropriate sanitation systems must be designed and installed; proper disposal systems must be functioning: it must also be determined if there is a need to provide training in environmental awareness to users12. (i) Sanitary facilities must be suitable to the local and ground conditions. (ii) Sanitary facilities must be provided in sufficient number (iii) In order to avoid surface water contamination, when public facilities for sewage treatment are not provided, effluent should not be discharged into surface waters without adequate treatment: to avoid ground water contamination, effluent must be treated in a septic tank (minimum efficiency of 70% reduction of BOD); the absorption tank is not efficient in preventing groundwater contamination. (iv) The site where the sanitary facility is to be installed must have a low water table. (v) If sanitary facilities use alternative technologies such as Ventilated Improved Pits (VIP) latrines and others, it must be located at least 15 meters from existing buildings and houses, in the opposite direction of the prevailing winds, to prevent odours and undesirable impacts. (vi) When an external latrine vent pipe exists, it must be located at the sunny side of the latrine and painted black, to produce an updraft, due to the heating of the air inside the 12 Awareness by users of sanitary systems is required whenever new systems are installed which are different from the ones they are used to. This is particularly needed when flushing toilets are introduced to new users. In many cases it has been reported that flush toilets were used to grow plants because new users did not get accustomed to using them. 28 vent: an external cover at the top of the vent pipe will prevent flies and mosquitoes from coming out the vent and therefore will reduce the risk of contamination. (vii) All required approval and permits must be obtained and the relevant agencies (NWC, NEPA etc) informed and involved in the development of the project 8. Adequate water supply must be provided: (i) Adequate structures for water storage must be provided. (ii) Rainwater can be collected, stored and used for sanitary facilities. (iii) The storage structure must be located (about 25 meters) from, the absorption tank, septic tank or other similar facility, and upstream the direction of the water table flow13. 9. Hazard Mitigation (i) Fire Control: Safety precautions against fire must be assessed, implemented, documented and functional at all times and water supply for fire hoses must be secured. Note that: (a) Evacuation and fire extinguishing procedures must be approved by the fire department or a similar institution. (b) Fire disaster preparedness should be addressed in organisational strengthening exercises and in maintenance training. (ii) Natural disaster mitigation: The design of all infrastructure projects must accommodate the potential occurrence of a natural disaster and as such include the necessary mitigation measures to ensure minimum damage from disaster events. This includes but not exclusive to: (a) Earthquake mitigation: Designs must uphold the minimum building standards recommended for Jamaica as indicated by the Building Code. (b) Storm mitigation: This includes heavy rain, storm surges, tropical storms, hurricanes mitigation measures for strong winds and high levels of precipitation and runoff. Road and building designs must therefore have adequate drainage 13 If the storage facility is underground it can be contaminated by groundwater contaminated with effluent or by effluent directly, in case an absorption tank is located nearby. 29 measures and buildings and other structures must maintain the minimum standards under the Building Code for wind resistance. (iii) Safety: Care must be taken to ensure that designs promote a safe work site and safe operation of the facility. The following must be considered: (a) Materials: No toxic paints or construction materials (e.g., lead-based paints, amianthus, asbestos) may be used within the buildings or on water supply projects (b) Site Safety: Designs must factor in terrain and other potential areas of danger that my lead to an unsafe work site. Where there is potential for danger on a site, cautions and recommendations for safe implementation must be outlined. II. Construction 10. Dust and noise during construction works should be minimised: (i) In residential areas, if works are conducted in the dry season, the contractor must water the exposed area and construction materials either stored or transported must be covered to avoid particulate matter to be blown by the wind. (ii) Communities must be given adequate notice of intended construction and potential for dust and blockage of access to roads or community facilities during construction. (iii) When sand is used to fill in land or to level a site it must be capped with clay turf, whenever possible. If this solution is not viable, spraying the area with water can minimize dust blown by the wind. (iv) Construction work must be limited to daylight hours, from approximately 6:00 am to 8:00 pm, or according to local or specific regulations. (v) Blasting to break up rocks will be conducted during daylight and residents will be advised when blasting will occur. The local regulatory authority should certify the person conducting this activity. 11. Adequate measures for preventing siltation of watercourses by run-off must be implemented, such as silt screens and straw devices, among others. 12. Safety measures must be taken to prevent accidents involving workers and members of the community. 30 13. Clearing of trees and other vegetation must be minimal. 14. All waste must be disposed of in environmentally sound ways and at dumpsites approved by the relevant Parks and Markets Authority. 15. All sewage disposal facilities are required to be adequate and fully functional and the end of construction. 16. Penalties are to be instituted for breach of guidelines mandated by JSIF. III. Operation and Maintenance 17. Sanitary Facilities: (i) Environmental awareness and maintenance training to users will be provided on all sanitation projects. (ii) Latrine pits, absorption tanks or septic tanks must be cleaned regularly, according to JSIF's Operation and Maintenance Manual for infrastructure project. Where technologies such as bio-digesters or composting toilets are being used, specific training must take place to ensure on-going functioning of these systems. 18. Solid Waste Management: a. Solid waste will be collected and disposed of in an appropriate manner and on a regular basis, according to the JSIF's Operation and Maintenance Manual for infrastructure projects. b. Wastes must be stored in a covered garbage storage unit, designed in accordance to current NEPA guidelines and protected from the access by animals. c. When appropriate landfill is not provided by the local government or the sponsor community, the JSIF will develop a waste management manual provide the sponsor community with (which will become part of the Operation and Maintenance Manual). This manual will include self-sustained waste management plans that include alternative solutions for adequate disposal of organic wastes and garbage, and potential uses for recycled materials, waste collection campaigns and other environmental awareness activities to be developed with the students and the community14. 19. Buildings and other physical structures: a. Maintenance training must be done with users to ensure care of the structure and avoidance of physical danger due to deterioration or lack of maintenance, particularly in the case of schools, community centres, water supplies and small bridges. 14 Burning or, covering with earth are common practice for waste disposal in rural areas. The appropriate alternative will be provided in the JSIF Operation & Maintenance Manual. 31 2.0 Specific Guidelines by Project Sub-type All Project Sub-types assume the General Guidelines in addition to the type- specific guidelines listed below and the procedure required during each stage of the Project Cycle as outlined in Section 4.0. 1. Roads Design Phase 1. Roads must be designed and constructed so that they do not impede the free flow of intervening water ways: (i) At design phase, the grade of road must be established above the level of the existing drains. (ii) In case the existing road crosses a waterway, the design for rehabilitation must include culverts to allow the free flow of water. Size of culverts must be designed to accommodate a 30-year storm event. 2. Capped and uncapped roads must be designed and constructed so that water does not stand over long periods either on the road (in surface depressions) or at the sides or base. (i) In case the size of the existing drains are not sufficient to ensure free water flow of a 30 year storm event, their enlargement must be included in the rehabilitation design; (ii) If existing drains are blocked by vegetation or silt, clearing must be included in the rehabilitation project. 3. Bridges design must include re-vegetation of shoulders using native vegetation to reduce erosion. 4. The shoulder declivity must be designed according to the soil characteristics. Construction Phase 5. Construction works must comply with the JSIF's General Environmental Guidelines and implemented using JSIF's Environmental Handbook for Construction Supervision and monitoring and must ensure the following: (i) Defined grades must be correctly set in place (ii) No depressions must be left in the surface of the road. (iii) Drains must be unblocked and correctly sized, as in the project design. 6. Erosion control measures must be implemented accordingly to project design: (i) Exposed road shoulders must be vegetated early with native species, appropriate to the site to reduce the impact of raindrop erosion. 32 (ii) Erosion (silt/sediment) barriers must be in place and functional throughout construction. 7. There must be a satisfactory system of regular collection and disposal of waste and garbage; during construction works the contractor must ensure that: (i) Materials are stored in such a way that will not be carried by rains and/or run-off waters into the drains (ii) Garbage and construction wastes are collected and disposed in appropriate sites in a way that ensure that they will not be carried into the drains or discharged into wetlands or in sensitive vegetation communities; (iii) Measures are implemented to avoid spills of lubricants, fuels and other chemicals, and in the event of an accidental spill, clean-up is clone immediately (iv) After construction works are concluded the contractor must clear the area from all equipment, machines and wastes (liquids or solid) (v) Whenever the sponsoring community does not provide an adequate site for waste disposal, the contractor shall follow the guidelines JSIF' will develop for waste disposal Operation and Maintenance 8. Operations and Maintenance should follow JSIF's Operational and Maintenance Manual for Infrastructure Projects. Particular attention needs to be paid to: i. Erosion control ii. Drainage iii. Clearing and mitigating against land-slippage (within the capabilities of the community e.g. minor retaining walls, major works are the responsibility of the relevant authority. 2. Infirmaries, Health Centres and Similar Facilities Project Design 1. Ministry of Health Standards for Design of Type 1 and 2 Health Centres must be applied to all JSIF Health Centre projects 2. Optimum sanitation must be maintained at all times. Cleanliness of utensils and equipment is paramount: (i) Water supply facilities must include running water. When public water supply is not available on site, the project must consider, whenever technical and economically feasible, 33 drilling a well or other alternative to provide potable water to the centre, including storage of rain water and roof drain water. (ii) When public water supply is not available and no other alternative is technically and economically feasible, the JSIF must consider not financing the project. (iii) Medical wastes must be disposed though approved Ministry of Health facilities or techniques. Construction Phase 3. Construction works must comply with the JSIF's General Environmental Guidelines and implemented using JSIF's Environmental Handbook for Construction Supervision and Monitoring. Operation and Maintenance 4. Operations and Maintenance should follow JSIF's Operational and Maintenance Manual for Infrastructure Projects. Particular attention needs to be paid to: i. Maintenance of ventilation i.e. functioning secure windows. ii. Pest control – particularly in bathrooms and kitchen/dining areas. iii. Landscaping – ensuring safe, aesthetically pleasing surroundings. iv. Disaster preparedness – for hurricanes, flooding and fire. v. Waste disposal – safe disposal of medical and other wastes. 3. Sanitary Facilities (latrines) Site Selection and Project Design 1. Pit 1atrines should be avoided due to (i) odour and insect (flies and mosquitoes) problems; (ii) risks of contamination by pathogens (virus, protozoa and helminths) transmitted by excreta; (iii) risk of small children falling into pits; (iv) where the water table is high 2. Pit latrines with adequately designed septic tanks and absorption pits are recommended when there is (i) inadequate water supply to support water closets (ii) where soil absorption rates ensure proper and safe diffusion of waste water (iii) where there is no potential for contamination of ground water supplies. 3. Other alternative sanitation technologies, such as ventilated improved latrines (VIP latrines), should be considered appropriate only when flushing toilets are not technically and economically feasible. 34 4. The sanitary facility must be installed in a site that (i) has a low water table (ii) is located down-stream any water body source: (iii) is located at least 100 meters form any water body. Construction Phase 5. Construction works must comply with the JSIF's General Environmental Guidelines and JSIF's Environmental Handbook for Construction Supervision and monitoring. Operation and Maintenance 6. Operation & maintenance must comply with the General guidelines presented as well as with JSIF's Manual for Operation and Maintenance of Infrastructure Projects. 4. Sanitary Facilities (community showers) Site selection and project design 1. Before the sanitary facility is designed it must be ensured that the site where it is to be installed is located downstream any water body source. 2. Community showers must be located at least 15 meters from existing buildings and houses. 3. The community shower must be installed inside a well-ventilated and well- drained super structure. 4. The area surrounding the superstructure must be adequately landscaped, secure and well drained. 5. The size and number of showers must comply with JSIF's design guidelines Construction Phase 6. Construction works must comply with the JSIF's General Environmental Guidelines and JSIF's Environmental Handbook for Construction supervision and Monitoring. Operation and Maintenance 7. Operations and Maintenance should follow JSIF's Operational and Maintenance Manual for Infrastructure Projects. Particular attention needs to be paid to: a. Maintenance of plumbing and water supply b. Cleanliness of facility c. Maintenance of security measures 5. Drainage Project Design 35 1. Project design must follow the general guidelines as well as the specified procedures outlines for appraisal of projects in Section 4.0. Construction Phase 2. Construction works must comply with the JSIF's General Environmental Guidelines and JSIF's Environmental Handbook for Construction Supervision and Monitoring. 3. Vegetation and silt materials recovered from dredging must be securely, disposed, in order to avoid being brought back to canals and drains, by runoff and rains. 4. During dredging, unauthorised persons must be prevented from approaching working areas by the installation of protecting devices, in order to avoid or minimise risks of accidents involving the community. 6. Water Projects 1. It must be verified that requirements for protecting the water source from contamination are adopted. 2. The delivery of safe potable water must be ensured: materials used in the pipeline must ensure that no leaks will threaten the delivery of safe potable water. a. Site selection and protect design 3. Crater source must be located upstream any possible source of crater pollution and protected from contamination by a superstructure. 4. Project Application must require physical and bacteriological analysis of the water from the water source, which is intended to be used. 5. In case the water is not adequate for human consumption, the JSIF must consider not financing the project. b. Construction phase 6. Excavation works must be made whenever possible during the dry season, to avoid erosion and siltation of drainage canals or other water bodies in the area. 7. During construction works, unauthorised persons must be prevented from approaching working areas by the installation of protecting devices, in order to avoid or minimize risks of accidents involving the community. c. Operation and Maintenance 8. All infra and superstructure must be permanently maintained in adequate operating conditions. 9. Water source and water pipes must be continuously monitored to ensure that no contamination has occurred. 36 7. Agro-processing Facilities 1. Waste products must not be deposited in watercourses, wetlands or in sensitive vegetation communities. 2. Waste Crater and processing effluent must be treated to reduce contaminants and not be discharged directly to water bodies, wetlands, or in sensitive vegetation communities. 37 Appendix 2 – MANAGING SIGNIFICANT ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS JSIF‟ s activities fall in the category of administrative and operational. Operational refers to project activities and these are a function of the scope of the funding received from each source. The activities in both categories can interact with the environment resulting in an effect. The JSIF therefore developed a mechanism to identify and determine its significant environmental aspects (SEA) and establish controls to manage them adequately. Having generated the list of activities in which JSIF is involved and the associated aspects, the Environmental Officer coordinate with key members of staff and ensure that the list is vetted for completeness. The Environmental Officer then determines the impacts associated with the aspects identified and apply appropriate scores to the different ranking elements. Aspects and impacts are assessed for releases to the environment (air, water, soil, generation of waste) and impacts on human health. The potential for these impacts are considered under normal conditions as well as emergency conditions (e.g. hurricanes, fires, spills). Based on the assessment of JSIF’s activities and the application of the scoring system, six SEAs were identified for which standard management practices and procedures were developed with a view to minimize environmental impacts. These SEAs are as follows: I. Removal and damages to trees; II. Provision of potable water; III. Disruption of drainage pattern or improperly constructed drainage solutions; IV. Ground and water pollution; V. Release of dust to the atmosphere (dust pollution); and VI. Erosion, Sediment Control and Slope Stability. The following outlines a generic procedure for the management of these SEAs based on the JSIF EMS. 1. Site Assessment and Environmental Screening Site assessment is carried out initially at the appraisal stage, when the Technical Officer or Formulator (in the case of emergency projects) makes an initial visit to the site. An initial site review will indicate whether there is a SEA or other issues which needs to be managed. The Technical Officer then screens the project on Fund Manager (complete environmental screening checklist), or uploads that which is sent by the Formulator. This environmental screening process will identify the potential environmental issues including the six SEAs. JSIF Technical Officers assess sites for suitability in accordance with among other things, JSIF policies, environmental feasibility and structural feasibility. 38 When environmental screening is completed on Fund Manager, Environmental Screening Sheets, Management Plans (EMPs) and Monitoring Sheets are generated for integration in appraisal reports, technical reviews, bid/tender documents and contracts for contractors and formulators. These appraisal reports are generated for presentation for internal approval. 2. Formulation At this stage the formulator for the project design makes a more thorough visit and assessment of the site in order to produce complete designs, drawings and costs. 3. Technical Review The preliminary drawings, BQ, recommendations and conditions associated with the project are brought before a technical review committee, where they are examined for completeness. Recommendations from technical reviews must be incorporated in the final designs. The reviews must include an assessment of the EMPs generated from Fund Manager as well as the permits and licenses to ensure that the issues highlighted have been included both in the design and the final costs. 4. Implementation Once approvals, licences and permits as required have been applied for and obtained by the Environmental Officer (EO) the project moves to implementation. Implementation must be carried out by the contractor in accordance with construction and engineering standards. During implementation all project works are monitored by an assigned Supervisor. The supervisor must visit project site as per Monitoring and Evaluation Procedure EMS-I-PR-ME-24072008. Supervisors will monitor projects during implementation and produce reports. Projects are monitored against inter alia, approved designs, environmental management, good construction and engineering practices. 5. Responsibilities Technical Officer: The Technical Officer is responsible for site assessment and Environmental Screening at the Appraisal Stage; he/she is also responsible for assessing and recording Supervision Reports. Contracting Department: Contracting ensures that the Environmental Sheet, Management Plans and Monitoring Sheets are included in bid / tender documents and contracts. Formulator: The Formulator is responsible for environmental screening in the case of Emergency Projects as well as for developing complete designs and thereafter in his/ her capacity as Supervisor must ensure that 39 the contractor performs in accordance with construction and engineering standards. See JSIF, Specifications and Requirements, PROC-I- MAN-SPECS-12052002. Supervisor: This individual is contracted to monitor and ensure that all works are carried in accordance with construction and engineering standards. See JSIF, Specifications and Requirements, PROC-I-MAN-SPECS- 12052002 Technical Review Committee: This group has the responsibility for ensuring that designs are reviewed for completeness and adjusted as recommended. Environmental Officer: The EO ensures that the environmental screening process is completed. The EO also ensures that licenses and approvals are obtained, and project monitoring conducted and recorded. 40